Merge "Support for Terms & Conditions notification"
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java
index e1ef8b5..e466d2e 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcel;
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@
     public final Network network;
     public final String subscriberId;
     public final String networkId;
+    public final int legacyNetworkType;
 
     private NetworkState() {
         networkInfo = null;
@@ -49,17 +51,35 @@
         network = null;
         subscriberId = null;
         networkId = null;
+        legacyNetworkType = 0;
     }
 
+    public NetworkState(int legacyNetworkType, @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, @NonNull Network network,
+            @Nullable String subscriberId, @Nullable String networkId) {
+        this(legacyNetworkType, new NetworkInfo(legacyNetworkType, 0, null, null), linkProperties,
+                networkCapabilities, network, subscriberId, networkId);
+    }
+
+    // Constructor that used internally in ConnectivityService mainline module.
     public NetworkState(@NonNull NetworkInfo networkInfo, @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, @NonNull Network network,
             String subscriberId, String networkId) {
+        this(networkInfo.getType(), networkInfo, linkProperties,
+                networkCapabilities, network, subscriberId, networkId);
+    }
+
+    public NetworkState(int legacyNetworkType, @NonNull NetworkInfo networkInfo,
+            @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, @NonNull Network network,
+            String subscriberId, String networkId) {
         this.networkInfo = networkInfo;
         this.linkProperties = linkProperties;
         this.networkCapabilities = networkCapabilities;
         this.network = network;
         this.subscriberId = subscriberId;
         this.networkId = networkId;
+        this.legacyNetworkType = legacyNetworkType;
 
         // This object is an atomic view of a network, so the various components
         // should always agree on roaming state.
@@ -80,6 +100,7 @@
         network = in.readParcelable(null);
         subscriberId = in.readString();
         networkId = in.readString();
+        legacyNetworkType = in.readInt();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -95,6 +116,7 @@
         out.writeParcelable(network, flags);
         out.writeString(subscriberId);
         out.writeString(networkId);
+        out.writeInt(legacyNetworkType);
     }
 
     @UnsupportedAppUsage
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferences.java b/core/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferences.java
index 6a8e3f9..5e56164 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferences.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferences.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
 
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
-import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.List;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /** @hide */
@@ -60,16 +60,16 @@
     public static final int OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY = 4;
 
     @NonNull
-    private final SparseArray<List<String>> mNetworkMappings;
+    private final Bundle mNetworkMappings;
 
     @NonNull
-    public SparseArray<List<String>> getNetworkPreferences() {
-        return mNetworkMappings.clone();
+    public Map<String, Integer> getNetworkPreferences() {
+        return convertToUnmodifiableMap(mNetworkMappings);
     }
 
-    private OemNetworkPreferences(@NonNull SparseArray<List<String>> networkMappings) {
+    private OemNetworkPreferences(@NonNull final Bundle networkMappings) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(networkMappings);
-        mNetworkMappings = networkMappings.clone();
+        mNetworkMappings = (Bundle) networkMappings.clone();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -99,26 +99,45 @@
      * @hide
      */
     public static final class Builder {
-        private final SparseArray<List<String>> mNetworkMappings;
+        private final Bundle mNetworkMappings;
 
         public Builder() {
-            mNetworkMappings = new SparseArray<>();
+            mNetworkMappings = new Bundle();
+        }
+
+        public Builder(@NonNull final OemNetworkPreferences preferences) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(preferences);
+            mNetworkMappings = (Bundle) preferences.mNetworkMappings.clone();
         }
 
         /**
-         * Add a network preference for a list of packages.
+         * Add a network preference for a given package. Previously stored values for the given
+         * package will be overwritten.
          *
-         * @param preference the desired network preference to use
-         * @param packages   full package names (e.g.: "com.google.apps.contacts") for apps to use
-         *                   the given preference
+         * @param packageName full package name (e.g.: "com.google.apps.contacts") of the app
+         *                    to use the given preference
+         * @param preference  the desired network preference to use
          * @return The builder to facilitate chaining.
          */
         @NonNull
-        public Builder addNetworkPreference(@OemNetworkPreference final int preference,
-                @NonNull List<String> packages) {
-            Objects.requireNonNull(packages);
-            mNetworkMappings.put(preference,
-                    Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(packages)));
+        public Builder addNetworkPreference(@NonNull final String packageName,
+                @OemNetworkPreference final int preference) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(packageName);
+            mNetworkMappings.putInt(packageName, preference);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Remove a network preference for a given package.
+         *
+         * @param packageName full package name (e.g.: "com.google.apps.contacts") of the app to
+         *                    remove a preference for.
+         * @return The builder to facilitate chaining.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder removeNetworkPreference(@NonNull final String packageName) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(packageName);
+            mNetworkMappings.remove(packageName);
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -131,6 +150,14 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static Map<String, Integer> convertToUnmodifiableMap(@NonNull final Bundle bundle) {
+        final Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences = new HashMap<>();
+        for (final String key : bundle.keySet()) {
+            networkPreferences.put(key, bundle.getInt(key));
+        }
+        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(networkPreferences);
+    }
+
     /** @hide */
     @IntDef(prefix = "OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_", value = {
             OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT,
@@ -168,7 +195,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel dest, int flags) {
-        dest.writeSparseArray(mNetworkMappings);
+        dest.writeBundle(mNetworkMappings);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -187,7 +214,7 @@
                 @Override
                 public OemNetworkPreferences createFromParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel in) {
                     return new OemNetworkPreferences(
-                            in.readSparseArray(getClass().getClassLoader()));
+                            in.readBundle(getClass().getClassLoader()));
                 }
             };
 }
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java b/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java
index d75c43d..3bc0f9c 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import static android.os.UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
 
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object o) {
         if (this == o) {
             return true;
         }
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfo.java b/core/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..082fa58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** @hide */
+public final class VpnTransportInfo implements TransportInfo, Parcelable {
+    private static final SparseArray<String> sTypeToString =
+            MessageUtils.findMessageNames(new Class[]{VpnManager.class}, new String[]{"TYPE_VPN_"});
+
+    /** Type of this VPN. */
+    @VpnManager.VpnType public final int type;
+
+    public VpnTransportInfo(@VpnManager.VpnType int type) {
+        this.type = type;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (!(o instanceof VpnTransportInfo)) return false;
+
+        VpnTransportInfo that = (VpnTransportInfo) o;
+        return this.type == that.type;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        final String typeString = sTypeToString.get(type, "VPN_TYPE_???");
+        return String.format("VpnTransportInfo{%s}", typeString);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int describeContents() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel dest, int flags) {
+        dest.writeInt(type);
+    }
+
+    public static final @NonNull Creator<VpnTransportInfo> CREATOR =
+            new Creator<VpnTransportInfo>() {
+        public VpnTransportInfo createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+            return new VpnTransportInfo(in.readInt());
+        }
+        public VpnTransportInfo[] newArray(int size) {
+            return new VpnTransportInfo[size];
+        }
+    };
+}
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityFrameworkInitializer.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityFrameworkInitializer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9afa5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityFrameworkInitializer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
+import android.app.SystemServiceRegistry;
+import android.content.Context;
+
+/**
+ * Class for performing registration for all core connectivity services.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+@SystemApi(client = SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+public final class ConnectivityFrameworkInitializer {
+    private ConnectivityFrameworkInitializer() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Called by {@link SystemServiceRegistry}'s static initializer and registers all core
+     * connectivity services to {@link Context}, so that {@link Context#getSystemService} can
+     * return them.
+     *
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if this is called anywhere besides
+     * {@link SystemServiceRegistry}.
+     */
+    public static void registerServiceWrappers() {
+        // registerContextAwareService will throw if this is called outside of SystemServiceRegistry
+        // initialization.
+        SystemServiceRegistry.registerContextAwareService(
+                Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE,
+                ConnectivityManager.class,
+                (context, serviceBinder) -> {
+                    IConnectivityManager icm = IConnectivityManager.Stub.asInterface(serviceBinder);
+                    return new ConnectivityManager(context, icm);
+                }
+        );
+
+        // TODO: move outside of the connectivity JAR
+        SystemServiceRegistry.registerContextAwareService(
+                Context.VPN_MANAGEMENT_SERVICE,
+                VpnManager.class,
+                (context) -> {
+                    final ConnectivityManager cm = context.getSystemService(
+                            ConnectivityManager.class);
+                    return cm.createVpnManager();
+                }
+        );
+
+        SystemServiceRegistry.registerContextAwareService(
+                Context.CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_SERVICE,
+                ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.class,
+                (context) -> {
+                    final ConnectivityManager cm = context.getSystemService(
+                            ConnectivityManager.class);
+                    return cm.createDiagnosticsManager();
+                }
+        );
+
+        SystemServiceRegistry.registerContextAwareService(
+                Context.TEST_NETWORK_SERVICE,
+                TestNetworkManager.class,
+                context -> {
+                    final ConnectivityManager cm = context.getSystemService(
+                            ConnectivityManager.class);
+                    return cm.startOrGetTestNetworkManager();
+                }
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index 7f07bba..0976b75 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN;
 import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.QosCallback.QosCallbackRegistrationException;
 
 import android.annotation.CallbackExecutor;
@@ -1368,7 +1369,7 @@
     public NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(int userId) {
         try {
             return mService.getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
-                    userId, mContext.getOpPackageName());
+                    userId, mContext.getOpPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -1450,7 +1451,8 @@
     @Nullable
     public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(@Nullable Network network) {
         try {
-            return mService.getNetworkCapabilities(network, mContext.getOpPackageName());
+            return mService.getNetworkCapabilities(
+                    network, mContext.getOpPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -2142,7 +2144,7 @@
      */
     // TODO: Remove method and replace with direct call once R code is pushed to AOSP
     private @Nullable String getAttributionTag() {
-        return null;
+        return mContext.getAttributionTag();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3231,32 +3233,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** {@hide} - returns the factory serial number */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
-    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
-            NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
-            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY})
-    public int registerNetworkFactory(Messenger messenger, String name) {
-        try {
-            return mService.registerNetworkFactory(messenger, name);
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** {@hide} */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.P, trackingBug = 115609023)
-    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
-            NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
-            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY})
-    public void unregisterNetworkFactory(Messenger messenger) {
-        try {
-            mService.unregisterNetworkFactory(messenger);
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Registers the specified {@link NetworkProvider}.
      * Each listener must only be registered once. The listener can be unregistered with
@@ -3746,7 +3722,8 @@
         printStackTrace();
         checkCallbackNotNull(callback);
         Preconditions.checkArgument(
-                reqType == TRACK_DEFAULT || need != null, "null NetworkCapabilities");
+                reqType == TRACK_DEFAULT || reqType == TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT || need != null,
+                "null NetworkCapabilities");
         final NetworkRequest request;
         final String callingPackageName = mContext.getOpPackageName();
         try {
@@ -3761,7 +3738,8 @@
                 Binder binder = new Binder();
                 if (reqType == LISTEN) {
                     request = mService.listenForNetwork(
-                            need, messenger, binder, callingPackageName);
+                            need, messenger, binder, callingPackageName,
+                            getAttributionTag());
                 } else {
                     request = mService.requestNetwork(
                             need, reqType.ordinal(), messenger, timeoutMs, binder, legacyType,
@@ -4206,7 +4184,8 @@
         checkPendingIntentNotNull(operation);
         try {
             mService.pendingListenForNetwork(
-                    request.networkCapabilities, operation, mContext.getOpPackageName());
+                    request.networkCapabilities, operation, mContext.getOpPackageName(),
+                    getAttributionTag());
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
@@ -4215,8 +4194,9 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Registers to receive notifications about changes in the system default network. The callbacks
-     * will continue to be called until either the application exits or
+     * Registers to receive notifications about changes in the application's default network. This
+     * may be a physical network or a virtual network, such as a VPN that applies to the
+     * application. The callbacks will continue to be called until either the application exits or
      * {@link #unregisterNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback)} is called.
      *
      * <p>To avoid performance issues due to apps leaking callbacks, the system will limit the
@@ -4229,7 +4209,7 @@
      * {@link #unregisterNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback)}.
      *
      * @param networkCallback The {@link NetworkCallback} that the system will call as the
-     *                        system default network changes.
+     *                        application's default network changes.
      *                        The callback is invoked on the default internal Handler.
      * @throws RuntimeException if the app already has too many callbacks registered.
      */
@@ -4239,10 +4219,46 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Registers to receive notifications about changes in the application's default network. This
+     * may be a physical network or a virtual network, such as a VPN that applies to the
+     * application. The callbacks will continue to be called until either the application exits or
+     * {@link #unregisterNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback)} is called.
+     *
+     * <p>To avoid performance issues due to apps leaking callbacks, the system will limit the
+     * number of outstanding requests to 100 per app (identified by their UID), shared with
+     * all variants of this method, of {@link #requestNetwork} as well as
+     * {@link ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager#registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback}.
+     * Requesting a network with this method will count toward this limit. If this limit is
+     * exceeded, an exception will be thrown. To avoid hitting this issue and to conserve resources,
+     * make sure to unregister the callbacks with
+     * {@link #unregisterNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback)}.
+     *
+     * @param networkCallback The {@link NetworkCallback} that the system will call as the
+     *                        application's default network changes.
+     * @param handler {@link Handler} to specify the thread upon which the callback will be invoked.
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the app already has too many callbacks registered.
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE)
+    public void registerDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull NetworkCallback networkCallback,
+            @NonNull Handler handler) {
+        CallbackHandler cbHandler = new CallbackHandler(handler);
+        sendRequestForNetwork(null /* NetworkCapabilities need */, networkCallback, 0,
+                TRACK_DEFAULT, TYPE_NONE, cbHandler);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Registers to receive notifications about changes in the system default network. The callbacks
      * will continue to be called until either the application exits or
      * {@link #unregisterNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback)} is called.
      *
+     * This method should not be used to determine networking state seen by applications, because in
+     * many cases, most or even all application traffic may not use the default network directly,
+     * and traffic from different applications may go on different networks by default. As an
+     * example, if a VPN is connected, traffic from all applications might be sent through the VPN
+     * and not onto the system default network. Applications or system components desiring to do
+     * determine network state as seen by applications should use other methods such as
+     * {@link #registerDefaultNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback, Handler)}.
+     *
      * <p>To avoid performance issues due to apps leaking callbacks, the system will limit the
      * number of outstanding requests to 100 per app (identified by their UID), shared with
      * all variants of this method, of {@link #requestNetwork} as well as
@@ -4256,20 +4272,19 @@
      *                        system default network changes.
      * @param handler {@link Handler} to specify the thread upon which the callback will be invoked.
      * @throws RuntimeException if the app already has too many callbacks registered.
+     *
+     * @hide
      */
-    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE)
-    public void registerDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull NetworkCallback networkCallback,
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+    @SuppressLint({"ExecutorRegistration", "PairedRegistration"})
+    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
+            NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS})
+    public void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull NetworkCallback networkCallback,
             @NonNull Handler handler) {
-        // This works because if the NetworkCapabilities are null,
-        // ConnectivityService takes them from the default request.
-        //
-        // Since the capabilities are exactly the same as the default request's
-        // capabilities, this request is guaranteed, at all times, to be
-        // satisfied by the same network, if any, that satisfies the default
-        // request, i.e., the system default network.
         CallbackHandler cbHandler = new CallbackHandler(handler);
         sendRequestForNetwork(null /* NetworkCapabilities need */, networkCallback, 0,
-                TRACK_DEFAULT, TYPE_NONE, cbHandler);
+                TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT, TYPE_NONE, cbHandler);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4823,6 +4838,28 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /** @hide */
+    public TestNetworkManager startOrGetTestNetworkManager() {
+        final IBinder tnBinder;
+        try {
+            tnBinder = mService.startOrGetTestNetworkService();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+
+        return new TestNetworkManager(ITestNetworkManager.Stub.asInterface(tnBinder));
+    }
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public VpnManager createVpnManager() {
+        return new VpnManager(mContext, mService);
+    }
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager createDiagnosticsManager() {
+        return new ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager(mContext, mService);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Simulates a Data Stall for the specified Network.
      *
@@ -4849,9 +4886,13 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void setOemNetworkPreference(@NonNull OemNetworkPreferences preference) {
-        Log.d(TAG, "setOemNetworkPreference called with preference: "
-                + preference.toString());
+    private void setOemNetworkPreference(@NonNull final OemNetworkPreferences preference) {
+        try {
+            mService.setOemNetworkPreference(preference);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "setOemNetworkPreference() failed for preference: " + preference.toString());
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
     }
 
     @NonNull
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl b/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
index 1b4d2e4..f909d13 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.NetworkState;
+import android.net.OemNetworkPreferences;
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.net.QosSocketInfo;
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@
     Network getNetworkForType(int networkType);
     Network[] getAllNetworks();
     NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
-            int userId, String callingPackageName);
+            int userId, String callingPackageName, String callingAttributionTag);
 
     boolean isNetworkSupported(int networkType);
 
@@ -74,7 +75,8 @@
     LinkProperties getLinkPropertiesForType(int networkType);
     LinkProperties getLinkProperties(in Network network);
 
-    NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(in Network network, String callingPackageName);
+    NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(in Network network, String callingPackageName,
+            String callingAttributionTag);
 
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = 30, trackingBug = 170729553)
     NetworkState[] getAllNetworkState();
@@ -156,9 +158,6 @@
 
     boolean requestBandwidthUpdate(in Network network);
 
-    int registerNetworkFactory(in Messenger messenger, in String name);
-    void unregisterNetworkFactory(in Messenger messenger);
-
     int registerNetworkProvider(in Messenger messenger, in String name);
     void unregisterNetworkProvider(in Messenger messenger);
 
@@ -178,10 +177,12 @@
     void releasePendingNetworkRequest(in PendingIntent operation);
 
     NetworkRequest listenForNetwork(in NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
-            in Messenger messenger, in IBinder binder, String callingPackageName);
+            in Messenger messenger, in IBinder binder, String callingPackageName,
+            String callingAttributionTag);
 
     void pendingListenForNetwork(in NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
-            in PendingIntent operation, String callingPackageName);
+            in PendingIntent operation, String callingPackageName,
+            String callingAttributionTag);
 
     void releaseNetworkRequest(in NetworkRequest networkRequest);
 
@@ -243,4 +244,6 @@
 
     void registerQosSocketCallback(in QosSocketInfo socketInfo, in IQosCallback callback);
     void unregisterQosCallback(in IQosCallback callback);
+
+    void setOemNetworkPreference(in OemNetworkPreferences preference);
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/IpConfiguration.java b/framework/src/android/net/IpConfiguration.java
index 0b20564..d5f8b2e 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/IpConfiguration.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/IpConfiguration.java
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object o) {
         if (o == this) {
             return true;
         }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java b/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java
index e7c8014..bcb65fa 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import android.annotation.IntRange;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@
      * @return {@code true} if both objects are equal, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
         if (!(obj instanceof IpPrefix)) {
             return false;
         }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java b/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
index 44d25a1..d1bdaa0 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@
      * @return {@code true} if both objects are equal, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
         if (!(obj instanceof LinkAddress)) {
             return false;
         }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java b/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java
index 486e2d7..e41ed72 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java
@@ -1613,7 +1613,7 @@
      * @return {@code true} if both objects are equal, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
         if (this == obj) return true;
 
         if (!(obj instanceof LinkProperties)) return false;
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/MacAddress.java b/framework/src/android/net/MacAddress.java
index c7116b4..c83c23a 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/MacAddress.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/MacAddress.java
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object o) {
         return (o instanceof MacAddress) && ((MacAddress) o).mAddr == mAddr;
     }
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/Network.java b/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
index b07bd68..46141e0 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@
     };
 
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
         if (!(obj instanceof Network)) return false;
         Network other = (Network)obj;
         return this.netId == other.netId;
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index d22d82d..27aa15d 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import android.annotation.IntRange;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -775,7 +776,8 @@
      * @param underlyingNetworks the new list of underlying networks.
      * @see {@link VpnService.Builder#setUnderlyingNetworks(Network[])}
      */
-    public final void setUnderlyingNetworks(@Nullable List<Network> underlyingNetworks) {
+    public final void setUnderlyingNetworks(
+            @SuppressLint("NullableCollection") @Nullable List<Network> underlyingNetworks) {
         final ArrayList<Network> underlyingArray = (underlyingNetworks != null)
                 ? new ArrayList<>(underlyingNetworks) : null;
         queueOrSendMessage(reg -> reg.sendUnderlyingNetworks(underlyingArray));
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index 3843b9a..9d67f0b 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@
 import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.BitUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.Preconditions;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
@@ -401,11 +401,18 @@
     public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_VEHICLE_INTERNAL = 27;
 
     /**
-     * Indicates that this network is not managed by a Virtual Carrier Network (VCN).
-     *
-     * TODO(b/177299683): Add additional clarifying javadoc.
+     * Indicates that this network is not subsumed by a Virtual Carrier Network (VCN).
+     * <p>
+     * To provide an experience on a VCN similar to a single traditional carrier network, in
+     * some cases the system sets this bit is set by default in application's network requests,
+     * and may choose to remove it at its own discretion when matching the request to a network.
+     * <p>
+     * Applications that want to know about a Virtual Carrier Network's underlying networks,
+     * for example to use them for multipath purposes, should remove this bit from their network
+     * requests ; the system will not add it back once removed.
      * @hide
      */
+    @SystemApi
     public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED = 28;
 
     private static final int MIN_NET_CAPABILITY = NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
@@ -755,19 +762,21 @@
         final int originalSignalStrength = mSignalStrength;
         final int originalOwnerUid = getOwnerUid();
         final int[] originalAdministratorUids = getAdministratorUids();
+        final TransportInfo originalTransportInfo = getTransportInfo();
         clearAll();
         mTransportTypes = (originalTransportTypes & TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS)
                 | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST);
         mNetworkCapabilities = originalCapabilities & TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_CAPABILITIES;
         mNetworkSpecifier = originalSpecifier;
         mSignalStrength = originalSignalStrength;
+        mTransportInfo = originalTransportInfo;
 
         // Only retain the owner and administrator UIDs if they match the app registering the remote
         // caller that registered the network.
         if (originalOwnerUid == creatorUid) {
             setOwnerUid(creatorUid);
         }
-        if (ArrayUtils.contains(originalAdministratorUids, creatorUid)) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.contains(originalAdministratorUids, creatorUid)) {
             setAdministratorUids(new int[] {creatorUid});
         }
         // There is no need to clear the UIDs, they have already been cleared by clearAll() above.
@@ -1779,6 +1788,15 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
+    private <T extends Parcelable> void writeParcelableArraySet(Parcel in,
+            @Nullable ArraySet<T> val, int flags) {
+        final int size = (val != null) ? val.size() : -1;
+        in.writeInt(size);
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            in.writeParcelable(val.valueAt(i), flags);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
         dest.writeLong(mNetworkCapabilities);
@@ -1789,7 +1807,7 @@
         dest.writeParcelable((Parcelable) mNetworkSpecifier, flags);
         dest.writeParcelable((Parcelable) mTransportInfo, flags);
         dest.writeInt(mSignalStrength);
-        dest.writeArraySet(mUids);
+        writeParcelableArraySet(dest, mUids, flags);
         dest.writeString(mSSID);
         dest.writeBoolean(mPrivateDnsBroken);
         dest.writeIntArray(getAdministratorUids());
@@ -1812,8 +1830,7 @@
                 netCap.mNetworkSpecifier = in.readParcelable(null);
                 netCap.mTransportInfo = in.readParcelable(null);
                 netCap.mSignalStrength = in.readInt();
-                netCap.mUids = (ArraySet<UidRange>) in.readArraySet(
-                        null /* ClassLoader, null for default */);
+                netCap.mUids = readParcelableArraySet(in, null /* ClassLoader, null for default */);
                 netCap.mSSID = in.readString();
                 netCap.mPrivateDnsBroken = in.readBoolean();
                 netCap.setAdministratorUids(in.createIntArray());
@@ -1826,6 +1843,20 @@
             public NetworkCapabilities[] newArray(int size) {
                 return new NetworkCapabilities[size];
             }
+
+            private @Nullable <T extends Parcelable> ArraySet<T> readParcelableArraySet(Parcel in,
+                    @Nullable ClassLoader loader) {
+                final int size = in.readInt();
+                if (size < 0) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                final ArraySet<T> result = new ArraySet<>(size);
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    final T value = in.readParcelable(loader);
+                    result.append(value);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
         };
 
     @Override
@@ -1873,7 +1904,7 @@
             sb.append(" OwnerUid: ").append(mOwnerUid);
         }
 
-        if (!ArrayUtils.isEmpty(mAdministratorUids)) {
+        if (mAdministratorUids != null && mAdministratorUids.length != 0) {
             sb.append(" AdminUids: ").append(Arrays.toString(mAdministratorUids));
         }
 
@@ -2506,7 +2537,7 @@
         @NonNull
         public NetworkCapabilities build() {
             if (mCaps.getOwnerUid() != Process.INVALID_UID) {
-                if (!ArrayUtils.contains(mCaps.getAdministratorUids(), mCaps.getOwnerUid())) {
+                if (!CollectionUtils.contains(mCaps.getAdministratorUids(), mCaps.getOwnerUid())) {
                     throw new IllegalStateException("The owner UID must be included in "
                             + " administrator UIDs.");
                 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
index 04011fc..b4a651c 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,22 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
@@ -30,6 +46,8 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 
@@ -86,17 +104,14 @@
      *       callbacks about the single, highest scoring current network
      *       (if any) that matches the specified NetworkCapabilities, or
      *
-     *     - TRACK_DEFAULT, a hybrid of the two designed such that the
-     *       framework will issue callbacks for the single, highest scoring
-     *       current network (if any) that matches the capabilities of the
-     *       default Internet request (mDefaultRequest), but which cannot cause
-     *       the framework to either create or retain the existence of any
-     *       specific network. Note that from the point of view of the request
-     *       matching code, TRACK_DEFAULT is identical to REQUEST: its special
-     *       behaviour is not due to different semantics, but to the fact that
-     *       the system will only ever create a TRACK_DEFAULT with capabilities
-     *       that are identical to the default request's capabilities, thus
-     *       causing it to share fate in every way with the default request.
+     *     - TRACK_DEFAULT, which causes the framework to issue callbacks for
+     *       the single, highest scoring current network (if any) that will
+     *       be chosen for an app, but which cannot cause the framework to
+     *       either create or retain the existence of any specific network.
+     *
+     *     - TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT, which causes the framework to send callbacks
+     *       for the network (if any) that satisfies the default Internet
+     *       request.
      *
      *     - BACKGROUND_REQUEST, like REQUEST but does not cause any networks
      *       to retain the NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND capability. A network with
@@ -119,6 +134,7 @@
         TRACK_DEFAULT,
         REQUEST,
         BACKGROUND_REQUEST,
+        TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT,
     };
 
     /**
@@ -156,8 +172,30 @@
      * needed in terms of {@link NetworkCapabilities} features
      */
     public static class Builder {
+        /**
+         * Capabilities that are currently compatible with VCN networks.
+         */
+        private static final List<Integer> VCN_SUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES = Arrays.asList(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_DUN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+
         private final NetworkCapabilities mNetworkCapabilities;
 
+        // A boolean that represents the user modified NOT_VCN_MANAGED capability.
+        private boolean mModifiedNotVcnManaged = false;
+
         /**
          * Default constructor for Builder.
          */
@@ -179,6 +217,7 @@
             // maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted() doesn't add back.
             final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
             nc.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+            deduceNotVcnManagedCapability(nc);
             return new NetworkRequest(nc, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE,
                     ConnectivityManager.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, Type.NONE);
         }
@@ -195,6 +234,9 @@
          */
         public Builder addCapability(@NetworkCapabilities.NetCapability int capability) {
             mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(capability);
+            if (capability == NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED) {
+                mModifiedNotVcnManaged = true;
+            }
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -206,6 +248,9 @@
          */
         public Builder removeCapability(@NetworkCapabilities.NetCapability int capability) {
             mNetworkCapabilities.removeCapability(capability);
+            if (capability == NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED) {
+                mModifiedNotVcnManaged = true;
+            }
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -263,6 +308,9 @@
         @NonNull
         public Builder clearCapabilities() {
             mNetworkCapabilities.clearAll();
+            // If the caller explicitly clear all capabilities, the NOT_VCN_MANAGED capabilities
+            // should not be add back later.
+            mModifiedNotVcnManaged = true;
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -382,6 +430,25 @@
             mNetworkCapabilities.setSignalStrength(signalStrength);
             return this;
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Deduce the NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED capability from other capabilities
+         * and user intention, which includes:
+         *   1. For the requests that don't have anything besides
+         *      {@link #VCN_SUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES}, add the NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED to
+         *      allow the callers automatically utilize VCN networks if available.
+         *   2. For the requests that explicitly add or remove NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED,
+         *      do not alter them to allow user fire request that suits their need.
+         *
+         * @hide
+         */
+        private void deduceNotVcnManagedCapability(final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+            if (mModifiedNotVcnManaged) return;
+            for (final int cap : nc.getCapabilities()) {
+                if (!VCN_SUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES.contains(cap)) return;
+            }
+            nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        }
     }
 
     // implement the Parcelable interface
@@ -435,25 +502,7 @@
      * @hide
      */
     public boolean isRequest() {
-        return isForegroundRequest() || isBackgroundRequest();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns true iff. the contained NetworkRequest is one that:
-     *
-     *     - should be associated with at most one satisfying network
-     *       at a time;
-     *
-     *     - should cause a network to be kept up and in the foreground if
-     *       it is the best network which can satisfy the NetworkRequest.
-     *
-     * For full detail of how isRequest() is used for pairing Networks with
-     * NetworkRequests read rematchNetworkAndRequests().
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public boolean isForegroundRequest() {
-        return type == Type.TRACK_DEFAULT || type == Type.REQUEST;
+        return type == Type.REQUEST || type == Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -550,6 +599,8 @@
                 return NetworkRequestProto.TYPE_REQUEST;
             case BACKGROUND_REQUEST:
                 return NetworkRequestProto.TYPE_BACKGROUND_REQUEST;
+            case TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT:
+                return NetworkRequestProto.TYPE_TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT;
             default:
                 return NetworkRequestProto.TYPE_UNKNOWN;
         }
@@ -567,7 +618,7 @@
         proto.end(token);
     }
 
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
         if (obj instanceof NetworkRequest == false) return false;
         NetworkRequest that = (NetworkRequest)obj;
         return (that.legacyType == this.legacyType &&
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/Proxy.java b/framework/src/android/net/Proxy.java
index 03b07e0..9cd7ab2 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/Proxy.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/Proxy.java
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
 import java.net.ProxySelector;
 import java.net.URI;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.regex.Matcher;
-import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 /**
  * A convenience class for accessing the user and default proxy
@@ -64,40 +62,9 @@
     @Deprecated
     public static final String EXTRA_PROXY_INFO = "android.intent.extra.PROXY_INFO";
 
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int PROXY_VALID             = 0;
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int PROXY_HOSTNAME_EMPTY    = 1;
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int PROXY_HOSTNAME_INVALID  = 2;
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int PROXY_PORT_EMPTY        = 3;
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int PROXY_PORT_INVALID      = 4;
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int PROXY_EXCLLIST_INVALID  = 5;
-
     private static ConnectivityManager sConnectivityManager = null;
 
-    // Hostname / IP REGEX validation
-    // Matches blank input, ips, and domain names
-    private static final String NAME_IP_REGEX =
-        "[a-zA-Z0-9]+(\\-[a-zA-Z0-9]+)*(\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+(\\-[a-zA-Z0-9]+)*)*";
-
-    private static final String HOSTNAME_REGEXP = "^$|^" + NAME_IP_REGEX + "$";
-
-    private static final Pattern HOSTNAME_PATTERN;
-
-    private static final String EXCL_REGEX =
-        "[a-zA-Z0-9*]+(\\-[a-zA-Z0-9*]+)*(\\.[a-zA-Z0-9*]+(\\-[a-zA-Z0-9*]+)*)*";
-
-    private static final String EXCLLIST_REGEXP = "^$|^" + EXCL_REGEX + "(," + EXCL_REGEX + ")*$";
-
-    private static final Pattern EXCLLIST_PATTERN;
-
     static {
-        HOSTNAME_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(HOSTNAME_REGEXP);
-        EXCLLIST_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(EXCLLIST_REGEXP);
         sDefaultProxySelector = ProxySelector.getDefault();
     }
 
@@ -216,33 +183,6 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Validate syntax of hostname, port and exclusion list entries
-     * {@hide}
-     */
-    public static int validate(String hostname, String port, String exclList) {
-        Matcher match = HOSTNAME_PATTERN.matcher(hostname);
-        Matcher listMatch = EXCLLIST_PATTERN.matcher(exclList);
-
-        if (!match.matches()) return PROXY_HOSTNAME_INVALID;
-
-        if (!listMatch.matches()) return PROXY_EXCLLIST_INVALID;
-
-        if (hostname.length() > 0 && port.length() == 0) return PROXY_PORT_EMPTY;
-
-        if (port.length() > 0) {
-            if (hostname.length() == 0) return PROXY_HOSTNAME_EMPTY;
-            int portVal = -1;
-            try {
-                portVal = Integer.parseInt(port);
-            } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
-                return PROXY_PORT_INVALID;
-            }
-            if (portVal <= 0 || portVal > 0xFFFF) return PROXY_PORT_INVALID;
-        }
-        return PROXY_VALID;
-    }
-
     /** @hide */
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
     public static final void setHttpProxySystemProperty(ProxyInfo p) {
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ProxyInfo.java b/framework/src/android/net/ProxyInfo.java
index c9bca28..229db0d 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ProxyInfo.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ProxyInfo.java
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.ProxyUtils;
+
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.URLConnection;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -233,7 +235,7 @@
      */
     public boolean isValid() {
         if (!Uri.EMPTY.equals(mPacFileUrl)) return true;
-        return Proxy.PROXY_VALID == Proxy.validate(mHost == null ? "" : mHost,
+        return ProxyUtils.PROXY_VALID == ProxyUtils.validate(mHost == null ? "" : mHost,
                 mPort == 0 ? "" : Integer.toString(mPort),
                 mExclusionList == null ? "" : mExclusionList);
     }
@@ -275,7 +277,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object o) {
         if (!(o instanceof ProxyInfo)) return false;
         ProxyInfo p = (ProxyInfo)o;
         // If PAC URL is present in either then they must be equal.
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/RouteInfo.java b/framework/src/android/net/RouteInfo.java
index 94f849f..5b6684a 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/RouteInfo.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/RouteInfo.java
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@
      * Compares this RouteInfo object against the specified object and indicates if they are equal.
      * @return {@code true} if the objects are equal, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
         if (this == obj) return true;
 
         if (!(obj instanceof RouteInfo)) return false;
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        public boolean equals(@Nullable Object o) {
             if (!(o instanceof RouteKey)) {
                 return false;
             }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/VpnManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/VpnManager.java
index c87b827..1e30283 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/VpnManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/VpnManager.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.UserIdInt;
 import android.app.Activity;
 import android.content.ComponentName;
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
+import com.android.internal.net.LegacyVpnInfo;
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -52,13 +55,29 @@
 public class VpnManager {
     /** Type representing a lack of VPN @hide */
     public static final int TYPE_VPN_NONE = -1;
-    /** VPN service type code @hide */
+
+    /**
+     * A VPN created by an app using the {@link VpnService} API.
+     * @hide
+     */
     public static final int TYPE_VPN_SERVICE = 1;
-    /** Platform VPN type code @hide */
+
+    /**
+     * A VPN created using a {@link VpnManager} API such as {@link #startProvisionedVpnProfile}.
+     * @hide
+     */
     public static final int TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM = 2;
 
+    /**
+     * An IPsec VPN created by the built-in LegacyVpnRunner.
+     * @deprecated new Android devices should use VPN_TYPE_PLATFORM instead.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public static final int TYPE_VPN_LEGACY = 3;
+
     /** @hide */
-    @IntDef(value = {TYPE_VPN_NONE, TYPE_VPN_SERVICE, TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM})
+    @IntDef(value = {TYPE_VPN_NONE, TYPE_VPN_SERVICE, TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, TYPE_VPN_LEGACY})
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     public @interface VpnType {}
 
@@ -161,4 +180,104 @@
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
     }
-}
+
+    /**
+     * Return the VPN configuration for the given user ID.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public VpnConfig getVpnConfig(@UserIdInt int userId) {
+        try {
+            return mService.getVpnConfig(userId);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare for a VPN application.
+     * VPN permissions are checked in the {@link Vpn} class. If the caller is not {@code userId},
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL} permission is required.
+     *
+     * @param oldPackage Package name of the application which currently controls VPN, which will
+     *                   be replaced. If there is no such application, this should should either be
+     *                   {@code null} or {@link VpnConfig.LEGACY_VPN}.
+     * @param newPackage Package name of the application which should gain control of VPN, or
+     *                   {@code null} to disable.
+     * @param userId User for whom to prepare the new VPN.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean prepareVpn(@Nullable String oldPackage, @Nullable String newPackage,
+            int userId) {
+        try {
+            return mService.prepareVpn(oldPackage, newPackage, userId);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set whether the VPN package has the ability to launch VPNs without user intervention. This
+     * method is used by system-privileged apps. VPN permissions are checked in the {@link Vpn}
+     * class. If the caller is not {@code userId}, {@link
+     * android.Manifest.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL} permission is required.
+     *
+     * @param packageName The package for which authorization state should change.
+     * @param userId User for whom {@code packageName} is installed.
+     * @param vpnType The {@link VpnManager.VpnType} constant representing what class of VPN
+     *     permissions should be granted. When unauthorizing an app, {@link
+     *     VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE} should be used.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public void setVpnPackageAuthorization(
+            String packageName, int userId, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType) {
+        try {
+            mService.setVpnPackageAuthorization(packageName, userId, vpnType);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the legacy VPN information for the specified user ID.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public LegacyVpnInfo getLegacyVpnInfo(@UserIdInt int userId) {
+        try {
+            return mService.getLegacyVpnInfo(userId);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a legacy VPN.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public void startLegacyVpn(VpnProfile profile) {
+        try {
+            mService.startLegacyVpn(profile);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Informs the service that legacy lockdown VPN state should be updated (e.g., if its keystore
+     * entry has been updated). If the LockdownVpn mechanism is enabled, updates the vpn
+     * with a reload of its profile.
+     *
+     * <p>This method can only be called by the system UID
+     * @return a boolean indicating success
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean updateLockdownVpn() {
+        try {
+            return mService.updateLockdownVpn();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index c8f3bd3..8fc3181 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "net-utils-device-common",
         "net-utils-framework-common",
+        "netd-client",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index fe17b47..277152d 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable;
 import android.net.NetworkUtils;
 import android.net.NetworkWatchlistManager;
+import android.net.OemNetworkPreferences;
 import android.net.PrivateDnsConfigParcel;
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
 import android.net.QosCallbackException;
@@ -130,12 +132,14 @@
 import android.net.RouteInfoParcel;
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
 import android.net.TetheringManager;
+import android.net.TransportInfo;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
 import android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
 import android.net.metrics.NetworkEvent;
@@ -222,6 +226,7 @@
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -280,15 +285,18 @@
     // connect anyway?" dialog after the user selects a network that doesn't validate.
     private static final int PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS = 8 * 1000;
 
-    // Default to 30s linger time-out. Modifiable only for testing.
+    // Default to 30s linger time-out, and 5s for nascent network. Modifiable only for testing.
     private static final String LINGER_DELAY_PROPERTY = "persist.netmon.linger";
     private static final int DEFAULT_LINGER_DELAY_MS = 30_000;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_NASCENT_DELAY_MS = 5_000;
 
     // The maximum number of network request allowed per uid before an exception is thrown.
     private static final int MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID = 100;
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected int mLingerDelayMs;  // Can't be final, or test subclass constructors can't change it.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected int mNascentDelayMs;
 
     // How long to delay to removal of a pending intent based request.
     // See Settings.Secure.CONNECTIVITY_RELEASE_PENDING_INTENT_DELAY_MS
@@ -990,6 +998,15 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Gets the UID that owns a socket connection. Needed because opening SOCK_DIAG sockets
+         * requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, which the unit tests do not have.
+         */
+        public int getConnectionOwnerUid(int protocol, InetSocketAddress local,
+                InetSocketAddress remote) {
+            return InetDiagMessage.getConnectionOwnerUid(protocol, local, remote);
+        }
+
+        /**
          * @see MultinetworkPolicyTracker
          */
         public MultinetworkPolicyTracker makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(
@@ -1021,11 +1038,14 @@
         mNetworkRequestCounter = new PerUidCounter(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID);
 
         mMetricsLog = logger;
-        mDefaultRequest = createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(-1, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
         mNetworkRanker = new NetworkRanker();
-        NetworkRequestInfo defaultNRI = new NetworkRequestInfo(null, mDefaultRequest, new Binder());
-        mNetworkRequests.put(mDefaultRequest, defaultNRI);
-        mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("REGISTER " + defaultNRI);
+        final NetworkRequest defaultInternetRequest = createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                -1, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
+        mDefaultRequest = new NetworkRequestInfo(null, defaultInternetRequest, new Binder(),
+                null /* attributionTag */);
+        mNetworkRequests.put(defaultInternetRequest, mDefaultRequest);
+        mDefaultNetworkRequests.add(mDefaultRequest);
+        mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("REGISTER " + mDefaultRequest);
 
         mDefaultMobileDataRequest = createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
                 NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, NetworkRequest.Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST);
@@ -1051,6 +1071,8 @@
                 Settings.Secure.CONNECTIVITY_RELEASE_PENDING_INTENT_DELAY_MS, 5_000);
 
         mLingerDelayMs = mSystemProperties.getInt(LINGER_DELAY_PROPERTY, DEFAULT_LINGER_DELAY_MS);
+        // TODO: Consider making the timer customizable.
+        mNascentDelayMs = DEFAULT_NASCENT_DELAY_MS;
 
         mNMS = Objects.requireNonNull(netManager, "missing INetworkManagementService");
         mStatsService = Objects.requireNonNull(statsService, "missing INetworkStatsService");
@@ -1215,11 +1237,20 @@
 
         mDnsManager = new DnsManager(mContext, mDnsResolver);
         registerPrivateDnsSettingsCallbacks();
+
+        mNoServiceNetwork =  new NetworkAgentInfo(null,
+                new Network(NO_SERVICE_NET_ID),
+                new NetworkInfo(TYPE_NONE, 0, "", ""),
+                new LinkProperties(), new NetworkCapabilities(), 0, mContext,
+                null, new NetworkAgentConfig(), this, null,
+                null, null, 0, INVALID_UID,
+                mQosCallbackTracker);
     }
 
     private static NetworkCapabilities createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(int uid) {
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
         netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
         netCap.setSingleUid(uid);
         return netCap;
@@ -1229,6 +1260,7 @@
             int transportType, NetworkRequest.Type type) {
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
         netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         netCap.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(Process.myUid(), mContext.getPackageName());
         if (transportType > -1) {
             netCap.addTransportType(transportType);
@@ -1282,7 +1314,7 @@
 
         if (enable) {
             handleRegisterNetworkRequest(new NetworkRequestInfo(
-                    null, networkRequest, new Binder()));
+                    null, networkRequest, new Binder(), null /* attributionTag */));
         } else {
             handleReleaseNetworkRequest(networkRequest, Process.SYSTEM_UID,
                     /* callOnUnavailable */ false);
@@ -1364,7 +1396,7 @@
     }
 
     private NetworkState getUnfilteredActiveNetworkState(int uid) {
-        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetwork();
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetworkForUid(uid);
 
         final Network[] networks = getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(uid);
         if (networks != null) {
@@ -1497,7 +1529,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetwork();
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetworkForUid(uid);
         if (nai == null || isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(nai.networkCapabilities, uid,
                 ignoreBlocked)) {
             return null;
@@ -1617,7 +1649,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
-                int userId, String callingPackageName) {
+                int userId, String callingPackageName, @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         // The basic principle is: if an app's traffic could possibly go over a
         // network, without the app doing anything multinetwork-specific,
         // (hence, by "default"), then include that network's capabilities in
@@ -1636,25 +1668,34 @@
 
         HashMap<Network, NetworkCapabilities> result = new HashMap<>();
 
-        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetwork();
-        NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
-        if (nc != null) {
-            result.put(
-                    nai.network,
-                    createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-                            nc, mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            if (!nri.isBeingSatisfied()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            final NetworkAgentInfo nai = nri.getSatisfier();
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
+            if (null != nc
+                    && nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                    && !result.containsKey(nai.network)) {
+                result.put(
+                        nai.network,
+                        createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
+                                nc, mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName,
+                                callingAttributionTag));
+            }
         }
 
         // No need to check mLockdownEnabled. If it's true, getVpnUnderlyingNetworks returns null.
         final Network[] networks = getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(Binder.getCallingUid());
-        if (networks != null) {
-            for (Network network : networks) {
-                nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network);
-                if (nc != null) {
+        if (null != networks) {
+            for (final Network network : networks) {
+                final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network);
+                if (null != nc) {
                     result.put(
                             network,
                             createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-                                    nc, mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
+                                    nc, mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName,
+                                    callingAttributionTag));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1672,9 +1713,7 @@
 
     /**
      * Return LinkProperties for the active (i.e., connected) default
-     * network interface.  It is assumed that at most one default network
-     * is active at a time. If more than one is active, it is indeterminate
-     * which will be returned.
+     * network interface for the calling uid.
      * @return the ip properties for the active network, or {@code null} if
      * none is active
      */
@@ -1731,12 +1770,13 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(Network network, String callingPackageName) {
+    public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(Network network, String callingPackageName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
         enforceAccessPermission();
         return createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
                 getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network),
-                mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName, callingAttributionTag);
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -1755,11 +1795,12 @@
         return newNc;
     }
 
-    private boolean hasLocationPermission(int callerUid, @NonNull String callerPkgName) {
+    private boolean hasLocationPermission(int callerUid, @NonNull String callerPkgName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
         try {
             return mLocationPermissionChecker.checkLocationPermission(
-                    callerPkgName, null /* featureId */, callerUid, null /* message */);
+                    callerPkgName, callingAttributionTag, callerUid, null /* message */);
         } finally {
             Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
         }
@@ -1768,7 +1809,8 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     @Nullable
     NetworkCapabilities createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-            @Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc, int callerUid, @NonNull String callerPkgName) {
+            @Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc, int callerUid, @NonNull String callerPkgName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         if (nc == null) {
             return null;
         }
@@ -1777,7 +1819,8 @@
         // Avoid doing location permission check if the transport info has no location sensitive
         // data.
         if (nc.getTransportInfo() != null && nc.getTransportInfo().hasLocationSensitiveFields()) {
-            hasLocationPermission = hasLocationPermission(callerUid, callerPkgName);
+            hasLocationPermission =
+                    hasLocationPermission(callerUid, callerPkgName, callingAttributionTag);
             newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc, hasLocationPermission);
         } else {
             newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc, false /* parcelLocationSensitiveFields */);
@@ -1794,7 +1837,8 @@
         }
         if (hasLocationPermission == null) {
             // Location permission not checked yet, check now for masking owner UID.
-            hasLocationPermission = hasLocationPermission(callerUid, callerPkgName);
+            hasLocationPermission =
+                    hasLocationPermission(callerUid, callerPkgName, callingAttributionTag);
         }
         // Reset owner uid if the app has no location permission.
         if (!hasLocationPermission) {
@@ -1852,7 +1896,8 @@
         final ArrayList<NetworkState> result = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Network network : getAllNetworks()) {
             final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-            if (nai != null) {
+            // TODO: Consider include SUSPENDED networks.
+            if (nai != null && nai.networkInfo.isConnected()) {
                 // TODO (b/73321673) : NetworkState contains a copy of the
                 // NetworkCapabilities, which may contain UIDs of apps to which the
                 // network applies. Should the UIDs be cleared so as not to leak or
@@ -2005,7 +2050,7 @@
                 mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(
                         EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_VALIDATION_UPDATE,
                         new PrivateDnsValidationUpdate(netId,
-                                InetAddress.parseNumericAddress(ipAddress),
+                                InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(ipAddress),
                                 hostname, validated)));
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                 loge("Error parsing ip address in validation event");
@@ -2023,7 +2068,7 @@
             // TODO: Move the Dns Event to NetworkMonitor. NetdEventListenerService only allow one
             // callback from each caller type. Need to re-factor NetdEventListenerService to allow
             // multiple NetworkMonitor registrants.
-            if (nai != null && nai.satisfies(mDefaultRequest)) {
+            if (nai != null && nai.satisfies(mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0))) {
                 nai.networkMonitor().notifyDnsResponse(returnCode);
             }
         }
@@ -2117,8 +2162,8 @@
 
     private boolean isUidBlockedByRules(int uid, int uidRules, boolean isNetworkMetered,
             boolean isBackgroundRestricted) {
-        return NetworkPolicyManagerInternal.isUidNetworkingBlocked(uid, uidRules,
-                isNetworkMetered, isBackgroundRestricted);
+        return mPolicyManager.checkUidNetworkingBlocked(uid, uidRules, isNetworkMetered,
+                isBackgroundRestricted);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2701,9 +2746,9 @@
                 pw.println(nai.requestAt(i).toString());
             }
             pw.decreaseIndent();
-            pw.println("Lingered:");
+            pw.println("Inactivity Timers:");
             pw.increaseIndent();
-            nai.dumpLingerTimers(pw);
+            nai.dumpInactivityTimers(pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
             pw.decreaseIndent();
         }
@@ -3298,27 +3343,27 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Updates the linger state from the network requests inside the NAI.
+     * Updates the inactivity state from the network requests inside the NAI.
      * @param nai the agent info to update
      * @param now the timestamp of the event causing this update
-     * @return whether the network was lingered as a result of this update
+     * @return whether the network was inactive as a result of this update
      */
-    private boolean updateLingerState(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai, final long now) {
-        // 1. Update the linger timer. If it's changed, reschedule or cancel the alarm.
-        // 2. If the network was lingering and there are now requests, unlinger it.
+    private boolean updateInactivityState(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai, final long now) {
+        // 1. Update the inactivity timer. If it's changed, reschedule or cancel the alarm.
+        // 2. If the network was inactive and there are now requests, unset inactive.
         // 3. If this network is unneeded (which implies it is not lingering), and there is at least
-        //    one lingered request, start lingering.
-        nai.updateLingerTimer();
-        if (nai.isLingering() && nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests() > 0) {
-            if (DBG) log("Unlingering " + nai.toShortString());
-            nai.unlinger();
+        //    one lingered request, set inactive.
+        nai.updateInactivityTimer();
+        if (nai.isInactive() && nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests() > 0) {
+            if (DBG) log("Unsetting inactive " + nai.toShortString());
+            nai.unsetInactive();
             logNetworkEvent(nai, NetworkEvent.NETWORK_UNLINGER);
-        } else if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.LINGER) && nai.getLingerExpiry() > 0) {
+        } else if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.LINGER) && nai.getInactivityExpiry() > 0) {
             if (DBG) {
-                final int lingerTime = (int) (nai.getLingerExpiry() - now);
-                log("Lingering " + nai.toShortString() + " for " + lingerTime + "ms");
+                final int lingerTime = (int) (nai.getInactivityExpiry() - now);
+                log("Setting inactive " + nai.toShortString() + " for " + lingerTime + "ms");
             }
-            nai.linger();
+            nai.setInactive();
             logNetworkEvent(nai, NetworkEvent.NETWORK_LINGER);
             return true;
         }
@@ -3332,7 +3377,6 @@
                 if (VDBG) log("NetworkFactory connected");
                 // Finish setting up the full connection
                 NetworkProviderInfo npi = mNetworkProviderInfos.get(msg.replyTo);
-                npi.completeConnection();
                 sendAllRequestsToProvider(npi);
             } else {
                 loge("Error connecting NetworkFactory");
@@ -3434,25 +3478,33 @@
         propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(nai.network);
         // Remove all previously satisfied requests.
         for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
-            NetworkRequest request = nai.requestAt(i);
+            final NetworkRequest request = nai.requestAt(i);
             final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(request);
             final NetworkAgentInfo currentNetwork = nri.getSatisfier();
             if (currentNetwork != null
                     && currentNetwork.network.getNetId() == nai.network.getNetId()) {
+                // uid rules for this network will be removed in destroyNativeNetwork(nai).
                 nri.setSatisfier(null, null);
-                sendUpdatedScoreToFactories(request, null);
+                if (request.isRequest()) {
+                    sendUpdatedScoreToFactories(request, null);
+                }
+
+                if (mDefaultRequest == nri) {
+                    // TODO : make battery stats aware that since 2013 multiple interfaces may be
+                    //  active at the same time. For now keep calling this with the default
+                    //  network, because while incorrect this is the closest to the old (also
+                    //  incorrect) behavior.
+                    mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(
+                            null /* newNetwork */, nai);
+                    notifyLockdownVpn(nai);
+                    ensureNetworkTransitionWakelock(nai.toShortString());
+                }
             }
         }
-        nai.clearLingerState();
-        // TODO: this loop, and the mLegacyTypeTracker.remove just below it, seem redundant given
-        // there's a full rematch right after. Currently, deleting it breaks tests that check for
-        // the default network disconnecting. Find out why, fix the rematch code, and delete this.
-        if (nai.isSatisfyingRequest(mDefaultRequest.requestId)) {
-            mDefaultNetworkNai = null;
-            mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(null /* newNetwork */, nai);
-            notifyLockdownVpn(nai);
-            ensureNetworkTransitionWakelock(nai.toShortString());
-        }
+        nai.clearInactivityState();
+        // TODO: mLegacyTypeTracker.remove seems redundant given there's a full rematch right after.
+        //  Currently, deleting it breaks tests that check for the default network disconnecting.
+        //  Find out why, fix the rematch code, and delete this.
         mLegacyTypeTracker.remove(nai, wasDefault);
         rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
         mLingerMonitor.noteDisconnect(nai);
@@ -3461,10 +3513,9 @@
             // (routing rules, DNS, etc).
             // This may be slow as it requires a lot of netd shelling out to ip and
             // ip[6]tables to flush routes and remove the incoming packet mark rule, so do it
-            // after we've rematched networks with requests which should make a potential
-            // fallback network the default or requested a new network from the
-            // NetworkProviders, so network traffic isn't interrupted for an unnecessarily
-            // long time.
+            // after we've rematched networks with requests (which might change the default
+            // network or service a new request from an app), so network traffic isn't interrupted
+            // for an unnecessarily long time.
             destroyNativeNetwork(nai);
             mDnsManager.removeNetwork(nai.network);
         }
@@ -3549,18 +3600,15 @@
             }
         }
         rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
-        // If an active request exists, return as its score has already been sent if needed.
-        if (null != nri.getActiveRequest()) {
+        // If the nri is satisfied, return as its score has already been sent if needed.
+        if (nri.isBeingSatisfied()) {
             return;
         }
 
         // As this request was not satisfied on rematch and thus never had any scores sent to the
         // factories, send null now for each request of type REQUEST.
         for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
-            if (!req.isRequest()) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            sendUpdatedScoreToFactories(req, null);
+            if (req.isRequest()) sendUpdatedScoreToFactories(req, null);
         }
     }
 
@@ -3600,7 +3648,7 @@
                 return true;
         }
 
-        if (!nai.everConnected || nai.isVPN() || nai.isLingering() || numRequests > 0) {
+        if (!nai.everConnected || nai.isVPN() || nai.isInactive() || numRequests > 0) {
             return false;
         }
         for (NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
@@ -3693,7 +3741,7 @@
         if (mNetworkRequests.get(nri.mRequests.get(0)) == null) {
             return;
         }
-        if (nri.getSatisfier() != null) {
+        if (nri.isBeingSatisfied()) {
             return;
         }
         if (VDBG || (DBG && nri.mRequests.get(0).isRequest())) {
@@ -3737,7 +3785,7 @@
         mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("RELEASE " + nri);
 
         if (null != nri.getActiveRequest()) {
-            if (nri.getActiveRequest().isRequest()) {
+            if (!nri.getActiveRequest().isListen()) {
                 removeSatisfiedNetworkRequestFromNetwork(nri);
             } else {
                 nri.setSatisfier(null, null);
@@ -3792,7 +3840,7 @@
             // If there are still lingered requests on this network, don't tear it down,
             // but resume lingering instead.
             final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
-            if (updateLingerState(nai, now)) {
+            if (updateInactivityState(nai, now)) {
                 notifyNetworkLosing(nai, now);
             }
             if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.TEARDOWN)) {
@@ -4253,7 +4301,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public NetworkRequest getDefaultRequest() {
-        return mDefaultRequest;
+        return mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0);
     }
 
     private class InternalHandler extends Handler {
@@ -4831,7 +4879,7 @@
         }
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             throwIfLockdownEnabled();
-            mVpns.get(user).startLegacyVpn(profile, mKeyStore, egress);
+            mVpns.get(user).startLegacyVpn(profile, mKeyStore, null /* underlying */, egress);
         }
     }
 
@@ -4884,7 +4932,8 @@
         // see VpnService.setUnderlyingNetworks()'s javadoc about how to interpret
         // the underlyingNetworks list.
         if (underlyingNetworks == null) {
-            NetworkAgentInfo defaultNai = getDefaultNetwork();
+            final NetworkAgentInfo defaultNai = getDefaultNetworkForUid(
+                    nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
             if (defaultNai != null) {
                 underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNai.network };
             }
@@ -4935,8 +4984,10 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private Network[] underlyingNetworksOrDefault(Network[] underlyingNetworks) {
-        final Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
+    // TODO This needs to be the default network that applies to the NAI.
+    private Network[] underlyingNetworksOrDefault(final int ownerUid,
+            Network[] underlyingNetworks) {
+        final Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetworkForUid(ownerUid));
         if (underlyingNetworks == null && defaultNetwork != null) {
             // null underlying networks means to track the default.
             underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNetwork };
@@ -4949,7 +5000,8 @@
         // TODO: support more than one level of underlying networks, either via a fixed-depth search
         // (e.g., 2 levels of underlying networks), or via loop detection, or....
         if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) return false;
-        final Network[] underlying = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks);
+        final Network[] underlying = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
+                nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid(), nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks);
         return ArrayUtils.contains(underlying, network);
     }
 
@@ -5407,27 +5459,21 @@
     private static class NetworkProviderInfo {
         public final String name;
         public final Messenger messenger;
-        private final AsyncChannel mAsyncChannel;
         private final IBinder.DeathRecipient mDeathRecipient;
         public final int providerId;
 
         NetworkProviderInfo(String name, Messenger messenger, AsyncChannel asyncChannel,
-                int providerId, IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient) {
+                int providerId, @NonNull IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient) {
             this.name = name;
             this.messenger = messenger;
             this.providerId = providerId;
-            mAsyncChannel = asyncChannel;
             mDeathRecipient = deathRecipient;
 
-            if ((mAsyncChannel == null) == (mDeathRecipient == null)) {
-                throw new AssertionError("Must pass exactly one of asyncChannel or deathRecipient");
+            if (mDeathRecipient == null) {
+                throw new AssertionError("Must pass a deathRecipient");
             }
         }
 
-        boolean isLegacyNetworkFactory() {
-            return mAsyncChannel != null;
-        }
-
         void sendMessageToNetworkProvider(int what, int arg1, int arg2, Object obj) {
             try {
                 messenger.send(Message.obtain(null /* handler */, what, arg1, arg2, obj));
@@ -5438,38 +5484,19 @@
         }
 
         void requestNetwork(NetworkRequest request, int score, int servingProviderId) {
-            if (isLegacyNetworkFactory()) {
-                mAsyncChannel.sendMessage(android.net.NetworkFactory.CMD_REQUEST_NETWORK, score,
-                        servingProviderId, request);
-            } else {
-                sendMessageToNetworkProvider(NetworkProvider.CMD_REQUEST_NETWORK, score,
+            sendMessageToNetworkProvider(NetworkProvider.CMD_REQUEST_NETWORK, score,
                             servingProviderId, request);
-            }
         }
 
         void cancelRequest(NetworkRequest request) {
-            if (isLegacyNetworkFactory()) {
-                mAsyncChannel.sendMessage(android.net.NetworkFactory.CMD_CANCEL_REQUEST, request);
-            } else {
-                sendMessageToNetworkProvider(NetworkProvider.CMD_CANCEL_REQUEST, 0, 0, request);
-            }
+            sendMessageToNetworkProvider(NetworkProvider.CMD_CANCEL_REQUEST, 0, 0, request);
         }
 
         void connect(Context context, Handler handler) {
-            if (isLegacyNetworkFactory()) {
-                mAsyncChannel.connect(context, handler, messenger);
-            } else {
-                try {
-                    messenger.getBinder().linkToDeath(mDeathRecipient, 0);
-                } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                    mDeathRecipient.binderDied();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        void completeConnection() {
-            if (isLegacyNetworkFactory()) {
-                mAsyncChannel.sendMessage(AsyncChannel.CMD_CHANNEL_FULL_CONNECTION);
+            try {
+                messenger.getBinder().linkToDeath(mDeathRecipient, 0);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                mDeathRecipient.binderDied();
             }
         }
     }
@@ -5493,6 +5520,8 @@
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected class NetworkRequestInfo implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        // The requests to be satisfied in priority order. Non-multilayer requests will only have a
+        // single NetworkRequest in mRequests.
         final List<NetworkRequest> mRequests;
 
         // mSatisfier and mActiveRequest rely on one another therefore set them together.
@@ -5503,9 +5532,8 @@
             mActiveRequest = activeRequest;
         }
 
-        // The network currently satisfying this request, or null if none. Must only be touched
-        // on the handler thread. This only makes sense for network requests and not for listens,
-        // as defined by NetworkRequest#isRequest(). For listens, this is always null.
+        // The network currently satisfying this NRI. Only one request in an NRI can have a
+        // satisfier. For non-multilayer requests, only non-listen requests can have a satisfier.
         @Nullable
         private NetworkAgentInfo mSatisfier;
         NetworkAgentInfo getSatisfier() {
@@ -5527,8 +5555,23 @@
         final int mPid;
         final int mUid;
         final Messenger messenger;
+        @Nullable
+        final String mCallingAttributionTag;
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(NetworkRequest r, PendingIntent pi) {
+        /**
+         * Get the list of UIDs this nri applies to.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        private Set<UidRange> getUids() {
+            // networkCapabilities.getUids() returns a defensive copy.
+            // multilayer requests will all have the same uids so return the first one.
+            final Set<UidRange> uids = null == mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUids()
+                    ? new ArraySet<>() : mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUids();
+            return uids;
+        }
+
+        NetworkRequestInfo(NetworkRequest r, PendingIntent pi,
+                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
             mRequests = initializeRequests(r);
             ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(mRequests);
             mPendingIntent = pi;
@@ -5537,9 +5580,11 @@
             mPid = getCallingPid();
             mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
             mNetworkRequestCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
+            mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(Messenger m, NetworkRequest r, IBinder binder) {
+        NetworkRequestInfo(Messenger m, NetworkRequest r, IBinder binder,
+                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
             super();
             messenger = m;
             mRequests = initializeRequests(r);
@@ -5549,6 +5594,7 @@
             mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
             mPendingIntent = null;
             mNetworkRequestCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
+            mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
 
             try {
                 mBinder.linkToDeath(this, 0);
@@ -5558,7 +5604,14 @@
         }
 
         NetworkRequestInfo(NetworkRequest r) {
-            this(r, null);
+            this(r, null /* pi */, null /* callingAttributionTag */);
+        }
+
+        // True if this NRI is being satisfied. It also accounts for if the nri has its satisifer
+        // set to the mNoServiceNetwork in which case mActiveRequest will be null thus returning
+        // false.
+        boolean isBeingSatisfied() {
+            return (null != mSatisfier && null != mActiveRequest);
         }
 
         boolean isMultilayerRequest() {
@@ -5586,7 +5639,9 @@
 
         @Override
         public String toString() {
-            return "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + " " + mRequests
+            return "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + " active request Id: "
+                    + (mActiveRequest == null ? null : mActiveRequest.requestId)
+                    + " " + mRequests
                     + (mPendingIntent == null ? "" : " to trigger " + mPendingIntent);
         }
     }
@@ -5694,6 +5749,7 @@
                 throw new SecurityException("Insufficient permissions to specify legacy type");
             }
         }
+        final NetworkCapabilities defaultNc = mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities;
         final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         final NetworkRequest.Type reqType;
         try {
@@ -5704,11 +5760,15 @@
         switch (reqType) {
             case TRACK_DEFAULT:
                 // If the request type is TRACK_DEFAULT, the passed {@code networkCapabilities}
-                // is unused and will be replaced by the one from the default network request.
-                // This allows callers to keep track of the system default network.
+                // is unused and will be replaced by ones appropriate for the caller.
+                // This allows callers to keep track of the default network for their app.
                 networkCapabilities = createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(callingUid);
                 enforceAccessPermission();
                 break;
+            case TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT:
+                enforceSettingsPermission();
+                networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(defaultNc);
+                break;
             case BACKGROUND_REQUEST:
                 enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
                 // Fall-through since other checks are the same with normal requests.
@@ -5727,6 +5787,7 @@
         ensureRequestableCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
         ensureSufficientPermissionsForRequest(networkCapabilities,
                 Binder.getCallingPid(), callingUid, callingPackageName);
+
         // Set the UID range for this request to the single UID of the requester, or to an empty
         // set of UIDs if the caller has the appropriate permission and UIDs have not been set.
         // This will overwrite any allowed UIDs in the requested capabilities. Though there
@@ -5742,9 +5803,20 @@
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(networkCapabilities, legacyType,
                 nextNetworkRequestId(), reqType);
-        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(messenger, networkRequest, binder);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri =
+                new NetworkRequestInfo(messenger, networkRequest, binder, callingAttributionTag);
         if (DBG) log("requestNetwork for " + nri);
 
+        // For TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT callbacks, the capabilities have been modified since they were
+        // copied from the default request above. (This is necessary to ensure, for example, that
+        // the callback does not leak sensitive information to unprivileged apps.) Check that the
+        // changes don't alter request matching.
+        if (reqType == NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT &&
+                (!networkCapabilities.equalRequestableCapabilities(defaultNc))) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT capabilities don't match default request: "
+                    + networkCapabilities + " vs. " + defaultNc);
+        }
+
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST, nri));
         if (timeoutMs > 0) {
             mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_TIMEOUT_NETWORK_REQUEST,
@@ -5831,7 +5903,8 @@
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(networkCapabilities, TYPE_NONE,
                 nextNetworkRequestId(), NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
-        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(networkRequest, operation);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri =
+                new NetworkRequestInfo(networkRequest, operation, callingAttributionTag);
         if (DBG) log("pendingRequest for " + nri);
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT,
                 nri));
@@ -5875,7 +5948,8 @@
 
     @Override
     public NetworkRequest listenForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
-            Messenger messenger, IBinder binder, @NonNull String callingPackageName) {
+            Messenger messenger, IBinder binder, @NonNull String callingPackageName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         if (!hasWifiNetworkListenPermission(networkCapabilities)) {
             enforceAccessPermission();
@@ -5895,7 +5969,8 @@
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(nc, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(),
                 NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN);
-        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(messenger, networkRequest, binder);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri =
+                new NetworkRequestInfo(messenger, networkRequest, binder, callingAttributionTag);
         if (VDBG) log("listenForNetwork for " + nri);
 
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER, nri));
@@ -5904,7 +5979,8 @@
 
     @Override
     public void pendingListenForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
-            PendingIntent operation, @NonNull String callingPackageName) {
+            PendingIntent operation, @NonNull String callingPackageName,
+            @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(operation, "PendingIntent cannot be null.");
         final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         if (!hasWifiNetworkListenPermission(networkCapabilities)) {
@@ -5918,7 +5994,8 @@
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(nc, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(),
                 NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN);
-        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(networkRequest, operation);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri =
+                new NetworkRequestInfo(networkRequest, operation, callingAttributionTag);
         if (VDBG) log("pendingListenForNetwork for " + nri);
 
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER, nri));
@@ -5942,15 +6019,6 @@
                 EVENT_RELEASE_NETWORK_REQUEST, getCallingUid(), 0, networkRequest));
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public int registerNetworkFactory(Messenger messenger, String name) {
-        enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
-        NetworkProviderInfo npi = new NetworkProviderInfo(name, messenger, new AsyncChannel(),
-                nextNetworkProviderId(), null /* deathRecipient */);
-        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER, npi));
-        return npi.providerId;
-    }
-
     private void handleRegisterNetworkProvider(NetworkProviderInfo npi) {
         if (mNetworkProviderInfos.containsKey(npi.messenger)) {
             // Avoid creating duplicates. even if an app makes a direct AIDL call.
@@ -5964,10 +6032,7 @@
         if (DBG) log("Got NetworkProvider Messenger for " + npi.name);
         mNetworkProviderInfos.put(npi.messenger, npi);
         npi.connect(mContext, mTrackerHandler);
-        if (!npi.isLegacyNetworkFactory()) {
-            // Legacy NetworkFactories get their requests when their AsyncChannel connects.
-            sendAllRequestsToProvider(npi);
-        }
+        sendAllRequestsToProvider(npi);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -5986,11 +6051,6 @@
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_PROVIDER, messenger));
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void unregisterNetworkFactory(Messenger messenger) {
-        unregisterNetworkProvider(messenger);
-    }
-
     private void handleUnregisterNetworkProvider(Messenger messenger) {
         NetworkProviderInfo npi = mNetworkProviderInfos.remove(messenger);
         if (npi == null) {
@@ -6038,11 +6098,33 @@
     @GuardedBy("mBlockedAppUids")
     private final HashSet<Integer> mBlockedAppUids = new HashSet<>();
 
+    // The always-on request for an Internet-capable network that apps without a specific default
+    // fall back to.
     @NonNull
-    private final NetworkRequest mDefaultRequest;
-    // The NetworkAgentInfo currently satisfying the default request, if any.
-    @Nullable
-    private volatile NetworkAgentInfo mDefaultNetworkNai = null;
+    private final NetworkRequestInfo mDefaultRequest;
+    // Collection of NetworkRequestInfo's used for default networks.
+    @NonNull
+    private final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> mDefaultNetworkRequests = new ArraySet<>();
+
+    private boolean isPerAppDefaultRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        return (mDefaultNetworkRequests.contains(nri) && mDefaultRequest != nri);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if an nri is a managed default request that disallows default networking.
+     * @param nri the request to evaluate
+     * @return true if device-default networking is disallowed
+     */
+    private boolean isDefaultBlocked(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        // Check if this nri is a managed default that supports the default network at its
+        // lowest priority request.
+        final NetworkRequest defaultNetworkRequest = mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0);
+        final NetworkCapabilities lowestPriorityNetCap =
+                nri.mRequests.get(nri.mRequests.size() - 1).networkCapabilities;
+        return isPerAppDefaultRequest(nri)
+                && !(defaultNetworkRequest.networkCapabilities.equalRequestableCapabilities(
+                        lowestPriorityNetCap));
+    }
 
     // Request used to optionally keep mobile data active even when higher
     // priority networks like Wi-Fi are active.
@@ -6055,8 +6137,37 @@
     // Request used to optionally keep vehicle internal network always active
     private final NetworkRequest mDefaultVehicleRequest;
 
+    // TODO replace with INetd.DUMMY_NET_ID when available.
+    private static final int NO_SERVICE_NET_ID = 51;
+    // Sentinel NAI used to direct apps with default networks that should have no connectivity to a
+    // network with no service. This NAI should never be matched against, nor should any public API
+    // ever return the associated network. For this reason, this NAI is not in the list of available
+    // NAIs. It is used in computeNetworkReassignment() to be set as the satisfier for non-device
+    // default requests that don't support using the device default network which will ultimately
+    // allow ConnectivityService to use this no-service network when calling makeDefaultForApps().
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final NetworkAgentInfo mNoServiceNetwork;
+
+    // The NetworkAgentInfo currently satisfying the default request, if any.
     private NetworkAgentInfo getDefaultNetwork() {
-        return mDefaultNetworkNai;
+        return mDefaultRequest.mSatisfier;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkAgentInfo getDefaultNetworkForUid(final int uid) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            // Currently, all network requests will have the same uids therefore checking the first
+            // one is sufficient. If/when uids are tracked at the nri level, this can change.
+            final Set<UidRange> uids = nri.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUids();
+            if (null == uids) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (final UidRange range : uids) {
+                if (range.contains(uid)) {
+                    return nri.getSatisfier();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return getDefaultNetwork();
     }
 
     @Nullable
@@ -6143,8 +6254,6 @@
 
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(linkProperties);
 
-        // TODO: Instead of passing mDefaultRequest, provide an API to determine whether a Network
-        // satisfies mDefaultRequest.
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = new NetworkAgentInfo(na,
                 new Network(mNetIdManager.reserveNetId()), new NetworkInfo(networkInfo), lp, nc,
@@ -6565,7 +6674,8 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     void applyUnderlyingCapabilities(@Nullable Network[] underlyingNetworks,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities agentCaps, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
-        underlyingNetworks = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(underlyingNetworks);
+        underlyingNetworks = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
+                agentCaps.getOwnerUid(), underlyingNetworks);
         int[] transportTypes = agentCaps.getTransportTypes();
         int downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
         int upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
@@ -6937,8 +7047,8 @@
     private void sendUpdatedScoreToFactories(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
             NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
-            // Don't send listening requests to factories. b/17393458
-            if (nr.isListen()) continue;
+            // Don't send listening or track default request to factories. b/17393458
+            if (!nr.isRequest()) continue;
             sendUpdatedScoreToFactories(nr, nai);
         }
     }
@@ -7000,10 +7110,10 @@
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
         for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : getNrisFromGlobalRequests()) {
             for (final NetworkRequest req : nri.mRequests) {
-                if (req.isListen() && nri.getActiveRequest() == req) {
+                if (!req.isRequest() && nri.getActiveRequest() == req) {
                     break;
                 }
-                if (req.isListen()) {
+                if (!req.isRequest()) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 // Only set the nai for the request it is satisfying.
@@ -7098,7 +7208,8 @@
                 putParcelable(
                         bundle,
                         createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-                                nc, nri.mUid, nrForCallback.getRequestorPackageName()));
+                                nc, nri.mUid, nrForCallback.getRequestorPackageName(),
+                                nri.mCallingAttributionTag));
                 putParcelable(bundle, linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
                         networkAgent.linkProperties, nri.mPid, nri.mUid));
                 // For this notification, arg1 contains the blocked status.
@@ -7117,7 +7228,8 @@
                 putParcelable(
                         bundle,
                         createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-                                netCap, nri.mUid, nrForCallback.getRequestorPackageName()));
+                                netCap, nri.mUid, nrForCallback.getRequestorPackageName(),
+                                nri.mCallingAttributionTag));
                 break;
             }
             case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED: {
@@ -7153,8 +7265,8 @@
         if (nai.numRequestNetworkRequests() != 0) {
             for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
                 NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
-                // Ignore listening requests.
-                if (nr.isListen()) continue;
+                // Ignore listening and track default requests.
+                if (!nr.isRequest()) continue;
                 loge("Dead network still had at least " + nr);
                 break;
             }
@@ -7171,42 +7283,132 @@
 
         // If we get here it means that the last linger timeout for this network expired. So there
         // must be no other active linger timers, and we must stop lingering.
-        oldNetwork.clearLingerState();
+        oldNetwork.clearInactivityState();
 
         if (unneeded(oldNetwork, UnneededFor.TEARDOWN)) {
             // Tear the network down.
             teardownUnneededNetwork(oldNetwork);
         } else {
-            // Put the network in the background.
+            // Put the network in the background if it doesn't satisfy any foreground request.
             updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(oldNetwork);
         }
     }
 
-    private void makeDefault(@Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newNetwork) {
-        if (DBG) log("Switching to new default network: " + newNetwork);
+    private void processDefaultNetworkChanges(@NonNull final NetworkReassignment changes) {
+        boolean isDefaultChanged = false;
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo defaultRequestInfo : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment reassignment =
+                    changes.getReassignment(defaultRequestInfo);
+            if (null == reassignment) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // reassignment only contains those instances where the satisfying network changed.
+            isDefaultChanged = true;
+            // Notify system services of the new default.
+            makeDefault(defaultRequestInfo, reassignment.mOldNetwork, reassignment.mNewNetwork);
+        }
 
-        mDefaultNetworkNai = newNetwork;
+        if (isDefaultChanged) {
+            // Hold a wakelock for a short time to help apps in migrating to a new default.
+            scheduleReleaseNetworkTransitionWakelock();
+        }
+    }
 
+    private void makeDefault(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork) {
+        if (DBG) {
+            log("Switching to new default network for: " + nri + " using " + newDefaultNetwork);
+        }
+
+        // Fix up the NetworkCapabilities of any networks that have this network as underlying.
+        if (newDefaultNetwork != null) {
+            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(newDefaultNetwork.network);
+        }
+
+        // Set an app level managed default and return since further processing only applies to the
+        // default network.
+        if (mDefaultRequest != nri) {
+            makeDefaultForApps(nri, oldDefaultNetwork, newDefaultNetwork);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        makeDefaultNetwork(newDefaultNetwork);
+
+        if (oldDefaultNetwork != null) {
+            mLingerMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(oldDefaultNetwork, newDefaultNetwork);
+        }
+        mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(newDefaultNetwork, oldDefaultNetwork);
+        notifyLockdownVpn(newDefaultNetwork);
+        handleApplyDefaultProxy(null != newDefaultNetwork
+                ? newDefaultNetwork.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() : null);
+        updateTcpBufferSizes(null != newDefaultNetwork
+                ? newDefaultNetwork.linkProperties.getTcpBufferSizes() : null);
+        notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+
+        // Log 0 -> X and Y -> X default network transitions, where X is the new default.
+        final Network network = (newDefaultNetwork != null) ? newDefaultNetwork.network : null;
+        final int score = (newDefaultNetwork != null) ? newDefaultNetwork.getCurrentScore() : 0;
+        final boolean validated = newDefaultNetwork != null && newDefaultNetwork.lastValidated;
+        final LinkProperties lp = (newDefaultNetwork != null)
+                ? newDefaultNetwork.linkProperties : null;
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = (newDefaultNetwork != null)
+                ? newDefaultNetwork.networkCapabilities : null;
+
+        final Network prevNetwork = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
+                ? oldDefaultNetwork.network : null;
+        final int prevScore = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
+                ? oldDefaultNetwork.getCurrentScore() : 0;
+        final LinkProperties prevLp = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
+                ? oldDefaultNetwork.linkProperties : null;
+        final NetworkCapabilities prevNc = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
+                ? oldDefaultNetwork.networkCapabilities : null;
+
+        mMetricsLog.logDefaultNetworkEvent(network, score, validated, lp, nc,
+                prevNetwork, prevScore, prevLp, prevNc);
+    }
+
+    private void makeDefaultForApps(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork) {
         try {
-            if (null != newNetwork) {
-                mNetd.networkSetDefault(newNetwork.network.getNetId());
+            if (VDBG) {
+                log("Setting default network for " + nri
+                        + " using UIDs " + nri.getUids()
+                        + " with old network " + (oldDefaultNetwork != null
+                        ? oldDefaultNetwork.network().getNetId() : "null")
+                        + " and new network " + (newDefaultNetwork != null
+                        ? newDefaultNetwork.network().getNetId() : "null"));
+            }
+            if (nri.getUids().isEmpty()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("makeDefaultForApps called without specifying"
+                        + " any applications to set as the default." + nri);
+            }
+            if (null != newDefaultNetwork) {
+                mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(
+                        newDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId(),
+                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+            }
+            if (null != oldDefaultNetwork) {
+                mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(
+                        oldDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId(),
+                        toUidRangeStableParcels(nri.getUids()));
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Exception setting OEM network preference default network :" + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void makeDefaultNetwork(@Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork) {
+        try {
+            if (null != newDefaultNetwork) {
+                mNetd.networkSetDefault(newDefaultNetwork.network.getNetId());
             } else {
                 mNetd.networkClearDefault();
             }
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
             loge("Exception setting default network :" + e);
         }
-
-        notifyLockdownVpn(newNetwork);
-        handleApplyDefaultProxy(null != newNetwork
-                ? newNetwork.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() : null);
-        updateTcpBufferSizes(null != newNetwork
-                ? newNetwork.linkProperties.getTcpBufferSizes() : null);
-        notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
-        // Fix up the NetworkCapabilities of any networks that have this network as underlying.
-        if (newNetwork != null) {
-            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(newNetwork.network);
-        }
     }
 
     private void processListenRequests(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
@@ -7330,9 +7532,9 @@
             @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo previousSatisfier,
             @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newSatisfier,
             final long now) {
-        if (newSatisfier != null) {
+        if (null != newSatisfier && mNoServiceNetwork != newSatisfier) {
             if (VDBG) log("rematch for " + newSatisfier.toShortString());
-            if (previousSatisfier != null) {
+            if (null != previousSatisfier && mNoServiceNetwork != previousSatisfier) {
                 if (VDBG || DDBG) {
                     log("   accepting network in place of " + previousSatisfier.toShortString());
                 }
@@ -7341,12 +7543,20 @@
             } else {
                 if (VDBG || DDBG) log("   accepting network in place of null");
             }
+
+            // To prevent constantly CPU wake up for nascent timer, if a network comes up
+            // and immediately satisfies a request then remove the timer. This will happen for
+            // all networks except in the case of an underlying network for a VCN.
+            if (newSatisfier.isNascent()) {
+                newSatisfier.unlingerRequest(NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE);
+            }
+
             newSatisfier.unlingerRequest(newRequest.requestId);
             if (!newSatisfier.addRequest(newRequest)) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + newSatisfier.toShortString() + " already has "
                         + newRequest);
             }
-        } else {
+        } else if (null != previousSatisfier) {
             if (DBG) {
                 log("Network " + previousSatisfier.toShortString() + " stopped satisfying"
                         + " request " + previousRequest.requestId);
@@ -7397,7 +7607,11 @@
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (bestNetwork != nri.mSatisfier) {
+            if (null == bestNetwork && isDefaultBlocked(nri)) {
+                // Remove default networking if disallowed for managed default requests.
+                bestNetwork = mNoServiceNetwork;
+            }
+            if (nri.getSatisfier() != bestNetwork) {
                 // bestNetwork may be null if no network can satisfy this request.
                 changes.addRequestReassignment(new NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment(
                         nri, nri.mActiveRequest, bestRequest, nri.getSatisfier(), bestNetwork));
@@ -7458,46 +7672,8 @@
                     now);
         }
 
-        final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork = getDefaultNetwork();
-        final NetworkRequestInfo defaultRequestInfo = mNetworkRequests.get(mDefaultRequest);
-        final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment reassignment =
-                changes.getReassignment(defaultRequestInfo);
-        final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork =
-                null != reassignment ? reassignment.mNewNetwork : oldDefaultNetwork;
-
-        if (oldDefaultNetwork != newDefaultNetwork) {
-            if (oldDefaultNetwork != null) {
-                mLingerMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(oldDefaultNetwork, newDefaultNetwork);
-            }
-            mNetworkActivityTracker.updateDataActivityTracking(
-                    newDefaultNetwork, oldDefaultNetwork);
-            // Notify system services of the new default.
-            makeDefault(newDefaultNetwork);
-
-            // Log 0 -> X and Y -> X default network transitions, where X is the new default.
-            final Network network = (newDefaultNetwork != null) ? newDefaultNetwork.network : null;
-            final int score = (newDefaultNetwork != null) ? newDefaultNetwork.getCurrentScore() : 0;
-            final boolean validated = newDefaultNetwork != null && newDefaultNetwork.lastValidated;
-            final LinkProperties lp = (newDefaultNetwork != null)
-                    ? newDefaultNetwork.linkProperties : null;
-            final NetworkCapabilities nc = (newDefaultNetwork != null)
-                    ? newDefaultNetwork.networkCapabilities : null;
-
-            final Network prevNetwork = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
-                    ? oldDefaultNetwork.network : null;
-            final int prevScore = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
-                    ? oldDefaultNetwork.getCurrentScore() : 0;
-            final LinkProperties prevLp = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
-                    ? oldDefaultNetwork.linkProperties : null;
-            final NetworkCapabilities prevNc = (oldDefaultNetwork != null)
-                    ? oldDefaultNetwork.networkCapabilities : null;
-
-            mMetricsLog.logDefaultNetworkEvent(network, score, validated, lp, nc,
-                    prevNetwork, prevScore, prevLp, prevNc);
-
-            // Have a new default network, release the transition wakelock in
-            scheduleReleaseNetworkTransitionWakelock();
-        }
+        // Process default network changes if applicable.
+        processDefaultNetworkChanges(changes);
 
         // Notify requested networks are available after the default net is switched, but
         // before LegacyTypeTracker sends legacy broadcasts
@@ -7517,19 +7693,19 @@
             }
         }
 
-        // Update the linger state before processing listen callbacks, because the background
-        // computation depends on whether the network is lingering. Don't send the LOSING callbacks
+        // Update the inactivity state before processing listen callbacks, because the background
+        // computation depends on whether the network is inactive. Don't send the LOSING callbacks
         // just yet though, because they have to be sent after the listens are processed to keep
         // backward compatibility.
-        final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> lingeredNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
+        final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> inactiveNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
         for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
-            // Rematching may have altered the linger state of some networks, so update all linger
-            // timers. updateLingerState reads the state from the network agent and does nothing
-            // if the state has not changed : the source of truth is controlled with
-            // NetworkAgentInfo#lingerRequest and NetworkAgentInfo#unlingerRequest, which have been
-            // called while rematching the individual networks above.
-            if (updateLingerState(nai, now)) {
-                lingeredNetworks.add(nai);
+            // Rematching may have altered the inactivity state of some networks, so update all
+            // inactivity timers. updateInactivityState reads the state from the network agent
+            // and does nothing if the state has not changed : the source of truth is controlled
+            // with NetworkAgentInfo#lingerRequest and NetworkAgentInfo#unlingerRequest, which
+            // have been called while rematching the individual networks above.
+            if (updateInactivityState(nai, now)) {
+                inactiveNetworks.add(nai);
             }
         }
 
@@ -7546,16 +7722,20 @@
             processNewlySatisfiedListenRequests(nai);
         }
 
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : lingeredNetworks) {
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : inactiveNetworks) {
+            // For nascent networks, if connecting with no foreground request, skip broadcasting
+            // LOSING for backward compatibility. This is typical when mobile data connected while
+            // wifi connected with mobile data always-on enabled.
+            if (nai.isNascent()) continue;
             notifyNetworkLosing(nai, now);
         }
 
-        updateLegacyTypeTrackerAndVpnLockdownForRematch(oldDefaultNetwork, newDefaultNetwork, nais);
+        updateLegacyTypeTrackerAndVpnLockdownForRematch(changes, nais);
 
         // Tear down all unneeded networks.
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
             if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.TEARDOWN)) {
-                if (nai.getLingerExpiry() > 0) {
+                if (nai.getInactivityExpiry() > 0) {
                     // This network has active linger timers and no requests, but is not
                     // lingering. Linger it.
                     //
@@ -7563,7 +7743,7 @@
                     // and became unneeded due to another network improving its score to the
                     // point where this network will no longer be able to satisfy any requests
                     // even if it validates.
-                    if (updateLingerState(nai, now)) {
+                    if (updateInactivityState(nai, now)) {
                         notifyNetworkLosing(nai, now);
                     }
                 } else {
@@ -7593,9 +7773,15 @@
     }
 
     private void updateLegacyTypeTrackerAndVpnLockdownForRematch(
-            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork,
-            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork,
+            @NonNull final NetworkReassignment changes,
             @NonNull final Collection<NetworkAgentInfo> nais) {
+        final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment reassignmentOfDefault =
+                changes.getReassignment(mDefaultRequest);
+        final NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork =
+                null != reassignmentOfDefault ? reassignmentOfDefault.mOldNetwork : null;
+        final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork =
+                null != reassignmentOfDefault ? reassignmentOfDefault.mNewNetwork : null;
+
         if (oldDefaultNetwork != newDefaultNetwork) {
             // Maintain the illusion : since the legacy API only understands one network at a time,
             // if the default network changed, apps should see a disconnected broadcast for the
@@ -7609,7 +7795,8 @@
                 // network doesn't satisfy the default request any more because it lost a
                 // capability.
                 mDefaultInetConditionPublished = newDefaultNetwork.lastValidated ? 100 : 0;
-                mLegacyTypeTracker.add(newDefaultNetwork.networkInfo.getType(), newDefaultNetwork);
+                mLegacyTypeTracker.add(
+                        newDefaultNetwork.networkInfo.getType(), newDefaultNetwork);
                 // If the legacy VPN is connected, notifyLockdownVpn may end up sending a broadcast
                 // to reflect the NetworkInfo of this new network. This broadcast has to be sent
                 // after the disconnect broadcasts above, but before the broadcasts sent by the
@@ -7661,7 +7848,7 @@
     private void updateInetCondition(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         // Don't bother updating until we've graduated to validated at least once.
         if (!nai.everValidated) return;
-        // For now only update icons for default connection.
+        // For now only update icons for the default connection.
         // TODO: Update WiFi and cellular icons separately. b/17237507
         if (!isDefaultNetwork(nai)) return;
 
@@ -7780,6 +7967,15 @@
             // doing.
             updateSignalStrengthThresholds(networkAgent, "CONNECT", null);
 
+            // Before first rematching networks, put an inactivity timer without any request, this
+            // allows {@code updateInactivityState} to update the state accordingly and prevent
+            // tearing down for any {@code unneeded} evaluation in this period.
+            // Note that the timer will not be rescheduled since the expiry time is
+            // fixed after connection regardless of the network satisfying other requests or not.
+            // But it will be removed as soon as the network satisfies a request for the first time.
+            networkAgent.lingerRequest(NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE,
+                    SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), mNascentDelayMs);
+
             // Consider network even though it is not yet validated.
             rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
 
@@ -7833,7 +8029,7 @@
 
     // Notify the requests on this NAI that the network is now lingered.
     private void notifyNetworkLosing(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai, final long now) {
-        final int lingerTime = (int) (nai.getLingerExpiry() - now);
+        final int lingerTime = (int) (nai.getInactivityExpiry() - now);
         notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOSING, lingerTime);
     }
 
@@ -7931,8 +8127,8 @@
                 intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_EXTRA_INFO, info.getExtraInfo());
             }
             NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultAgent = null;
-            if (nai.isSatisfyingRequest(mDefaultRequest.requestId)) {
-                newDefaultAgent = getDefaultNetwork();
+            if (nai.isSatisfyingRequest(mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0).requestId)) {
+                newDefaultAgent = mDefaultRequest.getSatisfier();
                 if (newDefaultAgent != null) {
                     intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_OTHER_NETWORK_INFO,
                             newDefaultAgent.networkInfo);
@@ -7979,10 +8175,15 @@
      */
     private Network[] getDefaultNetworks() {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
-        ArrayList<Network> defaultNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
-        NetworkAgentInfo defaultNetwork = getDefaultNetwork();
+        final ArrayList<Network> defaultNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
+        final Set<Integer> activeNetIds = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+            if (nri.isBeingSatisfied()) {
+                activeNetIds.add(nri.getSatisfier().network().netId);
+            }
+        }
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (nai.everConnected && (nai == defaultNetwork || nai.isVPN())) {
+            if (nai.everConnected && (activeNetIds.contains(nai.network().netId) || nai.isVPN())) {
                 defaultNetworks.add(nai.network);
             }
         }
@@ -8032,7 +8233,6 @@
         int user = UserHandle.getUserId(mDeps.getCallingUid());
         final boolean success;
         synchronized (mVpns) {
-            throwIfLockdownEnabled();
             success = mVpns.get(user).setUnderlyingNetworks(networks);
         }
         return success;
@@ -8278,22 +8478,11 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Caller either needs to be an active VPN, or hold the NETWORK_STACK permission
-     * for testing.
-     */
-    private Vpn enforceActiveVpnOrNetworkStackPermission() {
-        if (checkNetworkStackPermission()) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        synchronized (mVpns) {
-            Vpn vpn = getVpnIfOwner();
-            if (vpn != null) {
-                return vpn;
-            }
-        }
-        throw new SecurityException("App must either be an active VPN or have the NETWORK_STACK "
-                + "permission");
+    private @VpnManager.VpnType int getVpnType(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo vpn) {
+        if (vpn == null) return VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE;
+        final TransportInfo ti = vpn.networkCapabilities.getTransportInfo();
+        if (!(ti instanceof VpnTransportInfo)) return VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE;
+        return ((VpnTransportInfo) ti).type;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -8303,23 +8492,22 @@
      * connection is not found.
      */
     public int getConnectionOwnerUid(ConnectionInfo connectionInfo) {
-        final Vpn vpn = enforceActiveVpnOrNetworkStackPermission();
-
-        // Only VpnService based VPNs should be able to get this information.
-        if (vpn != null && vpn.getActiveAppVpnType() != VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE) {
-            throw new SecurityException(
-                    "getConnectionOwnerUid() not allowed for non-VpnService VPNs");
-        }
-
         if (connectionInfo.protocol != IPPROTO_TCP && connectionInfo.protocol != IPPROTO_UDP) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported protocol " + connectionInfo.protocol);
         }
 
-        final int uid = InetDiagMessage.getConnectionOwnerUid(connectionInfo.protocol,
+        final int uid = mDeps.getConnectionOwnerUid(connectionInfo.protocol,
                 connectionInfo.local, connectionInfo.remote);
 
-        /* Filter out Uids not associated with the VPN. */
-        if (vpn != null && !vpn.appliesToUid(uid)) {
+        if (uid == INVALID_UID) return uid;  // Not found.
+
+        // Connection owner UIDs are visible only to the network stack and to the VpnService-based
+        // VPN, if any, that applies to the UID that owns the connection.
+        if (checkNetworkStackPermission()) return uid;
+
+        final NetworkAgentInfo vpn = getVpnForUid(uid);
+        if (vpn == null || getVpnType(vpn) != VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE
+                || vpn.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() != Binder.getCallingUid()) {
             return INVALID_UID;
         }
 
@@ -8966,6 +9154,7 @@
             }
         }
     }
+
     /**
      * Registers {@link QosSocketFilter} with {@link IQosCallback}.
      *
@@ -9015,4 +9204,10 @@
     public void unregisterQosCallback(@NonNull final IQosCallback callback) {
         mQosCallbackTracker.unregisterCallback(callback);
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setOemNetworkPreference(@NonNull final OemNetworkPreferences preference) {
+        // TODO http://b/176495594 track multiple default networks with networkPreferences
+        if (DBG) log("setOemNetworkPreference() called with: " + preference.toString());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
index a08d066..96f832d 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkProvider;
+import android.net.NetworkStack;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.StringNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
 
 import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
@@ -278,10 +281,12 @@
 
         // Add global routes (but as non-default, non-internet providing network)
         if (allowIPv4) {
-            lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null, iface));
+            lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(
+                    NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_ADDR_ANY, 0), null, iface));
         }
         if (allowIPv6) {
-            lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null, iface));
+            lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(
+                    NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_ADDR_ANY, 0), null, iface));
         }
 
         final TestNetworkAgent agent = new TestNetworkAgent(context, looper, nc, lp,
@@ -317,10 +322,10 @@
         }
 
         try {
-            // This requires NETWORK_STACK privileges.
             final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
             try {
-                mNMS.setInterfaceUp(iface);
+                NetworkStack.checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+                NetdUtils.setInterfaceUp(mNetd, iface);
             } finally {
                 Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
             }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
index c70bb08..43d9ade 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.net.IDnsResolver;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.ResolverOptionsParcel;
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@
             for (String ipAddress : ipAddresses) {
                 try {
                     latestDnses.add(new Pair(hostname,
-                            InetAddress.parseNumericAddress(ipAddress)));
+                            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(ipAddress)));
                 } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {}
             }
             // Remove <hostname, ipAddress> pairs that should not be tracked.
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
index 952193b..46c49e7 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
 import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
 
-import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
         // clat IPv4 address itself (for those apps, it doesn't matter what
         // the IP of the gateway is, only that there is one).
         RouteInfo ipv4Default = new RouteInfo(
-                new LinkAddress(Inet4Address.ANY, 0),
+                new LinkAddress(NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_ADDR_ANY, 0),
                 clatAddress.getAddress(), mIface);
         stacked.addRoute(ipv4Default);
         stacked.addLinkAddress(clatAddress);
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index b282484..c05e253 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
 import java.util.Objects;
@@ -121,6 +122,13 @@
 //
 // When ConnectivityService disconnects a network:
 // -----------------------------------------------
+// If a network is just connected, ConnectivityService will think it will be used soon, but might
+// not be used. Thus, a 5s timer will be held to prevent the network being torn down immediately.
+// This "nascent" state is implemented by the "lingering" logic below without relating to any
+// request, and is used in some cases where network requests race with network establishment. The
+// nascent state ends when the 5-second timer fires, or as soon as the network satisfies a
+// request, whichever is earlier. In this state, the network is considered in the background.
+//
 // If a network has no chance of satisfying any requests (even if it were to become validated
 // and enter state #5), ConnectivityService will disconnect the NetworkAgent's AsyncChannel.
 //
@@ -209,23 +217,23 @@
     // network is taken down.  This usually only happens to the default network. Lingering ends with
     // either the linger timeout expiring and the network being taken down, or the network
     // satisfying a request again.
-    public static class LingerTimer implements Comparable<LingerTimer> {
+    public static class InactivityTimer implements Comparable<InactivityTimer> {
         public final int requestId;
         public final long expiryMs;
 
-        public LingerTimer(int requestId, long expiryMs) {
+        public InactivityTimer(int requestId, long expiryMs) {
             this.requestId = requestId;
             this.expiryMs = expiryMs;
         }
         public boolean equals(Object o) {
-            if (!(o instanceof LingerTimer)) return false;
-            LingerTimer other = (LingerTimer) o;
+            if (!(o instanceof InactivityTimer)) return false;
+            InactivityTimer other = (InactivityTimer) o;
             return (requestId == other.requestId) && (expiryMs == other.expiryMs);
         }
         public int hashCode() {
             return Objects.hash(requestId, expiryMs);
         }
-        public int compareTo(LingerTimer other) {
+        public int compareTo(InactivityTimer other) {
             return (expiryMs != other.expiryMs) ?
                     Long.compare(expiryMs, other.expiryMs) :
                     Integer.compare(requestId, other.requestId);
@@ -268,30 +276,32 @@
      */
     public static final int ARG_AGENT_SUCCESS = 1;
 
-    // All linger timers for this network, sorted by expiry time. A linger timer is added whenever
+    // All inactivity timers for this network, sorted by expiry time. A timer is added whenever
     // a request is moved to a network with a better score, regardless of whether the network is or
-    // was lingering or not.
+    // was lingering or not. An inactivity timer is also added when a network connects
+    // without immediately satisfying any requests.
     // TODO: determine if we can replace this with a smaller or unsorted data structure. (e.g.,
     // SparseLongArray) combined with the timestamp of when the last timer is scheduled to fire.
-    private final SortedSet<LingerTimer> mLingerTimers = new TreeSet<>();
+    private final SortedSet<InactivityTimer> mInactivityTimers = new TreeSet<>();
 
-    // For fast lookups. Indexes into mLingerTimers by request ID.
-    private final SparseArray<LingerTimer> mLingerTimerForRequest = new SparseArray<>();
+    // For fast lookups. Indexes into mInactivityTimers by request ID.
+    private final SparseArray<InactivityTimer> mInactivityTimerForRequest = new SparseArray<>();
 
-    // Linger expiry timer. Armed whenever mLingerTimers is non-empty, regardless of whether the
-    // network is lingering or not. Always set to the expiry of the LingerTimer that expires last.
-    // When the timer fires, all linger state is cleared, and if the network has no requests, it is
-    // torn down.
-    private WakeupMessage mLingerMessage;
+    // Inactivity expiry timer. Armed whenever mInactivityTimers is non-empty, regardless of
+    // whether the network is inactive or not. Always set to the expiry of the mInactivityTimers
+    // that expires last. When the timer fires, all inactivity state is cleared, and if the network
+    // has no requests, it is torn down.
+    private WakeupMessage mInactivityMessage;
 
-    // Linger expiry. Holds the expiry time of the linger timer, or 0 if the timer is not armed.
-    private long mLingerExpiryMs;
+    // Inactivity expiry. Holds the expiry time of the inactivity timer, or 0 if the timer is not
+    // armed.
+    private long mInactivityExpiryMs;
 
-    // Whether the network is lingering or not. Must be maintained separately from the above because
+    // Whether the network is inactive or not. Must be maintained separately from the above because
     // it depends on the state of other networks and requests, which only ConnectivityService knows.
     // (Example: we don't linger a network if it would become the best for a NetworkRequest if it
     // validated).
-    private boolean mLingering;
+    private boolean mInactive;
 
     // This represents the quality of the network with no clear scale.
     private int mScore;
@@ -707,8 +717,9 @@
                 mNumBackgroundNetworkRequests += delta;
                 break;
 
-            case TRACK_DEFAULT:
             case LISTEN:
+            case TRACK_DEFAULT:
+            case TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT:
                 break;
 
             case NONE:
@@ -894,20 +905,25 @@
 
     /**
      * Sets the specified requestId to linger on this network for the specified time. Called by
-     * ConnectivityService when the request is moved to another network with a higher score.
+     * ConnectivityService when the request is moved to another network with a higher score, or
+     * when a network is newly created.
+     *
+     * @param requestId The requestId of the request that no longer need to be served by this
+     *                  network. Or {@link NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE} if this is the
+     *                  {@code LingerTimer} for a newly created network.
      */
     public void lingerRequest(int requestId, long now, long duration) {
-        if (mLingerTimerForRequest.get(requestId) != null) {
+        if (mInactivityTimerForRequest.get(requestId) != null) {
             // Cannot happen. Once a request is lingering on a particular network, we cannot
             // re-linger it unless that network becomes the best for that request again, in which
             // case we should have unlingered it.
             Log.wtf(TAG, toShortString() + ": request " + requestId + " already lingered");
         }
         final long expiryMs = now + duration;
-        LingerTimer timer = new LingerTimer(requestId, expiryMs);
-        if (VDBG) Log.d(TAG, "Adding LingerTimer " + timer + " to " + toShortString());
-        mLingerTimers.add(timer);
-        mLingerTimerForRequest.put(requestId, timer);
+        InactivityTimer timer = new InactivityTimer(requestId, expiryMs);
+        if (VDBG) Log.d(TAG, "Adding InactivityTimer " + timer + " to " + toShortString());
+        mInactivityTimers.add(timer);
+        mInactivityTimerForRequest.put(requestId, timer);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -915,23 +931,25 @@
      * Returns true if the given requestId was lingering on this network, false otherwise.
      */
     public boolean unlingerRequest(int requestId) {
-        LingerTimer timer = mLingerTimerForRequest.get(requestId);
+        InactivityTimer timer = mInactivityTimerForRequest.get(requestId);
         if (timer != null) {
-            if (VDBG) Log.d(TAG, "Removing LingerTimer " + timer + " from " + toShortString());
-            mLingerTimers.remove(timer);
-            mLingerTimerForRequest.remove(requestId);
+            if (VDBG) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Removing InactivityTimer " + timer + " from " + toShortString());
+            }
+            mInactivityTimers.remove(timer);
+            mInactivityTimerForRequest.remove(requestId);
             return true;
         }
         return false;
     }
 
-    public long getLingerExpiry() {
-        return mLingerExpiryMs;
+    public long getInactivityExpiry() {
+        return mInactivityExpiryMs;
     }
 
-    public void updateLingerTimer() {
-        long newExpiry = mLingerTimers.isEmpty() ? 0 : mLingerTimers.last().expiryMs;
-        if (newExpiry == mLingerExpiryMs) return;
+    public void updateInactivityTimer() {
+        long newExpiry = mInactivityTimers.isEmpty() ? 0 : mInactivityTimers.last().expiryMs;
+        if (newExpiry == mInactivityExpiryMs) return;
 
         // Even if we're going to reschedule the timer, cancel it first. This is because the
         // semantics of WakeupMessage guarantee that if cancel is called then the alarm will
@@ -939,49 +957,65 @@
         // WakeupMessage makes no such guarantees about rescheduling a message, so if mLingerMessage
         // has already been dispatched, rescheduling to some time in the future won't stop it
         // from calling its callback immediately.
-        if (mLingerMessage != null) {
-            mLingerMessage.cancel();
-            mLingerMessage = null;
+        if (mInactivityMessage != null) {
+            mInactivityMessage.cancel();
+            mInactivityMessage = null;
         }
 
         if (newExpiry > 0) {
-            mLingerMessage = new WakeupMessage(
+            mInactivityMessage = new WakeupMessage(
                     mContext, mHandler,
                     "NETWORK_LINGER_COMPLETE." + network.getNetId() /* cmdName */,
                     EVENT_NETWORK_LINGER_COMPLETE /* cmd */,
                     0 /* arg1 (unused) */, 0 /* arg2 (unused) */,
                     this /* obj (NetworkAgentInfo) */);
-            mLingerMessage.schedule(newExpiry);
+            mInactivityMessage.schedule(newExpiry);
         }
 
-        mLingerExpiryMs = newExpiry;
+        mInactivityExpiryMs = newExpiry;
     }
 
-    public void linger() {
-        mLingering = true;
+    public void setInactive() {
+        mInactive = true;
     }
 
-    public void unlinger() {
-        mLingering = false;
+    public void unsetInactive() {
+        mInactive = false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isInactive() {
+        return mInactive;
     }
 
     public boolean isLingering() {
-        return mLingering;
+        return mInactive && !isNascent();
     }
 
-    public void clearLingerState() {
-        if (mLingerMessage != null) {
-            mLingerMessage.cancel();
-            mLingerMessage = null;
+    /**
+     * Return whether the network is just connected and about to be torn down because of not
+     * satisfying any request.
+     */
+    public boolean isNascent() {
+        return mInactive && mInactivityTimers.size() == 1
+                && mInactivityTimers.first().requestId == NetworkRequest.REQUEST_ID_NONE;
+    }
+
+    public void clearInactivityState() {
+        if (mInactivityMessage != null) {
+            mInactivityMessage.cancel();
+            mInactivityMessage = null;
         }
-        mLingerTimers.clear();
-        mLingerTimerForRequest.clear();
-        updateLingerTimer();  // Sets mLingerExpiryMs, cancels and nulls out mLingerMessage.
-        mLingering = false;
+        mInactivityTimers.clear();
+        mInactivityTimerForRequest.clear();
+        // Sets mInactivityExpiryMs, cancels and nulls out mInactivityMessage.
+        updateInactivityTimer();
+        mInactive = false;
     }
 
-    public void dumpLingerTimers(PrintWriter pw) {
-        for (LingerTimer timer : mLingerTimers) { pw.println(timer); }
+    public void dumpInactivityTimers(PrintWriter pw) {
+        for (InactivityTimer timer : mInactivityTimers) {
+            pw.println(timer);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1015,7 +1049,7 @@
                 + "network{" + network + "}  handle{" + network.getNetworkHandle() + "}  ni{"
                 + networkInfo.toShortString() + "} "
                 + "  Score{" + getCurrentScore() + "} "
-                + (isLingering() ? " lingering" : "")
+                + (isNascent() ? " nascent" : (isLingering() ? " lingering" : ""))
                 + (everValidated ? " everValidated" : "")
                 + (lastValidated ? " lastValidated" : "")
                 + (partialConnectivity ? " partialConnectivity" : "")
@@ -1025,6 +1059,8 @@
                 + (networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated ? " acceptUnvalidated" : "")
                 + (networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity ? " acceptPartialConnectivity" : "")
                 + (clatd.isStarted() ? " clat{" + clatd + "} " : "")
+                + (declaredUnderlyingNetworks != null
+                        ? " underlying{" + Arrays.toString(declaredUnderlyingNetworks) + "}" : "")
                 + "  lp{" + linkProperties + "}"
                 + "  nc{" + networkCapabilities + "}"
                 + "}";
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index d507b5f..8d21f6f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -265,7 +265,10 @@
         for (Entry<Integer, Boolean> app : apps.entrySet()) {
             List<Integer> list = app.getValue() ? system : network;
             for (int user : users) {
-                list.add(UserHandle.getUid(user, app.getKey()));
+                final UserHandle handle = UserHandle.of(user);
+                if (handle == null) continue;
+
+                list.add(UserHandle.getUid(handle, app.getKey()));
             }
         }
         try {
@@ -550,7 +553,10 @@
         for (UidRange range : ranges) {
             for (int userId = range.getStartUser(); userId <= range.getEndUser(); userId++) {
                 for (int appId : appIds) {
-                    final int uid = UserHandle.getUid(userId, appId);
+                    final UserHandle handle = UserHandle.of(userId);
+                    if (handle == null) continue;
+
+                    final int uid = UserHandle.getUid(handle, appId);
                     if (range.contains(uid)) {
                         result.add(uid);
                     }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
index b618d2b..d83ff83 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
@@ -226,9 +226,9 @@
         final ProxyInfo defaultProxy = getDefaultProxy();
         final ProxyInfo proxyInfo = null != defaultProxy ?
                 defaultProxy : ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("", 0, Collections.emptyList());
-        mPacProxyInstaller.setCurrentProxyScriptUrl(proxyInfo);
 
-        if (!shouldSendBroadcast(proxyInfo)) {
+        if (mPacProxyInstaller.setCurrentProxyScriptUrl(proxyInfo)
+                == PacProxyInstaller.DONT_SEND_BROADCAST) {
             return;
         }
         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "sending Proxy Broadcast for " + proxyInfo);
@@ -244,13 +244,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private boolean shouldSendBroadcast(ProxyInfo proxy) {
-        if (Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxy.getPacFileUrl())) return false;
-        if (proxy.getPacFileUrl().equals(proxy.getPacFileUrl())
-                && (proxy.getPort() > 0)) return true;
-        return true;
-    }
-
     /**
      * Sets the global proxy in memory. Also writes the values to the global settings of the device.
      *
diff --git a/tests/net/Android.bp b/tests/net/Android.bp
index f6a2846..ffde68e 100644
--- a/tests/net/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/net/Android.bp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
         "libvndksupport",
         "libziparchive",
         "libz",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-cpp",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-V5-cpp",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
     jarjar_rules: "jarjar-rules.txt",
     static_libs: [
         "androidx.test.rules",
+        "bouncycastle-repackaged-unbundled",
         "FrameworksNetCommonTests",
         "frameworks-base-testutils",
         "frameworks-net-integration-testutils",
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
index cade5ba..d232a50 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,22 +20,20 @@
 import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 import android.os.Build;
-import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
-import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
@@ -45,51 +43,51 @@
     private static final int TEST_PREF = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT;
     private static final String TEST_PACKAGE = "com.google.apps.contacts";
 
-    private final List<String> mPackages = new ArrayList<>();
     private final OemNetworkPreferences.Builder mBuilder = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder();
 
-    @Before
-    public void beforeEachTestMethod() {
-        mPackages.add(TEST_PACKAGE);
-    }
-
     @Test
-    public void builderAddNetworkPreferenceRequiresNonNullPackages() {
+    public void testBuilderAddNetworkPreferenceRequiresNonNullPackageName() {
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
-                () -> mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PREF, null));
+                () -> mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(null, TEST_PREF));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void getNetworkPreferencesReturnsCorrectValue() {
-        final int expectedNumberOfMappings = 1;
-        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PREF, mPackages);
+    public void testBuilderRemoveNetworkPreferenceRequiresNonNullPackageName() {
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
+                () -> mBuilder.removeNetworkPreference(null));
+    }
 
-        final SparseArray<List<String>> networkPreferences =
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNetworkPreferenceReturnsCorrectValue() {
+        final int expectedNumberOfMappings = 1;
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+
+        final Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
                 mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
 
         assertEquals(expectedNumberOfMappings, networkPreferences.size());
-        assertEquals(mPackages.size(), networkPreferences.get(TEST_PREF).size());
-        assertEquals(mPackages.get(0), networkPreferences.get(TEST_PREF).get(0));
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void getNetworkPreferencesReturnsUnmodifiableValue() {
+    public void testGetNetworkPreferenceReturnsUnmodifiableValue() {
         final String newPackage = "new.com.google.apps.contacts";
-        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PREF, mPackages);
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
 
-        final SparseArray<List<String>> networkPreferences =
+        final Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
                 mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
 
         assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
-                () -> networkPreferences.get(TEST_PREF).set(mPackages.size() - 1, newPackage));
+                () -> networkPreferences.put(newPackage, TEST_PREF));
 
         assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
-                () -> networkPreferences.get(TEST_PREF).add(newPackage));
+                () -> networkPreferences.remove(TEST_PACKAGE));
+
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void toStringReturnsCorrectValue() {
-        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PREF, mPackages);
+    public void testToStringReturnsCorrectValue() {
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
 
         final String networkPreferencesString = mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences().toString();
 
@@ -99,10 +97,56 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testOemNetworkPreferencesParcelable() {
-        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PREF, mPackages);
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
 
         final OemNetworkPreferences prefs = mBuilder.build();
 
         assertParcelSane(prefs, 1 /* fieldCount */);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddNetworkPreferenceOverwritesPriorPreference() {
+        final int newPref = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+        Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+        assertEquals(networkPreferences.get(TEST_PACKAGE).intValue(), TEST_PREF);
+
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, newPref);
+        networkPreferences = mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+        assertEquals(networkPreferences.get(TEST_PACKAGE).intValue(), newPref);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveNetworkPreferenceRemovesValue() {
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+        Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+
+        mBuilder.removeNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE);
+        networkPreferences = mBuilder.build().getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertFalse(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructorByOemNetworkPreferencesSetsValue() {
+        mBuilder.addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE, TEST_PREF);
+        OemNetworkPreferences networkPreference = mBuilder.build();
+
+        final Map<String, Integer> networkPreferences =
+                new OemNetworkPreferences
+                        .Builder(networkPreference)
+                        .build()
+                        .getNetworkPreferences();
+
+        assertTrue(networkPreferences.containsKey(TEST_PACKAGE));
+        assertEquals(networkPreferences.get(TEST_PACKAGE).intValue(), TEST_PREF);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java b/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
index dc9e587..e1da3d0 100644
--- a/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
+++ b/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package com.android.server;
 
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@
         final String typeName = ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(type);
         mNetworkCapabilities = (ncTemplate != null) ? ncTemplate : new NetworkCapabilities();
         mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         mNetworkCapabilities.addTransportType(transport);
         switch (transport) {
             case TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index c2fddf3..6a09b02 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.BACKGROUND_REQUEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
@@ -329,6 +330,9 @@
         mustFail(() -> { manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler); });
         mustFail(() -> { manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null); });
 
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler); });
+        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null); });
+
         mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullCallback); });
         mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullIntent); });
         mustFail(() -> { manager.releaseNetworkRequest(nullIntent); });
@@ -345,15 +349,17 @@
     @Test
     public void testRequestType() throws Exception {
         final String testPkgName = "MyPackage";
+        final String testAttributionTag = "MyTag";
         final ConnectivityManager manager = new ConnectivityManager(mCtx, mService);
         when(mCtx.getOpPackageName()).thenReturn(testPkgName);
+        when(mCtx.getAttributionTag()).thenReturn(testAttributionTag);
         final NetworkRequest request = makeRequest(1);
         final NetworkCallback callback = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
 
         manager.requestNetwork(request, callback);
         verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(request.networkCapabilities),
                 eq(REQUEST.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE),
-                eq(testPkgName), eq(null));
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
 
         // Verify that register network callback does not calls requestNetwork at all.
@@ -361,19 +367,26 @@
         verify(mService, never()).requestNetwork(any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(),
                 anyInt(), any(), any());
         verify(mService).listenForNetwork(eq(request.networkCapabilities), any(), any(),
-                eq(testPkgName));
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
 
         manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
         verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(null),
                 eq(TRACK_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE),
-                eq(testPkgName), eq(null));
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
 
         manager.requestBackgroundNetwork(request, null, callback);
         verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(request.networkCapabilities),
                 eq(BACKGROUND_REQUEST.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE),
-                eq(testPkgName), eq(null));
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+        reset(mService);
+
+        Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+        manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(null),
+                eq(TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
index 076e41d..1abd39a 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 import com.android.net.module.util.ProxyUtils;
-import com.android.org.bouncycastle.x509.X509V1CertificateGenerator;
+import com.android.internal.org.bouncycastle.x509.X509V1CertificateGenerator;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index 91fcbc0..1f8f6f3 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
-import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
 import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations
 import kotlin.test.assertFalse
@@ -60,16 +59,13 @@
         subscriberId: String? = null,
         ssid: String? = null
     ): NetworkState {
-        val info = mock(NetworkInfo::class.java)
-        doReturn(type).`when`(info).type
-        doReturn(NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED).`when`(info).state
         val lp = LinkProperties()
         val caps = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false)
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true)
             setSSID(ssid)
         }
-        return NetworkState(info, lp, caps, mock(Network::class.java), subscriberId, ssid)
+        return NetworkState(type, lp, caps, mock(Network::class.java), subscriberId, ssid)
     }
 
     private fun NetworkTemplate.assertMatches(ident: NetworkIdentity) =
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java b/tests/net/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fd5e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class VpnTransportInfoTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParceling() {
+        VpnTransportInfo v = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM);
+        assertParcelSane(v, 1 /* fieldCount */);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(v);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
+        VpnTransportInfo v1 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM);
+        VpnTransportInfo v2 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+        VpnTransportInfo v3 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM);
+        assertNotEquals(v1, v2);
+        assertEquals(v1, v3);
+        assertEquals(v1.hashCode(), v3.hashCode());
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index b819062..2c9aee0 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@
 
 import android.Manifest;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.app.AlarmManager;
 import android.app.AppOpsManager;
 import android.app.NotificationManager;
@@ -204,6 +205,7 @@
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
 import android.net.shared.NetworkMonitorUtils;
 import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
@@ -252,6 +254,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.WakeupMessage;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityConstants;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties;
@@ -329,11 +332,12 @@
     private static final String TAG = "ConnectivityServiceTest";
 
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
-    private static final int TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS = 300;
-    // Chosen to be less than the linger timeout. This ensures that we can distinguish between a
-    // LOST callback that arrives immediately and a LOST callback that arrives after the linger
-    // timeout. For this, our assertions should run fast enough to leave less than
-    // (mService.mLingerDelayMs - TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS) between the time callbacks are
+    private static final int TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS = 400;
+    private static final int TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS = 300;
+    // Chosen to be less than the linger and nascent timeout. This ensures that we can distinguish
+    // between a LOST callback that arrives immediately and a LOST callback that arrives after
+    // the linger/nascent timeout. For this, our assertions should run fast enough to leave
+    // less than (mService.mLingerDelayMs - TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS) between the time callbacks are
     // supposedly fired, and the time we call expectCallback.
     private static final int TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 250;
     // Chosen to be less than TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS. This ensures that requests have time to
@@ -913,28 +917,69 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * A NetworkFactory that allows tests to wait until any in-flight NetworkRequest add or remove
-     * operations have been processed. Before ConnectivityService can add or remove any requests,
-     * the factory must be told to expect those operations by calling expectAddRequestsWithScores or
-     * expectRemoveRequests.
+     * A NetworkFactory that allows to wait until any in-flight NetworkRequest add or remove
+     * operations have been processed and test for them.
      */
     private static class MockNetworkFactory extends NetworkFactory {
         private final ConditionVariable mNetworkStartedCV = new ConditionVariable();
         private final ConditionVariable mNetworkStoppedCV = new ConditionVariable();
         private final AtomicBoolean mNetworkStarted = new AtomicBoolean(false);
 
-        // Used to expect that requests be removed or added on a separate thread, without sleeping.
-        // Callers can call either expectAddRequestsWithScores() or expectRemoveRequests() exactly
-        // once, then cause some other thread to add or remove requests, then call
-        // waitForRequests().
-        // It is not possible to wait for both add and remove requests. When adding, the queue
-        // contains the expected score. When removing, the value is unused, all matters is the
-        // number of objects in the queue.
-        private final LinkedBlockingQueue<Integer> mExpectations;
+        static class RequestEntry {
+            @NonNull
+            public final NetworkRequest request;
 
-        // Whether we are currently expecting requests to be added or removed. Valid only if
-        // mExpectations is non-empty.
-        private boolean mExpectingAdditions;
+            RequestEntry(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+                this.request = request;
+            }
+
+            static final class Add extends RequestEntry {
+                public final int factorySerialNumber;
+
+                Add(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request, final int factorySerialNumber) {
+                    super(request);
+                    this.factorySerialNumber = factorySerialNumber;
+                }
+            }
+
+            static final class Remove extends RequestEntry {
+                Remove(@NonNull final NetworkRequest request) {
+                    super(request);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // History of received requests adds and removes.
+        private final ArrayTrackRecord<RequestEntry>.ReadHead mRequestHistory =
+                new ArrayTrackRecord<RequestEntry>().newReadHead();
+
+        private static <T> T failIfNull(@Nullable final T obj, @Nullable final String message) {
+            if (null == obj) fail(null != message ? message : "Must not be null");
+            return obj;
+        }
+
+
+        public RequestEntry.Add expectRequestAdd() {
+            return failIfNull((RequestEntry.Add) mRequestHistory.poll(TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    it -> it instanceof RequestEntry.Add), "Expected request add");
+        }
+
+        public void expectRequestAdds(final int count) {
+            for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) {
+                expectRequestAdd();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public RequestEntry.Remove expectRequestRemove() {
+            return failIfNull((RequestEntry.Remove) mRequestHistory.poll(TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    it -> it instanceof RequestEntry.Remove), "Expected request remove");
+        }
+
+        public void expectRequestRemoves(final int count) {
+            for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) {
+                expectRequestRemove();
+            }
+        }
 
         // Used to collect the networks requests managed by this factory. This is a duplicate of
         // the internal information stored in the NetworkFactory (which is private).
@@ -943,7 +988,6 @@
         public MockNetworkFactory(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag,
                 NetworkCapabilities filter) {
             super(looper, context, logTag, filter);
-            mExpectations = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
         }
 
         public int getMyRequestCount() {
@@ -977,95 +1021,33 @@
         @Override
         protected void handleAddRequest(NetworkRequest request, int score,
                 int factorySerialNumber) {
-            synchronized (mExpectations) {
-                final Integer expectedScore = mExpectations.poll(); // null if the queue is empty
-
-                assertNotNull("Added more requests than expected (" + request + " score : "
-                        + score + ")", expectedScore);
-                // If we're expecting anything, we must be expecting additions.
-                if (!mExpectingAdditions) {
-                    fail("Can't add requests while expecting requests to be removed");
-                }
-                if (expectedScore != score) {
-                    fail("Expected score was " + expectedScore + " but actual was " + score
-                            + " in added request");
-                }
-
-                // Add the request.
-                mNetworkRequests.put(request.requestId, request);
-                super.handleAddRequest(request, score, factorySerialNumber);
-                mExpectations.notify();
-            }
+            mNetworkRequests.put(request.requestId, request);
+            super.handleAddRequest(request, score, factorySerialNumber);
+            mRequestHistory.add(new RequestEntry.Add(request, factorySerialNumber));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void handleRemoveRequest(NetworkRequest request) {
-            synchronized (mExpectations) {
-                final Integer expectedScore = mExpectations.poll(); // null if the queue is empty
+            mNetworkRequests.remove(request.requestId);
+            super.handleRemoveRequest(request);
+            mRequestHistory.add(new RequestEntry.Remove(request));
+        }
 
-                assertTrue("Removed more requests than expected", expectedScore != null);
-                // If we're expecting anything, we must be expecting removals.
-                if (mExpectingAdditions) {
-                    fail("Can't remove requests while expecting requests to be added");
-                }
+        public void assertRequestCountEquals(final int count) {
+            assertEquals(count, getMyRequestCount());
+        }
 
-                // Remove the request.
-                mNetworkRequests.remove(request.requestId);
-                super.handleRemoveRequest(request);
-                mExpectations.notify();
-            }
+        @Override
+        public void terminate() {
+            super.terminate();
+            // Make sure there are no remaining requests unaccounted for.
+            assertNull(mRequestHistory.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, r -> true));
         }
 
         // Trigger releasing the request as unfulfillable
         public void triggerUnfulfillable(NetworkRequest r) {
             super.releaseRequestAsUnfulfillableByAnyFactory(r);
         }
-
-        private void assertNoExpectations() {
-            if (mExpectations.size() != 0) {
-                fail("Can't add expectation, " + mExpectations.size() + " already pending");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Expects that requests with the specified scores will be added.
-        public void expectAddRequestsWithScores(final int... scores) {
-            assertNoExpectations();
-            mExpectingAdditions = true;
-            for (int score : scores) {
-                mExpectations.add(score);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Expects that count requests will be removed.
-        public void expectRemoveRequests(final int count) {
-            assertNoExpectations();
-            mExpectingAdditions = false;
-            for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-                mExpectations.add(0); // For removals the score is ignored so any value will do.
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Waits for the expected request additions or removals to happen within a timeout.
-        public void waitForRequests() throws InterruptedException {
-            final long deadline = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + TIMEOUT_MS;
-            synchronized (mExpectations) {
-                while (mExpectations.size() > 0 && SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() < deadline) {
-                    mExpectations.wait(deadline - SystemClock.elapsedRealtime());
-                }
-            }
-            final long count = mExpectations.size();
-            final String msg = count + " requests still not " +
-                    (mExpectingAdditions ? "added" : "removed") +
-                    " after " + TIMEOUT_MS + " ms";
-            assertEquals(msg, 0, count);
-        }
-
-        public SparseArray<NetworkRequest> waitForNetworkRequests(final int count)
-                throws InterruptedException {
-            waitForRequests();
-            assertEquals(count, getMyRequestCount());
-            return mNetworkRequests;
-        }
     }
 
     private Set<UidRange> uidRangesForUid(int uid) {
@@ -1136,7 +1118,7 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        public int getActiveAppVpnType() {
+        public int getActiveVpnType() {
             return mVpnType;
         }
 
@@ -1149,10 +1131,12 @@
         private void registerAgent(boolean isAlwaysMetered, Set<UidRange> uids, LinkProperties lp)
                 throws Exception {
             if (mAgentRegistered) throw new IllegalStateException("already registered");
+            updateState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTING, "registerAgent");
             mConfig = new VpnConfig();
             setUids(uids);
             if (!isAlwaysMetered) mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
             mInterface = VPN_IFNAME;
+            mNetworkCapabilities.setTransportInfo(new VpnTransportInfo(getActiveVpnType()));
             mMockNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_VPN, lp,
                     mNetworkCapabilities);
             mMockNetworkAgent.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
@@ -1289,44 +1273,35 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void updateUidNetworkingBlocked() {
-        // Changes the return value of the mock NetworkPolicyManager's isUidNetworkingBlocked method
-        // based on the current UID rules and restrict background setting. Note that the test never
-        // pretends to be a foreground app, so always declare no connectivity if background
-        // networking is not allowed.
-        switch (mUidRules) {
-            case RULE_REJECT_ALL:
-                when(mNetworkPolicyManager.isUidNetworkingBlocked(anyInt(), anyBoolean()))
-                        .thenReturn(true);
-                break;
+    private void processBroadcastForVpn(Intent intent) {
+        // The BroadcastReceiver for this broadcast checks it is being run on the handler thread.
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(mCsHandlerThread.getLooper());
+        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(intent));
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
 
-            case RULE_REJECT_METERED:
-                when(mNetworkPolicyManager.isUidNetworkingBlocked(anyInt(), eq(true)))
-                        .thenReturn(true);
-                when(mNetworkPolicyManager.isUidNetworkingBlocked(anyInt(), eq(false)))
-                        .thenReturn(mRestrictBackground);
-                break;
+    private void mockUidNetworkingBlocked() {
+        doAnswer(i -> mContext.getSystemService(NetworkPolicyManager.class)
+                .checkUidNetworkingBlocked(i.getArgument(0) /* uid */, mUidRules,
+                        i.getArgument(1) /* metered */, mRestrictBackground)
+        ).when(mNetworkPolicyManager).isUidNetworkingBlocked(anyInt(), anyBoolean());
 
-            case RULE_ALLOW_METERED:
-            case RULE_NONE:
-                when(mNetworkPolicyManager.isUidNetworkingBlocked(anyInt(), anyBoolean()))
-                        .thenReturn(mRestrictBackground);
-                break;
-
-            default:
-                fail("Unknown policy rule " + mUidRules);
-        }
+        doAnswer(inv -> mContext.getSystemService(NetworkPolicyManager.class)
+                .checkUidNetworkingBlocked(inv.getArgument(0) /* uid */,
+                        inv.getArgument(1) /* uidRules */,
+                        inv.getArgument(2) /* isNetworkMetered */,
+                        inv.getArgument(3) /* isBackgroundRestricted */)
+        ).when(mNetworkPolicyManager).checkUidNetworkingBlocked(
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), anyBoolean());
     }
 
     private void setUidRulesChanged(int uidRules) throws RemoteException {
         mUidRules = uidRules;
-        updateUidNetworkingBlocked();
         mPolicyListener.onUidRulesChanged(Process.myUid(), mUidRules);
     }
 
     private void setRestrictBackgroundChanged(boolean restrictBackground) throws RemoteException {
         mRestrictBackground = restrictBackground;
-        updateUidNetworkingBlocked();
         mPolicyListener.onRestrictBackgroundChanged(mRestrictBackground);
     }
 
@@ -1438,6 +1413,7 @@
                 mMockNetd,
                 mDeps);
         mService.mLingerDelayMs = TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS;
+        mService.mNascentDelayMs = TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS;
         verify(mDeps).makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(any(), any(), any());
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<INetworkPolicyListener> policyListenerCaptor =
@@ -1780,6 +1756,108 @@
         verifyNoNetwork();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Verify a newly created network will be inactive instead of torn down even if no one is
+     * requesting.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNewNetworkInactive() throws Exception {
+        // Create a callback that monitoring the testing network.
+        final TestNetworkCallback listenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder().build(), listenCallback);
+
+        // 1. Create a network that is not requested by anyone, and does not satisfy any of the
+        // default requests. Verify that the network will be inactive instead of torn down.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        listenCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        // Verify that the network will be torn down after nascent expiry. A small period of time
+        // is added in case of flakiness.
+        final int nascentTimeoutMs =
+                mService.mNascentDelayMs + mService.mNascentDelayMs / 4;
+        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent, nascentTimeoutMs);
+
+        // 2. Create a network that is satisfied by a request comes later.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Verify that the network will be kept since the request is still satisfied. And is able
+        // to get disconnected as usual if the request is released after the nascent timer expires.
+        listenCallback.assertNoCallback(nascentTimeoutMs);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
+        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // 3. Create a network that is satisfied by a request comes later.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Verify that the network will still be torn down after the request gets removed.
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
+        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // There is no need to ensure that LOSING is never sent in the common case that the
+        // network immediately satisfies a request that was already present, because it is already
+        // verified anywhere whenever {@code TestNetworkCallback#expectAvailable*} is called.
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(listenCallback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify a newly created network will be inactive and switch to background if only background
+     * request is satisfied.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNewNetworkInactive_bgNetwork() throws Exception {
+        // Create a callback that monitoring the wifi network.
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiListenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build(), wifiListenCallback);
+
+        // Create callbacks that can monitor background and foreground mobile networks.
+        // This is done by granting using background networks permission before registration. Thus,
+        // the service will not add {@code NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND} by default.
+        grantUsingBackgroundNetworksPermissionForUid(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        final TestNetworkCallback bgMobileListenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback fgMobileListenCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build(), bgMobileListenCallback);
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND).build(), fgMobileListenCallback);
+
+        // Connect wifi, which satisfies default request.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        wifiListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Connect a cellular network, verify that satisfies only the background callback.
+        setAlwaysOnNetworks(true);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        bgMobileListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgMobileListenCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+
+        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        bgMobileListenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgMobileListenCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiListenCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(bgMobileListenCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(fgMobileListenCallback);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testValidatedCellularOutscoresUnvalidatedWiFi() throws Exception {
         // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi
@@ -2624,12 +2702,6 @@
         callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
     }
 
-    private int[] makeIntArray(final int size, final int value) {
-        final int[] array = new int[size];
-        Arrays.fill(array, value);
-        return array;
-    }
-
     private void tryNetworkFactoryRequests(int capability) throws Exception {
         // Verify NOT_RESTRICTED is set appropriately
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(capability)
@@ -2645,15 +2717,19 @@
 
         NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities();
         filter.addCapability(capability);
+        // Add NOT_VCN_MANAGED capability into filter unconditionally since some request will add
+        // NOT_VCN_MANAGED automatically but not for NetworkCapabilities,
+        // see {@code NetworkCapabilities#deduceNotVcnManagedCapability} for more details.
+        filter.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("testNetworkFactoryRequests");
         handlerThread.start();
         final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
                 mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter);
         testFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
         ConditionVariable cv = testFactory.getNetworkStartedCV();
-        testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(0);
         testFactory.register();
-        testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(1);
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
         int expectedRequestCount = 1;
         NetworkCallback networkCallback = null;
         // For non-INTERNET capabilities we cannot rely on the default request being present, so
@@ -2662,13 +2738,12 @@
             assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
             NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(capability).build();
             networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
-            testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(0);  // New request
             mCm.requestNetwork(request, networkCallback);
             expectedRequestCount++;
-            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(expectedRequestCount);
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
         }
         waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(expectedRequestCount, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(expectedRequestCount);
         assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
         // Now bring in a higher scored network.
@@ -2682,15 +2757,14 @@
         // When testAgent connects, ConnectivityService will re-send us all current requests with
         // the new score. There are expectedRequestCount such requests, and we must wait for all of
         // them.
-        testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(makeIntArray(expectedRequestCount, 50));
         testAgent.connect(false);
         testAgent.addCapability(capability);
         waitFor(cv);
-        testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(expectedRequestCount);
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdds(expectedRequestCount);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(expectedRequestCount);
         assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
         // Bring in a bunch of requests.
-        testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(makeIntArray(10, 50));
         assertEquals(expectedRequestCount, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
         ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback[] networkCallbacks =
                 new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback[10];
@@ -2700,24 +2774,24 @@
             builder.addCapability(capability);
             mCm.requestNetwork(builder.build(), networkCallbacks[i]);
         }
-        testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(10 + expectedRequestCount);
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdds(10);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(10 + expectedRequestCount);
         assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
         // Remove the requests.
-        testFactory.expectRemoveRequests(10);
         for (int i = 0; i < networkCallbacks.length; i++) {
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallbacks[i]);
         }
-        testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(expectedRequestCount);
+        testFactory.expectRequestRemoves(10);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(expectedRequestCount);
         assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
         // Drop the higher scored network.
         cv = testFactory.getNetworkStartedCV();
-        // With the default network disconnecting, the requests are sent with score 0 to factories.
-        testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(makeIntArray(expectedRequestCount, 0));
         testAgent.disconnect();
         waitFor(cv);
-        testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(expectedRequestCount);
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdds(expectedRequestCount);
+        testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(expectedRequestCount);
         assertEquals(expectedRequestCount, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
         assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
@@ -2760,9 +2834,8 @@
             final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
                     mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter);
             // Register the factory and don't be surprised when the default request arrives.
-            testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(0);
             testFactory.register();
-            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(1);
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
 
             testFactory.setScoreFilter(42);
             testFactory.terminate();
@@ -3653,10 +3726,19 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRegisterDefaultNetworkCallback() throws Exception {
+        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+        final TestNetworkCallback systemDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, handler);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+
         // Create a TRANSPORT_CELLULAR request to keep the mobile interface up
         // whenever Wi-Fi is up. Without this, the mobile network agent is
         // reaped before any other activity can take place.
@@ -3671,27 +3753,35 @@
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
         cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring up wifi and expect CALLBACK_AVAILABLE.
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring down cell. Expect no default network callback, since it wasn't the default.
         mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
         cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring up cell. Expect no default network callback, since it won't be the default.
         mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
         cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring down wifi. Expect the default network callback to notified of LOST wifi
         // followed by AVAILABLE cell.
@@ -3699,19 +3789,25 @@
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
         mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
         cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(null, systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork());
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
     }
@@ -3966,44 +4062,44 @@
         handlerThread.start();
         NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
         final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
                 mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter);
         testFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
 
         // Register the factory and expect it to start looking for a network.
-        testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(0);  // Score 0 as the request is not served yet.
         testFactory.register();
 
         try {
-            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(1);
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
             assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
             // Bring up wifi. The factory stops looking for a network.
             mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
             // Score 60 - 40 penalty for not validated yet, then 60 when it validates
-            testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(20, 60);
             mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-            testFactory.waitForRequests();
+            // Default request and mobile always on request
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdds(2);
             assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
-            ContentResolver cr = mServiceContext.getContentResolver();
-
             // Turn on mobile data always on. The factory starts looking again.
-            testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(0);  // Always on requests comes up with score 0
             setAlwaysOnNetworks(true);
-            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(2);
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(2);
+
             assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
             // Bring up cell data and check that the factory stops looking.
             assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
             mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-            testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(10, 50);  // Unvalidated, then validated
             mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
             cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(2);
-            assertFalse(
-                    testFactory.getMyStartRequested());  // Because the cell network outscores us.
+            testFactory.expectRequestAdds(2); // Unvalidated and validated
+            testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(2);
+            // The cell network outscores the factory filter, so start is not requested.
+            assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
             // Check that cell data stays up.
             waitForIdle();
@@ -4011,12 +4107,12 @@
             assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
 
             // Turn off mobile data always on and expect the request to disappear...
-            testFactory.expectRemoveRequests(1);
             setAlwaysOnNetworks(false);
-            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(1);
+            testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
 
-            // ...  and cell data to be torn down.
-            cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            // ...  and cell data to be torn down after nascent network timeout.
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent,
+                    mService.mNascentDelayMs + TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
             assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
         } finally {
             testFactory.terminate();
@@ -4320,46 +4416,33 @@
         testFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
 
         // Register the factory and expect it to receive the default request.
-        testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(0);
         testFactory.register();
-        SparseArray<NetworkRequest> requests = testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(1);
-
-        assertEquals(1, requests.size()); // have 1 request at this point
-        int origRequestId = requests.valueAt(0).requestId;
+        testFactory.expectRequestAdd();
 
         // Now file the test request and expect it.
-        testFactory.expectAddRequestsWithScores(0);
         mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback);
-        requests = testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(2); // have 2 requests at this point
+        final NetworkRequest newRequest = testFactory.expectRequestAdd().request;
 
-        int newRequestId = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < requests.size(); ++i) {
-            if (requests.valueAt(i).requestId != origRequestId) {
-                newRequestId = requests.valueAt(i).requestId;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        testFactory.expectRemoveRequests(1);
         if (preUnregister) {
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
 
             // Simulate the factory releasing the request as unfulfillable: no-op since
             // the callback has already been unregistered (but a test that no exceptions are
             // thrown).
-            testFactory.triggerUnfulfillable(requests.get(newRequestId));
+            testFactory.triggerUnfulfillable(newRequest);
         } else {
             // Simulate the factory releasing the request as unfulfillable and expect onUnavailable!
-            testFactory.triggerUnfulfillable(requests.get(newRequestId));
+            testFactory.triggerUnfulfillable(newRequest);
 
             networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.UNAVAILABLE, (Network) null);
-            testFactory.waitForRequests();
 
             // unregister network callback - a no-op (since already freed by the
             // on-unavailable), but should not fail or throw exceptions.
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
         }
 
+        testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+
         testFactory.terminate();
         handlerThread.quit();
     }
@@ -5434,20 +5517,20 @@
         // MOBILE_IFNAME even though the default network is wifi.
         // TODO: fix this to pass in the actual default network interface. Whether or not the VPN
         // applies to the system server UID should not have any bearing on network stats.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(onlyCell);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell);
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
                 new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME});
         reset(mStatsService);
 
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(cellAndWifi);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(cellAndWifi);
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
                 new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME});
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Null underlying networks are ignored.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(cellNullAndWifi);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(cellNullAndWifi);
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
                 new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME});
@@ -5496,25 +5579,25 @@
         // is probably a performance improvement (though it's very unlikely that a VPN would declare
         // no underlying networks).
         // Also, for the same reason as above, the active interface passed in is null.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[0]);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[0]);
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, null);
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Specifying only a null underlying network is the same as no networks.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(onlyNull);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyNull);
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, null);
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Specifying networks that are all disconnected is the same as specifying no networks.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(onlyCell);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell);
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, null);
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Passing in null again means follow the default network again.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(null);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(null);
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
                 new String[]{WIFI_IFNAME});
@@ -5883,6 +5966,7 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
         final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
@@ -5891,6 +5975,7 @@
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
         mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(cellNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
@@ -5989,7 +6074,7 @@
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(false, true, false);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
         final Network wifiNetwork = new Network(mNetIdManager.peekNextNetId());
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[]{wifiNetwork});
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[]{wifiNetwork});
         callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
         assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
                 .hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
@@ -6149,6 +6234,10 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testVpnNetworkActive() throws Exception {
+        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
         final int uid = Process.myUid();
 
         final TestNetworkCallback genericNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
@@ -6156,6 +6245,7 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final TestNetworkCallback vpnNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback systemDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final NetworkRequest genericNotVpnRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
         final NetworkRequest genericRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN).build();
@@ -6169,6 +6259,8 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(vpnNetworkRequest, vpnNetworkCallback);
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback,
+                new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
@@ -6178,12 +6270,13 @@
         genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = uidRangesForUid(uid);
         mMockVpn.registerAgent(ranges);
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[0]);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[0]);
 
         // VPN networks do not satisfy the default request and are automatically validated
         // by NetworkMonitor
@@ -6198,7 +6291,10 @@
         wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork());
 
         ranges.clear();
         mMockVpn.setUids(ranges);
@@ -6215,6 +6311,7 @@
         // much, but that is the reason the test here has to check for an update to the
         // capabilities instead of the expected LOST then AVAILABLE.
         defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
         mMockVpn.setUids(ranges);
@@ -6226,6 +6323,7 @@
         // TODO : Here like above, AVAILABLE would be correct, but because this can't actually
         // happen outside of the test, ConnectivityService does not rematch callbacks.
         defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
 
@@ -6234,6 +6332,7 @@
         wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
 
@@ -6242,12 +6341,14 @@
         wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
         defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(genericNetworkCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiNetworkCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnNetworkCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -6387,7 +6488,7 @@
 
     private void assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(int userId, NetworkAgentWrapper... networks) {
         final NetworkCapabilities[] defaultCaps = mService.getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
-                userId, "com.android.calling.package");
+                userId, "com.android.calling.package", "com.test");
         final String defaultCapsString = Arrays.toString(defaultCaps);
         assertEquals(defaultCapsString, defaultCaps.length, networks.length);
         final Set<NetworkCapabilities> defaultCapsSet = new ArraySet<>(defaultCaps);
@@ -6431,7 +6532,7 @@
         mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
 
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
@@ -6446,7 +6547,7 @@
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
 
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
@@ -6457,7 +6558,7 @@
         assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Don't disconnect, but note the VPN is not using wifi any more.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
@@ -6488,7 +6589,7 @@
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
 
         // Use Wifi but not cell. Note the VPN is now unmetered and not suspended.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
@@ -6499,7 +6600,7 @@
         assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Use both again.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
@@ -6514,7 +6615,7 @@
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Stop using WiFi. The VPN is suspended again.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
                 (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
@@ -6525,7 +6626,7 @@
         assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
 
         // Use both again.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
@@ -6660,9 +6761,7 @@
         addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
 
         // Send a USER_ADDED broadcast for it.
-        // The BroadcastReceiver for this broadcast checks that is being run on the handler thread.
-        final Handler handler = new Handler(mCsHandlerThread.getLooper());
-        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(addedIntent));
+        processBroadcastForVpn(addedIntent);
 
         // Expect that the VPN UID ranges contain both |uid| and the UID range for the newly-added
         // restricted user.
@@ -6686,7 +6785,7 @@
         // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
         final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
         removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
-        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(removedIntent));
+        processBroadcastForVpn(removedIntent);
 
         // Expect that the VPN gains the UID range for the restricted user, and that the capability
         // change made just before that (i.e., loss of TRANSPORT_WIFI) is preserved.
@@ -6743,9 +6842,7 @@
         // TODO: check that VPN app within restricted profile still has access, etc.
         final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
         addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
-        final Handler handler = new Handler(mCsHandlerThread.getLooper());
-        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(addedIntent));
-        waitForIdle();
+        processBroadcastForVpn(addedIntent);
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
 
@@ -6755,8 +6852,7 @@
         // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
         final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
         removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
-        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(removedIntent));
-        waitForIdle();
+        processBroadcastForVpn(removedIntent);
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
         assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
 
@@ -6858,7 +6954,7 @@
         // Ensure VPN is now the active network.
         assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         // VPN is using Cell
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -6866,7 +6962,7 @@
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // VPN is now using WiFi
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -6874,7 +6970,7 @@
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // VPN is using Cell | WiFi.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -6882,7 +6978,7 @@
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // VPN is using WiFi | Cell.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -6890,7 +6986,7 @@
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // VPN is not using any underlying networks.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[0]);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[0]);
         waitForIdle();
 
         // VPN without underlying networks is treated as metered.
@@ -6917,7 +7013,7 @@
         assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // VPN is tracking current platform default (WiFi).
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(null);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(null);
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Despite VPN using WiFi (which is unmetered), VPN itself is marked as always metered.
@@ -6925,7 +7021,7 @@
 
 
         // VPN explicitly declares WiFi as its underlying network.
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
                 new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -6949,6 +7045,7 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
+        mockUidNetworkingBlocked();
 
         mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
@@ -6991,7 +7088,7 @@
         cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
                 mCellNetworkAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
 
@@ -7004,17 +7101,21 @@
         setUidRulesChanged(RULE_NONE);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        // Restrict the network based on BackgroundRestricted.
+        // Restrict background data. Networking is not blocked because the network is unmetered.
         setRestrictBackgroundChanged(true);
         cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
-
         setRestrictBackgroundChanged(true);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        setRestrictBackgroundChanged(false);
+
+        setUidRulesChanged(RULE_ALLOW_METERED);
         cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+
+        setRestrictBackgroundChanged(false);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -7027,6 +7128,7 @@
     public void testNetworkBlockedStatusBeforeAndAfterConnect() throws Exception {
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
+        mockUidNetworkingBlocked();
 
         // No Networkcallbacks invoked before any network is active.
         setUidRulesChanged(RULE_REJECT_ALL);
@@ -7296,6 +7398,14 @@
         when(mKeyStore.get(Credentials.VPN + profileName)).thenReturn(encodedProfile);
     }
 
+    private void establishLegacyLockdownVpn() throws Exception {
+        mMockVpn.setVpnType(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY);
+        // The legacy lockdown VPN only supports userId 0.
+        final Set<UidRange> ranges = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        mMockVpn.registerAgent(ranges);
+        mMockVpn.connect(true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testLegacyLockdownVpn() throws Exception {
         mServiceContext.setPermission(
@@ -7320,9 +7430,7 @@
         final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(Process.myUid());
         final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED);
         addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, userId);
-        final Handler handler = new Handler(mCsHandlerThread.getLooper());
-        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(addedIntent));
-        waitForIdle();
+        processBroadcastForVpn(addedIntent);
 
         // Lockdown VPN disables teardown and enables lockdown.
         assertFalse(mMockVpn.getEnableTeardown());
@@ -7390,22 +7498,33 @@
         mMockVpn.expectStartLegacyVpnRunner();
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         ExpectedBroadcast b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        establishLegacyLockdownVpn();
         callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        NetworkCapabilities vpnNc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
         b1.expectBroadcast();
         b2.expectBroadcast();
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        assertFalse(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(vpnNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        VpnTransportInfo ti = (VpnTransportInfo) vpnNc.getTransportInfo();
+        assertNotNull(ti);
+        assertEquals(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY, ti.type);
 
         // Switch default network from cell to wifi. Expect VPN to disconnect and reconnect.
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName("wlan0");
         wifiLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.163/25"));
         wifiLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), null, "wlan0"));
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        wifiNc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        wifiNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp, wifiNc);
 
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         // Wifi is CONNECTING because the VPN isn't up yet.
@@ -7438,16 +7557,20 @@
         // The VPN comes up again on wifi.
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        establishLegacyLockdownVpn();
         callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         b1.expectBroadcast();
         b2.expectBroadcast();
-
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
+        vpnNc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
 
         // Disconnect cell. Nothing much happens since it's not the default network.
         // Whenever LockdownVpnTracker is connected, it will send a connected broadcast any time any
@@ -7518,19 +7641,13 @@
             mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
             callbackWithCap.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
             callbackWithoutCap.expectCapabilitiesWithout(testCap, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-            // TODO: Test default network changes for NOT_VCN_MANAGED once the default request has
-            //  it.
-            if (testCap == NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED) {
-                verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
-                reset(mMockNetd);
-            }
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            reset(mMockNetd);
 
             mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
             callbackWithCap.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
             callbackWithoutCap.assertNoCallback();
-            if (testCap == NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED) {
-                verify(mMockNetd).networkClearDefault();
-            }
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkClearDefault();
 
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callbackWithCap);
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callbackWithoutCap);
@@ -8381,7 +8498,8 @@
         when(mLocationManager.isLocationEnabledForUser(any())).thenReturn(locationToggle);
 
         if (op != null) {
-            when(mAppOpsManager.noteOp(eq(op), eq(Process.myUid()), eq(mContext.getPackageName())))
+            when(mAppOpsManager.noteOp(eq(op), eq(Process.myUid()),
+                    eq(mContext.getPackageName()), eq(getAttributionTag()), anyString()))
                 .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED);
         }
 
@@ -8394,7 +8512,7 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities().setOwnerUid(ownerUid);
 
         return mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-                netCap, callerUid, mContext.getPackageName()).getOwnerUid();
+                netCap, callerUid, mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag()).getOwnerUid();
     }
 
     private void verifyWifiInfoCopyNetCapsForCallerPermission(
@@ -8404,7 +8522,7 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities().setTransportInfo(wifiInfo);
 
         mService.createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-                netCap, callerUid, mContext.getPackageName());
+                netCap, callerUid, mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
         verify(wifiInfo).makeCopy(eq(shouldMakeCopyWithLocationSensitiveFieldsParcelable));
     }
 
@@ -8491,13 +8609,14 @@
     private void setupConnectionOwnerUid(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
             throws Exception {
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        mMockVpn.setVpnType(vpnType);
         mMockVpn.establish(new LinkProperties(), vpnOwnerUid, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, vpnOwnerUid);
-        mMockVpn.setVpnType(vpnType);
 
         final UnderlyingNetworkInfo underlyingNetworkInfo =
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo(vpnOwnerUid, VPN_IFNAME, new ArrayList<String>());
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworkInfo(underlyingNetworkInfo);
+        when(mDeps.getConnectionOwnerUid(anyInt(), any(), any())).thenReturn(42);
     }
 
     private void setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
@@ -8522,11 +8641,7 @@
         final int myUid = Process.myUid();
         setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM);
 
-        try {
-            mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
-            fail("Expected SecurityException for non-VpnService app");
-        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
-        }
+        assertEquals(INVALID_UID, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -8534,11 +8649,7 @@
         final int myUid = Process.myUid();
         setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid + 1, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
 
-        try {
-            mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
-            fail("Expected SecurityException for non-VpnService app");
-        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
-        }
+        assertEquals(INVALID_UID, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -8546,8 +8657,7 @@
         final int myUid = Process.myUid();
         setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
 
-        // TODO: Test the returned UID
-        mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
+        assertEquals(42, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -8557,8 +8667,7 @@
         mServiceContext.setPermission(
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
 
-        // TODO: Test the returned UID
-        mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
+        assertEquals(42, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -8569,8 +8678,7 @@
         mServiceContext.setPermission(
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
 
-        // TODO: Test the returned UID
-        mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
+        assertEquals(42, mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo()));
     }
 
     private static PackageInfo buildPackageInfo(boolean hasSystemPermission, int uid) {
@@ -8754,7 +8862,7 @@
         setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
                 Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
 
-        assertTrue(mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[] {naiWithoutUid.network}));
+        assertTrue(mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] {naiWithoutUid.network}));
         waitForIdle();
         assertTrue(
                 "Active VPN permission not applied",
@@ -8762,7 +8870,7 @@
                         Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), naiWithoutUid,
                         mContext.getOpPackageName()));
 
-        assertTrue(mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(null));
+        assertTrue(mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(null));
         waitForIdle();
         assertFalse(
                 "VPN shouldn't receive callback on non-underlying network",
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 68aaaed..cffd2d1 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@
 import android.annotation.UserIdInt;
 import android.app.AppOpsManager;
 import android.app.NotificationManager;
+import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
@@ -73,6 +75,7 @@
 import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionCallback;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeProtocolException;
 import android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES;
@@ -119,6 +122,7 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
@@ -148,6 +152,7 @@
         managedProfileA.profileGroupId = primaryUser.id;
     }
 
+    static final Network EGRESS_NETWORK = new Network(101);
     static final String EGRESS_IFACE = "wlan0";
     static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.testvpn.vpn";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_SERVER = "1.2.3.4";
@@ -212,6 +217,8 @@
 
         when(mContext.getPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         when(mContext.getOpPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(UserManager.class))
+                .thenReturn(Context.USER_SERVICE);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mAppOps);
         when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(NotificationManager.class))
@@ -252,12 +259,14 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRestrictedProfilesAreAddedToVpn() {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser, secondaryUser, restrictedProfileA, restrictedProfileB);
 
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Set<UidRange> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
-                null, null);
+
+        // Assume the user can have restricted profiles.
+        doReturn(true).when(mUserManager).canHaveRestrictedProfile();
+        final Set<UidRange> ranges =
+                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id, null, null);
 
         assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
                 PRI_USER_RANGE, UidRange.createForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)
@@ -266,7 +275,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testManagedProfilesAreNotAddedToVpn() {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser, managedProfileA);
 
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
@@ -289,7 +297,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testUidAllowAndDenylist() throws Exception {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
         final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
         final String[] packages = {PKGS[0], PKGS[1], PKGS[2]};
@@ -315,7 +322,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testGetAlwaysAndOnGetLockDown() throws Exception {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
 
         // Default state.
@@ -340,7 +346,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownChangingPackage() throws Exception {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
         final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
 
@@ -368,7 +373,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownAllowlist() throws Exception {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
         final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
 
@@ -443,7 +447,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleRepeatability() throws Exception {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
         final UidRangeParcel[] primaryUserRangeParcel = new UidRangeParcel[] {
                 new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.start, PRI_USER_RANGE.stop)};
@@ -476,7 +479,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleReversibility() throws Exception {
-        if (true) return; // TODO(b/175883995): Test disabled until updated for new UserManager API.
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
         final UidRangeParcel[] entireUser = {
             new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.start, PRI_USER_RANGE.stop)
@@ -963,7 +965,7 @@
                         InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.0"), EGRESS_IFACE);
         lp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
 
-        vpn.startLegacyVpn(vpnProfile, mKeyStore, lp);
+        vpn.startLegacyVpn(vpnProfile, mKeyStore, EGRESS_NETWORK, lp);
         return vpn;
     }
 
@@ -984,6 +986,13 @@
         startRacoon("hostname", "5.6.7.8"); // address returned by deps.resolve
     }
 
+    private void assertTransportInfoMatches(NetworkCapabilities nc, int type) {
+        assertNotNull(nc);
+        VpnTransportInfo ti = (VpnTransportInfo) nc.getTransportInfo();
+        assertNotNull(ti);
+        assertEquals(type, ti.type);
+    }
+
     public void startRacoon(final String serverAddr, final String expectedAddr)
             throws Exception {
         final ConditionVariable legacyRunnerReady = new ConditionVariable();
@@ -996,14 +1005,12 @@
         profile.ipsecIdentifier = "id";
         profile.ipsecSecret = "secret";
         profile.l2tpSecret = "l2tpsecret";
+
         when(mConnectivityManager.getAllNetworks())
             .thenReturn(new Network[] { new Network(101) });
+
         when(mConnectivityManager.registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(),
-                anyInt(), any(), anyInt())).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
-                    // The runner has registered an agent and is now ready.
-                    legacyRunnerReady.open();
-                    return new Network(102);
-                });
+                anyInt(), any(), anyInt())).thenReturn(new Network(102));
         final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
         final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
         try {
@@ -1019,14 +1026,24 @@
                             "linkname", "vpn", "refuse-eap", "nodefaultroute", "usepeerdns",
                             "idle", "1800", "mtu", "1270", "mru", "1270" },
                     deps.mtpdArgs.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
             // Now wait for the runner to be ready before testing for the route.
-            legacyRunnerReady.block(10_000);
-            // In this test the expected address is always v4 so /32
+            ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+            ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
+                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
+            verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(10_000)).registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(),
+                    lpCaptor.capture(), ncCaptor.capture(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt());
+
+            // In this test the expected address is always v4 so /32.
+            // Note that the interface needs to be specified because RouteInfo objects stored in
+            // LinkProperties objects always acquire the LinkProperties' interface.
             final RouteInfo expectedRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(expectedAddr + "/32"),
-                    RouteInfo.RTN_THROW);
-            assertTrue("Routes lack the expected throw route (" + expectedRoute + ") : "
-                    + vpn.mConfig.routes,
-                    vpn.mConfig.routes.contains(expectedRoute));
+                    null, EGRESS_IFACE, RouteInfo.RTN_THROW);
+            final List<RouteInfo> actualRoutes = lpCaptor.getValue().getRoutes();
+            assertTrue("Expected throw route (" + expectedRoute + ") not found in " + actualRoutes,
+                    actualRoutes.contains(expectedRoute));
+
+            assertTransportInfoMatches(ncCaptor.getValue(), VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY);
         } finally {
             // Now interrupt the thread, unblock the runner and clean up.
             vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
@@ -1082,6 +1099,11 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public PendingIntent getIntentForStatusPanel(Context context) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public void sendArgumentsToDaemon(
                 final String daemon, final LocalSocket socket, final String[] arguments,
                 final Vpn.RetryScheduler interruptChecker) throws IOException {
@@ -1178,11 +1200,6 @@
             final int id = (int) invocation.getArguments()[0];
             return userMap.get(id);
         }).when(mUserManager).getUserInfo(anyInt());
-
-        doAnswer(invocation -> {
-            final int id = (int) invocation.getArguments()[0];
-            return (userMap.get(id).flags & UserInfo.FLAG_ADMIN) != 0;
-        }).when(mUserManager).canHaveRestrictedProfile();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index dde78aa..214c82d 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.NetworkInfo;
-import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
 import android.net.NetworkState;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
@@ -1456,8 +1454,6 @@
     }
 
     private static NetworkState buildWifiState(boolean isMetered, @NonNull String iface) {
-        final NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, 0, null, null);
-        info.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(iface);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -1465,7 +1461,7 @@
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true);
         capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         capabilities.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
-        return new NetworkState(info, prop, capabilities, WIFI_NETWORK, null, TEST_SSID);
+        return new NetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, prop, capabilities, WIFI_NETWORK, null, TEST_SSID);
     }
 
     private static NetworkState buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId) {
@@ -1473,17 +1469,14 @@
     }
 
     private static NetworkState buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId, boolean isRoaming) {
-        final NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(
-                TYPE_MOBILE, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, null, null);
-        info.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
-        info.setRoaming(isRoaming);
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false);
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !isRoaming);
         capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        return new NetworkState(info, prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId, null);
+        return new NetworkState(
+                TYPE_MOBILE, prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId, null);
     }
 
     private NetworkStats buildEmptyStats() {
@@ -1491,11 +1484,9 @@
     }
 
     private static NetworkState buildVpnState() {
-        final NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, 0, null, null);
-        info.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(TUN_IFACE);
-        return new NetworkState(info, prop, new NetworkCapabilities(), VPN_NETWORK, null, null);
+        return new NetworkState(TYPE_VPN, prop, new NetworkCapabilities(), VPN_NETWORK, null, null);
     }
 
     private long getElapsedRealtime() {