diff --git a/Cronet/tests/mts/Android.bp b/Cronet/tests/mts/Android.bp
index 8fec6f3..d13f695 100644
--- a/Cronet/tests/mts/Android.bp
+++ b/Cronet/tests/mts/Android.bp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 java_genrule {
     name: "net-http-test-jarjar-rules",
+    defaults: ["CronetTestJavaDefaults"],
     tool_files: [
         ":NetHttpTestsLibPreJarJar{.jar}",
         "jarjar_excludes.txt",
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
 
 android_library {
     name: "NetHttpTestsLibPreJarJar",
+    defaults: ["CronetTestJavaDefaults"],
     srcs: [":cronet_aml_javatests_sources"],
     sdk_version: "module_current",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
@@ -47,9 +49,7 @@
     ],
     libs: [
         "android.test.base",
-        // Needed for direct access to tethering's hidden apis and to avoid `symbol not found`
-        // errors on some builds.
-        "framework-tethering.impl",
+        "framework-tethering-pre-jarjar",
         // android.net.Network apis
         "framework-connectivity",
         // android.net.TrafficStats apis
diff --git a/Tethering/Android.bp b/Tethering/Android.bp
index 8810a8c..83ca2b7 100644
--- a/Tethering/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/Android.bp
@@ -250,6 +250,9 @@
         // e.g. *classpath_fragments.
         "com.android.tethering",
     ],
+    native_shared_libs: [
+        "libnetd_updatable",
+    ],
 }
 
 java_library_static {
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
index 74170cb..4f95bdd 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@
         "//packages/modules/CaptivePortalLogin/tests",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__",
-        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Cronet/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/IPsec/tests/iketests",
         "//packages/modules/NetworkStack/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Wifi/service/tests/wifitests",
diff --git a/bpf_progs/netd.c b/bpf_progs/netd.c
index e068d8a..d98fa5f 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/netd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/netd.c
@@ -446,11 +446,6 @@
         return match;
     }
 
-    if (key.tag) {
-        update_stats_with_config(skb, egress, &key, *selectedMap);
-        key.tag = 0;
-    }
-
     do_packet_tracing(skb, egress, uid, tag, enable_tracing, kver);
     update_stats_with_config(skb, egress, &key, *selectedMap);
     update_app_uid_stats_map(skb, egress, &uid);
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java
index 0585756..23902dc 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY;
-import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_TETHERING;
@@ -33,6 +32,8 @@
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
+
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@
          * <li>Device owners.
          * <li>Carrier-privileged applications.
          * <li>The system UID.
+         * <li>NetworkStack application.
          * </ul>
          */
         int DEVICE = 3;
@@ -125,9 +127,9 @@
 
         final int appId = UserHandle.getAppId(callingUid);
 
-        final boolean isNetworkStack = context.checkPermission(
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, callingPid, callingUid)
-                == PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+        final boolean isNetworkStack = PermissionUtils.checkAnyPermissionOf(
+                context, callingPid, callingUid, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
 
         if (hasCarrierPrivileges || isDeviceOwner
                 || appId == Process.SYSTEM_UID || isNetworkStack) {
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java
index 96f2f80..d119db6 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java
@@ -281,6 +281,9 @@
         EVENT_NAMES.put(UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK, "UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK");
         EVENT_NAMES.put(UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_SUCCEEDED,
                 "UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_SUCCEEDED");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, "MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(REGISTER_CLIENT, "REGISTER_CLIENT");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(UNREGISTER_CLIENT, "UNREGISTER_CLIENT");
     }
 
     /** @hide */
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java b/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
index d48b8c7..90f55b3 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
@@ -487,17 +487,23 @@
      */
     @SystemApi
     public boolean isGlobalPreferred() {
-        /**
-         * Note that addresses flagged as IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC are
-         * simultaneously flagged as IFA_F_TENTATIVE (when the tentative
-         * state has cleared either DAD has succeeded or failed, and both
-         * flags are cleared regardless).
-         */
-        int flags = getFlags();
         return (scope == RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE
                 && !isIpv6ULA()
-                && (flags & (IFA_F_DADFAILED | IFA_F_DEPRECATED)) == 0L
-                && ((flags & IFA_F_TENTATIVE) == 0L || (flags & IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC) != 0L));
+                && isPreferred());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the address is a preferred address.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean isPreferred() {
+        //  Note that addresses flagged as IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC are simultaneously flagged as
+        //  IFA_F_TENTATIVE (when the tentative state has cleared either DAD has succeeded or
+        //  failed, and both flags are cleared regardless).
+        int flags = getFlags();
+        return (flags & (IFA_F_DADFAILED | IFA_F_DEPRECATED)) == 0L
+                && ((flags & IFA_F_TENTATIVE) == 0L || (flags & IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC) != 0L);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index 8fe20de..177f7e3 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -281,9 +281,8 @@
      *
      *   arg1 = the hardware slot number of the keepalive to start
      *   arg2 = interval in seconds
-     *   obj = AutomaticKeepaliveInfo object
+     *   obj = KeepalivePacketData object describing the data to be sent
      *
-     * Also used internally by ConnectivityService / KeepaliveTracker, with different semantics.
      * @hide
      */
     public static final int CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 11;
@@ -436,6 +435,14 @@
     public static final int CMD_DSCP_POLICY_STATUS = BASE + 28;
 
     /**
+     * Sent by the NetworkAgent to ConnectivityService to notify that this network is expected to be
+     * replaced within the specified time by a similar network.
+     * arg1 = timeout in milliseconds
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_AFTER_REPLACEMENT = BASE + 29;
+
+    /**
      * DSCP policy was successfully added.
      */
     public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS = 0;
@@ -477,27 +484,6 @@
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     public @interface DscpPolicyStatus {}
 
-    /**
-     * Sent by the NetworkAgent to ConnectivityService to notify that this network is expected to be
-     * replaced within the specified time by a similar network.
-     * arg1 = timeout in milliseconds
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_AFTER_REPLACEMENT = BASE + 29;
-
-    /**
-     * Sent by AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker periodically (when relevant) to trigger monitor
-     * automatic keepalive request.
-     *
-     * NATT keepalives have an automatic mode where the system only sends keepalive packets when
-     * TCP sockets are open over a VPN. The system will check periodically for presence of
-     * such open sockets, and this message is what triggers the re-evaluation.
-     *
-     * obj = A Binder object associated with the keepalive.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static final int CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 30;
-
     private static NetworkInfo getLegacyNetworkInfo(final NetworkAgentConfig config) {
         final NetworkInfo ni = new NetworkInfo(config.legacyType, config.legacySubType,
                 config.legacyTypeName, config.legacySubTypeName);
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
index cdcb0f8..64a7a98 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
@@ -126,7 +126,13 @@
         if (!statsEntry.ok()) {
             return base::ResultError(statsEntry.error().message(), statsEntry.error().code());
         }
-        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(key, statsEntry.value(), ifname));
+        stats_line newLine = populateStatsEntry(key, statsEntry.value(), ifname);
+        lines->push_back(newLine);
+        if (newLine.tag) {
+            // account tagged traffic in the untagged stats (for historical reasons?)
+            newLine.tag = 0;
+            lines->push_back(newLine);
+        }
         return Result<void>();
     };
     Result<void> res = statsMap.iterate(processDetailUidStats);
@@ -236,21 +242,20 @@
     std::sort(lines->begin(), lines->end());
 
     // Similar to std::unique(), but aggregates the duplicates rather than discarding them.
-    size_t nextOutput = 0;
+    size_t currentOutput = 0;
     for (size_t i = 1; i < lines->size(); i++) {
-        if (lines->at(nextOutput) == lines->at(i)) {
-            lines->at(nextOutput) += lines->at(i);
+        // note that == operator only compares the 'key' portion: iface/uid/tag/set
+        if (lines->at(currentOutput) == lines->at(i)) {
+            // while += operator only affects the 'data' portion: {rx,tx}{Bytes,Packets}
+            lines->at(currentOutput) += lines->at(i);
         } else {
-            nextOutput++;
-            if (nextOutput != i) {
-                lines->at(nextOutput) = lines->at(i);
-            }
+            // okay, we're done aggregating the current line, move to the next one
+            lines->at(++currentOutput) = lines->at(i);
         }
     }
 
-    if (lines->size() != nextOutput + 1) {
-        lines->resize(nextOutput + 1);
-    }
+    // possibly shrink the vector - currentOutput is the last line with valid data
+    lines->resize(currentOutput + 1);
 }
 
 // True if lhs equals to rhs, only compare iface, uid, tag and set.
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
index bf42b62..f8d9ec8 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)4, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)7, lines.size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestGetStatsWithSkippedIface) {
@@ -409,12 +409,18 @@
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
             .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
     };
-    StatsValue value3 = {
+    StatsValue value3 = {  // value1 *2
             .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
             .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
             .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
     };
+    StatsValue value5 = {  // value2 + value3
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET1 + TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1 + TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0 + TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0 + TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
+    };
 
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
 
@@ -426,8 +432,9 @@
     // Test 1 line stats.
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 1, lines.size());
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[0]);
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 2, lines.size());  // TEST_TAG != 0 -> 1 entry becomes 2 lines
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0, lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[1]);
     lines.clear();
 
     // These items should not be grouped.
@@ -437,7 +444,7 @@
                       mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 5, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 9, lines.size());
     lines.clear();
 
     // These items should be grouped.
@@ -445,14 +452,18 @@
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX3, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 5, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 9, lines.size());
 
     // Verify Sorted & Grouped.
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[0]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, TEST_TAG, lines[1]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG + 1, lines[2]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[3]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME2, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value5, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,            lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, 0,            lines[1]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG,     lines[2]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, TEST_TAG,     lines[3]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG + 1, lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,            lines[5]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG,     lines[6]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME2, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,            lines[7]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME2, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG,     lines[8]);
     lines.clear();
 
     // Perform test on IfaceStats.
@@ -485,39 +496,48 @@
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
             .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
+    StatsValue value4 = {  // value1 * 4
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 4,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 4,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 4,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 4,
+    };
 
     // Mutate uid, 0 < TEST_UID1 < INT_MAX < INT_MIN < UINT_MAX.
-    populateFakeStats(0, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(UINT_MAX, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(INT_MIN, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(INT_MAX, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(0,         TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(UINT_MAX,  TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(INT_MIN,   TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(INT_MAX,   TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
 
     // Mutate tag, 0 < TEST_TAG < INT_MAX < INT_MIN < UINT_MAX.
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MAX, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MIN, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MAX,  IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MIN,  IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0,        IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, UINT_MAX, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
 
     // TODO: Mutate counterSet and enlarge TEST_MAP_SIZE if overflow on counterSet is possible.
 
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 8, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 12, lines.size());
 
     // Uid 0 first
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, 0, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, 0,         TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, 0,         TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[1]);
 
     // Test uid, mutate tag.
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0, lines[1]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MAX, lines[2]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MIN, lines[3]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, UINT_MAX, lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value4, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[2]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MAX,  lines[3]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MIN,  lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, UINT_MAX, lines[5]);
 
     // Mutate uid.
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MAX, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[5]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MIN, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[6]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UINT_MAX, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[7]);
-    lines.clear();
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MAX,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[6]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MAX,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[7]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MIN,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[8]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MIN,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[9]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UINT_MAX,  TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[10]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UINT_MAX,  TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[11]);
 }
 }  // namespace bpf
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
index a658791..c5104d8 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
@@ -1330,6 +1330,9 @@
         mDeps = deps;
 
         mMdnsSocketProvider = deps.makeMdnsSocketProvider(ctx, handler.getLooper());
+        // Netlink monitor starts on boot, and intentionally never stopped, to ensure that all
+        // address events are received.
+        handler.post(mMdnsSocketProvider::startNetLinkMonitor);
         mMdnsSocketClient =
                 new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider);
         mMdnsDiscoveryManager =
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
index f87804b..5298aef 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@
             this.searchOptions = searchOptions;
             if (listeners.put(listener, searchOptions) == null) {
                 for (MdnsResponse existingResponse : instanceNameToResponse.values()) {
+                    if (!responseMatchesOptions(existingResponse, searchOptions)) continue;
                     final MdnsServiceInfo info =
                             buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(existingResponse, serviceTypeLabels);
                     listener.onServiceNameDiscovered(info);
@@ -199,6 +200,13 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private boolean responseMatchesOptions(@NonNull MdnsResponse response,
+            @NonNull MdnsSearchOptions options) {
+        if (options.getResolveInstanceName() == null) return true;
+        // DNS is case-insensitive, so ignore case in the comparison
+        return options.getResolveInstanceName().equalsIgnoreCase(response.getServiceInstanceName());
+    }
+
     /**
      * Unregisters {@code listener} from receiving discovery event of mDNS service instances.
      *
@@ -274,6 +282,7 @@
                 buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(response, serviceTypeLabels);
 
         for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+            if (!responseMatchesOptions(response, listeners.valueAt(i))) continue;
             final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listeners.keyAt(i);
             if (newServiceFound) {
                 listener.onServiceNameDiscovered(serviceInfo);
@@ -295,6 +304,7 @@
             return;
         }
         for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+            if (!responseMatchesOptions(response, listeners.valueAt(i))) continue;
             final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listeners.keyAt(i);
             final MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo =
                     buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(response, serviceTypeLabels);
@@ -512,6 +522,10 @@
                                 == 0) {
                             iter.remove();
                             for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+                                if (!responseMatchesOptions(existingResponse,
+                                        listeners.valueAt(i)))  {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
                                 final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listeners.keyAt(i);
                                 String serviceInstanceName =
                                         existingResponse.getServiceInstanceName();
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProvider.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProvider.java
index 0952e88..8017ee0 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProvider.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProvider.java
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareResult;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsLogger;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@
     // Note: mdnsresponder mDNSEmbeddedAPI.h uses 8940 for Ethernet jumbo frames.
     private static final int READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 2048;
     private static final MdnsLogger LOGGER = new MdnsLogger(TAG);
+    private static final int IFACE_IDX_NOT_EXIST = -1;
     @NonNull private final Context mContext;
     @NonNull private final Looper mLooper;
     @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
@@ -81,6 +84,9 @@
             new ArrayMap<>();
     private final List<String> mLocalOnlyInterfaces = new ArrayList<>();
     private final List<String> mTetheredInterfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+    // mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties should not be cleared in maybeStopMonitoringSockets() because
+    // the netlink monitor is never stop and the old states must be kept.
+    private final SparseArray<LinkProperties> mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties = new SparseArray<>();
     private final byte[] mPacketReadBuffer = new byte[READ_BUFFER_SIZE];
     private boolean mMonitoringSockets = false;
     private boolean mRequestStop = false;
@@ -126,8 +132,8 @@
             }
         };
 
-        mSocketNetlinkMonitor = SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.createNetLinkMonitor(mHandler,
-                LOGGER.mLog);
+        mSocketNetlinkMonitor = mDependencies.createSocketNetlinkMonitor(mHandler, LOGGER.mLog,
+                new NetLinkMessageProcessor());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -148,8 +154,83 @@
                 @NonNull byte[] packetReadBuffer) throws IOException {
             return new MdnsInterfaceSocket(networkInterface, port, looper, packetReadBuffer);
         }
-    }
 
+        /*** Get network interface by given interface name */
+        public int getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(@NonNull final String ifaceName) {
+            final NetworkInterface iface;
+            try {
+                iface = NetworkInterface.getByName(ifaceName);
+            } catch (SocketException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error querying interface", e);
+                return IFACE_IDX_NOT_EXIST;
+            }
+            if (iface == null) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Interface not found: " + ifaceName);
+                return IFACE_IDX_NOT_EXIST;
+            }
+            return iface.getIndex();
+        }
+        /*** Creates a SocketNetlinkMonitor */
+        public ISocketNetLinkMonitor createSocketNetlinkMonitor(@NonNull final Handler handler,
+                @NonNull final SharedLog log,
+                @NonNull final NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+            return SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.createNetLinkMonitor(handler, log, cb);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * The callback interface for the netlink monitor messages.
+     */
+    public interface NetLinkMonitorCallBack {
+        /**
+         * Handles the interface address add or update.
+         */
+        void addOrUpdateInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx, @NonNull LinkAddress newAddress);
+
+
+        /**
+         * Handles the interface address delete.
+         */
+        void deleteInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx, @NonNull LinkAddress deleteAddress);
+    }
+    private class NetLinkMessageProcessor implements NetLinkMonitorCallBack {
+
+        @Override
+        public void addOrUpdateInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx,
+                @NonNull final LinkAddress newAddress) {
+
+            LinkProperties linkProperties;
+            linkProperties = mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.get(ifaceIdx);
+            if (linkProperties == null) {
+                linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+                mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.put(ifaceIdx, linkProperties);
+            }
+            boolean updated = linkProperties.addLinkAddress(newAddress);
+
+            if (!updated) {
+                return;
+            }
+            maybeUpdateTetheringSocketAddress(ifaceIdx, linkProperties.getLinkAddresses());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void deleteInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx, @NonNull LinkAddress deleteAddress) {
+            LinkProperties linkProperties;
+            boolean updated = false;
+            linkProperties = mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.get(ifaceIdx);
+            if (linkProperties != null) {
+                updated = linkProperties.removeLinkAddress(deleteAddress);
+                if (linkProperties.getLinkAddresses().isEmpty()) {
+                    mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.remove(ifaceIdx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (linkProperties == null || !updated) {
+                return;
+            }
+            maybeUpdateTetheringSocketAddress(ifaceIdx, linkProperties.getLinkAddresses());
+
+        }
+    }
     /*** Data class for storing socket related info  */
     private static class SocketInfo {
         final MdnsInterfaceSocket mSocket;
@@ -190,6 +271,15 @@
         }
         mMonitoringSockets = true;
     }
+    /**
+     * Start netlink monitor.
+     */
+    public void startNetLinkMonitor() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        if (mSocketNetlinkMonitor.isSupported()) {
+            mSocketNetlinkMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        }
+    }
 
     private void maybeStopMonitoringSockets() {
         if (!mMonitoringSockets) return; // Already unregistered.
@@ -203,10 +293,6 @@
             final TetheringManager tetheringManager = mContext.getSystemService(
                     TetheringManager.class);
             tetheringManager.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(mTetheringEventCallback);
-
-            if (mSocketNetlinkMonitor.isSupported()) {
-                mHandler.post(mSocketNetlinkMonitor::stopMonitoring);
-            }
             // Clear all saved status.
             mActiveNetworksLinkProperties.clear();
             mNetworkSockets.clear();
@@ -215,6 +301,8 @@
             mTetheredInterfaces.clear();
             mMonitoringSockets = false;
         }
+        // The netlink monitor is not stopped here because the MdnsSocketProvider need to listen
+        // to all the netlink updates when the system is up and running.
     }
 
     /*** Request to stop monitoring sockets and unregister callbacks */
@@ -259,21 +347,38 @@
         if (socketInfo == null) {
             createSocket(networkKey, lp);
         } else {
-            // Update the addresses of this socket.
-            final List<LinkAddress> addresses = lp.getLinkAddresses();
-            socketInfo.mAddresses.clear();
-            socketInfo.mAddresses.addAll(addresses);
-            // Try to join the group again.
-            socketInfo.mSocket.joinGroup(addresses);
-
-            notifyAddressesChanged(network, socketInfo.mSocket, lp);
+            updateSocketInfoAddress(network, socketInfo, lp.getLinkAddresses());
+        }
+    }
+    private void maybeUpdateTetheringSocketAddress(int ifaceIndex,
+            @NonNull final List<LinkAddress> updatedAddresses) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mTetherInterfaceSockets.size(); ++i) {
+            String tetheringInterfaceName = mTetherInterfaceSockets.keyAt(i);
+            if (mDependencies.getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(tetheringInterfaceName)
+                    == ifaceIndex) {
+                updateSocketInfoAddress(null /* network */,
+                        mTetherInterfaceSockets.valueAt(i), updatedAddresses);
+                return;
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    private static LinkProperties createLPForTetheredInterface(String interfaceName) {
-        final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+    private void updateSocketInfoAddress(@Nullable final Network network,
+            @NonNull final SocketInfo socketInfo,
+            @NonNull final List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        // Update the addresses of this socket.
+        socketInfo.mAddresses.clear();
+        socketInfo.mAddresses.addAll(addresses);
+        // Try to join the group again.
+        socketInfo.mSocket.joinGroup(addresses);
+
+        notifyAddressesChanged(network, socketInfo.mSocket, addresses);
+    }
+    private LinkProperties createLPForTetheredInterface(@NonNull final String interfaceName,
+            int ifaceIndex) {
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties =
+                new LinkProperties(mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.get(ifaceIndex));
         linkProperties.setInterfaceName(interfaceName);
-        // TODO: Use NetlinkMonitor to update addresses for tethering interfaces.
         return linkProperties;
     }
 
@@ -292,7 +397,8 @@
         final CompareResult<String> interfaceDiff = new CompareResult<>(
                 current, updated);
         for (String name : interfaceDiff.added) {
-            createSocket(LOCAL_NET, createLPForTetheredInterface(name));
+            int ifaceIndex = mDependencies.getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(name);
+            createSocket(LOCAL_NET, createLPForTetheredInterface(name, ifaceIndex));
         }
         for (String name : interfaceDiff.removed) {
             removeTetherInterfaceSocket(name);
@@ -332,14 +438,10 @@
             final MdnsInterfaceSocket socket = mDependencies.createMdnsInterfaceSocket(
                     networkInterface.getNetworkInterface(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT, mLooper,
                     mPacketReadBuffer);
-            final List<LinkAddress> addresses;
+            final List<LinkAddress> addresses = lp.getLinkAddresses();
             if (networkKey == LOCAL_NET) {
-                addresses = CollectionUtils.map(
-                        networkInterface.getInterfaceAddresses(),
-                        i -> new LinkAddress(i.getAddress(), i.getNetworkPrefixLength()));
                 mTetherInterfaceSockets.put(interfaceName, new SocketInfo(socket, addresses));
             } else {
-                addresses = lp.getLinkAddresses();
                 mNetworkSockets.put(((NetworkAsKey) networkKey).mNetwork,
                         new SocketInfo(socket, addresses));
             }
@@ -422,12 +524,12 @@
     }
 
     private void notifyAddressesChanged(Network network, MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
-            LinkProperties lp) {
+            List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
         for (int i = 0; i < mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.size(); i++) {
             final Network requestedNetwork = mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.valueAt(i);
             if (isNetworkMatched(requestedNetwork, network)) {
                 mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.keyAt(i)
-                        .onAddressesChanged(network, socket, lp.getLinkAddresses());
+                        .onAddressesChanged(network, socket, addresses);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -451,7 +553,10 @@
     private void retrieveAndNotifySocketFromInterface(String interfaceName, SocketCallback cb) {
         final SocketInfo socketInfo = mTetherInterfaceSockets.get(interfaceName);
         if (socketInfo == null) {
-            createSocket(LOCAL_NET, createLPForTetheredInterface(interfaceName));
+            int ifaceIndex = mDependencies.getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(interfaceName);
+            createSocket(
+                    LOCAL_NET,
+                    createLPForTetheredInterface(interfaceName, ifaceIndex));
         } else {
             // Notify the socket for requested network.
             cb.onSocketCreated(
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java
index 8f6aecc..4650255 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
      * Creates a new netlink monitor.
      */
     public static ISocketNetLinkMonitor createNetLinkMonitor(@NonNull final Handler handler,
-            @NonNull SharedLog log) {
-        return new SocketNetlinkMonitor(handler, log);
+            @NonNull SharedLog log, @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+        return new SocketNetlinkMonitor(handler, log, cb);
     }
 
     private SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory() {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java
index e053413..6395b53 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java
@@ -17,28 +17,64 @@
 package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.internal;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.net.module.util.ip.NetlinkMonitor;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.RtNetlinkAddressMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructIfaddrMsg;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.ISocketNetLinkMonitor;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider;
 
 /**
  * The netlink monitor for MdnsSocketProvider.
  */
 public class SocketNetlinkMonitor extends NetlinkMonitor implements ISocketNetLinkMonitor {
 
-    public SocketNetlinkMonitor(@NonNull final Handler handler, @NonNull SharedLog log) {
-        super(handler, log, SocketNetlinkMonitor.class.getSimpleName(), OsConstants.NETLINK_ROUTE,
-                NetlinkConstants.RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR | NetlinkConstants.RTMGRP_IPV6_IFADDR);
-    }
+    public static final String TAG = SocketNetlinkMonitor.class.getSimpleName();
 
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack mCb;
+    public SocketNetlinkMonitor(@NonNull final Handler handler,
+            @NonNull SharedLog log,
+            @NonNull final MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+        super(handler, log, TAG, OsConstants.NETLINK_ROUTE,
+                NetlinkConstants.RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR | NetlinkConstants.RTMGRP_IPV6_IFADDR);
+        mCb = cb;
+    }
     @Override
     public void processNetlinkMessage(NetlinkMessage nlMsg, long whenMs) {
+        if (nlMsg instanceof RtNetlinkAddressMessage) {
+            processRtNetlinkAddressMessage((RtNetlinkAddressMessage) nlMsg);
+        }
+    }
 
+    /**
+     * Process the RTM_NEWADDR and RTM_DELADDR netlink message.
+     */
+    private void processRtNetlinkAddressMessage(RtNetlinkAddressMessage msg) {
+        final StructIfaddrMsg ifaddrMsg = msg.getIfaddrHeader();
+        final LinkAddress la = new LinkAddress(msg.getIpAddress(), ifaddrMsg.prefixLen,
+                msg.getFlags(), ifaddrMsg.scope);
+        if (!la.isPreferred()) {
+            // Skip the unusable ip address.
+            return;
+        }
+        switch (msg.getHeader().nlmsg_type) {
+            case NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR:
+                mCb.addOrUpdateInterfaceAddress(ifaddrMsg.index, la);
+                break;
+            case NetlinkConstants.RTM_DELADDR:
+                mCb.deleteInterfaceAddress(ifaddrMsg.index, la);
+                break;
+            default:
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unknown rtnetlink address msg type " + msg.getHeader().nlmsg_type);
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp b/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp
index 6078e28..e63e423 100644
--- a/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp
+++ b/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp
@@ -500,7 +500,9 @@
     if (ret == 0) {
         ALOGE("Failed to SIGTERM clatd pid=%d, try SIGKILL", pid);
         // TODO: fix that kill failed or waitpid doesn't return.
-        kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+        if (kill(pid, SIGKILL)) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to SIGKILL clatd pid=%d: %s", pid, strerror(errno));
+        }
         ret = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
     }
     if (ret == -1) {
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 2af30dd..ba503e0 100755
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkMonitorUtils.isPrivateDnsValidationRequired;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.checkAnyPermissionOf;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.enforceAnyPermissionOf;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermissionOr;
@@ -463,7 +464,11 @@
     private String mCurrentTcpBufferSizes;
 
     private static final SparseArray<String> sMagicDecoderRing = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
-            new Class[] { ConnectivityService.class, NetworkAgent.class, NetworkAgentInfo.class });
+            new Class[] {
+                    ConnectivityService.class,
+                    NetworkAgent.class,
+                    NetworkAgentInfo.class,
+                    AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.class });
 
     private enum ReapUnvalidatedNetworks {
         // Tear down networks that have no chance (e.g. even if validated) of becoming
@@ -2324,11 +2329,12 @@
         if (newNc.getNetworkSpecifier() != null) {
             newNc.setNetworkSpecifier(newNc.getNetworkSpecifier().redact());
         }
-        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(callerPid, callerUid, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, callerPid, callerUid,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)) {
             newNc.setAdministratorUids(new int[0]);
         }
-        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(
+        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 callerPid, callerUid, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY)) {
             newNc.setAllowedUids(new ArraySet<>());
             newNc.setSubscriptionIds(Collections.emptySet());
@@ -2837,15 +2843,6 @@
         setUidBlockedReasons(uid, blockedReasons);
     }
 
-    private boolean checkAnyPermissionOf(int pid, int uid, String... permissions) {
-        for (String permission : permissions) {
-            if (mContext.checkPermission(permission, pid, uid) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
     private void enforceInternetPermission() {
         mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
                 android.Manifest.permission.INTERNET,
@@ -3004,13 +3001,13 @@
     }
 
     private boolean checkNetworkStackPermission(int pid, int uid) {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(pid, uid,
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, pid, uid,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     }
 
     private boolean checkNetworkSignalStrengthWakeupPermission(int pid, int uid) {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(pid, uid,
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, pid, uid,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS);
@@ -5008,7 +5005,7 @@
     }
 
     private RequestInfoPerUidCounter getRequestCounter(NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 nri.mPid, nri.mUid, NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
                 ? mSystemNetworkRequestCounter : mNetworkRequestCounter;
     }
@@ -5605,12 +5602,13 @@
                     handleConfigureAlwaysOnNetworks();
                     break;
                 }
-                // Sent by KeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the state machine thread.
-                case NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                // Sent by AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the
+                // handler thread.
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE: {
                     mKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(msg);
                     break;
                 }
-                case NetworkAgent.CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE: {
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE: {
                     final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki =
                             mKeepaliveTracker.getKeepaliveForBinder((IBinder) msg.obj);
                     if (null == ki) return; // The callback was unregistered before the alarm fired
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
index acce95d..881c92d 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
-import static android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.MIN_INTERVAL_SEC;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS_PAUSED;
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@
 import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
 import android.net.MarkMaskParcel;
 import android.net.Network;
-import android.net.NetworkAgent;
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive.InvalidSocketException;
 import android.os.FileUtils;
 import android.os.Handler;
@@ -94,6 +92,29 @@
     private static final int ADJUST_TCP_POLLING_DELAY_MS = 2000;
     private static final String AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION =
             "automatic_on_off_keepalive_version";
+
+    // ConnectivityService parses message constants from itself and AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker
+    // with MessageUtils for debugging purposes, and crashes if some messages have the same values.
+    private static final int BASE = 2000;
+    /**
+     * Sent by AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker periodically (when relevant) to trigger monitor
+     * automatic keepalive request.
+     *
+     * NATT keepalives have an automatic mode where the system only sends keepalive packets when
+     * TCP sockets are open over a VPN. The system will check periodically for presence of
+     * such open sockets, and this message is what triggers the re-evaluation.
+     *
+     * obj = A Binder object associated with the keepalive.
+     */
+    public static final int CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Sent by AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker to ConnectivityService to start a keepalive.
+     *
+     * obj = AutomaticKeepaliveInfo object
+     */
+    public static final int CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 2;
+
     /**
      * States for {@code #AutomaticOnOffKeepalive}.
      *
@@ -202,7 +223,7 @@
                     throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET, e);
                 }
                 mAlarmListener = () -> mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(
-                        NetworkAgent.CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE, mCallback.asBinder())
+                        CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE, mCallback.asBinder())
                         .sendToTarget();
             } else {
                 mAutomaticOnOffState = STATE_ALWAYS_ON;
@@ -482,9 +503,8 @@
                     + " → " + dstAddrString + ":" + dstPort
                     + " auto=" + autoKi
                     + " underpinned=" + underpinnedNetwork);
-            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE,
-                    // TODO : move ConnectivityService#encodeBool to a static lib.
-                    automaticOnOffKeepalives ? 1 : 0, 0, autoKi).sendToTarget();
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE, autoKi)
+                    .sendToTarget();
         } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
             mKeepaliveTracker.notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
         }
@@ -517,9 +537,8 @@
                     + " → " + dstAddrString + ":" + dstPort
                     + " auto=" + autoKi
                     + " underpinned=" + underpinnedNetwork);
-            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE,
-                    // TODO : move ConnectivityService#encodeBool to a static lib.
-                    automaticOnOffKeepalives ? 1 : 0, 0, autoKi).sendToTarget();
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE, autoKi)
+                    .sendToTarget();
         } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
             mKeepaliveTracker.notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
         }
@@ -547,7 +566,7 @@
             final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi = new AutomaticOnOffKeepalive(ki,
                     false /* autoOnOff, tcp keepalives are never auto on/off */,
                     null /* underpinnedNetwork, tcp keepalives do not refer to this */);
-            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, autoKi)
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE, autoKi)
                     .sendToTarget();
         } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
             mKeepaliveTracker.notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml
index 7a73313..e83e36a 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 <configuration description="Config for CTS net host test cases">
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="cts" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="component" value="networking" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="token" value="SIM_CARD" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="instant_app" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="not_multi_abi" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user" />
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
index a74056b..8b86211 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
         setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, false);
         setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
         setHasNetworkStackPermission(false);
+        setHasMainlineNetworkStackPermission(false);
     }
 
     @After
@@ -154,6 +155,10 @@
         setHasNetworkStackPermission(false);
         assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT,
                 NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_PID, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+
+        setHasMainlineNetworkStackPermission(true);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_PID, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
     }
 
     private void setHasCarrierPrivileges(boolean hasPrivileges) {
@@ -189,4 +194,10 @@
                 TEST_PID, TEST_UID)).thenReturn(hasPermission ? PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
                 : PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED);
     }
+
+    private void setHasMainlineNetworkStackPermission(boolean hasPermission) {
+        when(mContext.checkPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                TEST_PID, TEST_UID)).thenReturn(hasPermission ? PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
+                : PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
index 696eff4..3eb1b26 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 import android.net.MarkMaskParcel;
 import android.net.NattKeepalivePacketData;
 import android.net.Network;
-import android.net.NetworkAgent;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.os.Binder;
@@ -268,11 +267,11 @@
         @Override
         public void handleMessage(@NonNull final Message msg) {
             switch (msg.what) {
-                case NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE:
-                    Log.d(TAG, "Test handler received CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE : " + msg);
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE:
+                    Log.d(TAG, "Test handler received CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE : " + msg);
                     mAOOKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(msg);
                     break;
-                case NetworkAgent.CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE:
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE:
                     Log.d(TAG, "Test handler received CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE : " + msg);
                     mLastAutoKi = mAOOKeepaliveTracker.getKeepaliveForBinder((IBinder) msg.obj);
                     break;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index dd9177ee..c599d9d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.longThat;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.after;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
@@ -279,12 +280,11 @@
     private static final String TEST_IFACE_NAME = "TEST_IFACE";
     private static final int TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID = 0x2345;
     private static final long TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 500L;
+    private static final long TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS = 20_000L;
     private static final String PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY =
             "VPNAPPEXCLUDED_27_com.testvpn.vpn";
     static final String PKGS_BYTES = getPackageByteString(List.of(PKGS));
     private static final Range<Integer> PRIMARY_USER_RANGE = uidRangeForUser(PRIMARY_USER.id);
-    // Same as IkeSessionParams#IKE_NATT_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SEC_DEFAULT
-    private static final int IKE_NATT_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SEC_DEFAULT = 10;
     private static final int TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER = 800;
     private static final int TEST_SUB_ID = 1234;
     private static final String TEST_MCCMNC = "12345";
@@ -308,14 +308,51 @@
     @Mock private SubscriptionManager mSubscriptionManager;
     @Mock private IpSecService mIpSecService;
     @Mock private VpnProfileStore mVpnProfileStore;
-    @Mock private ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor mExecutor;
-    @Mock private ScheduledFuture mScheduledFuture;
+    private final TestExecutor mExecutor;
     @Mock DeviceIdleInternal mDeviceIdleInternal;
     private final VpnProfile mVpnProfile;
 
     private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
     private TestDeps mTestDeps;
 
+    public static class TestExecutor extends ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor {
+        public static final long REAL_DELAY = -1;
+
+        // For the purposes of the test, run all scheduled tasks after 10ms to save
+        // execution time, unless overridden by the specific test. Set to REAL_DELAY
+        // to actually wait for the delay specified by the real call to schedule().
+        public long delayMs = 10;
+        // If this is true, execute() will call the runnable inline. This is useful because
+        // super.execute() calls schedule(), which messes with checks that scheduled() is
+        // called a given number of times.
+        public boolean executeDirect = false;
+
+        public TestExecutor() {
+            super(1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void execute(final Runnable command) {
+            // See |executeDirect| for why this is necessary.
+            if (executeDirect) {
+                command.run();
+            } else {
+                super.execute(command);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(final Runnable command, final long delay,
+                TimeUnit unit) {
+            if (0 == delay || delayMs == REAL_DELAY) {
+                // super.execute() calls schedule() with 0, so use the real delay if it's 0.
+                return super.schedule(command, delay, unit);
+            } else {
+                return super.schedule(command, delayMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     public VpnTest() throws Exception {
         // Build an actual VPN profile that is capable of being converted to and from an
         // Ikev2VpnProfile
@@ -323,6 +360,7 @@
                 new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_VPN_SERVER, TEST_VPN_IDENTITY);
         builder.setAuthPsk(TEST_VPN_PSK);
         builder.setBypassable(true /* isBypassable */);
+        mExecutor = spy(new TestExecutor());
         mVpnProfile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
     }
 
@@ -388,7 +426,6 @@
 
         // Set up mIkev2SessionCreator and mExecutor
         resetIkev2SessionCreator(mIkeSessionWrapper);
-        resetExecutor(mScheduledFuture);
     }
 
     private void resetIkev2SessionCreator(Vpn.IkeSessionWrapper ikeSession) {
@@ -397,18 +434,6 @@
                 .thenReturn(ikeSession);
     }
 
-    private void resetExecutor(ScheduledFuture scheduledFuture) {
-        doAnswer(
-                (invocation) -> {
-                    ((Runnable) invocation.getArgument(0)).run();
-                    return null;
-                })
-            .when(mExecutor)
-            .execute(any());
-        when(mExecutor.schedule(
-                any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any())).thenReturn(mScheduledFuture);
-    }
-
     @After
     public void tearDown() throws Exception {
         doReturn(PERMISSION_DENIED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(any());
@@ -524,9 +549,9 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(String packageName) {
-        verify(mDeviceIdleInternal).addPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(anyInt(), eq(packageName),
-                anyLong(), anyInt(), eq(false), eq(PowerWhitelistManager.REASON_VPN),
-                eq("VpnManager event"));
+        verify(mDeviceIdleInternal, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).addPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(
+                anyInt(), eq(packageName), anyLong(), anyInt(), eq(false),
+                eq(PowerWhitelistManager.REASON_VPN), eq("VpnManager event"));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -765,7 +790,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testPrepare_throwSecurityExceptionWhenGivenPackageDoesNotBelongToTheCaller()
             throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        mTestDeps.mIgnoreCallingUidChecks = false;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
                 () -> vpn.prepare("com.not.vpn.owner", null, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
@@ -777,7 +803,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testPrepare_bothOldPackageAndNewPackageAreNull() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
         assertTrue(vpn.prepare(null, null, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
 
     }
@@ -860,17 +886,14 @@
         assertEquals(expected, vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG));
     }
 
-    private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
-        return createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(PRIMARY_USER, grantedOps);
+    private Vpn createVpn(String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
+        return createVpn(PRIMARY_USER, grantedOps);
     }
 
-    private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(UserInfo user, String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
+    private Vpn createVpn(UserInfo user, String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(user.id);
         setMockedUsers(user);
 
-        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), anyInt()))
-                .thenReturn(Process.myUid());
-
         for (final String opStr : grantedOps) {
             when(mAppOps.noteOpNoThrow(opStr, Process.myUid(), TEST_VPN_PKG,
                     null /* attributionTag */, null /* message */))
@@ -899,7 +922,7 @@
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileNoIpsecTunnels() throws Exception {
         when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNELS))
                 .thenReturn(false);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             checkProvisionVpnProfile(
@@ -910,7 +933,7 @@
     }
 
     private Vpn prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY))
@@ -1026,7 +1049,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfilePreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         checkProvisionVpnProfile(
                 vpn, true /* expectedResult */, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
@@ -1034,7 +1057,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileNotPreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         // Expect that both the ACTIVATE_VPN and ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN were tried, but the caller
         // had neither.
@@ -1044,14 +1067,14 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileVpnServicePreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
 
         checkProvisionVpnProfile(vpn, true /* expectedResult */, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileTooLarge() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         final VpnProfile bigProfile = new VpnProfile("");
         bigProfile.name = new String(new byte[Vpn.MAX_VPN_PROFILE_SIZE_BYTES + 1]);
@@ -1066,7 +1089,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                createVpn(
                         RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
@@ -1078,7 +1101,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testDeleteVpnProfile() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         vpn.deleteVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
 
@@ -1089,7 +1112,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testDeleteVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                createVpn(
                         RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
@@ -1101,7 +1124,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testGetVpnProfilePrivileged() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(new VpnProfile("").encode());
@@ -1120,7 +1143,7 @@
                 eq(null) /* message */);
         verify(mAppOps).startOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_MANAGER),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(packageName),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
                 eq(null) /* message */);
@@ -1130,14 +1153,14 @@
         // Add a small delay to double confirm that finishOp is only called once.
         verify(mAppOps, after(100)).finishOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_MANAGER),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(packageName),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfile() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
@@ -1150,7 +1173,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileVpnServicePreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
@@ -1164,7 +1187,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileNotConsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         try {
             vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1189,7 +1212,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileMissingProfile() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG))).thenReturn(null);
 
@@ -1211,9 +1234,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1224,9 +1245,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStopVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.stopVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1237,7 +1256,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartOpAndFinishOpWillBeCalledWhenPlatformVpnIsOnAndOff() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
         vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1245,14 +1264,14 @@
         // Add a small delay to make sure that startOp is only called once.
         verify(mAppOps, after(100).times(1)).startOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_MANAGER),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
                 eq(null) /* message */);
         // Check that the startOp is not called with OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_SERVICE.
         verify(mAppOps, never()).startOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_SERVICE),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
                 eq(null) /* message */);
@@ -1262,7 +1281,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartOpWithSeamlessHandover() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+        // Create with SYSTEM_USER so that establish() will match the user ID when checking
+        // against Binder.getCallerUid
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(SYSTEM_USER, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
         assertTrue(vpn.prepare(TEST_VPN_PKG, null, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
         final VpnConfig config = new VpnConfig();
         config.user = "VpnTest";
@@ -1293,12 +1314,12 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyVpnManagerEvent(String sessionKey, String category, int errorClass,
-            int errorCode, String[] packageName, VpnProfileState... profileState) {
+            int errorCode, String[] packageName, @NonNull VpnProfileState... profileState) {
         final Context userContext =
                 mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER.id), 0 /* flags */);
         final ArgumentCaptor<Intent> intentArgumentCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Intent.class);
 
-        final int verifyTimes = (profileState == null) ? 1 : profileState.length;
+        final int verifyTimes = profileState.length;
         verify(userContext, times(verifyTimes)).startService(intentArgumentCaptor.capture());
 
         for (int i = 0; i < verifyTimes; i++) {
@@ -1329,10 +1350,8 @@
                         VpnManager.EXTRA_UNDERLYING_LINK_PROPERTIES));
             }
 
-            if (profileState != null) {
-                assertEquals(profileState[i], intent.getParcelableExtra(
-                        VpnManager.EXTRA_VPN_PROFILE_STATE, VpnProfileState.class));
-            }
+            assertEquals(profileState[i], intent.getParcelableExtra(
+                    VpnManager.EXTRA_VPN_PROFILE_STATE, VpnProfileState.class));
         }
         reset(userContext);
     }
@@ -1341,7 +1360,11 @@
         // CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER is not an error event, so both of errorClass and
         // errorCode won't be set.
         verifyVpnManagerEvent(sessionKey, VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER,
-                -1 /* errorClass */, -1 /* errorCode */, packageName, null /* profileState */);
+                -1 /* errorClass */, -1 /* errorCode */, packageName,
+                // VPN NetworkAgnet does not switch to CONNECTED in the test, and the state is not
+                // important here. Verify that the state as it is, i.e. CONNECTING state.
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_CONNECTING,
+                        sessionKey, false /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
     }
 
     private void verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(String[] packageName, VpnProfileState... profileState) {
@@ -1358,7 +1381,7 @@
         // this is checked with CONTROL_VPN so simulate holding CONTROL_VPN in order to pass the
         // security checks.
         doReturn(PERMISSION_GRANTED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(CONTROL_VPN);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
 
@@ -1450,7 +1473,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testReconnectVpnManagerVpnWithAlwaysOnEnabled() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
         vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1474,46 +1497,73 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testLockdown_enableDisableWhileConnected() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mTestDeps);
+        order.verify(mTestDeps, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS))
+                .newNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(),
+                        argThat(config -> config.allowBypass), any(), any());
+
+        // Make VPN lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpnSnapShot.vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG, true /* lockdown */,
+                null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
+
+        order.verify(mTestDeps, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS))
+                .newNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(),
+                argThat(config -> !config.allowBypass), any(), any());
+
+        // Disable lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpnSnapShot.vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG, false /* lockdown */,
+                null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
+
+        order.verify(mTestDeps, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS))
+                .newNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(),
+                        argThat(config -> config.allowBypass), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetPackageAuthorizationVpnService() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetPackageAuthorizationPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetPackageAuthorizationRevokeAuthorization() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
     }
@@ -1551,7 +1601,7 @@
         final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> captor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
 
@@ -1574,10 +1624,7 @@
         // same process with the real case.
         if (errorCode == VpnManager.ERROR_CODE_NETWORK_LOST) {
             cb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
-            final ArgumentCaptor<Runnable> runnableCaptor =
-                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Runnable.class);
-            verify(mExecutor).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), anyLong(), any());
-            runnableCaptor.getValue().run();
+            verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
         } else {
             final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = captor.getValue();
             ikeCb.onClosedWithException(exception);
@@ -1586,7 +1633,10 @@
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
         verifyVpnManagerEvent(sessionKey, category, errorType, errorCode,
-                new String[] {TEST_VPN_PKG}, null /* profileState */);
+                // VPN NetworkAgnet does not switch to CONNECTED in the test, and the state is not
+                // important here. Verify that the state as it is, i.e. CONNECTING state.
+                new String[] {TEST_VPN_PKG}, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_CONNECTING,
+                        sessionKey, false /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
         if (errorType == VpnManager.ERROR_CLASS_NOT_RECOVERABLE) {
             verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
                     .unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
@@ -1602,25 +1652,23 @@
     }
 
     private IkeSessionCallback verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(int retryIndex) {
-        final ArgumentCaptor<Runnable> runnableCaptor =
-                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Runnable.class);
         final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> ikeCbCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
 
         // Verify retry is scheduled
-        final long expectedDelay = mTestDeps.getNextRetryDelaySeconds(retryIndex);
-        verify(mExecutor).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), eq(expectedDelay), any());
+        final long expectedDelayMs = mTestDeps.getNextRetryDelayMs(retryIndex);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Long> delayCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Long.class);
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), delayCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        final List<Long> delays = delayCaptor.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(expectedDelayMs, (long) delays.get(delays.size() - 1));
 
-        // Mock the event of firing the retry task
-        runnableCaptor.getValue().run();
-
-        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator)
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS + expectedDelayMs))
                 .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), ikeCbCaptor.capture(), any());
 
         // Forget the mIkev2SessionCreator#createIkeSession call and mExecutor#schedule call
         // for the next retry verification
         resetIkev2SessionCreator(mIkeSessionWrapper);
-        resetExecutor(mScheduledFuture);
 
         return ikeCbCaptor.getValue();
     }
@@ -1878,12 +1926,14 @@
                         any(), any(), anyString(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
         doReturn(TEST_NETWORK).when(mMockNetworkAgent).getNetwork();
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(vpnProfile.encode());
 
         vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         final NetworkCallback nwCb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+        reset(mExecutor);
 
         // Mock the setup procedure by firing callbacks
         final Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> cbPair =
@@ -2088,12 +2138,78 @@
         vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(
                 TEST_NETWORK_2, new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
         // Verify MOBIKE is triggered
-        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
                 expectedIpVersion, expectedEncapType, expectedKeepalive);
 
         vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkPropertiesUpdateTriggerReevaluation() throws Exception {
+        final boolean hasV6 = true;
+
+        mockCarrierConfig(TEST_SUB_ID, TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_ESP);
+        final IkeSessionParams params = getTestIkeSessionParams(hasV6,
+                new IkeFqdnIdentification(TEST_IDENTITY), TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+        final IkeTunnelConnectionParams tunnelParams =
+                new IkeTunnelConnectionParams(params, CHILD_PARAMS);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(tunnelParams)
+                .setBypassable(true)
+                .setAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled(false)
+                .setAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled(true)
+                .build();
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot =
+                verifySetupPlatformVpn(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile(),
+                        createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */),
+                        hasV6 /* mtuSupportsIpv6 */,
+                        false /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+        reset(mExecutor);
+
+        // Simulate a new network coming up
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.2/32"));
+
+        // Have the executor use the real delay to make sure schedule() was called only
+        // once for all calls. Also, arrange for execute() not to call schedule() to avoid
+        // messing with the checks for schedule().
+        mExecutor.delayMs = TestExecutor.REAL_DELAY;
+        mExecutor.executeDirect = true;
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(
+                TEST_NETWORK_2, new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        verify(mExecutor).schedule(any(Runnable.class), longThat(it -> it > 0), any());
+        reset(mExecutor);
+
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+
+        // Verify the network is started
+        order.verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO, ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+
+        // Send the same properties, check that no migration is scheduled
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        verify(mExecutor, never()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+
+        // Add v6 address, verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        order.verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO, ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+
+        // Add another v4 address, verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        final LinkProperties stacked = new LinkProperties();
+        stacked.setInterfaceName("v4-" + lp.getInterfaceName());
+        stacked.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.168.0.1/32"));
+        lp.addStackedLink(stacked);
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        order.verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO, ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
     private void mockCarrierConfig(int subId, int simStatus, int keepaliveTimer, int ikeProtocol) {
         final SubscriptionInfo subscriptionInfo = mock(SubscriptionInfo.class);
         doReturn(subId).when(subscriptionInfo).getSubscriptionId();
@@ -2247,7 +2363,7 @@
         reset(mIkeSessionWrapper);
         mockCarrierConfig(TEST_SUB_ID, simState, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER, preferredIpProto);
         vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, nc);
-        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
                 expectedIpVersion, expectedEncapType, expectedKeepaliveTimer);
         if (expectedReadFromCarrierConfig) {
             final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
@@ -2296,17 +2412,16 @@
 
         // Mock network loss and verify a cleanup task is scheduled
         vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
-        verify(mExecutor).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
 
         // Mock new network comes up and the cleanup task is cancelled
         vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
-        verify(mScheduledFuture).cancel(anyBoolean());
         verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, never()).setNetwork(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
 
         vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2,
                 new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
         // Verify MOBIKE is triggered
-        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).setNetwork(eq(TEST_NETWORK_2),
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).setNetwork(eq(TEST_NETWORK_2),
                 eq(ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO) /* ipVersion */,
                 eq(ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO) /* encapType */,
                 eq(DEFAULT_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SEC_INT) /* keepaliveDelay */);
@@ -2405,7 +2520,7 @@
         vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(
                 TEST_NETWORK_2, new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
         // Verify the old IKE Session is killed
-        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).kill();
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).kill();
 
         // Capture callbacks of the new IKE Session
         final Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> cbPair =
@@ -2437,19 +2552,16 @@
         // Forget the #sendLinkProperties during first setup.
         reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
 
-        final ArgumentCaptor<Runnable> runnableCaptor =
-                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Runnable.class);
-
         // Mock network loss
         vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
 
         // Mock the grace period expires
-        verify(mExecutor).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), anyLong(), any());
-        runnableCaptor.getValue().run();
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
-        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendLinkProperties(lpCaptor.capture());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .doSendLinkProperties(lpCaptor.capture());
         final LinkProperties lp = lpCaptor.getValue();
 
         assertNull(lp.getInterfaceName());
@@ -2547,9 +2659,7 @@
         // variables(timer counter and boolean) was reset.
         ((Vpn.IkeV2VpnRunner) vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner).onValidationStatus(
                 NetworkAgent.VALIDATION_STATUS_NOT_VALID);
-        final ArgumentCaptor<Runnable> runnableCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Runnable.class);
-        verify(mExecutor).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), anyLong(), any());
-        runnableCaptor.getValue().run();
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
         verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, never()).createIkeSession(
                 any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
     }
@@ -2575,17 +2685,16 @@
                 NetworkAgent.VALIDATION_STATUS_NOT_VALID);
 
         // Verify reset is scheduled and run.
-        final ArgumentCaptor<Runnable> runnableCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Runnable.class);
-        verify(mExecutor).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), anyLong(), any());
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
 
         // Another invalid status reported should not trigger other scheduled recovery.
         reset(mExecutor);
         ((Vpn.IkeV2VpnRunner) vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner).onValidationStatus(
                 NetworkAgent.VALIDATION_STATUS_NOT_VALID);
-        verify(mExecutor, never()).schedule(runnableCaptor.capture(), anyLong(), any());
+        verify(mExecutor, never()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
 
-        runnableCaptor.getValue().run();
-        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator).createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -2857,15 +2966,23 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        public long getNextRetryDelaySeconds(int retryCount) {
+        public long getNextRetryDelayMs(int retryCount) {
             // Simply return retryCount as the delay seconds for retrying.
-            return retryCount;
+            return retryCount * 1000;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor newScheduledThreadPoolExecutor() {
             return mExecutor;
         }
+
+        public boolean mIgnoreCallingUidChecks = true;
+        @Override
+        public void verifyCallingUidAndPackage(Context context, String packageName, int userId) {
+            if (!mIgnoreCallingUidChecks) {
+                super.verifyCallingUidAndPackage(context, packageName, userId);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
index 5d58f5d..746994f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
@@ -992,6 +992,71 @@
                 mockNetwork);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testProcessResponse_ResolveExcludesOtherServices() {
+        client = new MdnsServiceTypeClient(
+                SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor, mockNetwork);
+
+        final String requestedInstance = "instance1";
+        final String otherInstance = "instance2";
+        final String ipV4Address = "192.0.2.0";
+        final String ipV6Address = "2001:db8::";
+
+        final MdnsSearchOptions resolveOptions = MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                // Use different case in the options
+                .setResolveInstanceName("Instance1").build();
+
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, resolveOptions);
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerTwo, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        // Complete response from instanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                requestedInstance, ipV4Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                        Collections.emptyMap() /* textAttributes */, TEST_TTL),
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Complete response from otherInstanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                otherInstance, ipV4Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                        Collections.emptyMap() /* textAttributes */, TEST_TTL),
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Address update from otherInstanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                otherInstance, ipV6Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Goodbye from otherInstanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                otherInstance, ipV6Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), 0L /* ttl */), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // mockListenerOne gets notified for the requested instance
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameDiscovered(matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+
+        // ...but does not get any callback for the other instance
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceNameDiscovered(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceUpdated(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceRemoved(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+
+        // mockListenerTwo gets notified for both though
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockListenerTwo);
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceNameDiscovered(
+                matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceNameDiscovered(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceUpdated(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceRemoved(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+    }
+
+    private static MdnsServiceInfo matchServiceName(String name) {
+        return argThat(info -> info.getServiceInstanceName().equals(name));
+    }
+
     // verifies that the right query was enqueued with the right delay, and send query by executing
     // the runnable.
     private void verifyAndSendQuery(int index, long timeInMs, boolean expectsUnicastResponse) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProviderTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProviderTest.java
index d9420b8..2d73c98 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProviderTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProviderTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_ACK;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_REQUEST;
 import static com.android.testutils.ContextUtils.mockService;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -49,9 +52,19 @@
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.RtNetlinkAddressMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructIfaddrMsg;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider.Dependencies;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.internal.SocketNetlinkMonitor;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
@@ -64,20 +77,28 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class MdnsSocketProviderTest {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsSocketProviderTest.class.getSimpleName();
     private static final String TEST_IFACE_NAME = "test";
     private static final String LOCAL_ONLY_IFACE_NAME = "local_only";
     private static final String TETHERED_IFACE_NAME = "tethered";
+    private static final int TETHERED_IFACE_IDX = 32;
     private static final long DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 2000L;
     private static final long NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT = 200L;
     private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV4 = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.0/24");
     private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6 =
             new LinkAddress("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64");
+
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6_FLAG_CHANGE =
+            new LinkAddress("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64", 1 /* flags */,
+                    0 /* scope */);
     private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(123);
     @Mock private Context mContext;
     @Mock private Dependencies mDeps;
@@ -91,6 +112,7 @@
     private NetworkCallback mNetworkCallback;
     private TetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
 
+    private TestNetLinkMonitor mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor;
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws IOException {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
@@ -116,9 +138,21 @@
         doReturn(mTetheredIfaceWrapper).when(mDeps).getNetworkInterfaceByName(TETHERED_IFACE_NAME);
         doReturn(mock(MdnsInterfaceSocket.class))
                 .when(mDeps).createMdnsInterfaceSocket(any(), anyInt(), any(), any());
+        doReturn(TETHERED_IFACE_IDX).when(mDeps).getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(
+                TETHERED_IFACE_NAME);
         final HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("MdnsSocketProviderTest");
         thread.start();
         mHandler = new Handler(thread.getLooper());
+
+        doReturn(mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor).when(mDeps).createSocketNetlinkMonitor(any(), any(),
+                any());
+        doAnswer(inv -> {
+            mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor = new TestNetLinkMonitor(inv.getArgument(0),
+                    inv.getArgument(1),
+                    inv.getArgument(2));
+            return mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor;
+        }).when(mDeps).createSocketNetlinkMonitor(any(), any(),
+                any());
         mSocketProvider = new MdnsSocketProvider(mContext, thread.getLooper(), mDeps);
     }
 
@@ -135,6 +169,23 @@
 
         mNetworkCallback = nwCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         mTetheringEventCallback = teCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::startNetLinkMonitor);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    private static class TestNetLinkMonitor extends SocketNetlinkMonitor {
+        TestNetLinkMonitor(@NonNull Handler handler,
+                @NonNull SharedLog log,
+                @Nullable MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+            super(handler, log, cb);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startMonitoring() { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void stopMonitoring() { }
     }
 
     private class TestSocketCallback implements MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback {
@@ -301,6 +352,87 @@
         testCallback3.expectedInterfaceDestroyedForNetwork(null /* network */);
     }
 
+    private RtNetlinkAddressMessage createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+            short msgType, LinkAddress linkAddress, int ifIndex, int flags) {
+        final StructNlMsgHdr nlmsghdr = new StructNlMsgHdr();
+        nlmsghdr.nlmsg_type = msgType;
+        nlmsghdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+        nlmsghdr.nlmsg_seq = 1;
+
+        InetAddress ip = linkAddress.getAddress();
+
+        final byte family =
+                (byte) ((ip instanceof Inet6Address) ? OsConstants.AF_INET6 : OsConstants.AF_INET);
+        StructIfaddrMsg structIfaddrMsg = new StructIfaddrMsg(family,
+                (short) linkAddress.getPrefixLength(),
+                (short) linkAddress.getFlags(), (short) linkAddress.getScope(), ifIndex);
+
+        return new RtNetlinkAddressMessage(nlmsghdr, structIfaddrMsg, ip,
+                null /* structIfacacheInfo */, flags);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDownstreamNetworkAddressUpdateFromNetlink() {
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallbackAll = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(null /* network */, testCallbackAll));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+
+        // Address add message arrived before the interface is created.
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage addIpv4AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR,
+                LINKADDRV4,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                0 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(addIpv4AddrMsg,
+                        0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+
+        // Interface is created.
+        mHandler.post(() -> mTetheringEventCallback.onTetheredInterfacesChanged(
+                List.of(TETHERED_IFACE_NAME)));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mTetheredIfaceWrapper).getNetworkInterface();
+        testCallbackAll.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+
+        // Old Address removed.
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage removeIpv4AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_DELADDR,
+                LINKADDRV4,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                0 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(removeIpv4AddrMsg,
+                        0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallbackAll.expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of());
+
+        // New address added.
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage addIpv6AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR,
+                LINKADDRV6,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                0 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(() -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(addIpv6AddrMsg,
+                0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallbackAll.expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of(LINKADDRV6));
+
+        // Address updated
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage updateIpv6AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR,
+                LINKADDRV6,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                1 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(updateIpv6AddrMsg,
+                        0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallbackAll.expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(null /* network */,
+                List.of(LINKADDRV6_FLAG_CHANGE));
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testAddressesChanged() throws Exception {
         startMonitoringSockets();