diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
index e48019c..2e71fda 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
-import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.net.TetherStatesParcel;
 import android.net.TetheredClient;
@@ -1856,8 +1855,11 @@
             final Network newUpstream = (ns != null) ? ns.network : null;
             if (mTetherUpstream != newUpstream) {
                 mTetherUpstream = newUpstream;
-                mUpstreamNetworkMonitor.setCurrentUpstream(mTetherUpstream);
-                reportUpstreamChanged(ns);
+                reportUpstreamChanged(mTetherUpstream);
+                // Need to notify capabilities change after upstream network changed because new
+                // network's capabilities should be checked every time.
+                mNotificationUpdater.onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(
+                        (ns != null) ? ns.networkCapabilities : null);
             }
         }
 
@@ -2085,6 +2087,7 @@
                 if (mTetherUpstream != null) {
                     mTetherUpstream = null;
                     reportUpstreamChanged(null);
+                    mNotificationUpdater.onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(null);
                 }
                 mBpfCoordinator.stopPolling();
             }
@@ -2439,10 +2442,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void reportUpstreamChanged(UpstreamNetworkState ns) {
+    private void reportUpstreamChanged(final Network network) {
         final int length = mTetheringEventCallbacks.beginBroadcast();
-        final Network network = (ns != null) ? ns.network : null;
-        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = (ns != null) ? ns.networkCapabilities : null;
         try {
             for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                 try {
@@ -2454,9 +2455,6 @@
         } finally {
             mTetheringEventCallbacks.finishBroadcast();
         }
-        // Need to notify capabilities change after upstream network changed because new network's
-        // capabilities should be checked every time.
-        mNotificationUpdater.onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(capabilities);
     }
 
     private void reportConfigurationChanged(TetheringConfigurationParcel config) {
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java
index 16c031b..ac2aa7b 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java
@@ -133,8 +133,6 @@
     private boolean mIsDefaultCellularUpstream;
     // The current system default network (not really used yet).
     private Network mDefaultInternetNetwork;
-    // The current upstream network used for tethering.
-    private Network mTetheringUpstreamNetwork;
     private boolean mPreferTestNetworks;
 
     public UpstreamNetworkMonitor(Context ctx, StateMachine tgt, SharedLog log, int what) {
@@ -191,7 +189,6 @@
         releaseCallback(mListenAllCallback);
         mListenAllCallback = null;
 
-        mTetheringUpstreamNetwork = null;
         mNetworkMap.clear();
     }
 
@@ -342,11 +339,6 @@
         return findFirstDunNetwork(mNetworkMap.values());
     }
 
-    /** Tell UpstreamNetworkMonitor which network is the current upstream of tethering. */
-    public void setCurrentUpstream(Network upstream) {
-        mTetheringUpstreamNetwork = upstream;
-    }
-
     /** Return local prefixes. */
     public Set<IpPrefix> getLocalPrefixes() {
         return (Set<IpPrefix>) mLocalPrefixes.clone();
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index f90b3a4..98a3b1d 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -261,6 +261,8 @@
 
     private static final int DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS = 1000;
 
+    private static final Network[] NULL_NETWORK = new Network[] {null};
+
     @Mock private ApplicationInfo mApplicationInfo;
     @Mock private Context mContext;
     @Mock private NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
@@ -303,6 +305,7 @@
     private MockContentResolver mContentResolver;
     private BroadcastReceiver mBroadcastReceiver;
     private Tethering mTethering;
+    private TestTetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
     private PhoneStateListener mPhoneStateListener;
     private InterfaceConfigurationParcel mInterfaceConfiguration;
     private TetheringConfiguration mConfig;
@@ -670,6 +673,7 @@
         verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerNetworkStatsProvider(anyString(), any());
         verify(mNetd).registerUnsolicitedEventListener(any());
         verifyDefaultNetworkRequestFiled();
+        mTetheringEventCallback = registerTetheringEventCallback();
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<PhoneStateListener> phoneListenerCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(PhoneStateListener.class);
@@ -745,6 +749,16 @@
         return request;
     }
 
+    @NonNull
+    private TestTetheringEventCallback registerTetheringEventCallback() {
+        TestTetheringEventCallback callback = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
+        mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        // Pull the first event which is filed immediately after the callback registration.
+        callback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
+        return callback;
+    }
+
     @After
     public void tearDown() {
         mServiceContext.unregisterReceiver(mBroadcastReceiver);
@@ -924,9 +938,9 @@
         // tetherMatchingInterfaces() which starts by fetching all interfaces).
         verify(mNetd, times(1)).interfaceGetList();
 
-        // UpstreamNetworkMonitor should receive selected upstream
+        // Event callback should receive selected upstream
         verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).getCurrentPreferredUpstream();
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setCurrentUpstream(upstreamState.network);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState.network);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1181,7 +1195,7 @@
         verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).getCurrentPreferredUpstream();
         verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).selectPreferredUpstreamType(any());
 
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setCurrentUpstream(upstreamState.network);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState.network);
     }
 
     private void verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(InOrder inOrder) {
@@ -1206,14 +1220,14 @@
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         // Switch upstream to wifi.
         wifi.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, BROADCAST_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
     }
 
     private void verifyAutomaticUpstreamSelection(boolean configAutomatic) throws Exception {
@@ -1230,30 +1244,30 @@
         // Switch upstreams a few times.
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         // Wifi disconnecting should not have any affect since it's not the current upstream.
         wifi.fakeDisconnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         // Lose and regain upstream.
         assertTrue(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor.getCurrentPreferredUpstream().linkProperties
@@ -1263,13 +1277,13 @@
         mobile.fakeDisconnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
 
         mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobile464xlatUpstreamState());
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         // Check the IP addresses to ensure that the upstream is indeed not the same as the previous
         // mobile upstream, even though the netId is (unrealistically) the same.
@@ -1281,13 +1295,13 @@
         mobile.fakeDisconnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
 
         mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         assertTrue(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor.getCurrentPreferredUpstream().linkProperties
                 .hasIPv4Address());
@@ -1328,27 +1342,27 @@
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         wifi.fakeConnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
 
         verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
     }
 
     private void verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(@NonNull final InOrder inOrder,
-            @NonNull final TestNetworkAgent wifi,
-            @NonNull final NetworkCallback currentDunCallack) throws Exception {
+            @NonNull final TestNetworkAgent wifi, @NonNull final NetworkCallback currentDunCallack)
+            throws Exception {
         assertNotNull(currentDunCallack);
 
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
         inOrder.verify(mCm).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(currentDunCallack));
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
     }
 
     @Nullable
@@ -1363,11 +1377,11 @@
                     captor.capture());
             dunNetworkCallback = captor.getValue();
         }
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         if (needToRequestNetwork) {
             assertNotNull(dunNetworkCallback);
@@ -1484,11 +1498,11 @@
         dun.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
         inOrder.verify(mCm, never()).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
         dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
     }
@@ -1543,8 +1557,8 @@
         // automatic mode would request dun again and choose it as upstream.
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback2 =
-                verifyDunUpstream(inOrder, dun, true /* needToRequestNetwork */);
+        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback2 = verifyDunUpstream(inOrder, dun,
+                true /* needToRequestNetwork */);
 
         // [3] When default network switch to wifi and mobile is still connected,
         // unregister dun request and choose wifi as upstream.
@@ -1556,7 +1570,7 @@
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         mobile.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
     }
@@ -1627,19 +1641,19 @@
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         // [6] When mobile is connected and default network switch to mobile, keep dun as upstream.
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         // [7] When mobile is disconnected, keep dun as upstream.
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(null, CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mobile.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
     }
@@ -1670,7 +1684,7 @@
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         // [8] Lose and regain upstream again.
         dun.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
@@ -1714,7 +1728,7 @@
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         // [9] When wifi is connected and default network switch to wifi, unregister dun request
         // and choose wifi as upstream. When dun is disconnected, keep wifi as upstream.
@@ -1724,7 +1738,7 @@
         verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(inOrder, wifi, dunNetworkCallback);
         dun.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         // [10] When mobile and mobile are connected and default network switch to mobile
         // (may have low signal), automatic mode would request dun again and choose it as
@@ -1752,7 +1766,7 @@
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
         // BUG: when wifi disconnect, the dun request would not be filed again because wifi is
         // no longer be default network which do not have CONNECTIVIY_ACTION broadcast.
         wifi.fakeDisconnect();
@@ -1799,20 +1813,21 @@
     }
 
     private void chooseDunUpstreamTestCommon(final boolean automatic, InOrder inOrder,
-            TestNetworkAgent mobile, TestNetworkAgent wifi, TestNetworkAgent dun) throws Exception {
+            TestNetworkAgent mobile, TestNetworkAgent wifi, TestNetworkAgent dun)
+            throws Exception {
         final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback = setupDunUpstreamTest(automatic, inOrder);
 
         // Pretend cellular connected and expect the upstream to be not set.
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         // Pretend dun connected and expect choose dun as upstream.
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         // When wifi connected, unregister dun request and choose wifi as upstream.
         wifi.fakeConnect();
@@ -1821,7 +1836,7 @@
         verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(inOrder, wifi, dunNetworkCallback);
         dun.fakeDisconnect(BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
     }
 
     private void runNcmTethering() {
@@ -2268,7 +2283,7 @@
         mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(Collections.emptyList());
-        callback.expectUpstreamChanged(new Network[] {null});
+        callback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
         callback.expectConfigurationChanged(
                 mTethering.getTetheringConfiguration().toStableParcelable());
         TetherStatesParcel tetherState = callback.pollTetherStatesChanged();
@@ -2316,7 +2331,7 @@
         tetherState = callback2.pollTetherStatesChanged();
         assertArrayEquals(tetherState.availableList, new TetheringInterface[] {wifiIface});
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        callback2.expectUpstreamChanged(new Network[] {null});
+        callback2.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
         callback2.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
     }
@@ -2663,12 +2678,19 @@
     public void testUpstreamNetworkChanged() {
         final Tethering.TetherMainSM stateMachine = (Tethering.TetherMainSM)
                 mTetheringDependencies.mUpstreamNetworkMonitorSM;
+        // Gain upstream.
         final UpstreamNetworkState upstreamState = buildMobileIPv4UpstreamState();
         initTetheringUpstream(upstreamState);
         stateMachine.chooseUpstreamType(true);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState.network);
+        verify(mNotificationUpdater)
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState.networkCapabilities);
 
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setCurrentUpstream(eq(upstreamState.network));
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(1)).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(any());
+        // Lose upstream.
+        initTetheringUpstream(null);
+        stateMachine.chooseUpstreamType(true);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
+        verify(mNotificationUpdater).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(null);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -2682,7 +2704,8 @@
         stateMachine.handleUpstreamNetworkMonitorCallback(EVENT_ON_CAPABILITIES, upstreamState);
         // Should have two onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged().
         // One is called by reportUpstreamChanged(). One is called by EVENT_ON_CAPABILITIES.
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(2)).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(any());
+        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(2))
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState.networkCapabilities);
         reset(mNotificationUpdater);
 
         // Verify that onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged won't be called if not current upstream network
@@ -2695,6 +2718,27 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged_startStopTethering() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
+
+        // Start USB tethering with no current upstream.
+        prepareUsbTethering();
+        sendUsbBroadcast(true, true, TETHER_USB_RNDIS_FUNCTION);
+
+        // Pretend wifi connected and expect the upstream to be set.
+        wifi.fakeConnect();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mNotificationUpdater).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(
+                wifi.networkCapabilities);
+
+        // Stop tethering.
+        // Expect that TetherModeAliveState#exit sends capabilities change notification to null.
+        runStopUSBTethering();
+        verify(mNotificationUpdater).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testDumpTetheringLog() throws Exception {
         final FileDescriptor mockFd = mock(FileDescriptor.class);
         final PrintWriter mockPw = mock(PrintWriter.class);
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
index 49c6ef0..4ad39e1 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
@@ -118,13 +118,15 @@
     private final NsdStateMachine mNsdStateMachine;
     private final MDnsManager mMDnsManager;
     private final MDnsEventCallback mMDnsEventCallback;
-    @Nullable
+    @NonNull
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+    @NonNull
     private final MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient mMdnsSocketClient;
-    @Nullable
+    @NonNull
     private final MdnsDiscoveryManager mMdnsDiscoveryManager;
-    @Nullable
+    @NonNull
     private final MdnsSocketProvider mMdnsSocketProvider;
-    @Nullable
+    @NonNull
     private final MdnsAdvertiser mAdvertiser;
     // WARNING : Accessing these values in any thread is not safe, it must only be changed in the
     // state machine thread. If change this outside state machine, it will need to introduce
@@ -311,21 +313,14 @@
             mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted = true;
         }
 
-        private void maybeStopMonitoringSockets() {
-            if (!mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted) {
-                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Socket monitoring has not been started.");
-                return;
-            }
+        private void maybeStopMonitoringSocketsIfNoActiveRequest() {
+            if (!mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted) return;
+            if (isAnyRequestActive()) return;
+
             mMdnsSocketProvider.stopMonitoringSockets();
             mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted = false;
         }
 
-        private void maybeStopMonitoringSocketsIfNoActiveRequest() {
-            if (!isAnyRequestActive()) {
-                maybeStopMonitoringSockets();
-            }
-        }
-
         NsdStateMachine(String name, Handler handler) {
             super(name, handler);
             addState(mDefaultState);
@@ -362,9 +357,7 @@
                                 mLegacyClientCount -= 1;
                             }
                         }
-                        if (mMdnsDiscoveryManager != null || mAdvertiser != null) {
-                            maybeStopMonitoringSocketsIfNoActiveRequest();
-                        }
+                        maybeStopMonitoringSocketsIfNoActiveRequest();
                         maybeScheduleStop();
                         break;
                     case NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES:
@@ -579,7 +572,7 @@
 
                         final NsdServiceInfo info = args.serviceInfo;
                         id = getUniqueId();
-                        if (mMdnsDiscoveryManager != null) {
+                        if (mDeps.isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(mContext)) {
                             final String serviceType = constructServiceType(info.getServiceType());
                             if (serviceType == null) {
                                 clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesFailed(clientId,
@@ -634,6 +627,9 @@
                             break;
                         }
                         id = request.mGlobalId;
+                        // Note isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled may have changed to false at this
+                        // point, so this needs to check the type of the original request to
+                        // unregister instead of looking at the flag value.
                         if (request instanceof DiscoveryManagerRequest) {
                             final MdnsListener listener =
                                     ((DiscoveryManagerRequest) request).mListener;
@@ -671,7 +667,7 @@
                         }
 
                         id = getUniqueId();
-                        if (mAdvertiser != null) {
+                        if (mDeps.isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled(mContext)) {
                             final NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo = args.serviceInfo;
                             final String serviceType = serviceInfo.getServiceType();
                             final String registerServiceType = constructServiceType(serviceType);
@@ -722,7 +718,10 @@
                         id = request.mGlobalId;
                         removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
 
-                        if (mAdvertiser != null) {
+                        // Note isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled may have changed to false at this point,
+                        // so this needs to check the type of the original request to unregister
+                        // instead of looking at the flag value.
+                        if (request instanceof AdvertiserClientRequest) {
                             mAdvertiser.removeService(id);
                             clientInfo.onUnregisterServiceSucceeded(clientId);
                         } else {
@@ -749,7 +748,7 @@
 
                         final NsdServiceInfo info = args.serviceInfo;
                         id = getUniqueId();
-                        if (mMdnsDiscoveryManager != null) {
+                        if (mDeps.isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(mContext)) {
                             final String serviceType = constructServiceType(info.getServiceType());
                             if (serviceType == null) {
                                 clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(clientId,
@@ -1241,32 +1240,16 @@
         mNsdStateMachine.start();
         mMDnsManager = ctx.getSystemService(MDnsManager.class);
         mMDnsEventCallback = new MDnsEventCallback(mNsdStateMachine);
+        mDeps = deps;
 
-        final boolean discoveryManagerEnabled = deps.isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(ctx);
-        final boolean advertiserEnabled = deps.isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled(ctx);
-        if (discoveryManagerEnabled || advertiserEnabled) {
-            mMdnsSocketProvider = deps.makeMdnsSocketProvider(ctx, handler.getLooper());
-        } else {
-            mMdnsSocketProvider = null;
-        }
-
-        if (discoveryManagerEnabled) {
-            mMdnsSocketClient =
-                    new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider);
-            mMdnsDiscoveryManager =
-                    deps.makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(new ExecutorProvider(), mMdnsSocketClient);
-            handler.post(() -> mMdnsSocketClient.setCallback(mMdnsDiscoveryManager));
-        } else {
-            mMdnsSocketClient = null;
-            mMdnsDiscoveryManager = null;
-        }
-
-        if (advertiserEnabled) {
-            mAdvertiser = deps.makeMdnsAdvertiser(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider,
-                    new AdvertiserCallback());
-        } else {
-            mAdvertiser = null;
-        }
+        mMdnsSocketProvider = deps.makeMdnsSocketProvider(ctx, handler.getLooper());
+        mMdnsSocketClient =
+                new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider);
+        mMdnsDiscoveryManager =
+                deps.makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(new ExecutorProvider(), mMdnsSocketClient);
+        handler.post(() -> mMdnsSocketClient.setCallback(mMdnsDiscoveryManager));
+        mAdvertiser = deps.makeMdnsAdvertiser(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider,
+                new AdvertiserCallback());
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml b/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
index 48d26b8..c94ec27 100644
--- a/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
+++ b/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
      limitations under the License.
 -->
 <configuration description="Runs coverage tests for Connectivity">
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.TestAppInstallSetup">
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
       <option name="test-file-name" value="ConnectivityCoverageTests.apk" />
       <option name="install-arg" value="-t" />
     </target_preparer>
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
index 98a8ed2..a2c4b9b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.compat.testing.PlatformCompatChangeRule;
@@ -170,6 +171,9 @@
         doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).resolve(
                 anyInt(), anyString(), anyString(), anyString(), anyInt());
         doReturn(false).when(mDeps).isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(any(Context.class));
+        doReturn(mDiscoveryManager).when(mDeps).makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(any(), any());
+        doReturn(mSocketProvider).when(mDeps).makeMdnsSocketProvider(any(), any());
+        doReturn(mAdvertiser).when(mDeps).makeMdnsAdvertiser(any(), any(), any());
 
         mService = makeService();
     }
@@ -824,40 +828,50 @@
                 client.unregisterServiceInfoCallback(serviceInfoCallback));
     }
 
-    private void makeServiceWithMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled() {
+    private void setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled() {
         doReturn(true).when(mDeps).isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(any(Context.class));
-        doReturn(mDiscoveryManager).when(mDeps).makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(any(), any());
-        doReturn(mSocketProvider).when(mDeps).makeMdnsSocketProvider(any(), any());
-
-        mService = makeService();
-        verify(mDeps).makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(any(), any());
-        verify(mDeps).makeMdnsSocketProvider(any(), any());
     }
 
-    private void makeServiceWithMdnsAdvertiserEnabled() {
+    private void setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled() {
         doReturn(true).when(mDeps).isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled(any(Context.class));
-        doReturn(mAdvertiser).when(mDeps).makeMdnsAdvertiser(any(), any(), any());
-        doReturn(mSocketProvider).when(mDeps).makeMdnsSocketProvider(any(), any());
-
-        mService = makeService();
-        verify(mDeps).makeMdnsAdvertiser(any(), any(), any());
-        verify(mDeps).makeMdnsSocketProvider(any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testMdnsDiscoveryManagerFeature() {
         // Create NsdService w/o feature enabled.
-        connectClient(mService);
-        verify(mDeps, never()).makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(any(), any());
-        verify(mDeps, never()).makeMdnsSocketProvider(any(), any());
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final DiscoveryListener discListenerWithoutFeature = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, discListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
 
-        // Create NsdService again w/ feature enabled.
-        makeServiceWithMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> legacyIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(legacyIdCaptor.capture(), any(), anyInt());
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mDiscoveryManager);
+
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+        final DiscoveryListener discListenerWithFeature = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, discListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceBrowserListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsServiceBrowserListener.class);
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(eq(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain),
+                listenerCaptor.capture(), any());
+
+        client.stopServiceDiscovery(discListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(legacyIdCaptor.getValue());
+
+        client.stopServiceDiscovery(discListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).unregisterListener(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain,
+                listenerCaptor.getValue());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testDiscoveryWithMdnsDiscoveryManager() {
-        makeServiceWithMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
 
         final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
         final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
@@ -922,7 +936,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testDiscoveryWithMdnsDiscoveryManager_FailedWithInvalidServiceType() {
-        makeServiceWithMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
 
         final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
         final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
@@ -951,7 +965,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testResolutionWithMdnsDiscoveryManager() throws UnknownHostException {
-        makeServiceWithMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
 
         final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
         final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
@@ -1005,8 +1019,43 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testMdnsAdvertiserFeatureFlagging() {
+        // Create NsdService w/o feature enabled.
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo regInfo = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        regInfo.setHost(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"));
+        regInfo.setPort(12345);
+        final RegistrationListener regListenerWithoutFeature = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        client.registerService(regInfo, PROTOCOL, regListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> legacyIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerService(legacyIdCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), anyInt(),
+                any(), anyInt());
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mAdvertiser);
+
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+        final RegistrationListener regListenerWithFeature = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        client.registerService(regInfo, PROTOCOL, regListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> serviceIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mAdvertiser).addService(serviceIdCaptor.capture(),
+                argThat(info -> matches(info, regInfo)));
+
+        client.unregisterService(regListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(legacyIdCaptor.getValue());
+        verify(mAdvertiser, never()).removeService(anyInt());
+
+        client.unregisterService(regListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mAdvertiser).removeService(serviceIdCaptor.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testAdvertiseWithMdnsAdvertiser() {
-        makeServiceWithMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
 
         final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
         final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
@@ -1045,7 +1094,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testAdvertiseWithMdnsAdvertiser_FailedWithInvalidServiceType() {
-        makeServiceWithMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
 
         final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
         final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
@@ -1070,7 +1119,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testAdvertiseWithMdnsAdvertiser_LongServiceName() {
-        makeServiceWithMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
 
         final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
         final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);