diff --git a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index 8e55736..4d9b759 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -100,6 +100,16 @@
     public static final String CONNECTIVITY_ACTION = "android.net.conn.CONNECTIVITY_CHANGE";
 
     /**
+     * A temporary hack until SUPL system can get off the legacy APIS.
+     * They do too many network requests and the long list of apps listening
+     * and waking due to the CONNECTIVITY_ACTION bcast makes it expensive.
+     * Use this bcast intent instead for SUPL requests.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final String CONNECTIVITY_ACTION_SUPL =
+            "android.net.conn.CONNECTIVITY_CHANGE_SUPL";
+
+    /**
      * The device has connected to a network that has presented a captive
      * portal, which is blocking Internet connectivity. The user was presented
      * with a notification that network sign in is required,
@@ -885,8 +895,12 @@
      * Tells the underlying networking system that the caller wants to
      * begin using the named feature. The interpretation of {@code feature}
      * is completely up to each networking implementation.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
+     *
      * @param networkType specifies which network the request pertains to
      * @param feature the name of the feature to be used
      * @return an integer value representing the outcome of the request.
@@ -936,8 +950,12 @@
      * Tells the underlying networking system that the caller is finished
      * using the named feature. The interpretation of {@code feature}
      * is completely up to each networking implementation.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
+     *
      * @param networkType specifies which network the request pertains to
      * @param feature the name of the feature that is no longer needed
      * @return an integer value representing the outcome of the request.
@@ -1181,12 +1199,154 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    /** @hide */
+    public static class PacketKeepaliveCallback {
+        /** The requested keepalive was successfully started. */
+        public void onStarted() {}
+        /** The keepalive was successfully stopped. */
+        public void onStopped() {}
+        /** An error occurred. */
+        public void onError(int error) {}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allows applications to request that the system periodically send specific packets on their
+     * behalf, using hardware offload to save battery power.
+     *
+     * To request that the system send keepalives, call one of the methods that return a
+     * {@link ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive} object, such as {@link #startNattKeepalive},
+     * passing in a non-null callback. If the callback is successfully started, the callback's
+     * {@code onStarted} method will be called. If an error occurs, {@code onError} will be called,
+     * specifying one of the {@code ERROR_*} constants in this class.
+     *
+     * To stop an existing keepalive, call {@link stop}. The system will call {@code onStopped} if
+     * the operation was successfull or {@code onError} if an error occurred.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public class PacketKeepalive {
+
+        private static final String TAG = "PacketKeepalive";
+
+        /** @hide */
+        public static final int SUCCESS = 0;
+
+        /** @hide */
+        public static final int NO_KEEPALIVE = -1;
+
+        /** @hide */
+        public static final int BINDER_DIED = -10;
+
+        /** The specified {@code Network} is not connected. */
+        public static final int ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK = -20;
+        /** The specified IP addresses are invalid. For example, the specified source IP address is
+          * not configured on the specified {@code Network}. */
+        public static final int ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS = -21;
+        /** The requested port is invalid. */
+        public static final int ERROR_INVALID_PORT = -22;
+        /** The packet length is invalid (e.g., too long). */
+        public static final int ERROR_INVALID_LENGTH = -23;
+        /** The packet transmission interval is invalid (e.g., too short). */
+        public static final int ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL = -24;
+
+        /** The hardware does not support this request. */
+        public static final int ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED = -30;
+        /** The hardware returned an error. */
+        public static final int ERROR_HARDWARE_ERROR = -31;
+
+        public static final int NATT_PORT = 4500;
+
+        private final Network mNetwork;
+        private final PacketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
+        private final Looper mLooper;
+        private final Messenger mMessenger;
+
+        private volatile Integer mSlot;
+
+        void stopLooper() {
+            mLooper.quit();
+        }
+
+        public void stop() {
+            try {
+                mService.stopKeepalive(mNetwork, mSlot);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping packet keepalive: ", e);
+                stopLooper();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private PacketKeepalive(Network network, PacketKeepaliveCallback callback) {
+            checkNotNull(network, "network cannot be null");
+            checkNotNull(callback, "callback cannot be null");
+            mNetwork = network;
+            mCallback = callback;
+            HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread(TAG);
+            thread.start();
+            mLooper = thread.getLooper();
+            mMessenger = new Messenger(new Handler(mLooper) {
+                @Override
+                public void handleMessage(Message message) {
+                    switch (message.what) {
+                        case NetworkAgent.EVENT_PACKET_KEEPALIVE:
+                            int error = message.arg2;
+                            try {
+                                if (error == SUCCESS) {
+                                    if (mSlot == null) {
+                                        mSlot = message.arg1;
+                                        mCallback.onStarted();
+                                    } else {
+                                        mSlot = null;
+                                        stopLooper();
+                                        mCallback.onStopped();
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    stopLooper();
+                                    mCallback.onError(error);
+                                }
+                            } catch (Exception e) {
+                                Log.e(TAG, "Exception in keepalive callback(" + error + ")", e);
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unhandled message " + Integer.toHexString(message.what));
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts an IPsec NAT-T keepalive packet with the specified parameters.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public PacketKeepalive startNattKeepalive(
+            Network network, int intervalSeconds, PacketKeepaliveCallback callback,
+            InetAddress srcAddr, int srcPort, InetAddress dstAddr) {
+        final PacketKeepalive k = new PacketKeepalive(network, callback);
+        try {
+            mService.startNattKeepalive(network, intervalSeconds, k.mMessenger, new Binder(),
+                    srcAddr.getHostAddress(), srcPort, dstAddr.getHostAddress());
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error starting packet keepalive: ", e);
+            k.stopLooper();
+            return null;
+        }
+        return k;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Ensure that a network route exists to deliver traffic to the specified
      * host via the specified network interface. An attempt to add a route that
      * already exists is ignored, but treated as successful.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
+     *
      * @param networkType the type of the network over which traffic to the specified
      * host is to be routed
      * @param hostAddress the IP address of the host to which the route is desired
@@ -1206,8 +1366,12 @@
      * Ensure that a network route exists to deliver traffic to the specified
      * host via the specified network interface. An attempt to add a route that
      * already exists is ignored, but treated as successful.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
+     *
      * @param networkType the type of the network over which traffic to the specified
      * host is to be routed
      * @param hostAddress the IP address of the host to which the route is desired
@@ -1407,6 +1571,13 @@
         return (ConnectivityManager) context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
     }
 
+    /** {@hide} */
+    public static final void enforceChangePermission(Context context) {
+        int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        Settings.checkAndNoteChangeNetworkStateOperation(context, uid, Settings
+                .getPackageNameForUid(context, uid), true /* throwException */);
+    }
+
     /** {@hide */
     public static final void enforceTetherChangePermission(Context context) {
         if (context.getResources().getStringArray(
@@ -1417,8 +1588,8 @@
                     android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL, "ConnectivityService");
         } else {
             int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
-            Settings.checkAndNoteChangeNetworkStateOperation(context, uid, Settings
-                    .getPackageNameForUid(context, uid), true);
+            Settings.checkAndNoteWriteSettingsOperation(context, uid, Settings
+                    .getPackageNameForUid(context, uid), true /* throwException */);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1523,8 +1694,11 @@
      * allowed between the tethered devices and this device, though upstream net
      * access will of course fail until an upstream network interface becomes
      * active.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
      *
      * @param iface the interface name to tether.
      * @return error a {@code TETHER_ERROR} value indicating success or failure type
@@ -1541,8 +1715,11 @@
 
     /**
      * Stop tethering the named interface.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
      *
      * @param iface the interface name to untether.
      * @return error a {@code TETHER_ERROR} value indicating success or failure type
@@ -1642,8 +1819,11 @@
      * attempt to switch to Rndis and subsequently tether the resulting
      * interface on {@code true} or turn off tethering and switch off
      * Rndis on {@code false}.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
      *
      * @param enable a boolean - {@code true} to enable tethering
      * @return error a {@code TETHER_ERROR} value indicating success or failure type
@@ -2113,6 +2293,7 @@
         private final AtomicInteger mRefCount;
         private static final String TAG = "ConnectivityManager.CallbackHandler";
         private final ConnectivityManager mCm;
+        private static final boolean DBG = false;
 
         CallbackHandler(Looper looper, HashMap<NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback>callbackMap,
                 AtomicInteger refCount, ConnectivityManager cm) {
@@ -2124,7 +2305,7 @@
 
         @Override
         public void handleMessage(Message message) {
-            Log.d(TAG, "CM callback handler got msg " + message.what);
+            if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "CM callback handler got msg " + message.what);
             NetworkRequest request = (NetworkRequest) getObject(message, NetworkRequest.class);
             Network network = (Network) getObject(message, Network.class);
             switch (message.what) {
@@ -2312,8 +2493,11 @@
      * network may never attain, and whether a network will attain these states
      * is unknown prior to bringing up the network so the framework does not
      * know how to go about satisfing a request with these capabilities.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
      *
      * @param request {@link NetworkRequest} describing this request.
      * @param networkCallback The {@link NetworkCallback} to be utilized for this
@@ -2335,8 +2519,12 @@
      * network is not found within the given time (in milliseconds) the
      * {@link NetworkCallback#unavailable} callback is called.  The request must
      * still be released normally by calling {@link releaseNetworkRequest}.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
+     *
      * @param request {@link NetworkRequest} describing this request.
      * @param networkCallback The callbacks to be utilized for this request.  Note
      *                        the callbacks must not be shared - they uniquely specify
@@ -2409,8 +2597,12 @@
      * network may never attain, and whether a network will attain these states
      * is unknown prior to bringing up the network so the framework does not
      * know how to go about satisfing a request with these capabilities.
-     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold the permission
-     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method requires the caller to hold either the
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission#CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE} permission
+     * or the ability to modify system settings as determined by
+     * {@link android.provider.Settings.System#canWrite}.</p>
+     *
      * @param request {@link NetworkRequest} describing this request.
      * @param operation Action to perform when the network is available (corresponds
      *                  to the {@link NetworkCallback#onAvailable} call.  Typically
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl b/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
index 46c28a6..d4dd669 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
+++ b/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
@@ -160,4 +160,9 @@
     boolean setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(in Network[] networks);
 
     void factoryReset();
+
+    void startNattKeepalive(in Network network, int intervalSeconds, in Messenger messenger,
+            in IBinder binder, String srcAddr, int srcPort, String dstAddr);
+
+    void stopKeepalive(in Network network, int slot);
 }
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index 808a882..20c2168 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Message;
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.util.AsyncChannel;
 import com.android.internal.util.Protocol;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
@@ -143,17 +145,60 @@
      */
     public static final int CMD_SAVE_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED = BASE + 9;
 
-    /** Sent by ConnectivityService to the NetworkAgent to inform the agent to pull
+    /**
+     * Sent by ConnectivityService to the NetworkAgent to inform the agent to pull
      * the underlying network connection for updated bandwidth information.
      */
     public static final int CMD_REQUEST_BANDWIDTH_UPDATE = BASE + 10;
 
     /**
+     * Sent by ConnectivityService to the NetworkAgent to request that the specified packet be sent
+     * periodically on the given interval.
+     *
+     *   arg1 = the slot number of the keepalive to start
+     *   arg2 = interval in seconds
+     *   obj = KeepalivePacketData object describing the data to be sent
+     *
+     * Also used internally by ConnectivityService / KeepaliveTracker, with different semantics.
+     */
+    public static final int CMD_START_PACKET_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 11;
+
+    /**
+     * Requests that the specified keepalive packet be stopped.
+     *
+     * arg1 = slot number of the keepalive to stop.
+     *
+     * Also used internally by ConnectivityService / KeepaliveTracker, with different semantics.
+     */
+    public static final int CMD_STOP_PACKET_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 12;
+
+    /**
+     * Sent by the NetworkAgent to ConnectivityService to provide status on a packet keepalive
+     * request. This may either be the reply to a CMD_START_PACKET_KEEPALIVE, or an asynchronous
+     * error notification.
+     *
+     * This is also sent by KeepaliveTracker to the app's ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive to
+     * so that the app's PacketKeepaliveCallback methods can be called.
+     *
+     * arg1 = slot number of the keepalive
+     * arg2 = error code
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_PACKET_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 13;
+
+    /**
+     * Sent by ConnectivityService to inform this network transport of signal strength thresholds
+     * that when crossed should trigger a system wakeup and a NetworkCapabilities update.
+     *
+     *   obj = int[] describing signal strength thresholds.
+     */
+    public static final int CMD_SET_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_THRESHOLDS = BASE + 14;
+
+    /**
      * Sent by ConnectivityService to the NeworkAgent to inform the agent to avoid
      * automatically reconnecting to this network (e.g. via autojoin).  Happens
      * when user selects "No" option on the "Stay connected?" dialog box.
      */
-    public static final int CMD_PREVENT_AUTOMATIC_RECONNECT = BASE + 11;
+    public static final int CMD_PREVENT_AUTOMATIC_RECONNECT = BASE + 15;
 
     public NetworkAgent(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag, NetworkInfo ni,
             NetworkCapabilities nc, LinkProperties lp, int score) {
@@ -249,6 +294,27 @@
                 saveAcceptUnvalidated(msg.arg1 != 0);
                 break;
             }
+            case CMD_START_PACKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                startPacketKeepalive(msg);
+                break;
+            }
+            case CMD_STOP_PACKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                stopPacketKeepalive(msg);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case CMD_SET_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_THRESHOLDS: {
+                ArrayList<Integer> thresholds =
+                        ((Bundle) msg.obj).getIntegerArrayList("thresholds");
+                // TODO: Change signal strength thresholds API to use an ArrayList<Integer>
+                // rather than convert to int[].
+                int[] intThresholds = new int[(thresholds != null) ? thresholds.size() : 0];
+                for (int i = 0; i < intThresholds.length; i++) {
+                    intThresholds[i] = thresholds.get(i);
+                }
+                setSignalStrengthThresholds(intThresholds);
+                break;
+            }
             case CMD_PREVENT_AUTOMATIC_RECONNECT: {
                 preventAutomaticReconnect();
                 break;
@@ -257,13 +323,27 @@
     }
 
     private void queueOrSendMessage(int what, Object obj) {
+        queueOrSendMessage(what, 0, 0, obj);
+    }
+
+    private void queueOrSendMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2) {
+        queueOrSendMessage(what, arg1, arg2, null);
+    }
+
+    private void queueOrSendMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2, Object obj) {
+        Message msg = Message.obtain();
+        msg.what = what;
+        msg.arg1 = arg1;
+        msg.arg2 = arg2;
+        msg.obj = obj;
+        queueOrSendMessage(msg);
+    }
+
+    private void queueOrSendMessage(Message msg) {
         synchronized (mPreConnectedQueue) {
             if (mAsyncChannel != null) {
-                mAsyncChannel.sendMessage(what, obj);
+                mAsyncChannel.sendMessage(msg);
             } else {
-                Message msg = Message.obtain();
-                msg.what = what;
-                msg.obj = obj;
                 mPreConnectedQueue.add(msg);
             }
         }
@@ -378,6 +458,34 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Requests that the network hardware send the specified packet at the specified interval.
+     */
+    protected void startPacketKeepalive(Message msg) {
+        onPacketKeepaliveEvent(msg.arg1, PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests that the network hardware send the specified packet at the specified interval.
+     */
+    protected void stopPacketKeepalive(Message msg) {
+        onPacketKeepaliveEvent(msg.arg1, PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by the network when a packet keepalive event occurs.
+     */
+    public void onPacketKeepaliveEvent(int slot, int reason) {
+        queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_PACKET_KEEPALIVE, slot, reason);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by ConnectivityService to inform this network transport of signal strength thresholds
+     * that when crossed should trigger a system wakeup and a NetworkCapabilities update.
+     */
+    protected void setSignalStrengthThresholds(int[] thresholds) {
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Called when the user asks to not stay connected to this network because it was found to not
      * provide Internet access.  Usually followed by call to {@code unwanted}.  The transport is
      * responsible for making sure the device does not automatically reconnect to the same network
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index d0e0cbe..3bd12c0 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
             mLinkUpBandwidthKbps = nc.mLinkUpBandwidthKbps;
             mLinkDownBandwidthKbps = nc.mLinkDownBandwidthKbps;
             mNetworkSpecifier = nc.mNetworkSpecifier;
+            mSignalStrength = nc.mSignalStrength;
         }
     }
 
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@
         mNetworkCapabilities = mTransportTypes = 0;
         mLinkUpBandwidthKbps = mLinkDownBandwidthKbps = 0;
         mNetworkSpecifier = null;
+        mSignalStrength = SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -184,6 +186,28 @@
     private static final int MAX_NET_CAPABILITY = NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
 
     /**
+     * Network capabilities that are expected to be mutable, i.e., can change while a particular
+     * network is connected.
+     */
+    private static final long MUTABLE_CAPABILITIES =
+            // TRUSTED can change when user explicitly connects to an untrusted network in Settings.
+            // http://b/18206275
+            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED) |
+            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED) |
+            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+
+    /**
+     * Network capabilities that are not allowed in NetworkRequests. This exists because the
+     * NetworkFactory / NetworkAgent model does not deal well with the situation where a
+     * capability's presence cannot be known in advance. If such a capability is requested, then we
+     * can get into a cycle where the NetworkFactory endlessly churns out NetworkAgents that then
+     * get immediately torn down because they do not have the requested capability.
+     */
+    private static final long NON_REQUESTABLE_CAPABILITIES =
+            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED) |
+            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+
+    /**
      * Capabilities that are set by default when the object is constructed.
      */
     private static final long DEFAULT_CAPABILITIES =
@@ -278,8 +302,31 @@
         this.mNetworkCapabilities |= nc.mNetworkCapabilities;
     }
 
-    private boolean satisfiedByNetCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        return ((nc.mNetworkCapabilities & this.mNetworkCapabilities) == this.mNetworkCapabilities);
+    /**
+     * Convenience function that returns a human-readable description of the first mutable
+     * capability we find. Used to present an error message to apps that request mutable
+     * capabilities.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public String describeFirstNonRequestableCapability() {
+        if (hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)) return "NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED";
+        if (hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL)) return "NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL";
+        // This cannot happen unless the preceding checks are incomplete.
+        if ((mNetworkCapabilities & NON_REQUESTABLE_CAPABILITIES) != 0) {
+            return "unknown non-requestable capabilities " + Long.toHexString(mNetworkCapabilities);
+        }
+        if (mLinkUpBandwidthKbps != 0 || mLinkDownBandwidthKbps != 0) return "link bandwidth";
+        if (hasSignalStrength()) return "signalStrength";
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private boolean satisfiedByNetCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc, boolean onlyImmutable) {
+        long networkCapabilities = this.mNetworkCapabilities;
+        if (onlyImmutable) {
+            networkCapabilities = networkCapabilities & ~MUTABLE_CAPABILITIES;
+        }
+        return ((nc.mNetworkCapabilities & networkCapabilities) == networkCapabilities);
     }
 
     /** @hide */
@@ -287,6 +334,11 @@
         return (nc.mNetworkCapabilities == this.mNetworkCapabilities);
     }
 
+    private boolean equalsNetCapabilitiesImmutable(NetworkCapabilities that) {
+        return ((this.mNetworkCapabilities & ~MUTABLE_CAPABILITIES) ==
+                (that.mNetworkCapabilities & ~MUTABLE_CAPABILITIES));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Removes the NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED capability if all the capabilities it provides are
      * typically provided by restricted networks.
@@ -555,26 +607,130 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Magic value that indicates no signal strength provided. A request specifying this value is
+     * always satisfied.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+
+    /**
+     * Signal strength. This is a signed integer, and higher values indicate better signal.
+     * The exact units are bearer-dependent. For example, Wi-Fi uses RSSI.
+     */
+    private int mSignalStrength;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the signal strength. This is a signed integer, with higher values indicating a stronger
+     * signal. The exact units are bearer-dependent. For example, Wi-Fi uses the same RSSI units
+     * reported by WifiManager.
+     * <p>
+     * Note that when used to register a network callback, this specifies the minimum acceptable
+     * signal strength. When received as the state of an existing network it specifies the current
+     * value. A value of code SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED} means no value when received and has no
+     * effect when requesting a callback.
+     *
+     * @param signalStrength the bearer-specific signal strength.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public void setSignalStrength(int signalStrength) {
+        mSignalStrength = signalStrength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this object specifies a signal strength.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean hasSignalStrength() {
+        return mSignalStrength > SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the signal strength.
+     *
+     * @return The bearer-specific signal strength.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public int getSignalStrength() {
+        return mSignalStrength;
+    }
+
+    private void combineSignalStrength(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        this.mSignalStrength = Math.max(this.mSignalStrength, nc.mSignalStrength);
+    }
+
+    private boolean satisfiedBySignalStrength(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        return this.mSignalStrength <= nc.mSignalStrength;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalsSignalStrength(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        return this.mSignalStrength == nc.mSignalStrength;
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Combine a set of Capabilities to this one.  Useful for coming up with the complete set
-     * {@hide}
+     * @hide
      */
     public void combineCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
         combineNetCapabilities(nc);
         combineTransportTypes(nc);
         combineLinkBandwidths(nc);
         combineSpecifiers(nc);
+        combineSignalStrength(nc);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Check if our requirements are satisfied by the given Capabilities.
-     * {@hide}
+     * Check if our requirements are satisfied by the given {@code NetworkCapabilities}.
+     *
+     * @param nc the {@code NetworkCapabilities} that may or may not satisfy our requirements.
+     * @param onlyImmutable if {@code true}, do not consider mutable requirements such as link
+     *         bandwidth, signal strength, or validation / captive portal status.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    private boolean satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc, boolean onlyImmutable) {
+        return (nc != null &&
+                satisfiedByNetCapabilities(nc, onlyImmutable) &&
+                satisfiedByTransportTypes(nc) &&
+                (onlyImmutable || satisfiedByLinkBandwidths(nc)) &&
+                satisfiedBySpecifier(nc) &&
+                (onlyImmutable || satisfiedBySignalStrength(nc)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if our requirements are satisfied by the given {@code NetworkCapabilities}.
+     *
+     * @param nc the {@code NetworkCapabilities} that may or may not satisfy our requirements.
+     *
+     * @hide
      */
     public boolean satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        return (nc != null &&
-                satisfiedByNetCapabilities(nc) &&
-                satisfiedByTransportTypes(nc) &&
-                satisfiedByLinkBandwidths(nc) &&
-                satisfiedBySpecifier(nc));
+        return satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(nc, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if our immutable requirements are satisfied by the given {@code NetworkCapabilities}.
+     *
+     * @param nc the {@code NetworkCapabilities} that may or may not satisfy our requirements.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        return satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(nc, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that our immutable capabilities are the same as those of the given
+     * {@code NetworkCapabilities}.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean equalImmutableCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        if (nc == null) return false;
+        return (equalsNetCapabilitiesImmutable(nc) &&
+                equalsTransportTypes(nc) &&
+                equalsSpecifier(nc));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -584,6 +740,7 @@
         return (equalsNetCapabilities(that) &&
                 equalsTransportTypes(that) &&
                 equalsLinkBandwidths(that) &&
+                equalsSignalStrength(that) &&
                 equalsSpecifier(that));
     }
 
@@ -595,7 +752,8 @@
                 ((int)(mTransportTypes >> 32) * 7) +
                 (mLinkUpBandwidthKbps * 11) +
                 (mLinkDownBandwidthKbps * 13) +
-                (TextUtils.isEmpty(mNetworkSpecifier) ? 0 : mNetworkSpecifier.hashCode() * 17));
+                (TextUtils.isEmpty(mNetworkSpecifier) ? 0 : mNetworkSpecifier.hashCode() * 17) +
+                (mSignalStrength * 19));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -609,7 +767,9 @@
         dest.writeInt(mLinkUpBandwidthKbps);
         dest.writeInt(mLinkDownBandwidthKbps);
         dest.writeString(mNetworkSpecifier);
+        dest.writeInt(mSignalStrength);
     }
+
     public static final Creator<NetworkCapabilities> CREATOR =
         new Creator<NetworkCapabilities>() {
             @Override
@@ -621,6 +781,7 @@
                 netCap.mLinkUpBandwidthKbps = in.readInt();
                 netCap.mLinkDownBandwidthKbps = in.readInt();
                 netCap.mNetworkSpecifier = in.readString();
+                netCap.mSignalStrength = in.readInt();
                 return netCap;
             }
             @Override
@@ -678,6 +839,8 @@
         String specifier = (mNetworkSpecifier == null ?
                 "" : " Specifier: <" + mNetworkSpecifier + ">");
 
-        return "[" + transports + capabilities + upBand + dnBand + specifier + "]";
+        String signalStrength = (hasSignalStrength() ? " SignalStrength: " + mSignalStrength : "");
+
+        return "[" + transports + capabilities + upBand + dnBand + specifier + signalStrength + "]";
     }
 }
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkRequest.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
index e184ec4..7da4818 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
@@ -191,6 +191,24 @@
             mNetworkCapabilities.setNetworkSpecifier(networkSpecifier);
             return this;
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the signal strength. This is a signed integer, with higher values indicating a
+         * stronger signal. The exact units are bearer-dependent. For example, Wi-Fi uses the same
+         * RSSI units reported by WifiManager.
+         * <p>
+         * Note that when used to register a network callback, this specifies the minimum acceptable
+         * signal strength. When received as the state of an existing network it specifies the
+         * current value. A value of {@code SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED} means no value when
+         * received and has no effect when requesting a callback.
+         *
+         * @param signalStrength the bearer-specific signal strength.
+         * @hide
+         */
+        public Builder setSignalStrength(int signalStrength) {
+            mNetworkCapabilities.setSignalStrength(signalStrength);
+            return this;
+        }
     }
 
     // implement the Parcelable interface
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 4919bed..327fb8a 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.database.ContentObserver;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive;
 import android.net.IConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.INetworkManagementEventObserver;
 import android.net.INetworkPolicyListener;
@@ -117,6 +118,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.XmlUtils;
 import com.android.server.am.BatteryStatsService;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.DataConnectionStats;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepaliveTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkDiagnostics;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.Nat464Xlat;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
@@ -148,6 +150,8 @@
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -355,6 +359,9 @@
      */
     private static final int EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER_WITH_INTENT = 31;
 
+    /** Handler thread used for both of the handlers below. */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     /** Handler used for internal events. */
     final private InternalHandler mHandler;
     /** Handler used for incoming {@link NetworkStateTracker} events. */
@@ -399,6 +406,8 @@
 
     TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
 
+    private KeepaliveTracker mKeepaliveTracker;
+
     // sequence number for Networks; keep in sync with system/netd/NetworkController.cpp
     private final static int MIN_NET_ID = 100; // some reserved marks
     private final static int MAX_NET_ID = 65535;
@@ -505,7 +514,6 @@
 
             ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> list = mTypeLists[type];
             if (list.contains(nai)) {
-                loge("Attempting to register duplicate agent for type " + type + ": " + nai);
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -609,6 +617,11 @@
     }
     private LegacyTypeTracker mLegacyTypeTracker = new LegacyTypeTracker();
 
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected HandlerThread createHandlerThread() {
+        return new HandlerThread("ConnectivityServiceThread");
+    }
+
     public ConnectivityService(Context context, INetworkManagementService netManager,
             INetworkStatsService statsService, INetworkPolicyManager policyManager) {
         if (DBG) log("ConnectivityService starting up");
@@ -622,10 +635,10 @@
         mDefaultMobileDataRequest = createInternetRequestForTransport(
                 NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
 
-        HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("ConnectivityServiceThread");
-        handlerThread.start();
-        mHandler = new InternalHandler(handlerThread.getLooper());
-        mTrackerHandler = new NetworkStateTrackerHandler(handlerThread.getLooper());
+        mHandlerThread = createHandlerThread();
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+        mHandler = new InternalHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+        mTrackerHandler = new NetworkStateTrackerHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
 
         // setup our unique device name
         if (TextUtils.isEmpty(SystemProperties.get("net.hostname"))) {
@@ -764,6 +777,8 @@
         mPacManager = new PacManager(mContext, mHandler, EVENT_PROXY_HAS_CHANGED);
 
         mUserManager = (UserManager) context.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
+
+        mKeepaliveTracker = new KeepaliveTracker(mHandler);
     }
 
     private NetworkRequest createInternetRequestForTransport(int transportType) {
@@ -931,13 +946,13 @@
             uidRules = mUidRules.get(uid, RULE_ALLOW_ALL);
         }
 
-        if ((uidRules & RULE_REJECT_ALL) != 0
-                || (networkCostly && (uidRules & RULE_REJECT_METERED) != 0)) {
+        if (uidRules == RULE_REJECT_ALL) {
             return true;
+        } else if ((uidRules == RULE_REJECT_METERED) && networkCostly) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
         }
-
-        // no restrictive rules; network is visible
-        return false;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1432,10 +1447,7 @@
     }
 
     private void enforceChangePermission() {
-        int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
-        Settings.checkAndNoteChangeNetworkStateOperation(mContext, uid, Settings
-                .getPackageNameForUid(mContext, uid), true);
-
+        ConnectivityManager.enforceChangePermission(mContext);
     }
 
     private void enforceTetherAccessPermission() {
@@ -1450,6 +1462,10 @@
                 "ConnectivityService");
     }
 
+    private void enforceKeepalivePermission() {
+        mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(KeepaliveTracker.PERMISSION, "ConnectivityService");
+    }
+
     public void sendConnectedBroadcast(NetworkInfo info) {
         enforceConnectivityInternalPermission();
         sendGeneralBroadcast(info, CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
@@ -1512,10 +1528,14 @@
 
             final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
             if (ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION.equals(intent.getAction())) {
+                final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(
+                        ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
+                if (ni.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL) {
+                    intent.setAction(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION_SUPL);
+                    intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REGISTERED_ONLY);
+                }
                 final IBatteryStats bs = BatteryStatsService.getService();
                 try {
-                    NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(
-                            ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
                     bs.noteConnectivityChanged(intent.getIntExtra(
                             ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE),
                             ni != null ? ni.getState().toString() : "?");
@@ -1841,10 +1861,13 @@
                 pw.println(", last requested never");
             }
         }
-        pw.println();
 
+        pw.println();
         mTethering.dump(fd, pw, args);
 
+        pw.println();
+        mKeepaliveTracker.dump(pw);
+
         if (mInetLog != null && mInetLog.size() > 0) {
             pw.println();
             pw.println("Inet condition reports:");
@@ -1922,7 +1945,12 @@
                                 (NetworkCapabilities)msg.obj;
                         if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL) ||
                                 networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)) {
-                            Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " has stateful capability.");
+                            Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " has CS-managed capability.");
+                        }
+                        if (nai.created && !nai.networkCapabilities.equalImmutableCapabilities(
+                                networkCapabilities)) {
+                            Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " changed immutable capabilities: "
+                                    + nai.networkCapabilities + " -> " + networkCapabilities);
                         }
                         updateCapabilities(nai, networkCapabilities);
                     }
@@ -2006,6 +2034,15 @@
                     nai.networkMisc.acceptUnvalidated = (boolean) msg.obj;
                     break;
                 }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_PACKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                    NetworkAgentInfo nai = mNetworkAgentInfos.get(msg.replyTo);
+                    if (nai == null) {
+                        loge("EVENT_PACKET_KEEPALIVE from unknown NetworkAgent");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleEventPacketKeepalive(nai, msg);
+                    break;
+                }
                 case NetworkMonitor.EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED: {
                     NetworkAgentInfo nai = (NetworkAgentInfo)msg.obj;
                     if (isLiveNetworkAgent(nai, "EVENT_NETWORK_TESTED")) {
@@ -2148,6 +2185,8 @@
             // sending all CALLBACK_LOST messages (for requests, not listens) at the end
             // of rematchAllNetworksAndRequests
             notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_LOST);
+            mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopAllKeepalives(nai,
+                    ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
             nai.networkMonitor.sendMessage(NetworkMonitor.CMD_NETWORK_DISCONNECTED);
             mNetworkAgentInfos.remove(msg.replyTo);
             updateClat(null, nai.linkProperties, nai);
@@ -2226,6 +2265,14 @@
     private void handleRegisterNetworkRequest(NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
         mNetworkRequests.put(nri.request, nri);
         mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("REGISTER " + nri);
+        if (!nri.isRequest) {
+            for (NetworkAgentInfo network : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
+                if (nri.request.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength() &&
+                        network.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(nri.request)) {
+                    updateSignalStrengthThresholds(network, "REGISTER", nri.request);
+                }
+            }
+        }
         rematchAllNetworksAndRequests(null, 0);
         if (nri.isRequest && mNetworkForRequestId.get(nri.request.requestId) == null) {
             sendUpdatedScoreToFactories(nri.request, 0);
@@ -2339,6 +2386,10 @@
                 // if this listen request applies and remove it.
                 for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
                     nai.networkRequests.remove(nri.request.requestId);
+                    if (nri.request.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength() &&
+                            nai.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(nri.request)) {
+                        updateSignalStrengthThresholds(nai, "RELEASE", nri.request);
+                    }
                 }
             }
             callCallbackForRequest(nri, null, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_RELEASED);
@@ -2505,6 +2556,19 @@
                     handleMobileDataAlwaysOn();
                     break;
                 }
+                // Sent by KeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the state machine thread.
+                case NetworkAgent.CMD_START_PACKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(msg);
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Sent by KeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the state machine thread.
+                case NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_PACKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                    NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork((Network) msg.obj);
+                    int slot = msg.arg1;
+                    int reason = msg.arg2;
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopKeepalive(nai, slot, reason);
+                    break;
+                }
                 case EVENT_SYSTEM_READY: {
                     for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
                         nai.networkMonitor.systemReady = true;
@@ -3145,6 +3209,11 @@
             final String profileName = new String(mKeyStore.get(Credentials.LOCKDOWN_VPN));
             final VpnProfile profile = VpnProfile.decode(
                     profileName, mKeyStore.get(Credentials.VPN + profileName));
+            if (profile == null) {
+                Slog.e(TAG, "Lockdown VPN configured invalid profile " + profileName);
+                setLockdownTracker(null);
+                return true;
+            }
             int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
             synchronized(mVpns) {
                 setLockdownTracker(new LockdownVpnTracker(mContext, mNetd, this, mVpns.get(user),
@@ -3291,7 +3360,7 @@
                     .setPriority(highPriority ?
                             Notification.PRIORITY_HIGH :
                             Notification.PRIORITY_DEFAULT)
-                    .setDefaults(Notification.DEFAULT_ALL)
+                    .setDefaults(highPriority ? Notification.DEFAULT_ALL : 0)
                     .setOnlyAlertOnce(true)
                     .build();
 
@@ -3554,15 +3623,47 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void ensureImmutableCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
-        if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-                    "Cannot request network with NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED");
+    private void ensureRequestableCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+        final String badCapability = networkCapabilities.describeFirstNonRequestableCapability();
+        if (badCapability != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot request network with " + badCapability);
         }
-        if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL)) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-                    "Cannot request network with NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL");
+    }
+
+    private ArrayList<Integer> getSignalStrengthThresholds(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        final SortedSet<Integer> thresholds = new TreeSet();
+        synchronized (nai) {
+            for (NetworkRequestInfo nri : mNetworkRequests.values()) {
+                if (nri.request.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength() &&
+                        nai.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(nri.request)) {
+                    thresholds.add(nri.request.networkCapabilities.getSignalStrength());
+                }
+            }
         }
+        return new ArrayList<Integer>(thresholds);
+    }
+
+    private void updateSignalStrengthThresholds(
+            NetworkAgentInfo nai, String reason, NetworkRequest request) {
+        ArrayList<Integer> thresholdsArray = getSignalStrengthThresholds(nai);
+        Bundle thresholds = new Bundle();
+        thresholds.putIntegerArrayList("thresholds", thresholdsArray);
+
+        // TODO: Switch to VDBG.
+        if (DBG) {
+            String detail;
+            if (request != null && request.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength()) {
+                detail = reason + " " + request.networkCapabilities.getSignalStrength();
+            } else {
+                detail = reason;
+            }
+            log(String.format("updateSignalStrengthThresholds: %s, sending %s to %s",
+                    detail, Arrays.toString(thresholdsArray.toArray()), nai.name()));
+        }
+
+        nai.asyncChannel.sendMessage(
+                android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_SET_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_THRESHOLDS,
+                0, 0, thresholds);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -3571,7 +3672,7 @@
         networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
         enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(networkCapabilities);
         enforceMeteredApnPolicy(networkCapabilities);
-        ensureImmutableCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        ensureRequestableCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
 
         if (timeoutMs < 0 || timeoutMs > ConnectivityManager.MAX_NETWORK_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad timeout specified");
@@ -3625,7 +3726,7 @@
             synchronized(mRulesLock) {
                 uidRules = mUidRules.get(uid, RULE_ALLOW_ALL);
             }
-            if ((uidRules & (RULE_REJECT_METERED | RULE_REJECT_ALL)) != 0) {
+            if (uidRules != RULE_ALLOW_ALL) {
                 // we could silently fail or we can filter the available nets to only give
                 // them those they have access to.  Chose the more useful
                 networkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
@@ -3640,7 +3741,7 @@
         networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
         enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(networkCapabilities);
         enforceMeteredApnPolicy(networkCapabilities);
-        ensureImmutableCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        ensureRequestableCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(networkCapabilities, TYPE_NONE,
                 nextNetworkRequestId());
@@ -3866,6 +3967,8 @@
             notifyIfacesChanged();
             notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED);
         }
+
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(networkAgent);
     }
 
     private void updateClat(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp, NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
@@ -4203,7 +4306,7 @@
         boolean keep = newNetwork.isVPN();
         boolean isNewDefault = false;
         NetworkAgentInfo oldDefaultNetwork = null;
-        if (DBG) log("rematching " + newNetwork.name());
+        if (VDBG) log("rematching " + newNetwork.name());
         // Find and migrate to this Network any NetworkRequests for
         // which this network is now the best.
         ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> affectedNetworks = new ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo>();
@@ -4240,6 +4343,7 @@
                 }
                 if (currentNetwork == null ||
                         currentNetwork.getCurrentScore() < newNetwork.getCurrentScore()) {
+                    if (DBG) log("rematch for " + newNetwork.name());
                     if (currentNetwork != null) {
                         if (DBG) log("   accepting network in place of " + currentNetwork.name());
                         currentNetwork.networkRequests.remove(nri.request.requestId);
@@ -4532,6 +4636,15 @@
                 // TODO: support proxy per network.
             }
 
+            // Whether a particular NetworkRequest listen should cause signal strength thresholds to
+            // be communicated to a particular NetworkAgent depends only on the network's immutable,
+            // capabilities, so it only needs to be done once on initial connect, not every time the
+            // network's capabilities change. Note that we do this before rematching the network,
+            // so we could decide to tear it down immediately afterwards. That's fine though - on
+            // disconnection NetworkAgents should stop any signal strength monitoring they have been
+            // doing.
+            updateSignalStrengthThresholds(networkAgent, "CONNECT", null);
+
             // Consider network even though it is not yet validated.
             rematchNetworkAndRequests(networkAgent, ReapUnvalidatedNetworks.REAP);
 
@@ -4711,6 +4824,22 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public void startNattKeepalive(Network network, int intervalSeconds, Messenger messenger,
+            IBinder binder, String srcAddr, int srcPort, String dstAddr) {
+        enforceKeepalivePermission();
+        mKeepaliveTracker.startNattKeepalive(
+                getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network),
+                intervalSeconds, messenger, binder,
+                srcAddr, srcPort, dstAddr, ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive.NATT_PORT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stopKeepalive(Network network, int slot) {
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(
+                NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_PACKET_KEEPALIVE, slot, PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS, network));
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public void factoryReset() {
         enforceConnectivityInternalPermission();
 
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepalivePacketData.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepalivePacketData.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ccfdd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepalivePacketData.java
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.NetworkUtils;
+import android.net.util.IpUtils;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive.*;
+
+/**
+ * Represents the actual packets that are sent by the
+ * {@link android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive} API.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class KeepalivePacketData {
+    /** Protocol of the packet to send; one of the OsConstants.ETH_P_* values. */
+    public final int protocol;
+
+    /** Source IP address */
+    public final InetAddress srcAddress;
+
+    /** Destination IP address */
+    public final InetAddress dstAddress;
+
+    /** Source port */
+    public final int srcPort;
+
+    /** Destination port */
+    public final int dstPort;
+
+    /** Destination MAC address. Can change if routing changes. */
+    public byte[] dstMac;
+
+    /** Packet data. A raw byte string of packet data, not including the link-layer header. */
+    public final byte[] data;
+
+    private static final int IPV4_HEADER_LENGTH = 20;
+    private static final int UDP_HEADER_LENGTH = 8;
+
+    protected KeepalivePacketData(InetAddress srcAddress, int srcPort,
+            InetAddress dstAddress, int dstPort, byte[] data) throws InvalidPacketException {
+        this.srcAddress = srcAddress;
+        this.dstAddress = dstAddress;
+        this.srcPort = srcPort;
+        this.dstPort = dstPort;
+        this.data = data;
+
+        // Check we have two IP addresses of the same family.
+        if (srcAddress == null || dstAddress == null ||
+                !srcAddress.getClass().getName().equals(dstAddress.getClass().getName())) {
+            throw new InvalidPacketException(ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        }
+
+        // Set the protocol.
+        if (this.dstAddress instanceof Inet4Address) {
+            this.protocol = OsConstants.ETH_P_IP;
+        } else if (this.dstAddress instanceof Inet6Address) {
+            this.protocol = OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6;
+        } else {
+            throw new InvalidPacketException(ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        }
+
+        // Check the ports.
+        if (!IpUtils.isValidUdpOrTcpPort(srcPort) || !IpUtils.isValidUdpOrTcpPort(dstPort)) {
+            throw new InvalidPacketException(ERROR_INVALID_PORT);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class InvalidPacketException extends Exception {
+        final public int error;
+        public InvalidPacketException(int error) {
+            this.error = error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an IPsec NAT-T keepalive packet with the specified parameters.
+     */
+    public static KeepalivePacketData nattKeepalivePacket(
+            InetAddress srcAddress, int srcPort,
+            InetAddress dstAddress, int dstPort) throws InvalidPacketException {
+
+        if (!(srcAddress instanceof Inet4Address) || !(dstAddress instanceof Inet4Address)) {
+            throw new InvalidPacketException(ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        }
+
+        if (dstPort != NATT_PORT) {
+            throw new InvalidPacketException(ERROR_INVALID_PORT);
+        }
+
+        int length = IPV4_HEADER_LENGTH + UDP_HEADER_LENGTH + 1;
+        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(length);
+        buf.order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+        buf.putShort((short) 0x4500);             // IP version and TOS
+        buf.putShort((short) length);
+        buf.putInt(0);                            // ID, flags, offset
+        buf.put((byte) 64);                       // TTL
+        buf.put((byte) OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP);
+        int ipChecksumOffset = buf.position();
+        buf.putShort((short) 0);                  // IP checksum
+        buf.put(srcAddress.getAddress());
+        buf.put(dstAddress.getAddress());
+        buf.putShort((short) srcPort);
+        buf.putShort((short) dstPort);
+        buf.putShort((short) (length - 20));      // UDP length
+        int udpChecksumOffset = buf.position();
+        buf.putShort((short) 0);                  // UDP checksum
+        buf.put((byte) 0xff);                     // NAT-T keepalive
+        buf.putShort(ipChecksumOffset, IpUtils.ipChecksum(buf, 0));
+        buf.putShort(udpChecksumOffset, IpUtils.udpChecksum(buf, 0, IPV4_HEADER_LENGTH));
+
+        return new KeepalivePacketData(srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, dstPort, buf.array());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90c9ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepalivePacketData;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkUtils;
+import android.net.util.IpUtils;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.Messenger;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive.*;
+import static android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_START_PACKET_KEEPALIVE;
+import static android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_PACKET_KEEPALIVE;
+import static android.net.NetworkAgent.EVENT_PACKET_KEEPALIVE;
+
+/**
+ * Manages packet keepalive requests.
+ *
+ * Provides methods to stop and start keepalive requests, and keeps track of keepalives across all
+ * networks. This class is tightly coupled to ConnectivityService. It is not thread-safe and its
+ * methods must be called only from the ConnectivityService handler thread.
+ */
+public class KeepaliveTracker {
+
+    private static final String TAG = "KeepaliveTracker";
+    private static final boolean DBG = true;
+
+    public static final String PERMISSION = android.Manifest.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD;
+
+    /** Keeps track of keepalive requests. */
+    private final HashMap <NetworkAgentInfo, HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo>> mKeepalives =
+            new HashMap<> ();
+    private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
+
+    public KeepaliveTracker(Handler handler) {
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler = handler;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tracks information about a packet keepalive.
+     *
+     * All information about this keepalive is known at construction time except the slot number,
+     * which is only returned when the hardware has successfully started the keepalive.
+     */
+    class KeepaliveInfo implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        // Bookkeping data.
+        private final Messenger mMessenger;
+        private final IBinder mBinder;
+        private final int mUid;
+        private final int mPid;
+        private final NetworkAgentInfo mNai;
+
+        /** Keepalive slot. A small integer that identifies this keepalive among the ones handled
+          * by this network. */
+        private int mSlot = PacketKeepalive.NO_KEEPALIVE;
+
+        // Packet data.
+        private final KeepalivePacketData mPacket;
+        private final int mInterval;
+
+        // Whether the keepalive is started or not.
+        public boolean isStarted;
+
+        public KeepaliveInfo(Messenger messenger, IBinder binder, NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+                KeepalivePacketData packet, int interval) {
+            mMessenger = messenger;
+            mBinder = binder;
+            mPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
+            mUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+
+            mNai = nai;
+            mPacket = packet;
+            mInterval = interval;
+
+            try {
+                mBinder.linkToDeath(this, 0);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                binderDied();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public NetworkAgentInfo getNai() {
+            return mNai;
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return new StringBuffer("KeepaliveInfo [")
+                    .append(" network=").append(mNai.network)
+                    .append(" isStarted=").append(isStarted)
+                    .append(" ")
+                    .append(IpUtils.addressAndPortToString(mPacket.srcAddress, mPacket.srcPort))
+                    .append("->")
+                    .append(IpUtils.addressAndPortToString(mPacket.dstAddress, mPacket.dstPort))
+                    .append(" interval=" + mInterval)
+                    .append(" data=" + HexDump.toHexString(mPacket.data))
+                    .append(" uid=").append(mUid).append(" pid=").append(mPid)
+                    .append(" ]")
+                    .toString();
+        }
+
+        /** Sends a message back to the application via its PacketKeepalive.Callback. */
+        void notifyMessenger(int slot, int err) {
+            KeepaliveTracker.this.notifyMessenger(mMessenger, slot, err);
+        }
+
+        /** Called when the application process is killed. */
+        public void binderDied() {
+            // Not called from ConnectivityService handler thread, so send it a message.
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_PACKET_KEEPALIVE,
+                    mSlot, PacketKeepalive.BINDER_DIED, mNai.network).sendToTarget();
+        }
+
+        void unlinkDeathRecipient() {
+            if (mBinder != null) {
+                mBinder.unlinkToDeath(this, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private int checkNetworkConnected() {
+            if (!mNai.networkInfo.isConnectedOrConnecting()) {
+                return ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
+            }
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        private int checkSourceAddress() {
+            // Check that we have the source address.
+            for (InetAddress address : mNai.linkProperties.getAddresses()) {
+                if (address.equals(mPacket.srcAddress)) {
+                    return SUCCESS;
+                }
+            }
+            return ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS;
+        }
+
+        private int checkInterval() {
+            return mInterval >= 20 ? SUCCESS : ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL;
+        }
+
+        private int isValid() {
+            synchronized (mNai) {
+                int error = checkInterval();
+                if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkNetworkConnected();
+                if (error == SUCCESS) error = checkSourceAddress();
+                return error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void start(int slot) {
+            int error = isValid();
+            if (error == SUCCESS) {
+                mSlot = slot;
+                Log.d(TAG, "Starting keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.name());
+                mNai.asyncChannel.sendMessage(CMD_START_PACKET_KEEPALIVE, slot, mInterval, mPacket);
+            } else {
+                notifyMessenger(NO_KEEPALIVE, error);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void stop(int reason) {
+            int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+            if (uid != mUid && uid != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
+                if (DBG) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Cannot stop unowned keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.network);
+                }
+            }
+            if (isStarted) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Stopping keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.name());
+                mNai.asyncChannel.sendMessage(CMD_STOP_PACKET_KEEPALIVE, mSlot);
+            }
+            // TODO: at the moment we unconditionally return failure here. In cases where the
+            // NetworkAgent is alive, should we ask it to reply, so it can return failure?
+            notifyMessenger(mSlot, reason);
+            unlinkDeathRecipient();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void notifyMessenger(Messenger messenger, int slot, int err) {
+        Message message = Message.obtain();
+        message.what = EVENT_PACKET_KEEPALIVE;
+        message.arg1 = slot;
+        message.arg2 = err;
+        message.obj = null;
+        try {
+            messenger.send(message);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            // Process died?
+        }
+    }
+
+    private  int findFirstFreeSlot(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        HashMap networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives == null) {
+            networkKeepalives = new HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo>();
+            mKeepalives.put(nai, networkKeepalives);
+        }
+
+        // Find the lowest-numbered free slot. Slot numbers start from 1, because that's what two
+        // separate chipset implementations independently came up with.
+        int slot;
+        for (slot = 1; slot <= networkKeepalives.size(); slot++) {
+            if (networkKeepalives.get(slot) == null) {
+                return slot;
+            }
+        }
+        return slot;
+    }
+
+    public void handleStartKeepalive(Message message) {
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = (KeepaliveInfo) message.obj;
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = ki.getNai();
+        int slot = findFirstFreeSlot(nai);
+        mKeepalives.get(nai).put(slot, ki);
+        ki.start(slot);
+    }
+
+    public void handleStopAllKeepalives(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int reason) {
+        HashMap <Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives != null) {
+            for (KeepaliveInfo ki : networkKeepalives.values()) {
+                ki.stop(reason);
+            }
+            networkKeepalives.clear();
+            mKeepalives.remove(nai);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleStopKeepalive(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int slot, int reason) {
+        String networkName = (nai == null) ? "(null)" : nai.name();
+        HashMap <Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Attempt to stop keepalive on nonexistent network " + networkName);
+            return;
+        }
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = networkKeepalives.get(slot);
+        if (ki == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Attempt to stop nonexistent keepalive " + slot + " on " + networkName);
+            return;
+        }
+        ki.stop(reason);
+        networkKeepalives.remove(slot);
+        if (networkKeepalives.isEmpty()) {
+            mKeepalives.remove(nai);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        HashMap <Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
+        if (networkKeepalives != null) {
+            ArrayList<Pair<Integer, Integer>> invalidKeepalives = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int slot : networkKeepalives.keySet()) {
+                int error = networkKeepalives.get(slot).isValid();
+                if (error != SUCCESS) {
+                    invalidKeepalives.add(Pair.create(slot, error));
+                }
+            }
+            for (Pair<Integer, Integer> slotAndError: invalidKeepalives) {
+                handleStopKeepalive(nai, slotAndError.first, slotAndError.second);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleEventPacketKeepalive(NetworkAgentInfo nai, Message message) {
+        int slot = message.arg1;
+        int reason = message.arg2;
+
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
+        try {
+            ki = mKeepalives.get(nai).get(slot);
+        } catch(NullPointerException e) {}
+        if (ki == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Event for unknown keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.name());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (reason == SUCCESS && !ki.isStarted) {
+            // Keepalive successfully started.
+            if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Started keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.name());
+            ki.isStarted = true;
+            ki.notifyMessenger(slot, reason);
+        } else {
+            // Keepalive successfully stopped, or error.
+            ki.isStarted = false;
+            if (reason == SUCCESS) {
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Successfully stopped keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.name());
+            } else {
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.name() + " error " + reason);
+            }
+            handleStopKeepalive(nai, slot, reason);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startNattKeepalive(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int intervalSeconds, Messenger messenger,
+            IBinder binder, String srcAddrString, int srcPort, String dstAddrString, int dstPort) {
+        if (nai == null) {
+            notifyMessenger(messenger, NO_KEEPALIVE, ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        InetAddress srcAddress, dstAddress;
+        try {
+            srcAddress = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress(srcAddrString);
+            dstAddress = NetworkUtils.numericToInetAddress(dstAddrString);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            notifyMessenger(messenger, NO_KEEPALIVE, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        KeepalivePacketData packet;
+        try {
+            packet = KeepalivePacketData.nattKeepalivePacket(
+                    srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, NATT_PORT);
+        } catch (KeepalivePacketData.InvalidPacketException e) {
+            notifyMessenger(messenger, NO_KEEPALIVE, e.error);
+            return;
+        }
+        KeepaliveInfo ki = new KeepaliveInfo(messenger, binder, nai, packet, intervalSeconds);
+        Log.d(TAG, "Created keepalive: " + ki.toString());
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(
+                NetworkAgent.CMD_START_PACKET_KEEPALIVE, ki).sendToTarget();
+    }
+
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("Packet keepalives:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mKeepalives.keySet()) {
+            pw.println(nai.name());
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            for (int slot : mKeepalives.get(nai).keySet()) {
+                KeepaliveInfo ki = mKeepalives.get(nai).get(slot);
+                pw.println(slot + ": " + ki.toString());
+            }
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index 39333f6..0029279 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -195,6 +195,12 @@
                 request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
     }
 
+    public boolean satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(NetworkRequest request) {
+        return created &&
+                request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(
+                        networkCapabilities);
+    }
+
     public boolean isVPN() {
         return networkCapabilities.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN);
     }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
index aca6991..5fd39c0 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import static android.system.OsConstants.*;
 
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkUtils;
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.StructTimeval;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Pair;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 
@@ -149,6 +151,8 @@
     }
 
     private final Map<InetAddress, Measurement> mIcmpChecks = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress>, Measurement> mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks =
+            new HashMap<>();
     private final Map<InetAddress, Measurement> mDnsUdpChecks = new HashMap<>();
     private final String mDescription;
 
@@ -178,7 +182,11 @@
 
         for (RouteInfo route : mLinkProperties.getRoutes()) {
             if (route.hasGateway()) {
-                prepareIcmpMeasurement(route.getGateway());
+                InetAddress gateway = route.getGateway();
+                prepareIcmpMeasurement(gateway);
+                if (route.isIPv6Default()) {
+                    prepareExplicitSourceIcmpMeasurements(gateway);
+                }
             }
         }
         for (InetAddress nameserver : mLinkProperties.getDnsServers()) {
@@ -213,6 +221,20 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void prepareExplicitSourceIcmpMeasurements(InetAddress target) {
+        for (LinkAddress l : mLinkProperties.getLinkAddresses()) {
+            InetAddress source = l.getAddress();
+            if (source instanceof Inet6Address && l.isGlobalPreferred()) {
+                Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress> srcTarget = new Pair<>(source, target);
+                if (!mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.containsKey(srcTarget)) {
+                    Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
+                    measurement.thread = new Thread(new IcmpCheck(source, target, measurement));
+                    mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.put(srcTarget, measurement);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private void prepareDnsMeasurement(InetAddress target) {
         if (!mDnsUdpChecks.containsKey(target)) {
             Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
@@ -222,13 +244,16 @@
     }
 
     private int totalMeasurementCount() {
-        return mIcmpChecks.size() + mDnsUdpChecks.size();
+        return mIcmpChecks.size() + mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.size() + mDnsUdpChecks.size();
     }
 
     private void startMeasurements() {
         for (Measurement measurement : mIcmpChecks.values()) {
             measurement.thread.start();
         }
+        for (Measurement measurement : mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.values()) {
+            measurement.thread.start();
+        }
         for (Measurement measurement : mDnsUdpChecks.values()) {
             measurement.thread.start();
         }
@@ -261,6 +286,10 @@
                 pw.println(entry.getValue().toString());
             }
         }
+        for (Map.Entry<Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress>, Measurement> entry :
+                mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            pw.println(entry.getValue().toString());
+        }
         for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mDnsUdpChecks.entrySet()) {
             if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet4Address) {
                 pw.println(entry.getValue().toString());
@@ -276,13 +305,15 @@
 
 
     private class SimpleSocketCheck implements Closeable {
+        protected final InetAddress mSource;  // Usually null.
         protected final InetAddress mTarget;
         protected final int mAddressFamily;
         protected final Measurement mMeasurement;
         protected FileDescriptor mFileDescriptor;
         protected SocketAddress mSocketAddress;
 
-        protected SimpleSocketCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+        protected SimpleSocketCheck(
+                InetAddress source, InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
             mMeasurement = measurement;
 
             if (target instanceof Inet6Address) {
@@ -301,6 +332,14 @@
                 mTarget = target;
                 mAddressFamily = AF_INET;
             }
+
+            // We don't need to check the scope ID here because we currently only do explicit-source
+            // measurements from global IPv6 addresses.
+            mSource = source;
+        }
+
+        protected SimpleSocketCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            this(null, target, measurement);
         }
 
         protected void setupSocket(
@@ -314,6 +353,9 @@
                     SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, StructTimeval.fromMillis(readTimeout));
             // TODO: Use IP_RECVERR/IPV6_RECVERR, pending OsContants availability.
             mNetwork.bindSocket(mFileDescriptor);
+            if (mSource != null) {
+                Os.bind(mFileDescriptor, mSource, 0);
+            }
             Os.connect(mFileDescriptor, mTarget, dstPort);
             mSocketAddress = Os.getsockname(mFileDescriptor);
         }
@@ -343,8 +385,8 @@
         private final int mProtocol;
         private final int mIcmpType;
 
-        public IcmpCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
-            super(target, measurement);
+        public IcmpCheck(InetAddress source, InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            super(source, target, measurement);
 
             if (mAddressFamily == AF_INET6) {
                 mProtocol = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
@@ -359,6 +401,10 @@
             mMeasurement.description += " dst{" + mTarget.getHostAddress() + "}";
         }
 
+        public IcmpCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
+            this(null, target, measurement);
+        }
+
         @Override
         public void run() {
             // Check if this measurement has already failed during setup.
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index b4c76b7..97e16da 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -20,35 +20,9 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CBS;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IA;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_RCS;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_XCAP;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
-import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
-import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
-import static org.mockito.Matchers.isA;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.*;
+
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
@@ -58,8 +32,12 @@
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepaliveCallback;
 import android.net.INetworkPolicyManager;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsService;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkAgent;
@@ -74,8 +52,11 @@
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
-import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.MessageQueue;
+import android.os.MessageQueue.IdleHandler;
 import android.test.AndroidTestCase;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.LargeTest;
 import android.util.Log;
@@ -84,10 +65,10 @@
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkMonitor;
 
-import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
-
 import java.net.InetAddress;
-import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
 /**
@@ -99,24 +80,7 @@
 public class ConnectivityServiceTest extends AndroidTestCase {
     private static final String TAG = "ConnectivityServiceTest";
 
-    private static final String MOBILE_IFACE = "rmnet3";
-    private static final String WIFI_IFACE = "wlan6";
-
-    private static final RouteInfo MOBILE_ROUTE_V4 = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(parse("10.0.0.33"),
-                                                                             MOBILE_IFACE);
-    private static final RouteInfo MOBILE_ROUTE_V6 = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(parse("fd00::33"),
-                                                                             MOBILE_IFACE);
-
-    private static final RouteInfo WIFI_ROUTE_V4 = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(parse("192.168.0.66"),
-                                                                           parse("192.168.0.1"),
-                                                                           WIFI_IFACE);
-    private static final RouteInfo WIFI_ROUTE_V6 = RouteInfo.makeHostRoute(parse("fd00::66"),
-                                                                           parse("fd00::"),
-                                                                           WIFI_IFACE);
-
-    private INetworkManagementService mNetManager;
-    private INetworkStatsService mStatsService;
-    private INetworkPolicyManager mPolicyService;
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
 
     private BroadcastInterceptingContext mServiceContext;
     private WrappedConnectivityService mService;
@@ -148,14 +112,93 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * A subclass of HandlerThread that allows callers to wait for it to become idle. waitForIdle
+     * will return immediately if the handler is already idle.
+     */
+    private class IdleableHandlerThread extends HandlerThread {
+        private IdleHandler mIdleHandler;
+
+        public IdleableHandlerThread(String name) {
+            super(name);
+        }
+
+        public void waitForIdle(int timeoutMs) {
+            final ConditionVariable cv = new ConditionVariable();
+            final MessageQueue queue = getLooper().getQueue();
+
+            synchronized (queue) {
+                if (queue.isIdle()) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                assertNull("BUG: only one idle handler allowed", mIdleHandler);
+                mIdleHandler = new IdleHandler() {
+                    public boolean queueIdle() {
+                        cv.open();
+                        mIdleHandler = null;
+                        return false;  // Remove the handler.
+                    }
+                };
+                queue.addIdleHandler(mIdleHandler);
+            }
+
+            if (!cv.block(timeoutMs)) {
+                fail("HandlerThread " + getName() +
+                        " did not become idle after " + timeoutMs + " ms");
+                queue.removeIdleHandler(mIdleHandler);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Tests that IdleableHandlerThread works as expected.
+    public void testIdleableHandlerThread() {
+        final int attempts = 50;  // Causes the test to take about 200ms on bullhead-eng.
+
+        // Tests that waitForIdle returns immediately if the service is already idle.
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+            mService.waitForIdle();
+        }
+
+        // Bring up a network that we can use to send messages to ConnectivityService.
+        ConditionVariable cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        waitFor(cv);
+        Network n = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        assertNotNull(n);
+
+        // Tests that calling waitForIdle waits for messages to be processed.
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
+            mService.waitForIdle();
+            assertEquals(i, mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(n).getSignalStrength());
+        }
+
+        // Ensure that not calling waitForIdle causes a race condition.
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
+            if (i != mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(n).getSignalStrength()) {
+                // We hit a race condition, as expected. Pass the test.
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // No race? There is a bug in this test.
+        fail("expected race condition at least once in " + attempts + " attempts");
+    }
+
     private class MockNetworkAgent {
         private final WrappedNetworkMonitor mWrappedNetworkMonitor;
         private final NetworkInfo mNetworkInfo;
         private final NetworkCapabilities mNetworkCapabilities;
-        private final Thread mThread;
+        private final IdleableHandlerThread mHandlerThread;
         private final ConditionVariable mDisconnected = new ConditionVariable();
         private int mScore;
         private NetworkAgent mNetworkAgent;
+        private int mStartKeepaliveError = PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED;
+        private int mStopKeepaliveError = PacketKeepalive.NO_KEEPALIVE;
+        private Integer mExpectedKeepaliveSlot = null;
 
         MockNetworkAgent(int transport) {
             final int type = transportToLegacyType(transport);
@@ -173,26 +216,42 @@
                 default:
                     throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unimplemented network type");
             }
-            final ConditionVariable initComplete = new ConditionVariable();
-            final ConditionVariable networkMonitorAvailable = mService.getNetworkMonitorCreatedCV();
-            mThread = new Thread() {
-                public void run() {
-                    Looper.prepare();
-                    mNetworkAgent = new NetworkAgent(Looper.myLooper(), mServiceContext,
-                            "Mock" + typeName, mNetworkInfo, mNetworkCapabilities,
-                            new LinkProperties(), mScore, new NetworkMisc()) {
-                        public void unwanted() { mDisconnected.open(); }
-                    };
-                    initComplete.open();
-                    Looper.loop();
+            mHandlerThread = new IdleableHandlerThread("Mock-" + typeName);
+            mHandlerThread.start();
+            mNetworkAgent = new NetworkAgent(mHandlerThread.getLooper(), mServiceContext,
+                    "Mock-" + typeName, mNetworkInfo, mNetworkCapabilities,
+                    new LinkProperties(), mScore, new NetworkMisc()) {
+                @Override
+                public void unwanted() { mDisconnected.open(); }
+
+                @Override
+                public void startPacketKeepalive(Message msg) {
+                    int slot = msg.arg1;
+                    if (mExpectedKeepaliveSlot != null) {
+                        assertEquals((int) mExpectedKeepaliveSlot, slot);
+                    }
+                    onPacketKeepaliveEvent(slot, mStartKeepaliveError);
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void stopPacketKeepalive(Message msg) {
+                    onPacketKeepaliveEvent(msg.arg1, mStopKeepaliveError);
                 }
             };
-            mThread.start();
-            waitFor(initComplete);
-            waitFor(networkMonitorAvailable);
+            // Waits for the NetworkAgent to be registered, which includes the creation of the
+            // NetworkMonitor.
+            mService.waitForIdle();
             mWrappedNetworkMonitor = mService.getLastCreatedWrappedNetworkMonitor();
         }
 
+        public void waitForIdle(int timeoutMs) {
+            mHandlerThread.waitForIdle(timeoutMs);
+        }
+
+        public void waitForIdle() {
+            waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
         public void adjustScore(int change) {
             mScore += change;
             mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkScore(mScore);
@@ -203,6 +262,11 @@
             mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
         }
 
+        public void setSignalStrength(int signalStrength) {
+            mNetworkCapabilities.setSignalStrength(signalStrength);
+            mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+        }
+
         public void connectWithoutInternet() {
             mNetworkInfo.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
             mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkInfo(mNetworkInfo);
@@ -272,15 +336,46 @@
         public WrappedNetworkMonitor getWrappedNetworkMonitor() {
             return mWrappedNetworkMonitor;
         }
+
+        public void sendLinkProperties(LinkProperties lp) {
+            mNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        }
+
+        public void setStartKeepaliveError(int error) {
+            mStartKeepaliveError = error;
+        }
+
+        public void setStopKeepaliveError(int error) {
+            mStopKeepaliveError = error;
+        }
+
+        public void setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(Integer slot) {
+            mExpectedKeepaliveSlot = slot;
+        }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * A NetworkFactory that allows tests to wait until any in-flight NetworkRequest add or remove
+     * operations have been processed. Before ConnectivityService can add or remove any requests,
+     * the factory must be told to expect those operations by calling expectAddRequests or
+     * expectRemoveRequests.
+     */
     private static class MockNetworkFactory extends NetworkFactory {
         private final ConditionVariable mNetworkStartedCV = new ConditionVariable();
         private final ConditionVariable mNetworkStoppedCV = new ConditionVariable();
-        private final ConditionVariable mNetworkRequestedCV = new ConditionVariable();
-        private final ConditionVariable mNetworkReleasedCV = new ConditionVariable();
         private final AtomicBoolean mNetworkStarted = new AtomicBoolean(false);
 
+        // Used to expect that requests be removed or added on a separate thread, without sleeping.
+        // Callers can call either expectAddRequests() or expectRemoveRequests() exactly once, then
+        // cause some other thread to add or remove requests, then call waitForRequests(). We can
+        // either expect requests to be added or removed, but not both, because CountDownLatch can
+        // only count in one direction.
+        private CountDownLatch mExpectations;
+
+        // Whether we are currently expecting requests to be added or removed. Valid only if
+        // mExpectations is non-null.
+        private boolean mExpectingAdditions;
+
         public MockNetworkFactory(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag,
                 NetworkCapabilities filter) {
             super(looper, context, logTag, filter);
@@ -314,28 +409,75 @@
             return mNetworkStoppedCV;
         }
 
-        protected void needNetworkFor(NetworkRequest networkRequest, int score) {
-            super.needNetworkFor(networkRequest, score);
-            mNetworkRequestedCV.open();
+        @Override
+        protected void handleAddRequest(NetworkRequest request, int score) {
+            // If we're expecting anything, we must be expecting additions.
+            if (mExpectations != null && !mExpectingAdditions) {
+                fail("Can't add requests while expecting requests to be removed");
+            }
+
+            // Add the request.
+            super.handleAddRequest(request, score);
+
+            // Reduce the number of request additions we're waiting for.
+            if (mExpectingAdditions) {
+                assertTrue("Added more requests than expected", mExpectations.getCount() > 0);
+                mExpectations.countDown();
+            }
         }
 
-        protected void releaseNetworkFor(NetworkRequest networkRequest) {
-            super.releaseNetworkFor(networkRequest);
-            mNetworkReleasedCV.open();
+        @Override
+        protected void handleRemoveRequest(NetworkRequest request) {
+            // If we're expecting anything, we must be expecting removals.
+            if (mExpectations != null && mExpectingAdditions) {
+                fail("Can't remove requests while expecting requests to be added");
+            }
+
+            // Remove the request.
+            super.handleRemoveRequest(request);
+
+            // Reduce the number of request removals we're waiting for.
+            if (!mExpectingAdditions) {
+                assertTrue("Removed more requests than expected", mExpectations.getCount() > 0);
+                mExpectations.countDown();
+            }
         }
 
-        public ConditionVariable getNetworkRequestedCV() {
-            mNetworkRequestedCV.close();
-            return mNetworkRequestedCV;
+        private void assertNoExpectations() {
+            if (mExpectations != null) {
+                fail("Can't add expectation, " + mExpectations.getCount() + " already pending");
+            }
         }
 
-        public ConditionVariable getNetworkReleasedCV() {
-            mNetworkReleasedCV.close();
-            return mNetworkReleasedCV;
+        // Expects that count requests will be added.
+        public void expectAddRequests(final int count) {
+            assertNoExpectations();
+            mExpectingAdditions = true;
+            mExpectations = new CountDownLatch(count);
         }
 
-        public void waitForNetworkRequests(final int count) {
-            waitFor(new Criteria() { public boolean get() { return count == getRequestCount(); } });
+        // Expects that count requests will be removed.
+        public void expectRemoveRequests(final int count) {
+            assertNoExpectations();
+            mExpectingAdditions = false;
+            mExpectations = new CountDownLatch(count);
+        }
+
+        // Waits for the expected request additions or removals to happen within a timeout.
+        public void waitForRequests() throws InterruptedException {
+            assertNotNull("Nothing to wait for", mExpectations);
+            mExpectations.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            final long count = mExpectations.getCount();
+            final String msg = count + " requests still not " +
+                    (mExpectingAdditions ? "added" : "removed") +
+                    " after " + TIMEOUT_MS + " ms";
+            assertEquals(msg, 0, count);
+            mExpectations = null;
+        }
+
+        public void waitForNetworkRequests(final int count) throws InterruptedException {
+            waitForRequests();
+            assertEquals(count, getMyRequestCount());
         }
     }
 
@@ -356,7 +498,6 @@
     }
 
     private class WrappedConnectivityService extends ConnectivityService {
-        private final ConditionVariable mNetworkMonitorCreated = new ConditionVariable();
         private WrappedNetworkMonitor mLastCreatedNetworkMonitor;
 
         public WrappedConnectivityService(Context context, INetworkManagementService netManager,
@@ -365,6 +506,11 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        protected HandlerThread createHandlerThread() {
+            return new IdleableHandlerThread("WrappedConnectivityService");
+        }
+
+        @Override
         protected int getDefaultTcpRwnd() {
             // Prevent wrapped ConnectivityService from trying to write to SystemProperties.
             return 0;
@@ -397,7 +543,6 @@
             final WrappedNetworkMonitor monitor = new WrappedNetworkMonitor(context, handler, nai,
                     defaultRequest);
             mLastCreatedNetworkMonitor = monitor;
-            mNetworkMonitorCreated.open();
             return monitor;
         }
 
@@ -405,10 +550,14 @@
             return mLastCreatedNetworkMonitor;
         }
 
-        public ConditionVariable getNetworkMonitorCreatedCV() {
-            mNetworkMonitorCreated.close();
-            return mNetworkMonitorCreated;
+        public void waitForIdle(int timeoutMs) {
+            ((IdleableHandlerThread) mHandlerThread).waitForIdle(timeoutMs);
         }
+
+        public void waitForIdle() {
+            waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
     }
 
     private interface Criteria {
@@ -431,23 +580,11 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Wait up to 500ms for {@code conditonVariable} to open.
-     * Fails if 500ms goes by before {@code conditionVariable} opens.
+     * Wait up to TIMEOUT_MS for {@code conditionVariable} to open.
+     * Fails if TIMEOUT_MS goes by before {@code conditionVariable} opens.
      */
     static private void waitFor(ConditionVariable conditionVariable) {
-        assertTrue(conditionVariable.block(500));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This should only be used to verify that nothing happens, in other words that no unexpected
-     * changes occur.  It should never be used to wait for a specific positive signal to occur.
-     */
-    private void shortSleep() {
-        // TODO: Instead of sleeping, instead wait for all message loops to idle.
-        try {
-            Thread.sleep(500);
-        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-        }
+        assertTrue(conditionVariable.block(TIMEOUT_MS));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -455,13 +592,11 @@
         super.setUp();
 
         mServiceContext = new MockContext(getContext());
+        mService = new WrappedConnectivityService(mServiceContext,
+                mock(INetworkManagementService.class),
+                mock(INetworkStatsService.class),
+                mock(INetworkPolicyManager.class));
 
-        mNetManager = mock(INetworkManagementService.class);
-        mStatsService = mock(INetworkStatsService.class);
-        mPolicyService = mock(INetworkPolicyManager.class);
-
-        mService = new WrappedConnectivityService(
-                mServiceContext, mNetManager, mStatsService, mPolicyService);
         mService.systemReady();
         mCm = new ConnectivityManager(getContext(), mService);
     }
@@ -583,11 +718,11 @@
         // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular
         mCellNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        shortSleep();
+        mService.waitForIdle();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test cellular disconnect.
         mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        shortSleep();
+        mService.waitForIdle();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test bringing up validated cellular
         mCellNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
@@ -797,6 +932,11 @@
         LOST
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Utility NetworkCallback for testing. The caller must explicitly test for all the callbacks
+     * this class receives, by calling expectCallback() exactly once each time a callback is
+     * received. assertNoCallback may be called at any time.
+     */
     private class TestNetworkCallback extends NetworkCallback {
         private final ConditionVariable mConditionVariable = new ConditionVariable();
         private CallbackState mLastCallback = CallbackState.NONE;
@@ -819,14 +959,15 @@
             mConditionVariable.open();
         }
 
-        ConditionVariable getConditionVariable() {
+        void expectCallback(CallbackState state) {
+            waitFor(mConditionVariable);
+            assertEquals(state, mLastCallback);
             mLastCallback = CallbackState.NONE;
             mConditionVariable.close();
-            return mConditionVariable;
         }
 
-        CallbackState getLastCallback() {
-            return mLastCallback;
+        void assertNoCallback() {
+            assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, mLastCallback);
         }
     }
 
@@ -842,98 +983,68 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
 
         // Test unvalidated networks
-        ConditionVariable cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        ConditionVariable wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         ConditionVariable cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
         mCellNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        waitFor(cellCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         waitFor(cv);
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         // This should not trigger spurious onAvailable() callbacks, b/21762680.
         mCellNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-1);
-        shortSleep();
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        mService.waitForIdle();
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(2);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        waitFor(wifiCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         waitFor(cv);
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(2);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        waitFor(wifiCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOST, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOST);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         waitFor(cv);
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
         mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        waitFor(cellCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOST, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOST);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         waitFor(cv);
 
         // Test validated networks
-
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mCellNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        waitFor(cellCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         // This should not trigger spurious onAvailable() callbacks, b/21762680.
         mCellNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-1);
-        shortSleep();
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        mService.waitForIdle();
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        waitFor(wifiCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        waitFor(cellCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOSING, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOSING);
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        waitFor(wifiCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOST, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOST);
+        cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        cellCv = cellNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
-        wifiCv = wifiNetworkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        waitFor(cellCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOST, cellNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.NONE, wifiNetworkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOST);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
     }
 
     private void tryNetworkFactoryRequests(int capability) throws Exception {
@@ -957,18 +1068,21 @@
                 mServiceContext, "testFactory", filter);
         testFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
         ConditionVariable cv = testFactory.getNetworkStartedCV();
+        testFactory.expectAddRequests(1);
         testFactory.register();
+        testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(1);
         int expectedRequestCount = 1;
         NetworkCallback networkCallback = null;
         // For non-INTERNET capabilities we cannot rely on the default request being present, so
         // add one.
         if (capability != NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET) {
-            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(1);
             assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
             NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(capability).build();
             networkCallback = new NetworkCallback();
+            testFactory.expectAddRequests(1);
             mCm.requestNetwork(request, networkCallback);
             expectedRequestCount++;
+            testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(expectedRequestCount);
         }
         waitFor(cv);
         assertEquals(expectedRequestCount, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
@@ -981,13 +1095,20 @@
         // unvalidated penalty.
         testAgent.adjustScore(40);
         cv = testFactory.getNetworkStoppedCV();
+
+        // When testAgent connects, ConnectivityService will re-send us all current requests with
+        // the new score. There are expectedRequestCount such requests, and we must wait for all of
+        // them.
+        testFactory.expectAddRequests(expectedRequestCount);
         testAgent.connect(false);
         testAgent.addCapability(capability);
         waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(expectedRequestCount, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
+        testFactory.waitForNetworkRequests(expectedRequestCount);
         assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
         // Bring in a bunch of requests.
+        testFactory.expectAddRequests(10);
+        assertEquals(expectedRequestCount, testFactory.getMyRequestCount());
         ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback[] networkCallbacks =
                 new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback[10];
         for (int i = 0; i< networkCallbacks.length; i++) {
@@ -1000,6 +1121,7 @@
         assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
         // Remove the requests.
+        testFactory.expectRemoveRequests(10);
         for (int i = 0; i < networkCallbacks.length; i++) {
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallbacks[i]);
         }
@@ -1088,10 +1210,8 @@
         // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular with MMS
         mCellNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
-        cv = networkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mCellNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, networkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test releasing NetworkRequest disconnects cellular with MMS
         cv = mCellNetworkAgent.getDisconnectedCV();
@@ -1114,12 +1234,10 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(builder.build(), networkCallback);
         // Test bringing up MMS cellular network
-        cv = networkCallback.getConditionVariable();
         MockNetworkAgent mmsNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mmsNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
         mmsNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, networkCallback.getLastCallback());
+        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Test releasing MMS NetworkRequest does not disconnect main cellular NetworkAgent
         cv = mmsNetworkAgent.getDisconnectedCV();
@@ -1139,133 +1257,245 @@
         final NetworkRequest validatedRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED).build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedRequest, validatedCallback);
-        ConditionVariable validatedCv = validatedCallback.getConditionVariable();
 
         // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
         // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
-        ConditionVariable cv = captivePortalCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal();
-        waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, captivePortalCallback.getLastCallback());
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
 
         // Take down network.
         // Expect onLost callback.
-        cv = captivePortalCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOST, captivePortalCallback.getLastCallback());
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOST);
 
         // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
         // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
-        cv = captivePortalCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal();
-        waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, captivePortalCallback.getLastCallback());
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
 
         // Make captive portal disappear then revalidate.
         // Expect onLost callback because network no longer provides NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
-        cv = captivePortalCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.getWrappedNetworkMonitor().gen204ProbeResult = 204;
         mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-        waitFor(cv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOST, captivePortalCallback.getLastCallback());
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOST);
 
         // Expect NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED onAvailable callback.
-        waitFor(validatedCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.AVAILABLE, validatedCallback.getLastCallback());
+        validatedCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.AVAILABLE);
 
         // Break network connectivity.
         // Expect NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED onLost callback.
-        validatedCv = validatedCallback.getConditionVariable();
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.getWrappedNetworkMonitor().gen204ProbeResult = 500;
         mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
-        waitFor(validatedCv);
-        assertEquals(CallbackState.LOST, validatedCallback.getLastCallback());
+        validatedCallback.expectCallback(CallbackState.LOST);
     }
 
-//    @Override
-//    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
-//        super.tearDown();
-//    }
-//
-//    public void testMobileConnectedAddedRoutes() throws Exception {
-//        Future<?> nextConnBroadcast;
-//
-//        // bring up mobile network
-//        mMobile.info.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
-//        mMobile.link.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFACE);
-//        mMobile.link.addRoute(MOBILE_ROUTE_V4);
-//        mMobile.link.addRoute(MOBILE_ROUTE_V6);
-//        mMobile.doReturnDefaults();
-//
-//        cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
-//        mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_STATE_CHANGED, mMobile.info).sendToTarget();
-//        waitFor(cv);
-//
-//        // verify that both routes were added
-//        int mobileNetId = mMobile.tracker.getNetwork().netId;
-//        verify(mNetManager).addRoute(eq(mobileNetId), eq(MOBILE_ROUTE_V4));
-//        verify(mNetManager).addRoute(eq(mobileNetId), eq(MOBILE_ROUTE_V6));
-//    }
-//
-//    public void testMobileWifiHandoff() throws Exception {
-//        Future<?> nextConnBroadcast;
-//
-//        // bring up mobile network
-//        mMobile.info.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
-//        mMobile.link.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFACE);
-//        mMobile.link.addRoute(MOBILE_ROUTE_V4);
-//        mMobile.link.addRoute(MOBILE_ROUTE_V6);
-//        mMobile.doReturnDefaults();
-//
-//        cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
-//        mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_STATE_CHANGED, mMobile.info).sendToTarget();
-//        waitFor(cv);
-//
-//        reset(mNetManager);
-//
-//        // now bring up wifi network
-//        mWifi.info.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
-//        mWifi.link.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFACE);
-//        mWifi.link.addRoute(WIFI_ROUTE_V4);
-//        mWifi.link.addRoute(WIFI_ROUTE_V6);
-//        mWifi.doReturnDefaults();
-//
-//        // expect that mobile will be torn down
-//        doReturn(true).when(mMobile.tracker).teardown();
-//
-//        cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
-//        mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_STATE_CHANGED, mWifi.info).sendToTarget();
-//        waitFor(cv);
-//
-//        // verify that wifi routes added, and teardown requested
-//        int wifiNetId = mWifi.tracker.getNetwork().netId;
-//        verify(mNetManager).addRoute(eq(wifiNetId), eq(WIFI_ROUTE_V4));
-//        verify(mNetManager).addRoute(eq(wifiNetId), eq(WIFI_ROUTE_V6));
-//        verify(mMobile.tracker).teardown();
-//
-//        int mobileNetId = mMobile.tracker.getNetwork().netId;
-//
-//        reset(mNetManager, mMobile.tracker);
-//
-//        // tear down mobile network, as requested
-//        mMobile.info.setDetailedState(DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, null, null);
-//        mMobile.link.clear();
-//        mMobile.doReturnDefaults();
-//
-//        cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
-//        mTrackerHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_STATE_CHANGED, mMobile.info).sendToTarget();
-//        waitFor(cv);
-//
-//        verify(mNetManager).removeRoute(eq(mobileNetId), eq(MOBILE_ROUTE_V4));
-//        verify(mNetManager).removeRoute(eq(mobileNetId), eq(MOBILE_ROUTE_V6));
-//
-//    }
+    private static class TestKeepaliveCallback extends PacketKeepaliveCallback {
 
-    private static InetAddress parse(String addr) {
-        return InetAddress.parseNumericAddress(addr);
+        public static enum CallbackType { ON_STARTED, ON_STOPPED, ON_ERROR };
+
+        private class CallbackValue {
+            public CallbackType callbackType;
+            public int error;
+
+            public CallbackValue(CallbackType type) {
+                this.callbackType = type;
+                this.error = PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS;
+                assertTrue("onError callback must have error", type != CallbackType.ON_ERROR);
+            }
+
+            public CallbackValue(CallbackType type, int error) {
+                this.callbackType = type;
+                this.error = error;
+                assertEquals("error can only be set for onError", type, CallbackType.ON_ERROR);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean equals(Object o) {
+                return o instanceof CallbackValue &&
+                        this.callbackType == ((CallbackValue) o).callbackType &&
+                        this.error == ((CallbackValue) o).error;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String toString() {
+                return String.format("%s(%s, %d)", getClass().getSimpleName(), callbackType, error);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private LinkedBlockingQueue<CallbackValue> mCallbacks = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStarted() {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStopped() {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onError(int error) {
+            mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+        }
+
+        private void expectCallback(CallbackValue callbackValue) {
+            try {
+                assertEquals(
+                        callbackValue,
+                        mCallbacks.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                fail(callbackValue.callbackType + " callback not seen after " + TIMEOUT_MS + " ms");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void expectStarted() {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+        }
+
+        public void expectStopped() {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+        }
+
+        public void expectError(int error) {
+            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+        }
     }
 
+    private Network connectKeepaliveNetwork(LinkProperties lp) {
+        // Ensure the network is disconnected before we do anything.
+        if (mWiFiNetworkAgent != null) {
+            assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        }
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new MockNetworkAgent(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ConditionVariable cv = waitForConnectivityBroadcasts(1);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitFor(cv);
+        verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mService.waitForIdle();
+        return mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+    }
+
+    public void testPacketKeepalives() throws Exception {
+        InetAddress myIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.129");
+        InetAddress notMyIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.35");
+        InetAddress myIPv6 = InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1");
+        InetAddress dstIPv4 = InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8");
+        InetAddress dstIPv6 = InetAddress.getByName("2001:4860:4860::8888");
+
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName("wlan12");
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv6, 64));
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("fe80::1234")));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.254")));
+
+        Network notMyNet = new Network(61234);
+        Network myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+
+        TestKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
+        PacketKeepalive ka;
+
+        // Attempt to start keepalives with invalid parameters and check for errors.
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(notMyNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 1234, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 19, callback, notMyIPv4, 1234, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 1234, dstIPv6);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv6, 1234, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv6, 1234, dstIPv6);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);  // NAT-T is IPv4-only.
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 123456, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_PORT);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 123456, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_PORT);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED);
+
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED);
+
+        // Check that a started keepalive can be stopped.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveError(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStopKeepaliveError(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        ka.stop();
+        callback.expectStopped();
+
+        // Check that deleting the IP address stops the keepalive.
+        LinkProperties bogusLp = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+        bogusLp.removeLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
+        bogusLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(notMyIPv4, 25));
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(bogusLp);
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+
+        // Check that a started keepalive is stopped correctly when the network disconnects.
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
+
+        // ... and that stopping it after that has no adverse effects.
+        assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(myNet));
+        ka.stop();
+
+        // Reconnect.
+        myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveError(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+
+        // Check things work as expected when the keepalive is stopped and the network disconnects.
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+        ka.stop();
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mService.waitForIdle();
+        callback.expectStopped();
+
+        // Reconnect.
+        myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveError(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+
+        // Check that keepalive slots start from 1 and increment. The first one gets slot 1.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
+        ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
+        callback.expectStarted();
+
+        // The second one gets slot 2.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(2);
+        TestKeepaliveCallback callback2 = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
+        PacketKeepalive ka2 = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback2, myIPv4, 6789, dstIPv4);
+        callback2.expectStarted();
+
+        // Now stop the first one and create a third. This also gets slot 1.
+        ka.stop();
+        callback.expectStopped();
+
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
+        TestKeepaliveCallback callback3 = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
+        PacketKeepalive ka3 = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, 25, callback3, myIPv4, 9876, dstIPv4);
+        callback3.expectStarted();
+
+        ka2.stop();
+        callback2.expectStopped();
+
+        ka3.stop();
+        callback3.expectStopped();
+    }
 }