diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index dc4a35b..e27b72d 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.RES_ID_UNSET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_THREAD;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN_FOR_BEST;
@@ -429,6 +430,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
 
 /**
  * @hide
@@ -4893,7 +4895,11 @@
                     // the destroyed flag is only just above the "current satisfier wins"
                     // tie-breaker. But technically anything that affects scoring should rematch.
                     rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
-                    mHandler.postDelayed(() -> nai.disconnect(), timeoutMs);
+                    if (mQueueNetworkAgentEventsInSystemServer) {
+                        mHandler.postDelayed(() -> disconnectAndDestroyNetwork(nai), timeoutMs);
+                    } else {
+                        mHandler.postDelayed(() -> nai.disconnect(), timeoutMs);
+                    }
                     break;
                 }
             }
@@ -5323,12 +5329,12 @@
     private void handlePrivateDnsSettingsChanged() {
         final PrivateDnsConfig cfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig();
 
-        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig(nai, cfg);
             if (networkRequiresPrivateDnsValidation(nai)) {
                 handleUpdateLinkProperties(nai, new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties));
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     private void handlePerNetworkPrivateDnsConfig(NetworkAgentInfo nai, PrivateDnsConfig cfg) {
@@ -5443,15 +5449,18 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    protected static boolean shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps) {
+    protected boolean shouldCreateNetworksImmediately(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps) {
         // The feature of creating the networks immediately was slated for U, but race conditions
         // detected late required this was flagged off.
-        // TODO : enable this in a Mainline update or in V, and re-enable the test for this
-        // in NetworkAgentTest.
-        return caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK);
+        // TODO : remove when it's determined that the code is stable
+        return mQueueNetworkAgentEventsInSystemServer
+                // Local network agents for Thread used to not create networks immediately,
+                // but other local agents (tethering, P2P) require this to function.
+                || (caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_LOCAL_NETWORK)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_THREAD));
     }
 
-    private static boolean shouldCreateNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+    private boolean shouldCreateNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             @NonNull NetworkInfo.State state) {
         if (nai.isCreated()) return false;
         if (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED) return true;
@@ -5508,6 +5517,11 @@
         if (DBG) {
             log(nai.toShortString() + " disconnected, was satisfying " + nai.numNetworkRequests());
         }
+
+        if (mQueueNetworkAgentEventsInSystemServer) {
+            nai.disconnect();
+        }
+
         // Clear all notifications of this network.
         mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId());
         // A network agent has disconnected.
@@ -5651,16 +5665,16 @@
     private void maybeDisableForwardRulesForDisconnectingNai(
             @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo disconnecting, final boolean sendCallbacks) {
         // Step 1 : maybe this network was the upstream for one or more local networks.
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo local : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (!local.isLocalNetwork()) continue;
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(local -> {
+            if (!local.isLocalNetwork()) return; // return@forEach
             final NetworkRequest selector = local.localNetworkConfig.getUpstreamSelector();
-            if (null == selector) continue;
+            if (null == selector) return; // return@forEach
             final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(selector);
             // null == nri can happen while disconnecting a network, because destroyNetwork() is
             // called after removing all associated NRIs from mNetworkRequests.
-            if (null == nri) continue;
+            if (null == nri) return; // return@forEach
             final NetworkAgentInfo satisfier = nri.getSatisfier();
-            if (disconnecting != satisfier) continue;
+            if (disconnecting != satisfier) return; // return@forEach
             removeLocalNetworkUpstream(local, disconnecting);
             // Set the satisfier to null immediately so that the LOCAL_NETWORK_CHANGED callback
             // correctly contains null as an upstream.
@@ -5668,7 +5682,7 @@
                 nri.setSatisfier(null, null);
                 notifyNetworkCallbacks(local, CALLBACK_LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED);
             }
-        }
+        });
 
         // Step 2 : maybe this is a local network that had an upstream.
         if (!disconnecting.isLocalNetwork()) return;
@@ -5841,12 +5855,12 @@
                 mNetworkRequests.put(req, nri);
                 // TODO: Consider update signal strength for other types.
                 if (req.isListen()) {
-                    for (final NetworkAgentInfo network : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+                    forEachNetworkAgentInfo(network -> {
                         if (req.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength()
                                 && network.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(req)) {
                             updateSignalStrengthThresholds(network, "REGISTER", req);
                         }
-                    }
+                    });
                 } else if (req.isRequest() && mNetworkRequestStateStatsMetrics != null) {
                     mNetworkRequestStateStatsMetrics.onNetworkRequestReceived(req);
                 }
@@ -6141,13 +6155,13 @@
     private void removeListenRequestFromNetworks(@NonNull final NetworkRequest req) {
         // listens don't have a singular affected Network. Check all networks to see
         // if this listen request applies and remove it.
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             nai.removeRequest(req.requestId);
             if (req.networkCapabilities.hasSignalStrength()
                     && nai.satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(req)) {
                 updateSignalStrengthThresholds(nai, "RELEASE", req);
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     /**
@@ -6210,6 +6224,43 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Perform the specified operation on all networks.
+     *
+     * This method will run |op| exactly once for each network currently registered at the
+     * time it is called, even if |op| adds or removes networks.
+     *
+     * @param op the operation to perform. The operation is allowed to disconnect any number of
+     *           networks.
+     */
+    private void forEachNetworkAgentInfo(final Consumer<NetworkAgentInfo> op) {
+        // Create a copy instead of iterating over the set so |op| is allowed to disconnect any
+        // number of networks (which removes it from mNetworkAgentInfos). The copy is cheap
+        // because there are at most a handful of NetworkAgents connected at any given time.
+        final NetworkAgentInfo[] nais = new NetworkAgentInfo[mNetworkAgentInfos.size()];
+        mNetworkAgentInfos.toArray(nais);
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
+            op.accept(nai);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check whether the specified condition is true for any network.
+     *
+     * This method will stop evaluating as soon as the condition returns true for any network.
+     * The order of iteration is not contractual.
+     *
+     * @param condition the condition to verify. This method must not modify the set of networks in
+     *                  any way.
+     * @return whether {@code condition} returned true for any network
+     */
+    private boolean anyNetworkAgentInfo(final Predicate<NetworkAgentInfo> condition) {
+        for (int i = mNetworkAgentInfos.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            if (condition.test(mNetworkAgentInfos.valueAt(i))) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     private RequestInfoPerUidCounter getRequestCounter(NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
         return hasAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 nri.mPid, nri.mUid, NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
@@ -6551,14 +6602,14 @@
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
         // Agent info scores and offer scores depend on whether cells yields to bad wifi.
         final boolean avoidBadWifi = avoidBadWifi();
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
             if (avoidBadWifi) {
                 // If the device is now avoiding bad wifi, remove notifications that might have
                 // been put up when the device didn't.
                 mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId(), NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
             }
-        }
+        });
         // UpdateOfferScore will update mNetworkOffers inline, so make a copy first.
         final ArrayList<NetworkOfferInfo> offersToUpdate = new ArrayList<>(mNetworkOffers);
         for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : offersToUpdate) {
@@ -6896,19 +6947,15 @@
 
                     final Network underpinnedNetwork = ki.getUnderpinnedNetwork();
                     final Network network = ki.getNetwork();
-                    boolean networkFound = false;
-                    boolean underpinnedNetworkFound = false;
-                    for (NetworkAgentInfo n : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-                        if (n.network.equals(network)) networkFound = true;
-                        if (n.everConnected() && n.network.equals(underpinnedNetwork)) {
-                            underpinnedNetworkFound = true;
-                        }
-                    }
+                    final boolean networkFound =
+                            anyNetworkAgentInfo(n -> n.network.equals(network));
 
                     // If the network no longer exists, then the keepalive should have been
                     // cleaned up already. There is no point trying to resume keepalives.
                     if (!networkFound) return;
 
+                    final boolean underpinnedNetworkFound = anyNetworkAgentInfo(
+                            n -> n.everConnected() && n.network.equals(underpinnedNetwork));
                     if (underpinnedNetworkFound) {
                         mKeepaliveTracker.handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(ki,
                                 underpinnedNetwork.netId);
@@ -6978,7 +7025,11 @@
                     final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork((Network) msg.obj);
                     if (nai == null) break;
                     nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
-                    nai.disconnect();
+                    if (mQueueNetworkAgentEventsInSystemServer) {
+                        disconnectAndDestroyNetwork(nai);
+                    } else {
+                        nai.disconnect();
+                    }
                     break;
                 case EVENT_SET_VPN_NETWORK_PREFERENCE:
                     handleSetVpnNetworkPreference((VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo) msg.obj);
@@ -7368,12 +7419,12 @@
             return new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0];
         }
         List<UnderlyingNetworkInfo> infoList = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             UnderlyingNetworkInfo info = createVpnInfo(nai);
             if (info != null) {
                 infoList.add(info);
             }
-        }
+        });
         return infoList.toArray(new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[infoList.size()]);
     }
 
@@ -7451,11 +7502,11 @@
      */
     private void propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(Network updatedNetwork) {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
-        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             if (updatedNetwork == null || hasUnderlyingNetwork(nai, updatedNetwork)) {
                 updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     private boolean isUidBlockedByVpn(int uid, List<UidRange> blockedUidRanges) {
@@ -7503,11 +7554,11 @@
             mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(requireVpn, ranges);
         }
 
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             final boolean curMetered = nai.networkCapabilities.isMetered();
             maybeNotifyNetworkBlocked(nai, curMetered, curMetered,
                     mVpnBlockedUidRanges, newVpnBlockedUidRanges);
-        }
+        });
 
         mVpnBlockedUidRanges = newVpnBlockedUidRanges;
     }
@@ -9071,6 +9122,9 @@
 
     // Tracks all NetworkAgents that are currently registered.
     // NOTE: Only should be accessed on ConnectivityServiceThread, except dump().
+    // Code iterating over this set is recommended to use forAllNetworkAgentInfos(), which allows
+    // code within the loop to disconnect networks during iteration without causing null pointer or
+    // OOB exceptions.
     private final ArraySet<NetworkAgentInfo> mNetworkAgentInfos = new ArraySet<>();
 
     // UID ranges for users that are currently blocked by VPNs.
@@ -10445,7 +10499,7 @@
 
         // A NetworkAgent's allowedUids may need to be updated if the app has lost
         // carrier config
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             if (nai.networkCapabilities.getAllowedUidsNoCopy().contains(uid)
                     && getSubscriptionIdFromNetworkCaps(nai.networkCapabilities) == subId) {
                 final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(nai.networkCapabilities);
@@ -10457,7 +10511,7 @@
                         mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator);
                 updateCapabilities(nai.getScore(), nai, nc);
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11214,7 +11268,11 @@
                 break;
             }
         }
-        nai.disconnect();
+        if (mQueueNetworkAgentEventsInSystemServer) {
+            disconnectAndDestroyNetwork(nai);
+        } else {
+            nai.disconnect();
+        }
     }
 
     private void handleLingerComplete(NetworkAgentInfo oldNetwork) {
@@ -11374,7 +11432,7 @@
             throw new IllegalStateException("No user is available");
         }
 
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             ArraySet<UidRange> allowedUidRanges = new ArraySet<>();
             for (final UserHandle user : users) {
                 final ArraySet<UidRange> restrictedUidRanges =
@@ -11386,7 +11444,7 @@
             final UidRangeParcel[] rangesParcel = toUidRangeStableParcels(allowedUidRanges);
             configs.add(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
                     nai.network.netId, rangesParcel, 0 /* subPriority */));
-        }
+        });
 
         // The netd API replaces the previous configs with the current configs.
         // Thus, for network disconnection or preference removal, no need to
@@ -11608,9 +11666,7 @@
 
         // Gather the list of all relevant agents.
         final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> nais = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            nais.add(nai);
-        }
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> nais.add(nai));
 
         for (final NetworkRequestInfo nri : networkRequests) {
             // Non-multilayer listen requests can be ignored.
@@ -11716,14 +11772,14 @@
         // Don't send CALLBACK_LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED yet though : they should be sent after
         // onAvailable so clients know what network the change is about. Store such changes in
         // an array that's only allocated if necessary (because it's almost never necessary).
-        ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> localInfoChangedAgents = null;
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (!nai.isLocalNetwork()) continue;
+        final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> localInfoChangedAgents = new ArrayList<>();
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
+            if (!nai.isLocalNetwork()) return; // return@forEach
             final NetworkRequest nr = nai.localNetworkConfig.getUpstreamSelector();
-            if (null == nr) continue; // No upstream for this local network
+            if (null == nr) return; // return@forEach, no upstream for this local network
             final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
             final NetworkReassignment.RequestReassignment change = changes.getReassignment(nri);
-            if (null == change) continue; // No change in upstreams for this network
+            if (null == change) return; // return@forEach, no change in upstreams for this network
             final String fromIface = nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
             if (!hasSameInterfaceName(change.mOldNetwork, change.mNewNetwork)
                     || change.mOldNetwork.isDestroyed()) {
@@ -11751,9 +11807,8 @@
                     loge("Can't update forwarding rules", e);
                 }
             }
-            if (null == localInfoChangedAgents) localInfoChangedAgents = new ArrayList<>();
             localInfoChangedAgents.add(nai);
-        }
+        });
 
         // Notify requested networks are available after the default net is switched, but
         // before LegacyTypeTracker sends legacy broadcasts
@@ -11804,17 +11859,14 @@
         }
 
         // Send LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED callbacks now that onAvailable and onLost have been sent.
-        if (null != localInfoChangedAgents) {
-            for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : localInfoChangedAgents) {
-                notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai,
-                        CALLBACK_LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED);
-            }
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : localInfoChangedAgents) {
+          notifyNetworkCallbacks(nai, CALLBACK_LOCAL_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED);
         }
 
         updateLegacyTypeTrackerAndVpnLockdownForRematch(changes, nais);
 
         // Tear down all unneeded networks.
-        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             if (unneeded(nai, UnneededFor.TEARDOWN)) {
                 if (nai.getInactivityExpiry() > 0) {
                     // This network has active linger timers and no requests, but is not
@@ -11832,7 +11884,7 @@
                     teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
                 }
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     /**
@@ -12221,7 +12273,9 @@
             // This has to happen after matching the requests, because callbacks are just requests.
             notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, CALLBACK_PRECHECK);
         } else if (state == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTED) {
-            networkAgent.disconnect();
+            if (!mQueueNetworkAgentEventsInSystemServer) {
+                networkAgent.disconnect();
+            }
             if (networkAgent.isVPN()) {
                 updateVpnUids(networkAgent, networkAgent.networkCapabilities, null);
             }
@@ -12345,7 +12399,7 @@
      * @param blockedReasons The reasons for why an uid is blocked.
      */
     private void maybeNotifyNetworkBlockedForNewState(int uid, @BlockedReason int blockedReasons) {
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             final boolean metered = nai.networkCapabilities.isMetered();
             final boolean vpnBlocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(uid, mVpnBlockedUidRanges);
 
@@ -12353,9 +12407,7 @@
                     uid, mUidBlockedReasons.get(uid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE), metered, vpnBlocked);
             final int newBlockedState =
                     getBlockedState(uid, blockedReasons, metered, vpnBlocked);
-            if (oldBlockedState == newBlockedState) {
-                continue;
-            }
+            if (oldBlockedState == newBlockedState) return; // return@forEach
             for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
                 NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
                 NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
@@ -12364,7 +12416,7 @@
                             newBlockedState);
                 }
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -12453,11 +12505,11 @@
                 activeNetIds.add(nri.getSatisfier().network().netId);
             }
         }
-        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai -> {
             if (activeNetIds.contains(nai.network().netId) || nai.isVPN()) {
                 defaultNetworks.add(nai.network);
             }
-        }
+        });
         return defaultNetworks;
     }
 
@@ -13348,15 +13400,10 @@
     }
 
     private boolean ownsVpnRunningOverNetwork(int uid, Network network) {
-        for (NetworkAgentInfo virtual : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (virtual.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()
-                    && virtual.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() == uid
-                    && CollectionUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, network)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return anyNetworkAgentInfo(virtual ->
+                virtual.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()
+                        && virtual.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() == uid
+                        && CollectionUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, network));
     }
 
     @CheckResult
@@ -13527,18 +13574,16 @@
         @Override
         public void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(@NonNull String iface, boolean up) {
             mHandler.post(() -> {
-                for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-                    nai.clatd.handleInterfaceLinkStateChanged(iface, up);
-                }
+                forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai ->
+                        nai.clatd.handleInterfaceLinkStateChanged(iface, up));
             });
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onInterfaceRemoved(@NonNull String iface) {
             mHandler.post(() -> {
-                for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-                    nai.clatd.handleInterfaceRemoved(iface);
-                }
+                forEachNetworkAgentInfo(nai ->
+                        nai.clatd.handleInterfaceRemoved(iface));
             });
         }
     }
@@ -14319,7 +14364,7 @@
         final long oldIngressRateLimit = mIngressRateLimit;
         mIngressRateLimit = ConnectivitySettingsManager.getIngressRateLimitInBytesPerSecond(
                 mContext);
-        for (final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+        forEachNetworkAgentInfo(networkAgent -> {
             if (canNetworkBeRateLimited(networkAgent)) {
                 // If rate limit has previously been enabled, remove the old limit first.
                 if (oldIngressRateLimit >= 0) {
@@ -14330,7 +14375,7 @@
                             mIngressRateLimit);
                 }
             }
-        }
+        });
     }
 
     private boolean canNetworkBeRateLimited(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent) {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
index bd9bd2a..4c3bce0 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
@@ -179,6 +179,10 @@
 // without affecting the run time of successful runs. Thus, set a very high timeout.
 private const val DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000L
 
+private const val QUEUE_NETWORK_AGENT_EVENTS_IN_SYSTEM_SERVER =
+    "queue_network_agent_events_in_system_server"
+
+
 // When waiting for a NetworkCallback to determine there was no timeout, waiting is the
 // only possible thing (the relevant handler is the one in the real ConnectivityService,
 // and then there is the Binder call), so have a short timeout for this as it will be
@@ -203,12 +207,6 @@
 private val PREFIX = IpPrefix("2001:db8::/64")
 private val NEXTHOP = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("fe80::abcd")
 
-// On T and below, the native network is only created when the agent connects.
-// Starting in U, the native network was to be created as soon as the agent is registered,
-// but this has been flagged off for now pending resolution of race conditions.
-// TODO : enable this in a Mainline update or in V.
-private const val SHOULD_CREATE_NETWORKS_IMMEDIATELY = false
-
 @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps can't use NetworkAgent because it needs NETWORK_FACTORY'.")
 // NetworkAgent is updated as part of the connectivity module, and running NetworkAgent tests in MTS
 // for modules other than Connectivity does not provide much value. Only run them in connectivity
@@ -234,6 +232,18 @@
     private var qosTestSocket: Closeable? = null // either Socket or DatagramSocket
     private val ifacesToCleanUp = mutableListOf<TestNetworkInterface>()
 
+    // Unless the queuing in system server feature is chickened out, native networks are created
+    // immediately. Historically they would only created as they'd connect, which would force
+    // the code to apply link properties multiple times and suffer errors early on. Creating
+    // them early required that ordering between the client and the system server is guaranteed
+    // (at least to some extent), which has been done by moving the event queue from the client
+    // to the system server. When that feature is not chickened out, create networks immediately.
+    private val SHOULD_CREATE_NETWORKS_IMMEDIATELY
+        get() = mCM.isConnectivityServiceFeatureEnabledForTesting(
+            QUEUE_NETWORK_AGENT_EVENTS_IN_SYSTEM_SERVER
+        )
+
+
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
         instrumentation.getUiAutomation().adoptShellPermissionIdentity()
@@ -1660,16 +1670,17 @@
 
         // Connect a third network. Because network1 is awaiting replacement, network3 is preferred
         // as soon as it validates (until then, it is outscored by network1).
-        // The fact that the first events seen by matchAllCallback is the connection of network3
+        // The fact that the first event seen by matchAllCallback is the connection of network3
         // implicitly ensures that no callbacks are sent since network1 was lost.
         val (agent3, network3) = connectNetwork(lp = lp)
-        matchAllCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(network3)
-        testCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(network3)
-        sendAndExpectUdpPacket(network3, reader, iface)
 
         // As soon as the replacement arrives, network1 is disconnected.
         // Check that this happens before the replacement timeout (5 seconds) fires.
+        matchAllCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(network3, validated = false)
         matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(network1, 2_000 /* timeoutMs */)
+        matchAllCallback.expectCaps(network3) { it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED) }
+        sendAndExpectUdpPacket(network3, reader, iface)
+        testCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(network3)
         agent1.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
 
         // Test lingering:
@@ -1717,7 +1728,7 @@
         val callback = TestableNetworkCallback()
         requestNetwork(makeTestNetworkRequest(specifier = specifier6), callback)
         val agent6 = createNetworkAgent(specifier = specifier6)
-        val network6 = agent6.register()
+        agent6.register()
         if (SHOULD_CREATE_NETWORKS_IMMEDIATELY) {
             agent6.expectCallback<OnNetworkCreated>()
         } else {
@@ -1787,8 +1798,9 @@
 
         val (newWifiAgent, newWifiNetwork) = connectNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
         testCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(newWifiNetwork, validated = true)
-        matchAllCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(newWifiNetwork)
+        matchAllCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(newWifiNetwork, validated = false)
         matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(wifiNetwork)
+        matchAllCallback.expectCaps(newWifiNetwork) { it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED) }
         wifiAgent.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
         testCallback.expect<CapabilitiesChanged>(newWifiNetwork)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 3eefa0f..35a7fbd 100755
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -3092,23 +3092,24 @@
         generalCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(net2);
         if (expectLingering) {
             generalCb.expectLosing(net1);
-        }
-        generalCb.expectCaps(net2, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
-        defaultCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(net2);
 
-        // Make sure cell 1 is unwanted immediately if the radio can't time share, but only
-        // after some delay if it can.
-        if (expectLingering) {
+            // Make sure cell 1 is unwanted immediately if the radio can't time share, but only
+            // after some delay if it can.
+            generalCb.expectCaps(net2, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+            defaultCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(net2);
             net1.assertNotDisconnected(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS); // always incurs the timeout
             generalCb.assertNoCallback();
             // assertNotDisconnected waited for TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, so waiting for the
             // linger period gives TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS time for the event to process.
             net1.expectDisconnected(UNREASONABLY_LONG_ALARM_WAIT_MS);
+            generalCb.expect(LOST, net1);
         } else {
             net1.expectDisconnected(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            net1.disconnect();
+            generalCb.expect(LOST, net1);
+            generalCb.expectCaps(net2, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+            defaultCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(net2);
         }
-        net1.disconnect();
-        generalCb.expect(LOST, net1);
 
         // Remove primary from net 2
         net2.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().build());