diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java
index e466d2e..813fde1 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkState.java
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.P, trackingBug = 115609023)
     public final Network network;
     public final String subscriberId;
-    public final String networkId;
     public final int legacyNetworkType;
 
     private NetworkState() {
@@ -50,35 +49,33 @@
         networkCapabilities = null;
         network = null;
         subscriberId = null;
-        networkId = null;
         legacyNetworkType = 0;
     }
 
     public NetworkState(int legacyNetworkType, @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, @NonNull Network network,
-            @Nullable String subscriberId, @Nullable String networkId) {
+            @Nullable String subscriberId) {
         this(legacyNetworkType, new NetworkInfo(legacyNetworkType, 0, null, null), linkProperties,
-                networkCapabilities, network, subscriberId, networkId);
+                networkCapabilities, network, subscriberId);
     }
 
     // Constructor that used internally in ConnectivityService mainline module.
     public NetworkState(@NonNull NetworkInfo networkInfo, @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, @NonNull Network network,
-            String subscriberId, String networkId) {
+            @Nullable String subscriberId) {
         this(networkInfo.getType(), networkInfo, linkProperties,
-                networkCapabilities, network, subscriberId, networkId);
+                networkCapabilities, network, subscriberId);
     }
 
     public NetworkState(int legacyNetworkType, @NonNull NetworkInfo networkInfo,
             @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, @NonNull Network network,
-            String subscriberId, String networkId) {
+            @Nullable String subscriberId) {
         this.networkInfo = networkInfo;
         this.linkProperties = linkProperties;
         this.networkCapabilities = networkCapabilities;
         this.network = network;
         this.subscriberId = subscriberId;
-        this.networkId = networkId;
         this.legacyNetworkType = legacyNetworkType;
 
         // This object is an atomic view of a network, so the various components
@@ -99,7 +96,6 @@
         networkCapabilities = in.readParcelable(null);
         network = in.readParcelable(null);
         subscriberId = in.readString();
-        networkId = in.readString();
         legacyNetworkType = in.readInt();
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +111,6 @@
         out.writeParcelable(networkCapabilities, flags);
         out.writeParcelable(network, flags);
         out.writeString(subscriberId);
-        out.writeString(networkId);
         out.writeInt(legacyNetworkType);
     }
 
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java b/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java
index b172ccc..f0e7da7 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/UidRange.java
@@ -42,10 +42,6 @@
         stop  = stopUid;
     }
 
-    public static UidRange createForUser(int userId) {
-        return new UidRange(userId * PER_USER_RANGE, (userId + 1) * PER_USER_RANGE - 1);
-    }
-
     /** Creates a UidRange for the specified user. */
     public static UidRange createForUser(UserHandle user) {
         final UserHandle nextUser = UserHandle.of(user.getIdentifier() + 1);
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/CaptivePortalData.java b/framework/src/android/net/CaptivePortalData.java
index f4b46e9..eafda4d 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/CaptivePortalData.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/CaptivePortalData.java
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
     private final boolean mCaptive;
     private final String mVenueFriendlyName;
     private final int mVenueInfoUrlSource;
-    private final int mTermsAndConditionsSource;
+    private final int mUserPortalUrlSource;
 
     /** @hide */
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 
     private CaptivePortalData(long refreshTimeMillis, Uri userPortalUrl, Uri venueInfoUrl,
             boolean isSessionExtendable, long byteLimit, long expiryTimeMillis, boolean captive,
-            String venueFriendlyName, int venueInfoUrlSource, int termsAndConditionsSource) {
+            String venueFriendlyName, int venueInfoUrlSource, int userPortalUrlSource) {
         mRefreshTimeMillis = refreshTimeMillis;
         mUserPortalUrl = userPortalUrl;
         mVenueInfoUrl = venueInfoUrl;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
         mCaptive = captive;
         mVenueFriendlyName = venueFriendlyName;
         mVenueInfoUrlSource = venueInfoUrlSource;
-        mTermsAndConditionsSource = termsAndConditionsSource;
+        mUserPortalUrlSource = userPortalUrlSource;
     }
 
     private CaptivePortalData(Parcel p) {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         dest.writeBoolean(mCaptive);
         dest.writeString(mVenueFriendlyName);
         dest.writeInt(mVenueInfoUrlSource);
-        dest.writeInt(mTermsAndConditionsSource);
+        dest.writeInt(mUserPortalUrlSource);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
         public Builder(@Nullable CaptivePortalData data) {
             if (data == null) return;
             setRefreshTime(data.mRefreshTimeMillis)
-                    .setUserPortalUrl(data.mUserPortalUrl, data.mTermsAndConditionsSource)
+                    .setUserPortalUrl(data.mUserPortalUrl, data.mUserPortalUrlSource)
                     .setVenueInfoUrl(data.mVenueInfoUrl, data.mVenueInfoUrlSource)
                     .setSessionExtendable(data.mIsSessionExtendable)
                     .setBytesRemaining(data.mByteLimit)
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
      * @return The source that the user portal URL was obtained from
      */
     public @CaptivePortalDataSource int getUserPortalUrlSource() {
-        return mTermsAndConditionsSource;
+        return mUserPortalUrlSource;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@
     public int hashCode() {
         return Objects.hash(mRefreshTimeMillis, mUserPortalUrl, mVenueInfoUrl,
                 mIsSessionExtendable, mByteLimit, mExpiryTimeMillis, mCaptive, mVenueFriendlyName,
-                mVenueInfoUrlSource, mTermsAndConditionsSource);
+                mVenueInfoUrlSource, mUserPortalUrlSource);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@
                 && mCaptive == other.mCaptive
                 && Objects.equals(mVenueFriendlyName, other.mVenueFriendlyName)
                 && mVenueInfoUrlSource == other.mVenueInfoUrlSource
-                && mTermsAndConditionsSource == other.mTermsAndConditionsSource;
+                && mUserPortalUrlSource == other.mUserPortalUrlSource;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@
                 + ", captive: " + mCaptive
                 + ", venueFriendlyName: " + mVenueFriendlyName
                 + ", venueInfoUrlSource: " + mVenueInfoUrlSource
-                + ", termsAndConditionsSource: " + mTermsAndConditionsSource
+                + ", userPortalUrlSource: " + mUserPortalUrlSource
                 + "}";
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index ace3a5c..6273f4b 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -1067,58 +1067,6 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Calls VpnManager#isAlwaysOnVpnPackageSupportedForUser.
-     * @deprecated TODO: remove when callers have migrated to VpnManager.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public boolean isAlwaysOnVpnPackageSupportedForUser(int userId, @Nullable String vpnPackage) {
-        return getVpnManager().isAlwaysOnVpnPackageSupportedForUser(userId, vpnPackage);
-    }
-
-    /**
-    * Calls VpnManager#setAlwaysOnVpnPackageForUser.
-     * @deprecated TODO: remove when callers have migrated to VpnManager.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public boolean setAlwaysOnVpnPackageForUser(int userId, @Nullable String vpnPackage,
-            boolean lockdownEnabled, @Nullable List<String> lockdownAllowlist) {
-        return getVpnManager().setAlwaysOnVpnPackageForUser(userId, vpnPackage, lockdownEnabled,
-                lockdownAllowlist);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Calls VpnManager#getAlwaysOnVpnPackageForUser.
-     * @deprecated TODO: remove when callers have migrated to VpnManager.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public String getAlwaysOnVpnPackageForUser(int userId) {
-        return getVpnManager().getAlwaysOnVpnPackageForUser(userId);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Calls VpnManager#isVpnLockdownEnabled.
-     * @deprecated TODO: remove when callers have migrated to VpnManager.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public boolean isVpnLockdownEnabled(int userId) {
-        return getVpnManager().isVpnLockdownEnabled(userId);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Calls VpnManager#getVpnLockdownAllowlist.
-     * @deprecated TODO: remove when callers have migrated to VpnManager.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public List<String> getVpnLockdownAllowlist(int userId) {
-        return getVpnManager().getVpnLockdownAllowlist(userId);
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Adds or removes a requirement for given UID ranges to use the VPN.
      *
      * If set to {@code true}, informs the system that the UIDs in the specified ranges must not
@@ -3153,16 +3101,6 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Calls VpnManager#updateLockdownVpn.
-     * @deprecated TODO: remove when callers have migrated to VpnManager.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public boolean updateLockdownVpn() {
-        return getVpnManager().updateLockdownVpn();
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Set sign in error notification to visible or invisible
      *
      * @hide
@@ -4523,8 +4461,6 @@
         try {
             mService.factoryReset();
             mTetheringManager.stopAllTethering();
-            // TODO: Migrate callers to VpnManager#factoryReset.
-            getVpnManager().factoryReset();
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -4818,15 +4754,6 @@
         return new TestNetworkManager(ITestNetworkManager.Stub.asInterface(tnBinder));
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Temporary hack to shim calls from ConnectivityManager to VpnManager. We cannot store a
-     * private final mVpnManager because ConnectivityManager is initialized before VpnManager.
-     * @hide TODO: remove.
-     */
-    public VpnManager getVpnManager() {
-        return mContext.getSystemService(VpnManager.class);
-    }
-
     /** @hide */
     public ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager createDiagnosticsManager() {
         return new ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager(mContext, mService);
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java b/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java
index bcb65fa..d2ee7d1 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/IpPrefix.java
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetUtils;
+
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "IpPrefix has " + address.length + " bytes which is neither 4 nor 16");
         }
-        NetworkUtils.maskRawAddress(address, prefixLength);
+        NetUtils.maskRawAddress(address, prefixLength);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -190,7 +192,7 @@
         if (addrBytes == null || addrBytes.length != this.address.length) {
             return false;
         }
-        NetworkUtils.maskRawAddress(addrBytes, prefixLength);
+        NetUtils.maskRawAddress(addrBytes, prefixLength);
         return Arrays.equals(this.address, addrBytes);
     }
 
@@ -204,7 +206,7 @@
     public boolean containsPrefix(@NonNull IpPrefix otherPrefix) {
         if (otherPrefix.getPrefixLength() < prefixLength) return false;
         final byte[] otherAddress = otherPrefix.getRawAddress();
-        NetworkUtils.maskRawAddress(otherAddress, prefixLength);
+        NetUtils.maskRawAddress(otherAddress, prefixLength);
         return Arrays.equals(otherAddress, address);
     }
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
index 4e3085f..b4a651c 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,22 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
@@ -30,6 +46,8 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 
@@ -154,8 +172,30 @@
      * needed in terms of {@link NetworkCapabilities} features
      */
     public static class Builder {
+        /**
+         * Capabilities that are currently compatible with VCN networks.
+         */
+        private static final List<Integer> VCN_SUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES = Arrays.asList(
+                NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_DUN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED,
+                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+
         private final NetworkCapabilities mNetworkCapabilities;
 
+        // A boolean that represents the user modified NOT_VCN_MANAGED capability.
+        private boolean mModifiedNotVcnManaged = false;
+
         /**
          * Default constructor for Builder.
          */
@@ -177,6 +217,7 @@
             // maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted() doesn't add back.
             final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
             nc.maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted();
+            deduceNotVcnManagedCapability(nc);
             return new NetworkRequest(nc, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE,
                     ConnectivityManager.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, Type.NONE);
         }
@@ -193,6 +234,9 @@
          */
         public Builder addCapability(@NetworkCapabilities.NetCapability int capability) {
             mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(capability);
+            if (capability == NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED) {
+                mModifiedNotVcnManaged = true;
+            }
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -204,6 +248,9 @@
          */
         public Builder removeCapability(@NetworkCapabilities.NetCapability int capability) {
             mNetworkCapabilities.removeCapability(capability);
+            if (capability == NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED) {
+                mModifiedNotVcnManaged = true;
+            }
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -261,6 +308,9 @@
         @NonNull
         public Builder clearCapabilities() {
             mNetworkCapabilities.clearAll();
+            // If the caller explicitly clear all capabilities, the NOT_VCN_MANAGED capabilities
+            // should not be add back later.
+            mModifiedNotVcnManaged = true;
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -380,6 +430,25 @@
             mNetworkCapabilities.setSignalStrength(signalStrength);
             return this;
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Deduce the NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED capability from other capabilities
+         * and user intention, which includes:
+         *   1. For the requests that don't have anything besides
+         *      {@link #VCN_SUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES}, add the NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED to
+         *      allow the callers automatically utilize VCN networks if available.
+         *   2. For the requests that explicitly add or remove NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED,
+         *      do not alter them to allow user fire request that suits their need.
+         *
+         * @hide
+         */
+        private void deduceNotVcnManagedCapability(final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+            if (mModifiedNotVcnManaged) return;
+            for (final int cap : nc.getCapabilities()) {
+                if (!VCN_SUPPORTED_CAPABILITIES.contains(cap)) return;
+            }
+            nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        }
     }
 
     // implement the Parcelable interface
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
index 8be4af7..9ccb04a 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.SocketException;
-import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.TreeSet;
 
@@ -232,46 +231,6 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     *  Masks a raw IP address byte array with the specified prefix length.
-     */
-    public static void maskRawAddress(byte[] array, int prefixLength) {
-        if (prefixLength < 0 || prefixLength > array.length * 8) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("IP address with " + array.length +
-                    " bytes has invalid prefix length " + prefixLength);
-        }
-
-        int offset = prefixLength / 8;
-        int remainder = prefixLength % 8;
-        byte mask = (byte)(0xFF << (8 - remainder));
-
-        if (offset < array.length) array[offset] = (byte)(array[offset] & mask);
-
-        offset++;
-
-        for (; offset < array.length; offset++) {
-            array[offset] = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get InetAddress masked with prefixLength.  Will never return null.
-     * @param address the IP address to mask with
-     * @param prefixLength the prefixLength used to mask the IP
-     */
-    public static InetAddress getNetworkPart(InetAddress address, int prefixLength) {
-        byte[] array = address.getAddress();
-        maskRawAddress(array, prefixLength);
-
-        InetAddress netPart = null;
-        try {
-            netPart = InetAddress.getByAddress(array);
-        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("getNetworkPart error - " + e.toString());
-        }
-        return netPart;
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Returns the implicit netmask of an IPv4 address, as was the custom before 1993.
      */
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index f54551e..542d527 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE;
@@ -91,7 +92,6 @@
 import android.net.IDnsResolver;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.INetworkActivityListener;
-import android.net.INetworkManagementEventObserver;
 import android.net.INetworkMonitor;
 import android.net.INetworkMonitorCallbacks;
 import android.net.INetworkPolicyListener;
@@ -188,14 +188,17 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.app.IBatteryStats;
 import com.android.internal.logging.MetricsLogger;
-import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.AsyncChannel;
+import com.android.internal.util.BitUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.internal.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
 import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
 import com.android.modules.utils.BasicShellCommandHandler;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareOrUpdateResult;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareResult;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
 import com.android.server.am.BatteryStatsService;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.AutodestructReference;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.DataConnectionStats;
@@ -212,7 +215,6 @@
 import com.android.server.connectivity.PermissionMonitor;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.QosCallbackTracker;
-import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerInternal;
 import com.android.server.utils.PriorityDump;
 
@@ -330,6 +332,7 @@
     private INetworkStatsService mStatsService;
     private NetworkPolicyManager mPolicyManager;
     private NetworkPolicyManagerInternal mPolicyManagerInternal;
+    private final NetdCallback mNetdCallback;
 
     /**
      * TestNetworkService (lazily) created upon first usage. Locked to prevent creation of multiple
@@ -1202,6 +1205,13 @@
 
         mNetworkActivityTracker = new LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(mContext, mHandler, mNMS, mNetd);
 
+        mNetdCallback = new NetdCallback();
+        try {
+            mNetd.registerUnsolicitedEventListener(mNetdCallback);
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            loge("Error registering event listener :" + e);
+        }
+
         mSettingsObserver = new SettingsObserver(mContext, mHandler);
         registerSettingsCallbacks();
 
@@ -1239,6 +1249,7 @@
     private static NetworkCapabilities createDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(int uid) {
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
         netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
         netCap.setSingleUid(uid);
         return netCap;
@@ -1253,6 +1264,7 @@
             int transportType, NetworkRequest.Type type) {
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
         netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         netCap.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(Process.myUid(), mContext.getPackageName());
         if (transportType > TYPE_NONE) {
             netCap.addTransportType(transportType);
@@ -1510,7 +1522,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public Network getActiveNetworkForUid(int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
-        NetworkStack.checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         return getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(uid, ignoreBlocked);
     }
 
@@ -1533,7 +1545,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfoForUid(int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
-        NetworkStack.checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         final NetworkState state = getUnfilteredActiveNetworkState(uid);
         filterNetworkStateForUid(state, uid, ignoreBlocked);
         return state.networkInfo;
@@ -1877,7 +1889,7 @@
     @Override
     public NetworkState[] getAllNetworkState() {
         // This contains IMSI details, so make sure the caller is privileged.
-        NetworkStack.checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
 
         final ArrayList<NetworkState> result = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Network network : getAllNetworks()) {
@@ -2301,7 +2313,7 @@
 
     // Public because it's used by mLockdownTracker.
     public void sendConnectedBroadcast(NetworkInfo info) {
-        NetworkStack.checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         sendGeneralBroadcast(info, CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
     }
 
@@ -2565,13 +2577,13 @@
         if (!checkDumpPermission(mContext, TAG, pw)) return;
         if (asProto) return;
 
-        if (ArrayUtils.contains(args, DIAG_ARG)) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DIAG_ARG)) {
             dumpNetworkDiagnostics(pw);
             return;
-        } else if (ArrayUtils.contains(args, NETWORK_ARG)) {
+        } else if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, NETWORK_ARG)) {
             dumpNetworks(pw);
             return;
-        } else if (ArrayUtils.contains(args, REQUEST_ARG)) {
+        } else if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, REQUEST_ARG)) {
             dumpNetworkRequests(pw);
             return;
         }
@@ -2642,7 +2654,7 @@
 
         pw.println();
 
-        if (ArrayUtils.contains(args, SHORT_ARG) == false) {
+        if (!CollectionUtils.contains(args, SHORT_ARG)) {
             pw.println();
             pw.println("mNetworkRequestInfoLogs (most recent first):");
             pw.increaseIndent();
@@ -4684,7 +4696,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void setGlobalProxy(final ProxyInfo proxyProperties) {
-        NetworkStack.checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         mProxyTracker.setGlobalProxy(proxyProperties);
     }
 
@@ -4809,7 +4821,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(underlyingNetworks)) return null;
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(underlyingNetworks)) return null;
 
         List<String> interfaces = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Network network : underlyingNetworks) {
@@ -4853,7 +4865,7 @@
         if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) return false;
         final Network[] underlying = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
                 nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid(), nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks);
-        return ArrayUtils.contains(underlying, network);
+        return CollectionUtils.contains(underlying, network);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4886,7 +4898,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void setRequireVpnForUids(boolean requireVpn, UidRange[] ranges) {
-        NetworkStack.checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_REQUIRE_VPN_FOR_UIDS,
                 encodeBool(requireVpn), 0 /* arg2 */, ranges));
     }
@@ -5317,8 +5329,7 @@
                 }
             }
         }
-        // TODO: use NetworkStackUtils.convertToIntArray after moving it
-        return ArrayUtils.convertToIntArray(new ArrayList<>(thresholds));
+        return CollectionUtils.toIntArray(new ArrayList<>(thresholds));
     }
 
     private void updateSignalStrengthThresholds(
@@ -6437,7 +6448,7 @@
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities agentCaps, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
         underlyingNetworks = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
                 agentCaps.getOwnerUid(), underlyingNetworks);
-        int[] transportTypes = agentCaps.getTransportTypes();
+        long transportTypes = BitUtils.packBits(agentCaps.getTransportTypes());
         int downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
         int upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
         // metered if any underlying is metered, or originally declared metered by the agent.
@@ -6456,7 +6467,7 @@
                 final NetworkCapabilities underlyingCaps = underlying.networkCapabilities;
                 hadUnderlyingNetworks = true;
                 for (int underlyingType : underlyingCaps.getTransportTypes()) {
-                    transportTypes = ArrayUtils.appendInt(transportTypes, underlyingType);
+                    transportTypes |= 1L << underlyingType;
                 }
 
                 // Merge capabilities of this underlying network. For bandwidth, assume the
@@ -6487,7 +6498,7 @@
             suspended = false;
         }
 
-        newNc.setTransportTypes(transportTypes);
+        newNc.setTransportTypes(BitUtils.unpackBits(transportTypes));
         newNc.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(downKbps);
         newNc.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(upKbps);
         newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !metered);
@@ -8552,14 +8563,14 @@
         for (NetworkAgentInfo virtual : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
             if (virtual.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()
                     && virtual.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() == callbackUid
-                    && ArrayUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.network)) {
+                    && CollectionUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.network)) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
 
         // Administrator UIDs also contains the Owner UID
         final int[] administratorUids = nai.networkCapabilities.getAdministratorUids();
-        return ArrayUtils.contains(administratorUids, callbackUid);
+        return CollectionUtils.contains(administratorUids, callbackUid);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -8648,6 +8659,14 @@
         notifyDataStallSuspected(p, network.getNetId());
     }
 
+    private class NetdCallback extends BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+        @Override
+        public void onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(boolean isActive, int timerLabel,
+                long timestampNs, int uid) {
+            mNetworkActivityTracker.setAndReportNetworkActive(isActive, timerLabel, timestampNs);
+        }
+    }
+
     private final LegacyNetworkActivityTracker mNetworkActivityTracker;
 
     /**
@@ -8658,7 +8677,6 @@
         private static final int NO_UID = -1;
         private final Context mContext;
         private final INetd mNetd;
-        private final INetworkManagementService mNMS;
         private final RemoteCallbackList<INetworkActivityListener> mNetworkActivityListeners =
                 new RemoteCallbackList<>();
         // Indicate the current system default network activity is active or not.
@@ -8681,41 +8699,27 @@
         LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Handler handler,
                 @NonNull INetworkManagementService nms, @NonNull INetd netd) {
             mContext = context;
-            mNMS = nms;
             mNetd = netd;
             mHandler = handler;
-            try {
-                mNMS.registerObserver(mDataActivityObserver);
-            } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                loge("Error registering observer :" + e);
-            }
         }
 
-        // TODO: Migrate away the dependency with INetworkManagementEventObserver.
-        private final INetworkManagementEventObserver mDataActivityObserver =
-                new BaseNetworkObserver() {
-                    @Override
-                    public void interfaceClassDataActivityChanged(int transportType, boolean active,
-                            long tsNanos, int uid) {
-                        sendDataActivityBroadcast(transportTypeToLegacyType(transportType), active,
-                                tsNanos);
-                        synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
-                            mNetworkActive = active;
-                            // If there are no idle timers, it means that system is not monitoring
-                            // activity, so the system default network for those default network
-                            // unspecified apps is always considered active.
-                            //
-                            // TODO: If the mActiveIdleTimers is empty, netd will actually not send
-                            // any network activity change event. Whenever this event is received,
-                            // the mActiveIdleTimers should be always not empty. The legacy behavior
-                            // is no-op. Remove to refer to mNetworkActive only.
-                            if (mNetworkActive || mActiveIdleTimers.isEmpty()) {
-                                mHandler.sendMessage(
-                                        mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_ACTIVITY));
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
+        public void setAndReportNetworkActive(boolean active, int transportType, long tsNanos) {
+            sendDataActivityBroadcast(transportTypeToLegacyType(transportType), active, tsNanos);
+            synchronized (mActiveIdleTimers) {
+                mNetworkActive = active;
+                // If there are no idle timers, it means that system is not monitoring
+                // activity, so the system default network for those default network
+                // unspecified apps is always considered active.
+                //
+                // TODO: If the mActiveIdleTimers is empty, netd will actually not send
+                // any network activity change event. Whenever this event is received,
+                // the mActiveIdleTimers should be always not empty. The legacy behavior
+                // is no-op. Remove to refer to mNetworkActive only.
+                if (mNetworkActive || mActiveIdleTimers.isEmpty()) {
+                    mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_ACTIVITY));
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         // The network activity should only be updated from ConnectivityService handler thread
         // when mActiveIdleTimers lock is held.
@@ -9033,7 +9037,8 @@
 
     private void updateDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreference(
             @NonNull final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> nris) {
-        handleRemoveNetworkRequests(mDefaultNetworkRequests);
+        // Pass in a defensive copy as this collection will be updated on remove.
+        handleRemoveNetworkRequests(new ArraySet<>(mDefaultNetworkRequests));
         addPerAppDefaultNetworkRequests(nris);
     }
 
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
index 46c49e7..641287f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.contains;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.IDnsResolver;
@@ -33,7 +35,6 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
 import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
 
@@ -117,8 +118,8 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected static boolean requiresClat(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         // TODO: migrate to NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_*.
-        final boolean supported = ArrayUtils.contains(NETWORK_TYPES, nai.networkInfo.getType());
-        final boolean connected = ArrayUtils.contains(NETWORK_STATES, nai.networkInfo.getState());
+        final boolean supported = contains(NETWORK_TYPES, nai.networkInfo.getType());
+        final boolean connected = contains(NETWORK_STATES, nai.networkInfo.getState());
 
         // Only run clat on networks that have a global IPv6 address and don't have a native IPv4
         // address.
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index c05e253..4cf5274 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@
                     ? networkAgentConfig.subscriberId : null;
             return new NetworkState(new NetworkInfo(networkInfo),
                     new LinkProperties(linkProperties),
-                    new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities), network, subscriberId, null);
+                    new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities), network, subscriberId);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index 8bf1886..9411e33 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 import static android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.toIntArray;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
@@ -40,23 +42,21 @@
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
-import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.server.LocalServices;
-import com.android.server.SystemConfig;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@
 
     private final PackageManager mPackageManager;
     private final UserManager mUserManager;
+    private final SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
     private final INetd mNetd;
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
 
@@ -123,6 +124,7 @@
             @NonNull final Dependencies deps) {
         mPackageManager = context.getPackageManager();
         mUserManager = (UserManager) context.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
+        mSystemConfigManager = context.getSystemService(SystemConfigManager.class);
         mNetd = netd;
         mDeps = deps;
     }
@@ -174,20 +176,18 @@
 
         mUsers.addAll(mUserManager.getUserHandles(true /* excludeDying */));
 
-        final SparseArray<ArraySet<String>> systemPermission =
-                SystemConfig.getInstance().getSystemPermissions();
-        for (int i = 0; i < systemPermission.size(); i++) {
-            ArraySet<String> perms = systemPermission.valueAt(i);
-            int uid = systemPermission.keyAt(i);
-            int netdPermission = 0;
-            // Get the uids of native services that have UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS or INTERNET permission.
-            if (perms != null) {
-                netdPermission |= perms.contains(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS)
-                        ? INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS : 0;
-                netdPermission |= perms.contains(INTERNET)
-                        ? INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET : 0;
+        final SparseArray<String> netdPermToSystemPerm = new SparseArray<>();
+        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, INTERNET);
+        netdPermToSystemPerm.put(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        for (int i = 0; i < netdPermToSystemPerm.size(); i++) {
+            final int netdPermission = netdPermToSystemPerm.keyAt(i);
+            final String systemPermission = netdPermToSystemPerm.valueAt(i);
+            final int[] hasPermissionUids =
+                    mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(systemPermission);
+            for (int j = 0; j < hasPermissionUids.length; j++) {
+                final int uid = hasPermissionUids[j];
+                netdPermsUids.put(uid, netdPermsUids.get(uid) | netdPermission);
             }
-            netdPermsUids.put(uid, netdPermsUids.get(uid) | netdPermission);
         }
         log("Users: " + mUsers.size() + ", Apps: " + mApps.size());
         update(mUsers, mApps, true);
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
         if (app.requestedPermissions == null || app.requestedPermissionsFlags == null) {
             return false;
         }
-        final int index = ArrayUtils.indexOf(app.requestedPermissions, permission);
+        final int index = CollectionUtils.indexOf(app.requestedPermissions, permission);
         if (index < 0 || index >= app.requestedPermissionsFlags.length) return false;
         return (app.requestedPermissionsFlags[index] & REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED) != 0;
     }
@@ -246,15 +246,6 @@
         return mApps.containsKey(uid);
     }
 
-    private int[] toIntArray(Collection<Integer> list) {
-        int[] array = new int[list.size()];
-        int i = 0;
-        for (Integer item : list) {
-            array[i++] = item;
-        }
-        return array;
-    }
-
     private void update(Set<UserHandle> users, Map<Integer, Boolean> apps, boolean add) {
         List<Integer> network = new ArrayList<>();
         List<Integer> system = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -662,23 +653,23 @@
             if (allPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
                 mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(
                         INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
-                        ArrayUtils.convertToIntArray(allPermissionAppIds));
+                        toIntArray(allPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (internetPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
                 mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET,
-                        ArrayUtils.convertToIntArray(internetPermissionAppIds));
+                        toIntArray(internetPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (updateStatsPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
                 mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
-                        ArrayUtils.convertToIntArray(updateStatsPermissionAppIds));
+                        toIntArray(updateStatsPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (noPermissionAppIds.size() != 0) {
                 mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE,
-                        ArrayUtils.convertToIntArray(noPermissionAppIds));
+                        toIntArray(noPermissionAppIds));
             }
             if (uninstalledAppIds.size() != 0) {
                 mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED,
-                        ArrayUtils.convertToIntArray(uninstalledAppIds));
+                        toIntArray(uninstalledAppIds));
             }
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Pass appId list of special permission failed." + e);
diff --git a/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt b/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
index 083c8c8..9ed55f0 100644
--- a/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
+++ b/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 import android.os.ConditionVariable
 import android.os.IBinder
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager
 import android.os.UserHandle
 import android.testing.TestableContext
 import android.util.Log
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString
 import org.mockito.Mock
 import org.mockito.Mockito.any
 import org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt
@@ -94,6 +96,8 @@
     private lateinit var netd: INetd
     @Mock
     private lateinit var dnsResolver: IDnsResolver
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var systemConfigManager: SystemConfigManager
     @Spy
     private var context = TestableContext(realContext)
 
@@ -151,6 +155,11 @@
         doReturn(UserHandle.ALL).`when`(asUserCtx).user
         doReturn(asUserCtx).`when`(context).createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.ALL), anyInt())
         doNothing().`when`(context).sendStickyBroadcast(any(), any())
+        doReturn(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE).`when`(context)
+                .getSystemServiceName(SystemConfigManager::class.java)
+        doReturn(systemConfigManager).`when`(context)
+                .getSystemService(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE)
+        doReturn(IntArray(0)).`when`(systemConfigManager).getSystemPermissionUids(anyString())
 
         networkStackClient = TestNetworkStackClient(realContext)
         networkStackClient.init()
diff --git a/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java b/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
index dc9e587..e1da3d0 100644
--- a/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
+++ b/tests/net/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package com.android.server;
 
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@
         final String typeName = ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(type);
         mNetworkCapabilities = (ncTemplate != null) ? ncTemplate : new NetworkCapabilities();
         mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         mNetworkCapabilities.addTransportType(transport);
         switch (transport) {
             case TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index 1f8f6f3..b39555d 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true)
             setSSID(ssid)
         }
-        return NetworkState(type, lp, caps, mock(Network::class.java), subscriberId, ssid)
+        return NetworkState(type, lp, caps, mock(Network::class.java), subscriberId)
     }
 
     private fun NetworkTemplate.assertMatches(ident: NetworkIdentity) =
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 7129c09..bb822d8 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -84,6 +84,11 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.RULE_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.RULE_REJECT_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.RULE_REJECT_METERED;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED;
 import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
@@ -233,6 +238,7 @@
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
 import android.provider.Settings;
@@ -355,6 +361,7 @@
     private static final long TIMESTAMP = 1234L;
 
     private static final int NET_ID = 110;
+    private static final int OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID = -1;
     // Set a non-zero value to verify the flow to set tcp init rwnd value.
     private static final int TEST_TCP_INIT_RWND = 60;
 
@@ -399,6 +406,8 @@
     private QosCallbackMockHelper mQosCallbackMockHelper;
     private QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
     private VpnManagerService mVpnManagerService;
+    private TestNetworkCallback mDefaultNetworkCallback;
+    private TestNetworkCallback mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback;
 
     // State variables required to emulate NetworkPolicyManagerService behaviour.
     private int mUidRules = RULE_NONE;
@@ -424,6 +433,7 @@
     @Mock EthernetManager mEthernetManager;
     @Mock NetworkPolicyManager mNetworkPolicyManager;
     @Mock KeyStore mKeyStore;
+    @Mock SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
 
     private ArgumentCaptor<ResolverParamsParcel> mResolverParamsParcelCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ResolverParamsParcel.class);
@@ -520,6 +530,7 @@
             if (Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mTelephonyManager;
             if (Context.ETHERNET_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mEthernetManager;
             if (Context.NETWORK_POLICY_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mNetworkPolicyManager;
+            if (Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE.equals(name)) return mSystemConfigManager;
             return super.getSystemService(name);
         }
 
@@ -1426,6 +1437,7 @@
         applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
         when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any()))
                 .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(anyString())).thenReturn(new int[0]);
 
         // InstrumentationTestRunner prepares a looper, but AndroidJUnitRunner does not.
         // http://b/25897652 .
@@ -1536,6 +1548,7 @@
 
     @After
     public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        unregisterDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
         setAlwaysOnNetworks(false);
         if (mCellNetworkAgent != null) {
             mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
@@ -2785,6 +2798,10 @@
 
         NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities();
         filter.addCapability(capability);
+        // Add NOT_VCN_MANAGED capability into filter unconditionally since some request will add
+        // NOT_VCN_MANAGED automatically but not for NetworkCapabilities,
+        // see {@code NetworkCapabilities#deduceNotVcnManagedCapability} for more details.
+        filter.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
         final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("testNetworkFactoryRequests");
         handlerThread.start();
         final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
@@ -4131,6 +4148,7 @@
         handlerThread.start();
         NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
         final MockNetworkFactory testFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
                 mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter, mCsHandlerThread);
@@ -6035,6 +6053,7 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
         final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
@@ -6043,6 +6062,7 @@
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
         mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(cellNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
@@ -6841,7 +6861,7 @@
         callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
                 -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
                 && caps.getUids().contains(new UidRange(uid, uid))
-                && caps.getUids().contains(UidRange.createForUser(RESTRICTED_USER))
+                && caps.getUids().contains(createUidRange(RESTRICTED_USER))
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
 
@@ -6851,7 +6871,7 @@
         callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
                 -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
                 && caps.getUids().contains(new UidRange(uid, uid))
-                && caps.getUids().contains(UidRange.createForUser(RESTRICTED_USER))
+                && caps.getUids().contains(createUidRange(RESTRICTED_USER))
                 && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
                 && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
 
@@ -7485,7 +7505,7 @@
         assertNotNull(underlying);
         mMockVpn.setVpnType(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY);
         // The legacy lockdown VPN only supports userId 0.
-        final Set<UidRange> ranges = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        final Set<UidRange> ranges = Collections.singleton(createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER));
         mMockVpn.registerAgent(ranges);
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[]{underlying});
         mMockVpn.connect(true);
@@ -7735,19 +7755,13 @@
             mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
             callbackWithCap.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
             callbackWithoutCap.expectCapabilitiesWithout(testCap, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-            // TODO: Test default network changes for NOT_VCN_MANAGED once the default request has
-            //  it.
-            if (testCap == NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED) {
-                verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
-                reset(mMockNetd);
-            }
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            reset(mMockNetd);
 
             mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
             callbackWithCap.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
             callbackWithoutCap.assertNoCallback();
-            if (testCap == NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED) {
-                verify(mMockNetd).networkClearDefault();
-            }
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkClearDefault();
 
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callbackWithCap);
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callbackWithoutCap);
@@ -8404,7 +8418,7 @@
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
         // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
-        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER));
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, VPN_UID);
 
@@ -8432,7 +8446,7 @@
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
         // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
-        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER));
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
 
@@ -8448,7 +8462,7 @@
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null, "tun0"));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
         // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
-        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER));
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
 
@@ -8463,7 +8477,7 @@
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
         // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
-        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER));
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, VPN_UID);
 
@@ -8515,7 +8529,7 @@
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
         // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
-        final UidRange vpnRange = UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER);
+        final UidRange vpnRange = createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER);
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRanges);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
@@ -8714,7 +8728,7 @@
 
     private void setupConnectionOwnerUid(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
             throws Exception {
-        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER));
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER));
         mMockVpn.setVpnType(vpnType);
         mMockVpn.establish(new LinkProperties(), vpnOwnerUid, vpnRange);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, vpnOwnerUid);
@@ -9273,7 +9287,7 @@
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
-        final UidRange vpnRange = UidRange.createForUser(PRIMARY_USER);
+        final UidRange vpnRange = createUidRange(PRIMARY_USER);
         Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRanges);
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
@@ -9453,6 +9467,10 @@
         fail("TOO_MANY_REQUESTS never thrown");
     }
 
+    private UidRange createUidRange(int userId) {
+        return UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(userId));
+    }
+
     private void mockGetApplicationInfo(@NonNull final String packageName, @NonNull final int uid)
             throws Exception {
         final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
@@ -9488,7 +9506,7 @@
     public void testOemNetworkRequestFactoryPreferenceUninitializedThrowsError()
             throws PackageManager.NameNotFoundException {
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
         assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
@@ -9505,7 +9523,7 @@
         final int expectedNumOfRequests = 3;
 
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
         final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
@@ -9534,7 +9552,7 @@
         final int expectedNumOfRequests = 2;
 
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
         final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
@@ -9560,7 +9578,7 @@
         final int expectedNumOfRequests = 1;
 
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
         final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
@@ -9583,7 +9601,7 @@
         final int expectedNumOfRequests = 1;
 
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int prefToTest =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
         final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
@@ -9611,8 +9629,8 @@
         mockGetApplicationInfo(testPackageName2, TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
 
         // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
-        final int testOemPref = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
-        final int testOemPref2 = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+        final int testOemPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final int testOemPref2 = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
         final OemNetworkPreferences pref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
                 .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, testOemPref)
                 .addNetworkPreference(testPackageName2, testOemPref2)
@@ -9636,8 +9654,8 @@
         mockGetApplicationInfo(testPackageName2, testPackageNameUid2);
 
         // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
-        final int testOemPref = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
-        final int testOemPref2 = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+        final int testOemPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final int testOemPref2 = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
         final OemNetworkPreferences pref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
                 .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, testOemPref)
                 .addNetworkPreference(testPackageName2, testOemPref2)
@@ -9671,7 +9689,7 @@
         mockGetApplicationInfo(testPackageName2, testPackageNameUid2);
 
         // Build OemNetworkPreferences object
-        final int testOemPref = OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final int testOemPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
         final OemNetworkPreferences pref = new OemNetworkPreferences.Builder()
                 .addNetworkPreference(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME, testOemPref)
                 .addNetworkPreference(testPackageName2, testOemPref)
@@ -9689,8 +9707,6 @@
     @Test
     public void testSetOemNetworkPreferenceNullListenerAndPrefParamThrowsNpe() {
         mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, true);
-        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
 
         // Act on ConnectivityService.setOemNetworkPreference()
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
@@ -9704,7 +9720,7 @@
             throws Exception {
         mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, false);
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
 
         // Act on ConnectivityService.setOemNetworkPreference()
         assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
@@ -9789,6 +9805,54 @@
             assertEquals(expectedPerAppNetwork, defaultNetwork);
             assertEquals(expectedOemRequestsSize, defaultRequest.mRequests.size());
         }
+        verifyMultipleDefaultCallbacks(expectedDefaultNetwork, expectedPerAppNetwork);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify default callbacks for 'available' fire as expected. This will only run if
+     * registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks() was executed prior and will only be different if the
+     * setOemNetworkPreference() per-app API was used for the current process.
+     * @param expectedSystemDefault the expected network for the system default.
+     * @param expectedPerAppDefault the expected network for the current process's default.
+     */
+    private void verifyMultipleDefaultCallbacks(
+            @NonNull final Network expectedSystemDefault,
+            @NonNull final Network expectedPerAppDefault) {
+        if (null != mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback && null != expectedSystemDefault
+                && mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network() != expectedSystemDefault) {
+            // getLastAvailableNetwork() is used as this method can be called successively with
+            // the same network to validate therefore expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks
+            // can't be used.
+            assertEquals(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
+                    expectedSystemDefault);
+        }
+        if (null != mDefaultNetworkCallback && null != expectedPerAppDefault
+                && mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network() != expectedPerAppDefault) {
+            assertEquals(mDefaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
+                    expectedPerAppDefault);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks() {
+        // Using Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS for registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback()
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback,
+                new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
+
+    private void unregisterDefaultNetworkCallbacks() {
+        if (null != mDefaultNetworkCallback) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        }
+        if (null != mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback) {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback);
+        }
     }
 
     private void setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(
@@ -9870,8 +9934,9 @@
     @Test
     public void testMultiDefaultGetActiveNetworkIsCorrect() throws Exception {
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
         final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
 
         // Setup the test process to use networkPref for their default network.
         setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
@@ -9886,13 +9951,15 @@
 
         // Verify that the active network is correct
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testMultiDefaultIsActiveNetworkMeteredIsCorrect() throws Exception {
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
         final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
 
         // Setup the test process to use networkPref for their default network.
         setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
@@ -9913,12 +9980,13 @@
                 mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
 
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testPerAppDefaultRegisterDefaultNetworkCallback() throws Exception {
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
         final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
 
@@ -9955,7 +10023,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testPerAppDefaultRegisterDefaultNetworkCallbackAfterPrefSet() throws Exception {
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
         final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
 
@@ -9992,7 +10060,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testPerAppDefaultRegisterDefaultNetworkCallbackDoesNotFire() throws Exception {
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
-                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
         final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(Process.myUid());
@@ -10042,4 +10110,523 @@
         // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
     }
+
+    private void verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(
+            @NonNull final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges,
+            final int addUidRangesNetId,
+            final int addUidRangesTimes,
+            final int removeUidRangesNetId,
+            final int removeUidRangesTimes,
+            final boolean shouldDestroyNetwork) throws RemoteException {
+        final boolean useAnyIdForAdd = OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID == addUidRangesNetId;
+        final boolean useAnyIdForRemove = OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID == removeUidRangesNetId;
+
+        // Validate netd.
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(addUidRangesTimes))
+                .networkAddUidRanges(
+                        (useAnyIdForAdd ? anyInt() : eq(addUidRangesNetId)), eq(uidRanges));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(removeUidRangesTimes))
+                .networkRemoveUidRanges(
+                        (useAnyIdForRemove ? anyInt() : eq(removeUidRangesNetId)), eq(uidRanges));
+        if (shouldDestroyNetwork) {
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1))
+                    .networkDestroy((useAnyIdForRemove ? anyInt() : eq(removeUidRangesNetId)));
+        }
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the tracked default requests clear previous OEM requests on setOemNetworkPreference().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSetOemNetworkPreferenceClearPreviousOemValues() throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        final int testPackageUid = 123;
+        final String testPackageName = "com.google.apps.contacts";
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUid(testPackageUid));
+
+        // Validate the starting requests only includes the fallback request.
+        assertEquals(1, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Add an OEM default network request to track.
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, testPackageName);
+
+        // Two requests should exist, one for the fallback and one for the pref.
+        assertEquals(2, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        networkPref = OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, testPackageName);
+
+        // Two requests should still exist validating the previous per-app request was replaced.
+        assertEquals(2, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for preference OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID -> fallback
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPaidEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final int testPackageNameUid = 123;
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUid(testPackageNameUid));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. No networks should be connected.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should have no effect as it is lower in priority then unmetered.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        // netd should not be called as default networks haven't changed.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered should put PANS on lowest priority fallback request.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting the fallback network should result in no connectivity.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPaidNoFallbackEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final int testPackageNameUid = 123;
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUid(testPackageNameUid));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. This preference doesn't support using the fallback network
+        // therefore should be on the disconnected network as it has no networks to connect to.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        // This preference should not use this network as it doesn't support fallback usage.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered should put PANS on OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should result in no connectivity.
+        // OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK not supporting a fallback now uses the disconnected network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PAID networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPaidOnlyEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final int testPackageNameUid = 123;
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUid(testPackageNameUid));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. This preference doesn't support using the fallback network
+        // therefore should be on the disconnected network as it has no networks to connect to.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should result in no connectivity.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PRIVATE networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultilayerForPreferenceOemPrivateOnlyEvaluatesCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+
+        // Arrange PackageManager mocks
+        final int testPackageNameUid = 123;
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges =
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUid(testPackageNameUid));
+        setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+
+        // Verify the starting state. This preference doesn't support using the fallback network
+        // therefore should be on the disconnected network as it has no networks to connect to.
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This should not apply to this preference.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PRIVATE. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE.
+        startOemManagedNetwork(false);
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PRIVATE should result in no connectivity.
+        stopOemManagedNetwork();
+        verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for preference OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID -> fallback
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPaidCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 3;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi will put the pref on OEM_PAID and fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular should keep OEM network on OEM_PAID and fallback will be null.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID will put both on null as it is the last network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                null);
+
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED -> NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPaidNoFallbackCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 2;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network but not the pref.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi will put the OEM pref on OEM_PAID and fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular should keep OEM network on OEM_PAID and fallback will be null.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID puts the fallback on null and the pref on the disconnected net.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PAID networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPaidOnlyCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. The OEM network shouldn't change, the fallback will take Wi-Fi.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi shouldn't change the OEM network with fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PAID will keep the fallback on cellular and nothing for OEM_PAID.
+        // OEM_PAID_ONLY not supporting a fallback now uses the disconnected network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular will put the fallback on null and the pref on disconnected.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test network priority for OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY in the following order:
+     * NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE
+     * This preference should only apply to OEM_PRIVATE networks.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksOemNetworkPreferenceOemPrivateOnlyCorrectly()
+            throws Exception {
+        @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
+                OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
+        setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
+        final int expectedDefaultRequestSize = 2;
+        final int expectedOemPrefRequestSize = 1;
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+
+        // The fallback as well as the OEM preference should now be tracked.
+        assertEquals(expectedDefaultRequestSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
+
+        // Test lowest to highest priority requests.
+        // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PRIVATE. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE.
+        startOemManagedNetwork(false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. The OEM network shouldn't change, the fallback will take Wi-Fi.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi shouldn't change the OEM network with fallback on cellular.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+
+        // Disconnecting OEM_PRIVATE will keep the fallback on cellular.
+        // OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY not supporting a fallback now uses to the disconnected network.
+        stopOemManagedNetwork();
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // Disconnecting cellular will put the fallback on null and pref on disconnected.
+        setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
+        verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
+                null,
+                mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
+
+        // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
index c86224a..32c95f1 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
@@ -16,12 +16,16 @@
 
 package com.android.server;
 
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
@@ -36,6 +40,7 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
 import android.net.IpSecConfig;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
@@ -48,7 +53,6 @@
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.os.Binder;
-import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.test.mock.MockContext;
@@ -148,10 +152,17 @@
             }
             throw new SecurityException("Unavailable permission requested");
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public int checkCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission) {
+            if (android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK.equals(permission)) {
+                return PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+            }
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
     };
 
     INetd mMockNetd;
-    INetworkManagementService mNetworkManager;
     PackageManager mMockPkgMgr;
     IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration mMockIpSecSrvConfig;
     IpSecService mIpSecService;
@@ -181,10 +192,9 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mMockNetd = mock(INetd.class);
-        mNetworkManager = mock(INetworkManagementService.class);
         mMockPkgMgr = mock(PackageManager.class);
         mMockIpSecSrvConfig = mock(IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration.class);
-        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mMockContext, mNetworkManager, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
+        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mMockContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
 
         // Injecting mock netd
         when(mMockIpSecSrvConfig.getNetdInstance()).thenReturn(mMockNetd);
@@ -644,7 +654,10 @@
     }
 
     private IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createAndValidateTunnel(
-            String localAddr, String remoteAddr, String pkgName) {
+            String localAddr, String remoteAddr, String pkgName) throws Exception {
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel config = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
+        config.flags = new String[] {IF_STATE_DOWN};
+        when(mMockNetd.interfaceGetCfg(anyString())).thenReturn(config);
         IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
                 mIpSecService.createTunnelInterface(
                         mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, fakeNetwork, new Binder(), pkgName);
@@ -674,7 +687,8 @@
                         anyInt(),
                         anyInt(),
                         anyInt());
-        verify(mNetworkManager).setInterfaceUp(createTunnelResp.interfaceName);
+        verify(mMockNetd).interfaceSetCfg(argThat(
+                config -> Arrays.asList(config.flags).contains(IF_STATE_UP)));
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
index 788e4ef..22a2c94 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.IBinder;
-import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -62,8 +61,7 @@
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mMockContext = mock(Context.class);
         mMockIpSecSrvConfig = mock(IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration.class);
-        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(
-                mMockContext, mock(INetworkManagementService.class), mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
+        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mMockContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
     }
 
     private void assertResourceState(
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
index 536e983..f97eabf 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
 import android.net.IpSecSpiResponse;
 import android.net.IpSecUdpEncapResponse;
 import android.os.Binder;
-import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
@@ -116,7 +115,6 @@
     }
 
     Context mMockContext;
-    INetworkManagementService mMockNetworkManager;
     INetd mMockNetd;
     IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration mMockIpSecSrvConfig;
     IpSecService mIpSecService;
@@ -124,10 +122,9 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mMockContext = mock(Context.class);
-        mMockNetworkManager = mock(INetworkManagementService.class);
         mMockNetd = mock(INetd.class);
         mMockIpSecSrvConfig = mock(IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration.class);
-        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mMockContext, mMockNetworkManager, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
+        mIpSecService = new IpSecService(mMockContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig);
 
         // Injecting mock netd
         when(mMockIpSecSrvConfig.getNetdInstance()).thenReturn(mMockNetd);
@@ -135,7 +132,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testIpSecServiceCreate() throws InterruptedException {
-        IpSecService ipSecSrv = IpSecService.create(mMockContext, mMockNetworkManager);
+        IpSecService ipSecSrv = IpSecService.create(mMockContext);
         assertNotNull(ipSecSrv);
     }
 
@@ -608,7 +605,7 @@
     public void testOpenUdpEncapSocketTagsSocket() throws Exception {
         IpSecService.UidFdTagger mockTagger = mock(IpSecService.UidFdTagger.class);
         IpSecService testIpSecService = new IpSecService(
-                mMockContext, mMockNetworkManager, mMockIpSecSrvConfig, mockTagger);
+                mMockContext, mMockIpSecSrvConfig, mockTagger);
 
         IpSecUdpEncapResponse udpEncapResp =
                 testIpSecService.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(0, new Binder());
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index 8f5ae97..e4e24b4 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.SystemConfigManager;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
@@ -114,6 +115,7 @@
     @Mock private PackageManagerInternal mMockPmi;
     @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
     @Mock private PermissionMonitor.Dependencies mDeps;
+    @Mock private SystemConfigManager mSystemConfigManager;
 
     private PermissionMonitor mPermissionMonitor;
 
@@ -124,6 +126,11 @@
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
         when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(eq(true))).thenReturn(
                 Arrays.asList(new UserHandle[] { MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2 }));
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(SystemConfigManager.class))
+                .thenReturn(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(Context.SYSTEM_CONFIG_SERVICE))
+                .thenReturn(mSystemConfigManager);
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(anyString())).thenReturn(new int[0]);
 
         mPermissionMonitor = spy(new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetdService, mDeps));
 
@@ -747,4 +754,20 @@
                 GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER);
         assertTrue(monitor.hasPermission(systemInfo, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUidPermissionsFromSystemConfig() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor mNetdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(anyInt())).thenReturn(new ArrayList<>());
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(eq(INTERNET)))
+                .thenReturn(new int[]{ MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2 });
+        when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(eq(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS)))
+                .thenReturn(new int[]{ MOCK_UID2 });
+
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[]{ MOCK_UID1 });
+        mNetdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
+                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                new int[]{ MOCK_UID2 });
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index cffd2d1..7489a0f 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
 import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
+import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.Ikev2VpnProfile;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
 import android.net.IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse;
@@ -179,7 +182,8 @@
             mPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
         }
     }
-    private static final UidRange PRI_USER_RANGE = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+    private static final UidRange PRI_USER_RANGE =
+            UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id));
 
     @Mock(answer = Answers.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS) private Context mContext;
     @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
@@ -269,7 +273,7 @@
                 vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id, null, null);
 
         assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
-                PRI_USER_RANGE, UidRange.createForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)
+                PRI_USER_RANGE, UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(restrictedProfileA.id))
         })), ranges);
     }
 
@@ -872,17 +876,28 @@
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
     }
 
-    private NetworkCallback triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback() {
+    private NetworkCallback triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback() throws Exception {
         final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> networkCallbackCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
                 .requestNetwork(any(), networkCallbackCaptor.capture());
 
+        // onAvailable() will trigger onDefaultNetworkChanged(), so NetdUtils#setInterfaceUp will be
+        // invoked. Set the return value of INetd#interfaceGetCfg to prevent NullPointerException.
+        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel config = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
+        config.flags = new String[] {IF_STATE_DOWN};
+        when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(anyString())).thenReturn(config);
         final NetworkCallback cb = networkCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         cb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK);
         return cb;
     }
 
+    private void verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(String flag) throws Exception {
+        // Add a timeout for waiting for interfaceSetCfg to be called.
+        verify(mNetd, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).interfaceSetCfg(argThat(
+                config -> Arrays.asList(config.flags).contains(flag)));
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpnAuthenticationFailed() throws Exception {
         final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> captor =
@@ -894,6 +909,8 @@
         final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), (mVpnProfile));
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
+        verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
+
         // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
         // state
         verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
@@ -912,6 +929,8 @@
         final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
+        verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
+
         // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
         // state
         verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index 214c82d..d644739 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -1461,7 +1461,7 @@
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true);
         capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         capabilities.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
-        return new NetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, prop, capabilities, WIFI_NETWORK, null, TEST_SSID);
+        return new NetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, prop, capabilities, WIFI_NETWORK, null);
     }
 
     private static NetworkState buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId) {
@@ -1475,8 +1475,7 @@
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false);
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !isRoaming);
         capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        return new NetworkState(
-                TYPE_MOBILE, prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId, null);
+        return new NetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId);
     }
 
     private NetworkStats buildEmptyStats() {
@@ -1486,7 +1485,7 @@
     private static NetworkState buildVpnState() {
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(TUN_IFACE);
-        return new NetworkState(TYPE_VPN, prop, new NetworkCapabilities(), VPN_NETWORK, null, null);
+        return new NetworkState(TYPE_VPN, prop, new NetworkCapabilities(), VPN_NETWORK, null);
     }
 
     private long getElapsedRealtime() {