diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
index 21f36e8..aa7a244 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
@@ -807,6 +807,46 @@
      */
     @SuppressLint("UnflaggedApi")
     public static final class TetheringRequest implements Parcelable {
+        /**
+         * Tethering started by an explicit call to startTethering.
+         * @hide
+         */
+        public static final int REQUEST_TYPE_EXPLICIT = 0;
+
+        /**
+         * Tethering implicitly started by broadcasts (LOHS and P2P). Can never be pending.
+         * @hide
+         */
+        public static final int REQUEST_TYPE_IMPLICIT = 1;
+
+        /**
+         * Tethering started by the legacy tether() call. Can only happen on V-.
+         * @hide
+         */
+        public static final int REQUEST_TYPE_LEGACY = 2;
+
+        /**
+         * Tethering started but there was no pending request found. This may happen if Tethering is
+         * started and immediately stopped before the link layer goes up, or if we get a link layer
+         * event without a prior call to startTethering (e.g. adb shell cmd wifi start-softap).
+         * @hide
+         */
+        public static final int REQUEST_TYPE_PLACEHOLDER = 3;
+
+        /**
+         * Type of request, used to keep track of whether the request was explicitly sent by
+         * startTethering, implicitly created by broadcasts, or via legacy tether().
+         * @hide
+         */
+        @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+        @IntDef(prefix = "TYPE_", value = {
+                REQUEST_TYPE_EXPLICIT,
+                REQUEST_TYPE_IMPLICIT,
+                REQUEST_TYPE_LEGACY,
+                REQUEST_TYPE_PLACEHOLDER,
+        })
+        public @interface RequestType {}
+
         /** A configuration set for TetheringRequest. */
         private final TetheringRequestParcel mRequestParcel;
 
@@ -866,6 +906,7 @@
                 mBuilderParcel.uid = Process.INVALID_UID;
                 mBuilderParcel.softApConfig = null;
                 mBuilderParcel.interfaceName = null;
+                mBuilderParcel.requestType = REQUEST_TYPE_EXPLICIT;
             }
 
             /**
@@ -1161,6 +1202,14 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Get the type of the request.
+         * @hide
+         */
+        public @RequestType int getRequestType() {
+            return mRequestParcel.requestType;
+        }
+
+        /**
          * String of TetheringRequest detail.
          * @hide
          */
@@ -1168,6 +1217,13 @@
         public String toString() {
             StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(", ", "TetheringRequest[ ", " ]");
             sj.add(typeToString(mRequestParcel.tetheringType));
+            if (mRequestParcel.requestType == REQUEST_TYPE_IMPLICIT) {
+                sj.add("IMPLICIT");
+            } else if (mRequestParcel.requestType == REQUEST_TYPE_LEGACY) {
+                sj.add("LEGACY");
+            } else if (mRequestParcel.requestType == REQUEST_TYPE_PLACEHOLDER) {
+                sj.add("PLACEHOLDER");
+            }
             if (mRequestParcel.localIPv4Address != null) {
                 sj.add("localIpv4Address=" + mRequestParcel.localIPv4Address);
             }
@@ -1217,7 +1273,8 @@
         public boolean equalsIgnoreUidPackage(TetheringRequest otherRequest) {
             TetheringRequestParcel parcel = getParcel();
             TetheringRequestParcel otherParcel = otherRequest.getParcel();
-            return parcel.tetheringType == otherParcel.tetheringType
+            return parcel.requestType == otherParcel.requestType
+                    && parcel.tetheringType == otherParcel.tetheringType
                     && Objects.equals(parcel.localIPv4Address, otherParcel.localIPv4Address)
                     && Objects.equals(parcel.staticClientAddress, otherParcel.staticClientAddress)
                     && parcel.exemptFromEntitlementCheck == otherParcel.exemptFromEntitlementCheck
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringRequestParcel.aidl b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringRequestParcel.aidl
index 97c9b9a..9863385 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringRequestParcel.aidl
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringRequestParcel.aidl
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @hide
  */
 parcelable TetheringRequestParcel {
+    int requestType;
     int tetheringType;
     LinkAddress localIPv4Address;
     LinkAddress staticClientAddress;
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
index a388624..11b14ed 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_FAILED;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STARTED;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_PLACEHOLDER;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.toIfaces;
 import static android.net.wifi.WifiManager.EXTRA_WIFI_AP_INTERFACE_NAME;
 import static android.net.wifi.WifiManager.EXTRA_WIFI_AP_MODE;
@@ -1031,6 +1032,49 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Create a legacy tethering request for calls to the legacy tether() API, which doesn't take an
+     * explicit request.
+     */
+    private TetheringRequest createLegacyTetheringRequest(int type, int connectivityScope) {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
+        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_LEGACY;
+        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = connectivityScope;
+        return request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a local-only implicit tethering request. This is used for Wifi local-only hotspot and
+     * Wifi P2P, which start tethering based on the WIFI_(AP/P2P)_STATE_CHANGED broadcasts.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private TetheringRequest createImplicitLocalOnlyTetheringRequest(int type) {
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
+        request.getParcel().requestType = TetheringRequest.REQUEST_TYPE_IMPLICIT;
+        request.getParcel().connectivityScope = CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL;
+        return request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the TetheringRequest that #startTethering was called with but is waiting for the link
+     * layer event to indicate the interface is available to tether.
+     * Note: There are edge cases where the pending request is absent and we must temporarily
+     *       synthesize a placeholder request, such as if stopTethering was called before link layer
+     *       went up, or if the link layer goes up without us poking it (e.g. adb shell cmd wifi
+     *       start-softap).
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private TetheringRequest getOrCreatePendingTetheringRequest(int type) {
+        TetheringRequest pending = mActiveTetheringRequests.get(type);
+        if (pending != null) return pending;
+
+        Log.w(TAG, "No pending TetheringRequest for type " + type + " found, creating a placeholder"
+                + " request");
+        TetheringRequest placeholder = new TetheringRequest.Builder(type).build();
+        placeholder.getParcel().requestType = REQUEST_TYPE_PLACEHOLDER;
+        return placeholder;
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Legacy tether API that starts tethering with CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL on the given iface.
      *
      * This API relies on the IpServer having been started for the interface by
@@ -1043,7 +1087,7 @@
      * WIFI_(AP/P2P_STATE_CHANGED broadcasts, which makes this API redundant for those types unless
      * those broadcasts are disabled by OEM.
      */
-    void tether(String iface, int requestedState, final IIntResultListener listener) {
+    void legacyTether(String iface, int requestedState, final IIntResultListener listener) {
         if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM) {
             // After V, the TetheringManager and ConnectivityManager tether and untether methods
             // throw UnsupportedOperationException, so this cannot happen in normal use. Ensure
@@ -1052,7 +1096,7 @@
             return;
         }
         mHandler.post(() -> {
-            int result = tether(iface, requestedState);
+            int result = tetherInternal(iface, requestedState);
             switch (ifaceNameToType(iface)) {
                 case TETHERING_WIFI:
                     TerribleErrorLog.logTerribleError(TetheringStatsLog::write,
@@ -1088,7 +1132,7 @@
         });
     }
 
-    private int tether(String iface, int requestedState) {
+    private int tetherInternal(String iface, int requestedState) {
         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Tethering " + iface);
         TetherState tetherState = mTetherStates.get(iface);
         if (tetherState == null) {
@@ -1114,7 +1158,7 @@
         return TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
     }
 
-    void untether(String iface, final IIntResultListener listener) {
+    void legacyUntether(String iface, final IIntResultListener listener) {
         if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.VANILLA_ICE_CREAM) {
             // After V, the TetheringManager and ConnectivityManager tether and untether methods
             // throw UnsupportedOperationException, so this cannot happen in normal use. Ensure
@@ -1124,13 +1168,13 @@
         }
         mHandler.post(() -> {
             try {
-                listener.onResult(untether(iface));
+                listener.onResult(legacyUntetherInternal(iface));
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
             }
         });
     }
 
-    int untether(String iface) {
+    int legacyUntetherInternal(String iface) {
         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Untethering " + iface);
         TetherState tetherState = mTetherStates.get(iface);
         if (tetherState == null) {
@@ -1145,7 +1189,7 @@
         return TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
     }
 
-    void untetherAll() {
+    void stopAllTethering() {
         stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI);
         stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI_P2P);
         stopTethering(TETHERING_USB);
@@ -1315,7 +1359,7 @@
                 mLog.log("OBSERVED data saver changed");
                 handleDataSaverChanged();
             } else if (action.equals(TetheringNotificationUpdater.ACTION_DISABLE_TETHERING)) {
-                untetherAll();
+                stopAllTethering();
             }
         }
 
@@ -1479,7 +1523,7 @@
 
             mDataSaverEnabled = isDataSaverEnabled;
             if (mDataSaverEnabled) {
-                untetherAll();
+                stopAllTethering();
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1538,7 +1582,7 @@
                 mNotificationUpdater.notifyTetheringDisabledByRestriction();
 
                 // Untether from all downstreams since tethering is disallowed.
-                mTethering.untetherAll();
+                mTethering.stopAllTethering();
             }
 
             return true;
@@ -1553,7 +1597,7 @@
     private void enableIpServing(int tetheringType, String ifname, int ipServingMode,
             boolean isNcm) {
         ensureIpServerStarted(ifname, tetheringType, isNcm);
-        if (tether(ifname, ipServingMode) != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
+        if (tetherInternal(ifname, ipServingMode) != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
             Log.e(TAG, "unable start tethering on iface " + ifname);
         }
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java
index 0c44a38..153b0f7 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
                 IIntResultListener listener) {
             if (checkAndNotifyCommonError(callerPkg, callingAttributionTag, listener)) return;
 
-            mTethering.tether(iface, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, listener);
+            mTethering.legacyTether(iface, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, listener);
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
                 IIntResultListener listener) {
             if (checkAndNotifyCommonError(callerPkg, callingAttributionTag, listener)) return;
 
-            mTethering.untether(iface, listener);
+            mTethering.legacyUntether(iface, listener);
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
             if (checkAndNotifyCommonError(callerPkg, callingAttributionTag, listener)) return;
 
             try {
-                mTethering.untetherAll();
+                mTethering.stopAllTethering();
                 listener.onResult(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
             } catch (RemoteException e) { }
         }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java
index cc80251..da9b68e 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
         mTetheringConnector.tether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
-        verify(mTethering).tether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, result);
+        verify(mTethering).legacyTether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, result);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
                 result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
-        verify(mTethering).untether(eq(TEST_IFACE_NAME), eq(result));
+        verify(mTethering).legacyUntether(eq(TEST_IFACE_NAME), eq(result));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@
         mTetheringConnector.stopAllTethering(TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
-        verify(mTethering).untetherAll();
+        verify(mTethering).stopAllTethering();
         result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
     }
 
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index 97758cf..e50a7fd 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -2098,7 +2098,7 @@
 
         verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(expectedInteractionsWithShowNotification))
                 .notifyTetheringDisabledByRestriction();
-        verify(mockTethering, times(expectedInteractionsWithShowNotification)).untetherAll();
+        verify(mockTethering, times(expectedInteractionsWithShowNotification)).stopAllTethering();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -3426,7 +3426,7 @@
         mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_BT_IFNAME, false);
         mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_BT_IFNAME, true);
         final ResultListener tetherResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
-        mTethering.tether(TEST_BT_IFNAME, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, tetherResult);
+        mTethering.legacyTether(TEST_BT_IFNAME, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, tetherResult);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         tetherResult.assertHasResult();
 
@@ -3446,7 +3446,7 @@
         mTethering.stopTethering(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         final ResultListener untetherResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
-        mTethering.untether(TEST_BT_IFNAME, untetherResult);
+        mTethering.legacyUntether(TEST_BT_IFNAME, untetherResult);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         untetherResult.assertHasResult();
         verifySetBluetoothTethering(false /* enable */, false /* bindToPanService */);
@@ -3476,7 +3476,7 @@
             mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_BT_IFNAME, false);
             mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_BT_IFNAME, true);
             final ResultListener tetherResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
-            mTethering.tether(TEST_BT_IFNAME, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, tetherResult);
+            mTethering.legacyTether(TEST_BT_IFNAME, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, tetherResult);
             mLooper.dispatchAll();
             tetherResult.assertHasResult();
         }
diff --git a/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfMap.h b/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfMap.h
index 1037beb..576cca6 100644
--- a/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfMap.h
+++ b/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfMap.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "BpfSyscallWrappers.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 
+#include <cstdio>
 #include <functional>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -35,6 +36,30 @@
 using base::unique_fd;
 using std::function;
 
+#ifdef BPF_MAP_MAKE_VISIBLE_FOR_TESTING
+#undef BPFMAP_VERBOSE_ABORT
+#define BPFMAP_VERBOSE_ABORT
+#endif
+
+[[noreturn]] __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 2, 3))) static inline
+void Abort(int __unused error, const char* __unused fmt, ...) {
+#ifdef BPFMAP_VERBOSE_ABORT
+    va_list va;
+    va_start(va, fmt);
+
+    fflush(stdout);
+    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, va);
+    if (error) fprintf(stderr, "; errno=%d [%s]", error, strerror(error));
+    putc('\n', stderr);
+    fflush(stderr);
+
+    va_end(va);
+#endif
+
+    abort();
+}
+
+
 // This is a class wrapper for eBPF maps. The eBPF map is a special in-kernel
 // data structure that stores data in <Key, Value> pairs. It can be read/write
 // from userspace by passing syscalls with the map file descriptor. This class
@@ -60,14 +85,21 @@
 
   protected:
     void abortOnMismatch(bool writable) const {
-        if (!mMapFd.ok()) abort();
+        if (!mMapFd.ok()) Abort(errno, "mMapFd %d is not valid", mMapFd.get());
         if (isAtLeastKernelVersion(4, 14, 0)) {
             int flags = bpfGetFdMapFlags(mMapFd);
-            if (flags < 0) abort();
-            if (flags & BPF_F_WRONLY) abort();
-            if (writable && (flags & BPF_F_RDONLY)) abort();
-            if (bpfGetFdKeySize(mMapFd) != sizeof(Key)) abort();
-            if (bpfGetFdValueSize(mMapFd) != sizeof(Value)) abort();
+            if (flags < 0) Abort(errno, "bpfGetFdMapFlags fail: flags=%d", flags);
+            if (flags & BPF_F_WRONLY) Abort(0, "map is write-only (flags=0x%X)", flags);
+            if (writable && (flags & BPF_F_RDONLY))
+                Abort(0, "writable map is actually read-only (flags=0x%X)", flags);
+            int keySize = bpfGetFdKeySize(mMapFd);
+            if (keySize != sizeof(Key))
+                Abort(errno, "map key size mismatch (expected=%zu, actual=%d)",
+                      sizeof(Key), keySize);
+            int valueSize = bpfGetFdValueSize(mMapFd);
+            if (valueSize != sizeof(Value))
+                Abort(errno, "map value size mismatch (expected=%zu, actual=%d)",
+                      sizeof(Value), valueSize);
         }
     }
 
@@ -278,8 +310,8 @@
     [[clang::reinitializes]] Result<void> resetMap(bpf_map_type map_type,
                                                    uint32_t max_entries,
                                                    uint32_t map_flags = 0) {
-        if (map_flags & BPF_F_WRONLY) abort();
-        if (map_flags & BPF_F_RDONLY) abort();
+        if (map_flags & BPF_F_WRONLY) Abort(0, "map_flags is write-only");
+        if (map_flags & BPF_F_RDONLY) Abort(0, "map_flags is read-only");
         mMapFd.reset(createMap(map_type, sizeof(Key), sizeof(Value), max_entries,
                                map_flags));
         if (!mMapFd.ok()) return ErrnoErrorf("BpfMap::resetMap() failed");
diff --git a/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h b/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h
index 9dd5822..9e8b2c7 100644
--- a/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h
+++ b/bpf/headers/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@
     // 4.9 kernels. The kernel code of socket release on pf_key socket will
     // explicitly call synchronize_rcu() which is exactly what we need.
     //
-    // Linux 4.14/4.19/5.4/5.10/5.15/6.1 (and 6.3-rc5) still have this same behaviour.
+    // Linux 4.14/4.19/5.4/5.10/5.15/6.1/6.6/6.12 (& 6.13) have this behaviour.
     // see net/key/af_key.c: pfkey_release() -> synchronize_rcu()
-    // https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/net/key/af_key.c?h=v6.3-rc5#n185
+    // https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/net/key/af_key.c?h=v6.13#n185
     const int pfSocket = socket(AF_KEY, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_CLOEXEC, PF_KEY_V2);
 
     if (pfSocket < 0) {
diff --git a/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h b/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h
index d817cc3..425c429 100644
--- a/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h
+++ b/bpf/headers/include/bpf_helpers.h
@@ -122,10 +122,7 @@
  */
 #define CRITICAL(REASON) char _critical[] SECTION("critical") = (REASON)
 
-/*
- * Helper functions called from eBPF programs written in C. These are
- * implemented in the kernel sources.
- */
+// Helpers for writing kernel version specific bpf programs
 
 struct kver_uint { unsigned int kver; };
 #define KVER_(v) ((struct kver_uint){ .kver = (v) })
@@ -135,7 +132,6 @@
 #define KVER_4_19 KVER(4, 19, 0)
 #define KVER_5_4  KVER(5, 4, 0)
 #define KVER_5_8  KVER(5, 8, 0)
-#define KVER_5_9  KVER(5, 9, 0)
 #define KVER_5_10 KVER(5, 10, 0)
 #define KVER_5_15 KVER(5, 15, 0)
 #define KVER_6_1  KVER(6, 1, 0)
@@ -144,6 +140,27 @@
 
 #define KVER_IS_AT_LEAST(kver, a, b, c) ((kver).kver >= KVER(a, b, c).kver)
 
+// Helpers for writing sdk level specific bpf programs
+//
+// Note: we choose to follow sdk api level values, but there is no real need for this:
+// These just need to be monotonically increasing.  We could also use values ten or even
+// a hundred times larger to leave room for quarters or months.  We may also just use
+// dates or something (2502 or 202506 for 25Q2) or even the mainline bpfloader version...
+// For now this easily suffices for our use case.
+
+struct sdk_level_uint { unsigned int sdk_level; };
+#define SDK_LEVEL_(v) ((struct sdk_level_uint){ .sdk_level = (v) })
+#define SDK_LEVEL_NONE SDK_LEVEL_(0)
+#define SDK_LEVEL_S    SDK_LEVEL_(31) // Android 12
+#define SDK_LEVEL_Sv2  SDK_LEVEL_(32) // Android 12L
+#define SDK_LEVEL_T    SDK_LEVEL_(33) // Android 13
+#define SDK_LEVEL_U    SDK_LEVEL_(34) // Android 14
+#define SDK_LEVEL_V    SDK_LEVEL_(35) // Android 15
+#define SDK_LEVEL_24Q3 SDK_LEVEL_V
+#define SDK_LEVEL_25Q2 SDK_LEVEL_(36) // Android 16
+
+#define SDK_LEVEL_IS_AT_LEAST(lvl, v) ((lvl).sdk_level >= (SDK_LEVEL_##v).sdk_level)
+
 /*
  * BPFFS (ie. /sys/fs/bpf) labelling is as follows:
  *   subdirectory   selinux context      mainline  usecase / usable by
@@ -168,6 +185,11 @@
  * See cs/p:aosp-master%20-file:prebuilts/%20file:genfs_contexts%20"genfscon%20bpf"
  */
 
+/*
+ * Helper functions called from eBPF programs written in C. These are
+ * implemented in the kernel sources.
+ */
+
 /* generic functions */
 
 /*
@@ -268,14 +290,15 @@
 // Type safe macro to declare a ring buffer and related output functions.
 // Compatibility:
 // * BPF ring buffers are only available kernels 5.8 and above. Any program
-//   accessing the ring buffer should set a program level min_kver >= 5.8.
-// * The definition below sets a map min_kver of 5.8 which requires targeting
+//   accessing the ring buffer should set a program level min_kver >= 5.10,
+//   since 5.10 is the next LTS version.
+// * The definition below sets a map min_kver of 5.10 which requires targeting
 //   a BPFLOADER_MIN_VER >= BPFLOADER_S_VERSION.
 #define DEFINE_BPF_RINGBUF_EXT(the_map, ValueType, size_bytes, usr, grp, md,   \
                                selinux, pindir, share, min_loader, max_loader, \
                                ignore_eng, ignore_user, ignore_userdebug)      \
     DEFINE_BPF_MAP_BASE(the_map, RINGBUF, 0, 0, size_bytes, usr, grp, md,      \
-                        selinux, pindir, share, KVER_5_8, KVER_INF,            \
+                        selinux, pindir, share, KVER_5_10, KVER_INF,           \
                         min_loader, max_loader, ignore_eng, ignore_user,       \
                         ignore_userdebug, 0);                                  \
                                                                                \
diff --git a/bpf/progs/netd.c b/bpf/progs/netd.c
index 9244350..8897627 100644
--- a/bpf/progs/netd.c
+++ b/bpf/progs/netd.c
@@ -25,10 +25,6 @@
 static const int PASS = 1;
 static const int DROP_UNLESS_DNS = 2;  // internal to our program
 
-// Used for 'bool enable_tracing'
-static const bool TRACE_ON = true;
-static const bool TRACE_OFF = false;
-
 // offsetof(struct iphdr, ihl) -- but that's a bitfield
 #define IPPROTO_IHL_OFF 0
 
@@ -110,31 +106,34 @@
 // program (see XT_BPF_MODE_PATH_PINNED) and then the iptables binary (or rather
 // the kernel acting on behalf of it) must be able to retrieve the pinned program
 // for the reload to succeed
-#define DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog)
+#define DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, the_prog) \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, the_prog)
 
 // programs that need to be usable by netd, but not by netutils_wrappers
 // (this is because these are currently attached by the mainline provided libnetd_updatable .so
 // which is loaded into netd and thus runs as netd uid/gid/selinux context)
-#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, minKV, maxKV) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog,                               \
-                        minKV, maxKV, BPFLOADER_MIN_VER, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, MANDATORY,            \
+#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES(SECTION_NAME, the_prog, minKV, maxKV, min_loader, max_loader) \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, the_prog,                               \
+                        minKV, maxKV, min_loader, max_loader, MANDATORY,                          \
                         "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", LOAD_ON_ENG, LOAD_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
 
-#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, min_kv) \
-    DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, min_kv, KVER_INF)
+#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE(SECTION_NAME, the_prog, minKV, maxKV) \
+    DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES(SECTION_NAME, the_prog, minKV, maxKV, BPFLOADER_MIN_VER, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER)
 
-#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
-    DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, KVER_NONE)
+#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, the_prog, min_kv) \
+    DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE(SECTION_NAME, the_prog, min_kv, KVER_INF)
 
-#define DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, minKV)            \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, minKV,                        \
+#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, the_prog) \
+    DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, the_prog, KVER_NONE)
+
+#define DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, the_prog, minKV)                                \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, the_prog, minKV,                        \
                         KVER_INF, BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_V_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, MANDATORY,     \
                         "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", LOAD_ON_ENG, LOAD_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
 
 // programs that only need to be usable by the system server
-#define DEFINE_SYS_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, KVER_NONE, KVER_INF,  \
+#define DEFINE_SYS_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, the_prog) \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, the_prog, KVER_NONE, KVER_INF,  \
                         BPFLOADER_MIN_VER, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, MANDATORY, \
                         "fs_bpf_net_shared", "", LOAD_ON_ENG, LOAD_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
 
@@ -233,9 +232,8 @@
 
 static __always_inline inline void do_packet_tracing(
         const struct __sk_buff* const skb, const struct egress_bool egress, const uint32_t uid,
-        const uint32_t tag, const bool enable_tracing, const struct kver_uint kver) {
-    if (!enable_tracing) return;
-    if (!KVER_IS_AT_LEAST(kver, 5, 8, 0)) return;
+        const uint32_t tag, const struct kver_uint kver) {
+    if (!KVER_IS_AT_LEAST(kver, 5, 10, 0)) return;
 
     uint32_t mapKey = 0;
     bool* traceConfig = bpf_packet_trace_enabled_map_lookup_elem(&mapKey);
@@ -393,7 +391,8 @@
 
 static __always_inline inline int bpf_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb, uint32_t uid,
                                                   const struct egress_bool egress,
-                                                  const struct kver_uint kver) {
+                                                  const struct kver_uint kver,
+                                                  const struct sdk_level_uint lvl) {
     if (is_system_uid(uid)) return PASS;
 
     if (skip_owner_match(skb, egress, kver)) return PASS;
@@ -423,6 +422,11 @@
             return DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
         }
     }
+
+    if (SDK_LEVEL_IS_AT_LEAST(lvl, 25Q2) && skb->ifindex == 1) {
+        // TODO: sdksandbox localhost restrictions
+    }
+
     return PASS;
 }
 
@@ -440,8 +444,8 @@
 
 static __always_inline inline int bpf_traffic_account(struct __sk_buff* skb,
                                                       const struct egress_bool egress,
-                                                      const bool enable_tracing,
-                                                      const struct kver_uint kver) {
+                                                      const struct kver_uint kver,
+                                                      const struct sdk_level_uint lvl) {
     // sock_uid will be 'overflowuid' if !sk_fullsock(sk_to_full_sk(skb->sk))
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
 
@@ -470,7 +474,7 @@
     // CLAT daemon receives via an untagged AF_PACKET socket.
     if (egress.egress && uid == AID_CLAT) return PASS;
 
-    int match = bpf_owner_match(skb, sock_uid, egress, kver);
+    int match = bpf_owner_match(skb, sock_uid, egress, kver, lvl);
 
 // Workaround for secureVPN with VpnIsolation enabled, refer to b/159994981 for details.
 // Keep TAG_SYSTEM_DNS in sync with DnsResolver/include/netd_resolv/resolv.h
@@ -483,6 +487,10 @@
         if (match == DROP_UNLESS_DNS) match = DROP;
     }
 
+    if (SDK_LEVEL_IS_AT_LEAST(lvl, 25Q2) && (match != DROP)) {
+        // TODO: implement local network blocking
+    }
+
     // If an outbound packet is going to be dropped, we do not count that traffic.
     if (egress.egress && (match == DROP)) return DROP;
 
@@ -496,7 +504,7 @@
 
     if (!selectedMap) return PASS;  // cannot happen, needed to keep bpf verifier happy
 
-    do_packet_tracing(skb, egress, uid, tag, enable_tracing, kver);
+    do_packet_tracing(skb, egress, uid, tag, kver);
     update_stats_with_config(*selectedMap, skb, &key, egress, kver);
     update_app_uid_stats_map(skb, &uid, egress, kver);
 
@@ -509,52 +517,100 @@
     return match;
 }
 
-// Tracing on Android U+ 5.8+
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$trace", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
-                    bpf_cgroup_ingress_trace, KVER_5_8, KVER_INF,
-                    BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_U_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, MANDATORY,
-                    "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "",
-                    LOAD_ON_ENG, LOAD_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
+// -----
+
+// Supported kernel + platform/os version combinations:
+//
+//      | 4.9 | 4.14 | 4.19 | 5.4 | 5.10 | 5.15 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.12 |
+// 25Q2 |     |      |      |  x  |  x   |  x   |  x  |  x  |  x   |
+//    V |     |      |  x   |  x  |  x   |  x   |  x  |  x  |      |
+//    U |     |  x   |  x   |  x  |  x   |  x   |  x  |     |      |
+//    T |  x  |  x   |  x   |  x  |  x   |  x   |     |     |      |
+
+// ----- cgroupskb/ingress/stats -----
+
+// Android 25Q2+ 5.10+ (localnet protection + tracing)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$5_10_25q2",
+                            bpf_cgroup_ingress_5_10_25q2, KVER_5_10, KVER_INF,
+                            BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, TRACE_ON, KVER_5_8);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, KVER_5_10, SDK_LEVEL_25Q2);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$4_19", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+// Android 25Q2+ 5.4 (localnet protection)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$5_4_25q2",
+                            bpf_cgroup_ingress_5_4_25q2, KVER_5_4, KVER_5_10,
+                            BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, KVER_5_4, SDK_LEVEL_25Q2);
+}
+
+// Android U/V 5.10+ (tracing)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$5_10_u",
+                            bpf_cgroup_ingress_5_10_u, KVER_5_10, KVER_INF,
+                            BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_U_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, KVER_5_10, SDK_LEVEL_U);
+}
+
+// Android T/U/V 4.19 & T/U/V/25Q2 5.4 & T 5.10/5.15
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$4_19",
                                 bpf_cgroup_ingress_4_19, KVER_4_19, KVER_INF)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER_4_19);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, KVER_4_19, SDK_LEVEL_T);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
-                                bpf_cgroup_ingress_4_14, KVER_NONE, KVER_4_19)
+// Android T 4.9 & T/U 4.14
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$4_9",
+                                bpf_cgroup_ingress_4_9, KVER_NONE, KVER_4_19)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER_NONE);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, KVER_NONE, SDK_LEVEL_T);
 }
 
-// Tracing on Android U+ 5.8+
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT("cgroupskb/egress/stats$trace", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
-                    bpf_cgroup_egress_trace, KVER_5_8, KVER_INF,
-                    BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_U_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, MANDATORY,
-                    "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "",
-                    LOAD_ON_ENG, LOAD_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
+// ----- cgroupskb/egress/stats -----
+
+// Android 25Q2+ 5.10+ (localnet protection + tracing)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES("cgroupskb/egress/stats$5_10_25q2",
+                            bpf_cgroup_egress_5_10_25q2, KVER_5_10, KVER_INF,
+                            BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, TRACE_ON, KVER_5_8);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, KVER_5_10, SDK_LEVEL_25Q2);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/egress/stats$4_19", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+// Android 25Q2+ 5.4 (localnet protection)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES("cgroupskb/egress/stats$5_4_25q2",
+                            bpf_cgroup_egress_5_4_25q2, KVER_5_4, KVER_5_10,
+                            BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, KVER_5_4, SDK_LEVEL_25Q2);
+}
+
+// Android U/V 5.10+ (tracing)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_RANGES("cgroupskb/egress/stats$5_10_u",
+                            bpf_cgroup_egress_5_10_u, KVER_5_10, KVER_INF,
+                            BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_U_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAINLINE_25Q2_VERSION)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, KVER_5_10, SDK_LEVEL_U);
+}
+
+// Android T/U/V 4.19 & T/U/V/25Q2 5.4 & T 5.10/5.15
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/egress/stats$4_19",
                                 bpf_cgroup_egress_4_19, KVER_4_19, KVER_INF)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER_4_19);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, KVER_4_19, SDK_LEVEL_T);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/egress/stats$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
-                                bpf_cgroup_egress_4_14, KVER_NONE, KVER_4_19)
+// Android T 4.9 & T/U 4.14
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/egress/stats$4_9",
+                                bpf_cgroup_egress_4_9, KVER_NONE, KVER_4_19)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER_NONE);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, KVER_NONE, SDK_LEVEL_T);
 }
 
+// -----
+
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/egress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_egress_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/egress/xtbpf", xt_bpf_egress_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     // Clat daemon does not generate new traffic, all its traffic is accounted for already
     // on the v4-* interfaces (except for the 20 (or 28) extra bytes of IPv6 vs IPv4 overhead,
@@ -573,7 +629,7 @@
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/ingress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_ingress_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/ingress/xtbpf", xt_bpf_ingress_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     // Clat daemon traffic is not accounted by virtue of iptables raw prerouting drop rule
     // (in clat_raw_PREROUTING chain), which triggers before this (in bw_raw_PREROUTING chain).
@@ -585,7 +641,7 @@
     return XTBPF_MATCH;
 }
 
-DEFINE_SYS_BPF_PROG("schedact/ingress/account", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN,
+DEFINE_SYS_BPF_PROG("schedact/ingress/account",
                     tc_bpf_ingress_account_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     if (is_received_skb(skb)) {
@@ -597,7 +653,7 @@
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/allowlist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_allowlist_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/allowlist/xtbpf", xt_bpf_allowlist_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
     if (is_system_uid(sock_uid)) return XTBPF_MATCH;
@@ -616,7 +672,7 @@
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
-DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/denylist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_denylist_prog)
+DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG("skfilter/denylist/xtbpf", xt_bpf_denylist_prog)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
     UidOwnerValue* denylistMatch = bpf_uid_owner_map_lookup_elem(&sock_uid);
@@ -639,14 +695,12 @@
     return permissions ? *permissions : BPF_PERMISSION_INTERNET;
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("cgroupsock/inet_create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create,
-                          KVER_4_14)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("cgroupsock/inet_create", inet_socket_create, KVER_4_14)
 (__unused struct bpf_sock* sk) {
     return (get_app_permissions() & BPF_PERMISSION_INTERNET) ? BPF_ALLOW : BPF_DISALLOW;
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("cgroupsockrelease/inet_release", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT,
-                          inet_socket_release, KVER_5_10)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("cgroupsockrelease/inet_release", inet_socket_release, KVER_5_10)
 (struct bpf_sock* sk) {
     uint64_t cookie = bpf_get_sk_cookie(sk);
     if (cookie) bpf_cookie_tag_map_delete_elem(&cookie);
@@ -699,47 +753,47 @@
     return BPF_ALLOW;
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("bind4/inet4_bind", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet4_bind, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("bind4/inet4_bind", inet4_bind, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return block_port(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("bind6/inet6_bind", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet6_bind, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("bind6/inet6_bind", inet6_bind, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return block_port(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("connect4/inet4_connect", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet4_connect, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("connect4/inet4_connect", inet4_connect, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return check_localhost(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("connect6/inet6_connect", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet6_connect, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("connect6/inet6_connect", inet6_connect, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return check_localhost(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("recvmsg4/udp4_recvmsg", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, udp4_recvmsg, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("recvmsg4/udp4_recvmsg", udp4_recvmsg, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return check_localhost(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("recvmsg6/udp6_recvmsg", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, udp6_recvmsg, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("recvmsg6/udp6_recvmsg", udp6_recvmsg, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return check_localhost(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("sendmsg4/udp4_sendmsg", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, udp4_sendmsg, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("sendmsg4/udp4_sendmsg", udp4_sendmsg, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return check_localhost(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("sendmsg6/udp6_sendmsg", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, udp6_sendmsg, KVER_4_19)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("sendmsg6/udp6_sendmsg", udp6_sendmsg, KVER_4_19)
 (struct bpf_sock_addr *ctx) {
     return check_localhost(ctx);
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("getsockopt/prog", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, getsockopt_prog, KVER_5_4)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("getsockopt/prog", getsockopt_prog, KVER_5_4)
 (struct bpf_sockopt *ctx) {
     // Tell kernel to return 'original' kernel reply (instead of the bpf modified buffer)
     // This is important if the answer is larger than PAGE_SIZE (max size this bpf hook can provide)
@@ -747,7 +801,7 @@
     return BPF_ALLOW;
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("setsockopt/prog", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, setsockopt_prog, KVER_5_4)
+DEFINE_NETD_V_BPF_PROG_KVER("setsockopt/prog", setsockopt_prog, KVER_5_4)
 (struct bpf_sockopt *ctx) {
     // Tell kernel to use/process original buffer provided by userspace.
     // This is important if it is larger than PAGE_SIZE (max size this bpf hook can handle).
diff --git a/bpf/progs/offload.c b/bpf/progs/offload.c
index 631908a..0f23844 100644
--- a/bpf/progs/offload.c
+++ b/bpf/progs/offload.c
@@ -609,27 +609,27 @@
 // Full featured (required) implementations for 5.8+ kernels (these are S+ by definition)
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_5_8, KVER_5_8)
+                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_5_8, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_8);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_10);
 }
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_5_8, KVER_5_8)
+                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_5_8, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_8);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_10);
 }
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_5_8, KVER_5_8)
+                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_5_8, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_8);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_10);
 }
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_5_8, KVER_5_8)
+                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_5_8, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_8);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_5_10);
 }
 
 // Full featured (optional) implementations for 4.14-S, 4.19-S & 5.4-S kernels
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$opt",
                                     AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
                                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_opt,
-                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_8)
+                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_4_14);
 }
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$opt",
                                     AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
                                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_opt,
-                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_8)
+                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_4_14);
 }
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$opt",
                                     AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
                                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_opt,
-                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_8)
+                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_4_14);
 }
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$opt",
                                     AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
                                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_opt,
-                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_8)
+                                    KVER_4_14, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER_4_14);
 }
@@ -682,13 +682,13 @@
 // RAWIP: Required for 5.4-R kernels -- which always support bpf_skb_change_head().
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$5_4", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                           sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_5_4, KVER_5_4, KVER_5_8)
+                           sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_5_4, KVER_5_4, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER_5_4);
 }
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$5_4", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                           sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_5_4, KVER_5_4, KVER_5_8)
+                           sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_5_4, KVER_5_4, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER_5_4);
 }
@@ -715,13 +715,13 @@
 // ETHER: Required for 4.14-Q/R, 4.19-Q/R & 5.4-R kernels.
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                           sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_4_14, KVER_4_14, KVER_5_8)
+                           sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_4_14, KVER_4_14, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER_4_14);
 }
 
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                           sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_4_14, KVER_4_14, KVER_5_8)
+                           sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_4_14, KVER_4_14, KVER_5_10)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER_4_14);
 }
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@
 }
 
 #define DEFINE_XDP_PROG(str, func) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER(str, AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK, func, KVER_5_9)(struct xdp_md *ctx)
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER(str, AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK, func, KVER_5_10)(struct xdp_md *ctx)
 
 DEFINE_XDP_PROG("xdp/tether_downstream_ether",
                  xdp_tether_downstream_ether) {
diff --git a/remoteauth/OWNERS b/remoteauth/OWNERS
index 25a32b9..ee46c1c 100644
--- a/remoteauth/OWNERS
+++ b/remoteauth/OWNERS
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Bug template url: http://b/new?component=1145231&template=1715387
 billyhuang@google.com
 boetger@google.com
-casbor@google.com
 derekjedral@google.com
 dlm@google.com
 igorzas@google.com
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/NetlinkUtils.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/NetlinkUtils.java
index e2544d3..0d96fc4 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/NetlinkUtils.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/netlink/NetlinkUtils.java
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
     public static final int INET_DIAG_INFO = 2;
     public static final int INET_DIAG_MARK = 15;
 
-    public static final long IO_TIMEOUT_MS = 300L;
+    public static final long IO_TIMEOUT_MS = 3000L;
 
     public static final int DEFAULT_RECV_BUFSIZE = 8 * 1024;
     public static final int SOCKET_RECV_BUFSIZE = 64 * 1024;
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt
index 3ab6c0d..9379697 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ApfIntegrationTest.kt
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 import android.os.HandlerThread
 import android.os.PowerManager
 import android.os.UserManager
+import android.os.SystemProperties
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY
@@ -423,6 +424,10 @@
         assume().that(caps.apfVersionSupported).isAtLeast(version)
     }
 
+    fun assumeNotCuttlefish() {
+        assume().that(SystemProperties.get("ro.product.board", "")).isNotEqualTo("cutf")
+    }
+
     fun installProgram(bytes: ByteArray) {
         val prog = bytes.toHexString()
         val result = runShellCommandOrThrow("cmd network_stack apf $ifname install $prog").trim()
@@ -506,6 +511,7 @@
         // should be turned on.
         assume().that(getVsrApiLevel()).isAtLeast(34)
         assumeApfVersionSupportAtLeast(4)
+        assumeNotCuttlefish()
 
         // clear any active APF filter
         clearApfMemory()
@@ -558,6 +564,7 @@
         assume().that(getVsrApiLevel()).isAtLeast(34)
         // Test v4 memory slots on both v4 and v6 interpreters.
         assumeApfVersionSupportAtLeast(4)
+        assumeNotCuttlefish()
         clearApfMemory()
         val gen = ApfV4Generator(
                 caps.apfVersionSupported,
@@ -616,6 +623,7 @@
         // should be turned on.
         assume().that(getVsrApiLevel()).isAtLeast(34)
         assumeApfVersionSupportAtLeast(4)
+        assumeNotCuttlefish()
         clearApfMemory()
         val gen = ApfV4Generator(
                 caps.apfVersionSupported,
@@ -658,6 +666,7 @@
     @Test
     fun testFilterAge16384thsIncreasesBetweenPackets() {
         assumeApfVersionSupportAtLeast(6000)
+        assumeNotCuttlefish()
         clearApfMemory()
         val gen = ApfV6Generator(
                 caps.apfVersionSupported,
@@ -707,6 +716,7 @@
     @Test
     fun testReplyPing() {
         assumeApfVersionSupportAtLeast(6000)
+        assumeNotCuttlefish()
         installProgram(ByteArray(caps.maximumApfProgramSize) { 0 }) // Clear previous program
         readProgram() // Ensure installation is complete
 
@@ -799,8 +809,12 @@
         Log.i(TAG, "counter map: ${apfCounterTracker.counters}")
 
         assertThat(replyPayloads.size).isEqualTo(expectReplyPayloads.size)
-        for (i in replyPayloads.indices) {
-            assertThat(replyPayloads[i]).isEqualTo(expectReplyPayloads[i])
+
+        // Sort the payload list before comparison to ensure consistency.
+        val sortedReplyPayloads = replyPayloads.sortedBy { it[0] }
+        val sortedExpectReplyPayloads = expectReplyPayloads.sortedBy { it[0] }
+        for (i in sortedReplyPayloads.indices) {
+            assertThat(sortedReplyPayloads[i]).isEqualTo(sortedExpectReplyPayloads[i])
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TrafficStatsTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TrafficStatsTest.java
index bd9e03c..f5198e3 100755
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TrafficStatsTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TrafficStatsTest.java
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Range;
 
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCollector;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
@@ -94,11 +96,12 @@
 
     long tcpPacketToIpBytes(long packetCount, long bytes) {
         // ip header + tcp header + data.
-        // Tcp header is mostly 32. Syn has different tcp options -> 40. Don't care.
+        // Tcp header is mostly 32. Syn has different tcp options -> 40.
         return packetCount * (20 + 32 + bytes);
     }
 
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    @ConnectivityDiagnosticsCollector.CollectTcpdumpOnFailure
     public void testTrafficStatsForLocalhost() throws IOException {
         final long mobileTxPacketsBefore = TrafficStats.getMobileTxPackets();
         final long mobileRxPacketsBefore = TrafficStats.getMobileRxPackets();
@@ -224,9 +227,15 @@
                 - uidTxDeltaPackets;
         final long deltaRxOtherPackets = (totalRxPacketsAfter - totalRxPacketsBefore)
                 - uidRxDeltaPackets;
-        if (deltaTxOtherPackets > 0 || deltaRxOtherPackets > 0) {
+        final long deltaTxOtherPktBytes = (totalTxBytesAfter - totalTxBytesBefore)
+                - uidTxDeltaBytes;
+        final long deltaRxOtherPktBytes  = (totalRxBytesAfter - totalRxBytesBefore)
+                - uidRxDeltaBytes;
+        if (deltaTxOtherPackets != 0 || deltaRxOtherPackets != 0
+                || deltaTxOtherPktBytes != 0 || deltaRxOtherPktBytes != 0) {
             Log.i(LOG_TAG, "lingering traffic data: " + deltaTxOtherPackets + "/"
-                    + deltaRxOtherPackets);
+                    + deltaRxOtherPackets + "/" + deltaTxOtherPktBytes
+                    + "/" + deltaRxOtherPktBytes);
         }
 
         // Check that the per-uid stats obtained from data profiling contain the expected values.
@@ -237,9 +246,9 @@
         final long pktBytes = tcpPacketToIpBytes(packetCount, byteCount);
         final long pktWithNoDataBytes = tcpPacketToIpBytes(packetCount, 0);
         final long minExpExtraPktBytes = tcpPacketToIpBytes(minExpectedExtraPackets, 0);
-        final long maxExpExtraPktBytes = tcpPacketToIpBytes(maxExpectedExtraPackets, 0);
-        final long deltaTxOtherPktBytes = tcpPacketToIpBytes(deltaTxOtherPackets, 0);
-        final long deltaRxOtherPktBytes  = tcpPacketToIpBytes(deltaRxOtherPackets, 0);
+        // Syn/syn-ack has different tcp options, make tcp header 40 for upper bound estimation.
+        final long maxExpExtraPktBytes = tcpPacketToIpBytes(maxExpectedExtraPackets, 8);
+
         assertInRange("txPackets detail", entry.txPackets, packetCount + minExpectedExtraPackets,
                 uidTxDeltaPackets);
         assertInRange("rxPackets detail", entry.rxPackets, packetCount + minExpectedExtraPackets,
@@ -257,32 +266,24 @@
         assertInRange("uidrxb", uidRxDeltaBytes, pktBytes + minExpExtraPktBytes,
                 pktBytes + pktWithNoDataBytes + maxExpExtraPktBytes + deltaRxOtherPktBytes);
         assertInRange("iftxp", ifaceTxDeltaPackets, packetCount + minExpectedExtraPackets,
-                packetCount + packetCount + maxExpectedExtraPackets);
+                packetCount + packetCount + maxExpectedExtraPackets + deltaTxOtherPackets);
         assertInRange("ifrxp", ifaceRxDeltaPackets, packetCount + minExpectedExtraPackets,
-                packetCount + packetCount + maxExpectedExtraPackets);
+                packetCount + packetCount + maxExpectedExtraPackets + deltaRxOtherPackets);
         assertInRange("iftxb", ifaceTxDeltaBytes, pktBytes + minExpExtraPktBytes,
-                pktBytes + pktWithNoDataBytes + maxExpExtraPktBytes);
+                pktBytes + pktWithNoDataBytes + maxExpExtraPktBytes + deltaTxOtherPktBytes);
         assertInRange("ifrxb", ifaceRxDeltaBytes, pktBytes + minExpExtraPktBytes,
-                pktBytes + pktWithNoDataBytes + maxExpExtraPktBytes);
+                pktBytes + pktWithNoDataBytes + maxExpExtraPktBytes + deltaRxOtherPktBytes);
 
         // Localhost traffic *does* count against total stats.
         // Check the total stats increased after test data transfer over localhost has been made.
-        assertTrue("ttxp: " + totalTxPacketsBefore + " -> " + totalTxPacketsAfter,
-                totalTxPacketsAfter >= totalTxPacketsBefore + uidTxDeltaPackets);
-        assertTrue("trxp: " + totalRxPacketsBefore + " -> " + totalRxPacketsAfter,
-                totalRxPacketsAfter >= totalRxPacketsBefore + uidRxDeltaPackets);
-        assertTrue("ttxb: " + totalTxBytesBefore + " -> " + totalTxBytesAfter,
-                totalTxBytesAfter >= totalTxBytesBefore + uidTxDeltaBytes);
-        assertTrue("trxb: " + totalRxBytesBefore + " -> " + totalRxBytesAfter,
-                totalRxBytesAfter >= totalRxBytesBefore + uidRxDeltaBytes);
-        assertTrue("iftxp: " + ifaceTxPacketsBefore + " -> " + ifaceTxPacketsAfter,
-                totalTxPacketsAfter >= totalTxPacketsBefore + ifaceTxDeltaPackets);
-        assertTrue("ifrxp: " + ifaceRxPacketsBefore + " -> " + ifaceRxPacketsAfter,
-                totalRxPacketsAfter >= totalRxPacketsBefore + ifaceRxDeltaPackets);
-        assertTrue("iftxb: " + ifaceTxBytesBefore + " -> " + ifaceTxBytesAfter,
-            totalTxBytesAfter >= totalTxBytesBefore + ifaceTxDeltaBytes);
-        assertTrue("ifrxb: " + ifaceRxBytesBefore + " -> " + ifaceRxBytesAfter,
-            totalRxBytesAfter >= totalRxBytesBefore + ifaceRxDeltaBytes);
+        assertInRange("ttxp", totalTxPacketsAfter,
+                totalTxPacketsBefore + packetCount + minExpectedExtraPackets, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        assertInRange("trxp", totalRxPacketsAfter,
+                totalRxPacketsBefore + packetCount + minExpectedExtraPackets, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        assertInRange("ttxb", totalTxBytesAfter,
+                totalTxBytesBefore + pktBytes + minExpExtraPktBytes, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        assertInRange("trxb", totalRxBytesAfter,
+                totalRxBytesBefore + pktBytes + minExpExtraPktBytes, Long.MAX_VALUE);
 
         // Localhost traffic should *not* count against mobile stats,
         // There might be some other traffic, but nowhere near 1MB.