diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
index 9017f1b..b67acca 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
@@ -269,10 +269,9 @@
             history.add(OnSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated(thresholds))
         }
 
-        fun expectEmptySignalStrengths() {
+        fun expectSignalStrengths(thresholds: IntArray? = intArrayOf()) {
             expectCallback<OnSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated>().let {
-                // intArrayOf() without arguments makes an empty array
-                assertArrayEquals(intArrayOf(), it.thresholds)
+                assertArrayEquals(thresholds, it.thresholds)
             }
         }
 
@@ -292,7 +291,7 @@
         // a NetworkAgent whose network does not require validation (which test networks do
         // not, since they lack the INTERNET capability). It always contains the default argument
         // for the URI.
-        fun expectNoInternetValidationStatus() = expectCallback<OnValidationStatus>().let {
+        fun expectValidationBypassedStatus() = expectCallback<OnValidationStatus>().let {
             assertEquals(it.status, VALID_NETWORK)
             // The returned Uri is parsed from the empty string, which means it's an
             // instance of the (private) Uri.StringUri. There are no real good ways
@@ -332,9 +331,21 @@
         callbacksToCleanUp.add(callback)
     }
 
+    private fun makeTestNetworkRequest(specifier: String? = null): NetworkRequest {
+        return NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                .also {
+                    if (specifier != null) {
+                        it.setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(specifier))
+                    }
+                }
+                .build()
+    }
+
     private fun createNetworkAgent(
         context: Context = realContext,
-        name: String? = null,
+        specifier: String? = null,
         initialNc: NetworkCapabilities? = null,
         initialLp: LinkProperties? = null,
         initialConfig: NetworkAgentConfig? = null
@@ -349,8 +360,8 @@
             if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) {
                 addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
             }
-            if (null != name) {
-                setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(name))
+            if (null != specifier) {
+                setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(specifier))
             }
         }
         val lp = initialLp ?: LinkProperties().apply {
@@ -365,21 +376,22 @@
 
     private fun createConnectedNetworkAgent(
         context: Context = realContext,
-        name: String? = null,
-        initialConfig: NetworkAgentConfig? = null
+        specifier: String? = UUID.randomUUID().toString(),
+        initialConfig: NetworkAgentConfig? = null,
+        expectedInitSignalStrengthThresholds: IntArray? = intArrayOf()
     ): Pair<TestableNetworkAgent, TestableNetworkCallback> {
-        val request: NetworkRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .build()
         val callback = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        requestNetwork(request, callback)
-        val config = initialConfig ?: NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build()
-        val agent = createNetworkAgent(context, name, initialConfig = config)
+        // Ensure this NetworkAgent is never unneeded by filing a request with its specifier.
+        requestNetwork(makeTestNetworkRequest(specifier = specifier), callback)
+        val agent = createNetworkAgent(context, specifier, initialConfig = initialConfig)
         agent.setTeardownDelayMillis(0)
+        // Connect the agent and verify initial status callbacks.
         agent.register()
         agent.markConnected()
         agent.expectCallback<OnNetworkCreated>()
+        agent.expectSignalStrengths(expectedInitSignalStrengthThresholds)
+        agent.expectValidationBypassedStatus()
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network!!)
         return agent to callback
     }
 
@@ -413,7 +425,6 @@
                 .setLegacySubType(subtypeLTE)
                 .setLegacySubTypeName(subtypeNameLTE).build()
         val (agent, callback) = createConnectedNetworkAgent(initialConfig = config)
-            callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network)
             agent.setLegacySubtype(subtypeUMTS, subtypeNameUMTS)
 
             // There is no callback when networkInfo changes,
@@ -433,12 +444,8 @@
     @Test
     fun testConnectAndUnregister() {
         val (agent, callback) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network)
-        agent.expectEmptySignalStrengths()
-        agent.expectNoInternetValidationStatus()
-
         unregister(agent)
-        callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network)
+        callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network!!)
         assertFailsWith<IllegalStateException>("Must not be able to register an agent twice") {
             agent.register()
         }
@@ -446,11 +453,8 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testOnBandwidthUpdateRequested() {
-        val (agent, callback) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network)
-        agent.expectEmptySignalStrengths()
-        agent.expectNoInternetValidationStatus()
-        mCM.requestBandwidthUpdate(agent.network)
+        val (agent, _) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
+        mCM.requestBandwidthUpdate(agent.network!!)
         agent.expectCallback<OnBandwidthUpdateRequested>()
         unregister(agent)
     }
@@ -468,13 +472,8 @@
                 registerNetworkCallback(request, it)
             }
         }
-        createConnectedNetworkAgent().let { (agent, callback) ->
-            callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network)
-            agent.expectCallback<OnSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated>().let {
-                assertArrayEquals(it.thresholds, thresholds)
-            }
-            agent.expectNoInternetValidationStatus()
-
+        createConnectedNetworkAgent(expectedInitSignalStrengthThresholds = thresholds).let {
+            (agent, callback) ->
             // Send signal strength and check that the callbacks are called appropriately.
             val nc = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
             nc.setSignalStrength(20)
@@ -483,21 +482,21 @@
 
             nc.setSignalStrength(40)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-            callbacks[0].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network)
+            callbacks[0].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network!!)
             callbacks[1].assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
             callbacks[2].assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
 
             nc.setSignalStrength(80)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-            callbacks[0].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network) { it.signalStrength == 80 }
-            callbacks[1].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network)
-            callbacks[2].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network)
+            callbacks[0].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) { it.signalStrength == 80 }
+            callbacks[1].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network!!)
+            callbacks[2].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network!!)
 
             nc.setSignalStrength(55)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-            callbacks[0].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
-            callbacks[1].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
-            callbacks[2].expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network)
+            callbacks[0].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
+            callbacks[1].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
+            callbacks[2].expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network!!)
         }
         callbacks.forEach {
             mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(it)
@@ -546,20 +545,17 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testSendUpdates(): Unit = createConnectedNetworkAgent().let { (agent, callback) ->
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network)
-        agent.expectEmptySignalStrengths()
-        agent.expectNoInternetValidationStatus()
         val ifaceName = "adhocIface"
         val lp = LinkProperties(agent.lp)
         lp.setInterfaceName(ifaceName)
         agent.sendLinkProperties(lp)
-        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(agent.network) {
+        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(agent.network!!) {
             it.getInterfaceName() == ifaceName
         }
         val nc = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
         nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
         agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network) {
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
             it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
         }
     }
@@ -568,56 +564,32 @@
     fun testSendScore() {
         // This test will create two networks and check that the one with the stronger
         // score wins out for a request that matches them both.
-        // First create requests to make sure both networks are kept up, using the
-        // specifier so they are specific to each network
-        val name1 = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
-        val name2 = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
-        val request1 = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(name1))
-                .build()
-        val request2 = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(name2))
-                .build()
-        val callback1 = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        val callback2 = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        requestNetwork(request1, callback1)
-        requestNetwork(request2, callback2)
 
-        // Then file the interesting request
-        val request = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .build()
+        // File the interesting request
         val callback = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        requestNetwork(request, callback)
+        requestNetwork(makeTestNetworkRequest(), callback)
 
-        // Connect the first Network
-        createConnectedNetworkAgent(name = name1).let { (agent1, _) ->
-            callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1.network)
-            // If using the int ranking, agent1 must be upgraded to a better score so that there is
-            // no ambiguity when agent2 connects that agent1 is still better. If using policy
-            // ranking, this is not necessary.
-            agent1.sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(BETTER_NETWORK_SCORE)
-                    .build())
-            // Connect the second agent
-            createConnectedNetworkAgent(name = name2).let { (agent2, _) ->
-                agent2.markConnected()
-                // The callback should not see anything yet. With int ranking, agent1 was upgraded
-                // to a stronger score beforehand. With policy ranking, agent1 is preferred by
-                // virtue of already satisfying the request.
-                callback.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
-                // Now downgrade the score and expect the callback now prefers agent2
-                agent1.sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore.Builder()
-                        .setLegacyInt(WORSE_NETWORK_SCORE)
-                        .setExiting(true)
-                        .build())
-                callback.expectCallback<Available>(agent2.network)
-            }
-        }
+        // Connect the first Network, with an unused callback that kept the network up.
+        val (agent1, _) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1.network!!)
+        // If using the int ranking, agent1 must be upgraded to a better score so that there is
+        // no ambiguity when agent2 connects that agent1 is still better. If using policy
+        // ranking, this is not necessary.
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(BETTER_NETWORK_SCORE)
+                .build())
+
+        // Connect the second agent.
+        val (agent2, _) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
+        // The callback should not see anything yet. With int ranking, agent1 was upgraded
+        // to a stronger score beforehand. With policy ranking, agent1 is preferred by
+        // virtue of already satisfying the request.
+        callback.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        // Now downgrade the score and expect the callback now prefers agent2
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore.Builder()
+                .setLegacyInt(WORSE_NETWORK_SCORE)
+                .setExiting(true)
+                .build())
+        callback.expectCallback<Available>(agent2.network!!)
 
         // tearDown() will unregister the requests and agents
     }
@@ -658,7 +630,7 @@
         callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network!!)
 
         // Check that the default network's transport is propagated to the VPN.
-        var vpnNc = mCM.getNetworkCapabilities(agent.network)
+        var vpnNc = mCM.getNetworkCapabilities(agent.network!!)
         assertNotNull(vpnNc)
         assertEquals(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE,
                 (vpnNc.transportInfo as VpnTransportInfo).type)
@@ -690,7 +662,7 @@
         // This is not very accurate because the test does not control the capabilities of the
         // underlying networks, and because not congested, not roaming, and not suspended are the
         // default anyway. It's still useful as an extra check though.
-        vpnNc = mCM.getNetworkCapabilities(agent.network)
+        vpnNc = mCM.getNetworkCapabilities(agent.network!!)
         for (cap in listOf(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED,
                 NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING,
                 NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)) {
@@ -701,7 +673,7 @@
         }
 
         unregister(agent)
-        callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network)
+        callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network!!)
     }
 
     private fun unregister(agent: TestableNetworkAgent) {
@@ -789,43 +761,24 @@
     fun testTemporarilyUnmeteredCapability() {
         // This test will create a networks with/without NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED
         // and check that the callback reflects the capability changes.
-        // First create a request to make sure the network is kept up
-        val request1 = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .build()
-        val callback1 = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS).also {
-            registerNetworkCallback(request1, it)
-        }
-        requestNetwork(request1, callback1)
-
-        // Then file the interesting request
-        val request = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .build()
-        val callback = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        requestNetwork(request, callback)
 
         // Connect the network
-        createConnectedNetworkAgent().let { (agent, _) ->
-            callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network)
+        val (agent, callback) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
 
-            // Send TEMP_NOT_METERED and check that the callback is called appropriately.
-            val nc1 = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
-                    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
-            agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc1)
-            callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network) {
-                it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
-            }
+        // Send TEMP_NOT_METERED and check that the callback is called appropriately.
+        val nc1 = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
+        agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc1)
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
+            it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
+        }
 
-            // Remove TEMP_NOT_METERED and check that the callback is called appropriately.
-            val nc2 = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
-                    .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
-            agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc2)
-            callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network) {
-                !it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
-            }
+        // Remove TEMP_NOT_METERED and check that the callback is called appropriately.
+        val nc2 = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
+        agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc2)
+        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
+            !it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
         }
 
         // tearDown() will unregister the requests and agents
@@ -838,85 +791,78 @@
         // score wins out for a request that matches them both. And the weaker agent will
         // be disconnected after customized linger duration.
 
-        // Connect the first Network
-        val name1 = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
-        val name2 = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
-        val (agent1, callback) = createConnectedNetworkAgent(name = name1)
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1.network!!)
-        // Downgrade agent1 to a worse score so that there is no ambiguity when
-        // agent2 connects.
-        agent1.sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(WORSE_NETWORK_SCORE)
+        // Request the first Network, with a request that could moved to agentStronger in order to
+        // make agentWeaker linger later.
+        val specifierWeaker = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
+        val specifierStronger = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
+        val commonCallback = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        requestNetwork(makeTestNetworkRequest(), commonCallback)
+        val agentWeaker = createNetworkAgent(specifier = specifierWeaker)
+        agentWeaker.register()
+        agentWeaker.markConnected()
+        commonCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agentWeaker.network!!)
+        // Downgrade agentWeaker to a worse score so that there is no ambiguity when
+        // agentStronger connects.
+        agentWeaker.sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(WORSE_NETWORK_SCORE)
                 .setExiting(true).build())
 
         // Verify invalid linger duration cannot be set.
         assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
-            agent1.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(-1))
+            agentWeaker.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(-1))
         }
-        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> { agent1.setLingerDuration(Duration.ZERO) }
+        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> { agentWeaker.setLingerDuration(Duration.ZERO) }
         assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
-            agent1.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(Integer.MIN_VALUE.toLong()))
+            agentWeaker.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(Integer.MIN_VALUE.toLong()))
         }
         assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
-            agent1.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(Integer.MAX_VALUE.toLong() + 1))
+            agentWeaker.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(Integer.MAX_VALUE.toLong() + 1))
         }
         assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
-            agent1.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(
+            agentWeaker.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(
                     NetworkAgent.MIN_LINGER_TIMER_MS.toLong() - 1))
         }
         // Verify valid linger timer can be set, but it should not take effect since the network
         // is still needed.
-        agent1.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(Integer.MAX_VALUE.toLong()))
-        callback.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        agentWeaker.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(Integer.MAX_VALUE.toLong()))
+        commonCallback.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
         // Set to the value we want to verify the functionality.
-        agent1.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(NetworkAgent.MIN_LINGER_TIMER_MS.toLong()))
-        // Make a listener which can observe agent1 lost later.
+        agentWeaker.setLingerDuration(Duration.ofMillis(NetworkAgent.MIN_LINGER_TIMER_MS.toLong()))
+        // Make a listener which can observe agentWeaker lost later.
         val callbackWeaker = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
         registerNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .clearCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(name1))
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(specifierWeaker))
                 .build(), callbackWeaker)
-        callbackWeaker.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent1.network!!)
+        callbackWeaker.expectAvailableCallbacks(agentWeaker.network!!)
 
-        // Connect the second agent with a score better than agent1. Verify the callback for
-        // agent1 sees the linger expiry while the callback for both sees the winner.
+        // Connect the agentStronger with a score better than agentWeaker. Verify the callback for
+        // agentWeaker sees the linger expiry while the callback for both sees the winner.
         // Record linger start timestamp prior to send score to prevent possible race, the actual
         // timestamp should be slightly late than this since the service handles update
         // network score asynchronously.
         val lingerStart = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
-        val agent2 = createNetworkAgent(name = name2)
-        agent2.register()
-        agent2.markConnected()
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent2.network!!)
-        callbackWeaker.expectCallback<Losing>(agent1.network!!)
+        val agentStronger = createNetworkAgent(specifier = specifierStronger)
+        agentStronger.register()
+        agentStronger.markConnected()
+        commonCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(agentStronger.network!!)
+        callbackWeaker.expectCallback<Losing>(agentWeaker.network!!)
         val expectedRemainingLingerDuration = lingerStart +
                 NetworkAgent.MIN_LINGER_TIMER_MS.toLong() - SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
         // If the available callback is too late. The remaining duration will be reduced.
         assertTrue(expectedRemainingLingerDuration > 0,
                 "expected remaining linger duration is $expectedRemainingLingerDuration")
         callbackWeaker.assertNoCallback(expectedRemainingLingerDuration)
-        callbackWeaker.expectCallback<Lost>(agent1.network!!)
+        callbackWeaker.expectCallback<Lost>(agentWeaker.network!!)
     }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     fun testSetSubscriberId() {
-        val name = "TEST-AGENT"
         val imsi = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
         val config = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().setSubscriberId(imsi).build()
 
-        val request: NetworkRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .setNetworkSpecifier(CompatUtil.makeEthernetNetworkSpecifier(name))
-                .build()
-        val callback = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        requestNetwork(request, callback)
-
-        val agent = createNetworkAgent(name = name, initialConfig = config)
-        agent.register()
-        agent.markConnected()
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network!!)
+        val (agent, _) = createConnectedNetworkAgent(initialConfig = config)
         val snapshots = runWithShellPermissionIdentity(ThrowingSupplier {
                 mCM!!.allNetworkStateSnapshots }, NETWORK_SETTINGS)
         val testNetworkSnapshot = snapshots.findLast { it.network == agent.network }