diff --git a/Tethering/Android.bp b/Tethering/Android.bp
index 19d0d5f..28edc8a 100644
--- a/Tethering/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/Android.bp
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
         "-Wthread-safety",
     ],
 
-    ldflags: ["-Wl,--exclude-libs=ALL,-error-limit=0"],
+    ldflags: ["-Wl,--exclude-libs=ALL,--error-limit=0"],
 }
 
 // Common defaults for compiling the actual APK.
@@ -231,4 +231,4 @@
     cmd: "$(location stats-log-api-gen) --java $(out) --module network_tethering" +
          " --javaPackage com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics --javaClass TetheringStatsLog",
     out: ["com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringStatsLog.java"],
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
index 76c5d5c..b3cae7c 100644
--- a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@
     hidden_api: {
         max_target_r_low_priority: [
             "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-r-loprio.txt",
-        ],
+	],
         max_target_o_low_priority: [
             "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority.txt",
             "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority-tiramisu.txt",
-        ],
+	],
         unsupported: [
             "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported.txt",
             "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported-tiramisu.txt",
diff --git a/bpf_progs/Android.bp b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
index b1144b4..78fca29 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/Android.bp
+++ b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@
     host_supported: false,
     header_libs: [
         "bpf_headers",
-        "libnetdbinder_utils_headers",  // for XtBpfProgLocations.h
+        "netd_mainline_headers",
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: [
         "bpf_headers",
-        "libnetdbinder_utils_headers",  // for XtBpfProgLocations.h
+        "netd_mainline_headers",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["."],
     cflags: [
diff --git a/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h b/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
index 4b3ba2f..fd449a3 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
+++ b/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
 /* -=-=-=-=- WARNING -=-=-=-=-
  *
  * These 4 xt_bpf program paths are actually defined by:
- *   //system/netd/include/binder_utils/XtBpfProgLocations.h
+ *   //system/netd/include/mainline/XtBpfProgLocations.h
  * which is intentionally a non-automerged location.
  *
  * They are *UNCHANGEABLE* due to being hard coded in Android T's netd binary
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@
 STRUCT_SIZE(UidOwnerValue, 2 * 4);  // 8
 
 // Entry in the configuration map that stores which UID rules are enabled.
-#define UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY 1
+#define UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY 0
 // Entry in the configuration map that stores which stats map is currently in use.
-#define CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY 2
+#define CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY 1
 
 typedef struct {
     uint32_t iif;            // The input interface index
diff --git a/bpf_progs/clat_mark.h b/bpf_progs/clat_mark.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..874d6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/clat_mark.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+/* -=-=-=-=-= WARNING -=-=-=-=-=-
+ *
+ * DO *NOT* *EVER* CHANGE THIS CONSTANT
+ *
+ * This is aidl::android::net::INetd::CLAT_MARK but we can't use that from
+ * pure C code (ie. the eBPF clat program).
+ *
+ * It must match the iptables rules setup by netd on Android T.
+ *
+ * This mark value is used by the eBPF clatd program to mark ingress non-offloaded clat
+ * packets for later dropping in ip6tables bw_raw_PREROUTING.
+ * They need to be dropped *after* the clat daemon (via receive on an AF_PACKET socket)
+ * sees them and thus cannot be dropped from the bpf program itself.
+ */
+static const uint32_t CLAT_MARK = 0xDEADC1A7;
diff --git a/bpf_progs/clatd.c b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
index c5b8555..66e9616 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/clatd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
@@ -36,16 +36,11 @@
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_shared.h"
+#include "clat_mark.h"
 
 // From kernel:include/net/ip.h
 #define IP_DF 0x4000  // Flag: "Don't Fragment"
 
-// Used for iptables drops ingress clat packet. Beware of clat mark change may break the device
-// which is using the old clat mark in netd platform code. The reason is that the clat mark is a
-// mainline constant since T+ but netd iptable rules (ex: bandwidth control, firewall, and so on)
-// are set in stone.
-#define CLAT_MARK 0xdeadc1a7
-
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(clat_ingress6_map, HASH, ClatIngress6Key, ClatIngress6Value, 16, AID_SYSTEM)
 
 static inline __always_inline int nat64(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool is_ethernet) {
diff --git a/bpf_progs/netd.c b/bpf_progs/netd.c
index 8f72f7c..44f76de 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/netd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/netd.c
@@ -53,15 +53,24 @@
 
 // For maps netd does not need to access
 #define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_UGM(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0060)
+    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_EXT(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, \
+                       AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0060, "fs_bpf_net_shared", "", false)
 
 // For maps netd only needs read only access to
 #define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RO_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_UGM(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0460)
+    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_EXT(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, \
+                       AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0460, "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", false)
 
 // For maps netd needs to be able to read and write
 #define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RW_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_UGM(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0660)
+    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_UGM(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, \
+                       AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0660)
+
+// Bpf map arrays on creation are preinitialized to 0 and do not support deletion of a key,
+// see: kernel/bpf/arraymap.c array_map_delete_elem() returns -EINVAL (from both syscall and ebpf)
+// Additionally on newer kernels the bpf jit can optimize out the lookups.
+// only valid indexes are [0..CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE-1]
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RO_NETD(configuration_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, uint32_t, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE)
 
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RW_NETD(cookie_tag_map, HASH, uint64_t, UidTagValue, COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(uid_counterset_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE)
@@ -69,13 +78,26 @@
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RW_NETD(stats_map_A, HASH, StatsKey, StatsValue, STATS_MAP_SIZE)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RO_NETD(stats_map_B, HASH, StatsKey, StatsValue, STATS_MAP_SIZE)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(iface_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, StatsValue, IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RW_NETD(configuration_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint32_t, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(uid_owner_map, HASH, uint32_t, UidOwnerValue, UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RW_NETD(uid_permission_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE)
 
 /* never actually used from ebpf */
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(iface_index_name_map, HASH, uint32_t, IfaceValue, IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE)
 
+// iptables xt_bpf programs need to be usable by both netd and netutils_wrappers
+#define DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog)
+
+// programs that need to be usable by netd, but not by netutils_wrappers
+#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, \
+                        KVER_NONE, KVER_INF, false, "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "")
+
+// programs that only need to be usable by the system server
+#define DEFINE_SYS_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, \
+                        KVER_NONE, KVER_INF, false, "fs_bpf_net_shared", "")
+
 static __always_inline int is_system_uid(uint32_t uid) {
     // MIN_SYSTEM_UID is AID_ROOT == 0, so uint32_t is *always* >= 0
     // MAX_SYSTEM_UID is AID_NOBODY == 9999, while AID_APP_START == 10000
@@ -308,18 +330,18 @@
     return match;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("cgroupskb/ingress/stats", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, bpf_cgroup_ingress)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG("cgroupskb/ingress/stats", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, bpf_cgroup_ingress)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return bpf_traffic_account(skb, BPF_INGRESS);
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("cgroupskb/egress/stats", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, bpf_cgroup_egress)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG("cgroupskb/egress/stats", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, bpf_cgroup_egress)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return bpf_traffic_account(skb, BPF_EGRESS);
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/egress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_egress_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/egress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_egress_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     // Clat daemon does not generate new traffic, all its traffic is accounted for already
     // on the v4-* interfaces (except for the 20 (or 28) extra bytes of IPv6 vs IPv4 overhead,
@@ -339,7 +361,7 @@
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/ingress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_ingress_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/ingress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_ingress_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     // Clat daemon traffic is not accounted by virtue of iptables raw prerouting drop rule
     // (in clat_raw_PREROUTING chain), which triggers before this (in bw_raw_PREROUTING chain).
@@ -351,7 +373,8 @@
     return BPF_MATCH;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedact/ingress/account", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, tc_bpf_ingress_account_prog)
+DEFINE_SYS_BPF_PROG("schedact/ingress/account", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN,
+                    tc_bpf_ingress_account_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     if (is_received_skb(skb)) {
         // Account for ingress traffic before tc drops it.
@@ -362,7 +385,7 @@
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/allowlist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_allowlist_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/allowlist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_allowlist_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
     if (is_system_uid(sock_uid)) return BPF_MATCH;
@@ -380,7 +403,7 @@
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/denylist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_denylist_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/denylist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_denylist_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
     UidOwnerValue* denylistMatch = bpf_uid_owner_map_lookup_elem(&sock_uid);
@@ -388,7 +411,7 @@
     return BPF_NOMATCH;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("cgroupsock/inet/create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG("cgroupsock/inet/create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create)
 (struct bpf_sock* sk) {
     uint64_t gid_uid = bpf_get_current_uid_gid();
     /*
diff --git a/framework/jarjar-excludes.txt b/framework/jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1311765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# INetworkStatsProvider / INetworkStatsProviderCallback are referenced from net-tests-utils, which
+# may be used by tests that do not apply connectivity jarjar rules.
+# TODO: move files to a known internal package (like android.net.connectivity.visiblefortesting)
+# so that they do not need jarjar
+android\.net\.netstats\.provider\.INetworkStatsProvider(\$.+)?
+android\.net\.netstats\.provider\.INetworkStatsProviderCallback(\$.+)?
+
+# INetworkAgent / INetworkAgentRegistry are used in NetworkAgentTest
+# TODO: move files to android.net.connectivity.visiblefortesting
+android\.net\.INetworkAgent(\$.+)?
+android\.net\.INetworkAgentRegistry(\$.+)?
+
+# IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback used in ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest
+# TODO: move files to android.net.connectivity.visiblefortesting
+android\.net\.IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(\$.+)?
+
+
+# KeepaliveUtils is used by ConnectivityManager CTS
+# TODO: move into service-connectivity so framework-connectivity stops using
+# ServiceConnectivityResources (callers need high permissions to find/query the resource apk anyway)
+# and have a ConnectivityManager test API instead
+android\.net\.util\.KeepaliveUtils(\$.+)?
+
+# TODO (b/217115866): add jarjar rules for Nearby
+android\.nearby\..+
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
index 5ae8ab6..fad6bbb 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
@@ -101,8 +101,6 @@
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapA.init(STATS_MAP_A_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapB.init(STATS_MAP_B_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.init(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, SELECT_MAP_A,
-                                                  BPF_ANY));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidPermissionMap.init(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH));
     ALOGI("%s successfully", __func__);
 
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.h b/netd/BpfHandler.h
index 7e3b94d..5ee04d1 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.h
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.h
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mStatsMapA;
     BpfMapRO<StatsKey, StatsValue> mStatsMapB;
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mConfigurationMap;
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> mConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mUidPermissionMap;
 
     std::mutex mMutex;
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
index c0f7e45..99160da 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
     BpfHandler mBh;
     BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mFakeCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeStatsMapA;
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mFakeConfigurationMap;
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> mFakeConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidPermissionMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
         mFakeStatsMapA.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeStatsMapA);
 
-        mFakeConfigurationMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, 1);
+        mFakeConfigurationMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE);
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeConfigurationMap);
 
         mFakeUidPermissionMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@
         mBh.mConfigurationMap = mFakeConfigurationMap;
         ASSERT_VALID(mBh.mConfigurationMap);
         // Always write to stats map A by default.
-        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(mBh.mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY,
-                                                          SELECT_MAP_A, BPF_ANY));
+        static_assert(SELECT_MAP_A == 0, "bpf map arrays are zero-initialized");
+
         mBh.mUidPermissionMap = mFakeUidPermissionMap;
         ASSERT_VALID(mBh.mUidPermissionMap);
     }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
index 79802fb..c4ea9ae 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
@@ -488,8 +488,6 @@
             if (null != capabilities) {
                 setCapabilities(capabilities);
             }
-            // Send an abort callback if a request is filed before the previous one has completed.
-            maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
             // TODO: Update this logic to only do a restart if required. Although a restart may
             //  be required due to the capabilities or ipConfiguration values, not all
             //  capabilities changes require a restart.
@@ -651,6 +649,8 @@
                 mIpClientCallback.awaitIpClientShutdown();
                 mIpClient = null;
             }
+            // Send an abort callback if an updateInterface request was in progress.
+            maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
             mIpClientCallback = null;
 
             if (mNetworkAgent != null) {
@@ -662,7 +662,6 @@
 
         public void destroy() {
             mNetworkProvider.unregisterNetworkOffer(mNetworkOfferCallback);
-            maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
             stop();
             mRequests.clear();
         }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
index 6405795..3e71093 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
@@ -269,6 +269,8 @@
                     + ", ipConfig: " + ipConfig);
         }
 
+        // TODO: do the right thing if the interface was in server mode: either fail this operation,
+        // or take the interface out of server mode.
         final IpConfiguration localIpConfig = ipConfig == null
                 ? null : new IpConfiguration(ipConfig);
         if (ipConfig != null) {
@@ -579,8 +581,8 @@
         }
         if (DBG) Log.i(TAG, "maybeTrackInterface: " + iface);
 
-        // TODO: avoid making an interface default if it has configured NetworkCapabilities.
-        if (mDefaultInterface == null) {
+        // Do not make an interface default if it has configured NetworkCapabilities.
+        if (mDefaultInterface == null && !mNetworkCapabilities.containsKey(iface)) {
             mDefaultInterface = iface;
         }
 
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
index ff6e45d..e41034a 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
@@ -76,8 +76,10 @@
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.database.ContentObserver;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsService;
@@ -140,6 +142,7 @@
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.FileRotator;
@@ -255,7 +258,8 @@
             "netstats_import_legacy_target_attempts";
     static final int DEFAULT_NETSTATS_IMPORT_LEGACY_TARGET_ATTEMPTS = 1;
     static final String NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME = "import.attempts";
-    static final String NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESS_COUNTER_NAME = "import.successes";
+    static final String NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESSES_COUNTER_NAME = "import.successes";
+    static final String NETSTATS_IMPORT_FALLBACKS_COUNTER_NAME = "import.fallbacks";
 
     private final Context mContext;
     private final NetworkStatsFactory mStatsFactory;
@@ -275,10 +279,11 @@
     private final AlertObserver mAlertObserver = new AlertObserver();
 
     // Persistent counters that backed by AtomicFile which stored in the data directory as a file,
-    // to track attempts/successes count across reboot. Note that these counter values will be
-    // rollback as the module rollbacks.
+    // to track attempts/successes/fallbacks count across reboot. Note that these counter values
+    // will be rollback as the module rollbacks.
     private PersistentInt mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter = null;
     private PersistentInt mImportLegacySuccessesCounter = null;
+    private PersistentInt mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter = null;
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     public static final String ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_POLL =
@@ -626,21 +631,14 @@
         }
 
         /**
-         * Create the persistent counter that counts total import legacy stats attempts.
+         * Create a persistent counter for given directory and name.
          */
-        public PersistentInt createImportLegacyAttemptsCounter(@NonNull Path path)
+        public PersistentInt createPersistentCounter(@NonNull Path dir, @NonNull String name)
                 throws IOException {
             // TODO: Modify PersistentInt to call setStartTime every time a write is made.
             //  Create and pass a real logger here.
-            return new PersistentInt(path.toString(), null /* logger */);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Create the persistent counter that counts total import legacy stats successes.
-         */
-        public PersistentInt createImportLegacySuccessesCounter(@NonNull Path path)
-                throws IOException {
-            return new PersistentInt(path.toString(), null /* logger */);
+            final String path = dir.resolve(name).toString();
+            return new PersistentInt(path, null /* logger */);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -770,6 +768,11 @@
                 return null;
             }
         }
+
+        /** Gets whether the build is userdebug. */
+        public boolean isDebuggable() {
+            return Build.isDebuggable();
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -918,10 +921,12 @@
             return;
         }
         try {
-            mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter = mDeps.createImportLegacyAttemptsCounter(
-                    mStatsDir.toPath().resolve(NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME));
-            mImportLegacySuccessesCounter = mDeps.createImportLegacySuccessesCounter(
-                    mStatsDir.toPath().resolve(NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESS_COUNTER_NAME));
+            mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter = mDeps.createPersistentCounter(mStatsDir.toPath(),
+                    NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME);
+            mImportLegacySuccessesCounter = mDeps.createPersistentCounter(mStatsDir.toPath(),
+                    NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESSES_COUNTER_NAME);
+            mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter = mDeps.createPersistentCounter(mStatsDir.toPath(),
+                    NETSTATS_IMPORT_FALLBACKS_COUNTER_NAME);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to create persistent counters, skip.", e);
             return;
@@ -929,15 +934,33 @@
 
         final int targetAttempts = mDeps.getImportLegacyTargetAttempts();
         final int attempts;
+        final int fallbacks;
+        final boolean runComparison;
         try {
             attempts = mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter.get();
+            // Fallbacks counter would be set to non-zero value to indicate the migration was
+            // not successful.
+            fallbacks = mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter.get();
+            runComparison = shouldRunComparison();
         } catch (IOException e) {
-            Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to read attempts counter, skip.", e);
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to read counters, skip.", e);
             return;
         }
-        if (attempts >= targetAttempts) return;
 
-        Log.i(TAG, "Starting import : attempts " + attempts + "/" + targetAttempts);
+        // If the target number of attempts are reached, don't import any data.
+        // However, if comparison is requested, still read the legacy data and compare
+        // it to the importer output. This allows OEMs to debug issues with the
+        // importer code and to collect signals from the field.
+        final boolean dryRunImportOnly =
+                fallbacks != 0 && runComparison && (attempts >= targetAttempts);
+        // Return if target attempts are reached and there is no need to dry run.
+        if (attempts >= targetAttempts && !dryRunImportOnly) return;
+
+        if (dryRunImportOnly) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Starting import : only perform read");
+        } else {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Starting import : attempts " + attempts + "/" + targetAttempts);
+        }
 
         final MigrationInfo[] migrations = new MigrationInfo[]{
                 new MigrationInfo(mDevRecorder), new MigrationInfo(mXtRecorder),
@@ -945,68 +968,57 @@
         };
 
         // Legacy directories will be created by recorders if they do not exist
-        final File legacyBaseDir = mDeps.getLegacyStatsDir();
-        final NetworkStatsRecorder[] legacyRecorders = new NetworkStatsRecorder[]{
-                buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, mSettings.getDevConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
-                buildRecorder(PREFIX_XT, mSettings.getXtConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
-                buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID, mSettings.getUidConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
-                buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID_TAG, mSettings.getUidTagConfig(), true, legacyBaseDir)
-        };
+        final NetworkStatsRecorder[] legacyRecorders;
+        if (runComparison) {
+            final File legacyBaseDir = mDeps.getLegacyStatsDir();
+            legacyRecorders = new NetworkStatsRecorder[]{
+                    buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, mSettings.getDevConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
+                    buildRecorder(PREFIX_XT, mSettings.getXtConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
+                    buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID, mSettings.getUidConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir),
+                    buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID_TAG, mSettings.getUidTagConfig(), true, legacyBaseDir)
+            };
+        } else {
+            legacyRecorders = null;
+        }
 
         long migrationEndTime = Long.MIN_VALUE;
-        boolean endedWithFallback = false;
         try {
             // First, read all legacy collections. This is OEM code and it can throw. Don't
             // commit any data to disk until all are read.
             for (int i = 0; i < migrations.length; i++) {
-                String errMsg = null;
-                Throwable exception = null;
                 final MigrationInfo migration = migrations[i];
 
-                // Read the collection from platform code, and using fallback method if throws.
+                // Read the collection from platform code, and set fallbacks counter if throws
+                // for better debugging.
                 try {
                     migration.collection = readPlatformCollectionForRecorder(migration.recorder);
                 } catch (Throwable e) {
-                    errMsg = "Failed to read stats from platform";
-                    exception = e;
-                }
-
-                // Also read the collection with legacy method
-                final NetworkStatsRecorder legacyRecorder = legacyRecorders[i];
-
-                final NetworkStatsCollection legacyStats;
-                try {
-                    legacyStats = legacyRecorder.getOrLoadCompleteLocked();
-                } catch (Throwable e) {
-                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to read stats with legacy method for recorder " + i, e);
-                    if (exception != null) {
-                        throw exception;
+                    if (dryRunImportOnly) {
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "Platform data read failed. ", e);
+                        return;
                     } else {
-                        // Use newer stats, since that's all that is available
-                        continue;
+                        // Data is not imported successfully, set fallbacks counter to non-zero
+                        // value to trigger dry run every later boot when the runComparison is
+                        // true, in order to make it easier to debug issues.
+                        tryIncrementLegacyFallbacksCounter();
+                        // Re-throw for error handling. This will increase attempts counter.
+                        throw e;
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (errMsg == null) {
-                    try {
-                        errMsg = compareStats(migration.collection, legacyStats);
-                    } catch (Throwable e) {
-                        errMsg = "Failed to compare migrated stats with all stats";
-                        exception = e;
+                if (runComparison) {
+                    final boolean success =
+                            compareImportedToLegacyStats(migration, legacyRecorders[i]);
+                    if (!success && !dryRunImportOnly) {
+                        tryIncrementLegacyFallbacksCounter();
                     }
                 }
-
-                if (errMsg != null) {
-                    Log.wtf(TAG, "NetworkStats import for migration " + i
-                            + " returned invalid data: " + errMsg, exception);
-                    // Fall back to legacy stats for this boot. The stats for old data will be
-                    // re-imported again on next boot until they succeed the import. This is fine
-                    // since every import clears the previous stats for the imported timespan.
-                    migration.collection = legacyStats;
-                    endedWithFallback = true;
-                }
             }
 
+            // For cases where the fallbacks are not zero but target attempts counts reached,
+            // only perform reads above and return here.
+            if (dryRunImportOnly) return;
+
             // Find the latest end time.
             for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
                 final long migrationEnd = migration.collection.getEndMillis();
@@ -1029,11 +1041,7 @@
                 migration.recorder.importCollectionLocked(migration.collection);
             }
 
-            if (endedWithFallback) {
-                Log.wtf(TAG, "Imported platform collections with legacy fallback");
-            } else {
-                Log.i(TAG, "Successfully imported platform collections");
-            }
+            // Success normally or uses fallback method.
         } catch (Throwable e) {
             // The code above calls OEM code that may behave differently across devices.
             // It can throw any exception including RuntimeExceptions and
@@ -1073,8 +1081,9 @@
         // Success ! No need to import again next time.
         try {
             mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter.set(targetAttempts);
+            Log.i(TAG, "Successfully imported platform collections");
             // The successes counter is only for debugging. Hence, the synchronization
-            // between these two counters are not very critical.
+            // between successes counter and attempts counter are not very critical.
             final int successCount = mImportLegacySuccessesCounter.get();
             mImportLegacySuccessesCounter.set(successCount + 1);
         } catch (IOException e) {
@@ -1082,6 +1091,68 @@
         }
     }
 
+    void tryIncrementLegacyFallbacksCounter() {
+        try {
+            final int fallbacks = mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter.get();
+            mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter.set(fallbacks + 1);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to update fallback counter.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean shouldRunComparison() {
+        final ConnectivityResources resources = new ConnectivityResources(mContext);
+        // 0 if id not found.
+        Boolean overlayValue = null;
+        try {
+            switch (resources.get().getInteger(R.integer.config_netstats_validate_import)) {
+                case 1:
+                    overlayValue = Boolean.TRUE;
+                    break;
+                case 0:
+                    overlayValue = Boolean.FALSE;
+                    break;
+            }
+        } catch (Resources.NotFoundException e) {
+            // Overlay value is not defined.
+        }
+        return overlayValue != null ? overlayValue : mDeps.isDebuggable();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare imported data with the data returned by legacy recorders.
+     *
+     * @return true if the data matches, false if the data does not match or throw with exceptions.
+     */
+    private boolean compareImportedToLegacyStats(@NonNull MigrationInfo migration,
+            @NonNull NetworkStatsRecorder legacyRecorder) {
+        final NetworkStatsCollection legacyStats;
+        try {
+            legacyStats = legacyRecorder.getOrLoadCompleteLocked();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to read stats with legacy method for recorder "
+                    + legacyRecorder.getCookie(), e);
+            // Cannot read data from legacy method, skip comparison.
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // The result of comparison is only for logging.
+        try {
+            final String error = compareStats(migration.collection, legacyStats);
+            if (error != null) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Unexpected comparison result for recorder "
+                        + legacyRecorder.getCookie() + ": " + error);
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Failed to compare migrated stats with legacy stats for recorder "
+                    + legacyRecorder.getCookie(), e);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     private static String str(NetworkStatsCollection.Key key) {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder()
                 .append(key.ident.toString())
@@ -2506,6 +2577,9 @@
                     pw.print("platform legacy stats import successes count",
                             mImportLegacySuccessesCounter.get());
                     pw.println();
+                    pw.print("platform legacy stats import fallbacks count",
+                            mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter.get());
+                    pw.println();
                 } catch (IOException e) {
                     pw.println("(failed to dump platform legacy stats import counters)");
                 }
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
index 81782f9..bff6953 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
@@ -179,4 +179,13 @@
     Only supported up to S. On T+, the Wi-Fi code should use unregisterAfterReplacement in order
     to ensure that apps see the network disconnect and reconnect. -->
     <integer translatable="false" name="config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis">-1</integer>
+
+    <!-- Whether the network stats service should run compare on the result of
+    {@link NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils#readPlatformCollection} and the result
+    of reading from legacy recorders. Possible values are:
+      0 = never compare,
+      1 = always compare,
+      2 = compare on debuggable builds (default value)
+      -->
+    <integer translatable="false" name="config_netstats_validate_import">2</integer>
 </resources>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
index b92dd08..3389d63 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
             <item type="array" name="config_ethernet_interfaces"/>
             <item type="string" name="config_ethernet_iface_regex"/>
             <item type="integer" name="config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis" />
+            <item type="integer" name="config_netstats_validate_import" />
         </policy>
     </overlayable>
 </resources>
diff --git a/service/jarjar-excludes.txt b/service/jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0d6763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Classes loaded by SystemServer via their hardcoded name, so they can't be jarjared
+com\.android\.server\.ConnectivityServiceInitializer(\$.+)?
+com\.android\.server\.NetworkStatsServiceInitializer(\$.+)?
+
+# Do not jarjar com.android.server, as several unit tests fail because they lose
+# package-private visibility between jarjared and non-jarjared classes.
+# TODO: fix the tests and also jarjar com.android.server, or at least only exclude a package that
+# is specific to the module like com.android.server.connectivity
+com\.android\.server\..+
diff --git a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
index adc1925..4dc056d 100644
--- a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
+++ b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@
 using bpf::BpfMap;
 using bpf::synchronizeKernelRCU;
 using netdutils::DumpWriter;
-using netdutils::getIfaceList;
 using netdutils::NetlinkListener;
 using netdutils::NetlinkListenerInterface;
 using netdutils::ScopedIndent;
@@ -111,14 +110,6 @@
     return matchType;
 }
 
-bool TrafficController::hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(uid_t uid) {
-    // This implementation is the same logic as method ActivityManager#checkComponentPermission.
-    // It implies that the calling uid can never be the same as PER_USER_RANGE.
-    uint32_t appId = uid % PER_USER_RANGE;
-    return ((appId == AID_ROOT) || (appId == AID_SYSTEM) ||
-            mPrivilegedUser.find(appId) != mPrivilegedUser.end());
-}
-
 const std::string UidPermissionTypeToString(int permission) {
     if (permission == INetd::PERMISSION_NONE) {
         return "PERMISSION_NONE";
@@ -198,16 +189,6 @@
 Status TrafficController::start() {
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initMaps());
 
-    // Fetch the list of currently-existing interfaces. At this point NetlinkHandler is
-    // already running, so it will call addInterface() when any new interface appears.
-    // TODO: Clean-up addInterface() after interface monitoring is in
-    // NetworkStatsService.
-    std::map<std::string, uint32_t> ifacePairs;
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(ifacePairs, getIfaceList());
-    for (const auto& ifacePair:ifacePairs) {
-        addInterface(ifacePair.first.c_str(), ifacePair.second);
-    }
-
     auto result = makeSkDestroyListener();
     if (!isOk(result)) {
         ALOGE("Unable to create SkDestroyListener: %s", toString(result).c_str());
@@ -245,22 +226,6 @@
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
-int TrafficController::addInterface(const char* name, uint32_t ifaceIndex) {
-    IfaceValue iface;
-    if (ifaceIndex == 0) {
-        ALOGE("Unknown interface %s(%d)", name, ifaceIndex);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    strlcpy(iface.name, name, sizeof(IfaceValue));
-    Status res = mIfaceIndexNameMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to add iface %s(%d): %s", name, ifaceIndex, strerror(res.code()));
-        return -res.code();
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 Status TrafficController::updateOwnerMapEntry(UidOwnerMatchType match, uid_t uid, FirewallRule rule,
                                               FirewallType type) {
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
diff --git a/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp b/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
index b77c465..7730c13 100644
--- a/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
         mFakeStatsMapA.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeStatsMapA);
 
-        mFakeConfigurationMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, 1);
+        mFakeConfigurationMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE);
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeConfigurationMap);
 
         mFakeUidOwnerMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@
         ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mConfigurationMap);
 
         // Always write to stats map A by default.
-        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(mTc.mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY,
-                                                          SELECT_MAP_A, BPF_ANY));
+        static_assert(SELECT_MAP_A == 0);
+
         mTc.mUidOwnerMap = mFakeUidOwnerMap;
         ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mUidOwnerMap);
         mTc.mUidPermissionMap = mFakeUidPermissionMap;
diff --git a/service/native/include/Common.h b/service/native/include/Common.h
index 3f28991..03f449a 100644
--- a/service/native/include/Common.h
+++ b/service/native/include/Common.h
@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@
 #pragma once
 // TODO: deduplicate with the constants in NetdConstants.h.
 #include <aidl/android/net/INetd.h>
+#include "clat_mark.h"
 
 using aidl::android::net::INetd;
 
+static_assert(INetd::CLAT_MARK == CLAT_MARK, "must be 0xDEADC1A7");
+
 enum FirewallRule { ALLOW = INetd::FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, DENY = INetd::FIREWALL_RULE_DENY };
 
 // ALLOWLIST means the firewall denies all by default, uids must be explicitly ALLOWed
diff --git a/service/native/include/TrafficController.h b/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
index c921ff2..8512929 100644
--- a/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
+++ b/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
@@ -45,11 +45,6 @@
      */
     netdutils::Status swapActiveStatsMap() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
-    /*
-     * Add the interface name and index pair into the eBPF map.
-     */
-    int addInterface(const char* name, uint32_t ifaceIndex);
-
     int changeUidOwnerRule(ChildChain chain, const uid_t uid, FirewallRule rule, FirewallType type);
 
     int removeUidOwnerRule(const uid_t uid);
@@ -187,8 +182,6 @@
     // need to call back to system server for permission check.
     std::set<uid_t> mPrivilegedUser GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
-    bool hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(uid_t uid) REQUIRES(mMutex);
-
     // For testing
     friend class TrafficControllerTest;
 };
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java
index cc07fd1..d0567ae 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@
 
 import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.regex.Matcher;
-import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 abstract class HostsideNetworkTestCase extends DeviceTestCase implements IAbiReceiver,
         IBuildReceiver {
@@ -171,18 +169,19 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static final Pattern UID_PATTERN =
-            Pattern.compile(".*userId=([0-9]+)$", Pattern.MULTILINE);
-
     protected int getUid(String packageName) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
-        final String output = runCommand("dumpsys package " + packageName);
-        final Matcher matcher = UID_PATTERN.matcher(output);
-        while (matcher.find()) {
-            final String match = matcher.group(1);
-            return Integer.parseInt(match);
+        final int currentUser = getDevice().getCurrentUser();
+        final String uidLines = runCommand(
+                "cmd package list packages -U --user " + currentUser + " " + packageName);
+        for (String uidLine : uidLines.split("\n")) {
+            if (uidLine.startsWith("package:" + packageName + " uid:")) {
+                final String[] uidLineParts = uidLine.split(":");
+                // 3rd entry is package uid
+                return Integer.parseInt(uidLineParts[2].trim());
+            }
         }
-        throw new RuntimeException("Did not find regexp '" + UID_PATTERN + "' on adb output\n"
-                + output);
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to find the test app on the device; pkg="
+                + packageName + ", u=" + currentUser);
     }
 
     protected String runCommand(String command) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp b/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp
index 97ecb9e..e52533b 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp
@@ -31,8 +31,13 @@
   std::ifstream elfFile(elfPath, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
   ASSERT_TRUE(elfFile.is_open());
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(48, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_map_def", elfFile, 0));
-  EXPECT_EQ(28, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_prog_def", elfFile, 0));
+  if (android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(116, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_map_def", elfFile, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(92, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_prog_def", elfFile, 0));
+  } else {
+    EXPECT_EQ(48, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_map_def", elfFile, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(28, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_prog_def", elfFile, 0));
+  }
 }
 
 TEST(BpfTest, bpfStructSizeTestPreT) {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt
index 0344604..1b77d5f 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkRequest
 import android.net.Uri
-import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig
 import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpUrlDeviceConfig
 import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig
 import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig
@@ -60,6 +59,8 @@
 import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
 import org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse
 import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.BeforeClass
+import org.junit.Rule
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
@@ -99,34 +100,42 @@
 
     private val server = TestHttpServer("localhost")
 
+    @get:Rule
+    val deviceConfigRule = DeviceConfigRule(retryCountBeforeSIfConfigChanged = 5)
+
+    companion object {
+        @JvmStatic @BeforeClass
+        fun setUpClass() {
+            runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
+                // Verify that the test URLs are not normally set on the device, but do not fail if
+                // the test URLs are set to what this test uses (URLs on localhost), in case the
+                // test was interrupted manually and rerun.
+                assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL)
+                assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL)
+            }
+            NetworkValidationTestUtil.clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig()
+        }
+
+        private fun assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(urlKey: String) {
+            val url = DeviceConfig.getProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, urlKey)
+            assertTrue(TextUtils.isEmpty(url) || LOCALHOST_HOSTNAME == Uri.parse(url).host,
+                    "$urlKey must not be set in production scenarios (current value: $url)")
+        }
+    }
+
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
-        runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
-            // Verify that the test URLs are not normally set on the device, but do not fail if the
-            // test URLs are set to what this test uses (URLs on localhost), in case the test was
-            // interrupted manually and rerun.
-            assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL)
-            assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL)
-        }
-        clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig()
         server.start()
     }
 
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
-        clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig()
         if (pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
-            reconnectWifi()
+            deviceConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup { reconnectWifi() }
         }
         server.stop()
     }
 
-    private fun assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(urlKey: String) {
-        val url = DeviceConfig.getProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, urlKey)
-        assertTrue(TextUtils.isEmpty(url) || LOCALHOST_HOSTNAME == Uri.parse(url).host,
-                "$urlKey must not be set in production scenarios (current value: $url)")
-    }
-
     @Test
     fun testCaptivePortalIsNotDefaultNetwork() {
         assumeTrue(pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY))
@@ -154,12 +163,13 @@
         server.addResponse(Request(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH), Status.INTERNAL_ERROR)
         val headers = mapOf("Location" to makeUrl(TEST_PORTAL_URL_PATH))
         server.addResponse(Request(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH), Status.REDIRECT, headers)
-        setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH))
-        setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH))
+        setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(deviceConfigRule, makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH))
+        setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(deviceConfigRule, makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH))
         Log.d(TAG, "Set portal URLs to $TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH and $TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH")
         // URL expiration needs to be in the next 10 minutes
         assertTrue(WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS < TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(10))
-        setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(System.currentTimeMillis() + WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(deviceConfigRule,
+                System.currentTimeMillis() + WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS)
 
         // Wait for a captive portal to be detected on the network
         val wifiNetworkFuture = CompletableFuture<Network>()
@@ -215,4 +225,4 @@
         utils.ensureWifiDisconnected(null /* wifiNetworkToCheck */)
         utils.ensureWifiConnected()
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 08cf0d7..766d62f 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -249,6 +249,10 @@
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
+    @Rule
+    public final DeviceConfigRule mTestValidationConfigRule = new DeviceConfigRule(
+            5 /* retryCountBeforeSIfConfigChanged */);
+
     private static final String TAG = ConnectivityManagerTest.class.getSimpleName();
 
     public static final int TYPE_MOBILE = ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
@@ -2765,9 +2769,8 @@
             // Accept partial connectivity network should result in a validated network
             expectNetworkHasCapability(network, NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS);
         } finally {
-            resetValidationConfig();
-            // Reconnect wifi to reset the wifi status
-            reconnectWifi();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(this::reconnectWifi);
         }
     }
 
@@ -2792,11 +2795,13 @@
             // Reject partial connectivity network should cause the network being torn down
             assertEquals(network, cb.waitForLost());
         } finally {
-            resetValidationConfig();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
             // Wifi will not automatically reconnect to the network. ensureWifiDisconnected cannot
             // apply here. Thus, turn off wifi first and restart to restore.
-            runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
-            mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(() -> {
+                runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
+                mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            });
         }
     }
 
@@ -2832,11 +2837,13 @@
             });
             waitForLost(wifiCb);
         } finally {
-            resetValidationConfig();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
             /// Wifi will not automatically reconnect to the network. ensureWifiDisconnected cannot
             // apply here. Thus, turn off wifi first and restart to restore.
-            runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
-            mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(() -> {
+                runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
+                mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            });
         }
     }
 
@@ -2896,9 +2903,8 @@
             wifiCb.assertNoCallbackThat(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, c -> isValidatedCaps(c));
         } finally {
             resetAvoidBadWifi(previousAvoidBadWifi);
-            resetValidationConfig();
-            // Reconnect wifi to reset the wifi status
-            reconnectWifi();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(this::reconnectWifi);
         }
     }
 
@@ -2942,11 +2948,6 @@
         return future.get(timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
     }
 
-    private void resetValidationConfig() {
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig();
-        mHttpServer.stop();
-    }
-
     private void prepareHttpServer() throws Exception {
         runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, () -> {
             // Verify that the test URLs are not normally set on the device, but do not fail if the
@@ -3019,9 +3020,11 @@
         mHttpServer.addResponse(new TestHttpServer.Request(
                 TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH, Method.GET, "" /* queryParameters */),
                 httpStatusCode, null /* locationHeader */, "" /* content */);
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH));
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH));
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(
+        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(mTestValidationConfigRule,
+                makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH));
+        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(mTestValidationConfigRule,
+                makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH));
+        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(mTestValidationConfigRule,
                 System.currentTimeMillis() + WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
 
@@ -3374,6 +3377,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
     public void testFirewallBlocking() {
         // Following tests affect the actual state of networking on the device after the test.
         // This might cause unexpected behaviour of the device. So, we skip them for now.
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DeviceConfigRule.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DeviceConfigRule.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d31a4e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DeviceConfigRule.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.cts
+
+import android.Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG
+import android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig
+import android.util.Log
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel
+import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
+import com.android.testutils.tryTest
+import org.junit.rules.TestRule
+import org.junit.runner.Description
+import org.junit.runners.model.Statement
+
+private val TAG = DeviceConfigRule::class.simpleName
+
+/**
+ * A [TestRule] that helps set [DeviceConfig] for tests and clean up the test configuration
+ * automatically on teardown.
+ *
+ * The rule can also optionally retry tests when they fail following an external change of
+ * DeviceConfig before S; this typically happens because device config flags are synced while the
+ * test is running, and DisableConfigSyncTargetPreparer is only usable starting from S.
+ *
+ * @param retryCountBeforeSIfConfigChanged if > 0, when the test fails before S, check if
+ *        the configs that were set through this rule were changed, and retry the test
+ *        up to the specified number of times if yes.
+ */
+class DeviceConfigRule @JvmOverloads constructor(
+    val retryCountBeforeSIfConfigChanged: Int = 0
+) : TestRule {
+    // Maps (namespace, key) -> value
+    private val originalConfig = mutableMapOf<Pair<String, String>, String?>()
+    private val usedConfig = mutableMapOf<Pair<String, String>, String?>()
+
+    /**
+     * Actions to be run after cleanup of the config, for the current test only.
+     */
+    private val currentTestCleanupActions = mutableListOf<Runnable>()
+
+    override fun apply(base: Statement, description: Description): Statement {
+        return TestValidationUrlStatement(base, description)
+    }
+
+    private inner class TestValidationUrlStatement(
+        private val base: Statement,
+        private val description: Description
+    ) : Statement() {
+        override fun evaluate() {
+            var retryCount = if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) 1 else retryCountBeforeSIfConfigChanged + 1
+            while (retryCount > 0) {
+                retryCount--
+                tryTest {
+                    base.evaluate()
+                    // Can't use break/return out of a loop here because this is a tryTest lambda,
+                    // so set retryCount to exit instead
+                    retryCount = 0
+                }.catch<Throwable> { e -> // junit AssertionFailedError does not extend Exception
+                    if (retryCount == 0) throw e
+                    usedConfig.forEach { (key, value) ->
+                        val currentValue = runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
+                            DeviceConfig.getProperty(key.first, key.second)
+                        }
+                        if (currentValue != value) {
+                            Log.w(TAG, "Test failed with unexpected device config change, retrying")
+                            return@catch
+                        }
+                    }
+                    throw e
+                } cleanupStep {
+                    runAsShell(WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
+                        originalConfig.forEach { (key, value) ->
+                            DeviceConfig.setProperty(
+                                    key.first, key.second, value, false /* makeDefault */)
+                        }
+                    }
+                } cleanupStep {
+                    originalConfig.clear()
+                    usedConfig.clear()
+                } cleanup {
+                    currentTestCleanupActions.forEach { it.run() }
+                    currentTestCleanupActions.clear()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set a configuration key/value. After the test case ends, it will be restored to the value it
+     * had when this method was first called.
+     */
+    fun setConfig(namespace: String, key: String, value: String?) {
+        runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
+            val keyPair = Pair(namespace, key)
+            if (!originalConfig.containsKey(keyPair)) {
+                originalConfig[keyPair] = DeviceConfig.getProperty(namespace, key)
+            }
+            usedConfig[keyPair] = value
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(namespace, key, value, false /* makeDefault */)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add an action to be run after config cleanup when the current test case ends.
+     */
+    fun runAfterNextCleanup(action: Runnable) {
+        currentTestCleanupActions.add(action)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
index db24b44..54d6818 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
@@ -30,11 +30,14 @@
 import android.net.EthernetManager.STATE_LINK_UP
 import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceCallback
 import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceRequest
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkManagementException
 import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest
 import android.net.InetAddresses
 import android.net.IpConfiguration
 import android.net.MacAddress
 import android.net.Network
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
@@ -44,8 +47,8 @@
 import android.net.cts.EthernetManagerTest.EthernetStateListener.CallbackEntry.InterfaceStateChanged
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Handler
-import android.os.HandlerExecutor
 import android.os.Looper
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver
 import android.os.SystemProperties
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
 import android.util.ArraySet
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
 import com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecord
 import com.android.testutils.anyNetwork
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.Available
@@ -94,35 +98,42 @@
 @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps can't access EthernetManager")
 // EthernetManager is not updatable before T, so tests do not need to be backwards compatible.
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+// This test depends on behavior introduced post-T as part of connectivity module updates
+@ConnectivityModuleTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class EthernetManagerTest {
 
     private val context by lazy { InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().context }
     private val em by lazy { context.getSystemService(EthernetManager::class.java) }
     private val cm by lazy { context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java) }
+    private val handler by lazy { Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()) }
 
     private val ifaceListener = EthernetStateListener()
     private val createdIfaces = ArrayList<EthernetTestInterface>()
     private val addedListeners = ArrayList<EthernetStateListener>()
-    private val networkRequests = ArrayList<TestableNetworkCallback>()
+    private val registeredCallbacks = ArrayList<TestableNetworkCallback>()
 
     private var tetheredInterfaceRequest: TetheredInterfaceRequest? = null
 
     private class EthernetTestInterface(
         context: Context,
-        private val handler: Handler
+        private val handler: Handler,
+        hasCarrier: Boolean
     ) {
         private val tapInterface: TestNetworkInterface
         private val packetReader: TapPacketReader
         private val raResponder: RouterAdvertisementResponder
-        val interfaceName get() = tapInterface.interfaceName
+        private val tnm: TestNetworkManager
+        val name get() = tapInterface.interfaceName
 
         init {
-            tapInterface = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
-                val tnm = context.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager::class.java)
-                tnm.createTapInterface(false /* bringUp */)
+            tnm = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                context.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager::class.java)
             }
-            val mtu = 1500
+            tapInterface = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                tnm.createTapInterface(hasCarrier, false /* bringUp */)
+            }
+            val mtu = tapInterface.mtu
             packetReader = TapPacketReader(handler, tapInterface.fileDescriptor.fileDescriptor, mtu)
             raResponder = RouterAdvertisementResponder(packetReader)
             raResponder.addRouterEntry(MacAddress.fromString("01:23:45:67:89:ab"),
@@ -132,6 +143,12 @@
             raResponder.start()
         }
 
+        fun setCarrierEnabled(enabled: Boolean) {
+            runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                tnm.setCarrierEnabled(tapInterface, enabled)
+            }
+        }
+
         fun destroy() {
             raResponder.stop()
             handler.post({ packetReader.stop() })
@@ -172,7 +189,7 @@
         }
 
         fun expectCallback(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) {
-            expectCallback(createChangeEvent(iface.interfaceName, state, role))
+            expectCallback(createChangeEvent(iface.name, state, role))
         }
 
         fun createChangeEvent(iface: String, state: Int, role: Int) =
@@ -190,7 +207,7 @@
         }
 
         fun eventuallyExpect(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) {
-            eventuallyExpect(iface.interfaceName, state, role)
+            eventuallyExpect(iface.name, state, role)
         }
 
         fun assertNoCallback() {
@@ -227,6 +244,35 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private class EthernetOutcomeReceiver :
+        OutcomeReceiver<String, EthernetNetworkManagementException> {
+        private val result = CompletableFuture<String>()
+
+        override fun onResult(iface: String) {
+            result.complete(iface)
+        }
+
+        override fun onError(e: EthernetNetworkManagementException) {
+            result.completeExceptionally(e)
+        }
+
+        fun expectResult(expected: String) {
+            assertEquals(expected, result.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+        }
+
+        fun expectError() {
+            // Assert that the future fails with EthernetNetworkManagementException from the
+            // completeExceptionally() call inside onUnavailable.
+            assertFailsWith(EthernetNetworkManagementException::class) {
+                try {
+                    result.get()
+                } catch (e: ExecutionException) {
+                    throw e.cause!!
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
         setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
@@ -243,26 +289,28 @@
         for (listener in addedListeners) {
             em.removeInterfaceStateListener(listener)
         }
-        networkRequests.forEach { cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
+        registeredCallbacks.forEach { cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
         releaseTetheredInterface()
     }
 
     private fun addInterfaceStateListener(listener: EthernetStateListener) {
         runAsShell(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS) {
-            em.addInterfaceStateListener(HandlerExecutor(Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())), listener)
+            em.addInterfaceStateListener(handler::post, listener)
         }
         addedListeners.add(listener)
     }
 
-    private fun createInterface(): EthernetTestInterface {
+    private fun createInterface(hasCarrier: Boolean = true): EthernetTestInterface {
         val iface = EthernetTestInterface(
             context,
-            Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
+            handler,
+            hasCarrier
         ).also { createdIfaces.add(it) }
-        with(ifaceListener) {
-            // when an interface comes up, we should always see a down cb before an up cb.
-            eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
-            expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+
+        // when an interface comes up, we should always see a down cb before an up cb.
+        ifaceListener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        if (hasCarrier) {
+            ifaceListener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
         }
         return iface
     }
@@ -282,18 +330,20 @@
     private fun requestNetwork(request: NetworkRequest): TestableNetworkCallback {
         return TestableNetworkCallback().also {
             cm.requestNetwork(request, it)
-            networkRequests.add(it)
+            registeredCallbacks.add(it)
         }
     }
 
-    private fun releaseNetwork(cb: TestableNetworkCallback) {
-        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb)
-        networkRequests.remove(cb)
+    private fun registerNetworkListener(request: NetworkRequest): TestableNetworkCallback {
+        return TestableNetworkCallback().also {
+            cm.registerNetworkCallback(request, it)
+            registeredCallbacks.add(it)
+        }
     }
 
     private fun requestTetheredInterface() = TetheredInterfaceListener().also {
         tetheredInterfaceRequest = runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS) {
-            em.requestTetheredInterface(HandlerExecutor(Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())), it)
+            em.requestTetheredInterface(handler::post, it)
         }
     }
 
@@ -304,22 +354,65 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private fun releaseRequest(cb: TestableNetworkCallback) {
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb)
+        registeredCallbacks.remove(cb)
+    }
+
+    private fun disableInterface(iface: EthernetTestInterface) = EthernetOutcomeReceiver().also {
+        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+            em.disableInterface(iface.name, handler::post, it)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun enableInterface(iface: EthernetTestInterface) = EthernetOutcomeReceiver().also {
+        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+            em.enableInterface(iface.name, handler::post, it)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun updateConfiguration(
+        iface: EthernetTestInterface,
+        ipConfig: IpConfiguration? = null,
+        capabilities: NetworkCapabilities? = null
+    ) = EthernetOutcomeReceiver().also {
+        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+            em.updateConfiguration(
+                iface.name,
+                EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
+                    .setIpConfiguration(ipConfig)
+                    .setNetworkCapabilities(capabilities).build(),
+                handler::post,
+                it)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // NetworkRequest.Builder does not create a copy of the passed NetworkRequest, so in order to
+    // keep ETH_REQUEST as it is, a defensive copy is created here.
     private fun NetworkRequest.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(ifaceName: String) =
         NetworkRequest.Builder(NetworkRequest(ETH_REQUEST))
             .setNetworkSpecifier(EthernetNetworkSpecifier(ifaceName)).build()
 
     // It can take multiple seconds for the network to become available.
     private fun TestableNetworkCallback.expectAvailable() =
-        expectCallback<Available>(anyNetwork(), 5000/*ms timeout*/).network
+        expectCallback<Available>(anyNetwork(), 5000 /* ms timeout */).network
 
     // b/233534110: eventuallyExpect<Lost>() does not advance ReadHead, use
     // eventuallyExpect(Lost::class) instead.
     private fun TestableNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpectLost(n: Network? = null) =
         eventuallyExpect(Lost::class, TIMEOUT_MS) { n?.equals(it.network) ?: true }
 
-    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.assertNotLost(n: Network? = null) =
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.assertNeverLost(n: Network? = null) =
         assertNoCallbackThat() { it is Lost && (n?.equals(it.network) ?: true) }
 
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.assertNeverAvailable(n: Network? = null) =
+        assertNoCallbackThat() { it is Available && (n?.equals(it.network) ?: true) }
+
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(name: String) =
+        expectCapabilitiesThat(anyNetwork()) {
+            it.networkSpecifier == EthernetNetworkSpecifier(name)
+        }
+
     @Test
     fun testCallbacks() {
         // If an interface exists when the callback is registered, it is reported on registration.
@@ -398,11 +491,8 @@
             assertTrue(polledIfaces.add(iface), "Duplicate interface $iface returned")
             assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface), "Untracked interface $iface returned")
             // If the event's iface was created in the test, additional criteria can be validated.
-            createdIfaces.find { it.interfaceName.equals(iface) }?.let {
-                assertEquals(event,
-                    listener.createChangeEvent(it.interfaceName,
-                                                        STATE_LINK_UP,
-                                                        ROLE_CLIENT))
+            createdIfaces.find { it.name.equals(iface) }?.let {
+                assertEquals(event, listener.createChangeEvent(it.name, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT))
             }
         }
         // Assert all callbacks are accounted for.
@@ -411,87 +501,75 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testGetInterfaceList() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
-
         // Create two test interfaces and check the return list contains the interface names.
         val iface1 = createInterface()
         val iface2 = createInterface()
         var ifaces = em.getInterfaceList()
         assertTrue(ifaces.size > 0)
-        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface1.interfaceName))
-        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.interfaceName))
+        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface1.name))
+        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.name))
 
         // Remove one existing test interface and check the return list doesn't contain the
         // removed interface name.
         removeInterface(iface1)
         ifaces = em.getInterfaceList()
-        assertFalse(ifaces.contains(iface1.interfaceName))
-        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.interfaceName))
+        assertFalse(ifaces.contains(iface1.name))
+        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.name))
 
         removeInterface(iface2)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withSingleExistingInterface() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
         createInterface()
 
         // install a listener which will later be used to verify the Lost callback
-        val listenerCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
-        cm.registerNetworkCallback(ETH_REQUEST, listenerCb)
-        networkRequests.add(listenerCb)
+        val listenerCb = registerNetworkListener(ETH_REQUEST)
 
         val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
         val network = cb.expectAvailable()
 
-        cb.assertNotLost()
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
+        releaseRequest(cb)
         listenerCb.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_beforeSingleInterfaceIsUp() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
-
         val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
 
-        // bring up interface after network has been requested
+        // bring up interface after network has been requested.
+        // Note: there is no guarantee that the NetworkRequest has been processed before the
+        // interface is actually created. That being said, it takes a few seconds between calling
+        // createInterface and the interface actually being properly registered with the ethernet
+        // module, so it is extremely unlikely that the CS handler thread has not run until then.
         val iface = createInterface()
         val network = cb.expectAvailable()
 
         // remove interface before network request has been removed
-        cb.assertNotLost()
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
         removeInterface(iface)
         cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
-
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withMultipleInterfaces() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
-
         val iface1 = createInterface()
         val iface2 = createInterface()
 
-        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName))
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.name))
 
         val network = cb.expectAvailable()
-        cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(network) {
-            it.networkSpecifier == EthernetNetworkSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName)
-        }
+        cb.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(iface2.name)
 
         removeInterface(iface1)
-        cb.assertNotLost()
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
         removeInterface(iface2)
         cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
-
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withInterfaceBeingReplaced() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
         val iface1 = createInterface()
 
         val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
@@ -499,36 +577,67 @@
 
         // create another network and verify the request sticks to the current network
         val iface2 = createInterface()
-        cb.assertNotLost()
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
 
         // remove iface1 and verify the request brings up iface2
         removeInterface(iface1)
         cb.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
         val network2 = cb.expectAvailable()
-
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withMultipleInterfacesAndRequests() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
         val iface1 = createInterface()
         val iface2 = createInterface()
 
-        val cb1 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface1.interfaceName))
-        val cb2 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName))
+        val cb1 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface1.name))
+        val cb2 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.name))
         val cb3 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
 
         cb1.expectAvailable()
+        cb1.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(iface1.name)
         cb2.expectAvailable()
+        cb2.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(iface2.name)
+        // this request can be matched by either network.
         cb3.expectAvailable()
 
-        cb1.assertNotLost()
-        cb2.assertNotLost()
-        cb3.assertNotLost()
+        cb1.assertNeverLost()
+        cb2.assertNeverLost()
+        cb3.assertNeverLost()
+    }
 
-        releaseNetwork(cb1)
-        releaseNetwork(cb2)
-        releaseNetwork(cb3)
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_ensureProperRefcounting() {
+        // create first request before interface is up / exists; create another request after it has
+        // been created; release one of them and check that the network stays up.
+        val listener = registerNetworkListener(ETH_REQUEST)
+        val cb1 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val network = cb1.expectAvailable()
+
+        val cb2 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        cb2.expectAvailable()
+
+        // release the first request; this used to trigger b/197548738
+        releaseRequest(cb1)
+
+        cb2.assertNeverLost()
+        releaseRequest(cb2)
+        listener.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_forInterfaceWhileTogglingCarrier() {
+        val iface = createInterface(false /* hasCarrier */)
+
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        cb.assertNeverAvailable()
+
+        iface.setCarrierEnabled(true)
+        cb.expectAvailable()
+
+        iface.setCarrierEnabled(false)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt
index 391d03a..462c8a3 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt
@@ -16,16 +16,11 @@
 
 package android.net.cts
 
-import android.Manifest
+import android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG
 import android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY
-import android.util.Log
 import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
-import com.android.testutils.tryTest
-import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
-import java.util.concurrent.Executor
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 
 /**
  * Collection of utility methods for configuring network validation.
@@ -38,9 +33,14 @@
      * Clear the test network validation URLs.
      */
     @JvmStatic fun clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig() {
-        setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(null)
-        setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(null)
-        setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(null)
+        runAsShell(WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL, null, false)
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL, null, false)
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    NetworkStackUtils.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME, null, false)
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -48,71 +48,28 @@
      *
      * @see NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL
      */
-    @JvmStatic fun setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(url: String?) =
-            setConfig(NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL, url)
+    @JvmStatic
+    fun setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(rule: DeviceConfigRule, url: String?) =
+            rule.setConfig(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL, url)
 
     /**
      * Set the test validation HTTP URL.
      *
      * @see NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL
      */
-    @JvmStatic fun setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(url: String?) =
-            setConfig(NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL, url)
+    @JvmStatic
+    fun setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(rule: DeviceConfigRule, url: String?) =
+            rule.setConfig(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL, url)
 
     /**
      * Set the test validation URL expiration.
      *
      * @see NetworkStackUtils.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME
      */
-    @JvmStatic fun setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(timestamp: Long?) =
-            setConfig(NetworkStackUtils.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME, timestamp?.toString())
-
-    private fun setConfig(configKey: String, value: String?): String? {
-        Log.i(TAG, "Setting config \"$configKey\" to \"$value\"")
-        val readWritePermissions = arrayOf(
-                Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG,
-                Manifest.permission.WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG)
-
-        val existingValue = runAsShell(*readWritePermissions) {
-            DeviceConfig.getProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, configKey)
-        }
-        if (existingValue == value) {
-            // Already the correct value. There may be a race if a change is already in flight,
-            // but if multiple threads update the config there is no way to fix that anyway.
-            Log.i(TAG, "\$configKey\" already had value \"$value\"")
-            return value
-        }
-
-        val future = CompletableFuture<String>()
-        val listener = DeviceConfig.OnPropertiesChangedListener {
-            // The listener receives updates for any change to any key, so don't react to
-            // changes that do not affect the relevant key
-            if (!it.keyset.contains(configKey)) return@OnPropertiesChangedListener
-            if (it.getString(configKey, null) == value) {
-                future.complete(value)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return tryTest {
-            runAsShell(*readWritePermissions) {
-                DeviceConfig.addOnPropertiesChangedListener(
-                        NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
-                        inlineExecutor,
-                        listener)
-                DeviceConfig.setProperty(
-                        NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
-                        configKey,
-                        value,
-                        false /* makeDefault */)
-                // Don't drop the permission until the config is applied, just in case
-                future.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
-            }.also {
-                Log.i(TAG, "Config \"$configKey\" successfully set to \"$value\"")
-            }
-        } cleanup {
-            DeviceConfig.removeOnPropertiesChangedListener(listener)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private val inlineExecutor get() = Executor { r -> r.run() }
+    @JvmStatic
+    fun setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(rule: DeviceConfigRule, timestamp: Long?) =
+            rule.setConfig(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NetworkStackUtils.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME, timestamp?.toString())
 }
diff --git a/tests/native/connectivity_native_test.cpp b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test.cpp
index 3db5265..29b14ca 100644
--- a/tests/native/connectivity_native_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test.cpp
@@ -233,54 +233,29 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockNegativePort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(-1);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mService->blockPortForBind(-1);
     EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
 }
 
 TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, UnblockNegativePort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->unblockPortForBind(-1);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mService->unblockPortForBind(-1);
     EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
 }
 
 TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockMaxPort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(65536);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mService->blockPortForBind(65536);
     EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
 }
 
 TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, UnblockMaxPort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->unblockPortForBind(65536);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mService->unblockPortForBind(65536);
     EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
 }
 
 TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, CheckPermission) {
-    int retry = 0;
     int curUid = getuid();
     EXPECT_EQ(0, seteuid(FIRST_APPLICATION_UID + 2000)) << "seteuid failed: " << strerror(errno);
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(5555);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mService->blockPortForBind(5555);
     EXPECT_EQ(EX_SECURITY, status.getExceptionCode());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, seteuid(curUid)) << "seteuid failed: " << strerror(errno);
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index cdfa190..e8702b9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
 import static android.net.VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionConfiguration.EXTENSION_TYPE_MOBIKE;
 import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2;
 import static android.os.UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
 
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
@@ -59,6 +62,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -83,7 +87,9 @@
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
@@ -100,7 +106,12 @@
 import android.net.VpnProfileState;
 import android.net.VpnService;
 import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.ChildSessionCallback;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.ChildSessionConfiguration;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionCallback;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionConfiguration;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionConnectionInfo;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeTrafficSelector;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeException;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeNetworkLostException;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeNonProtocolException;
@@ -121,6 +132,7 @@
 import android.security.Credentials;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Pair;
 import android.util.Range;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -155,6 +167,7 @@
 import java.io.FileWriter;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -165,6 +178,8 @@
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
@@ -198,11 +213,37 @@
     static final Network EGRESS_NETWORK = new Network(101);
     static final String EGRESS_IFACE = "wlan0";
     static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.testvpn.vpn";
+    private static final String TEST_VPN_CLIENT = "2.4.6.8";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_SERVER = "1.2.3.4";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_IDENTITY = "identity";
     private static final byte[] TEST_VPN_PSK = "psk".getBytes();
 
+    private static final int IP4_PREFIX_LEN = 32;
+    private static final int MIN_PORT = 0;
+    private static final int MAX_PORT = 65535;
+
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(TEST_VPN_CLIENT);
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(TEST_VPN_SERVER);
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP_2 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.200");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP_2 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.201");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("198.51.100.10");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
+
+    private static final IkeTrafficSelector IN_TS =
+            new IkeTrafficSelector(MIN_PORT, MAX_PORT, TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP, TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP);
+    private static final IkeTrafficSelector OUT_TS =
+            new IkeTrafficSelector(MIN_PORT, MAX_PORT,
+                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("0.0.0.0"),
+                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("255.255.255.255"));
+
     private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+    private static final Network TEST_NETWORK_2 = new Network(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1);
     private static final String TEST_IFACE_NAME = "TEST_IFACE";
     private static final int TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID = 0x2345;
     private static final long TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 500L;
@@ -234,15 +275,21 @@
     @Mock private AppOpsManager mAppOps;
     @Mock private NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
     @Mock private Vpn.SystemServices mSystemServices;
+    @Mock private Vpn.IkeSessionWrapper mIkeSessionWrapper;
     @Mock private Vpn.Ikev2SessionCreator mIkev2SessionCreator;
+    @Mock private NetworkAgent mMockNetworkAgent;
     @Mock private ConnectivityManager mConnectivityManager;
     @Mock private IpSecService mIpSecService;
     @Mock private VpnProfileStore mVpnProfileStore;
+    @Mock private ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor mExecutor;
+    @Mock private ScheduledFuture mScheduledFuture;
     @Mock DeviceIdleInternal mDeviceIdleInternal;
     private final VpnProfile mVpnProfile;
 
     private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
 
+    private TestDeps mTestDeps;
+
     public VpnTest() throws Exception {
         // Build an actual VPN profile that is capable of being converted to and from an
         // Ikev2VpnProfile
@@ -257,6 +304,7 @@
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
 
         mIpSecManager = new IpSecManager(mContext, mIpSecService);
+        mTestDeps = spy(new TestDeps());
 
         when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
         setMockedPackages(mPackages);
@@ -297,6 +345,28 @@
         // itself, so set the default value of Context#checkCallingOrSelfPermission to
         // PERMISSION_DENIED.
         doReturn(PERMISSION_DENIED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(any());
+
+        // Set up mIkev2SessionCreator and mExecutor
+        resetIkev2SessionCreator(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+        resetExecutor(mScheduledFuture);
+    }
+
+    private void resetIkev2SessionCreator(Vpn.IkeSessionWrapper ikeSession) {
+        reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
+        when(mIkev2SessionCreator.createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(ikeSession);
+    }
+
+    private void resetExecutor(ScheduledFuture scheduledFuture) {
+        doAnswer(
+                (invocation) -> {
+                    ((Runnable) invocation.getArgument(0)).run();
+                    return null;
+                })
+            .when(mExecutor)
+            .execute(any());
+        when(mExecutor.schedule(
+                any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any())).thenReturn(mScheduledFuture);
     }
 
     @After
@@ -1344,25 +1414,38 @@
             verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
                     .unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
         } else if (errorType == VpnManager.ERROR_CLASS_RECOVERABLE) {
-            // To prevent spending much time to test the retry function, only retry 2 times here.
             int retryIndex = 0;
-            verify(mIkev2SessionCreator,
-                    timeout(((TestDeps) vpn.mDeps).getNextRetryDelaySeconds(retryIndex++) * 1000
-                            + TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
-                    .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), captor.capture(), any());
+            final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb2 = verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
 
-            // Capture a new IkeSessionCallback to get the latest token.
-            reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
-            final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb2 = captor.getValue();
             ikeCb2.onClosedWithException(exception);
-            verify(mIkev2SessionCreator,
-                    timeout(((TestDeps) vpn.mDeps).getNextRetryDelaySeconds(retryIndex++) * 1000
-                            + TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
-                    .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), captor.capture(), any());
-            reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
+            verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
         }
     }
 
+    private IkeSessionCallback verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(int retryIndex) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Runnable> runnableCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Runnable.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> ikeCbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
+
+        // Verify retry is scheduled
+        final long expectedDelay = mTestDeps.getNextRetryDelaySeconds(retryIndex);
+        verify(mExecutor).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), eq(expectedDelay), any());
+
+        // Mock the event of firing the retry task
+        runnableCaptor.getValue().run();
+
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator)
+                .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), ikeCbCaptor.capture(), any());
+
+        // Forget the mIkev2SessionCreator#createIkeSession call and mExecutor#schedule call
+        // for the next retry verification
+        resetIkev2SessionCreator(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+        resetExecutor(mScheduledFuture);
+
+        return ikeCbCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpnAuthenticationFailed() throws Exception {
         final IkeProtocolException exception = mock(IkeProtocolException.class);
@@ -1491,11 +1574,266 @@
         return vpn;
     }
 
+    private IkeSessionConnectionInfo createIkeConnectInfo() {
+        return new IkeSessionConnectionInfo(TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP, TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP, TEST_NETWORK);
+    }
+
+    private IkeSessionConnectionInfo createIkeConnectInfo_2() {
+        return new IkeSessionConnectionInfo(
+                TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP_2, TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP_2, TEST_NETWORK_2);
+    }
+
+    private IkeSessionConfiguration createIkeConfig(
+            IkeSessionConnectionInfo ikeConnectInfo, boolean isMobikeEnabled) {
+        final IkeSessionConfiguration.Builder builder =
+                new IkeSessionConfiguration.Builder(ikeConnectInfo);
+
+        if (isMobikeEnabled) {
+            builder.addIkeExtension(EXTENSION_TYPE_MOBIKE);
+        }
+
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    private ChildSessionConfiguration createChildConfig() {
+        return new ChildSessionConfiguration.Builder(Arrays.asList(IN_TS), Arrays.asList(OUT_TS))
+                .addInternalAddress(new LinkAddress(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP, IP4_PREFIX_LEN))
+                .addInternalDnsServer(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private IpSecTransform createIpSecTransform() {
+        return new IpSecTransform(mContext, new IpSecConfig());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(int expectedTimes) throws Exception {
+        verify(mIpSecService, times(expectedTimes)).applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                eq(TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN),
+                anyInt(), anyString());
+        verify(mIpSecService, times(expectedTimes)).applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                eq(TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT),
+                anyInt(), anyString());
+    }
+
+    private Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> verifyCreateIkeAndCaptureCbs()
+            throws Exception {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> ikeCbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ChildSessionCallback> childCbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ChildSessionCallback.class);
+
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).createIkeSession(
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), ikeCbCaptor.capture(), childCbCaptor.capture());
+
+        return new Pair<>(ikeCbCaptor.getValue(), childCbCaptor.getValue());
+    }
+
+    private static class PlatformVpnSnapshot {
+        public final Vpn vpn;
+        public final NetworkCallback nwCb;
+        public final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb;
+        public final ChildSessionCallback childCb;
+
+        PlatformVpnSnapshot(Vpn vpn, NetworkCallback nwCb,
+                IkeSessionCallback ikeCb, ChildSessionCallback childCb) {
+            this.vpn = vpn;
+            this.nwCb = nwCb;
+            this.ikeCb = ikeCb;
+            this.childCb = childCb;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private PlatformVpnSnapshot verifySetupPlatformVpn(IkeSessionConfiguration ikeConfig)
+            throws Exception {
+        doReturn(mMockNetworkAgent).when(mTestDeps)
+                .newNetworkAgent(
+                        any(), any(), anyString(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
+
+        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        final NetworkCallback nwCb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        // Mock the setup procedure by firing callbacks
+        final Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> cbPair =
+                verifyCreateIkeAndCaptureCbs();
+        final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = cbPair.first;
+        final ChildSessionCallback childCb = cbPair.second;
+
+        ikeCb.onOpened(ikeConfig);
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN);
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT);
+        childCb.onOpened(createChildConfig());
+
+        // Verification VPN setup
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(1);
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
+        verify(mTestDeps).newNetworkAgent(
+                any(), any(), anyString(), ncCaptor.capture(), lpCaptor.capture(),
+                any(), any(), any());
+
+        // Check LinkProperties
+        final LinkProperties lp = lpCaptor.getValue();
+        final List<RouteInfo> expectedRoutes = Arrays.asList(
+                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null /*gateway*/,
+                        TEST_IFACE_NAME, RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST),
+                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null /*gateway*/,
+                        TEST_IFACE_NAME, RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        assertEquals(expectedRoutes, lp.getRoutes());
+
+        // Check internal addresses
+        final List<LinkAddress> expectedAddresses =
+                Arrays.asList(new LinkAddress(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP, IP4_PREFIX_LEN));
+        assertEquals(expectedAddresses, lp.getLinkAddresses());
+
+        // Check internal DNS
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS), lp.getDnsServers());
+
+        // Check NetworkCapabilities
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(TEST_NETWORK), ncCaptor.getValue().getUnderlyingNetworks());
+
+        return new PlatformVpnSnapshot(vpn, nwCb, ikeCb, childCb);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
-        startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
-        // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
-        // a subsequent patch.
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnMobility_mobikeEnabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        // Mock network loss and verify a cleanup task is scheduled
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+        verify(mExecutor).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+
+        // Mock new network comes up and the cleanup task is cancelled
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        verify(mScheduledFuture).cancel(anyBoolean());
+
+        // Verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+
+        // Mock the MOBIKE procedure
+        vpnSnapShot.ikeCb.onIkeSessionConnectionInfoChanged(createIkeConnectInfo_2());
+        vpnSnapShot.childCb.onIpSecTransformsMigrated(
+                createIpSecTransform(), createIpSecTransform());
+
+        verify(mIpSecService).setNetworkForTunnelInterface(
+                eq(TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(TEST_NETWORK_2), anyString());
+
+        // Expect 2 times: one for initial setup and one for MOBIKE
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(2);
+
+        // Verify mNetworkCapabilities and mNetworkAgent are updated
+        assertEquals(
+                Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2),
+                vpnSnapShot.vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUnderlyingNetworks());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent)
+                .setUnderlyingNetworks(Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2));
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnReestablishes_mobikeDisabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        // Forget the first IKE creation to be prepared to capture callbacks of the second
+        // IKE session
+        resetIkev2SessionCreator(mock(Vpn.IkeSessionWrapper.class));
+
+        // Mock network switch
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+
+        // Verify the old IKE Session is killed
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).kill();
+
+        // Capture callbacks of the new IKE Session
+        final Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> cbPair =
+                verifyCreateIkeAndCaptureCbs();
+        final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = cbPair.first;
+        final ChildSessionCallback childCb = cbPair.second;
+
+        // Mock the IKE Session setup
+        ikeCb.onOpened(createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo_2(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN);
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT);
+        childCb.onOpened(createChildConfig());
+
+        // Expect 2 times since there have been two Session setups
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(2);
+
+        // Verify mNetworkCapabilities and mNetworkAgent are updated
+        assertEquals(
+                Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2),
+                vpnSnapShot.vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUnderlyingNetworks());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent)
+                .setUnderlyingNetworks(Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2));
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyHandlingNetworkLoss() throws Exception {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).sendLinkProperties(lpCaptor.capture());
+        final LinkProperties lp = lpCaptor.getValue();
+
+        assertNull(lp.getInterfaceName());
+        final List<RouteInfo> expectedRoutes = Arrays.asList(
+                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null /*gateway*/,
+                        null /*iface*/, RTN_UNREACHABLE),
+                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null /*gateway*/,
+                        null /*iface*/, RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        assertEquals(expectedRoutes, lp.getRoutes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnHandlesNetworkLoss_mobikeEnabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        // Forget the #sendLinkProperties during first setup.
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Runnable> runnableCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Runnable.class);
+
+        // Mock network loss
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+
+        // Mock the grace period expires
+        verify(mExecutor).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), anyLong(), any());
+        runnableCaptor.getValue().run();
+
+        verifyHandlingNetworkLoss();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnHandlesNetworkLoss_mobikeDisabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        // Forget the #sendLinkProperties during first setup.
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Mock network loss
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+
+        verifyHandlingNetworkLoss();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1578,7 +1916,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private final class TestDeps extends Vpn.Dependencies {
+    // Make it public and un-final so as to spy it
+    public class TestDeps extends Vpn.Dependencies {
         public final CompletableFuture<String[]> racoonArgs = new CompletableFuture();
         public final CompletableFuture<String[]> mtpdArgs = new CompletableFuture();
         public final File mStateFile;
@@ -1713,10 +2052,16 @@
             return mDeviceIdleInternal;
         }
 
+        @Override
         public long getNextRetryDelaySeconds(int retryCount) {
             // Simply return retryCount as the delay seconds for retrying.
             return retryCount;
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor newScheduledThreadPoolExecutor() {
+            return mExecutor;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1728,7 +2073,7 @@
         when(mContext.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.of(userId)), anyInt()))
                 .thenReturn(asUserContext);
         final TestLooper testLooper = new TestLooper();
-        final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
+        final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, mTestDeps, mNetService,
                 mNetd, userId, mVpnProfileStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkProvider(argThat(
                 provider -> provider.getName().contains("VpnNetworkProvider")
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
index 4f849d2..2178b33 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@
     private Handler mHandler;
     private EthernetNetworkFactory mNetFactory = null;
     private IpClientCallbacks mIpClientCallbacks;
+    private NetworkOfferCallback mNetworkOfferCallback;
+    private NetworkRequest mRequestToKeepNetworkUp;
     @Mock private Context mContext;
     @Mock private Resources mResources;
     @Mock private EthernetNetworkFactory.Dependencies mDeps;
@@ -244,7 +246,9 @@
         ArgumentCaptor<NetworkOfferCallback> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
                 NetworkOfferCallback.class);
         verify(mNetworkProvider).registerNetworkOffer(any(), any(), any(), captor.capture());
-        captor.getValue().onNetworkNeeded(createDefaultRequest());
+        mRequestToKeepNetworkUp = createDefaultRequest();
+        mNetworkOfferCallback = captor.getValue();
+        mNetworkOfferCallback.onNetworkNeeded(mRequestToKeepNetworkUp);
 
         verifyStart(ipConfig);
         clearInvocations(mDeps);
@@ -625,6 +629,14 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testUpdateInterfaceAbortsOnNetworkUneededRemovesAllRequests() throws Exception {
+        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
+        verifyNetworkManagementCallIsAbortedWhenInterrupted(
+                TEST_IFACE,
+                () -> mNetworkOfferCallback.onNetworkUnneeded(mRequestToKeepNetworkUp));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testUpdateInterfaceCallsListenerCorrectlyOnConcurrentRequests() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = createDefaultFilterCaps();
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index 4fbbc75..1385d8b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_POLL;
+import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME;
+import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NETSTATS_IMPORT_FALLBACKS_COUNTER_NAME;
+import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESSES_COUNTER_NAME;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -92,13 +95,16 @@
 import android.app.AlarmManager;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.database.ContentObserver;
+import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsSession;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity;
 import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsCollection;
@@ -125,6 +131,7 @@
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.internal.util.FileRotator;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
@@ -152,6 +159,7 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.time.Clock;
@@ -161,6 +169,7 @@
 import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
@@ -242,6 +251,9 @@
     private int mImportLegacyTargetAttempts = 0;
     private @Mock PersistentInt mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter;
     private @Mock PersistentInt mImportLegacySuccessesCounter;
+    private @Mock PersistentInt mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter;
+    private @Mock Resources mResources;
+    private Boolean mIsDebuggable;
 
     private class MockContext extends BroadcastInterceptingContext {
         private final Context mBaseContext;
@@ -302,6 +314,12 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        // Setup mock resources.
+        final Context mockResContext = mock(Context.class);
+        doReturn(mResources).when(mockResContext).getResources();
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mockResContext);
+
         final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
         mServiceContext = new MockContext(context);
         when(mLocationPermissionChecker.checkCallersLocationPermission(
@@ -382,15 +400,18 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public PersistentInt createImportLegacyAttemptsCounter(
-                    @androidx.annotation.NonNull Path path) {
-                return mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public PersistentInt createImportLegacySuccessesCounter(
-                    @androidx.annotation.NonNull Path path) {
-                return mImportLegacySuccessesCounter;
+            public PersistentInt createPersistentCounter(@androidx.annotation.NonNull Path dir,
+                    @androidx.annotation.NonNull String name) throws IOException {
+                switch (name) {
+                    case NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME:
+                        return mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter;
+                    case NETSTATS_IMPORT_SUCCESSES_COUNTER_NAME:
+                        return mImportLegacySuccessesCounter;
+                    case NETSTATS_IMPORT_FALLBACKS_COUNTER_NAME:
+                        return mImportLegacyFallbacksCounter;
+                    default:
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown counter name: " + name);
+                }
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -454,6 +475,11 @@
             public IBpfMap<UidStatsMapKey, StatsMapValue> getAppUidStatsMap() {
                 return mAppUidStatsMap;
             }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isDebuggable() {
+                return mIsDebuggable == Boolean.TRUE;
+            }
         };
     }
 
@@ -1890,6 +1916,114 @@
         //  will decrease the retry counter by 1.
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testDataMigration_differentFromFallback() throws Exception {
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState()};
+
+        mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L));
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 0L));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+        // Simulate shutdown to force persisting data
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SHUTDOWN));
+        assertStatsFilesExist(true);
+
+        // Move the files to the legacy directory to simulate an import from old data
+        for (File f : mStatsDir.listFiles()) {
+            Files.move(f.toPath(), mLegacyStatsDir.toPath().resolve(f.getName()));
+        }
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // Prepare some unexpected data.
+        final NetworkIdentity testWifiIdent = new NetworkIdentity.Builder().setType(TYPE_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKey(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY).build();
+        final NetworkStatsCollection.Key unexpectedUidAllkey = new NetworkStatsCollection.Key(
+                Set.of(testWifiIdent), UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, 0);
+        final NetworkStatsCollection.Key unexpectedUidBluekey = new NetworkStatsCollection.Key(
+                Set.of(testWifiIdent), UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0);
+        final NetworkStatsHistory unexpectedHistory = new NetworkStatsHistory
+                .Builder(965L /* bucketDuration */, 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStatsHistory.Entry(TEST_START, 3L, 55L, 4L, 31L, 10L, 5L))
+                .build();
+
+        // Simulate the platform stats collection somehow is different from what is read from
+        // the fallback method. The service should read them as is. This usually happens when an
+        // OEM has changed the implementation of NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils inside the platform.
+        final NetworkStatsCollection summaryCollection =
+                getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_XT, false /* includeTags */);
+        summaryCollection.recordHistory(unexpectedUidAllkey, unexpectedHistory);
+        final NetworkStatsCollection uidCollection =
+                getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_UID, false /* includeTags */);
+        uidCollection.recordHistory(unexpectedUidBluekey, unexpectedHistory);
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_DEV, summaryCollection);
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_XT, summaryCollection);
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_UID, uidCollection);
+        mPlatformNetworkStatsCollection.put(PREFIX_UID_TAG,
+                getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_UID_TAG, true /* includeTags */));
+
+        // Mock zero usage and boot through serviceReady(), verify there is no imported data.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectSystemReady();
+        mService.systemReady();
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // Set the flag and reboot, verify the imported data is not there until next boot.
+        mStoreFilesInApexData = true;
+        mImportLegacyTargetAttempts = 3;
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SHUTDOWN));
+        assertStatsFilesExist(false);
+
+        // Boot through systemReady() again.
+        expectDefaultSettings();
+        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        expectSystemReady();
+        mService.systemReady();
+
+        // Verify the result read from public API matches the result returned from the importer.
+        assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 1024L + 55L, 8L + 4L, 2048L + 31L, 16L + 10L, 0 + 5);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE,
+                128L + 55L, 1L + 4L, 128L + 31L, 1L + 10L, 0 + 5);
+        assertStatsFilesExist(true);
+        verify(mImportLegacyAttemptsCounter).set(3);
+        verify(mImportLegacySuccessesCounter).set(1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShouldRunComparison() {
+        for (Boolean isDebuggable : Set.of(Boolean.TRUE, Boolean.FALSE)) {
+            mIsDebuggable = isDebuggable;
+            // Verify return false regardless of the device is debuggable.
+            doReturn(0).when(mResources)
+                    .getInteger(R.integer.config_netstats_validate_import);
+            assertShouldRunComparison(false, isDebuggable);
+            // Verify return true regardless of the device is debuggable.
+            doReturn(1).when(mResources)
+                    .getInteger(R.integer.config_netstats_validate_import);
+            assertShouldRunComparison(true, isDebuggable);
+            // Verify return true iff the device is debuggable.
+            for (int testValue : Set.of(-1, 2)) {
+                doReturn(testValue).when(mResources)
+                        .getInteger(R.integer.config_netstats_validate_import);
+                assertShouldRunComparison(isDebuggable, isDebuggable);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertShouldRunComparison(boolean expected, boolean isDebuggable) {
+        assertEquals("shouldRunComparison (debuggable=" + isDebuggable + "): ",
+                expected, mService.shouldRunComparison());
+    }
+
     private NetworkStatsRecorder makeTestRecorder(File directory, String prefix, Config config,
             boolean includeTags) {
         final NetworkStats.NonMonotonicObserver observer =
@@ -1901,7 +2035,7 @@
     }
 
     private NetworkStatsCollection getLegacyCollection(String prefix, boolean includeTags) {
-        final NetworkStatsRecorder recorder = makeTestRecorder(mLegacyStatsDir, PREFIX_DEV,
+        final NetworkStatsRecorder recorder = makeTestRecorder(mLegacyStatsDir, prefix,
                 mSettings.getDevConfig(), includeTags);
         return recorder.getOrLoadCompleteLocked();
     }
diff --git a/tools/Android.bp b/tools/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fa93bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+// Build tool used to generate jarjar rules for all classes in a jar, except those that are
+// API, UnsupportedAppUsage or otherwise excluded.
+python_binary_host {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-generator",
+    srcs: [
+        "gen_jarjar.py",
+    ],
+    main: "gen_jarjar.py",
+    version: {
+        py2: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        py3: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
+genrule_defaults {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-combine-defaults",
+    // Concat files with a line break in the middle
+    cmd: "for src in $(in); do cat $${src}; echo; done > $(out)",
+    defaults_visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-generator-testjavalib",
+    srcs: ["testdata/java/**/*.java"],
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
+// TODO(b/233723405) - Remove this workaround.
+// Temporary work around of b/233723405. Using the module_lib stub directly
+// in the test causes it to sometimes get the dex jar and sometimes get the
+// classes jar due to b/233111644. Statically including it here instead
+// ensures that it will always get the classes jar.
+java_library {
+    name: "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib-for-test",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib",
+    ],
+    // Not strictly necessary but specified as this MUST not have generate
+    // a dex jar as that will break the tests.
+    compile_dex: false,
+}
+
+python_test_host {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-generator-test",
+    srcs: [
+        "gen_jarjar.py",
+        "gen_jarjar_test.py",
+    ],
+    data: [
+        "testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt",
+        "testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt",
+        ":framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib-for-test",
+        ":jarjar-rules-generator-testjavalib",
+    ],
+    main: "gen_jarjar_test.py",
+    version: {
+        py2: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        py3: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/tools/gen_jarjar.py b/tools/gen_jarjar.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4c2cf54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/gen_jarjar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+""" This script generates jarjar rule files to add a jarjar prefix to all classes, except those
+that are API, unsupported API or otherwise excluded."""
+
+import argparse
+import io
+import re
+import subprocess
+from xml import sax
+from xml.sax.handler import ContentHandler
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+
+def parse_arguments(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--jars', nargs='+',
+        help='Path to pre-jarjar JAR. Can be followed by multiple space-separated paths.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--prefix', required=True,
+        help='Package prefix to use for jarjared classes, '
+             'for example "com.android.connectivity" (does not end with a dot).')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--output', required=True, help='Path to output jarjar rules file.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--apistubs', nargs='*', default=[],
+        help='Path to API stubs jar. Classes that are API will not be jarjared. Can be followed by '
+             'multiple space-separated paths.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--unsupportedapi', nargs='*', default=[],
+        help='Path to UnsupportedAppUsage hidden API .txt lists. '
+             'Classes that have UnsupportedAppUsage API will not be jarjared. Can be followed by '
+             'multiple space-separated paths.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--excludes', nargs='*', default=[],
+        help='Path to files listing classes that should not be jarjared. Can be followed by '
+             'multiple space-separated paths. '
+             'Each file should contain one full-match regex per line. Empty lines or lines '
+             'starting with "#" are ignored.')
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def _list_toplevel_jar_classes(jar):
+    """List all classes in a .class .jar file that are not inner classes."""
+    return {_get_toplevel_class(c) for c in _list_jar_classes(jar)}
+
+def _list_jar_classes(jar):
+    with ZipFile(jar, 'r') as zip:
+        files = zip.namelist()
+        assert 'classes.dex' not in files, f'Jar file {jar} is dexed, ' \
+                                           'expected an intermediate zip of .class files'
+        class_len = len('.class')
+        return [f.replace('/', '.')[:-class_len] for f in files
+                if f.endswith('.class') and not f.endswith('/package-info.class')]
+
+
+def _list_hiddenapi_classes(txt_file):
+    out = set()
+    with open(txt_file, 'r') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            if not line.strip():
+                continue
+            assert line.startswith('L') and ';' in line, f'Class name not recognized: {line}'
+            clazz = line.replace('/', '.').split(';')[0][1:]
+            out.add(_get_toplevel_class(clazz))
+    return out
+
+
+def _get_toplevel_class(clazz):
+    """Return the name of the toplevel (not an inner class) enclosing class of the given class."""
+    if '$' not in clazz:
+        return clazz
+    return clazz.split('$')[0]
+
+
+def _get_excludes(path):
+    out = []
+    with open(path, 'r') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            stripped = line.strip()
+            if not stripped or stripped.startswith('#'):
+                continue
+            out.append(re.compile(stripped))
+    return out
+
+
+def make_jarjar_rules(args):
+    excluded_classes = set()
+    for apistubs_file in args.apistubs:
+        excluded_classes.update(_list_toplevel_jar_classes(apistubs_file))
+
+    for unsupportedapi_file in args.unsupportedapi:
+        excluded_classes.update(_list_hiddenapi_classes(unsupportedapi_file))
+
+    exclude_regexes = []
+    for exclude_file in args.excludes:
+        exclude_regexes.extend(_get_excludes(exclude_file))
+
+    with open(args.output, 'w') as outfile:
+        for jar in args.jars:
+            jar_classes = _list_jar_classes(jar)
+            jar_classes.sort()
+            for clazz in jar_classes:
+                if (_get_toplevel_class(clazz) not in excluded_classes and
+                        not any(r.fullmatch(clazz) for r in exclude_regexes)):
+                    outfile.write(f'rule {clazz} {args.prefix}.@0\n')
+                    # Also include jarjar rules for unit tests of the class, so the package matches
+                    outfile.write(f'rule {clazz}Test {args.prefix}.@0\n')
+                    outfile.write(f'rule {clazz}Test$* {args.prefix}.@0\n')
+
+
+def _main():
+    # Pass in None to use argv
+    args = parse_arguments(None)
+    make_jarjar_rules(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _main()
diff --git a/tools/gen_jarjar_test.py b/tools/gen_jarjar_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d8e82b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/gen_jarjar_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#  Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+import gen_jarjar
+import unittest
+
+
+class TestGenJarjar(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_gen_rules(self):
+        args = gen_jarjar.parse_arguments([
+            "--jars", "jarjar-rules-generator-testjavalib.jar",
+            "--prefix", "jarjar.prefix",
+            "--output", "test-output-rules.txt",
+            "--apistubs", "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib.jar",
+            "--unsupportedapi", "testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt",
+            "--excludes", "testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt",
+        ])
+        gen_jarjar.make_jarjar_rules(args)
+
+        with open(args.output) as out:
+            lines = out.readlines()
+
+        self.assertListEqual([
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClassTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClassTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClass jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClassTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClassTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n'], lines)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # Need verbosity=2 for the test results parser to find results
+    unittest.main(verbosity=2)
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java b/tools/testdata/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdca377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+/**
+ * Test class with a name matching a public API.
+ */
+public class LinkProperties {
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/test/jarjarexcluded/JarjarExcludedClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/test/jarjarexcluded/JarjarExcludedClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e3bee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/test/jarjarexcluded/JarjarExcludedClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test.jarjarexcluded;
+
+/**
+ * Test class that is excluded from jarjar.
+ */
+public class JarjarExcludedClass {
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d32296
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test.unsupportedappusage;
+
+public class TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass {
+    public void testMethod() {}
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/test/utils/TestUtilClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/test/utils/TestUtilClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2162e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/test/utils/TestUtilClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test.utils;
+
+/**
+ * Sample class to test jarjar rules.
+ */
+public class TestUtilClass {
+    public static class TestInnerClass {}
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt b/tools/testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35d97a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Test file for excluded classes
+test\.jarj.rexcluded\.JarjarExcludedCla.s
+test\.jarjarexcluded\.JarjarExcludedClass\$TestInnerCl.ss
diff --git a/tools/testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt b/tools/testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..331eff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Ltest/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass;->testMethod()V
\ No newline at end of file