diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java b/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
index f27c831..e310fb6 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
@@ -80,12 +80,14 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean startUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex, int upstreamIfindex,
-            MacAddress srcMac, MacAddress dstMac, int mtu) {
+            @NonNull MacAddress inDstMac, @NonNull MacAddress outSrcMac,
+            @NonNull MacAddress outDstMac, int mtu) {
         return true;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex, int upstreamIfindex) {
+    public boolean stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex,
+            int upstreamIfindex, @NonNull MacAddress inDstMac) {
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -171,6 +173,12 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public boolean isAnyIpv4RuleOnUpstream(int ifIndex) {
+        /* no op */
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public String toString() {
         return "Netd used";
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
index 4f7fe65..d7ce139 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
@@ -84,6 +85,20 @@
     @Nullable
     private final BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap;
 
+    // Tracking IPv4 rule count while any rule is using the given upstream interfaces. Used for
+    // reducing the BPF map iteration query. The count is increased or decreased when the rule is
+    // added or removed successfully on mBpfDownstream4Map. Counting the rules on downstream4 map
+    // is because tetherOffloadRuleRemove can't get upstream interface index from upstream key,
+    // unless pass upstream value which is not required for deleting map entry. The upstream
+    // interface index is the same in Upstream4Value.oif and Downstream4Key.iif. For now, it is
+    // okay to count on Downstream4Key. See BpfConntrackEventConsumer#accept.
+    // Note that except the constructor, any calls to mBpfDownstream4Map.clear() need to clear
+    // this counter as well.
+    // TODO: Count the rule on upstream if multi-upstream is supported and the
+    // packet needs to be sent and responded on different upstream interfaces.
+    // TODO: Add IPv6 rule count.
+    private final SparseArray<Integer> mRule4CountOnUpstream = new SparseArray<>();
+
     public BpfCoordinatorShimImpl(@NonNull final Dependencies deps) {
         mLog = deps.getSharedLog().forSubComponent(TAG);
 
@@ -169,12 +184,13 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean startUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex, int upstreamIfindex,
-            MacAddress srcMac, MacAddress dstMac, int mtu) {
+            @NonNull MacAddress inDstMac, @NonNull MacAddress outSrcMac,
+            @NonNull MacAddress outDstMac, int mtu) {
         if (!isInitialized()) return false;
 
-        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfindex);
-        final Tether6Value value = new Tether6Value(upstreamIfindex, srcMac,
-                dstMac, OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6, mtu);
+        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfindex, inDstMac);
+        final Tether6Value value = new Tether6Value(upstreamIfindex, outSrcMac,
+                outDstMac, OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6, mtu);
         try {
             mBpfUpstream6Map.insertEntry(key, value);
         } catch (ErrnoException | IllegalStateException e) {
@@ -185,10 +201,11 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex, int upstreamIfindex) {
+    public boolean stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex, int upstreamIfindex,
+            @NonNull MacAddress inDstMac) {
         if (!isInitialized()) return false;
 
-        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfindex);
+        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfindex, inDstMac);
         try {
             mBpfUpstream6Map.deleteEntry(key);
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
@@ -324,18 +341,22 @@
         if (!isInitialized()) return false;
 
         try {
-            // The last used time field of the value is updated by the bpf program. Adding the same
-            // map pair twice causes the unexpected refresh. Must be fixed before starting the
-            // conntrack timeout extension implementation.
-            // TODO: consider using insertEntry.
             if (downstream) {
-                mBpfDownstream4Map.updateEntry(key, value);
+                mBpfDownstream4Map.insertEntry(key, value);
+
+                // Increase the rule count while a adding rule is using a given upstream interface.
+                final int upstreamIfindex = (int) key.iif;
+                int count = mRule4CountOnUpstream.get(upstreamIfindex, 0 /* default */);
+                mRule4CountOnUpstream.put(upstreamIfindex, ++count);
             } else {
-                mBpfUpstream4Map.updateEntry(key, value);
+                mBpfUpstream4Map.insertEntry(key, value);
             }
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-            mLog.e("Could not update entry: ", e);
+            mLog.e("Could not insert entry (" + key + ", " + value + "): " + e);
             return false;
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            // Silent if the rule already exists. Note that the errno EEXIST was rethrown as
+            // IllegalStateException. See BpfMap#insertEntry.
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -346,7 +367,26 @@
 
         try {
             if (downstream) {
-                mBpfDownstream4Map.deleteEntry(key);
+                if (!mBpfDownstream4Map.deleteEntry(key)) {
+                    mLog.e("Could not delete entry (key: " + key + ")");
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // Decrease the rule count while a deleting rule is not using a given upstream
+                // interface anymore.
+                final int upstreamIfindex = (int) key.iif;
+                Integer count = mRule4CountOnUpstream.get(upstreamIfindex);
+                if (count == null) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Could not delete count for interface " + upstreamIfindex);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (--count == 0) {
+                    // Remove the entry if the count decreases to zero.
+                    mRule4CountOnUpstream.remove(upstreamIfindex);
+                } else {
+                    mRule4CountOnUpstream.put(upstreamIfindex, count);
+                }
             } else {
                 mBpfUpstream4Map.deleteEntry(key);
             }
@@ -386,6 +426,12 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAnyIpv4RuleOnUpstream(int ifIndex) {
+        // No entry means no rule for the given interface because 0 has never been stored.
+        return mRule4CountOnUpstream.get(ifIndex) != null;
+    }
+
     private String mapStatus(BpfMap m, String name) {
         return name + "{" + (m != null ? "OK" : "ERROR") + "}";
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java b/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
index b7b4c47..79a628b 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
@@ -78,21 +78,25 @@
 
      * @param downstreamIfindex the downstream interface index
      * @param upstreamIfindex the upstream interface index
-     * @param srcMac the source MAC address to use for packets
-     * @oaram dstMac the destination MAC address to use for packets
+     * @param inDstMac the destination MAC address to use for XDP
+     * @param outSrcMac the source MAC address to use for packets
+     * @param outDstMac the destination MAC address to use for packets
      * @return true if operation succeeded or was a no-op, false otherwise
      */
     public abstract boolean startUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex, int upstreamIfindex,
-            MacAddress srcMac, MacAddress dstMac, int mtu);
+            @NonNull MacAddress inDstMac, @NonNull MacAddress outSrcMac,
+            @NonNull MacAddress outDstMac, int mtu);
 
     /**
      * Stops IPv6 forwarding between the specified interfaces.
 
      * @param downstreamIfindex the downstream interface index
      * @param upstreamIfindex the upstream interface index
+     * @param inDstMac the destination MAC address to use for XDP
      * @return true if operation succeeded or was a no-op, false otherwise
      */
-    public abstract boolean stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex, int upstreamIfindex);
+    public abstract boolean stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(int downstreamIfindex,
+            int upstreamIfindex, @NonNull MacAddress inDstMac);
 
     /**
      * Return BPF tethering offload statistics.
@@ -145,6 +149,11 @@
     public abstract boolean tetherOffloadRuleRemove(boolean downstream, @NonNull Tether4Key key);
 
     /**
+     * Whether there is currently any IPv4 rule on the specified upstream.
+     */
+    public abstract boolean isAnyIpv4RuleOnUpstream(int ifIndex);
+
+    /**
      * Attach BPF program.
      *
      * TODO: consider using InterfaceParams to replace interface name.
diff --git a/Tethering/bpf_progs/bpf_tethering.h b/Tethering/bpf_progs/bpf_tethering.h
index efda228..5fdf8cd 100644
--- a/Tethering/bpf_progs/bpf_tethering.h
+++ b/Tethering/bpf_progs/bpf_tethering.h
@@ -107,11 +107,12 @@
 // Ethernet) have 6-byte MAC addresses.
 
 typedef struct {
-    uint32_t iif;            // The input interface index
-                             // TODO: extend this to include dstMac
-    struct in6_addr neigh6;  // The destination IPv6 address
+    uint32_t iif;              // The input interface index
+    uint8_t dstMac[ETH_ALEN];  // destination ethernet mac address (zeroed iff rawip ingress)
+    uint8_t zero[2];           // zero pad for 8 byte alignment
+    struct in6_addr neigh6;    // The destination IPv6 address
 } TetherDownstream6Key;
-STRUCT_SIZE(TetherDownstream6Key, 4 + 16);  // 20
+STRUCT_SIZE(TetherDownstream6Key, 4 + 6 + 2 + 16);  // 28
 
 typedef struct {
     uint32_t oif;             // The output interface to redirect to
@@ -154,10 +155,12 @@
 #define TETHER_UPSTREAM6_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH_TETHER "map_offload_tether_upstream6_map"
 
 typedef struct {
-    uint32_t iif;  // The input interface index
-                   // TODO: extend this to include dstMac and src ip /64 subnet
+    uint32_t iif;              // The input interface index
+    uint8_t dstMac[ETH_ALEN];  // destination ethernet mac address (zeroed iff rawip ingress)
+    uint8_t zero[2];           // zero pad for 8 byte alignment
+                               // TODO: extend this to include src ip /64 subnet
 } TetherUpstream6Key;
-STRUCT_SIZE(TetherUpstream6Key, 4);
+STRUCT_SIZE(TetherUpstream6Key, 12);
 
 #define TETHER_DOWNSTREAM4_TC_PROG_RAWIP_NAME "prog_offload_schedcls_tether_downstream4_rawip"
 #define TETHER_DOWNSTREAM4_TC_PROG_ETHER_NAME "prog_offload_schedcls_tether_downstream4_ether"
diff --git a/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c b/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c
index 5f29d4f..36f6783 100644
--- a/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c
+++ b/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c
@@ -107,17 +107,24 @@
 
 static inline __always_inline int do_forward6(struct __sk_buff* skb, const bool is_ethernet,
         const bool downstream) {
-    const int l2_header_size = is_ethernet ? sizeof(struct ethhdr) : 0;
-    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
-    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
-    struct ethhdr* eth = is_ethernet ? data : NULL;  // used iff is_ethernet
-    struct ipv6hdr* ip6 = is_ethernet ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
+    // Must be meta-ethernet IPv6 frame
+    if (skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) return TC_ACT_OK;
 
     // Require ethernet dst mac address to be our unicast address.
     if (is_ethernet && (skb->pkt_type != PACKET_HOST)) return TC_ACT_OK;
 
-    // Must be meta-ethernet IPv6 frame
-    if (skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) return TC_ACT_OK;
+    const int l2_header_size = is_ethernet ? sizeof(struct ethhdr) : 0;
+
+    // Since the program never writes via DPA (direct packet access) auto-pull/unclone logic does
+    // not trigger and thus we need to manually make sure we can read packet headers via DPA.
+    // Note: this is a blind best effort pull, which may fail or pull less - this doesn't matter.
+    // It has to be done early cause it will invalidate any skb->data/data_end derived pointers.
+    try_make_readable(skb, l2_header_size + IP6_HLEN + TCP_HLEN);
+
+    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
+    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
+    struct ethhdr* eth = is_ethernet ? data : NULL;  // used iff is_ethernet
+    struct ipv6hdr* ip6 = is_ethernet ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
 
     // Must have (ethernet and) ipv6 header
     if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*ip6) > data_end) return TC_ACT_OK;
@@ -169,6 +176,7 @@
     TetherUpstream6Key ku = {
             .iif = skb->ifindex,
     };
+    if (is_ethernet) __builtin_memcpy(downstream ? kd.dstMac : ku.dstMac, eth->h_dest, ETH_ALEN);
 
     Tether6Value* v = downstream ? bpf_tether_downstream6_map_lookup_elem(&kd)
                                  : bpf_tether_upstream6_map_lookup_elem(&ku);
@@ -346,18 +354,25 @@
 
 static inline __always_inline int do_forward4(struct __sk_buff* skb, const bool is_ethernet,
         const bool downstream, const bool updatetime) {
-    const int l2_header_size = is_ethernet ? sizeof(struct ethhdr) : 0;
-    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
-    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
-    struct ethhdr* eth = is_ethernet ? data : NULL;  // used iff is_ethernet
-    struct iphdr* ip = is_ethernet ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
-
     // Require ethernet dst mac address to be our unicast address.
     if (is_ethernet && (skb->pkt_type != PACKET_HOST)) return TC_ACT_OK;
 
     // Must be meta-ethernet IPv4 frame
     if (skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_IP)) return TC_ACT_OK;
 
+    const int l2_header_size = is_ethernet ? sizeof(struct ethhdr) : 0;
+
+    // Since the program never writes via DPA (direct packet access) auto-pull/unclone logic does
+    // not trigger and thus we need to manually make sure we can read packet headers via DPA.
+    // Note: this is a blind best effort pull, which may fail or pull less - this doesn't matter.
+    // It has to be done early cause it will invalidate any skb->data/data_end derived pointers.
+    try_make_readable(skb, l2_header_size + IP4_HLEN + TCP_HLEN);
+
+    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
+    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
+    struct ethhdr* eth = is_ethernet ? data : NULL;  // used iff is_ethernet
+    struct iphdr* ip = is_ethernet ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
+
     // Must have (ethernet and) ipv4 header
     if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*ip) > data_end) return TC_ACT_OK;
 
@@ -474,7 +489,7 @@
             .srcPort = is_tcp ? tcph->source : udph->source,
             .dstPort = is_tcp ? tcph->dest : udph->dest,
     };
-    if (is_ethernet) for (int i = 0; i < ETH_ALEN; ++i) k.dstMac[i] = eth->h_dest[i];
+    if (is_ethernet) __builtin_memcpy(k.dstMac, eth->h_dest, ETH_ALEN);
 
     Tether4Value* v = downstream ? bpf_tether_downstream4_map_lookup_elem(&k)
                                  : bpf_tether_upstream4_map_lookup_elem(&k);
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
index e5380e0..da15fa8 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
@@ -742,16 +742,14 @@
                     params.dnses.add(dnsServer);
                 }
             }
-
-            // Add upstream index to name mapping for the tether stats usage in the coordinator.
-            // Although this mapping could be added by both class Tethering and IpServer, adding
-            // mapping from IpServer guarantees that the mapping is added before the adding
-            // forwarding rules. That is because there are different state machines in both
-            // classes. It is hard to guarantee the link property update order between multiple
-            // state machines.
-            mBpfCoordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(upstreamIfIndex, upstreamIface);
         }
 
+        // Add upstream index to name mapping. See the comment of the interface mapping update in
+        // CMD_TETHER_CONNECTION_CHANGED. Adding the mapping update here to the avoid potential
+        // timing issue. It prevents that the IPv6 capability is updated later than
+        // CMD_TETHER_CONNECTION_CHANGED.
+        mBpfCoordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(upstreamIfIndex, upstreamIface);
+
         // If v6only is null, we pass in null to setRaParams(), which handles
         // deprecation of any existing RA data.
 
@@ -1335,6 +1333,26 @@
                     mUpstreamIfaceSet = newUpstreamIfaceSet;
 
                     for (String ifname : added) {
+                        // Add upstream index to name mapping for the tether stats usage in the
+                        // coordinator. Although this mapping could be added by both class
+                        // Tethering and IpServer, adding mapping from IpServer guarantees that
+                        // the mapping is added before adding forwarding rules. That is because
+                        // there are different state machines in both classes. It is hard to
+                        // guarantee the link property update order between multiple state machines.
+                        // Note that both IPv4 and IPv6 interface may be added because
+                        // Tethering::setUpstreamNetwork calls getTetheringInterfaces which merges
+                        // IPv4 and IPv6 interface name (if any) into an InterfaceSet. The IPv6
+                        // capability may be updated later. In that case, IPv6 interface mapping is
+                        // updated in updateUpstreamIPv6LinkProperties.
+                        if (!ifname.startsWith("v4-")) {  // ignore clat interfaces
+                            final InterfaceParams upstreamIfaceParams =
+                                    mDeps.getInterfaceParams(ifname);
+                            if (upstreamIfaceParams != null) {
+                                mBpfCoordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(
+                                        upstreamIfaceParams.index, ifname);
+                            }
+                        }
+
                         mBpfCoordinator.maybeAttachProgram(mIfaceName, ifname);
                         try {
                             mNetd.tetherAddForward(mIfaceName, ifname);
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java
index afccd0a..543a5c7 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 package android.net.ip;
 
-import static android.net.util.NetworkConstants.IPV6_MIN_MTU;
 import static android.net.util.NetworkConstants.RFC7421_PREFIX_LENGTH;
 import static android.net.util.TetheringUtils.getAllNodesForScopeId;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
@@ -25,8 +24,18 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SOL_SOCKET;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SO_SNDTIMEO;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_SLLA;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_RA_HEADER_LEN;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ROUTER_SOLICITATION;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_MIN_MTU;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.PIO_FLAG_AUTONOMOUS;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.PIO_FLAG_ON_LINK;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TAG_SYSTEM_NEIGHBOR;
+
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.MacAddress;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
 import android.net.util.InterfaceParams;
 import android.net.util.SocketUtils;
@@ -37,7 +46,12 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Icmpv6Header;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.LlaOption;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.MtuOption;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.PrefixInformationOption;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.RaHeader;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.RdnssOption;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -69,9 +83,6 @@
  */
 public class RouterAdvertisementDaemon {
     private static final String TAG = RouterAdvertisementDaemon.class.getSimpleName();
-    private static final byte ICMPV6_ND_ROUTER_SOLICIT = asByte(133);
-    private static final byte ICMPV6_ND_ROUTER_ADVERT  = asByte(134);
-    private static final int MIN_RA_HEADER_SIZE = 16;
 
     // Summary of various timers and lifetimes.
     private static final int MIN_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL_SEC = 300;
@@ -366,54 +377,27 @@
     }
 
     private static void putHeader(ByteBuffer ra, boolean hasDefaultRoute, byte hopLimit) {
-        /**
-            Router Advertisement Message Format
-
-             0                   1                   2                   3
-             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |     Type      |     Code      |          Checksum             |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            | Cur Hop Limit |M|O|H|Prf|P|R|R|       Router Lifetime         |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                         Reachable Time                        |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                          Retrans Timer                        |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |   Options ...
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
-        */
-        ra.put(ICMPV6_ND_ROUTER_ADVERT)
-                .put(asByte(0))
-                .putShort(asShort(0))
-                .put(hopLimit)
-                // RFC 4191 "high" preference, iff. advertising a default route.
-                .put(hasDefaultRoute ? asByte(0x08) : asByte(0))
-                .putShort(hasDefaultRoute ? asShort(DEFAULT_LIFETIME) : asShort(0))
-                .putInt(0)
-                .putInt(0);
+        // RFC 4191 "high" preference, iff. advertising a default route.
+        final byte flags = hasDefaultRoute ? asByte(0x08) : asByte(0);
+        final short lifetime = hasDefaultRoute ? asShort(DEFAULT_LIFETIME) : asShort(0);
+        final Icmpv6Header icmpv6Header =
+                new Icmpv6Header(asByte(ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT) /* type */,
+                        asByte(0) /* code */, asShort(0) /* checksum */);
+        final RaHeader raHeader = new RaHeader(hopLimit, flags, lifetime, 0 /* reachableTime */,
+                0 /* retransTimer */);
+        icmpv6Header.writeToByteBuffer(ra);
+        raHeader.writeToByteBuffer(ra);
     }
 
     private static void putSlla(ByteBuffer ra, byte[] slla) {
-        /**
-            Source/Target Link-layer Address
-
-             0                   1                   2                   3
-             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |     Type      |    Length     |    Link-Layer Address ...
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-        */
         if (slla == null || slla.length != 6) {
             // Only IEEE 802.3 6-byte addresses are supported.
             return;
         }
 
-        final byte nd_option_slla = 1;
-        final byte slla_num_8octets = 1;
-        ra.put(nd_option_slla)
-            .put(slla_num_8octets)
-            .put(slla);
+        final ByteBuffer sllaOption = LlaOption.build(asByte(ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_SLLA),
+                MacAddress.fromBytes(slla));
+        ra.put(sllaOption);
     }
 
     private static void putExpandedFlagsOption(ByteBuffer ra) {
@@ -439,70 +423,24 @@
     }
 
     private static void putMtu(ByteBuffer ra, int mtu) {
-        /**
-            MTU
-
-             0                   1                   2                   3
-             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |     Type      |    Length     |           Reserved            |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                              MTU                              |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-        */
-        final byte nd_option_mtu = 5;
-        final byte mtu_num_8octs = 1;
-        ra.put(nd_option_mtu)
-            .put(mtu_num_8octs)
-            .putShort(asShort(0))
-            .putInt((mtu < IPV6_MIN_MTU) ? IPV6_MIN_MTU : mtu);
+        final ByteBuffer mtuOption = MtuOption.build((mtu < IPV6_MIN_MTU) ? IPV6_MIN_MTU : mtu);
+        ra.put(mtuOption);
     }
 
     private static void putPio(ByteBuffer ra, IpPrefix ipp,
                                int validTime, int preferredTime) {
-        /**
-            Prefix Information
-
-             0                   1                   2                   3
-             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |     Type      |    Length     | Prefix Length |L|A| Reserved1 |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                         Valid Lifetime                        |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                       Preferred Lifetime                      |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                           Reserved2                           |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                                                               |
-            +                                                               +
-            |                                                               |
-            +                            Prefix                             +
-            |                                                               |
-            +                                                               +
-            |                                                               |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-        */
         final int prefixLength = ipp.getPrefixLength();
         if (prefixLength != 64) {
             return;
         }
-        final byte nd_option_pio = 3;
-        final byte pio_num_8octets = 4;
 
         if (validTime < 0) validTime = 0;
         if (preferredTime < 0) preferredTime = 0;
         if (preferredTime > validTime) preferredTime = validTime;
 
-        final byte[] addr = ipp.getAddress().getAddress();
-        ra.put(nd_option_pio)
-            .put(pio_num_8octets)
-            .put(asByte(prefixLength))
-            .put(asByte(0xc0)) /* L & A set */
-            .putInt(validTime)
-            .putInt(preferredTime)
-            .putInt(0)
-            .put(addr);
+        final ByteBuffer pioOption = PrefixInformationOption.build(ipp,
+                asByte(PIO_FLAG_ON_LINK | PIO_FLAG_AUTONOMOUS), validTime, preferredTime);
+        ra.put(pioOption);
     }
 
     private static void putRio(ByteBuffer ra, IpPrefix ipp) {
@@ -543,22 +481,6 @@
     }
 
     private static void putRdnss(ByteBuffer ra, Set<Inet6Address> dnses, int lifetime) {
-        /**
-            Recursive DNS Server (RDNSS) Option
-
-             0                   1                   2                   3
-             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |     Type      |     Length    |           Reserved            |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                           Lifetime                            |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-            |                                                               |
-            :            Addresses of IPv6 Recursive DNS Servers            :
-            |                                                               |
-            +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
-         */
-
         final HashSet<Inet6Address> filteredDnses = new HashSet<>();
         for (Inet6Address dns : dnses) {
             if ((new LinkAddress(dns, RFC7421_PREFIX_LENGTH)).isGlobalPreferred()) {
@@ -567,29 +489,22 @@
         }
         if (filteredDnses.isEmpty()) return;
 
-        final byte nd_option_rdnss = 25;
-        final byte rdnss_num_8octets = asByte(dnses.size() * 2 + 1);
-        ra.put(nd_option_rdnss)
-            .put(rdnss_num_8octets)
-            .putShort(asShort(0))
-            .putInt(lifetime);
-
-        for (Inet6Address dns : filteredDnses) {
-            // NOTE: If the full of list DNS servers doesn't fit in the packet,
-            // this code will cause a buffer overflow and the RA won't include
-            // this instance of the option at all.
-            //
-            // TODO: Consider looking at ra.remaining() to determine how many
-            // DNS servers will fit, and adding only those.
-            ra.put(dns.getAddress());
-        }
+        final Inet6Address[] dnsesArray =
+                filteredDnses.toArray(new Inet6Address[filteredDnses.size()]);
+        final ByteBuffer rdnssOption = RdnssOption.build(lifetime, dnsesArray);
+        // NOTE: If the full of list DNS servers doesn't fit in the packet,
+        // this code will cause a buffer overflow and the RA won't include
+        // this instance of the option at all.
+        //
+        // TODO: Consider looking at ra.remaining() to determine how many
+        // DNS servers will fit, and adding only those.
+        ra.put(rdnssOption);
     }
 
     private boolean createSocket() {
         final int send_timout_ms = 300;
 
-        final int oldTag = TrafficStats.getAndSetThreadStatsTag(
-                NetworkStackConstants.TAG_SYSTEM_NEIGHBOR);
+        final int oldTag = TrafficStats.getAndSetThreadStatsTag(TAG_SYSTEM_NEIGHBOR);
         try {
             mSocket = Os.socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMPV6);
             // Setting SNDTIMEO is purely for defensive purposes.
@@ -639,7 +554,7 @@
 
         try {
             synchronized (mLock) {
-                if (mRaLength < MIN_RA_HEADER_SIZE) {
+                if (mRaLength < ICMPV6_RA_HEADER_LEN) {
                     // No actual RA to send.
                     return;
                 }
@@ -668,7 +583,7 @@
                     final int rval = Os.recvfrom(
                             mSocket, mSolicitation, 0, mSolicitation.length, 0, mSolicitor);
                     // Do the least possible amount of validation.
-                    if (rval < 1 || mSolicitation[0] != ICMPV6_ND_ROUTER_SOLICIT) {
+                    if (rval < 1 || mSolicitation[0] != asByte(ICMPV6_ROUTER_SOLICITATION)) {
                         continue;
                     }
                 } catch (ErrnoException | SocketException e) {
@@ -721,7 +636,7 @@
         private int getNextMulticastTransmitDelaySec() {
             boolean deprecationInProgress = false;
             synchronized (mLock) {
-                if (mRaLength < MIN_RA_HEADER_SIZE) {
+                if (mRaLength < ICMPV6_RA_HEADER_LEN) {
                     // No actual RA to send; just sleep for 1 day.
                     return DAY_IN_SECONDS;
                 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
index 7fb73b4..add4f37 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
@@ -137,6 +137,8 @@
     private final BpfTetherStatsProvider mStatsProvider;
     @NonNull
     private final BpfCoordinatorShim mBpfCoordinatorShim;
+    @NonNull
+    private final BpfConntrackEventConsumer mBpfConntrackEventConsumer;
 
     // True if BPF offload is supported, false otherwise. The BPF offload could be disabled by
     // a runtime resource overlay package or device configuration. This flag is only initialized
@@ -248,6 +250,11 @@
             return new ConntrackMonitor(getHandler(), getSharedLog(), consumer);
         }
 
+        /** Get interface information for a given interface. */
+        @NonNull public InterfaceParams getInterfaceParams(String ifName) {
+            return InterfaceParams.getByName(ifName);
+        }
+
         /**
          * Check OS Build at least S.
          *
@@ -339,7 +346,14 @@
         mNetd = mDeps.getNetd();
         mLog = mDeps.getSharedLog().forSubComponent(TAG);
         mIsBpfEnabled = isBpfEnabled();
-        mConntrackMonitor = mDeps.getConntrackMonitor(new BpfConntrackEventConsumer());
+
+        // The conntrack consummer needs to be initialized in BpfCoordinator constructor because it
+        // have to access the data members of BpfCoordinator which is not a static class. The
+        // consumer object is also needed for initializing the conntrack monitor which may be
+        // mocked for testing.
+        mBpfConntrackEventConsumer = new BpfConntrackEventConsumer();
+        mConntrackMonitor = mDeps.getConntrackMonitor(mBpfConntrackEventConsumer);
+
         BpfTetherStatsProvider provider = new BpfTetherStatsProvider();
         try {
             mDeps.getNetworkStatsManager().registerNetworkStatsProvider(
@@ -478,25 +492,14 @@
         LinkedHashMap<Inet6Address, Ipv6ForwardingRule> rules = mIpv6ForwardingRules.get(ipServer);
 
         // When the first rule is added to an upstream, setup upstream forwarding and data limit.
-        final int upstreamIfindex = rule.upstreamIfindex;
-        if (!isAnyRuleOnUpstream(upstreamIfindex)) {
-            // If failed to set a data limit, probably should not use this upstream, because
-            // the upstream may not want to blow through the data limit that was told to apply.
-            // TODO: Perhaps stop the coordinator.
-            boolean success = updateDataLimit(upstreamIfindex);
-            if (!success) {
-                final String iface = mInterfaceNames.get(upstreamIfindex);
-                mLog.e("Setting data limit for " + iface + " failed.");
-            }
-
-        }
+        maybeSetLimit(rule.upstreamIfindex);
 
         if (!isAnyRuleFromDownstreamToUpstream(rule.downstreamIfindex, rule.upstreamIfindex)) {
             final int downstream = rule.downstreamIfindex;
             final int upstream = rule.upstreamIfindex;
             // TODO: support upstream forwarding on non-point-to-point interfaces.
             // TODO: get the MTU from LinkProperties and update the rules when it changes.
-            if (!mBpfCoordinatorShim.startUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(downstream, upstream,
+            if (!mBpfCoordinatorShim.startUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(downstream, upstream, rule.srcMac,
                     NULL_MAC_ADDRESS, NULL_MAC_ADDRESS, NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU)) {
                 mLog.e("Failed to enable upstream IPv6 forwarding from "
                         + mInterfaceNames.get(downstream) + " to " + mInterfaceNames.get(upstream));
@@ -537,29 +540,15 @@
         if (!isAnyRuleFromDownstreamToUpstream(rule.downstreamIfindex, rule.upstreamIfindex)) {
             final int downstream = rule.downstreamIfindex;
             final int upstream = rule.upstreamIfindex;
-            if (!mBpfCoordinatorShim.stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(downstream, upstream)) {
+            if (!mBpfCoordinatorShim.stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(downstream, upstream,
+                    rule.srcMac)) {
                 mLog.e("Failed to disable upstream IPv6 forwarding from "
                         + mInterfaceNames.get(downstream) + " to " + mInterfaceNames.get(upstream));
             }
         }
 
         // Do cleanup functionality if there is no more rule on the given upstream.
-        final int upstreamIfindex = rule.upstreamIfindex;
-        if (!isAnyRuleOnUpstream(upstreamIfindex)) {
-            final TetherStatsValue statsValue =
-                    mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(upstreamIfindex);
-            if (statsValue == null) {
-                Log.wtf(TAG, "Fail to cleanup tether stats for upstream index " + upstreamIfindex);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            SparseArray<TetherStatsValue> tetherStatsList = new SparseArray<TetherStatsValue>();
-            tetherStatsList.put(upstreamIfindex, statsValue);
-
-            // Update the last stats delta and delete the local cache for a given upstream.
-            updateQuotaAndStatsFromSnapshot(tetherStatsList);
-            mStats.remove(upstreamIfindex);
-        }
+        maybeClearLimit(rule.upstreamIfindex);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -687,7 +676,7 @@
         if (lp == null || !lp.hasIpv4Address()) return;
 
         // Support raw ip upstream interface only.
-        final InterfaceParams params = InterfaceParams.getByName(lp.getInterfaceName());
+        final InterfaceParams params = mDeps.getInterfaceParams(lp.getInterfaceName());
         if (params == null || params.hasMacAddress) return;
 
         Collection<InetAddress> addresses = lp.getAddresses();
@@ -821,8 +810,8 @@
     }
 
     private String ipv6UpstreamRuletoString(TetherUpstream6Key key, Tether6Value value) {
-        return String.format("%d(%s) -> %d(%s) %04x %s %s",
-                key.iif, getIfName(key.iif), value.oif, getIfName(value.oif),
+        return String.format("%d(%s) %s -> %d(%s) %04x %s %s",
+                key.iif, getIfName(key.iif), key.dstMac, value.oif, getIfName(value.oif),
                 value.ethProto, value.ethSrcMac, value.ethDstMac);
     }
 
@@ -912,6 +901,62 @@
 
     /** IPv6 forwarding rule class. */
     public static class Ipv6ForwardingRule {
+        // The upstream6 and downstream6 rules are built as the following tables. Only raw ip
+        // upstream interface is supported.
+        // TODO: support ether ip upstream interface.
+        //
+        // NAT network topology:
+        //
+        //         public network (rawip)                 private network
+        //                   |                 UE                |
+        // +------------+    V    +------------+------------+    V    +------------+
+        // |   Sever    +---------+  Upstream  | Downstream +---------+   Client   |
+        // +------------+         +------------+------------+         +------------+
+        //
+        // upstream6 key and value:
+        //
+        // +------+-------------+
+        // | TetherUpstream6Key |
+        // +------+------+------+
+        // |field |iif   |dstMac|
+        // |      |      |      |
+        // +------+------+------+
+        // |value |downst|downst|
+        // |      |ream  |ream  |
+        // +------+------+------+
+        //
+        // +------+----------------------------------+
+        // |      |Tether6Value                      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |field |oif   |ethDst|ethSrc|ethPro|pmtu  |
+        // |      |      |mac   |mac   |to    |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |value |upstre|--    |--    |ETH_P_|1500  |
+        // |      |am    |      |      |IP    |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        //
+        // downstream6 key and value:
+        //
+        // +------+--------------------+
+        // |      |TetherDownstream6Key|
+        // +------+------+------+------+
+        // |field |iif   |dstMac|neigh6|
+        // |      |      |      |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+
+        // |value |upstre|--    |client|
+        // |      |am    |      |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+
+        //
+        // +------+----------------------------------+
+        // |      |Tether6Value                      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |field |oif   |ethDst|ethSrc|ethPro|pmtu  |
+        // |      |      |mac   |mac   |to    |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |value |downst|client|downst|ETH_P_|1500  |
+        // |      |ream  |      |ream  |IP    |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        //
         public final int upstreamIfindex;
         public final int downstreamIfindex;
 
@@ -961,7 +1006,8 @@
          */
         @NonNull
         public TetherDownstream6Key makeTetherDownstream6Key() {
-            return new TetherDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, address.getAddress());
+            return new TetherDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, NULL_MAC_ADDRESS,
+                    address.getAddress());
         }
 
         /**
@@ -1114,7 +1160,10 @@
 
     // Support raw ip only.
     // TODO: add ether ip support.
-    private class BpfConntrackEventConsumer implements ConntrackEventConsumer {
+    // TODO: parse CTA_PROTOINFO of conntrack event in ConntrackMonitor. For TCP, only add rules
+    // while TCP status is established.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    class BpfConntrackEventConsumer implements ConntrackEventConsumer {
         @NonNull
         private Tether4Key makeTetherUpstream4Key(
                 @NonNull ConntrackEvent e, @NonNull ClientInfo c) {
@@ -1179,8 +1228,9 @@
 
             if (e.msgType == (NetlinkConstants.NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8
                     | NetlinkConstants.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE)) {
-                mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(false, upstream4Key);
-                mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(true, downstream4Key);
+                mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(UPSTREAM, upstream4Key);
+                mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(DOWNSTREAM, downstream4Key);
+                maybeClearLimit(upstreamIndex);
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -1188,8 +1238,9 @@
             final Tether4Value downstream4Value = makeTetherDownstream4Value(e, tetherClient,
                     upstreamIndex);
 
-            mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleAdd(false, upstream4Key, upstream4Value);
-            mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleAdd(true, downstream4Key, downstream4Value);
+            maybeSetLimit(upstreamIndex);
+            mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleAdd(UPSTREAM, upstream4Key, upstream4Value);
+            mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleAdd(DOWNSTREAM, downstream4Key, downstream4Value);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1251,6 +1302,47 @@
         return sendDataLimitToBpfMap(ifIndex, quotaBytes);
     }
 
+    private void maybeSetLimit(int upstreamIfindex) {
+        if (isAnyRuleOnUpstream(upstreamIfindex)
+                || mBpfCoordinatorShim.isAnyIpv4RuleOnUpstream(upstreamIfindex)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // If failed to set a data limit, probably should not use this upstream, because
+        // the upstream may not want to blow through the data limit that was told to apply.
+        // TODO: Perhaps stop the coordinator.
+        boolean success = updateDataLimit(upstreamIfindex);
+        if (!success) {
+            final String iface = mInterfaceNames.get(upstreamIfindex);
+            mLog.e("Setting data limit for " + iface + " failed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: This should be also called while IpServer wants to clear all IPv4 rules. Relying on
+    // conntrack event can't cover this case.
+    private void maybeClearLimit(int upstreamIfindex) {
+        if (isAnyRuleOnUpstream(upstreamIfindex)
+                || mBpfCoordinatorShim.isAnyIpv4RuleOnUpstream(upstreamIfindex)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final TetherStatsValue statsValue =
+                mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(upstreamIfindex);
+        if (statsValue == null) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Fail to cleanup tether stats for upstream index " + upstreamIfindex);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        SparseArray<TetherStatsValue> tetherStatsList = new SparseArray<TetherStatsValue>();
+        tetherStatsList.put(upstreamIfindex, statsValue);
+
+        // Update the last stats delta and delete the local cache for a given upstream.
+        updateQuotaAndStatsFromSnapshot(tetherStatsList);
+        mStats.remove(upstreamIfindex);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Rename to isAnyIpv6RuleOnUpstream and define an isAnyRuleOnUpstream method that called
+    // both isAnyIpv6RuleOnUpstream and mBpfCoordinatorShim.isAnyIpv4RuleOnUpstream.
     private boolean isAnyRuleOnUpstream(int upstreamIfindex) {
         for (LinkedHashMap<Inet6Address, Ipv6ForwardingRule> rules : mIpv6ForwardingRules
                 .values()) {
@@ -1420,5 +1512,13 @@
         return mInterfaceNames;
     }
 
+    // Return BPF conntrack event consumer. This is used for testing only.
+    // Note that this can be only called on handler thread.
+    @NonNull
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final BpfConntrackEventConsumer getBpfConntrackEventConsumerForTesting() {
+        return mBpfConntrackEventConsumer;
+    }
+
     private static native String[] getBpfCounterNames();
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMap.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMap.java
index e9b4ccf..1363dc5 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMap.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMap.java
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
 
     /**
      * Update an existing or create a new key -> value entry in an eBbpf map.
+     * (use insertOrReplaceEntry() if you need to know whether insert or replace happened)
      */
     public void updateEntry(K key, V value) throws ErrnoException {
         writeToMapEntry(mMapFd, key.writeToBytes(), value.writeToBytes(), BPF_ANY);
@@ -133,6 +134,35 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Update an existing or create a new key -> value entry in an eBbpf map.
+     * Returns true if inserted, false if replaced.
+     * (use updateEntry() if you don't care whether insert or replace happened)
+     * Note: see inline comment below if running concurrently with delete operations.
+     */
+    public boolean insertOrReplaceEntry(K key, V value)
+            throws ErrnoException {
+        try {
+            writeToMapEntry(mMapFd, key.writeToBytes(), value.writeToBytes(), BPF_NOEXIST);
+            return true;   /* insert succeeded */
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            if (e.errno != EEXIST) throw e;
+        }
+        try {
+            writeToMapEntry(mMapFd, key.writeToBytes(), value.writeToBytes(), BPF_EXIST);
+            return false;   /* replace succeeded */
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            if (e.errno != ENOENT) throw e;
+        }
+        /* If we reach here somebody deleted after our insert attempt and before our replace:
+         * this implies a race happened.  The kernel bpf delete interface only takes a key,
+         * and not the value, so we can safely pretend the replace actually succeeded and
+         * was immediately followed by the other thread's delete, since the delete cannot
+         * observe the potential change to the value.
+         */
+        return false;   /* pretend replace succeeded */
+    }
+
     /** Remove existing key from eBpf map. Return false if map was not modified. */
     public boolean deleteEntry(K key) throws ErrnoException {
         return deleteMapEntry(mMapFd, key.writeToBytes());
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java
index 3860cba..a08ad4a 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 
 package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
 
+import android.net.MacAddress;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
@@ -24,16 +28,23 @@
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Objects;
 
 /** The key of BpfMap which is used for bpf offload. */
 public class TetherDownstream6Key extends Struct {
     @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
     public final long iif; // The input interface index.
 
-    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.EUI48, padding = 2)
+    public final MacAddress dstMac; // Destination ethernet mac address (zeroed iff rawip ingress).
+
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
     public final byte[] neigh6; // The destination IPv6 address.
 
-    public TetherDownstream6Key(final long iif, final byte[] neigh6) {
+    public TetherDownstream6Key(final long iif, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac,
+            final byte[] neigh6) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(dstMac);
+
         try {
             final Inet6Address unused = (Inet6Address) InetAddress.getByAddress(neigh6);
         } catch (ClassCastException | UnknownHostException e) {
@@ -41,29 +52,15 @@
                     + Arrays.toString(neigh6));
         }
         this.iif = iif;
+        this.dstMac = dstMac;
         this.neigh6 = neigh6;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
-        if (this == obj) return true;
-
-        if (!(obj instanceof TetherDownstream6Key)) return false;
-
-        final TetherDownstream6Key that = (TetherDownstream6Key) obj;
-
-        return iif == that.iif && Arrays.equals(neigh6, that.neigh6);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int hashCode() {
-        return Long.hashCode(iif) ^ Arrays.hashCode(neigh6);
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public String toString() {
         try {
-            return String.format("iif: %d, neigh: %s", iif, Inet6Address.getByAddress(neigh6));
+            return String.format("iif: %d, dstMac: %s, neigh: %s", iif, dstMac,
+                    Inet6Address.getByAddress(neigh6));
         } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
             // Should not happen because construtor already verify neigh6.
             throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid TetherDownstream6Key");
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherUpstream6Key.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherUpstream6Key.java
index c736f2a..5893885 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherUpstream6Key.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherUpstream6Key.java
@@ -16,14 +16,26 @@
 
 package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
 
+import android.net.MacAddress;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
 
+import java.util.Objects;
+
 /** Key type for upstream IPv6 forwarding map. */
 public class TetherUpstream6Key extends Struct {
     @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
     public final int iif; // The input interface index.
 
-    public TetherUpstream6Key(int iif) {
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.EUI48, padding = 2)
+    public final MacAddress dstMac; // Destination ethernet mac address (zeroed iff rawip ingress).
+
+    public TetherUpstream6Key(int iif, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(dstMac);
+
         this.iif = iif;
+        this.dstMac = dstMac;
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemonTest.java b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemonTest.java
index 14dae5c..1d94214 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemonTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemonTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package android.net.ip;
 
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST;
+
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_HEADER_LEN;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV6;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_MTU;
@@ -27,6 +29,8 @@
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_ADDR_ALL_NODES_MULTICAST;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_ADDR_LEN;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_HEADER_LEN;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.PIO_FLAG_AUTONOMOUS;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.PIO_FLAG_ON_LINK;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
@@ -38,7 +42,9 @@
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.ip.RouterAdvertisementDaemon.RaParams;
+import android.net.shared.RouteUtils;
 import android.net.util.InterfaceParams;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
@@ -74,6 +80,7 @@
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
 
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
@@ -96,8 +103,6 @@
 
     @BeforeClass
     public static void setupOnce() {
-        System.loadLibrary("tetherutilsjni");
-
         final Instrumentation inst = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation();
         final IBinder netdIBinder =
                 (IBinder) inst.getContext().getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE);
@@ -151,7 +156,7 @@
             mNewParams = newParams;
         }
 
-        public boolean isPacketMatched(final byte[] pkt) throws Exception {
+        public boolean isPacketMatched(final byte[] pkt, boolean multicast) throws Exception {
             if (pkt.length < (ETHER_HEADER_LEN + IPV6_HEADER_LEN + ICMPV6_RA_HEADER_LEN)) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -172,6 +177,15 @@
             final Icmpv6Header icmpv6Hdr = Struct.parse(Icmpv6Header.class, buf);
             if (icmpv6Hdr.type != (short) ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT) return false;
 
+            // Check whether IPv6 destination address is multicast or unicast
+            if (multicast) {
+                assertEquals(ipv6Hdr.dstIp, IPV6_ADDR_ALL_NODES_MULTICAST);
+            } else {
+                // The unicast IPv6 destination address in RA can be either link-local or global
+                // IPv6 address. This test only expects link-local address.
+                assertTrue(ipv6Hdr.dstIp.isLinkLocalAddress());
+            }
+
             // Parse RA header
             final RaHeader raHdr = Struct.parse(RaHeader.class, buf);
             assertEquals(mNewParams.hopLimit, raHdr.hopLimit);
@@ -182,13 +196,15 @@
                 final int length = Byte.toUnsignedInt(buf.get());
                 switch (type) {
                     case ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_PIO:
+                        // length is 4 because this test only expects one PIO included in the
+                        // router advertisement packet.
                         assertEquals(4, length);
 
                         final ByteBuffer pioBuf = ByteBuffer.wrap(buf.array(), currentPos,
                                 Struct.getSize(PrefixInformationOption.class));
                         final PrefixInformationOption pio =
                                 Struct.parse(PrefixInformationOption.class, pioBuf);
-                        assertEquals((byte) 0xc0, pio.flags); // L & A set
+                        assertEquals((byte) (PIO_FLAG_ON_LINK | PIO_FLAG_AUTONOMOUS), pio.flags);
 
                         final InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByAddress(pio.prefix);
                         final IpPrefix prefix = new IpPrefix(address, pio.prefixLen);
@@ -199,7 +215,7 @@
                             assertEquals(0, pio.validLifetime);
                             assertEquals(0, pio.preferredLifetime);
                         } else {
-                            fail("Unepxected prefix: " + prefix);
+                            fail("Unexpected prefix: " + prefix);
                         }
 
                         // Move ByteBuffer position to the next option.
@@ -261,15 +277,24 @@
         return params;
     }
 
-    private boolean assertRaPacket(final TestRaPacket testRa)
-            throws Exception {
+    private boolean isRaPacket(final TestRaPacket testRa, boolean multicast) throws Exception {
         byte[] packet;
         while ((packet = mTetheredPacketReader.poll(PACKET_TIMEOUT_MS)) != null) {
-            if (testRa.isPacketMatched(packet)) return true;
+            if (testRa.isPacketMatched(packet, multicast)) {
+                return true;
+            }
         }
         return false;
     }
 
+    private void assertUnicastRaPacket(final TestRaPacket testRa) throws Exception {
+        assertTrue(isRaPacket(testRa, false /* multicast */));
+    }
+
+    private void assertMulticastRaPacket(final TestRaPacket testRa) throws Exception {
+        assertTrue(isRaPacket(testRa, true /* multicast */));
+    }
+
     private ByteBuffer createRsPacket(final String srcIp) throws Exception {
         final MacAddress dstMac = MacAddress.fromString("33:33:03:04:05:06");
         final MacAddress srcMac = mTetheredParams.macAddr;
@@ -284,22 +309,36 @@
         assertTrue(mRaDaemon.start());
         final RaParams params1 = createRaParams("2001:1122:3344::5566");
         mRaDaemon.buildNewRa(null, params1);
-        assertRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(null, params1));
+        assertMulticastRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(null, params1));
 
         final RaParams params2 = createRaParams("2006:3344:5566::7788");
         mRaDaemon.buildNewRa(params1, params2);
-        assertRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(params1, params2));
+        assertMulticastRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(params1, params2));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSolicitRouterAdvertisement() throws Exception {
+        // Enable IPv6 forwarding is necessary, which makes kernel process RS correctly and
+        // create the neighbor entry for peer's link-layer address and IPv6 address. Otherwise,
+        // when device receives RS with IPv6 link-local address as source address, it has to
+        // initiate the address resolution first before responding the unicast RA.
+        sNetd.setProcSysNet(INetd.IPV6, INetd.CONF, mTetheredParams.name, "forwarding", "1");
+
         assertTrue(mRaDaemon.start());
         final RaParams params1 = createRaParams("2001:1122:3344::5566");
         mRaDaemon.buildNewRa(null, params1);
-        assertRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(null, params1));
+        assertMulticastRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(null, params1));
+
+        // Add a default route "fe80::/64 -> ::" to local network, otherwise, device will fail to
+        // send the unicast RA out due to the ENETUNREACH error(No route to the peer's link-local
+        // address is present).
+        final String iface = mTetheredParams.name;
+        final RouteInfo linkLocalRoute =
+                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("fe80::/64"), null, iface, RTN_UNICAST);
+        RouteUtils.addRoutesToLocalNetwork(sNetd, iface, List.of(linkLocalRoute));
 
         final ByteBuffer rs = createRsPacket("fe80::1122:3344:5566:7788");
         mTetheredPacketReader.sendResponse(rs);
-        assertRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(null, params1));
+        assertUnicastRaPacket(new TestRaPacket(null, params1));
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
index 62302c3..830729d 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mTestData = new ArrayMap<>();
-        mTestData.put(createTetherDownstream6Key(101, "2001:db8::1"),
+        mTestData.put(createTetherDownstream6Key(101, "00:00:00:00:00:aa", "2001:db8::1"),
                 createTether6Value(11, "00:00:00:00:00:0a", "11:11:11:00:00:0b",
                 ETH_P_IPV6, 1280));
-        mTestData.put(createTetherDownstream6Key(102, "2001:db8::2"),
+        mTestData.put(createTetherDownstream6Key(102, "00:00:00:00:00:bb", "2001:db8::2"),
                 createTether6Value(22, "00:00:00:00:00:0c", "22:22:22:00:00:0d",
                 ETH_P_IPV6, 1400));
-        mTestData.put(createTetherDownstream6Key(103, "2001:db8::3"),
+        mTestData.put(createTetherDownstream6Key(103, "00:00:00:00:00:cc", "2001:db8::3"),
                 createTether6Value(33, "00:00:00:00:00:0e", "33:33:33:00:00:0f",
                 ETH_P_IPV6, 1500));
 
@@ -94,11 +94,12 @@
         assertTrue(mTestMap.isEmpty());
     }
 
-    private TetherDownstream6Key createTetherDownstream6Key(long iif, String address)
-            throws Exception {
+    private TetherDownstream6Key createTetherDownstream6Key(long iif, String mac,
+            String address) throws Exception {
+        final MacAddress dstMac = MacAddress.fromString(mac);
         final InetAddress ipv6Address = InetAddress.getByName(address);
 
-        return new TetherDownstream6Key(iif, ipv6Address.getAddress());
+        return new TetherDownstream6Key(iif, dstMac, ipv6Address.getAddress());
     }
 
     private Tether6Value createTether6Value(int oif, String src, String dst, int proto, int pmtu) {
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@
     public void testGetNextKey() throws Exception {
         // [1] If the passed-in key is not found on empty map, return null.
         final TetherDownstream6Key nonexistentKey =
-                createTetherDownstream6Key(1234, "2001:db8::10");
+                createTetherDownstream6Key(1234, "00:00:00:00:00:01", "2001:db8::10");
         assertNull(mTestMap.getNextKey(nonexistentKey));
 
         // [2] If the passed-in key is null on empty map, throw NullPointerException.
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testUpdateBpfMap() throws Exception {
+    public void testUpdateEntry() throws Exception {
         final TetherDownstream6Key key = mTestData.keyAt(0);
         final Tether6Value value = mTestData.valueAt(0);
         final Tether6Value value2 = mTestData.valueAt(1);
@@ -232,6 +233,29 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testInsertOrReplaceEntry() throws Exception {
+        final TetherDownstream6Key key = mTestData.keyAt(0);
+        final Tether6Value value = mTestData.valueAt(0);
+        final Tether6Value value2 = mTestData.valueAt(1);
+        assertFalse(mTestMap.deleteEntry(key));
+
+        // insertOrReplaceEntry will create an entry if it does not exist already.
+        assertTrue(mTestMap.insertOrReplaceEntry(key, value));
+        assertTrue(mTestMap.containsKey(key));
+        final Tether6Value result = mTestMap.getValue(key);
+        assertEquals(value, result);
+
+        // updateEntry will update an entry that already exists.
+        assertFalse(mTestMap.insertOrReplaceEntry(key, value2));
+        assertTrue(mTestMap.containsKey(key));
+        final Tether6Value result2 = mTestMap.getValue(key);
+        assertEquals(value2, result2);
+
+        assertTrue(mTestMap.deleteEntry(key));
+        assertFalse(mTestMap.containsKey(key));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testInsertReplaceEntry() throws Exception {
         final TetherDownstream6Key key = mTestData.keyAt(0);
         final Tether6Value value = mTestData.valueAt(0);
@@ -344,7 +368,8 @@
 
         // Build test data for TEST_MAP_SIZE + 1 entries.
         for (int i = 1; i <= TEST_MAP_SIZE + 1; i++) {
-            testData.put(createTetherDownstream6Key(i, "2001:db8::1"),
+            testData.put(
+                    createTetherDownstream6Key(i, "00:00:00:00:00:01", "2001:db8::1"),
                     createTether6Value(100, "de:ad:be:ef:00:01", "de:ad:be:ef:00:02",
                     ETH_P_IPV6, 1500));
         }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
index adf1f67..435cab5 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
@@ -474,6 +474,8 @@
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNetd, mBpfCoordinator);
 
         // Add the forwarding pair <IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE>.
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX,
+                UPSTREAM_IFACE);
         inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).maybeAttachProgram(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).tetherAddForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE);
@@ -494,6 +496,8 @@
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).tetherRemoveForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE);
 
         // Add the forwarding pair <IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2>.
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2,
+                UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).maybeAttachProgram(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).tetherAddForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
@@ -517,6 +521,8 @@
 
         // Add the forwarding pair <IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2> and expect that failed on
         // tetherAddForward.
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2,
+                UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).maybeAttachProgram(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).tetherAddForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
 
@@ -543,6 +549,8 @@
 
         // Add the forwarding pair <IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2> and expect that failed on
         // ipfwdAddInterfaceForward.
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2,
+                UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).maybeAttachProgram(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).tetherAddForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(IFACE_NAME, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
@@ -830,8 +838,8 @@
 
     @NonNull
     private static TetherDownstream6Key makeDownstream6Key(int upstreamIfindex,
-            @NonNull final InetAddress dst) {
-        return new TetherDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, dst.getAddress());
+            @NonNull MacAddress upstreamMac, @NonNull final InetAddress dst) {
+        return new TetherDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, upstreamMac, dst.getAddress());
     }
 
     @NonNull
@@ -849,10 +857,12 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, int upstreamIfindex,
-            @NonNull final InetAddress dst, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
+            @NonNull MacAddress upstreamMac, @NonNull final InetAddress dst,
+            @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
         if (mBpfDeps.isAtLeastS()) {
             verifyWithOrder(inOrder, mBpfDownstream6Map).updateEntry(
-                    makeDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, dst), makeDownstream6Value(dstMac));
+                    makeDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, upstreamMac, dst),
+                    makeDownstream6Value(dstMac));
         } else {
             verifyWithOrder(inOrder, mNetd).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(matches(upstreamIfindex, dst,
                     dstMac));
@@ -860,10 +870,11 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyNeverTetherOffloadRuleAdd(int upstreamIfindex,
-            @NonNull final InetAddress dst, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
+            @NonNull MacAddress upstreamMac, @NonNull final InetAddress dst,
+            @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
         if (mBpfDeps.isAtLeastS()) {
             verify(mBpfDownstream6Map, never()).updateEntry(
-                    makeDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, dst),
+                    makeDownstream6Key(upstreamIfindex, upstreamMac, dst),
                     makeDownstream6Value(dstMac));
         } else {
             verify(mNetd, never()).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(matches(upstreamIfindex, dst, dstMac));
@@ -879,10 +890,11 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, int upstreamIfindex,
-            @NonNull final InetAddress dst, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
+            @NonNull MacAddress upstreamMac, @NonNull final InetAddress dst,
+            @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
         if (mBpfDeps.isAtLeastS()) {
             verifyWithOrder(inOrder, mBpfDownstream6Map).deleteEntry(makeDownstream6Key(
-                    upstreamIfindex, dst));
+                    upstreamIfindex, upstreamMac, dst));
         } else {
             // |dstMac| is not required for deleting rules. Used bacause tetherOffloadRuleRemove
             // uses a whole rule to be a argument.
@@ -903,7 +915,8 @@
     private void verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, int upstreamIfindex)
             throws Exception {
         if (!mBpfDeps.isAtLeastS()) return;
-        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.index);
+        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.index,
+                TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr);
         final Tether6Value value = new Tether6Value(upstreamIfindex,
                 MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS, MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS,
                 ETH_P_IPV6, NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU);
@@ -913,7 +926,8 @@
     private void verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(@Nullable InOrder inOrder)
             throws Exception {
         if (!mBpfDeps.isAtLeastS()) return;
-        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.index);
+        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.index,
+                TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr);
         verifyWithOrder(inOrder, mBpfUpstream6Map).deleteEntry(key);
     }
 
@@ -983,14 +997,16 @@
         recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighA, NUD_REACHABLE, macA);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighA, macA);
         verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
         recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighB, NUD_REACHABLE, macB);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         verifyNoUpstreamIpv6ForwardingChange(null);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
@@ -1005,7 +1021,8 @@
         recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighA, NUD_FAILED, null);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleRemove(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macNull));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macNull);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighA, macNull);
         verifyNoUpstreamIpv6ForwardingChange(null);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
@@ -1013,7 +1030,8 @@
         recvDelNeigh(myIfindex, neighB, NUD_STALE, macB);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleRemove(
                 mIpServer,  makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macNull));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macNull);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighB, macNull);
         verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
@@ -1028,12 +1046,16 @@
         lp.setInterfaceName(UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
         dispatchTetherConnectionChanged(UPSTREAM_IFACE2, lp, -1);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleUpdate(mIpServer, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighA, macA);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, neighA, macA);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2.macAddr, neighA, macA);
         verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         verifyNoUpstreamIpv6ForwardingChange(inOrder);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
@@ -1044,8 +1066,10 @@
         // - processMessage CMD_IPV6_TETHER_UPDATE for the IPv6 upstream is lost.
         // See dispatchTetherConnectionChanged.
         verify(mBpfCoordinator, times(2)).tetherOffloadRuleClear(mIpServer);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, neighA, macA);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2.macAddr, neighA, macA);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
@@ -1064,17 +1088,20 @@
         recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighB, NUD_REACHABLE, macB);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator, never()).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA));
-        verifyNeverTetherOffloadRuleAdd(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA);
+        verifyNeverTetherOffloadRuleAdd(
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighA, macA);
 
         // If upstream IPv6 connectivity is lost, rules are removed.
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
         dispatchTetherConnectionChanged(UPSTREAM_IFACE, null, 0);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleClear(mIpServer);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null);
 
         // When the interface goes down, rules are removed.
@@ -1084,18 +1111,22 @@
         recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighB, NUD_REACHABLE, macB);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighA, macA);
         verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
         mIpServer.stop();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleClear(mIpServer);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighA, macA);
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neighB, macB);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighA, macA);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neighB, macB);
         verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null);
         verify(mIpNeighborMonitor).stop();
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
@@ -1124,14 +1155,16 @@
         recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neigh, NUD_REACHABLE, macA);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neigh, macA));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neigh, macA);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neigh, macA);
         verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
         recvDelNeigh(myIfindex, neigh, NUD_STALE, macA);
         verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadRuleRemove(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neigh, macNull));
-        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, neigh, macNull);
+        verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(null,
+                UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, neigh, macNull);
         verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(null);
         resetNetdBpfMapAndCoordinator();
 
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
index 293d0df..233f6db 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -23,9 +23,21 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_TETHERING;
+import static android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEvent;
+import static android.net.netlink.ConntrackMessage.DYING_MASK;
+import static android.net.netlink.ConntrackMessage.ESTABLISHED_MASK;
+import static android.net.netlink.ConntrackMessage.Tuple;
+import static android.net.netlink.ConntrackMessage.TupleIpv4;
+import static android.net.netlink.ConntrackMessage.TupleProto;
+import static android.net.netlink.NetlinkConstants.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE;
+import static android.net.netlink.NetlinkConstants.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW;
 import static android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IP;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
 
+import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.doReturn;
 import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.staticMockMarker;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.StatsType;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.StatsType.STATS_PER_IFACE;
@@ -43,9 +55,9 @@
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyLong;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
@@ -55,6 +67,8 @@
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
@@ -62,6 +76,8 @@
 import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
 import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEventConsumer;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
+import android.net.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
+import android.net.util.InterfaceParams;
 import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
@@ -76,6 +92,8 @@
 import com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.BpfConntrackEventConsumer;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.ClientInfo;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.Ipv6ForwardingRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
@@ -93,6 +111,7 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 import org.mockito.MockitoSession;
 
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -108,13 +127,22 @@
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
-    private static final int DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX = 10;
-    private static final MacAddress DOWNSTREAM_MAC = MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS;
-    private static final InetAddress NEIGH_A = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::1");
-    private static final InetAddress NEIGH_B = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::2");
+    private static final int UPSTREAM_IFINDEX = 1001;
+    private static final int DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX = 1002;
+
+    private static final String UPSTREAM_IFACE = "rmnet0";
+
+    private static final MacAddress DOWNSTREAM_MAC = MacAddress.fromString("12:34:56:78:90:ab");
     private static final MacAddress MAC_A = MacAddress.fromString("00:00:00:00:00:0a");
     private static final MacAddress MAC_B = MacAddress.fromString("11:22:33:00:00:0b");
 
+    private static final InetAddress NEIGH_A = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::1");
+    private static final InetAddress NEIGH_B = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::2");
+
+    private static final InterfaceParams UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS = new InterfaceParams(
+            UPSTREAM_IFACE, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, null /* macAddr, rawip */,
+            NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU);
+
     // The test fake BPF map class is needed because the test has no privilege to access the BPF
     // map. All member functions which eventually call JNI to access the real native BPF map need
     // to be overridden.
@@ -183,6 +211,11 @@
     // Late init since methods must be called by the thread that created this object.
     private TestableNetworkStatsProviderCbBinder mTetherStatsProviderCb;
     private BpfCoordinator.BpfTetherStatsProvider mTetherStatsProvider;
+
+    // Late init since the object must be initialized by the BPF coordinator instance because
+    // it has to access the non-static function of BPF coordinator.
+    private BpfConntrackEventConsumer mConsumer;
+
     private final ArgumentCaptor<ArrayList> mStringArrayCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ArrayList.class);
     private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
@@ -262,6 +295,8 @@
         mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
     }
 
+    // TODO: Remove unnecessary calling on R because the BPF map accessing has been moved into
+    // module.
     private void setupFunctioningNetdInterface() throws Exception {
         when(mNetd.tetherOffloadGetStats()).thenReturn(new TetherStatsParcel[0]);
     }
@@ -269,6 +304,8 @@
     @NonNull
     private BpfCoordinator makeBpfCoordinator() throws Exception {
         final BpfCoordinator coordinator = new BpfCoordinator(mDeps);
+
+        mConsumer = coordinator.getBpfConntrackEventConsumerForTesting();
         final ArgumentCaptor<BpfCoordinator.BpfTetherStatsProvider>
                 tetherStatsProviderCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BpfCoordinator.BpfTetherStatsProvider.class);
@@ -278,6 +315,7 @@
         assertNotNull(mTetherStatsProvider);
         mTetherStatsProviderCb = new TestableNetworkStatsProviderCbBinder();
         mTetherStatsProvider.setProviderCallbackBinder(mTetherStatsProviderCb);
+
         return coordinator;
     }
 
@@ -383,19 +421,20 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, int downstreamIfIndex,
-            int upstreamIfindex) throws Exception {
+            MacAddress downstreamMac, int upstreamIfindex) throws Exception {
         if (!mDeps.isAtLeastS()) return;
-        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfIndex);
+        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfIndex, downstreamMac);
         final Tether6Value value = new Tether6Value(upstreamIfindex,
                 MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS, MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS,
                 ETH_P_IPV6, NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU);
         verifyWithOrder(inOrder, mBpfUpstream6Map).insertEntry(key, value);
     }
 
-    private void verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, int downstreamIfIndex)
+    private void verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, int downstreamIfIndex,
+            MacAddress downstreamMac)
             throws Exception {
         if (!mDeps.isAtLeastS()) return;
-        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfIndex);
+        final TetherUpstream6Key key = new TetherUpstream6Key(downstreamIfIndex, downstreamMac);
         verifyWithOrder(inOrder, mBpfUpstream6Map).deleteEntry(key);
     }
 
@@ -465,7 +504,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void verifyNeverTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(@Nullable InOrder inOrder)
+    private void verifyNeverTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(@NonNull InOrder inOrder)
             throws Exception {
         if (mDeps.isAtLeastS()) {
             inOrder.verify(mBpfStatsMap, never()).getValue(any());
@@ -476,7 +515,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void verifyTetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, int ifIndex)
+    private void verifyTetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(@NonNull InOrder inOrder, int ifIndex)
             throws Exception {
         if (mDeps.isAtLeastS()) {
             inOrder.verify(mBpfStatsMap).getValue(new TetherStatsKey(ifIndex));
@@ -732,9 +771,10 @@
 
         final TetherDownstream6Key key = rule.makeTetherDownstream6Key();
         assertEquals(key.iif, (long) mobileIfIndex);
+        assertEquals(key.dstMac, MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS);  // rawip upstream
         assertTrue(Arrays.equals(key.neigh6, NEIGH_A.getAddress()));
-        // iif (4) + neigh6 (16) = 20.
-        assertEquals(20, key.writeToBytes().length);
+        // iif (4) + dstMac(6) + padding(2) + neigh6 (16) = 28.
+        assertEquals(28, key.writeToBytes().length);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -797,7 +837,7 @@
 
     // TODO: Test the case in which the rules are changed from different IpServer objects.
     @Test
-    public void testSetDataLimitOnRuleChange() throws Exception {
+    public void testSetDataLimitOnRule6Change() throws Exception {
         setupFunctioningNetdInterface();
 
         final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
@@ -875,7 +915,7 @@
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder, ethernetRuleA);
         verifyTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(inOrder, ethIfIndex, QUOTA_UNLIMITED,
                 true /* isInit */);
-        verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, ethIfIndex);
+        verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, DOWNSTREAM_MAC, ethIfIndex);
         coordinator.tetherOffloadRuleAdd(mIpServer, ethernetRuleB);
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder, ethernetRuleB);
 
@@ -892,12 +932,13 @@
         coordinator.tetherOffloadRuleUpdate(mIpServer, mobileIfIndex);
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder, ethernetRuleA);
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder, ethernetRuleB);
-        verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX);
+        verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, DOWNSTREAM_MAC);
         verifyTetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(inOrder, ethIfIndex);
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder, mobileRuleA);
         verifyTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(inOrder, mobileIfIndex, QUOTA_UNLIMITED,
                 true /* isInit */);
-        verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, mobileIfIndex);
+        verifyStartUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, DOWNSTREAM_MAC,
+                mobileIfIndex);
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleAdd(inOrder, mobileRuleB);
 
         // [3] Clear all rules for a given IpServer.
@@ -906,7 +947,7 @@
         coordinator.tetherOffloadRuleClear(mIpServer);
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder, mobileRuleA);
         verifyTetherOffloadRuleRemove(inOrder, mobileRuleB);
-        verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX);
+        verifyStopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(inOrder, DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, DOWNSTREAM_MAC);
         verifyTetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(inOrder, mobileIfIndex);
 
         // [4] Force pushing stats update to verify that the last diff of stats is reported on all
@@ -1216,4 +1257,192 @@
         coordinator.stopMonitoring(mIpServer);
         verify(mConntrackMonitor).stop();
     }
+
+    // Test network topology:
+    //
+    //         public network (rawip)                 private network
+    //                   |                 UE                |
+    // +------------+    V    +------------+------------+    V    +------------+
+    // |   Sever    +---------+  Upstream  | Downstream +---------+   Client   |
+    // +------------+         +------------+------------+         +------------+
+    // remote ip              public ip                           private ip
+    // 140.112.8.116:443      100.81.179.1:62449                  192.168.80.12:62449
+    //
+    private static final Inet4Address REMOTE_ADDR =
+            (Inet4Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("140.112.8.116");
+    private static final Inet4Address PUBLIC_ADDR =
+            (Inet4Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("100.81.179.1");
+    private static final Inet4Address PRIVATE_ADDR =
+            (Inet4Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.168.80.12");
+
+    // IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses
+    // Remote addrress ::ffff:140.112.8.116
+    // Public addrress ::ffff:100.81.179.1
+    // Private addrress ::ffff:192.168.80.12
+    private static final byte[] REMOTE_ADDR_V4MAPPED_BYTES = new byte[] {
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,
+            (byte) 0x8c, (byte) 0x70, (byte) 0x08, (byte) 0x74 };
+    private static final byte[] PUBLIC_ADDR_V4MAPPED_BYTES = new byte[] {
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,
+            (byte) 0x64, (byte) 0x51, (byte) 0xb3, (byte) 0x01 };
+    private static final byte[] PRIVATE_ADDR_V4MAPPED_BYTES = new byte[] {
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,
+            (byte) 0xc0, (byte) 0xa8, (byte) 0x50, (byte) 0x0c };
+
+    // Generally, public port and private port are the same in the NAT conntrack message.
+    // TODO: consider using different private port and public port for testing.
+    private static final short REMOTE_PORT = (short) 443;
+    private static final short PUBLIC_PORT = (short) 62449;
+    private static final short PRIVATE_PORT = (short) 62449;
+
+    @NonNull
+    private Tether4Key makeUpstream4Key(int proto) {
+        if (proto != IPPROTO_TCP && proto != IPPROTO_UDP) {
+            fail("Not support protocol " + proto);
+        }
+        return new Tether4Key(DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, DOWNSTREAM_MAC, (short) proto,
+            PRIVATE_ADDR.getAddress(), REMOTE_ADDR.getAddress(), PRIVATE_PORT, REMOTE_PORT);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private Tether4Key makeDownstream4Key(int proto) {
+        if (proto != IPPROTO_TCP && proto != IPPROTO_UDP) {
+            fail("Not support protocol " + proto);
+        }
+        return new Tether4Key(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX,
+                MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS /* dstMac (rawip) */, (short) proto,
+                REMOTE_ADDR.getAddress(), PUBLIC_ADDR.getAddress(), REMOTE_PORT, PUBLIC_PORT);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private Tether4Value makeUpstream4Value() {
+        return new Tether4Value(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX,
+                MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS /* ethDstMac (rawip) */,
+                MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS /* ethSrcMac (rawip) */, ETH_P_IP,
+                NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU, PUBLIC_ADDR_V4MAPPED_BYTES,
+                REMOTE_ADDR_V4MAPPED_BYTES, PUBLIC_PORT, REMOTE_PORT, 0 /* lastUsed */);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private Tether4Value makeDownstream4Value() {
+        return new Tether4Value(DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, MAC_A /* client mac */, DOWNSTREAM_MAC,
+                ETH_P_IP, NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU, REMOTE_ADDR_V4MAPPED_BYTES,
+                PRIVATE_ADDR_V4MAPPED_BYTES, REMOTE_PORT, PRIVATE_PORT, 0 /* lastUsed */);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private ConntrackEvent makeTestConntrackEvent(short msgType, int proto) {
+        if (msgType != IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW && msgType != IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE) {
+            fail("Not support message type " + msgType);
+        }
+        if (proto != IPPROTO_TCP && proto != IPPROTO_UDP) {
+            fail("Not support protocol " + proto);
+        }
+
+        final int status = (msgType == IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW) ? ESTABLISHED_MASK : DYING_MASK;
+        final int timeoutSec = (msgType == IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW) ? 100 /* nonzero, new */
+                : 0 /* unused, delete */;
+        return new ConntrackEvent(
+                (short) (NetlinkConstants.NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8 | msgType),
+                new Tuple(new TupleIpv4(PRIVATE_ADDR, REMOTE_ADDR),
+                        new TupleProto((byte) proto, PRIVATE_PORT, REMOTE_PORT)),
+                new Tuple(new TupleIpv4(REMOTE_ADDR, PUBLIC_ADDR),
+                        new TupleProto((byte) proto, REMOTE_PORT, PUBLIC_PORT)),
+                status,
+                timeoutSec);
+    }
+
+    private void setUpstreamInformationTo(final BpfCoordinator coordinator) {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(UPSTREAM_IFACE);
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(PUBLIC_ADDR, 32 /* prefix length */));
+        coordinator.addUpstreamIfindexToMap(lp);
+    }
+
+    private void setDownstreamAndClientInformationTo(final BpfCoordinator coordinator) {
+        final ClientInfo clientInfo = new ClientInfo(DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX, DOWNSTREAM_MAC,
+                PRIVATE_ADDR, MAC_A /* client mac */);
+        coordinator.tetherOffloadClientAdd(mIpServer, clientInfo);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Test the IPv4 and IPv6 exist concurrently.
+    // TODO: Test the IPv4 rule delete failed.
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testSetDataLimitOnRule4Change() throws Exception {
+        final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
+        coordinator.startPolling();
+
+        // Needed because tetherOffloadRuleRemove of api31.BpfCoordinatorShimImpl only decreases
+        // the count while the entry is deleted. In the other words, deleteEntry returns true.
+        doReturn(true).when(mBpfDownstream4Map).deleteEntry(any());
+
+        // Needed because BpfCoordinator#addUpstreamIfindexToMap queries interface parameter for
+        // interface index.
+        doReturn(UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS).when(mDeps).getInterfaceParams(UPSTREAM_IFACE);
+
+        coordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE);
+        setUpstreamInformationTo(coordinator);
+        setDownstreamAndClientInformationTo(coordinator);
+
+        // Applying a data limit to the current upstream does not take any immediate action.
+        // The data limit could be only set on an upstream which has rules.
+        final long limit = 12345;
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNetd, mBpfUpstream4Map, mBpfDownstream4Map, mBpfLimitMap,
+                mBpfStatsMap);
+        mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(UPSTREAM_IFACE, limit);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyNeverTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(inOrder);
+
+        // Build TCP and UDP rules for testing. Note that the values of {TCP, UDP} are the same
+        // because the protocol is not an element of the value. Consider using different address
+        // or port to make them different for better testing.
+        // TODO: Make the values of {TCP, UDP} rules different.
+        final Tether4Key expectedUpstream4KeyTcp = makeUpstream4Key(IPPROTO_TCP);
+        final Tether4Key expectedDownstream4KeyTcp = makeDownstream4Key(IPPROTO_TCP);
+        final Tether4Value expectedUpstream4ValueTcp = makeUpstream4Value();
+        final Tether4Value expectedDownstream4ValueTcp = makeDownstream4Value();
+
+        final Tether4Key expectedUpstream4KeyUdp = makeUpstream4Key(IPPROTO_UDP);
+        final Tether4Key expectedDownstream4KeyUdp = makeDownstream4Key(IPPROTO_UDP);
+        final Tether4Value expectedUpstream4ValueUdp = makeUpstream4Value();
+        final Tether4Value expectedDownstream4ValueUdp = makeDownstream4Value();
+
+        // [1] Adding the first rule on current upstream immediately sends the quota.
+        mConsumer.accept(makeTestConntrackEvent(IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW, IPPROTO_TCP));
+        verifyTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(inOrder, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, limit, true /* isInit */);
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfUpstream4Map)
+                .insertEntry(eq(expectedUpstream4KeyTcp), eq(expectedUpstream4ValueTcp));
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfDownstream4Map)
+                .insertEntry(eq(expectedDownstream4KeyTcp), eq(expectedDownstream4ValueTcp));
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        // [2] Adding the second rule on current upstream does not send the quota.
+        mConsumer.accept(makeTestConntrackEvent(IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW, IPPROTO_UDP));
+        verifyNeverTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(inOrder);
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfUpstream4Map)
+                .insertEntry(eq(expectedUpstream4KeyUdp), eq(expectedUpstream4ValueUdp));
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfDownstream4Map)
+                .insertEntry(eq(expectedDownstream4KeyUdp), eq(expectedDownstream4ValueUdp));
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        // [3] Removing the second rule on current upstream does not send the quota.
+        mConsumer.accept(makeTestConntrackEvent(IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE, IPPROTO_UDP));
+        verifyNeverTetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(inOrder);
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfUpstream4Map).deleteEntry(eq(expectedUpstream4KeyUdp));
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfDownstream4Map).deleteEntry(eq(expectedDownstream4KeyUdp));
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        // [4] Removing the last rule on current upstream immediately sends the cleanup stuff.
+        updateStatsEntryForTetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(
+                buildTestTetherStatsParcel(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, 0, 0, 0, 0));
+        mConsumer.accept(makeTestConntrackEvent(IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE, IPPROTO_TCP));
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfUpstream4Map).deleteEntry(eq(expectedUpstream4KeyTcp));
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfDownstream4Map).deleteEntry(eq(expectedDownstream4KeyTcp));
+        verifyTetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(inOrder, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX);
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index d18d990..776298c 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -334,13 +334,14 @@
             assertTrue("Non-mocked interface " + ifName,
                     ifName.equals(TEST_USB_IFNAME)
                             || ifName.equals(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME)
+                            || ifName.equals(TEST_WIFI_IFNAME)
                             || ifName.equals(TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME)
                             || ifName.equals(TEST_P2P_IFNAME)
                             || ifName.equals(TEST_NCM_IFNAME)
                             || ifName.equals(TEST_ETH_IFNAME));
             final String[] ifaces = new String[] {
-                    TEST_USB_IFNAME, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME, TEST_P2P_IFNAME,
-                    TEST_NCM_IFNAME, TEST_ETH_IFNAME};
+                    TEST_USB_IFNAME, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, TEST_WIFI_IFNAME, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME,
+                    TEST_P2P_IFNAME, TEST_NCM_IFNAME, TEST_ETH_IFNAME};
             return new InterfaceParams(ifName, ArrayUtils.indexOf(ifaces, ifName) + IFINDEX_OFFSET,
                     MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS);
         }
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/Android.bp b/tests/cts/hostside/app/Android.bp
index f351b47..9dd86de 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/Android.bp
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@
 
 android_test_helper_app {
     name: "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp",
-    defaults: ["cts_support_defaults"],
-    //sdk_version: "current",
-    platform_apis: true,
+    defaults: [
+        "cts_support_defaults",
+        "framework-connectivity-test-defaults",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
         "androidx.test.rules",
         "androidx.test.ext.junit",
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index bfab497..096f656 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -1636,6 +1636,62 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Verifies that apps are forbidden from getting ssid information from
+     * {@Code NetworkCapabilities} if they do not hold NETWORK_SETTINGS permission.
+     * See b/161370134.
+     */
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
+    public void testSsidInNetworkCapabilities() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue("testSsidInNetworkCapabilities cannot execute unless device supports WiFi",
+                mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI));
+
+        final Network network = mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+        final String ssid = unquoteSSID(mWifiManager.getConnectionInfo().getSSID());
+        assertNotNull("Ssid getting from WiifManager is null", ssid);
+        // This package should have no NETWORK_SETTINGS permission. Verify that no ssid is contained
+        // in the NetworkCapabilities.
+        verifySsidFromQueriedNetworkCapabilities(network, ssid, false /* hasSsid */);
+        verifySsidFromCallbackNetworkCapabilities(ssid, false /* hasSsid */);
+        // Adopt shell permission to allow to get ssid information.
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            verifySsidFromQueriedNetworkCapabilities(network, ssid, true /* hasSsid */);
+            verifySsidFromCallbackNetworkCapabilities(ssid, true /* hasSsid */);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void verifySsidFromQueriedNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull Network network,
+            @NonNull String ssid, boolean hasSsid) throws Exception {
+        // Verify if ssid is contained in NetworkCapabilities queried from ConnectivityManager.
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network);
+        assertNotNull("NetworkCapabilities of the network is null", nc);
+        assertEquals(hasSsid, Pattern.compile(ssid).matcher(nc.toString()).find());
+    }
+
+    private void verifySsidFromCallbackNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull String ssid, boolean hasSsid)
+            throws Exception {
+        final CompletableFuture<NetworkCapabilities> foundNc = new CompletableFuture();
+        final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onCapabilitiesChanged(Network network, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+                foundNc.complete(nc);
+            }
+        };
+        try {
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(makeWifiNetworkRequest(), callback);
+            // Registering a callback here guarantees onCapabilitiesChanged is called immediately
+            // because WiFi network should be connected.
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc =
+                    foundNc.get(NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            // Verify if ssid is contained in the NetworkCapabilities received from callback.
+            assertNotNull("NetworkCapabilities of the network is null", nc);
+            assertEquals(hasSsid, Pattern.compile(ssid).matcher(nc.toString()).find());
+        } finally {
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Verify background request can only be requested when acquiring
      * {@link android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}.
      */
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
index acf7d26..f53a2a8 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@
 import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnAddKeepalivePacketFilter
 import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnAutomaticReconnectDisabled
 import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnBandwidthUpdateRequested
+import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkCreated
+import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkDestroyed
 import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkUnwanted
 import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnRemoveKeepalivePacketFilter
 import android.net.cts.NetworkAgentTest.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnSaveAcceptUnvalidated
@@ -216,6 +218,8 @@
             object OnAutomaticReconnectDisabled : CallbackEntry()
             data class OnValidationStatus(val status: Int, val uri: Uri?) : CallbackEntry()
             data class OnSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated(val thresholds: IntArray) : CallbackEntry()
+            object OnNetworkCreated : CallbackEntry()
+            object OnNetworkDestroyed : CallbackEntry()
         }
 
         override fun onBandwidthUpdateRequested() {
@@ -269,6 +273,14 @@
             history.add(OnValidationStatus(status, uri))
         }
 
+        override fun onNetworkCreated() {
+            history.add(OnNetworkCreated)
+        }
+
+        override fun onNetworkDestroyed() {
+            history.add(OnNetworkDestroyed)
+        }
+
         // Expects the initial validation event that always occurs immediately after registering
         // a NetworkAgent whose network does not require validation (which test networks do
         // not, since they lack the INTERNET capability). It always contains the default argument
@@ -347,8 +359,10 @@
         val callback = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
         requestNetwork(request, callback)
         val agent = createNetworkAgent(context, name)
+        agent.setTeardownDelayMs(0)
         agent.register()
         agent.markConnected()
+        agent.expectCallback<OnNetworkCreated>()
         return agent to callback
     }
 
@@ -368,6 +382,7 @@
         assertFailsWith<IllegalStateException>("Must not be able to register an agent twice") {
             agent.register()
         }
+        agent.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -630,7 +645,8 @@
         val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
         val mockCm = mock(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
         doReturn(mockCm).`when`(mockContext).getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)
-        createConnectedNetworkAgent(mockContext)
+        val agent = createNetworkAgent(mockContext)
+        agent.register()
         verify(mockCm).registerNetworkAgent(any(),
                 argThat<NetworkInfo> { it.detailedState == NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTING },
                 any(LinkProperties::class.java),