diff --git a/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java b/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java
index c2586fa..269bbf2 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/CaptivePortal.java
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 package android.net;
 
-import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
@@ -24,8 +23,6 @@
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
-import com.android.internal.logging.nano.MetricsProto.MetricsEvent;
-
 /**
  * A class allowing apps handling the {@link ConnectivityManager#ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN}
  * activity to indicate to the system different outcomes of captive portal sign in.  This class is
@@ -75,17 +72,6 @@
     private final IBinder mBinder;
 
     /** @hide */
-    @IntDef(value = {
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_ACTIVITY,
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_RESULT_DISMISSED,
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_RESULT_UNWANTED,
-        MetricsEvent.ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_RESULT_WANTED_AS_IS,
-        MetricsEvent.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_LOGIN_ACTIVITY_SSL_ERROR,
-    })
-    public @interface EventId {
-    }
-
-    /** @hide */
     public CaptivePortal(@NonNull IBinder binder) {
         mBinder = binder;
     }
@@ -176,7 +162,7 @@
      * @hide
      */
     @SystemApi
-    public void logEvent(@EventId int eventId, @NonNull String packageName) {
+    public void logEvent(int eventId, @NonNull String packageName) {
         try {
             ICaptivePortal.Stub.asInterface(mBinder).logEvent(eventId, packageName);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index c28a901..cf5d4e5 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@
      * {@hide}
      */
     @Deprecated
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @SystemApi
     public static final int TYPE_PROXY = 16;
 
     /**
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java b/core/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java
index 06046f7..0941e7d 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java
@@ -81,8 +81,7 @@
 
     private static final int MIN_MTU    = 68;
 
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int MIN_MTU_V6 = 1280;
+    private static final int MIN_MTU_V6 = 1280;
 
     private static final int MAX_MTU    = 10000;
 
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index 44ebff9..0676ad4 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
@@ -174,6 +175,14 @@
     public static final int EVENT_NETWORK_SCORE_CHANGED = BASE + 4;
 
     /**
+     * Sent by the NetworkAgent to ConnectivityService to pass the current
+     * list of underlying networks.
+     * obj = array of Network objects
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED = BASE + 5;
+
+    /**
      * Sent by ConnectivityService to the NetworkAgent to inform the agent of the
      * networks status - whether we could use the network or could not, due to
      * either a bad network configuration (no internet link) or captive portal.
@@ -217,7 +226,13 @@
      * The key for the redirect URL in the Bundle argument of {@code CMD_REPORT_NETWORK_STATUS}.
      * @hide
      */
-    public static String REDIRECT_URL_KEY = "redirect URL";
+    public static final String REDIRECT_URL_KEY = "redirect URL";
+
+    /**
+     * Bundle key for the underlying networks in {@code EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED}.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final String UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_KEY = "underlyingNetworks";
 
      /**
      * Sent by the NetworkAgent to ConnectivityService to indicate this network was
@@ -650,6 +665,33 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Must be called by the agent when the network's underlying networks change.
+     *
+     * <p>{@code networks} is one of the following:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li><strong>a non-empty array</strong>: an array of one or more {@link Network}s, in
+     * decreasing preference order. For example, if this VPN uses both wifi and mobile (cellular)
+     * networks to carry app traffic, but prefers or uses wifi more than mobile, wifi should appear
+     * first in the array.</li>
+     * <li><strong>an empty array</strong>: a zero-element array, meaning that the VPN has no
+     * underlying network connection, and thus, app traffic will not be sent or received.</li>
+     * <li><strong>null</strong>: (default) signifies that the VPN uses whatever is the system's
+     * default network. I.e., it doesn't use the {@code bindSocket} or {@code bindDatagramSocket}
+     * APIs mentioned above to send traffic over specific channels.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param underlyingNetworks the new list of underlying networks.
+     * @see {@link VpnService.Builder#setUnderlyingNetworks(Network[])}
+     */
+    public final void setUnderlyingNetworks(@Nullable List<Network> underlyingNetworks) {
+        final ArrayList<Network> underlyingArray = (underlyingNetworks != null)
+                ? new ArrayList<>(underlyingNetworks) : null;
+        final Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
+        bundle.putParcelableArrayList(UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_KEY, underlyingArray);
+        queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED, bundle);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Inform ConnectivityService that this agent has now connected.
      * Call {@link #unregister} to disconnect.
      */
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index 40bb8bf..8dad11f 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -712,6 +712,7 @@
         if (ArrayUtils.contains(originalAdministratorUids, creatorUid)) {
             setAdministratorUids(new int[] {creatorUid});
         }
+        // There is no need to clear the UIDs, they have already been cleared by clearAll() above.
     }
 
     /**
@@ -805,7 +806,9 @@
      */
     private static final int TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS = 1 << TRANSPORT_TEST
             // Test ethernet networks can be created with EthernetManager#setIncludeTestInterfaces
-            | 1 << TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
+            | 1 << TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
+            // Test VPN networks can be created but their UID ranges must be empty.
+            | 1 << TRANSPORT_VPN;
 
     /**
      * Adds the given transport type to this {@code NetworkCapability} instance.
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
index d31218d..14cb51c 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
@@ -51,13 +51,6 @@
     public static final int ID_NONE = -1;
 
     /**
-     * A hardcoded ID for NetworkAgents representing VPNs. These agents are not created by any
-     * provider, so they use this constant for clarity instead of NONE.
-     * @hide only used by ConnectivityService.
-     */
-    public static final int ID_VPN = -2;
-
-    /**
      * The first providerId value that will be allocated.
      * @hide only used by ConnectivityService.
      */
@@ -70,7 +63,7 @@
 
     private final Messenger mMessenger;
     private final String mName;
-    private final ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    private final Context mContext;
 
     private int mProviderId = ID_NONE;
 
@@ -85,8 +78,6 @@
      */
     @SystemApi
     public NetworkProvider(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull String name) {
-        mCm = ConnectivityManager.from(context);
-
         Handler handler = new Handler(looper) {
             @Override
             public void handleMessage(Message m) {
@@ -102,6 +93,7 @@
                 }
             }
         };
+        mContext = context;
         mMessenger = new Messenger(handler);
         mName = name;
     }
@@ -165,6 +157,6 @@
     @SystemApi
     @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY)
     public void declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(@NonNull NetworkRequest request) {
-        mCm.declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(request);
+        ConnectivityManager.from(mContext).declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(request);
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index da257be..58f1db3 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
@@ -170,7 +171,6 @@
 import android.util.LocalLog;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
-import android.util.Slog;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 import android.util.Xml;
@@ -1972,7 +1972,7 @@
     private void registerNetdEventCallback() {
         final IIpConnectivityMetrics ipConnectivityMetrics = mDeps.getIpConnectivityMetrics();
         if (ipConnectivityMetrics == null) {
-            Slog.wtf(TAG, "Missing IIpConnectivityMetrics");
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Missing IIpConnectivityMetrics");
             return;
         }
 
@@ -2438,7 +2438,7 @@
             if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Setting MTU size: " + iface + ", " + mtu);
             mNetd.interfaceSetMtu(iface, mtu);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "exception in interfaceSetMtu()" + e);
+            loge("exception in interfaceSetMtu()" + e);
         }
     }
 
@@ -2460,7 +2460,7 @@
         if (tcpBufferSizes.equals(mCurrentTcpBufferSizes)) return;
 
         try {
-            if (VDBG || DDBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Setting tx/rx TCP buffers to " + tcpBufferSizes);
+            if (VDBG || DDBG) log("Setting tx/rx TCP buffers to " + tcpBufferSizes);
 
             String rmemValues = String.join(" ", values[0], values[1], values[2]);
             String wmemValues = String.join(" ", values[3], values[4], values[5]);
@@ -2761,7 +2761,7 @@
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_CHANGED: {
                     NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = (NetworkCapabilities) msg.obj;
                     if (networkCapabilities.hasConnectivityManagedCapability()) {
-                        Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " has CS-managed capability.");
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " has CS-managed capability.");
                     }
                     if (networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
                         // Make sure the original object is not mutated. NetworkAgent normally
@@ -2771,6 +2771,7 @@
                         networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
                         networkCapabilities.restrictCapabilitesForTestNetwork(nai.creatorUid);
                     }
+                    processCapabilitiesFromAgent(nai, networkCapabilities);
                     updateCapabilities(nai.getCurrentScore(), nai, networkCapabilities);
                     break;
                 }
@@ -2809,6 +2810,31 @@
                     mKeepaliveTracker.handleEventSocketKeepalive(nai, msg);
                     break;
                 }
+                case NetworkAgent.EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED: {
+                    if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "Non-virtual networks cannot have underlying networks");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    final ArrayList<Network> underlying;
+                    try {
+                        underlying = ((Bundle) msg.obj).getParcelableArrayList(
+                                NetworkAgent.UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_KEY);
+                    } catch (NullPointerException | ClassCastException e) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    final Network[] oldUnderlying = nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
+                    nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks = (underlying != null)
+                            ? underlying.toArray(new Network[0]) : null;
+
+                    if (!Arrays.equals(oldUnderlying, nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks)) {
+                        if (DBG) {
+                            log(nai.toShortString() + " changed underlying networks to "
+                                    + Arrays.toString(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks));
+                        }
+                        updateCapabilities(nai.getCurrentScore(), nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
+                        notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -3040,7 +3066,7 @@
             // Legacy version of notifyNetworkTestedWithExtras.
             // Would only be called if the system has a NetworkStack module older than the
             // framework, which does not happen in practice.
-            Slog.wtf(TAG, "Deprecated notifyNetworkTested called: no action taken");
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Deprecated notifyNetworkTested called: no action taken");
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -3394,7 +3420,7 @@
         }
         mLegacyTypeTracker.remove(nai, wasDefault);
         if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)) {
-            updateAllVpnsCapabilities();
+            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
         }
         rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
         mLingerMonitor.noteDisconnect(nai);
@@ -3517,7 +3543,7 @@
                 numRequests = nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests();
                 break;
             default:
-                Slog.wtf(TAG, "Invalid reason. Cannot happen.");
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid reason. Cannot happen.");
                 return true;
         }
 
@@ -3679,7 +3705,7 @@
         synchronized (mUidToNetworkRequestCount) {
             final int requests = mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(nri.mUid, 0);
             if (requests < 1) {
-                Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: too small request count " + requests + " for UID " + nri.mUid);
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: too small request count " + requests + " for UID " + nri.mUid);
             } else if (requests == 1) {
                 mUidToNetworkRequestCount.removeAt(mUidToNetworkRequestCount.indexOfKey(nri.mUid));
             } else {
@@ -3724,7 +3750,7 @@
         }
 
         if (!nai.networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected) {
-            Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: setAcceptUnvalidated non non-explicitly selected network");
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: setAcceptUnvalidated non non-explicitly selected network");
         }
 
         if (accept != nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated) {
@@ -3994,7 +4020,7 @@
                 highPriority = nai.networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected;
                 break;
             default:
-                Slog.wtf(TAG, "Unknown notification type " + type);
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Unknown notification type " + type);
                 return;
         }
 
@@ -4316,7 +4342,7 @@
         synchronized (this) {
             if (!mNetTransitionWakeLock.isHeld()) {
                 mWakelockLogs.log(String.format("RELEASE: already released (%s)", event));
-                Slog.w(TAG, "expected Net Transition WakeLock to be held");
+                Log.w(TAG, "expected Net Transition WakeLock to be held");
                 return;
             }
             mNetTransitionWakeLock.release();
@@ -4488,7 +4514,7 @@
 
         @Override
         public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
-            Slog.wtf(TAG, "Should never be reached.");
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Should never be reached.");
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -4503,15 +4529,19 @@
     }
 
     private static void log(String s) {
-        Slog.d(TAG, s);
+        Log.d(TAG, s);
+    }
+
+    private static void logw(String s) {
+        Log.w(TAG, s);
     }
 
     private static void loge(String s) {
-        Slog.e(TAG, s);
+        Log.e(TAG, s);
     }
 
     private static void loge(String s, Throwable t) {
-        Slog.e(TAG, s, t);
+        Log.e(TAG, s, t);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4704,10 +4734,9 @@
             if (mLockdownEnabled) {
                 return new VpnInfo[0];
             }
-
             List<VpnInfo> infoList = new ArrayList<>();
-            for (int i = 0; i < mVpns.size(); i++) {
-                VpnInfo info = createVpnInfo(mVpns.valueAt(i));
+            for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
+                VpnInfo info = createVpnInfo(nai);
                 if (info != null) {
                     infoList.add(info);
                 }
@@ -4720,13 +4749,10 @@
      * @return VPN information for accounting, or null if we can't retrieve all required
      *         information, e.g underlying ifaces.
      */
-    @Nullable
-    private VpnInfo createVpnInfo(Vpn vpn) {
-        VpnInfo info = vpn.getVpnInfo();
-        if (info == null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        Network[] underlyingNetworks = vpn.getUnderlyingNetworks();
+    private VpnInfo createVpnInfo(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        if (!nai.isVPN()) return null;
+
+        Network[] underlyingNetworks = nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
         // see VpnService.setUnderlyingNetworks()'s javadoc about how to interpret
         // the underlyingNetworks list.
         if (underlyingNetworks == null) {
@@ -4735,23 +4761,33 @@
                 underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNai.network };
             }
         }
-        if (underlyingNetworks != null && underlyingNetworks.length > 0) {
-            List<String> interfaces = new ArrayList<>();
-            for (Network network : underlyingNetworks) {
-                LinkProperties lp = getLinkProperties(network);
-                if (lp != null) {
-                    for (String iface : lp.getAllInterfaceNames()) {
-                        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(iface)) {
-                            interfaces.add(iface);
-                        }
-                    }
+
+        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(underlyingNetworks)) return null;
+
+        List<String> interfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Network network : underlyingNetworks) {
+            NetworkAgentInfo underlyingNai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+            if (underlyingNai == null) continue;
+            LinkProperties lp = underlyingNai.linkProperties;
+            for (String iface : lp.getAllInterfaceNames()) {
+                if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(iface)) {
+                    interfaces.add(iface);
                 }
             }
-            if (!interfaces.isEmpty()) {
-                info.underlyingIfaces = interfaces.toArray(new String[interfaces.size()]);
-            }
         }
-        return info.underlyingIfaces == null ? null : info;
+
+        if (interfaces.isEmpty()) return null;
+
+        VpnInfo info = new VpnInfo();
+        info.ownerUid = nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid();
+        info.vpnIface = nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+        // Must be non-null or NetworkStatsService will crash.
+        // Cannot happen in production code because Vpn only registers the NetworkAgent after the
+        // tun or ipsec interface is created.
+        if (info.vpnIface == null) return null;
+        info.underlyingIfaces = interfaces.toArray(new String[0]);
+
+        return info;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4774,39 +4810,25 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Ask all VPN objects to recompute and update their capabilities.
+     * Ask all networks with underlying networks to recompute and update their capabilities.
      *
-     * When underlying networks change, VPNs may have to update capabilities to reflect things
-     * like the metered bit, their transports, and so on. This asks the VPN objects to update
-     * their capabilities, and as this will cause them to send messages to the ConnectivityService
-     * handler thread through their agent, this is asynchronous. When the capabilities objects
-     * are computed they will be up-to-date as they are computed synchronously from here and
-     * this is running on the ConnectivityService thread.
+     * When underlying networks change, such networks may have to update capabilities to reflect
+     * things like the metered bit, their transports, and so on. The capabilities are calculated
+     * immediately. This method runs on the ConnectivityService thread.
      */
-    private void updateAllVpnsCapabilities() {
-        Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
-        synchronized (mVpns) {
-            for (int i = 0; i < mVpns.size(); i++) {
-                final Vpn vpn = mVpns.valueAt(i);
-                NetworkCapabilities nc = vpn.updateCapabilities(defaultNetwork);
-                updateVpnCapabilities(vpn, nc);
+    private void propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities() {
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
+            if (nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                updateCapabilities(nai.getCurrentScore(), nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
             }
         }
     }
 
-    private void updateVpnCapabilities(Vpn vpn, @Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
-        NetworkAgentInfo vpnNai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(vpn.getNetId());
-        if (vpnNai == null || nc == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-        updateCapabilities(vpnNai.getCurrentScore(), vpnNai, nc);
-    }
-
     @Override
     public boolean updateLockdownVpn() {
         if (Binder.getCallingUid() != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "Lockdown VPN only available to AID_SYSTEM");
+            logw("Lockdown VPN only available to AID_SYSTEM");
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -4816,21 +4838,21 @@
             if (mLockdownEnabled) {
                 byte[] profileTag = mKeyStore.get(Credentials.LOCKDOWN_VPN);
                 if (profileTag == null) {
-                    Slog.e(TAG, "Lockdown VPN configured but cannot be read from keystore");
+                    loge("Lockdown VPN configured but cannot be read from keystore");
                     return false;
                 }
                 String profileName = new String(profileTag);
                 final VpnProfile profile = VpnProfile.decode(
                         profileName, mKeyStore.get(Credentials.VPN + profileName));
                 if (profile == null) {
-                    Slog.e(TAG, "Lockdown VPN configured invalid profile " + profileName);
+                    loge("Lockdown VPN configured invalid profile " + profileName);
                     setLockdownTracker(null);
                     return true;
                 }
                 int user = UserHandle.getUserId(Binder.getCallingUid());
                 Vpn vpn = mVpns.get(user);
                 if (vpn == null) {
-                    Slog.w(TAG, "VPN for user " + user + " not ready yet. Skipping lockdown");
+                    logw("VPN for user " + user + " not ready yet. Skipping lockdown");
                     return false;
                 }
                 setLockdownTracker(new LockdownVpnTracker(mContext, this, mHandler, vpn, profile));
@@ -4890,7 +4912,7 @@
             if (vpn == null) {
                 // Shouldn't happen as all code paths that point here should have checked the Vpn
                 // exists already.
-                Slog.wtf(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return false;
             }
 
@@ -4906,7 +4928,7 @@
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn vpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (vpn == null) {
-                Slog.w(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
+                logw("User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return false;
             }
             return vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(packageName, mKeyStore);
@@ -4927,7 +4949,7 @@
 
             Vpn vpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (vpn == null) {
-                Slog.w(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
+                logw("User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return false;
             }
             if (!vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(packageName, lockdown, lockdownWhitelist, mKeyStore)) {
@@ -4949,7 +4971,7 @@
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn vpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (vpn == null) {
-                Slog.w(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
+                logw("User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return null;
             }
             return vpn.getAlwaysOnPackage();
@@ -4964,7 +4986,7 @@
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn vpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (vpn == null) {
-                Slog.w(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
+                logw("User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return false;
             }
             return vpn.getLockdown();
@@ -4979,7 +5001,7 @@
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn vpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (vpn == null) {
-                Slog.w(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
+                logw("User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return null;
             }
             return vpn.getLockdownAllowlist();
@@ -5113,7 +5135,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void onUserStart(int userId) {
+    private void onUserStarted(int userId) {
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn userVpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (userVpn != null) {
@@ -5128,7 +5150,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void onUserStop(int userId) {
+    private void onUserStopped(int userId) {
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             Vpn userVpn = mVpns.get(userId);
             if (userVpn == null) {
@@ -5142,35 +5164,29 @@
 
     private void onUserAdded(int userId) {
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(userId);
-        Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             final int vpnsSize = mVpns.size();
             for (int i = 0; i < vpnsSize; i++) {
                 Vpn vpn = mVpns.valueAt(i);
                 vpn.onUserAdded(userId);
-                NetworkCapabilities nc = vpn.updateCapabilities(defaultNetwork);
-                updateVpnCapabilities(vpn, nc);
             }
         }
     }
 
     private void onUserRemoved(int userId) {
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(userId);
-        Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
         synchronized (mVpns) {
             final int vpnsSize = mVpns.size();
             for (int i = 0; i < vpnsSize; i++) {
                 Vpn vpn = mVpns.valueAt(i);
                 vpn.onUserRemoved(userId);
-                NetworkCapabilities nc = vpn.updateCapabilities(defaultNetwork);
-                updateVpnCapabilities(vpn, nc);
             }
         }
     }
 
     private void onPackageReplaced(String packageName, int uid) {
         if (TextUtils.isEmpty(packageName) || uid < 0) {
-            Slog.wtf(TAG, "Invalid package in onPackageReplaced: " + packageName + " | " + uid);
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid package in onPackageReplaced: " + packageName + " | " + uid);
             return;
         }
         final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
@@ -5181,7 +5197,7 @@
             }
             // Legacy always-on VPN won't be affected since the package name is not set.
             if (TextUtils.equals(vpn.getAlwaysOnPackage(), packageName)) {
-                Slog.d(TAG, "Restarting always-on VPN package " + packageName + " for user "
+                log("Restarting always-on VPN package " + packageName + " for user "
                         + userId);
                 vpn.startAlwaysOnVpn(mKeyStore);
             }
@@ -5190,7 +5206,7 @@
 
     private void onPackageRemoved(String packageName, int uid, boolean isReplacing) {
         if (TextUtils.isEmpty(packageName) || uid < 0) {
-            Slog.wtf(TAG, "Invalid package in onPackageRemoved: " + packageName + " | " + uid);
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid package in onPackageRemoved: " + packageName + " | " + uid);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -5202,7 +5218,7 @@
             }
             // Legacy always-on VPN won't be affected since the package name is not set.
             if (TextUtils.equals(vpn.getAlwaysOnPackage(), packageName) && !isReplacing) {
-                Slog.d(TAG, "Removing always-on VPN package " + packageName + " for user "
+                log("Removing always-on VPN package " + packageName + " for user "
                         + userId);
                 vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null, mKeyStore);
             }
@@ -5245,9 +5261,9 @@
             if (userId == UserHandle.USER_NULL) return;
 
             if (Intent.ACTION_USER_STARTED.equals(action)) {
-                onUserStart(userId);
+                onUserStarted(userId);
             } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_STOPPED.equals(action)) {
-                onUserStop(userId);
+                onUserStopped(userId);
             } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED.equals(action)) {
                 onUserAdded(userId);
             } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED.equals(action)) {
@@ -5818,7 +5834,7 @@
             // Avoid creating duplicates. even if an app makes a direct AIDL call.
             // This will never happen if an app calls ConnectivityManager#registerNetworkProvider,
             // as that will throw if a duplicate provider is registered.
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Attempt to register existing NetworkProviderInfo "
+            loge("Attempt to register existing NetworkProviderInfo "
                     + mNetworkProviderInfos.get(npi.messenger).name);
             return;
         }
@@ -5959,13 +5975,29 @@
             int currentScore, NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig, int providerId) {
         if (networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
             enforceAnyPermissionOf(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS);
+        } else {
+            enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
+        }
+
+        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            return registerNetworkAgentInternal(messenger, networkInfo, linkProperties,
+                    networkCapabilities, currentScore, networkAgentConfig, providerId, uid);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Network registerNetworkAgentInternal(Messenger messenger, NetworkInfo networkInfo,
+            LinkProperties linkProperties, NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+            int currentScore, NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig, int providerId, int uid) {
+        if (networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
             // Strictly, sanitizing here is unnecessary as the capabilities will be sanitized in
             // the call to mixInCapabilities below anyway, but sanitizing here means the NAI never
             // sees capabilities that may be malicious, which might prevent mistakes in the future.
             networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
-            networkCapabilities.restrictCapabilitesForTestNetwork(Binder.getCallingUid());
-        } else {
-            enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
+            networkCapabilities.restrictCapabilitesForTestNetwork(uid);
         }
 
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(linkProperties);
@@ -5976,9 +6008,10 @@
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = new NetworkAgentInfo(messenger, new AsyncChannel(),
                 new Network(mNetIdManager.reserveNetId()), new NetworkInfo(networkInfo), lp, nc,
                 currentScore, mContext, mTrackerHandler, new NetworkAgentConfig(networkAgentConfig),
-                this, mNetd, mDnsResolver, mNMS, providerId, Binder.getCallingUid());
+                this, mNetd, mDnsResolver, mNMS, providerId, uid);
 
         // Make sure the LinkProperties and NetworkCapabilities reflect what the agent info says.
+        processCapabilitiesFromAgent(nai, nc);
         nai.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(mixInCapabilities(nai, nc));
         processLinkPropertiesFromAgent(nai, nai.linkProperties);
 
@@ -5986,13 +6019,8 @@
         final String name = TextUtils.isEmpty(extraInfo)
                 ? nai.networkCapabilities.getSsid() : extraInfo;
         if (DBG) log("registerNetworkAgent " + nai);
-        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
-        try {
-            mDeps.getNetworkStack().makeNetworkMonitor(
-                    nai.network, name, new NetworkMonitorCallbacks(nai));
-        } finally {
-            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
-        }
+        mDeps.getNetworkStack().makeNetworkMonitor(
+                nai.network, name, new NetworkMonitorCallbacks(nai));
         // NetworkAgentInfo registration will finish when the NetworkMonitor is created.
         // If the network disconnects or sends any other event before that, messages are deferred by
         // NetworkAgent until nai.asyncChannel.connect(), which will be called when finalizing the
@@ -6019,6 +6047,12 @@
         updateUids(nai, null, nai.networkCapabilities);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Called when receiving LinkProperties directly from a NetworkAgent.
+     * Stores into |nai| any data coming from the agent that might also be written to the network's
+     * LinkProperties by ConnectivityService itself. This ensures that the data provided by the
+     * agent is not lost when updateLinkProperties is called.
+     */
     private void processLinkPropertiesFromAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, LinkProperties lp) {
         lp.ensureDirectlyConnectedRoutes();
         nai.clatd.setNat64PrefixFromRa(lp.getNat64Prefix());
@@ -6315,6 +6349,83 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Called when receiving NetworkCapabilities directly from a NetworkAgent.
+     * Stores into |nai| any data coming from the agent that might also be written to the network's
+     * NetworkCapabilities by ConnectivityService itself. This ensures that the data provided by the
+     * agent is not lost when updateCapabilities is called.
+     */
+    private void processCapabilitiesFromAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        nai.declaredMetered = !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+    }
+
+    /** Modifies |caps| based on the capabilities of the specified underlying networks. */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void applyUnderlyingCapabilities(@Nullable Network[] underlyingNetworks,
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps,  boolean declaredMetered) {
+        final Network defaultNetwork = getNetwork(getDefaultNetwork());
+        if (underlyingNetworks == null && defaultNetwork != null) {
+            // null underlying networks means to track the default.
+            underlyingNetworks = new Network[] { defaultNetwork };
+        }
+        int[] transportTypes = new int[] { NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN };
+        int downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+        int upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
+        boolean metered = declaredMetered; // metered if any underlying is metered, or agentMetered
+        boolean roaming = false; // roaming if any underlying is roaming
+        boolean congested = false; // congested if any underlying is congested
+        boolean suspended = true; // suspended if all underlying are suspended
+
+        boolean hadUnderlyingNetworks = false;
+        if (null != underlyingNetworks) {
+            for (Network underlyingNetwork : underlyingNetworks) {
+                final NetworkAgentInfo underlying =
+                        getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(underlyingNetwork);
+                if (underlying == null) continue;
+
+                final NetworkCapabilities underlyingCaps = underlying.networkCapabilities;
+                hadUnderlyingNetworks = true;
+                for (int underlyingType : underlyingCaps.getTransportTypes()) {
+                    transportTypes = ArrayUtils.appendInt(transportTypes, underlyingType);
+                }
+
+                // Merge capabilities of this underlying network. For bandwidth, assume the
+                // worst case.
+                downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.minBandwidth(downKbps,
+                        underlyingCaps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
+                upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.minBandwidth(upKbps,
+                        underlyingCaps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
+                // If this underlying network is metered, the VPN is metered (it may cost money
+                // to send packets on this network).
+                metered |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+                // If this underlying network is roaming, the VPN is roaming (the billing structure
+                // is different than the usual, local one).
+                roaming |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+                // If this underlying network is congested, the VPN is congested (the current
+                // condition of the network affects the performance of this network).
+                congested |= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+                // If this network is not suspended, the VPN is not suspended (the VPN
+                // is able to transfer some data).
+                suspended &= !underlyingCaps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!hadUnderlyingNetworks) {
+            // No idea what the underlying networks are; assume reasonable defaults
+            metered = true;
+            roaming = false;
+            congested = false;
+            suspended = false;
+        }
+
+        caps.setTransportTypes(transportTypes);
+        caps.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(downKbps);
+        caps.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(upKbps);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !metered);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !roaming);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED, !congested);
+        caps.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED, !suspended);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Augments the NetworkCapabilities passed in by a NetworkAgent with capabilities that are
      * maintained here that the NetworkAgent is not aware of (e.g., validated, captive portal,
      * and foreground status).
@@ -6333,7 +6444,7 @@
             // stop being matched by the updated agent.
             String diff = nai.networkCapabilities.describeImmutableDifferences(nc);
             if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(diff)) {
-                Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " lost immutable capabilities:" + diff);
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " lost immutable capabilities:" + diff);
             }
         }
 
@@ -6367,6 +6478,10 @@
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
         }
 
+        if (nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+            applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, newNc, nai.declaredMetered);
+        }
+
         return newNc;
     }
 
@@ -6446,7 +6561,7 @@
         if (!newNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)) {
             // Tell VPNs about updated capabilities, since they may need to
             // bubble those changes through.
-            updateAllVpnsCapabilities();
+            propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
         }
 
         if (!newNc.equalsTransportTypes(prevNc)) {
@@ -6766,7 +6881,7 @@
                 ? newNetwork.linkProperties.getTcpBufferSizes() : null);
         notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
         // Fix up the NetworkCapabilities of any VPNs that don't specify underlying networks.
-        updateAllVpnsCapabilities();
+        propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
     }
 
     private void processListenRequests(@NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
@@ -6889,7 +7004,7 @@
             }
             newSatisfier.unlingerRequest(nri.request);
             if (!newSatisfier.addRequest(nri.request)) {
-                Slog.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + newSatisfier.toShortString() + " already has "
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + newSatisfier.toShortString() + " already has "
                         + nri.request);
             }
         } else {
@@ -7228,7 +7343,7 @@
                 // onCapabilitiesUpdated being sent in updateAllVpnCapabilities below as
                 // the VPN would switch from its default, blank capabilities to those
                 // that reflect the capabilities of its underlying networks.
-                updateAllVpnsCapabilities();
+                propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
             }
             networkAgent.created = true;
         }
@@ -7237,7 +7352,7 @@
             networkAgent.everConnected = true;
 
             if (networkAgent.linkProperties == null) {
-                Slog.wtf(TAG, networkAgent.toShortString() + " connected with null LinkProperties");
+                Log.wtf(TAG, networkAgent.toShortString() + " connected with null LinkProperties");
             }
 
             // NetworkCapabilities need to be set before sending the private DNS config to
@@ -7270,8 +7385,8 @@
             // doing.
             updateSignalStrengthThresholds(networkAgent, "CONNECT", null);
 
-            if (networkAgent.isVPN()) {
-                updateAllVpnsCapabilities();
+            if (networkAgent.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities();
             }
 
             // Consider network even though it is not yet validated.
@@ -7528,13 +7643,6 @@
             throwIfLockdownEnabled();
             success = mVpns.get(user).setUnderlyingNetworks(networks);
         }
-        if (success) {
-            mHandler.post(() -> {
-                // Update VPN's capabilities based on updated underlying network set.
-                updateAllVpnsCapabilities();
-                notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
-            });
-        }
         return success;
     }
 
@@ -8212,13 +8320,12 @@
             return false;
         }
 
-        final Network[] underlyingNetworks;
-        synchronized (mVpns) {
-            final Vpn vpn = getVpnIfOwner(callbackUid);
-            underlyingNetworks = (vpn == null) ? null : vpn.getUnderlyingNetworks();
-        }
-        if (underlyingNetworks != null) {
-            if (Arrays.asList(underlyingNetworks).contains(nai.network)) return true;
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo virtual : mNetworkAgentInfos.values()) {
+            if (virtual.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()
+                    && virtual.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() == callbackUid
+                    && ArrayUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.network)) {
+                return true;
+            }
         }
 
         // Administrator UIDs also contains the Owner UID
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
index d6bd5a1..a45466d 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.NetworkAgent;
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.NetworkInfo;
-import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
+import android.net.NetworkProvider;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.StringNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@
 /** @hide */
 class TestNetworkService extends ITestNetworkManager.Stub {
     @NonNull private static final String TAG = TestNetworkService.class.getSimpleName();
-    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_TYPE = "TEST_NETWORK";
+    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG = "TestNetworkAgent";
+    @NonNull private static final String TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME = TAG;
     @NonNull private static final AtomicInteger sTestTunIndex = new AtomicInteger();
 
     @NonNull private final Context mContext;
@@ -72,6 +73,9 @@
     @NonNull private final HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
 
+    @NonNull private final ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
+
     // Native method stubs
     private static native int jniCreateTunTap(boolean isTun, @NonNull String iface);
 
@@ -85,6 +89,10 @@
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
         mNMS = Objects.requireNonNull(netManager, "missing INetworkManagementService");
         mNetd = Objects.requireNonNull(NetdService.getInstance(), "could not get netd instance");
+        mCm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        mNetworkProvider = new NetworkProvider(mContext, mHandler.getLooper(),
+                TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME);
+        mCm.registerNetworkProvider(mNetworkProvider);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -150,9 +158,6 @@
         private static final int NETWORK_SCORE = 1; // Use a low, non-zero score.
 
         private final int mUid;
-        @NonNull private final NetworkInfo mNi;
-        @NonNull private final NetworkCapabilities mNc;
-        @NonNull private final LinkProperties mLp;
 
         @GuardedBy("mBinderLock")
         @NonNull
@@ -161,20 +166,18 @@
         @NonNull private final Object mBinderLock = new Object();
 
         private TestNetworkAgent(
-                @NonNull Looper looper,
                 @NonNull Context context,
-                @NonNull NetworkInfo ni,
+                @NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config,
                 @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
                 @NonNull LinkProperties lp,
                 int uid,
-                @NonNull IBinder binder)
+                @NonNull IBinder binder,
+                @NonNull NetworkProvider np)
                 throws RemoteException {
-            super(looper, context, TEST_NETWORK_TYPE, ni, nc, lp, NETWORK_SCORE);
+            super(context, looper, TEST_NETWORK_LOGTAG, nc, lp, NETWORK_SCORE, config, np);
 
             mUid = uid;
-            mNi = ni;
-            mNc = nc;
-            mLp = lp;
 
             synchronized (mBinderLock) {
                 mBinder = binder; // Binder null-checks in create()
@@ -203,9 +206,7 @@
         }
 
         private void teardown() {
-            mNi.setDetailedState(DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, null, null);
-            mNi.setIsAvailable(false);
-            sendNetworkInfo(mNi);
+            unregister();
 
             // Synchronize on mBinderLock to ensure that unlinkToDeath is never called more than
             // once (otherwise it could throw an exception)
@@ -238,11 +239,6 @@
         Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
         // iface and binder validity checked by caller
 
-        // Build network info with special testing type
-        NetworkInfo ni = new NetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST, 0, TEST_NETWORK_TYPE, "");
-        ni.setDetailedState(DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
-        ni.setIsAvailable(true);
-
         // Build narrow set of NetworkCapabilities, useful only for testing
         NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
         nc.clearAll(); // Remove default capabilities.
@@ -290,7 +286,12 @@
             lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null, iface));
         }
 
-        return new TestNetworkAgent(looper, context, ni, nc, lp, callingUid, binder);
+        final TestNetworkAgent agent = new TestNetworkAgent(context, looper,
+                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), nc, lp, callingUid, binder,
+                mNetworkProvider);
+        agent.register();
+        agent.markConnected();
+        return agent;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
index c789186..1f0fb5e 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManager.java
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
-import android.util.Slog;
 
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@
     }
 
     public PrivateDnsConfig updatePrivateDns(Network network, PrivateDnsConfig cfg) {
-        Slog.w(TAG, "updatePrivateDns(" + network + ", " + cfg + ")");
+        Log.w(TAG, "updatePrivateDns(" + network + ", " + cfg + ")");
         return (cfg != null)
                 ? mPrivateDnsMap.put(network.netId, cfg)
                 : mPrivateDnsMap.remove(network.netId);
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
             mPrivateDnsValidationMap.remove(netId);
         }
 
-        Slog.d(TAG, String.format("sendDnsConfigurationForNetwork(%d, %s, %s, %d, %d, %d, %d, "
+        Log.d(TAG, String.format("sendDnsConfigurationForNetwork(%d, %s, %s, %d, %d, %d, %d, "
                 + "%d, %d, %s, %s)", paramsParcel.netId, Arrays.toString(paramsParcel.servers),
                 Arrays.toString(paramsParcel.domains), paramsParcel.sampleValiditySeconds,
                 paramsParcel.successThreshold, paramsParcel.minSamples,
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@
         try {
             mDnsResolver.setResolverConfiguration(paramsParcel);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error setting DNS configuration: " + e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error setting DNS configuration: " + e);
             return;
         }
     }
@@ -431,8 +431,8 @@
                 DNS_RESOLVER_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS,
                 DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS);
         if (mSampleValidity < 0 || mSampleValidity > 65535) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "Invalid sampleValidity=" + mSampleValidity + ", using default=" +
-                    DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS);
+            Log.w(TAG, "Invalid sampleValidity=" + mSampleValidity + ", using default="
+                    + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS);
             mSampleValidity = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SAMPLE_VALIDITY_SECONDS;
         }
 
@@ -440,17 +440,17 @@
                 DNS_RESOLVER_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT,
                 DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT);
         if (mSuccessThreshold < 0 || mSuccessThreshold > 100) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "Invalid successThreshold=" + mSuccessThreshold + ", using default=" +
-                    DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT);
+            Log.w(TAG, "Invalid successThreshold=" + mSuccessThreshold + ", using default="
+                    + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT);
             mSuccessThreshold = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD_PERCENT;
         }
 
         mMinSamples = getIntSetting(DNS_RESOLVER_MIN_SAMPLES, DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES);
         mMaxSamples = getIntSetting(DNS_RESOLVER_MAX_SAMPLES, DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES);
         if (mMinSamples < 0 || mMinSamples > mMaxSamples || mMaxSamples > 64) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "Invalid sample count (min, max)=(" + mMinSamples + ", " + mMaxSamples +
-                    "), using default=(" + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES + ", " +
-                    DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES + ")");
+            Log.w(TAG, "Invalid sample count (min, max)=(" + mMinSamples + ", " + mMaxSamples
+                    + "), using default=(" + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES + ", "
+                    + DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES + ")");
             mMinSamples = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MIN_SAMPLES;
             mMaxSamples = DNS_RESOLVER_DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLES;
         }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
index 163788f..d9c2e80 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
-import android.util.Slog;
+import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
         try {
             mNMService.registerObserver(this);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Can't register iface observer for clat on " + mNetwork.toShortString());
+            Log.e(TAG, "Can't register iface observer for clat on " + mNetwork.toShortString());
             return;
         }
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
         try {
             addrStr = mNetd.clatdStart(baseIface, mNat64PrefixInUse.toString());
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error starting clatd on " + baseIface + ": " + e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error starting clatd on " + baseIface + ": " + e);
         }
         mIface = CLAT_PREFIX + baseIface;
         mBaseIface = baseIface;
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
         try {
             mIPv6Address = (Inet6Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addrStr);
         } catch (ClassCastException | IllegalArgumentException | NullPointerException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Invalid IPv6 address " + addrStr);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Invalid IPv6 address " + addrStr);
         }
         if (mPrefixDiscoveryRunning && !isPrefixDiscoveryNeeded()) {
             stopPrefixDiscovery();
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
         try {
             mNMService.unregisterObserver(this);
         } catch (RemoteException | IllegalStateException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error unregistering clatd observer on " + mBaseIface + ": " + e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error unregistering clatd observer on " + mBaseIface + ": " + e);
         }
         mNat64PrefixInUse = null;
         mIface = null;
@@ -242,37 +242,37 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected void start() {
         if (isStarted()) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "startClat: already started");
+            Log.e(TAG, "startClat: already started");
             return;
         }
 
         if (mNetwork.linkProperties == null) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "startClat: Can't start clat with null LinkProperties");
+            Log.e(TAG, "startClat: Can't start clat with null LinkProperties");
             return;
         }
 
         String baseIface = mNetwork.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
         if (baseIface == null) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "startClat: Can't start clat on null interface");
+            Log.e(TAG, "startClat: Can't start clat on null interface");
             return;
         }
         // TODO: should we only do this if mNetd.clatdStart() succeeds?
-        Slog.i(TAG, "Starting clatd on " + baseIface);
+        Log.i(TAG, "Starting clatd on " + baseIface);
         enterStartingState(baseIface);
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected void stop() {
         if (!isStarted()) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "stopClat: already stopped");
+            Log.e(TAG, "stopClat: already stopped");
             return;
         }
 
-        Slog.i(TAG, "Stopping clatd on " + mBaseIface);
+        Log.i(TAG, "Stopping clatd on " + mBaseIface);
         try {
             mNetd.clatdStop(mBaseIface);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error stopping clatd on " + mBaseIface + ": " + e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping clatd on " + mBaseIface + ": " + e);
         }
 
         String iface = mIface;
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
         try {
             mDnsResolver.startPrefix64Discovery(getNetId());
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error starting prefix discovery on netId " + getNetId() + ": " + e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error starting prefix discovery on netId " + getNetId() + ": " + e);
         }
         mPrefixDiscoveryRunning = true;
     }
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@
         try {
             mDnsResolver.stopPrefix64Discovery(getNetId());
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error stopping prefix discovery on netId " + getNetId() + ": " + e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping prefix discovery on netId " + getNetId() + ": " + e);
         }
         mPrefixDiscoveryRunning = false;
     }
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
         try {
             mDnsResolver.setPrefix64(getNetId(), prefixString);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error setting NAT64 prefix on netId " + getNetId() + " to "
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error setting NAT64 prefix on netId " + getNetId() + " to "
                     + prefix + ": " + e);
         }
     }
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
     private void maybeHandleNat64PrefixChange() {
         final IpPrefix newPrefix = selectNat64Prefix();
         if (!Objects.equals(mNat64PrefixInUse, newPrefix)) {
-            Slog.d(TAG, "NAT64 prefix changed from " + mNat64PrefixInUse + " to "
+            Log.d(TAG, "NAT64 prefix changed from " + mNat64PrefixInUse + " to "
                     + newPrefix);
             stop();
             // It's safe to call update here, even though this method is called from update, because
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        Slog.d(TAG, "clatd running, updating NAI for " + mIface);
+        Log.d(TAG, "clatd running, updating NAI for " + mIface);
         for (LinkProperties stacked: oldLp.getStackedLinks()) {
             if (Objects.equals(mIface, stacked.getInterfaceName())) {
                 lp.addStackedLink(stacked);
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@
             return new LinkAddress(
                     InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(config.ipv4Addr), config.prefixLength);
         } catch (IllegalArgumentException | RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "Error getting link properties: " + e);
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error getting link properties: " + e);
             return null;
         }
     }
@@ -480,11 +480,11 @@
 
         LinkAddress clatAddress = getLinkAddress(iface);
         if (clatAddress == null) {
-            Slog.e(TAG, "clatAddress was null for stacked iface " + iface);
+            Log.e(TAG, "clatAddress was null for stacked iface " + iface);
             return;
         }
 
-        Slog.i(TAG, String.format("interface %s is up, adding stacked link %s on top of %s",
+        Log.i(TAG, String.format("interface %s is up, adding stacked link %s on top of %s",
                 mIface, mIface, mBaseIface));
         enterRunningState();
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(mNetwork.linkProperties);
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        Slog.i(TAG, "interface " + iface + " removed");
+        Log.i(TAG, "interface " + iface + " removed");
         // If we're running, and the interface was removed, then we didn't call stop(), and it's
         // likely that clatd crashed. Ensure we call stop() so we can start clatd again. Calling
         // stop() will also update LinkProperties, and if clatd crashed, the LinkProperties update
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index a9f62d9..3270dd5 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -132,6 +132,16 @@
     // TODO: make this private with a getter.
     public NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities;
     public final NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig;
+
+    // Underlying networks declared by the agent. Only set if supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
+    // The networks in this list might be declared by a VPN app using setUnderlyingNetworks and are
+    // not guaranteed to be current or correct, or even to exist.
+    public @Nullable Network[] declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
+
+    // Whether this network is always metered even if its underlying networks are unmetered.
+    // Only relevant if #supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
+    public boolean declaredMetered;
+
     // Indicates if netd has been told to create this Network. From this point on the appropriate
     // routing rules are setup and routes are added so packets can begin flowing over the Network.
     // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
@@ -474,10 +484,16 @@
                         networkCapabilities);
     }
 
+    /** Whether this network is a VPN. */
     public boolean isVPN() {
         return networkCapabilities.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN);
     }
 
+    /** Whether this network might have underlying networks. Currently only true for VPNs. */
+    public boolean supportsUnderlyingNetworks() {
+        return isVPN();
+    }
+
     private int getCurrentScore(boolean pretendValidated) {
         // TODO: We may want to refactor this into a NetworkScore class that takes a base score from
         // the NetworkAgent and signals from the NetworkAgent and uses those signals to modify the
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
index 7f4fb40..7795ed3 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
-import android.util.Slog;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 import android.widget.Toast;
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
         final int previousEventId = mNotificationTypeMap.get(id);
         final NotificationType previousNotifyType = NotificationType.getFromId(previousEventId);
         if (priority(previousNotifyType) > priority(notifyType)) {
-            Slog.d(TAG, String.format(
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format(
                     "ignoring notification %s for network %s with existing notification %s",
                     notifyType, id, previousNotifyType));
             return;
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
         clearNotification(id);
 
         if (DBG) {
-            Slog.d(TAG, String.format(
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format(
                     "showNotification tag=%s event=%s transport=%s name=%s highPriority=%s",
                     tag, nameOf(eventId), getTransportName(transportType), name, highPriority));
         }
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
             // are sent, but they are not implemented yet.
             return;
         } else {
-            Slog.wtf(TAG, "Unknown notification type " + notifyType + " on network transport "
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Unknown notification type " + notifyType + " on network transport "
                     + getTransportName(transportType));
             return;
         }
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
         try {
             mNotificationManager.notify(tag, eventId, notification);
         } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
-            Slog.d(TAG, "setNotificationVisible: visible notificationManager error", npe);
+            Log.d(TAG, "setNotificationVisible: visible notificationManager error", npe);
         }
     }
 
@@ -317,13 +317,13 @@
         final String tag = tagFor(id);
         final int eventId = mNotificationTypeMap.get(id);
         if (DBG) {
-            Slog.d(TAG, String.format("clearing notification tag=%s event=%s", tag,
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format("clearing notification tag=%s event=%s", tag,
                    nameOf(eventId)));
         }
         try {
             mNotificationManager.cancel(tag, eventId);
         } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
-            Slog.d(TAG, String.format(
+            Log.d(TAG, String.format(
                     "failed to clear notification tag=%s event=%s", tag, nameOf(eventId)), npe);
         }
         mNotificationTypeMap.delete(id);
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index a75a80a..4c63eb4 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
             netdPermsUids.put(uid, netdPermsUids.get(uid) | otherNetdPerms);
         }
 
-        List<UserInfo> users = mUserManager.getUsers(true);  // exclude dying users
+        List<UserInfo> users = mUserManager.getAliveUsers();
         if (users != null) {
             for (UserInfo user : users) {
                 mUsers.add(user.id);
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
index 26cc3ee..5cb3d94 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ProxyTracker.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
-import android.util.Slog;
+import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
                 proxyProperties = new ProxyInfo(host, port, exclList);
             }
             if (!proxyProperties.isValid()) {
-                if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyProperties);
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyProperties);
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
         if (mPacManager.setCurrentProxyScriptUrl(proxyInfo) == PacManager.DONT_SEND_BROADCAST) {
             return;
         }
-        if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "sending Proxy Broadcast for " + proxyInfo);
+        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "sending Proxy Broadcast for " + proxyInfo);
         Intent intent = new Intent(Proxy.PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION);
         intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REPLACE_PENDING |
                 Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REGISTERED_ONLY_BEFORE_BOOT);
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
             if (proxyInfo != null && (!TextUtils.isEmpty(proxyInfo.getHost()) ||
                     !Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxyInfo.getPacFileUrl()))) {
                 if (!proxyInfo.isValid()) {
-                    if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyInfo);
+                    if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyInfo);
                     return;
                 }
                 mGlobalProxy = new ProxyInfo(proxyInfo);
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
         synchronized (mProxyLock) {
             if (Objects.equals(mDefaultProxy, proxyInfo)) return;
             if (proxyInfo != null &&  !proxyInfo.isValid()) {
-                if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyInfo);
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Invalid proxy properties, ignoring: " + proxyInfo);
                 return;
             }
 
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
index dd3f5be..77e9f12 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions
 import java.util.UUID
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
@@ -87,8 +90,8 @@
         ) = seenEvents.poll(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS) { it is T && predicate(it) }
     }
 
-    private fun createNetworkProvider(): TestNetworkProvider {
-        return TestNetworkProvider(context, mHandlerThread.looper)
+    private fun createNetworkProvider(ctx: Context = context): TestNetworkProvider {
+        return TestNetworkProvider(ctx, mHandlerThread.looper)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -169,7 +172,12 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testDeclareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable() {
-        val provider = createNetworkProvider()
+        val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
+        val provider = createNetworkProvider(mockContext)
+        // ConnectivityManager not required at creation time
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockContext)
+        doReturn(mCm).`when`(mockContext).getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)
+
         mCm.registerNetworkProvider(provider)
 
         val specifier = StringNetworkSpecifier(UUID.randomUUID().toString())
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
index b77ed6a..cade5ba 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/OemNetworkPreferencesTest.java
@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -34,7 +37,8 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class OemNetworkPreferencesTest {
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 408dd0a..7a1cb25 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 import static android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED;
+import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
@@ -54,8 +56,10 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
@@ -1056,7 +1060,9 @@
 
         public void setUids(Set<UidRange> uids) {
             mNetworkCapabilities.setUids(uids);
-            updateCapabilitiesInternal(null /* defaultNetwork */, true);
+            if (mAgentRegistered) {
+                mMockNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities, true);
+            }
         }
 
         public void setVpnType(int vpnType) {
@@ -1082,11 +1088,15 @@
                 throws Exception {
             if (mAgentRegistered) throw new IllegalStateException("already registered");
             setUids(uids);
-            mConfig.isMetered = isAlwaysMetered;
+            if (!isAlwaysMetered) mNetworkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
             mInterface = VPN_IFNAME;
             mMockNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_VPN, lp,
                     mNetworkCapabilities);
             mMockNetworkAgent.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
+            verify(mNetworkManagementService, times(1))
+                    .addVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), eq(uids.toArray(new UidRange[0])));
+            verify(mNetworkManagementService, never())
+                    .removeVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), any());
             mAgentRegistered = true;
             mNetworkCapabilities.set(mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities());
             mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkAgent();
@@ -1141,28 +1151,6 @@
             mMockNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         }
 
-        private NetworkCapabilities updateCapabilitiesInternal(Network defaultNetwork,
-                boolean sendToConnectivityService) {
-            if (!mAgentRegistered) return null;
-            super.updateCapabilities(defaultNetwork);
-            // Because super.updateCapabilities will update the capabilities of the agent but
-            // not the mock agent, the mock agent needs to know about them.
-            copyCapabilitiesToNetworkAgent(sendToConnectivityService);
-            return new NetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
-        }
-
-        private void copyCapabilitiesToNetworkAgent(boolean sendToConnectivityService) {
-            if (null != mMockNetworkAgent) {
-                mMockNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities,
-                        sendToConnectivityService);
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public NetworkCapabilities updateCapabilities(Network defaultNetwork) {
-            return updateCapabilitiesInternal(defaultNetwork, false);
-        }
-
         public void disconnect() {
             if (mMockNetworkAgent != null) mMockNetworkAgent.disconnect();
             mAgentRegistered = false;
@@ -1247,7 +1235,7 @@
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         when(mMetricsService.defaultNetworkMetrics()).thenReturn(mDefaultNetworkMetrics);
 
-        when(mUserManager.getUsers(eq(true))).thenReturn(
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(
                 Arrays.asList(new UserInfo[] {
                         new UserInfo(VPN_USER, "", 0),
                 }));
@@ -4944,8 +4932,6 @@
 
         final Network[] cellAndVpn = new Network[] {
                 mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork()};
-        Network[] cellAndWifi = new Network[] {
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
 
         // A VPN with default (null) underlying networks sets the underlying network's interfaces...
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(cellAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
@@ -4955,10 +4941,13 @@
         mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
         mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        final Network[] onlyNull = new Network[]{null};
         final Network[] wifiAndVpn = new Network[] {
                 mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork()};
-        cellAndWifi = new Network[] {
+        final Network[] cellAndWifi = new Network[] {
                 mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
+        final Network[] cellNullAndWifi = new Network[] {
+                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), null, mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
 
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(wifiLp, mService.getActiveLinkProperties());
@@ -4984,6 +4973,13 @@
                 new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME});
         reset(mStatsService);
 
+        // Null underlying networks are ignored.
+        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(cellNullAndWifi);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME});
+        reset(mStatsService);
+
         // If an underlying network disconnects, that interface should no longer be underlying.
         // This doesn't actually work because disconnectAndDestroyNetwork only notifies
         // NetworkStatsService before the underlying network is actually removed. So the underlying
@@ -5018,6 +5014,7 @@
                 argThat(vpnInfos -> vpnInfos[0].underlyingIfaces.length == 1
                         && WIFI_IFNAME.equals(vpnInfos[0].underlyingIfaces[0])));
         mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // When a VPN declares no underlying networks (i.e., no connectivity), getAllVpnInfo
@@ -5030,6 +5027,25 @@
         waitForIdle();
         expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, null);
         reset(mStatsService);
+
+        // Specifying only a null underlying network is the same as no networks.
+        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(onlyNull);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        reset(mStatsService);
+
+        // Specifying networks that are all disconnected is the same as specifying no networks.
+        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(onlyCell);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        reset(mStatsService);
+
+        // Passing in null again means follow the default network again.
+        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(null);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectForceUpdateIfaces(wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+                new String[]{WIFI_IFNAME});
+        reset(mStatsService);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -5384,6 +5400,106 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testApplyUnderlyingCapabilities() throws Exception {
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities cellNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+        final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(cellNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final Network mobile = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final Network wifi = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities initialCaps = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        initialCaps.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        initialCaps.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withNoUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withNoUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        withNoUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
+        withNoUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withMobileUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        withMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        withMobileUnderlying.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withWifiUnderlying = new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withWifiUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        withWifiUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        withWifiUnderlying.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+
+        final NetworkCapabilities withWifiAndMobileUnderlying =
+                new NetworkCapabilities(withNoUnderlying);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10);
+        withWifiAndMobileUnderlying.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
+
+        NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        final boolean notDeclaredMetered = false;
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withNoUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+
+        final boolean isDeclaredMetered = true;
+        withWifiUnderlying.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{wifi}, caps, isDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{mobile, wifi}, caps, isDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        withWifiUnderlying.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
+                caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        caps = new NetworkCapabilities(initialCaps);
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(new Network[]{null, mobile, null, wifi},
+                caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiAndMobileUnderlying, caps);
+
+        mService.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(null, caps, notDeclaredMetered);
+        assertEquals(withWifiUnderlying, caps);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testVpnConnectDisconnectUnderlyingNetwork() throws Exception {
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -5471,6 +5587,7 @@
 
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = uidRangesForUid(uid);
         mMockVpn.registerAgent(ranges);
+        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[0]);
 
         // VPN networks do not satisfy the default request and are automatically validated
         // by NetworkMonitor
@@ -5479,19 +5596,12 @@
         mMockVpn.getAgent().setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
 
         mMockVpn.connect(false);
-        mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[0]);
 
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
-        assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
-        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, nc -> null == nc.getUids());
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         ranges.clear();
@@ -5884,6 +5994,86 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testVpnRestrictedUsers() throws Exception {
+        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to see the UID ranges in NetworkCapabilities.
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        // Bring up a VPN
+        mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+
+        final int uid = Process.myUid();
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        assertNotNull("nc=" + nc, nc.getUids());
+        assertEquals(nc.getUids(), uidRangesForUid(uid));
+
+        // Set an underlying network and expect to see the VPN transports change.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, (caps)
+                -> caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+
+        // Create a fake restricted profile whose parent is our user ID.
+        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
+        final int restrictedUserId = userId + 1;
+        final UserInfo info = new UserInfo(restrictedUserId, "user", UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+        info.restrictedProfileParentId = userId;
+        assertTrue(info.isRestricted());
+        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(restrictedUserId)).thenReturn(info);
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, restrictedUserId);
+
+        // Send a USER_ADDED broadcast for it.
+        // The BroadcastReceiver for this broadcast checks that is being run on the handler thread.
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(mCsHandlerThread.getLooper());
+        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(addedIntent));
+
+        // Expect that the VPN UID ranges contain both |uid| and the UID range for the newly-added
+        // restricted user.
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
+                && caps.getUids().contains(new UidRange(uid, uid))
+                && caps.getUids().contains(UidRange.createForUser(restrictedUserId))
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
+        // Change the VPN's capabilities somehow (specifically, disconnect wifi).
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
+                && caps.getUids().contains(new UidRange(uid, uid))
+                && caps.getUids().contains(UidRange.createForUser(restrictedUserId))
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
+        // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
+        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
+        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, restrictedUserId);
+        handler.post(() -> mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(removedIntent));
+
+        // Expect that the VPN gains the UID range for the restricted user, and that the capability
+        // change made just before that (i.e., loss of TRANSPORT_WIFI) is preserved.
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
+                -> caps.getUids().size() == 1
+                && caps.getUids().contains(new UidRange(uid, uid))
+                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverWifi() throws Exception {
         // Returns true by default when no network is available.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
@@ -6829,8 +7019,8 @@
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(VPN_USER));
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, VPN_UID, vpnRange);
 
-        // Connected VPN should have interface rules set up. There are two expected invocations,
-        // one during VPN uid update, one during VPN LinkProperties update
+        // A connected VPN should have interface rules set up. There are two expected invocations,
+        // one during the VPN initial connection, one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
         ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(2)).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), uidCaptor.capture());
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
@@ -7345,20 +7535,14 @@
         setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
                 Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
 
-        // setUp() calls mockVpn() which adds a VPN with the Test Runner's uid. Configure it to be
-        // active
-        final VpnInfo info = new VpnInfo();
-        info.ownerUid = Process.myUid();
-        info.vpnIface = VPN_IFNAME;
-        mMockVpn.setVpnInfo(info);
-
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
-        waitForIdle();
 
+        // Wait for networks to connect and broadcasts to be sent before removing permissions.
+        waitForIdle();
         mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
 
-
         assertTrue(mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(new Network[] {network}));
+        waitForIdle();
         assertTrue(
                 "Active VPN permission not applied",
                 mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
@@ -7366,6 +7550,7 @@
                         mContext.getOpPackageName()));
 
         assertTrue(mService.setUnderlyingNetworksForVpn(null));
+        waitForIdle();
         assertFalse(
                 "VPN shouldn't receive callback on non-underlying network",
                 mService.checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
index 968b307..ea763d2 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@
 
 package com.android.server;
 
+import static android.util.DebugUtils.valueToString;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -29,15 +35,19 @@
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
 import android.os.BatteryStats;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.app.IBatteryStats;
-import com.android.server.NetworkManagementService.SystemServices;
+import com.android.server.NetworkManagementService.Dependencies;
 import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -49,13 +59,14 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+
 /**
  * Tests for {@link NetworkManagementService}.
  */
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class NetworkManagementServiceTest {
-
     private NetworkManagementService mNMService;
 
     @Mock private Context mContext;
@@ -66,7 +77,9 @@
     @Captor
     private ArgumentCaptor<INetdUnsolicitedEventListener> mUnsolListenerCaptor;
 
-    private final SystemServices mServices = new SystemServices() {
+    private final MockDependencies mDeps = new MockDependencies();
+
+    private final class MockDependencies extends Dependencies {
         @Override
         public IBinder getService(String name) {
             switch (name) {
@@ -76,14 +89,21 @@
                     throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unknown service " + name);
             }
         }
+
         @Override
         public void registerLocalService(NetworkManagementInternal nmi) {
         }
+
         @Override
         public INetd getNetd() {
             return mNetdService;
         }
-    };
+
+        @Override
+        public int getCallingUid() {
+            return Process.SYSTEM_UID;
+        }
+    }
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -91,7 +111,7 @@
         doNothing().when(mNetdService)
                 .registerUnsolicitedEventListener(mUnsolListenerCaptor.capture());
         // Start the service and wait until it connects to our socket.
-        mNMService = NetworkManagementService.create(mContext, mServices);
+        mNMService = NetworkManagementService.create(mContext, mDeps);
     }
 
     @After
@@ -192,4 +212,105 @@
         // Make sure nothing else was called.
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(observer);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFirewallEnabled() {
+        mNMService.setFirewallEnabled(true);
+        assertTrue(mNMService.isFirewallEnabled());
+
+        mNMService.setFirewallEnabled(false);
+        assertFalse(mNMService.isFirewallEnabled());
+    }
+
+    private static final int TEST_UID = 111;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkRestrictedDefault() {
+        assertFalse(mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMeteredNetworkRestrictions() throws RemoteException {
+        // Make sure the mocked netd method returns true.
+        doReturn(true).when(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(anyBoolean());
+
+        // Restrict usage of mobile data in background
+        mNMService.setUidMeteredNetworkDenylist(TEST_UID, true);
+        assertTrue("Should be true since mobile data usage is restricted",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+
+        mNMService.setDataSaverModeEnabled(true);
+        verify(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(true);
+
+        mNMService.setUidMeteredNetworkDenylist(TEST_UID, false);
+        assertTrue("Should be true since data saver is on and the uid is not allowlisted",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+
+        mNMService.setUidMeteredNetworkAllowlist(TEST_UID, true);
+        assertFalse("Should be false since data saver is on and the uid is allowlisted",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+
+        // remove uid from allowlist and turn datasaver off again
+        mNMService.setUidMeteredNetworkAllowlist(TEST_UID, false);
+        mNMService.setDataSaverModeEnabled(false);
+        verify(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(false);
+        assertFalse("Network should not be restricted when data saver is off",
+                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFirewallChains() {
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean>> expected = new ArrayMap<>();
+        // Dozable chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForDozable = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForDozable.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
+        isRestrictedForDozable.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForDozable.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, isRestrictedForDozable);
+        // Powersaver chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForPowerSave = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
+        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE, isRestrictedForPowerSave);
+        // Standby chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForStandby = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForStandby.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, false);
+        isRestrictedForStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY, isRestrictedForStandby);
+        // Restricted mode chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForRestrictedMode = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
+        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED, isRestrictedForRestrictedMode);
+
+        final int[] chains = {
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED
+        };
+        final int[] states = {
+                INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW,
+                INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY,
+                NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT
+        };
+        BiFunction<Integer, Integer, String> errorMsg = (chain, state) -> {
+            return String.format("Unexpected value for chain: %s and state: %s",
+                    valueToString(INetd.class, "FIREWALL_CHAIN_", chain),
+                    valueToString(INetd.class, "FIREWALL_RULE_", state));
+        };
+        for (int chain : chains) {
+            final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> expectedValues = expected.get(chain);
+            mNMService.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, true);
+            for (int state : states) {
+                mNMService.setFirewallUidRule(chain, TEST_UID, state);
+                assertEquals(errorMsg.apply(chain, state),
+                        expectedValues.get(state), mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
+            }
+            mNMService.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index 5a29c2c..de35f91 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
-        when(mUserManager.getUsers(eq(true))).thenReturn(
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(
                 Arrays.asList(new UserInfo[] {
                         new UserInfo(MOCK_USER1, "", 0),
                         new UserInfo(MOCK_USER2, "", 0),
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index a553b58..337507a 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -21,15 +21,6 @@
 import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
 import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -41,6 +32,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
@@ -86,10 +78,10 @@
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
-import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.security.Credentials;
 import android.security.KeyStore;
@@ -100,6 +92,7 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
+import com.android.internal.net.LegacyVpnInfo;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 import com.android.server.IpSecService;
@@ -223,6 +216,8 @@
                 .thenReturn(mNotificationManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)))
                 .thenReturn(mConnectivityManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(eq(ConnectivityManager.class)))
+                .thenReturn(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mIpSecManager);
         when(mContext.getString(R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent))
                 .thenReturn(Resources.getSystem().getString(
@@ -589,7 +584,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testNotificationShownForAlwaysOnApp() {
+    public void testNotificationShownForAlwaysOnApp() throws Exception {
         final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id);
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
@@ -617,103 +612,6 @@
         order.verify(mNotificationManager).cancel(anyString(), anyInt());
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testCapabilities() {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
-
-        final Network mobile = new Network(1);
-        final Network wifi = new Network(2);
-
-        final Map<Network, NetworkCapabilities> networks = new HashMap<>();
-        networks.put(
-                mobile,
-                new NetworkCapabilities()
-                        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
-                        .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10));
-        networks.put(
-                wifi,
-                new NetworkCapabilities()
-                        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
-                        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20));
-        setMockedNetworks(networks);
-
-        final NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities();
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager, new Network[] {}, caps, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager,
-                new Network[] {mobile},
-                caps,
-                false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(10, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager, new Network[] {wifi}, caps, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(20, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager, new Network[] {wifi}, caps, true /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(20, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-
-        Vpn.applyUnderlyingCapabilities(
-                mConnectivityManager,
-                new Network[] {mobile, wifi},
-                caps,
-                false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        assertEquals(10, caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertEquals(20, caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps());
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertFalse(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
-        assertTrue(caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-    }
-
     /**
      * The profile name should NOT change between releases for backwards compatibility
      *
@@ -1037,7 +935,7 @@
         when(exception.getErrorType())
                 .thenReturn(IkeProtocolException.ERROR_TYPE_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), (mVpnProfile));
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
@@ -1048,20 +946,20 @@
         ikeCb.onClosedExceptionally(exception);
 
         verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
-        assertEquals(DetailedState.FAILED, vpn.getNetworkInfo().getDetailedState());
+        assertEquals(LegacyVpnInfo.STATE_FAILED, vpn.getLegacyVpnInfo().state);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpnIllegalArgumentExceptionInSetup() throws Exception {
         when(mIkev2SessionCreator.createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
                 .thenThrow(new IllegalArgumentException());
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         // Wait for createIkeSession() to be called before proceeding in order to ensure consistent
         // state
         verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
-        assertEquals(DetailedState.FAILED, vpn.getNetworkInfo().getDetailedState());
+        assertEquals(LegacyVpnInfo.STATE_FAILED, vpn.getLegacyVpnInfo().state);
     }
 
     private void setAndVerifyAlwaysOnPackage(Vpn vpn, int uid, boolean lockdownEnabled) {
@@ -1100,8 +998,7 @@
         // a subsequent CL.
     }
 
-    public Vpn startLegacyVpn(final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+    private Vpn startLegacyVpn(final Vpn vpn, final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
 
         // Dummy egress interface
@@ -1118,7 +1015,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
-        startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile);
+        startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
         // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
         // a subsequent patch.
     }
@@ -1153,7 +1050,7 @@
                     legacyRunnerReady.open();
                     return new Network(102);
                 });
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(profile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
         final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
         try {
             // udppsk and 1701 are the values for TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK
@@ -1287,8 +1184,13 @@
         doReturn(UserHandle.of(userId)).when(asUserContext).getUser();
         when(mContext.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.of(userId)), anyInt()))
                 .thenReturn(asUserContext);
-        return new Vpn(Looper.myLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
+        final TestLooper testLooper = new TestLooper();
+        final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
                 userId, mKeyStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkProvider(argThat(
+                provider -> provider.getName().contains("VpnNetworkProvider")
+        ));
+        return vpn;
     }
 
     private static void assertBlocked(Vpn vpn, int... uids) {
@@ -1318,15 +1220,14 @@
          * @see UserManagerService#getUsers(boolean)
          */
         doAnswer(invocation -> {
-            final boolean excludeDying = (boolean) invocation.getArguments()[0];
             final ArrayList<UserInfo> result = new ArrayList<>(users.length);
             for (UserInfo ui : users) {
-                if (!excludeDying || (ui.isEnabled() && !ui.partial)) {
+                if (ui.isEnabled() && !ui.partial) {
                     result.add(ui);
                 }
             }
             return result;
-        }).when(mUserManager).getUsers(anyBoolean());
+        }).when(mUserManager).getAliveUsers();
 
         doAnswer(invocation -> {
             final int id = (int) invocation.getArguments()[0];