diff --git a/Cronet/OWNERS b/Cronet/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62c5737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+set noparent
+file:platform/packages/modules/Connectivity:master:/OWNERS_core_networking
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/OWNERS b/Cronet/tests/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acb6ee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Bug component: 31808
+
+set noparent
+file:platform/packages/modules/Connectivity:master:/OWNERS_core_networking_xts
+
+# TODO: Temp ownership to develop cronet CTS
+colibie@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
+prohr@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/common/Android.bp b/Cronet/tests/common/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d2f6e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/common/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+// Tests in this folder are included both in unit tests and CTS.
+// They must be fast and stable, and exercise public or test APIs.
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+// TODO: Consider merging with ConnectivityCoverageTests which is a collection of all
+// Connectivity tests being used for coverage. This will depend on how far we decide to
+// go with merging NetHttp and Tethering targets.
+android_test {
+    name: "NetHttpCoverageTests",
+    defaults: ["CronetTestJavaDefaults"],
+    enforce_default_target_sdk_version: true,
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "modules-utils-native-coverage-listener",
+        "CtsNetHttpTestsLib",
+        "NetHttpTestsLibPreJarJar",
+    ],
+    jarjar_rules: ":net-http-test-jarjar-rules",
+    compile_multilib: "both", // Include both the 32 and 64 bit versions
+    jni_libs: [
+       "cronet_aml_components_cronet_android_cronet_tests__testing"
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/common/AndroidManifest.xml b/Cronet/tests/common/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b00fc90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/common/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+          xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
+          package="com.android.net.http.tests.coverage">
+
+    <!-- NetHttpCoverageTests combines CtsNetHttpTestCases and NetHttpTests targets,
+     so permissions and others are declared in their respective manifests -->
+    <application tools:replace="android:label"
+                 android:label="NetHttp coverage tests">
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
+    </application>
+    <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+                     android:targetPackage="com.android.net.http.tests.coverage"
+                     android:label="NetHttp coverage tests">
+    </instrumentation>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/common/AndroidTest.xml b/Cronet/tests/common/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ac418f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/common/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+<configuration description="Runs coverage tests for NetHttp">
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="NetHttpCoverageTests.apk" />
+        <option name="install-arg" value="-t" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <option name="test-tag" value="NetHttpCoverageTests" />
+    <!-- Tethering/Connectivity is a SDK 30+ module -->
+    <!-- TODO Switch back to Sdk30 when b/270049141 is fixed -->
+    <object type="module_controller"
+            class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.Sdk31ModuleController" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="mainline-param"
+            value="CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex" />
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
+        <option name="package" value="com.android.net.http.tests.coverage" />
+        <option name="runner" value="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" />
+        <option name="hidden-api-checks" value="false"/>
+        <option
+            name="device-listeners"
+            value="com.android.modules.utils.testing.NativeCoverageHackInstrumentationListener" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/Android.bp b/Cronet/tests/cts/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22eccf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+// cronet_test_java_defaults can be used to specify a java_defaults target that
+// either enables or disables Cronet tests. This is used to disable Cronet
+// tests on tm-mainline-prod where the required APIs are not present.
+cronet_test_java_defaults = "CronetTestJavaDefaultsEnabled"
+// This is a placeholder comment to avoid merge conflicts
+// as cronet_test_java_defaults may have different values
+// depending on the branch
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CronetTestJavaDefaultsEnabled",
+    enabled: true,
+    // TODO(danstahr): move to unconditional static_libs once the T branch is abandoned
+    static_libs: [
+        "truth",
+    ],
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CronetTestJavaDefaultsDisabled",
+    enabled: false,
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CronetTestJavaDefaults",
+    defaults: [cronet_test_java_defaults],
+}
+
+android_library {
+    name: "CtsNetHttpTestsLib",
+    defaults: [
+        "cts_defaults",
+        "CronetTestJavaDefaults",
+    ],
+    sdk_version: "test_current",
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/*.java",
+        "src/**/*.kt",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "androidx.test.ext.junit",
+        "ctstestrunner-axt",
+        "ctstestserver",
+        "junit",
+        "hamcrest-library",
+        "kotlin-test",
+        "mockito-target",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "android.test.base",
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+        "framework-connectivity",
+        "org.apache.http.legacy",
+    ],
+    lint: { test: true }
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "CtsNetHttpTestCases",
+    defaults: [
+        "cts_defaults",
+        "CronetTestJavaDefaults",
+    ],
+    sdk_version: "test_current",
+    static_libs: ["CtsNetHttpTestsLib"],
+    // Tag this as a cts test artifact
+    test_suites: [
+        "cts",
+        "general-tests",
+        "mts-tethering"
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/AndroidManifest.xml b/Cronet/tests/cts/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26900b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+-->
+
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+          package="android.net.http.cts">
+
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE"/>
+
+    <application android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config">
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>
+    </application>
+
+    <instrumentation
+        android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+        android:targetPackage="android.net.http.cts"
+        android:label="CTS tests of android.net.http">
+    </instrumentation>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/AndroidTest.xml b/Cronet/tests/cts/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0421fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+<configuration description="Config for CTS Cronet test cases">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="cts" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="component" value="networking" />
+    <!-- Instant apps cannot create sockets. See b/264248246 -->
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="not_instant_app" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="multi_abi" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
+        <option name="cleanup-apks" value="true" />
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="CtsNetHttpTestCases.apk" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
+        <option name="package" value="android.net.http.cts" />
+        <option name="runtime-hint" value="10s" />
+    </test>
+
+    <!-- Only run CtsNetHttpTestCases in MTS if the Tethering Mainline module is installed. -->
+    <object type="module_controller"
+            class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.MainlineTestModuleController">
+        <option name="mainline-module-package-name" value="com.google.android.tethering" />
+    </object>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/assets/html/hello_world.html b/Cronet/tests/cts/assets/html/hello_world.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea62ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/assets/html/hello_world.html
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>hello world</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h3>hello world</h3><br>
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/res/xml/network_security_config.xml b/Cronet/tests/cts/res/xml/network_security_config.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d7530b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/res/xml/network_security_config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+
+<network-security-config>
+    <domain-config cleartextTrafficPermitted="true">
+        <domain includeSubdomains="true">localhost</domain>
+    </domain-config>
+</network-security-config>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/BidirectionalStreamTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/BidirectionalStreamTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bead1f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/BidirectionalStreamTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.http.BidirectionalStream
+import android.net.http.HttpEngine
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestBidirectionalStreamCallback
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestBidirectionalStreamCallback.ResponseStep
+import android.net.http.cts.util.assumeOKStatusCode
+import android.net.http.cts.util.skipIfNoInternetConnection
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val URL = "https://source.android.com"
+
+/**
+ * This tests uses a non-hermetic server. Instead of asserting, assume the next callback. This way,
+ * if the request were to fail, the test would just be skipped instead of failing.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class BidirectionalStreamTest {
+    private val context: Context = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext()
+    private val callback = TestBidirectionalStreamCallback()
+    private val httpEngine = HttpEngine.Builder(context).build()
+    private var stream: BidirectionalStream? = null
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        skipIfNoInternetConnection(context)
+    }
+
+    @After
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    fun tearDown() {
+        // cancel active requests to enable engine shutdown.
+        stream?.let {
+            it.cancel()
+            callback.blockForDone()
+        }
+        httpEngine.shutdown()
+    }
+
+    private fun createBidirectionalStreamBuilder(url: String): BidirectionalStream.Builder {
+        return httpEngine.newBidirectionalStreamBuilder(url, callback.executor, callback)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    fun testBidirectionalStream_GetStream_CompletesSuccessfully() {
+        stream = createBidirectionalStreamBuilder(URL).setHttpMethod("GET").build()
+        stream!!.start()
+        callback.assumeCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED)
+        val info = callback.mResponseInfo
+        assumeOKStatusCode(info)
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            "Received byte count must be > 0", info.receivedByteCount, Matchers.greaterThan(0L))
+        assertEquals("h2", info.negotiatedProtocol)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/CallbackExceptionTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/CallbackExceptionTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..749389e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/CallbackExceptionTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.http.CallbackException
+import android.net.http.HttpEngine
+import android.net.http.cts.util.HttpCtsTestServer
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback.FailureType
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback.ResponseStep
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertIs
+import kotlin.test.assertSame
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class CallbackExceptionTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCallbackException_returnsInputParameters() {
+        val message = "failed"
+        val cause = Throwable("exception")
+        val callbackException = object : CallbackException(message, cause) {}
+
+        assertEquals(message, callbackException.message)
+        assertSame(cause, callbackException.cause)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testCallbackException_thrownFromUrlRequest() {
+        val context: Context = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext()
+        val server = HttpCtsTestServer(context)
+        val httpEngine = HttpEngine.Builder(context).build()
+        val callback = TestUrlRequestCallback()
+        callback.setFailure(FailureType.THROW_SYNC, ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED)
+        val request = httpEngine
+            .newUrlRequestBuilder(server.successUrl, callback.executor, callback)
+            .build()
+
+        request.start()
+        callback.blockForDone()
+
+        assertTrue(request.isDone)
+        assertIs<CallbackException>(callback.mError)
+        server.shutdown()
+        httpEngine.shutdown()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/ConnectionMigrationOptionsTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/ConnectionMigrationOptionsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..219db61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/ConnectionMigrationOptionsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions
+import android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions.MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED
+import android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions.MIGRATION_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class ConnectionMigrationOptionsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConnectionMigrationOptions_defaultValues() {
+        val options =
+                ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder().build()
+
+        assertEquals(MIGRATION_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.allowNonDefaultNetworkUsage)
+        assertEquals(MIGRATION_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.defaultNetworkMigration)
+        assertEquals(MIGRATION_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.pathDegradationMigration)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConnectionMigrationOptions_enableDefaultNetworkMigration_returnSetValue() {
+        val options =
+            ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder()
+                    .setDefaultNetworkMigration(MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                    .build()
+
+        assertEquals(MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED, options.defaultNetworkMigration)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConnectionMigrationOptions_enablePathDegradationMigration_returnSetValue() {
+        val options =
+            ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder()
+                    .setPathDegradationMigration(MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                    .build()
+
+        assertEquals(MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED, options.pathDegradationMigration)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConnectionMigrationOptions_allowNonDefaultNetworkUsage_returnSetValue() {
+        val options =
+                ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder()
+                        .setAllowNonDefaultNetworkUsage(MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED).build()
+
+        assertEquals(MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED, options.allowNonDefaultNetworkUsage)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/DnsOptionsTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/DnsOptionsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f4a979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/DnsOptionsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.net.http.DnsOptions
+import android.net.http.DnsOptions.DNS_OPTION_ENABLED
+import android.net.http.DnsOptions.DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import java.time.Duration
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
+import kotlin.test.assertNull
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class DnsOptionsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDnsOptions_defaultValues() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.Builder().build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.persistHostCache)
+        assertNull(options.persistHostCachePeriod)
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.staleDns)
+        assertNull(options.staleDnsOptions)
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.useHttpStackDnsResolver)
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED,
+                options.preestablishConnectionsToStaleDnsResults)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDnsOptions_persistHostCache_returnSetValue() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setPersistHostCache(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED, options.persistHostCache)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDnsOptions_persistHostCachePeriod_returnSetValue() {
+        val period = Duration.ofMillis(12345)
+        val options = DnsOptions.Builder().setPersistHostCachePeriod(period).build()
+
+        assertEquals(period, options.persistHostCachePeriod)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDnsOptions_enableStaleDns_returnSetValue() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setStaleDns(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED, options.staleDns)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDnsOptions_useHttpStackDnsResolver_returnsSetValue() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setUseHttpStackDnsResolver(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED, options.useHttpStackDnsResolver)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDnsOptions_preestablishConnectionsToStaleDnsResults_returnsSetValue() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setPreestablishConnectionsToStaleDnsResults(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED,
+                options.preestablishConnectionsToStaleDnsResults)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDnsOptions_setStaleDnsOptions_returnsSetValues() {
+        val staleOptions = DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setAllowCrossNetworkUsage(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                .setFreshLookupTimeout(Duration.ofMillis(1234))
+                .build()
+        val options = DnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setStaleDns(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                .setStaleDnsOptions(staleOptions)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED, options.staleDns)
+        assertEquals(staleOptions, options.staleDnsOptions)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStaleDnsOptions_defaultValues() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder().build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.allowCrossNetworkUsage)
+        assertNull(options.freshLookupTimeout)
+        assertNull(options.maxExpiredDelay)
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED, options.useStaleOnNameNotResolved)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStaleDnsOptions_allowCrossNetworkUsage_returnsSetValue() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setAllowCrossNetworkUsage(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED).build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED, options.allowCrossNetworkUsage)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStaleDnsOptions_freshLookupTimeout_returnsSetValue() {
+        val duration = Duration.ofMillis(12345)
+        val options = DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder().setFreshLookupTimeout(duration).build()
+
+        assertNotNull(options.freshLookupTimeout)
+        assertEquals(duration, options.freshLookupTimeout!!)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStaleDnsOptions_useStaleOnNameNotResolved_returnsSetValue() {
+        val options = DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder()
+                .setUseStaleOnNameNotResolved(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(DNS_OPTION_ENABLED, options.useStaleOnNameNotResolved)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStaleDnsOptions_maxExpiredDelayMillis_returnsSetValue() {
+        val duration = Duration.ofMillis(12345)
+        val options = DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder().setMaxExpiredDelay(duration).build()
+
+        assertNotNull(options.maxExpiredDelay)
+        assertEquals(duration, options.maxExpiredDelay!!)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/HttpEngineTest.java b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/HttpEngineTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31990fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/HttpEngineTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts;
+
+import static android.net.http.cts.util.TestUtilsKt.assertOKStatusCode;
+import static android.net.http.cts.util.TestUtilsKt.assumeOKStatusCode;
+import static android.net.http.cts.util.TestUtilsKt.skipIfNoInternetConnection;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions;
+import android.net.http.DnsOptions;
+import android.net.http.HttpEngine;
+import android.net.http.QuicOptions;
+import android.net.http.UrlRequest;
+import android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.HttpCtsTestServer;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback.ResponseStep;
+
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class HttpEngineTest {
+    private static final String HOST = "source.android.com";
+    private static final String URL = "https://" + HOST;
+
+    private HttpEngine.Builder mEngineBuilder;
+    private TestUrlRequestCallback mCallback;
+    private HttpCtsTestServer mTestServer;
+    private UrlRequest mRequest;
+    private HttpEngine mEngine;
+    private Context mContext;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mContext = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
+        skipIfNoInternetConnection(mContext);
+        mEngineBuilder = new HttpEngine.Builder(mContext);
+        mCallback = new TestUrlRequestCallback();
+        mTestServer = new HttpCtsTestServer(mContext);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        if (mRequest != null) {
+            mRequest.cancel();
+            mCallback.blockForDone();
+        }
+        if (mEngine != null) {
+            mEngine.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (mTestServer != null) {
+            mTestServer.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isQuic(String negotiatedProtocol) {
+        return negotiatedProtocol.startsWith("http/2+quic") || negotiatedProtocol.startsWith("h3");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_Default() throws Exception {
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.build();
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(URL, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        // This tests uses a non-hermetic server. Instead of asserting, assume the next callback.
+        // This way, if the request were to fail, the test would just be skipped instead of failing.
+        mCallback.assumeCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+        assertEquals("h2", info.getNegotiatedProtocol());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_EnableHttpCache() {
+        String url = mTestServer.getCacheableTestDownloadUrl(
+                /* downloadId */ "cacheable-download",
+                /* numBytes */ 10);
+        mEngine =
+                mEngineBuilder
+                        .setStoragePath(mContext.getApplicationInfo().dataDir)
+                        .setEnableHttpCache(
+                                HttpEngine.Builder.HTTP_CACHE_DISK, /* maxSize */ 100 * 1024)
+                        .build();
+
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assumeOKStatusCode(info);
+        assertFalse(info.wasCached());
+
+        mCallback = new TestUrlRequestCallback();
+        builder = mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+        assertTrue(info.wasCached());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_DisableHttp2() throws Exception {
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.setEnableHttp2(false).build();
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(URL, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        // This tests uses a non-hermetic server. Instead of asserting, assume the next callback.
+        // This way, if the request were to fail, the test would just be skipped instead of failing.
+        mCallback.assumeCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+        assertEquals("http/1.1", info.getNegotiatedProtocol());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_EnablePublicKeyPinningBypassForLocalTrustAnchors() {
+        String url = mTestServer.getSuccessUrl();
+        // For known hosts, requests should succeed whether we're bypassing the local trust anchor
+        // or not.
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.setEnablePublicKeyPinningBypassForLocalTrustAnchors(false).build();
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+
+        mEngine.shutdown();
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.setEnablePublicKeyPinningBypassForLocalTrustAnchors(true).build();
+        mCallback = new TestUrlRequestCallback();
+        builder = mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+
+        // TODO(b/270918920): We should also test with a certificate not present in the device's
+        // trusted store.
+        // This requires either:
+        // * Mocking the underlying CertificateVerifier.
+        // * Or, having the server return a root certificate not present in the device's trusted
+        //   store.
+        // The former doesn't make sense for a CTS test as it would depend on the underlying
+        // implementation. The latter is something we should support once we write a proper test
+        // server.
+    }
+
+    private byte[] generateSha256() {
+        byte[] sha256 = new byte[32];
+        Arrays.fill(sha256, (byte) 58);
+        return sha256;
+    }
+
+    private Instant instantInFuture(int secondsIntoFuture) {
+        Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
+        cal.add(Calendar.SECOND, secondsIntoFuture);
+        return cal.getTime().toInstant();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_AddPublicKeyPins() {
+        // CtsTestServer, when set in SslMode.NO_CLIENT_AUTH (required to trigger
+        // certificate verification, needed by this test), uses a certificate that
+        // doesn't match the hostname. For this reason, CtsTestServer cannot be used
+        // by this test.
+        Instant expirationInstant = instantInFuture(/* secondsIntoFuture */ 100);
+        boolean includeSubdomains = true;
+        Set<byte[]> pinsSha256 = Set.of(generateSha256());
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.addPublicKeyPins(
+                HOST, pinsSha256, includeSubdomains, expirationInstant).build();
+
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(URL, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_FAILED);
+        assertNotNull("Expected an error", mCallback.mError);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_EnableQuic() throws Exception {
+        String url = mTestServer.getSuccessUrl();
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.setEnableQuic(true).addQuicHint(HOST, 443, 443).build();
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_GetDefaultUserAgent() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(mEngineBuilder.getDefaultUserAgent(), containsString("AndroidHttpClient"));
+        assertThat(mEngineBuilder.getDefaultUserAgent()).contains(HttpEngine.getVersionString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_requestUsesDefaultUserAgent() throws Exception {
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.build();
+        HttpCtsTestServer server =
+                new HttpCtsTestServer(ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext());
+
+        String url = server.getUserAgentUrl();
+        UrlRequest request =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback).build();
+        request.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+        String receivedUserAgent = extractUserAgent(mCallback.mResponseAsString);
+
+        assertThat(receivedUserAgent).isEqualTo(mEngineBuilder.getDefaultUserAgent());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_requestUsesCustomUserAgent() throws Exception {
+        String userAgent = "CtsTests User Agent";
+        HttpCtsTestServer server =
+                new HttpCtsTestServer(ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext());
+        mEngine =
+                new HttpEngine.Builder(ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext())
+                        .setUserAgent(userAgent)
+                        .build();
+
+        String url = server.getUserAgentUrl();
+        UrlRequest request =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback).build();
+        request.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+        String receivedUserAgent = extractUserAgent(mCallback.mResponseAsString);
+
+        assertThat(receivedUserAgent).isEqualTo(userAgent);
+    }
+
+    private static String extractUserAgent(String userAgentResponseBody) {
+        // If someone wants to be evil and have the title HTML tag a part of the user agent,
+        // they'll have to fix this method :)
+        return userAgentResponseBody.replaceFirst(".*<title>", "").replaceFirst("</title>.*", "");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_bindToNetwork() throws Exception {
+        // Create a fake Android.net.Network. Since that network doesn't exist, binding to
+        // that should end up in a failed request.
+        Network mockNetwork = Mockito.mock(Network.class);
+        Mockito.when(mockNetwork.getNetworkHandle()).thenReturn(123L);
+        String url = mTestServer.getSuccessUrl();
+
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.build();
+        mEngine.bindToNetwork(mockNetwork);
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_FAILED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_unbindFromNetwork() throws Exception {
+        // Create a fake Android.net.Network. Since that network doesn't exist, binding to
+        // that should end up in a failed request.
+        Network mockNetwork = Mockito.mock(Network.class);
+        Mockito.when(mockNetwork.getNetworkHandle()).thenReturn(123L);
+        String url = mTestServer.getSuccessUrl();
+
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.build();
+        // Bind to the fake network but then unbind. This should result in a successful
+        // request.
+        mEngine.bindToNetwork(mockNetwork);
+        mEngine.bindToNetwork(null);
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_setConnectionMigrationOptions_requestSucceeds() {
+        ConnectionMigrationOptions options = new ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder().build();
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.setConnectionMigrationOptions(options).build();
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                        mTestServer.getSuccessUrl(), mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_setDnsOptions_requestSucceeds() {
+        DnsOptions options = new DnsOptions.Builder().build();
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.setDnsOptions(options).build();
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                        mTestServer.getSuccessUrl(), mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionString_notEmpty() {
+        assertThat(HttpEngine.getVersionString()).isNotEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_SetQuicOptions_RequestSucceedsWithQuic() throws Exception {
+        String url = mTestServer.getSuccessUrl();
+        QuicOptions options = new QuicOptions.Builder().build();
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder
+                .setEnableQuic(true)
+                .addQuicHint(HOST, 443, 443)
+                .setQuicOptions(options)
+                .build();
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+        mRequest = builder.build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHttpEngine_enableBrotli_brotliAdvertised() {
+        mEngine = mEngineBuilder.setEnableBrotli(true).build();
+        mRequest =
+                mEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                        mTestServer.getEchoHeadersUrl(), mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback)
+                        .build();
+        mRequest.start();
+
+        mCallback.assumeCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertThat(info.getHeaders().getAsMap().get("x-request-header-Accept-Encoding").toString())
+                .contains("br");
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/NetworkExceptionTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/NetworkExceptionTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd4cf0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/NetworkExceptionTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.net.http.HttpEngine
+import android.net.http.NetworkException
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertIs
+import kotlin.test.assertSame
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class NetworkExceptionTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkException_returnsInputParameters() {
+        val message = "failed"
+        val cause = Throwable("thrown")
+        val networkException =
+            object : NetworkException(message, cause) {
+                override fun getErrorCode() = 0
+                override fun isImmediatelyRetryable() = false
+            }
+
+        assertEquals(message, networkException.message)
+        assertSame(cause, networkException.cause)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkException_thrownFromUrlRequest() {
+        val httpEngine = HttpEngine.Builder(ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext()).build()
+        val callback = TestUrlRequestCallback()
+        val request =
+            httpEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder("http://localhost", callback.executor, callback).build()
+
+        request.start()
+        callback.blockForDone()
+
+        assertTrue(request.isDone)
+        assertIs<NetworkException>(callback.mError)
+        httpEngine.shutdown()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/QuicExceptionTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/QuicExceptionTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b7aa14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/QuicExceptionTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.net.http.QuicException
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class QuicExceptionTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testQuicException_returnsInputParameters() {
+        val message = "failed"
+        val cause = Throwable("thrown")
+        val quicException =
+            object : QuicException(message, cause) {
+                override fun getErrorCode() = 0
+                override fun isImmediatelyRetryable() = false
+            }
+
+        assertEquals(message, quicException.message)
+        assertEquals(cause, quicException.cause)
+    }
+
+    // TODO: add test for QuicException triggered from HttpEngine
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/QuicOptionsTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/QuicOptionsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b02aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/QuicOptionsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.net.http.QuicOptions
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
+import java.time.Duration
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class QuicOptionsTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testQuicOptions_defaultValues() {
+        val quicOptions = QuicOptions.Builder().build()
+        assertThat(quicOptions.allowedQuicHosts).isEmpty()
+        assertThat(quicOptions.handshakeUserAgent).isNull()
+        assertThat(quicOptions.idleConnectionTimeout).isNull()
+        assertFalse(quicOptions.hasInMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize())
+        assertFailsWith(IllegalStateException::class) {
+            quicOptions.inMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testQuicOptions_quicHostAllowlist_returnsAddedValues() {
+        val quicOptions = QuicOptions.Builder()
+                .addAllowedQuicHost("foo")
+                .addAllowedQuicHost("bar")
+                .addAllowedQuicHost("foo")
+                .addAllowedQuicHost("baz")
+                .build()
+        assertThat(quicOptions.allowedQuicHosts)
+                .containsExactly("foo", "bar", "baz")
+                .inOrder()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testQuicOptions_idleConnectionTimeout_returnsSetValue() {
+        val timeout = Duration.ofMinutes(10)
+        val quicOptions = QuicOptions.Builder()
+                .setIdleConnectionTimeout(timeout)
+                .build()
+        assertThat(quicOptions.idleConnectionTimeout)
+                .isEqualTo(timeout)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testQuicOptions_inMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize_returnsSetValue() {
+        val quicOptions = QuicOptions.Builder()
+                .setInMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize(42)
+                .build()
+        assertTrue(quicOptions.hasInMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize())
+        assertThat(quicOptions.inMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize)
+                .isEqualTo(42)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testQuicOptions_handshakeUserAgent_returnsSetValue() {
+        val userAgent = "test"
+        val quicOptions = QuicOptions.Builder()
+            .setHandshakeUserAgent(userAgent)
+            .build()
+        assertThat(quicOptions.handshakeUserAgent)
+            .isEqualTo(userAgent)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/UrlRequestTest.java b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/UrlRequestTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..422f4d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/UrlRequestTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts;
+
+import static android.net.http.cts.util.TestUtilsKt.assertOKStatusCode;
+import static android.net.http.cts.util.TestUtilsKt.skipIfNoInternetConnection;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.greaterThan;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.http.HeaderBlock;
+import android.net.http.HttpEngine;
+import android.net.http.HttpException;
+import android.net.http.InlineExecutionProhibitedException;
+import android.net.http.UploadDataProvider;
+import android.net.http.UrlRequest;
+import android.net.http.UrlRequest.Status;
+import android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.HttpCtsTestServer;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestStatusListener;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback.ResponseStep;
+import android.net.http.cts.util.UploadDataProviders;
+import android.webkit.cts.CtsTestServer;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class UrlRequestTest {
+    private static final Executor DIRECT_EXECUTOR = Runnable::run;
+
+    private TestUrlRequestCallback mCallback;
+    private HttpCtsTestServer mTestServer;
+    private HttpEngine mHttpEngine;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        Context context = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
+        skipIfNoInternetConnection(context);
+        HttpEngine.Builder builder = new HttpEngine.Builder(context);
+        mHttpEngine = builder.build();
+        mCallback = new TestUrlRequestCallback();
+        mTestServer = new HttpCtsTestServer(context);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        if (mHttpEngine != null) {
+            mHttpEngine.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (mTestServer != null) {
+            mTestServer.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private UrlRequest.Builder createUrlRequestBuilder(String url) {
+        return mHttpEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, mCallback.getExecutor(), mCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequestGet_CompletesSuccessfully() throws Exception {
+        String url = mTestServer.getSuccessUrl();
+        UrlRequest request = createUrlRequestBuilder(url).build();
+        request.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+        assertThat("Received byte count must be > 0", info.getReceivedByteCount(), greaterThan(0L));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequestStatus_InvalidBeforeRequestStarts() throws Exception {
+        UrlRequest request = createUrlRequestBuilder(mTestServer.getSuccessUrl()).build();
+        // Calling before request is started should give Status.INVALID,
+        // since the native adapter is not created.
+        TestStatusListener statusListener = new TestStatusListener();
+        request.getStatus(statusListener);
+        statusListener.expectStatus(Status.INVALID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequestCancel_CancelCalled() throws Exception {
+        UrlRequest request = createUrlRequestBuilder(mTestServer.getSuccessUrl()).build();
+        mCallback.setAutoAdvance(false);
+
+        request.start();
+        mCallback.waitForNextStep();
+        assertSame(mCallback.mResponseStep, ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED);
+
+        request.cancel();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_CANCELED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequestPost_EchoRequestBody() {
+        String testData = "test";
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder = createUrlRequestBuilder(mTestServer.getEchoBodyUrl());
+
+        UploadDataProvider dataProvider = UploadDataProviders.create(testData);
+        builder.setUploadDataProvider(dataProvider, mCallback.getExecutor());
+        builder.addHeader("Content-Type", "text/html");
+        builder.build().start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+
+        assertOKStatusCode(mCallback.mResponseInfo);
+        assertEquals(testData, mCallback.mResponseAsString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequestFail_FailedCalled() {
+        createUrlRequestBuilder("http://0.0.0.0:0/").build().start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_FAILED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequest_directExecutor_allowed() throws InterruptedException {
+        TestUrlRequestCallback callback = new TestUrlRequestCallback();
+        callback.setAllowDirectExecutor(true);
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder = mHttpEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                mTestServer.getEchoBodyUrl(), DIRECT_EXECUTOR, callback);
+        UploadDataProvider dataProvider = UploadDataProviders.create("test");
+        builder.setUploadDataProvider(dataProvider, DIRECT_EXECUTOR);
+        builder.addHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain;charset=UTF-8");
+        builder.setDirectExecutorAllowed(true);
+        builder.build().start();
+        callback.blockForDone();
+
+        if (callback.mOnErrorCalled) {
+            throw new AssertionError("Expected no exception", callback.mError);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(200, callback.mResponseInfo.getHttpStatusCode());
+        assertEquals("test", callback.mResponseAsString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequest_directExecutor_disallowed_uploadDataProvider() throws Exception {
+        TestUrlRequestCallback callback = new TestUrlRequestCallback();
+        // This applies just locally to the test callback, not to SUT
+        callback.setAllowDirectExecutor(true);
+
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder = mHttpEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                mTestServer.getEchoBodyUrl(), Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(), callback);
+        UploadDataProvider dataProvider = UploadDataProviders.create("test");
+
+        builder.setUploadDataProvider(dataProvider, DIRECT_EXECUTOR)
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain;charset=UTF-8")
+                .build()
+                .start();
+        callback.blockForDone();
+
+        assertTrue(callback.mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertTrue(callback.mError.getCause() instanceof InlineExecutionProhibitedException);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequest_directExecutor_disallowed_responseCallback() throws Exception {
+        TestUrlRequestCallback callback = new TestUrlRequestCallback();
+        // This applies just locally to the test callback, not to SUT
+        callback.setAllowDirectExecutor(true);
+
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder = mHttpEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                mTestServer.getEchoBodyUrl(), DIRECT_EXECUTOR, callback);
+        UploadDataProvider dataProvider = UploadDataProviders.create("test");
+
+        builder.setUploadDataProvider(dataProvider, Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor())
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain;charset=UTF-8")
+                .build()
+                .start();
+        callback.blockForDone();
+
+        assertTrue(callback.mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertTrue(callback.mError.getCause() instanceof InlineExecutionProhibitedException);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequest_nonDirectByteBuffer() throws Exception {
+        BlockingQueue<HttpException> onFailedException = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(1);
+
+        UrlRequest request =
+                mHttpEngine
+                        .newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                                mTestServer.getSuccessUrl(),
+                                Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(),
+                                new StubUrlRequestCallback() {
+                                    @Override
+                                    public void onResponseStarted(
+                                            UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+                                        // note: allocate, not allocateDirect
+                                        request.read(ByteBuffer.allocate(1024));
+                                    }
+
+                                    @Override
+                                    public void onFailed(
+                                            UrlRequest request,
+                                            UrlResponseInfo info,
+                                            HttpException error) {
+                                        onFailedException.add(error);
+                                    }
+                                })
+                        .build();
+        request.start();
+
+        HttpException e = onFailedException.poll(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertNotNull(e);
+        assertTrue(e.getCause() instanceof IllegalArgumentException);
+        assertTrue(e.getCause().getMessage().contains("direct"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequest_fullByteBuffer() throws Exception {
+        BlockingQueue<HttpException> onFailedException = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(1);
+
+        UrlRequest request =
+                mHttpEngine
+                        .newUrlRequestBuilder(
+                                mTestServer.getSuccessUrl(),
+                                Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(),
+                                new StubUrlRequestCallback() {
+                                    @Override
+                                    public void onResponseStarted(
+                                            UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+                                        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(1024);
+                                        bb.position(bb.limit());
+                                        request.read(bb);
+                                    }
+
+                                    @Override
+                                    public void onFailed(
+                                            UrlRequest request,
+                                            UrlResponseInfo info,
+                                            HttpException error) {
+                                        onFailedException.add(error);
+                                    }
+                                })
+                        .build();
+        request.start();
+
+        HttpException e = onFailedException.poll(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertNotNull(e);
+        assertTrue(e.getCause() instanceof IllegalArgumentException);
+        assertTrue(e.getCause().getMessage().contains("full"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequest_redirects() throws Exception {
+        int expectedNumRedirects = 5;
+        String url =
+                mTestServer.getRedirectingAssetUrl("html/hello_world.html", expectedNumRedirects);
+
+        UrlRequest request = createUrlRequestBuilder(url).build();
+        request.start();
+
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        UrlResponseInfo info = mCallback.mResponseInfo;
+        assertOKStatusCode(info);
+        assertThat(mCallback.mResponseAsString).contains("hello world");
+        assertThat(info.getUrlChain()).hasSize(expectedNumRedirects + 1);
+        assertThat(info.getUrlChain().get(0)).isEqualTo(url);
+        assertThat(info.getUrlChain().get(expectedNumRedirects)).isEqualTo(info.getUrl());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequestPost_withRedirect() throws Exception {
+        String body = Strings.repeat(
+                "Hello, this is a really interesting body, so write this 100 times.", 100);
+
+        String redirectUrlParameter =
+                URLEncoder.encode(mTestServer.getEchoBodyUrl(), "UTF-8");
+        createUrlRequestBuilder(
+                String.format(
+                        "%s/alt_redirect?dest=%s&statusCode=307",
+                        mTestServer.getBaseUri(),
+                        redirectUrlParameter))
+                .setHttpMethod("POST")
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+                .setUploadDataProvider(
+                        UploadDataProviders.create(body.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)),
+                        mCallback.getExecutor())
+                .build()
+                .start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+
+        assertOKStatusCode(mCallback.mResponseInfo);
+        assertThat(mCallback.mResponseAsString).isEqualTo(body);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlRequest_customHeaders() throws Exception {
+        UrlRequest.Builder builder = createUrlRequestBuilder(mTestServer.getEchoHeadersUrl());
+
+        List<Map.Entry<String, String>> expectedHeaders = Arrays.asList(
+                Map.entry("Authorization", "Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ=="),
+                Map.entry("Max-Forwards", "10"),
+                Map.entry("X-Client-Data", "random custom header content"));
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, String> header : expectedHeaders) {
+            builder.addHeader(header.getKey(), header.getValue());
+        }
+
+        builder.build().start();
+        mCallback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+
+        assertOKStatusCode(mCallback.mResponseInfo);
+
+        List<Map.Entry<String, String>> echoedHeaders =
+                extractEchoedHeaders(mCallback.mResponseInfo.getHeaders());
+
+        // The implementation might decide to add more headers like accepted encodings it handles
+        // internally so the server is likely to see more headers than explicitly set
+        // by the developer.
+        assertThat(echoedHeaders)
+                .containsAtLeastElementsIn(expectedHeaders);
+    }
+
+    private static List<Map.Entry<String, String>> extractEchoedHeaders(HeaderBlock headers) {
+        return headers.getAsList()
+                .stream()
+                .flatMap(input -> {
+                    if (input.getKey().startsWith(CtsTestServer.ECHOED_RESPONSE_HEADER_PREFIX)) {
+                        String strippedKey =
+                                input.getKey().substring(
+                                        CtsTestServer.ECHOED_RESPONSE_HEADER_PREFIX.length());
+                        return Stream.of(Map.entry(strippedKey, input.getValue()));
+                    } else {
+                        return Stream.empty();
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+
+    private static class StubUrlRequestCallback implements UrlRequest.Callback {
+
+        @Override
+        public void onRedirectReceived(
+                UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info, String newLocationUrl) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onResponseStarted(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onReadCompleted(
+                UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onSucceeded(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onFailed(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info, HttpException error) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(error);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onCanceled(@NonNull UrlRequest request, @Nullable UrlResponseInfo info) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/UrlResponseInfoTest.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/UrlResponseInfoTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38da9c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/UrlResponseInfoTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.http.HttpEngine
+import android.net.http.cts.util.HttpCtsTestServer
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback
+import android.net.http.cts.util.TestUrlRequestCallback.ResponseStep
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class UrlResponseInfoTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUrlResponseInfo_apisReturnCorrectInfo() {
+        // start the engine and send a request
+        val context: Context = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext()
+        val server = HttpCtsTestServer(context)
+        val httpEngine = HttpEngine.Builder(context).build()
+        val callback = TestUrlRequestCallback()
+        val url = server.successUrl
+        val request = httpEngine.newUrlRequestBuilder(url, callback.executor, callback).build()
+
+        request.start()
+        callback.expectCallback(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED)
+
+        val info = callback.mResponseInfo
+        assertFalse(info.headers.asList.isEmpty())
+        assertEquals(200, info.httpStatusCode)
+        assertTrue(info.receivedByteCount > 0)
+        assertEquals(url, info.url)
+        assertEquals(listOf(url), info.urlChain)
+        assertFalse(info.wasCached())
+
+        // TODO Current test server does not set these values. Uncomment when we use one that does.
+        // assertEquals("OK", info.httpStatusText)
+        // assertEquals("http/1.1", info.negotiatedProtocol)
+
+        // cronet defaults to port 0 when no proxy is specified.
+        // This is not a behaviour we want to enforce since null is reasonable too.
+        // assertEquals(":0", info.proxyServer)
+
+        server.shutdown()
+        httpEngine.shutdown()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/HttpCtsTestServer.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/HttpCtsTestServer.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5196544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/HttpCtsTestServer.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts.util
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.webkit.cts.CtsTestServer
+import java.net.URI
+import org.apache.http.HttpEntityEnclosingRequest
+import org.apache.http.HttpRequest
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse
+import org.apache.http.HttpStatus
+import org.apache.http.HttpVersion
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicHttpResponse
+
+private const val ECHO_BODY_PATH = "/echo_body"
+
+/** Extends CtsTestServer to handle POST requests and other test specific requests */
+class HttpCtsTestServer(context: Context) : CtsTestServer(context) {
+
+    val echoBodyUrl: String = baseUri + ECHO_BODY_PATH
+    val successUrl: String = getAssetUrl("html/hello_world.html")
+
+    override fun onPost(req: HttpRequest): HttpResponse? {
+        val path = URI.create(req.requestLine.uri).path
+        var response: HttpResponse? = null
+
+        if (path.startsWith(ECHO_BODY_PATH)) {
+            if (req !is HttpEntityEnclosingRequest) {
+                return BasicHttpResponse(
+                    HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0,
+                    HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                    "Expected req to be of type HttpEntityEnclosingRequest but got ${req.javaClass}"
+                )
+            }
+
+            response = BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0, HttpStatus.SC_OK, null)
+            response.entity = req.entity
+            response.addHeader("Content-Length", req.entity.contentLength.toString())
+        }
+
+        return response
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestBidirectionalStreamCallback.java b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestBidirectionalStreamCallback.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e7333c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestBidirectionalStreamCallback.java
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts.util;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeThat;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+import android.net.http.BidirectionalStream;
+import android.net.http.HeaderBlock;
+import android.net.http.HttpException;
+import android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that tracks information from different callbacks and has a method to block thread until
+ * the stream completes on another thread. Allows to cancel, block stream or throw an exception from
+ * an arbitrary step.
+ */
+public class TestBidirectionalStreamCallback implements BidirectionalStream.Callback {
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 12_000;
+    public UrlResponseInfo mResponseInfo;
+    public HttpException mError;
+
+    public ResponseStep mResponseStep = ResponseStep.NOTHING;
+
+    public boolean mOnErrorCalled;
+    public boolean mOnCanceledCalled;
+
+    public int mHttpResponseDataLength;
+    public String mResponseAsString = "";
+
+    public HeaderBlock mTrailers;
+
+    private static final int READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 32 * 1024;
+
+    // When false, the consumer is responsible for all calls into the stream
+    // that advance it.
+    private boolean mAutoAdvance = true;
+
+    // Conditionally fail on certain steps.
+    private FailureType mFailureType = FailureType.NONE;
+    private ResponseStep mFailureStep = ResponseStep.NOTHING;
+
+    // Signals when the stream is done either successfully or not.
+    private final ConditionVariable mDone = new ConditionVariable();
+
+    // Signaled on each step when mAutoAdvance is false.
+    private final ConditionVariable mReadStepBlock = new ConditionVariable();
+    private final ConditionVariable mWriteStepBlock = new ConditionVariable();
+
+    // Executor Service for Cronet callbacks.
+    private final ExecutorService mExecutorService =
+            Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ExecutorThreadFactory());
+    private Thread mExecutorThread;
+
+    // position() of ByteBuffer prior to read() call.
+    private int mBufferPositionBeforeRead;
+
+    // Data to write.
+    private final ArrayList<WriteBuffer> mWriteBuffers = new ArrayList<WriteBuffer>();
+
+    // Buffers that we yet to receive the corresponding onWriteCompleted callback.
+    private final ArrayList<WriteBuffer> mWriteBuffersToBeAcked = new ArrayList<WriteBuffer>();
+
+    // Whether to use a direct executor.
+    private final boolean mUseDirectExecutor;
+    private final DirectExecutor mDirectExecutor;
+
+    private class ExecutorThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
+        @Override
+        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+            mExecutorThread = new Thread(r);
+            return mExecutorThread;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class WriteBuffer {
+        final ByteBuffer mBuffer;
+        final boolean mFlush;
+
+        WriteBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer, boolean flush) {
+            mBuffer = buffer;
+            mFlush = flush;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class DirectExecutor implements Executor {
+        @Override
+        public void execute(Runnable task) {
+            task.run();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum ResponseStep {
+        NOTHING,
+        ON_STREAM_READY,
+        ON_RESPONSE_STARTED,
+        ON_READ_COMPLETED,
+        ON_WRITE_COMPLETED,
+        ON_TRAILERS,
+        ON_CANCELED,
+        ON_FAILED,
+        ON_SUCCEEDED,
+    }
+
+    public enum FailureType {
+        NONE,
+        CANCEL_SYNC,
+        CANCEL_ASYNC,
+        // Same as above, but continues to advance the stream after posting
+        // the cancellation task.
+        CANCEL_ASYNC_WITHOUT_PAUSE,
+        THROW_SYNC
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTerminalCallback(ResponseStep step) {
+        switch (step) {
+            case ON_SUCCEEDED:
+            case ON_CANCELED:
+            case ON_FAILED:
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public TestBidirectionalStreamCallback() {
+        mUseDirectExecutor = false;
+        mDirectExecutor = null;
+    }
+
+    public TestBidirectionalStreamCallback(boolean useDirectExecutor) {
+        mUseDirectExecutor = useDirectExecutor;
+        mDirectExecutor = new DirectExecutor();
+    }
+
+    public void setAutoAdvance(boolean autoAdvance) {
+        mAutoAdvance = autoAdvance;
+    }
+
+    public void setFailure(FailureType failureType, ResponseStep failureStep) {
+        mFailureStep = failureStep;
+        mFailureType = failureType;
+    }
+
+    public boolean blockForDone() {
+        return mDone.block(TIMEOUT_MS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits for a terminal callback to complete execution before failing if the callback is not the
+     * expected one
+     *
+     * @param expectedStep the expected callback step
+     */
+    public void expectCallback(ResponseStep expectedStep) {
+        if (isTerminalCallback(expectedStep)) {
+            assertTrue(String.format(
+                            "Request timed out. Expected %s callback. Current callback is %s",
+                            expectedStep, mResponseStep),
+                    blockForDone());
+        }
+        assertSame(expectedStep, mResponseStep);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits for a terminal callback to complete execution before skipping the test if the callback
+     * is not the expected one
+     *
+     * @param expectedStep the expected callback step
+     */
+    public void assumeCallback(ResponseStep expectedStep) {
+        if (isTerminalCallback(expectedStep)) {
+            assumeTrue(
+                    String.format(
+                            "Request timed out. Expected %s callback. Current callback is %s",
+                            expectedStep, mResponseStep),
+                    blockForDone());
+        }
+        assumeThat(expectedStep, equalTo(mResponseStep));
+    }
+
+    public void waitForNextReadStep() {
+        mReadStepBlock.block();
+        mReadStepBlock.close();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForNextWriteStep() {
+        mWriteStepBlock.block();
+        mWriteStepBlock.close();
+    }
+
+    public Executor getExecutor() {
+        if (mUseDirectExecutor) {
+            return mDirectExecutor;
+        }
+        return mExecutorService;
+    }
+
+    public void shutdownExecutor() {
+        if (mUseDirectExecutor) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("DirectExecutor doesn't support shutdown");
+        }
+        mExecutorService.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    public void addWriteData(byte[] data) {
+        addWriteData(data, true);
+    }
+
+    public void addWriteData(byte[] data, boolean flush) {
+        ByteBuffer writeBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(data.length);
+        writeBuffer.put(data);
+        writeBuffer.flip();
+        mWriteBuffers.add(new WriteBuffer(writeBuffer, flush));
+        mWriteBuffersToBeAcked.add(new WriteBuffer(writeBuffer, flush));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onStreamReady(BidirectionalStream stream) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertFalse(stream.isDone());
+        assertEquals(ResponseStep.NOTHING, mResponseStep);
+        assertNull(mError);
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_STREAM_READY;
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mWriteStepBlock)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        startNextWrite(stream);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onResponseHeadersReceived(BidirectionalStream stream, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertFalse(stream.isDone());
+        assertTrue(
+                mResponseStep == ResponseStep.NOTHING
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_STREAM_READY
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_WRITE_COMPLETED);
+        assertNull(mError);
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mReadStepBlock)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        startNextRead(stream);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onReadCompleted(
+            BidirectionalStream stream,
+            UrlResponseInfo info,
+            ByteBuffer byteBuffer,
+            boolean endOfStream) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertFalse(stream.isDone());
+        assertTrue(
+                mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_READ_COMPLETED
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_WRITE_COMPLETED
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_TRAILERS);
+        assertNull(mError);
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_READ_COMPLETED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+
+        final int bytesRead = byteBuffer.position() - mBufferPositionBeforeRead;
+        mHttpResponseDataLength += bytesRead;
+        final byte[] lastDataReceivedAsBytes = new byte[bytesRead];
+        // Rewind byteBuffer.position() to pre-read() position.
+        byteBuffer.position(mBufferPositionBeforeRead);
+        // This restores byteBuffer.position() to its value on entrance to
+        // this function.
+        byteBuffer.get(lastDataReceivedAsBytes);
+
+        mResponseAsString += new String(lastDataReceivedAsBytes);
+
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mReadStepBlock)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Do not read if EOF has been reached.
+        if (!endOfStream) {
+            startNextRead(stream);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onWriteCompleted(
+            BidirectionalStream stream,
+            UrlResponseInfo info,
+            ByteBuffer buffer,
+            boolean endOfStream) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertFalse(stream.isDone());
+        assertNull(mError);
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_WRITE_COMPLETED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+        if (!mWriteBuffersToBeAcked.isEmpty()) {
+            assertEquals(buffer, mWriteBuffersToBeAcked.get(0).mBuffer);
+            mWriteBuffersToBeAcked.remove(0);
+        }
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mWriteStepBlock)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        startNextWrite(stream);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onResponseTrailersReceived(
+            BidirectionalStream stream,
+            UrlResponseInfo info,
+            HeaderBlock trailers) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertFalse(stream.isDone());
+        assertNull(mError);
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_TRAILERS;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+        mTrailers = trailers;
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mReadStepBlock)) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onSucceeded(BidirectionalStream stream, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertTrue(stream.isDone());
+        assertTrue(
+                mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_READ_COMPLETED
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_WRITE_COMPLETED
+                        || mResponseStep == ResponseStep.ON_TRAILERS);
+        assertFalse(mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertFalse(mOnCanceledCalled);
+        assertNull(mError);
+        assertEquals(0, mWriteBuffers.size());
+        assertEquals(0, mWriteBuffersToBeAcked.size());
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+        openDone();
+        maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mReadStepBlock);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onFailed(BidirectionalStream stream, UrlResponseInfo info, HttpException error) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertTrue(stream.isDone());
+        // Shouldn't happen after success.
+        assertTrue(mResponseStep != ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED);
+        // Should happen at most once for a single stream.
+        assertFalse(mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertFalse(mOnCanceledCalled);
+        assertNull(mError);
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_FAILED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+
+        mOnErrorCalled = true;
+        mError = error;
+        openDone();
+        maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mReadStepBlock);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onCanceled(BidirectionalStream stream, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+        checkOnValidThread();
+        assertTrue(stream.isDone());
+        // Should happen at most once for a single stream.
+        assertFalse(mOnCanceledCalled);
+        assertFalse(mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertNull(mError);
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_CANCELED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+
+        mOnCanceledCalled = true;
+        openDone();
+        maybeThrowCancelOrPause(stream, mReadStepBlock);
+    }
+
+    public void startNextRead(BidirectionalStream stream) {
+        startNextRead(stream, ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(READ_BUFFER_SIZE));
+    }
+
+    public void startNextRead(BidirectionalStream stream, ByteBuffer buffer) {
+        mBufferPositionBeforeRead = buffer.position();
+        stream.read(buffer);
+    }
+
+    public void startNextWrite(BidirectionalStream stream) {
+        if (!mWriteBuffers.isEmpty()) {
+            Iterator<WriteBuffer> iterator = mWriteBuffers.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                WriteBuffer b = iterator.next();
+                stream.write(b.mBuffer, !iterator.hasNext());
+                iterator.remove();
+                if (b.mFlush) {
+                    stream.flush();
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDone() {
+        // It's not mentioned by the Android docs, but block(0) seems to block
+        // indefinitely, so have to block for one millisecond to get state
+        // without blocking.
+        return mDone.block(1);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the number of pending Writes. */
+    public int numPendingWrites() {
+        return mWriteBuffers.size();
+    }
+
+    protected void openDone() {
+        mDone.open();
+    }
+
+    /** Returns {@code false} if the callback should continue to advance the stream. */
+    private boolean maybeThrowCancelOrPause(
+            final BidirectionalStream stream, ConditionVariable stepBlock) {
+        if (mResponseStep != mFailureStep || mFailureType == FailureType.NONE) {
+            if (!mAutoAdvance) {
+                stepBlock.open();
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (mFailureType == FailureType.THROW_SYNC) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Callback Exception.");
+        }
+        Runnable task =
+                new Runnable() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void run() {
+                        stream.cancel();
+                    }
+                };
+        if (mFailureType == FailureType.CANCEL_ASYNC
+                || mFailureType == FailureType.CANCEL_ASYNC_WITHOUT_PAUSE) {
+            getExecutor().execute(task);
+        } else {
+            task.run();
+        }
+        return mFailureType != FailureType.CANCEL_ASYNC_WITHOUT_PAUSE;
+    }
+
+    /** Checks whether callback methods are invoked on the correct thread. */
+    private void checkOnValidThread() {
+        if (!mUseDirectExecutor) {
+            assertEquals(mExecutorThread, Thread.currentThread());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestStatusListener.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestStatusListener.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a4486f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestStatusListener.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts.util
+
+import android.net.http.UrlRequest.StatusListener
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import org.junit.Assert.assertSame
+
+private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 12000L
+
+/** Test status listener for requests */
+class TestStatusListener : StatusListener {
+    private val statusFuture = CompletableFuture<Int>()
+
+    override fun onStatus(status: Int) {
+        statusFuture.complete(status)
+    }
+
+    /** Fails if the expected status is not the returned status */
+    fun expectStatus(expected: Int) {
+        assertSame(expected, statusFuture.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestUrlRequestCallback.java b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestUrlRequestCallback.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28443b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestUrlRequestCallback.java
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts.util;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.AnyOf.anyOf;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeThat;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+import android.net.http.CallbackException;
+import android.net.http.HttpException;
+import android.net.http.InlineExecutionProhibitedException;
+import android.net.http.UrlRequest;
+import android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
+import android.os.StrictMode;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Callback that tracks information from different callbacks and has a
+ * method to block thread until the request completes on another thread.
+ * Allows us to cancel, block request or throw an exception from an arbitrary step.
+ */
+public class TestUrlRequestCallback implements UrlRequest.Callback {
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 12_000;
+    public ArrayList<UrlResponseInfo> mRedirectResponseInfoList = new ArrayList<>();
+    public ArrayList<String> mRedirectUrlList = new ArrayList<>();
+    public UrlResponseInfo mResponseInfo;
+    public HttpException mError;
+
+    public ResponseStep mResponseStep = ResponseStep.NOTHING;
+
+    public int mRedirectCount;
+    public boolean mOnErrorCalled;
+    public boolean mOnCanceledCalled;
+
+    public int mHttpResponseDataLength;
+    public String mResponseAsString = "";
+
+    public int mReadBufferSize = 32 * 1024;
+
+    // When false, the consumer is responsible for all calls into the request
+    // that advance it.
+    private boolean mAutoAdvance = true;
+    // Whether an exception is thrown by maybeThrowCancelOrPause().
+    private boolean mCallbackExceptionThrown;
+
+    // Whether to permit calls on the network thread.
+    private boolean mAllowDirectExecutor;
+
+    // Whether to stop the executor thread after reaching a terminal method.
+    // Terminal methods are (onSucceeded, onFailed or onCancelled)
+    private boolean mBlockOnTerminalState;
+
+    // Conditionally fail on certain steps.
+    private FailureType mFailureType = FailureType.NONE;
+    private ResponseStep mFailureStep = ResponseStep.NOTHING;
+
+    // Signals when request is done either successfully or not.
+    private final ConditionVariable mDone = new ConditionVariable();
+
+    // Hangs the calling thread until a terminal method has started executing.
+    private final ConditionVariable mWaitForTerminalToStart = new ConditionVariable();
+
+    // Signaled on each step when mAutoAdvance is false.
+    private final ConditionVariable mStepBlock = new ConditionVariable();
+
+    // Executor Service for Http callbacks.
+    private final ExecutorService mExecutorService;
+    private Thread mExecutorThread;
+
+    // position() of ByteBuffer prior to read() call.
+    private int mBufferPositionBeforeRead;
+
+    private static class ExecutorThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
+        @Override
+        public Thread newThread(final Runnable r) {
+            return new Thread(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    StrictMode.ThreadPolicy threadPolicy = StrictMode.getThreadPolicy();
+                    try {
+                        StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder()
+                                .detectNetwork()
+                                .penaltyLog()
+                                .penaltyDeath()
+                                .build());
+                        r.run();
+                    } finally {
+                        StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(threadPolicy);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum ResponseStep {
+        NOTHING,
+        ON_RECEIVED_REDIRECT,
+        ON_RESPONSE_STARTED,
+        ON_READ_COMPLETED,
+        ON_SUCCEEDED,
+        ON_FAILED,
+        ON_CANCELED,
+    }
+
+    public enum FailureType {
+        NONE,
+        CANCEL_SYNC,
+        CANCEL_ASYNC,
+        // Same as above, but continues to advance the request after posting
+        // the cancellation task.
+        CANCEL_ASYNC_WITHOUT_PAUSE,
+        THROW_SYNC
+    }
+
+    private static void assertContains(String expectedSubstring, String actualString) {
+        assertNotNull(actualString);
+        assertTrue("String [" + actualString + "] doesn't contain substring [" + expectedSubstring
+                + "]", actualString.contains(expectedSubstring));
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set {@code mExecutorThread}.
+     */
+    private void fillInExecutorThread() {
+        mExecutorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                mExecutorThread = Thread.currentThread();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTerminalCallback(ResponseStep step) {
+        switch (step) {
+            case ON_SUCCEEDED:
+            case ON_CANCELED:
+            case ON_FAILED:
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a {@link TestUrlRequestCallback} with a new single-threaded executor.
+     */
+    public TestUrlRequestCallback() {
+        this(Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ExecutorThreadFactory()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a {@link TestUrlRequestCallback} using a custom single-threaded executor.
+     */
+    public TestUrlRequestCallback(ExecutorService executorService) {
+        mExecutorService = executorService;
+        fillInExecutorThread();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This blocks the callback executor thread once it has reached a final state callback.
+     * In order to continue execution, this method must be called again and providing {@code false}
+     * to continue execution.
+     *
+     * @param blockOnTerminalState the state to set for the executor thread
+     */
+    public void setBlockOnTerminalState(boolean blockOnTerminalState) {
+        mBlockOnTerminalState = blockOnTerminalState;
+        if (!blockOnTerminalState) {
+            mDone.open();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setAutoAdvance(boolean autoAdvance) {
+        mAutoAdvance = autoAdvance;
+    }
+
+    public void setAllowDirectExecutor(boolean allowed) {
+        mAllowDirectExecutor = allowed;
+    }
+
+    public void setFailure(FailureType failureType, ResponseStep failureStep) {
+        mFailureStep = failureStep;
+        mFailureType = failureType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Blocks the calling thread till callback execution is done
+     *
+     * @return true if the condition was opened, false if the call returns because of the timeout.
+     */
+    public boolean blockForDone() {
+        return mDone.block(TIMEOUT_MS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits for a terminal callback to complete execution before failing if the callback
+     * is not the expected one
+     *
+     * @param expectedStep the expected callback step
+     */
+    public void expectCallback(ResponseStep expectedStep) {
+        if (isTerminalCallback(expectedStep)) {
+            assertTrue("Did not receive terminal callback before timeout", blockForDone());
+        }
+        assertSame(expectedStep, mResponseStep);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Waits for a terminal callback to complete execution before skipping the test if the
+     * callback is not the expected one
+     *
+     * @param expectedStep the expected callback step
+     */
+    public void assumeCallback(ResponseStep expectedStep) {
+        if (isTerminalCallback(expectedStep)) {
+            assumeTrue("Did not receive terminal callback before timeout", blockForDone());
+        }
+        assumeThat(expectedStep, equalTo(mResponseStep));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Blocks the calling thread until one of the final states has been called.
+     * This is called before the callback has finished executed.
+     */
+    public void waitForTerminalToStart() {
+        mWaitForTerminalToStart.block();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForNextStep() {
+        mStepBlock.block();
+        mStepBlock.close();
+    }
+
+    public ExecutorService getExecutor() {
+        return mExecutorService;
+    }
+
+    public void shutdownExecutor() {
+        mExecutorService.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shuts down the ExecutorService and waits until it executes all posted
+     * tasks.
+     */
+    public void shutdownExecutorAndWait() {
+        mExecutorService.shutdown();
+        try {
+            // Termination shouldn't take long. Use 1 min which should be more than enough.
+            mExecutorService.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            fail("ExecutorService is interrupted while waiting for termination");
+        }
+        assertTrue(mExecutorService.isTerminated());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onRedirectReceived(
+            UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info, String newLocationUrl) {
+        checkExecutorThread();
+        assertFalse(request.isDone());
+        assertThat(mResponseStep, anyOf(
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.NOTHING),
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.ON_RECEIVED_REDIRECT)));
+        assertNull(mError);
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_RECEIVED_REDIRECT;
+        mRedirectUrlList.add(newLocationUrl);
+        mRedirectResponseInfoList.add(info);
+        ++mRedirectCount;
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(request)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        request.followRedirect();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onResponseStarted(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+        checkExecutorThread();
+        assertFalse(request.isDone());
+        assertThat(mResponseStep, anyOf(
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.NOTHING),
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.ON_RECEIVED_REDIRECT)));
+        assertNull(mError);
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(request)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        startNextRead(request);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onReadCompleted(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
+        checkExecutorThread();
+        assertFalse(request.isDone());
+        assertThat(mResponseStep, anyOf(
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED),
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.ON_READ_COMPLETED)));
+        assertNull(mError);
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_READ_COMPLETED;
+
+        final byte[] lastDataReceivedAsBytes;
+        final int bytesRead = byteBuffer.position() - mBufferPositionBeforeRead;
+        mHttpResponseDataLength += bytesRead;
+        lastDataReceivedAsBytes = new byte[bytesRead];
+        // Rewind |byteBuffer.position()| to pre-read() position.
+        byteBuffer.position(mBufferPositionBeforeRead);
+        // This restores |byteBuffer.position()| to its value on entrance to
+        // this function.
+        byteBuffer.get(lastDataReceivedAsBytes);
+        mResponseAsString += new String(lastDataReceivedAsBytes);
+
+        if (maybeThrowCancelOrPause(request)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        startNextRead(request);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onSucceeded(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+        checkExecutorThread();
+        assertTrue(request.isDone());
+        assertThat(mResponseStep, anyOf(
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.ON_RESPONSE_STARTED),
+                equalTo(ResponseStep.ON_READ_COMPLETED)));
+        assertFalse(mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertFalse(mOnCanceledCalled);
+        assertNull(mError);
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED;
+        mResponseInfo = info;
+        mWaitForTerminalToStart.open();
+        if (mBlockOnTerminalState) mDone.block();
+        openDone();
+        maybeThrowCancelOrPause(request);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onFailed(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info, HttpException error) {
+        // If the failure is because of prohibited direct execution, the test shouldn't fail
+        // since the request already did.
+        if (error.getCause() instanceof InlineExecutionProhibitedException) {
+            mAllowDirectExecutor = true;
+        }
+        checkExecutorThread();
+        assertTrue(request.isDone());
+        // Shouldn't happen after success.
+        assertNotEquals(ResponseStep.ON_SUCCEEDED, mResponseStep);
+        // Should happen at most once for a single request.
+        assertFalse(mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertFalse(mOnCanceledCalled);
+        assertNull(mError);
+        if (mCallbackExceptionThrown) {
+            assertTrue(error instanceof CallbackException);
+            assertContains("Exception received from UrlRequest.Callback", error.getMessage());
+            assertNotNull(error.getCause());
+            assertTrue(error.getCause() instanceof IllegalStateException);
+            assertContains("Listener Exception.", error.getCause().getMessage());
+        }
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_FAILED;
+        mOnErrorCalled = true;
+        mError = error;
+        mWaitForTerminalToStart.open();
+        if (mBlockOnTerminalState) mDone.block();
+        openDone();
+        maybeThrowCancelOrPause(request);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onCanceled(UrlRequest request, UrlResponseInfo info) {
+        checkExecutorThread();
+        assertTrue(request.isDone());
+        // Should happen at most once for a single request.
+        assertFalse(mOnCanceledCalled);
+        assertFalse(mOnErrorCalled);
+        assertNull(mError);
+
+        mResponseStep = ResponseStep.ON_CANCELED;
+        mOnCanceledCalled = true;
+        mWaitForTerminalToStart.open();
+        if (mBlockOnTerminalState) mDone.block();
+        openDone();
+        maybeThrowCancelOrPause(request);
+    }
+
+    public void startNextRead(UrlRequest request) {
+        startNextRead(request, ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(mReadBufferSize));
+    }
+
+    public void startNextRead(UrlRequest request, ByteBuffer buffer) {
+        mBufferPositionBeforeRead = buffer.position();
+        request.read(buffer);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDone() {
+        // It's not mentioned by the Android docs, but block(0) seems to block
+        // indefinitely, so have to block for one millisecond to get state
+        // without blocking.
+        return mDone.block(1);
+    }
+
+    protected void openDone() {
+        mDone.open();
+    }
+
+    private void checkExecutorThread() {
+        if (!mAllowDirectExecutor) {
+            assertEquals(mExecutorThread, Thread.currentThread());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code false} if the listener should continue to advance the
+     * request.
+     */
+    private boolean maybeThrowCancelOrPause(final UrlRequest request) {
+        checkExecutorThread();
+        if (mResponseStep != mFailureStep || mFailureType == FailureType.NONE) {
+            if (!mAutoAdvance) {
+                mStepBlock.open();
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (mFailureType == FailureType.THROW_SYNC) {
+            assertFalse(mCallbackExceptionThrown);
+            mCallbackExceptionThrown = true;
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Listener Exception.");
+        }
+        Runnable task = new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                request.cancel();
+            }
+        };
+        if (mFailureType == FailureType.CANCEL_ASYNC
+                || mFailureType == FailureType.CANCEL_ASYNC_WITHOUT_PAUSE) {
+            getExecutor().execute(task);
+        } else {
+            task.run();
+        }
+        return mFailureType != FailureType.CANCEL_ASYNC_WITHOUT_PAUSE;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestUtils.kt b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestUtils.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fc005a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/TestUtils.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts.util
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
+import android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeNotNull
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeThat
+
+fun skipIfNoInternetConnection(context: Context) {
+    val connectivityManager = context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
+    assumeNotNull(
+        "This test requires a working Internet connection", connectivityManager!!.activeNetwork
+    )
+}
+
+fun assertOKStatusCode(info: UrlResponseInfo) {
+    assertEquals("Status code must be 200 OK", 200, info.httpStatusCode)
+}
+
+fun assumeOKStatusCode(info: UrlResponseInfo) {
+    assumeThat("Status code must be 200 OK", info.httpStatusCode, equalTo(200))
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/UploadDataProviders.java b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/UploadDataProviders.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b90fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/cts/src/android/net/http/cts/util/UploadDataProviders.java
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.http.cts.util;
+
+import android.net.http.UploadDataProvider;
+import android.net.http.UploadDataSink;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+/**
+ * Provides implementations of {@link UploadDataProvider} for common use cases. Corresponds to
+ * {@code android.net.http.apihelpers.UploadDataProviders} which is not an exposed API.
+ */
+public final class UploadDataProviders {
+    /**
+     * Uploads an entire file.
+     *
+     * @param file The file to upload
+     * @return A new UploadDataProvider for the given file
+     */
+    public static UploadDataProvider create(final File file) {
+        return new FileUploadProvider(() -> new FileInputStream(file).getChannel());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uploads an entire file, closing the descriptor when it is no longer needed.
+     *
+     * @param fd The file descriptor to upload
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fd} is not a file.
+     * @return A new UploadDataProvider for the given file descriptor
+     */
+    public static UploadDataProvider create(final ParcelFileDescriptor fd) {
+        return new FileUploadProvider(() -> {
+            if (fd.getStatSize() != -1) {
+                return new ParcelFileDescriptor.AutoCloseInputStream(fd).getChannel();
+            } else {
+                fd.close();
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not a file: " + fd);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uploads a ByteBuffer, from the current {@code buffer.position()} to {@code buffer.limit()}
+     *
+     * @param buffer The data to upload
+     * @return A new UploadDataProvider for the given buffer
+     */
+    public static UploadDataProvider create(ByteBuffer buffer) {
+        return new ByteBufferUploadProvider(buffer.slice());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uploads {@code length} bytes from {@code data}, starting from {@code offset}
+     *
+     * @param data Array containing data to upload
+     * @param offset Offset within data to start with
+     * @param length Number of bytes to upload
+     * @return A new UploadDataProvider for the given data
+     */
+    public static UploadDataProvider create(byte[] data, int offset, int length) {
+        return new ByteBufferUploadProvider(ByteBuffer.wrap(data, offset, length).slice());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uploads the contents of {@code data}
+     *
+     * @param data Array containing data to upload
+     * @return A new UploadDataProvider for the given data
+     */
+    public static UploadDataProvider create(byte[] data) {
+        return create(data, 0, data.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uploads the UTF-8 representation of {@code data}
+     *
+     * @param data String containing data to upload
+     * @return A new UploadDataProvider for the given data
+     */
+    public static UploadDataProvider create(String data) {
+        return create(data.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+    }
+
+    private interface FileChannelProvider {
+        FileChannel getChannel() throws IOException;
+    }
+
+    private static final class FileUploadProvider extends UploadDataProvider {
+        private volatile FileChannel mChannel;
+        private final FileChannelProvider mProvider;
+        /** Guards initialization of {@code mChannel} */
+        private final Object mLock = new Object();
+
+        private FileUploadProvider(FileChannelProvider provider) {
+            this.mProvider = provider;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public long getLength() throws IOException {
+            return getChannel().size();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void read(UploadDataSink uploadDataSink, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) throws IOException {
+            if (!byteBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cronet passed a buffer with no bytes remaining");
+            }
+            FileChannel channel = getChannel();
+            int bytesRead = 0;
+            while (bytesRead == 0) {
+                int read = channel.read(byteBuffer);
+                if (read == -1) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    bytesRead += read;
+                }
+            }
+            uploadDataSink.onReadSucceeded(false);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void rewind(UploadDataSink uploadDataSink) throws IOException {
+            getChannel().position(0);
+            uploadDataSink.onRewindSucceeded();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Lazily initializes the channel so that a blocking operation isn't performed
+         * on a non-executor thread.
+         */
+        private FileChannel getChannel() throws IOException {
+            if (mChannel == null) {
+                synchronized (mLock) {
+                    if (mChannel == null) {
+                        mChannel = mProvider.getChannel();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return mChannel;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() throws IOException {
+            FileChannel channel = mChannel;
+            if (channel != null) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class ByteBufferUploadProvider extends UploadDataProvider {
+        private final ByteBuffer mUploadBuffer;
+
+        private ByteBufferUploadProvider(ByteBuffer uploadBuffer) {
+            this.mUploadBuffer = uploadBuffer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public long getLength() {
+            return mUploadBuffer.limit();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void read(UploadDataSink uploadDataSink, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
+            if (!byteBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cronet passed a buffer with no bytes remaining");
+            }
+            if (byteBuffer.remaining() >= mUploadBuffer.remaining()) {
+                byteBuffer.put(mUploadBuffer);
+            } else {
+                int oldLimit = mUploadBuffer.limit();
+                mUploadBuffer.limit(mUploadBuffer.position() + byteBuffer.remaining());
+                byteBuffer.put(mUploadBuffer);
+                mUploadBuffer.limit(oldLimit);
+            }
+            uploadDataSink.onReadSucceeded(false);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void rewind(UploadDataSink uploadDataSink) {
+            mUploadBuffer.position(0);
+            uploadDataSink.onRewindSucceeded();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Prevent instantiation
+    private UploadDataProviders() {}
+}
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/mts/Android.bp b/Cronet/tests/mts/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecf4b7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/mts/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+java_genrule {
+    name: "net-http-test-jarjar-rules",
+    defaults: ["CronetTestJavaDefaults"],
+    tool_files: [
+        ":NetHttpTestsLibPreJarJar{.jar}",
+        "jarjar_excludes.txt",
+    ],
+    tools: [
+        "jarjar-rules-generator",
+    ],
+    out: ["net_http_test_jarjar_rules.txt"],
+    cmd: "$(location jarjar-rules-generator) " +
+        "$(location :NetHttpTestsLibPreJarJar{.jar}) " +
+        "--prefix android.net.connectivity " +
+        "--excludes $(location jarjar_excludes.txt) " +
+        "--output $(out)",
+}
+
+android_library {
+    name: "NetHttpTestsLibPreJarJar",
+    defaults: ["CronetTestJavaDefaults"],
+    srcs: [":cronet_aml_javatests_sources"],
+    sdk_version: "module_current",
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    static_libs: [
+        "cronet_testserver_utils",
+        "androidx.test.ext.junit",
+        "androidx.test.rules",
+        "junit",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "android.test.base",
+        "framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
+        // android.net.TrafficStats apis
+        "framework-connectivity-t",
+    ],
+    lint: { test: true }
+}
+
+android_test {
+     name: "NetHttpTests",
+     defaults: [
+        "CronetTestJavaDefaults",
+        "mts-target-sdk-version-current",
+     ],
+     static_libs: ["NetHttpTestsLibPreJarJar"],
+     jarjar_rules: ":net-http-test-jarjar-rules",
+     jni_libs: [
+        "cronet_aml_components_cronet_android_cronet_tests__testing"
+     ],
+     test_suites: [
+         "general-tests",
+         "mts-tethering",
+     ],
+}
+
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/mts/AndroidManifest.xml b/Cronet/tests/mts/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f597134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/mts/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+          package="android.net.http.mts">
+
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
+
+    <application android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config">
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
+    </application>
+    <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+                     android:targetPackage="android.net.http.mts"
+                     android:label="MTS tests of android.net.http">
+    </instrumentation>
+
+</manifest>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/mts/AndroidTest.xml b/Cronet/tests/mts/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d780a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/mts/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+<configuration description="Runs NetHttp Mainline Tests.">
+    <!-- Only run tests if the device under test is SDK version 30 or above. -->
+    <!-- TODO Switch back to Sdk30 when b/270049141 is fixed -->
+    <object type="module_controller"
+            class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.Sdk31ModuleController" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="NetHttpTests.apk" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <option name="test-tag" value="NetHttpTests" />
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
+        <option name="package" value="android.net.http.mts" />
+        <option name="runner" value="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" />
+        <option name="hidden-api-checks" value="false"/>
+    </test>
+
+    <!-- Only run NetHttpTests in MTS if the Tethering Mainline module is installed. -->
+    <object type="module_controller"
+            class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.MainlineTestModuleController">
+        <option name="mainline-module-package-name" value="com.google.android.tethering" />
+    </object>
+</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/mts/jarjar_excludes.txt b/Cronet/tests/mts/jarjar_excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf3a017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/mts/jarjar_excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# It's prohibited to jarjar androidx packages
+androidx\..+
+# Do not jarjar the api classes
+android\.net\..+
+# cronet_tests.so is not jarjared and uses base classes. We can remove this when there's a
+# separate java base target to depend on.
+org\.chromium\.base\..+
+# Do not jarjar the tests and its utils as they also do JNI with cronet_tests.so
+org\.chromium\.net\..*Test.*(\$.+)?
+org\.chromium\.net\.NativeTestServer(\$.+)?
+org\.chromium\.net\.MockUrlRequestJobFactory(\$.+)?
+org\.chromium\.net\.QuicTestServer(\$.+)?
+org\.chromium\.net\.MockCertVerifier(\$.+)?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cronet/tests/mts/res/xml/network_security_config.xml b/Cronet/tests/mts/res/xml/network_security_config.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d44c36f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tests/mts/res/xml/network_security_config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+  ~
+  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+
+<network-security-config>
+    <domain-config cleartextTrafficPermitted="true">
+        <!-- Used as the base URL by native test server (net::EmbeddedTestServer) -->
+        <domain includeSubdomains="true">127.0.0.1</domain>
+        <!-- Used by CronetHttpURLConnectionTest#testIOExceptionInterruptRethrown -->
+        <domain includeSubdomains="true">localhost</domain>
+        <!-- Used by CronetHttpURLConnectionTest#testBadIP -->
+        <domain includeSubdomains="true">0.0.0.0</domain>
+        <!-- Used by CronetHttpURLConnectionTest#testSetUseCachesFalse -->
+        <domain includeSubdomains="true">host-cache-test-host</domain>
+        <!-- Used by CronetHttpURLConnectionTest#testBadHostname -->
+        <domain includeSubdomains="true">this-weird-host-name-does-not-exist</domain>
+        <!-- Used by CronetUrlRequestContextTest#testHostResolverRules -->
+        <domain includeSubdomains="true">some-weird-hostname</domain>
+    </domain-config>
+</network-security-config>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cronet/tools/import/copy.bara.sky b/Cronet/tools/import/copy.bara.sky
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5372a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tools/import/copy.bara.sky
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# Copyright 2023 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+common_excludes = [
+    # Exclude all Android build files
+    "**/Android.bp",
+    "**/Android.mk",
+
+    # Exclude existing *OWNERS files
+    "**/*OWNERS",
+    "**/.git/**",
+    "**/.gitignore",
+]
+
+cronet_origin_files = glob(
+    include = [
+        "base/**",
+        "build/**",
+        "build/buildflag.h",
+        "chrome/VERSION",
+        "components/cronet/**",
+        "components/metrics/**",
+        "components/nacl/**",
+        "components/prefs/**",
+        "crypto/**",
+        "ipc/**",
+        "net/**",
+        # Note: Only used for tests.
+        "testing/**",
+        "url/**",
+        "LICENSE",
+    ],
+    exclude = common_excludes + [
+        # Per aosp/2367109
+        "build/android/CheckInstallApk-debug.apk",
+        "build/android/unused_resources/**",
+        "build/linux/**",
+
+        # Per aosp/2374766
+        "components/cronet/ios/**",
+        "components/cronet/native/**",
+
+        # Per aosp/2399270
+        "testing/buildbot/**",
+
+        # Exclude all third-party directories. Those are specified explicitly
+        # below, so no dependency can accidentally creep in.
+        "**/third_party/**",
+    ],
+) + glob(
+    # Explicitly include third-party dependencies.
+    # Note: some third-party dependencies include a third_party folder within
+    # them. So far, this has not become a problem.
+    include = [
+        "base/third_party/cityhash/**",
+        "base/third_party/cityhash_v103/**",
+        "base/third_party/double_conversion/**",
+        "base/third_party/dynamic_annotations/**",
+        "base/third_party/icu/**",
+        "base/third_party/nspr/**",
+        "base/third_party/superfasthash/**",
+        "base/third_party/valgrind/**",
+        "buildtools/third_party/libc++/**",
+        "buildtools/third_party/libc++abi/**",
+        # Note: Only used for tests.
+        "net/third_party/nist-pkits/**",
+        "net/third_party/quiche/**",
+        "net/third_party/uri_template/**",
+        "third_party/abseil-cpp/**",
+        "third_party/android_ndk/sources/android/cpufeatures/**",
+        "third_party/ashmem/**",
+        "third_party/boringssl/**",
+        "third_party/brotli/**",
+        # Note: Only used for tests.
+        "third_party/ced/**",
+        # Note: Only used for tests.
+        "third_party/googletest/**",
+        "third_party/icu/**",
+        "third_party/libevent/**",
+        # Note: Only used for tests.
+        "third_party/libxml/**",
+        # Note: Only used for tests.
+        "third_party/lss/**",
+        "third_party/metrics_proto/**",
+        "third_party/modp_b64/**",
+        "third_party/protobuf/**",
+        # Note: Only used for tests.
+        "third_party/quic_trace/**",
+        # Note: Cronet currently uses Android's zlib
+        # "third_party/zlib/**",
+        "url/third_party/mozilla/**",
+    ],
+    exclude = common_excludes,
+)
+
+core.workflow(
+    name = "import_cronet",
+    authoring = authoring.overwrite("Cronet Mainline Eng <cronet-mainline-eng+copybara@google.com>"),
+    # Origin folder is specified via source_ref argument, see import_cronet.sh
+    origin = folder.origin(),
+    origin_files = cronet_origin_files,
+    destination = git.destination(
+        # The destination URL is set by the invoking script.
+        url = "overwritten/by/script",
+        push = "upstream-import",
+    ),
+    mode = "SQUASH",
+)
diff --git a/Cronet/tools/import/import_cronet.sh b/Cronet/tools/import/import_cronet.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0f04af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cronet/tools/import/import_cronet.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Copyright 2023 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Script to invoke copybara locally to import Cronet into Android.
+# Inputs:
+#  Environment:
+#   ANDROID_BUILD_TOP: path the root of the current Android directory.
+#  Arguments:
+#   -l rev: The last revision that was imported.
+#  Optional Arguments:
+#   -n rev: The new revision to import.
+#   -f: Force copybara to ignore a failure to find the last imported revision.
+
+set -e -x
+
+OPTSTRING=fl:n:
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: import_cronet.sh -n new-rev [-l last-rev] [-f]
+EOF
+    exit 1
+}
+
+COPYBARA_FOLDER_ORIGIN="/tmp/copybara-origin"
+
+#######################################
+# Create local upstream-import branch in external/cronet.
+# Globals:
+#   ANDROID_BUILD_TOP
+# Arguments:
+#   none
+#######################################
+setup_upstream_import_branch() {
+    local git_dir="${ANDROID_BUILD_TOP}/external/cronet"
+
+    (cd "${git_dir}" && git fetch aosp upstream-import:upstream-import)
+}
+
+#######################################
+# Setup folder.origin for copybara inside /tmp
+# Globals:
+#   COPYBARA_FOLDER_ORIGIN
+# Arguments:
+#   new_rev, string
+#######################################
+setup_folder_origin() (
+    local _new_rev=$1
+    mkdir -p "${COPYBARA_FOLDER_ORIGIN}"
+    cd "${COPYBARA_FOLDER_ORIGIN}"
+
+    if [ -d src ]; then
+        (cd src && git fetch --tags && git checkout "${_new_rev}")
+    else
+        # For this to work _new_rev must be a branch or a tag.
+        git clone --depth=1 --branch "${_new_rev}" https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git
+    fi
+
+
+    cat <<EOF >.gclient
+solutions = [
+  {
+    "name": "src",
+    "url": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git",
+    "managed": False,
+    "custom_deps": {},
+    "custom_vars": {},
+  },
+]
+target_os = ["android"]
+EOF
+    cd src
+    # Set appropriate gclient flags to speed up syncing.
+    gclient sync \
+        --no-history \
+        --shallow \
+        --delete_unversioned_trees
+)
+
+#######################################
+# Runs the copybara import of Chromium
+# Globals:
+#   ANDROID_BUILD_TOP
+#   COPYBARA_FOLDER_ORIGIN
+# Arguments:
+#   last_rev, string or empty
+#   force, string or empty
+#######################################
+do_run_copybara() {
+    local _last_rev=$1
+    local _force=$2
+
+    local -a flags
+    flags+=(--git-destination-url="file://${ANDROID_BUILD_TOP}/external/cronet")
+    flags+=(--repo-timeout 3m)
+
+    # buildtools/third_party/libc++ contains an invalid symlink
+    flags+=(--folder-origin-ignore-invalid-symlinks)
+    flags+=(--git-no-verify)
+
+    if [ ! -z "${_force}" ]; then
+        flags+=(--force)
+    fi
+
+    if [ ! -z "${_last_rev}" ]; then
+        flags+=(--last-rev "${_last_rev}")
+    fi
+
+    /google/bin/releases/copybara/public/copybara/copybara \
+        "${flags[@]}" \
+        "${ANDROID_BUILD_TOP}/packages/modules/Connectivity/Cronet/tools/import/copy.bara.sky" \
+        import_cronet "${COPYBARA_FOLDER_ORIGIN}/src"
+}
+
+while getopts $OPTSTRING opt; do
+    case "${opt}" in
+        f) force=true ;;
+        l) last_rev="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        n) new_rev="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        ?) usage ;;
+        *) echo "'${opt}' '${OPTARG}'"
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "${new_rev}" ]; then
+    echo "-n argument required"
+    usage
+fi
+
+setup_upstream_import_branch
+setup_folder_origin "${new_rev}"
+do_run_copybara "${last_rev}" "${force}"
+
diff --git a/OWNERS_core_networking b/OWNERS_core_networking
index bc1d002..6d17476 100644
--- a/OWNERS_core_networking
+++ b/OWNERS_core_networking
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-chenbruce@google.com
 chiachangwang@google.com
 cken@google.com
 huangaaron@google.com
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@
 markchien@google.com
 martinwu@google.com
 maze@google.com
+motomuman@google.com
 nuccachen@google.com
 paulhu@google.com
 prohr@google.com
@@ -18,3 +18,4 @@
 waynema@google.com
 xiaom@google.com
 yumike@google.com
+yuyanghuang@google.com
diff --git a/OWNERS_core_networking_xts b/OWNERS_core_networking_xts
index a6627fe..1844334 100644
--- a/OWNERS_core_networking_xts
+++ b/OWNERS_core_networking_xts
@@ -1,2 +1,7 @@
 lorenzo@google.com
-satk@google.com
+satk@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
+
+# For cherry-picks of CLs that are already merged in aosp/master, or flaky test fixes.
+jchalard@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
+maze@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
+reminv@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
diff --git a/TEST_MAPPING b/TEST_MAPPING
index 7eb935e..d2f6d6a 100644
--- a/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -36,6 +36,17 @@
     },
     // CTS tests that target older SDKs.
     {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk30",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
       "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31",
       "options": [
         {
@@ -47,12 +58,26 @@
       ]
     },
     {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk33",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
       "name": "bpf_existence_test"
     },
     {
       "name": "connectivity_native_test"
     },
     {
+      "name": "libclat_test"
+    },
+    {
       "name": "netd_updatable_unit_test"
     },
     {
@@ -69,6 +94,16 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "FrameworksNetIntegrationTests"
+    },
+    // Runs both NetHttpTests and CtsNetHttpTestCases
+    {
+      "name": "NetHttpCoverageTests",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          // These sometimes take longer than 1 min which is the presubmit timeout
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.LargeTest"
+        }
+      ]
     }
   ],
   "postsubmit": [
@@ -80,16 +115,10 @@
       "keywords": ["netd-device-kernel-4.9", "netd-device-kernel-4.14"]
     },
     {
-      "name": "libclat_test"
-    },
-    {
       "name": "traffic_controller_unit_test",
       "keywords": ["netd-device-kernel-4.9", "netd-device-kernel-4.14"]
     },
     {
-      "name": "libnetworkstats_test"
-    },
-    {
       "name": "FrameworksNetDeflakeTest"
     }
   ],
@@ -106,6 +135,17 @@
       ]
     },
     {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk30[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
       "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
       "options": [
         {
@@ -117,6 +157,48 @@
       ]
     },
     {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk33[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    // Test with APK modules only, in cases where APEX is not supported, or the other modules
+    // were simply not updated
+    {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk]",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    // Test with connectivity/tethering module only, to catch integration issues with older versions
+    // of other modules. "new tethering + old NetworkStack" is not a configuration that should
+    // really exist in the field, but there is no strong guarantee, and it is required by MTS
+    // testing for module qualification, where modules are tested independently.
+    {
+      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk[com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
       "name": "bpf_existence_test[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]"
     },
     {
@@ -133,6 +215,15 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "libnetworkstats_test[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "NetHttpCoverageTests[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
+      "options": [
+        {
+          // These sometimes take longer than 1 min which is the presubmit timeout
+          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.LargeTest"
+        }
+      ]
     }
   ],
   "mainline-postsubmit": [
@@ -140,55 +231,6 @@
     {
       "name": "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
       "keywords": ["sim"]
-    },
-    // TODO: move to mainline-presubmit when known green.
-    // Test with APK modules only, in cases where APEX is not supported, or the other modules were simply not updated
-    {
-      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk]",
-      "options": [
-        {
-          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
-        },
-        {
-          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
-        },
-        {
-          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    // TODO: move to mainline-presubmit when known green.
-    // Test with connectivity/tethering module only, to catch integration issues with older versions of other modules.
-    // "new tethering + old NetworkStack" is not a configuration that should really exist in the field, but
-    // there is no strong guarantee, and it is required by MTS testing for module qualification, where modules
-    // are tested independently.
-    {
-      "name": "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk[com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
-      "options": [
-        {
-          "exclude-annotation": "com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit"
-        },
-        {
-          "exclude-annotation": "androidx.test.filters.RequiresDevice"
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ],
-  "auto-postsubmit": [
-    // Test tag for automotive targets. These are only running in postsubmit so as to harden the
-    // automotive targets to avoid introducing additional test flake and build time. The plan for
-    // presubmit testing for auto is to augment the existing tests to cover auto use cases as well.
-    // Additionally, this tag is used in targeted test suites to limit resource usage on the test
-    // infra during the hardening phase.
-    // TODO: this tag to be removed once the above is no longer an issue.
-    {
-      "name": "FrameworksNetTests"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "FrameworksNetIntegrationTests"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "FrameworksNetDeflakeTest"
     }
   ],
   "imports": [
@@ -203,6 +245,9 @@
     },
     {
       "path": "packages/modules/CaptivePortalLogin"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "vendor/xts/gts-tests/hostsidetests/networkstack"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/Android.bp b/Tethering/Android.bp
index 2c7b868..83ca2b7 100644
--- a/Tethering/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/Android.bp
@@ -21,44 +21,65 @@
 java_defaults {
     name: "TetheringApiLevel",
     sdk_version: "module_current",
-    target_sdk_version: "33",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
 }
 
 java_defaults {
+    name: "TetheringReleaseTargetSdk",
+    target_sdk_version: "33",
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "TetheringExternalLibs",
+    // Libraries not including Tethering's own framework-tethering (different flavors of that one
+    // are needed depending on the build rule)
+    libs: [
+        "connectivity-internal-api-util",
+        "framework-configinfrastructure",
+        "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-statsd.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-wifi",
+        "framework-bluetooth",
+        "unsupportedappusage",
+    ],
+    defaults_visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
+java_defaults {
     name: "TetheringAndroidLibraryDefaults",
     srcs: [
         "apishim/**/*.java",
         "src/**/*.java",
         ":framework-connectivity-shared-srcs",
-        ":tethering-module-utils-srcs",
         ":services-tethering-shared-srcs",
+        ":statslog-tethering-java-gen",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+        "connectivity-net-module-utils-bpf",
         "modules-utils-build",
         "modules-utils-statemachine",
         "networkstack-client",
+        // AIDL tetheroffload implementation
+        "android.hardware.tetheroffload-V1-java",
+        // HIDL tetheroffload implementation
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.config-V1.0-java",
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.control-V1.0-java",
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.control-V1.1-java",
+        "android.hidl.manager-V1.2-java",
         "net-utils-framework-common",
         "net-utils-device-common",
         "net-utils-device-common-bpf",
+        "net-utils-device-common-ip",
         "net-utils-device-common-netlink",
         "netd-client",
         "tetheringstatsprotos",
     ],
+    defaults: ["TetheringExternalLibs"],
     libs: [
-        "framework-connectivity",
-        "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib",
-        "framework-statsd.stubs.module_lib",
         "framework-tethering.impl",
-        "framework-wifi",
-        "framework-bluetooth",
-        "unsupportedappusage",
     ],
-    plugins: ["java_api_finder"],
     manifest: "AndroidManifestBase.xml",
     lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
 }
@@ -69,7 +90,8 @@
     defaults: [
         "ConnectivityNextEnableDefaults",
         "TetheringAndroidLibraryDefaults",
-        "TetheringApiLevel"
+        "TetheringApiLevel",
+        "TetheringReleaseTargetSdk"
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "NetworkStackApiCurrentShims",
@@ -82,7 +104,8 @@
     name: "TetheringApiStableLib",
     defaults: [
         "TetheringAndroidLibraryDefaults",
-        "TetheringApiLevel"
+        "TetheringApiLevel",
+        "TetheringReleaseTargetSdk"
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "NetworkStackApiStableShims",
@@ -133,7 +156,7 @@
         "-Wthread-safety",
     ],
 
-    ldflags: ["-Wl,--exclude-libs=ALL,-error-limit=0"],
+    ldflags: ["-Wl,--exclude-libs=ALL,--error-limit=0"],
 }
 
 // Common defaults for compiling the actual APK.
@@ -146,9 +169,17 @@
     resource_dirs: [
         "res",
     ],
+    // Libs are not actually needed to build here since build rules using these defaults are just
+    // packaging the TetheringApiXLibs in APKs, but they are necessary so that R8 has the right
+    // references to optimize the code. Without these, there will be missing class warnings and code
+    // may be wrongly optimized.
+    // R8 runs after jarjar, so the framework-X libraries need to be the post-jarjar artifacts
+    // (framework-tethering.impl), if they are not just stubs, so that the name of jarjared
+    // classes match.
+    // TODO(b/229727645): ensure R8 fails the build fully if libraries are missing
+    defaults: ["TetheringExternalLibs"],
     libs: [
-        "framework-tethering",
-        "framework-wifi",
+        "framework-tethering.impl",
     ],
     jarjar_rules: "jarjar-rules.txt",
     optimize: {
@@ -160,7 +191,12 @@
 // Non-updatable tethering running in the system server process for devices not using the module
 android_app {
     name: "InProcessTethering",
-    defaults: ["TetheringAppDefaults", "TetheringApiLevel", "ConnectivityNextEnableDefaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "TetheringAppDefaults",
+        "TetheringApiLevel",
+        "ConnectivityNextEnableDefaults",
+        "TetheringReleaseTargetSdk"
+    ],
     static_libs: ["TetheringApiCurrentLib"],
     certificate: "platform",
     manifest: "AndroidManifest_InProcess.xml",
@@ -209,8 +245,14 @@
 
 sdk {
     name: "tethering-module-sdk",
-    bootclasspath_fragments: ["com.android.tethering-bootclasspath-fragment"],
-    systemserverclasspath_fragments: ["com.android.tethering-systemserverclasspath-fragment"],
+    apexes: [
+        // Adds exportable dependencies of the APEX to the sdk,
+        // e.g. *classpath_fragments.
+        "com.android.tethering",
+    ],
+    native_shared_libs: [
+        "libnetd_updatable",
+    ],
 }
 
 java_library_static {
@@ -223,3 +265,11 @@
     apex_available: ["com.android.tethering"],
     min_sdk_version: "30",
 }
+
+genrule {
+    name: "statslog-tethering-java-gen",
+    tools: ["stats-log-api-gen"],
+    cmd: "$(location stats-log-api-gen) --java $(out) --module network_tethering" +
+         " --javaPackage com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics --javaClass TetheringStatsLog",
+    out: ["com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringStatsLog.java"],
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/AndroidManifest.xml b/Tethering/AndroidManifest.xml
index b832e16..6a363b0 100644
--- a/Tethering/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/Tethering/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS"/>
 
+    <!-- Sending non-protected broadcast from system uid is not allowed. -->
     <protected-broadcast android:name="com.android.server.connectivity.tethering.DISABLE_TETHERING" />
 
     <application
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
index 9076dca..d84fef3 100644
--- a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
@@ -18,12 +18,33 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "TetheringInProcessFlag",
+    src: "in-process",
+    filename_from_src: true,
+    sub_dir: "flag",
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "TetheringOutOfProcessFlag",
+    src: "out-of-process",
+    filename_from_src: true,
+    sub_dir: "flag",
+}
+
 // Defaults to enable/disable java targets which uses development APIs. "enabled" may have a
 // different value depending on the branch.
 java_defaults {
     name: "ConnectivityNextEnableDefaults",
     enabled: true,
 }
+java_defaults {
+    name: "NetworkStackApiShimSettingsForCurrentBranch",
+    // API shims to include in the networking modules built from the branch. Branches that disable
+    // the "next" targets must use stable shims (latest stable API level) instead of current shims
+    // (X_current API level).
+    static_libs: ["NetworkStackApiCurrentShims"],
+}
 apex_defaults {
     name: "ConnectivityApexDefaults",
     // Tethering app to include in the AOSP apex. Branches that disable the "next" targets may use
@@ -36,10 +57,48 @@
 // as the above target may have different "enabled" values
 // depending on the branch
 
+// cronet_in_tethering_apex_defaults can be used to specify an apex_defaults target that either
+// enables or disables inclusion of Cronet in the Tethering apex. This is used to disable Cronet
+// on tm-mainline-prod. Note: in order for Cronet APIs to work Cronet must also be enabled
+// by the cronet_java_*_defaults in common/TetheringLib/Android.bp.
+cronet_in_tethering_apex_defaults = "CronetInTetheringApexDefaultsEnabled"
+// This is a placeholder comment to avoid merge conflicts
+// as cronet_apex_defaults may have different values
+// depending on the branch
+
+apex_defaults {
+    name: "CronetInTetheringApexDefaults",
+    defaults: [cronet_in_tethering_apex_defaults],
+}
+
+apex_defaults {
+    name: "CronetInTetheringApexDefaultsEnabled",
+    jni_libs: [
+        "cronet_aml_components_cronet_android_cronet",
+        "//external/cronet/third_party/boringssl:libcrypto",
+        "//external/cronet/third_party/boringssl:libssl",
+    ],
+    arch: {
+        riscv64: {
+            // TODO: remove this when there is a riscv64 libcronet
+            exclude_jni_libs: [
+                "cronet_aml_components_cronet_android_cronet",
+                "//external/cronet/third_party/boringssl:libcrypto",
+                "//external/cronet/third_party/boringssl:libssl",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+apex_defaults {
+    name: "CronetInTetheringApexDefaultsDisabled",
+}
+
 apex {
     name: "com.android.tethering",
     defaults: [
         "ConnectivityApexDefaults",
+        "CronetInTetheringApexDefaults",
         "r-launched-apex-module",
     ],
     compile_multilib: "both",
@@ -55,7 +114,10 @@
                 "libservice-connectivity",
                 "libandroid_net_connectivity_com_android_net_module_util_jni",
             ],
-            native_shared_libs: ["libnetd_updatable"],
+            native_shared_libs: [
+                "libcom.android.tethering.connectivity_native",
+                "libnetd_updatable",
+            ],
         },
         both: {
             jni_libs: [
@@ -71,10 +133,12 @@
     bpfs: [
         "block.o",
         "clatd.o",
-        "dscp_policy.o",
+        "dscpPolicy.o",
         "netd.o",
         "offload.o",
+        "offload@btf.o",
         "test.o",
+        "test@btf.o",
     ],
     apps: [
         "ServiceConnectivityResources",
@@ -83,6 +147,7 @@
     prebuilts: [
         "current_sdkinfo",
         "privapp_allowlist_com.android.tethering",
+        "TetheringOutOfProcessFlag",
     ],
     manifest: "manifest.json",
     key: "com.android.tethering.key",
@@ -92,7 +157,9 @@
 
     androidManifest: "AndroidManifest.xml",
 
-    compat_configs: ["connectivity-platform-compat-config"],
+    compat_configs: [
+        "connectivity-platform-compat-config",
+    ],
 }
 
 apex_key {
@@ -106,6 +173,15 @@
     certificate: "com.android.tethering",
 }
 
+filegroup {
+    name: "connectivity-hiddenapi-files",
+    srcs: [
+        ":connectivity-t-hiddenapi-files",
+        "hiddenapi/*.txt",
+    ],
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
 // Encapsulate the contributions made by the com.android.tethering to the bootclasspath.
 bootclasspath_fragment {
     name: "com.android.tethering-bootclasspath-fragment",
@@ -133,16 +209,11 @@
     // Additional hidden API flag files to override the defaults. This must only be
     // modified by the Soong or platform compat team.
     hidden_api: {
-        max_target_r_low_priority: [
-            "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-r-loprio.txt",
-        ],
         max_target_o_low_priority: [
             "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority.txt",
-            "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority-tiramisu.txt",
         ],
         unsupported: [
             "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported.txt",
-            "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported-tiramisu.txt",
         ],
 
         // The following packages contain classes from other modules on the
@@ -155,6 +226,7 @@
             "android.app.usage",
             "android.nearby",
             "android.net",
+            "android.net.http",
             "android.net.netstats",
             "android.net.util",
         ],
@@ -169,8 +241,10 @@
             "android.nearby.aidl",
             "android.net.apf",
             "android.net.connectivity",
+            "android.net.http.apihelpers",
             "android.net.netstats.provider",
             "android.net.nsd",
+            "android.net.wear",
         ],
     },
 }
@@ -186,8 +260,21 @@
     base: "com.android.tethering",
     package_name: "com.android.tethering.inprocess",
     enabled: enable_tethering_next_apex,
+    bpfs: [
+        "block.o",
+        "clatd.o",
+        "dscpPolicy.o",
+        "netd.o",
+        "offload@inprocess.o",
+        "test@inprocess.o",
+    ],
     apps: [
         "ServiceConnectivityResources",
         "InProcessTethering",
     ],
+    prebuilts: [
+        "current_sdkinfo",
+        "privapp_allowlist_com.android.tethering",
+        "TetheringInProcessFlag",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/in-process b/Tethering/apex/in-process
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/apex/in-process
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/manifest.json b/Tethering/apex/manifest.json
index 44a7eda..5d5ede6 100644
--- a/Tethering/apex/manifest.json
+++ b/Tethering/apex/manifest.json
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "com.android.tethering",
-  "version": 330400000
+
+  // Placeholder module version to be replaced during build.
+  // Do not change!
+  "version": 0
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/out-of-process b/Tethering/apex/out-of-process
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/apex/out-of-process
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java b/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
index b865a8e..898b124 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap.ThrowingBiConsumer;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Value;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsValue;
@@ -168,13 +168,13 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean attachProgram(String iface, boolean downstream) {
+    public boolean attachProgram(String iface, boolean downstream, boolean ipv4) {
         /* no op */
         return true;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean detachProgram(String iface) {
+    public boolean detachProgram(String iface, boolean ipv4) {
         /* no op */
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
index 0683e5e..3cad1c6 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 import static android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED;
 
 import android.net.MacAddress;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
@@ -29,8 +28,9 @@
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 
-import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap.ThrowingBiConsumer;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Value;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsKey;
@@ -66,31 +66,31 @@
 
     // BPF map for downstream IPv4 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map;
 
     // BPF map for upstream IPv4 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map;
 
     // BPF map for downstream IPv6 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
 
     // BPF map for upstream IPv6 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map;
 
     // BPF map of tethering statistics of the upstream interface since tethering startup.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap;
 
     // BPF map of per-interface quota for tethering offload.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap;
 
     // BPF map of interface index mapping for XDP.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
 
     // Tracking IPv4 rule count while any rule is using the given upstream interfaces. Used for
     // reducing the BPF map iteration query. The count is increased or decreased when the rule is
@@ -425,11 +425,11 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean attachProgram(String iface, boolean downstream) {
+    public boolean attachProgram(String iface, boolean downstream, boolean ipv4) {
         if (!isInitialized()) return false;
 
         try {
-            BpfUtils.attachProgram(iface, downstream);
+            BpfUtils.attachProgram(iface, downstream, ipv4);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             mLog.e("Could not attach program: " + e);
             return false;
@@ -438,11 +438,11 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean detachProgram(String iface) {
+    public boolean detachProgram(String iface, boolean ipv4) {
         if (!isInitialized()) return false;
 
         try {
-            BpfUtils.detachProgram(iface);
+            BpfUtils.detachProgram(iface, ipv4);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             mLog.e("Could not detach program: " + e);
             return false;
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
         return true;
     }
 
-    private String mapStatus(BpfMap m, String name) {
+    private String mapStatus(IBpfMap m, String name) {
         return name + "{" + (m != null ? "OK" : "ERROR") + "}";
     }
 
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java b/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
index 69cbab5..51cecfe 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
@@ -172,16 +172,24 @@
     /**
      * Attach BPF program.
      *
+     * @param iface the interface name to attach program.
+     * @param downstream indicate the datapath. true if downstream, false if upstream.
+     * @param ipv4 indicate the protocol family. true if ipv4, false if ipv6.
+     *
      * TODO: consider using InterfaceParams to replace interface name.
      */
-    public abstract boolean attachProgram(@NonNull String iface, boolean downstream);
+    public abstract boolean attachProgram(@NonNull String iface, boolean downstream,
+            boolean ipv4);
 
     /**
      * Detach BPF program.
      *
+     * @param iface the interface name to detach program.
+     * @param ipv4 indicate the protocol family. true if ipv4, false if ipv6.
+     *
      * TODO: consider using InterfaceParams to replace interface name.
      */
-    public abstract boolean detachProgram(@NonNull String iface);
+    public abstract boolean detachProgram(@NonNull String iface, boolean ipv4);
 
     /**
      * Add interface index mapping.
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
index 9ca3f14..6b62da9 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/Android.bp
@@ -17,11 +17,27 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
+// Both cronet_java_defaults and cronet_java_prejarjar_defaults can be used to
+// specify a java_defaults target that either enables or disables Cronet. This
+// is used to disable Cronet on tm-mainline-prod.
+// Note: they must either both be enabled or disabled.
+cronet_java_defaults = "CronetJavaDefaultsEnabled"
+cronet_java_prejarjar_defaults = "CronetJavaPrejarjarDefaultsEnabled"
+// This is a placeholder comment to avoid merge conflicts
+// as cronet_defaults may have different values
+// depending on the branch
+
 java_sdk_library {
     name: "framework-tethering",
-    defaults: ["framework-module-defaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "framework-tethering-defaults",
+    ],
     impl_library_visibility: [
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering:__subpackages__",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/framework",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/framework-t",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service-t",
 
         // Using for test only
         "//cts/tests/netlegacy22.api",
@@ -41,42 +57,102 @@
         "//packages/modules/NetworkStack/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Wifi/service/tests/wifitests",
     ],
-
-    srcs: [":framework-tethering-srcs"],
-    libs: ["framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib"],
     stub_only_libs: ["framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib"],
+
+    jarjar_rules: ":framework-tethering-jarjar-rules",
+    installable: true,
+
+    hostdex: true, // for hiddenapi check
+    permitted_packages: ["android.net"],
+    lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CronetJavaDefaults",
+    defaults: [cronet_java_defaults],
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CronetJavaDefaultsEnabled",
+    srcs: [":cronet_aml_api_sources"],
+    libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+    ],
+    impl_only_static_libs: [
+        "cronet_aml_java",
+    ],
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+  name: "CronetJavaDefaultsDisabled",
+  api_dir: "cronet_disabled/api",
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+  name: "CronetJavaPrejarjarDefaults",
+  defaults: [cronet_java_prejarjar_defaults],
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+  name: "CronetJavaPrejarjarDefaultsDisabled",
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+  name: "CronetJavaPrejarjarDefaultsEnabled",
+  static_libs: [
+    "cronet_aml_api_java",
+    "cronet_aml_java"
+  ],
+}
+
+java_library {
+  name: "framework-tethering-pre-jarjar",
+  defaults: [
+    "framework-tethering-defaults",
+  ],
+}
+
+java_genrule {
+    name: "framework-tethering-jarjar-rules",
+    tool_files: [
+        ":framework-tethering-pre-jarjar{.jar}",
+        ":framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib{.jar}",
+        "jarjar-excludes.txt",
+    ],
+    tools: [
+        "jarjar-rules-generator",
+    ],
+    out: ["framework_tethering_jarjar_rules.txt"],
+    cmd: "$(location jarjar-rules-generator) " +
+        "$(location :framework-tethering-pre-jarjar{.jar}) " +
+        "--apistubs $(location :framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib{.jar}) " +
+        "--prefix android.net.http.internal " +
+        "--excludes $(location jarjar-excludes.txt) " +
+        "--output $(out)",
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "framework-tethering-defaults",
+    defaults: ["framework-module-defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+      ":framework-tethering-srcs"
+    ],
+    libs: ["framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib"],
     aidl: {
         include_dirs: [
             "packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/aidl-export",
         ],
     },
-
-    jarjar_rules: "jarjar-rules.txt",
-    installable: true,
-
-    hostdex: true, // for hiddenapi check
     apex_available: ["com.android.tethering"],
-    permitted_packages: ["android.net"],
     min_sdk_version: "30",
-    lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
 }
 
 filegroup {
     name: "framework-tethering-srcs",
+    defaults: ["framework-sources-module-defaults"],
     srcs: [
-        "src/android/net/TetheredClient.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/TetheredClient.java",
-        "src/android/net/TetheringManager.java",
-        "src/android/net/TetheringConstants.java",
-        "src/android/net/IIntResultListener.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/ITetheringEventCallback.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/ITetheringConnector.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/TetheringCallbackStartedParcel.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/TetheringConfigurationParcel.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/TetheringRequestParcel.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/TetherStatesParcel.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/TetheringInterface.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/TetheringInterface.java",
+        "src/**/*.aidl",
+        "src/**/*.java",
     ],
     path: "src"
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/jarjar-excludes.txt b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50bc186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Don't touch anything that's already under android.net
+android\.net\..+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/jarjar-rules.txt b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/jarjar-rules.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index e459fad..0000000
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/jarjar-rules.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# jarjar rules for the bootclasspath tethering framework library here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringConfigurationParcel.aidl b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringConfigurationParcel.aidl
index 89f3813..168d7f9 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringConfigurationParcel.aidl
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringConfigurationParcel.aidl
@@ -21,17 +21,10 @@
  * @hide
  */
 parcelable TetheringConfigurationParcel {
-    int subId;
     String[] tetherableUsbRegexs;
     String[] tetherableWifiRegexs;
     String[] tetherableBluetoothRegexs;
-    boolean isDunRequired;
-    boolean chooseUpstreamAutomatically;
-    int[] preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes;
     String[] legacyDhcpRanges;
-    String[] defaultIPv4DNS;
-    boolean enableLegacyDhcpServer;
     String[] provisioningApp;
     String provisioningAppNoUi;
-    int provisioningCheckPeriod;
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
index b3f0cf2..cd914d3 100644
--- a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/TetheringManager.java
@@ -1273,8 +1273,10 @@
 
         @Override
         public int hashCode() {
-            return Objects.hash(mTetherableBluetoothRegexs, mTetherableUsbRegexs,
-                    mTetherableWifiRegexs);
+            return Objects.hash(
+                    Arrays.hashCode(mTetherableBluetoothRegexs),
+                    Arrays.hashCode(mTetherableUsbRegexs),
+                    Arrays.hashCode(mTetherableWifiRegexs));
         }
 
         @Override
diff --git a/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/wear/ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy.aidl b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/wear/ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8c39bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/common/TetheringLib/src/android/net/wear/ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.wear;
+
+import android.companion.AssociationInfo;
+
+/** @hide */
+interface ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy {
+    List<AssociationInfo> getAllAssociations();
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfCoordinator.cpp b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfCoordinator.cpp
index 27357f8..c8c86bc 100644
--- a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfCoordinator.cpp
+++ b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfCoordinator.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <jni.h>
 #include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
 
-#include "bpf_tethering.h"
+#include "offload.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
diff --git a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_TetheringUtils.cpp b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_TetheringUtils.cpp
index 291bf54..14e4b9a 100644
--- a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_TetheringUtils.cpp
+++ b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_TetheringUtils.cpp
@@ -18,21 +18,19 @@
 #include <error.h>
 #include <jni.h>
 #include <linux/filter.h>
+#include <linux/ipv6.h>
 #include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
 #include <nativehelper/ScopedUtfChars.h>
 #include <netjniutils/netjniutils.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
 #include <netinet/ether.h>
-#include <netinet/ip6.h>
 #include <netinet/icmp6.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
-namespace android {
+#include <bpf/BpfClassic.h>
 
-static const uint32_t kIPv6NextHeaderOffset = offsetof(ip6_hdr, ip6_nxt);
-static const uint32_t kIPv6PayloadStart = sizeof(ip6_hdr);
-static const uint32_t kICMPv6TypeOffset = kIPv6PayloadStart + offsetof(icmp6_hdr, icmp6_type);
+namespace android {
 
 static void throwSocketException(JNIEnv *env, const char* msg, int error) {
     jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/net/SocketException", "%s: %s", msg, strerror(error));
@@ -42,16 +40,14 @@
         uint32_t type) {
     sock_filter filter_code[] = {
         // Check header is ICMPv6.
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_LD  | BPF_B   | BPF_ABS,  kIPv6NextHeaderOffset),
-        BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K,    IPPROTO_ICMPV6, 0, 3),
+        BPF_LOAD_IPV6_U8(nexthdr),
+        BPF2_REJECT_IF_NOT_EQUAL(IPPROTO_ICMPV6),
 
         // Check ICMPv6 type.
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_LD  | BPF_B   | BPF_ABS,  kICMPv6TypeOffset),
-        BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K,    type, 0, 1),
+        BPF_LOAD_NET_RELATIVE_U8(sizeof(ipv6hdr) + offsetof(icmp6_hdr, icmp6_type)),
+        BPF2_REJECT_IF_NOT_EQUAL(type),
 
-        // Accept or reject.
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K,              0xffff),
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K,              0)
+        BPF_ACCEPT,
     };
 
     const sock_fprog filter = {
@@ -65,17 +61,17 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupNaSocket(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz,
+static void com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupNaSocket(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
         jobject javaFd) {
     com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupIcmpFilter(env, javaFd, ND_NEIGHBOR_ADVERT);
 }
 
-static void com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupNsSocket(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz,
+static void com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupNsSocket(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
         jobject javaFd) {
     com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupIcmpFilter(env, javaFd, ND_NEIGHBOR_SOLICIT);
 }
 
-static void com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupRaSocket(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz,
+static void com_android_networkstack_tethering_util_setupRaSocket(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
         jobject javaFd, jint ifIndex) {
     static const int kLinkLocalHopLimit = 255;
 
diff --git a/Tethering/proguard.flags b/Tethering/proguard.flags
index 2905e28..109bbda 100644
--- a/Tethering/proguard.flags
+++ b/Tethering/proguard.flags
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 # Keep class's integer static field for MessageUtils to parsing their name.
--keep class com.android.networkstack.tethering.Tethering$TetherMainSM {
-    static final int CMD_*;
-    static final int EVENT_*;
+-keepclassmembers class com.android.server.**,android.net.**,com.android.networkstack.** {
+    static final % POLICY_*;
+    static final % NOTIFY_TYPE_*;
+    static final % TRANSPORT_*;
+    static final % CMD_*;
+    static final % EVENT_*;
 }
 
 -keep class com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.BpfMap {
@@ -21,12 +24,8 @@
     *;
 }
 
--keepclassmembers class android.net.ip.IpServer {
-    static final int CMD_*;
-}
-
 # The lite proto runtime uses reflection to access fields based on the names in
 # the schema, keep all the fields.
 -keepclassmembers class * extends com.android.networkstack.tethering.protobuf.MessageLite {
     <fields>;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
index c718f4c..65ea8e5 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@
 package android.net.ip;
 
 import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest.checkStaticAddressConfiguration;
 import static android.net.dhcp.IDhcpServer.STATUS_SUCCESS;
 import static android.net.util.NetworkConstants.RFC7421_PREFIX_LENGTH;
@@ -44,9 +51,7 @@
 import android.net.dhcp.DhcpServingParamsParcelExt;
 import android.net.dhcp.IDhcpEventCallbacks;
 import android.net.dhcp.IDhcpServer;
-import android.net.ip.IpNeighborMonitor.NeighborEvent;
 import android.net.ip.RouterAdvertisementDaemon.RaParams;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Message;
@@ -64,11 +69,16 @@
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.InterfaceController;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.IpNeighborMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.IpNeighborMonitor.NeighborEvent;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.ClientInfo;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.Ipv6ForwardingRule;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.PrivateAddressCoordinator;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringMetrics;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.InterfaceSet;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.PrefixUtils;
 
@@ -282,13 +292,15 @@
 
     private LinkAddress mIpv4Address;
 
+    private final TetheringMetrics mTetheringMetrics;
+
     // TODO: Add a dependency object to pass the data members or variables from the tethering
     // object. It helps to reduce the arguments of the constructor.
     public IpServer(
             String ifaceName, Looper looper, int interfaceType, SharedLog log,
             INetd netd, @NonNull BpfCoordinator coordinator, Callback callback,
             TetheringConfiguration config, PrivateAddressCoordinator addressCoordinator,
-            Dependencies deps) {
+            TetheringMetrics tetheringMetrics, Dependencies deps) {
         super(ifaceName, looper);
         mLog = log.forSubComponent(ifaceName);
         mNetd = netd;
@@ -303,8 +315,9 @@
         mP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength = config.getP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength();
         mPrivateAddressCoordinator = addressCoordinator;
         mDeps = deps;
+        mTetheringMetrics = tetheringMetrics;
         resetLinkProperties();
-        mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
+        mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
         mServingMode = STATE_AVAILABLE;
 
         mIpNeighborMonitor = mDeps.getIpNeighborMonitor(getHandler(), mLog,
@@ -372,6 +385,11 @@
         return Collections.unmodifiableList(mDhcpLeases);
     }
 
+    /** Enable this IpServer. IpServer state machine will be tethered or localHotspot state. */
+    public void enable(final int requestedState, final TetheringRequestParcel request) {
+        sendMessage(CMD_TETHER_REQUESTED, requestedState, 0, request);
+    }
+
     /** Stop this IpServer. After this is called this IpServer should not be used any more. */
     public void stop() {
         sendMessage(CMD_INTERFACE_DOWN);
@@ -464,7 +482,7 @@
         }
 
         private void handleError() {
-            mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
+            mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
             transitionTo(mInitialState);
         }
     }
@@ -572,7 +590,7 @@
                     public void callback(int statusCode) {
                         if (statusCode != STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                             mLog.e("Error stopping DHCP server: " + statusCode);
-                            mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
+                            mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
                             // Not much more we can do here
                         }
                         mDhcpLeases.clear();
@@ -1123,7 +1141,7 @@
             maybeLogMessage(this, message.what);
             switch (message.what) {
                 case CMD_TETHER_REQUESTED:
-                    mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
+                    mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
                     switch (message.arg1) {
                         case STATE_LOCAL_ONLY:
                             maybeConfigureStaticIp((TetheringRequestParcel) message.obj);
@@ -1140,9 +1158,6 @@
                 case CMD_INTERFACE_DOWN:
                     transitionTo(mUnavailableState);
                     break;
-                case CMD_IPV6_TETHER_UPDATE:
-                    updateUpstreamIPv6LinkProperties((LinkProperties) message.obj, message.arg1);
-                    break;
                 default:
                     return NOT_HANDLED;
             }
@@ -1164,7 +1179,7 @@
             startConntrackMonitoring();
 
             if (!startIPv4()) {
-                mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR;
+                mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR;
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -1172,7 +1187,7 @@
                 NetdUtils.tetherInterface(mNetd, mIfaceName, asIpPrefix(mIpv4Address));
             } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException | IllegalStateException e) {
                 mLog.e("Error Tethering", e);
-                mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+                mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -1193,7 +1208,7 @@
             try {
                 NetdUtils.untetherInterface(mNetd, mIfaceName);
             } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-                mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+                mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
                 mLog.e("Failed to untether interface: " + e);
             }
 
@@ -1201,6 +1216,9 @@
             stopConntrackMonitoring();
 
             resetLinkProperties();
+
+            mTetheringMetrics.updateErrorCode(mInterfaceType, mLastError);
+            mTetheringMetrics.sendReport(mInterfaceType);
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -1223,7 +1241,7 @@
                 case CMD_START_TETHERING_ERROR:
                 case CMD_STOP_TETHERING_ERROR:
                 case CMD_SET_DNS_FORWARDERS_ERROR:
-                    mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+                    mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
                     transitionTo(mInitialState);
                     break;
                 case CMD_NEW_PREFIX_REQUEST:
@@ -1250,7 +1268,7 @@
         @Override
         public void enter() {
             super.enter();
-            if (mLastError != TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
+            if (mLastError != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
                 transitionTo(mInitialState);
             }
 
@@ -1286,7 +1304,7 @@
         @Override
         public void enter() {
             super.enter();
-            if (mLastError != TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
+            if (mLastError != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
                 transitionTo(mInitialState);
             }
 
@@ -1394,7 +1412,7 @@
                         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
                             mLog.e("Exception enabling NAT: " + e.toString());
                             cleanupUpstream();
-                            mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+                            mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
                             transitionTo(mInitialState);
                             return true;
                         }
@@ -1443,7 +1461,7 @@
         @Override
         public void enter() {
             mIpNeighborMonitor.stop();
-            mLastError = TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
+            mLastError = TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
             sendInterfaceState(STATE_UNAVAILABLE);
         }
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/NeighborPacketForwarder.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/NeighborPacketForwarder.java
index 723bd63..04cb710 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/NeighborPacketForwarder.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/NeighborPacketForwarder.java
@@ -18,12 +18,15 @@
 
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_PACKET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.ENODEV;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_RAW;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_NONBLOCK;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_RAW;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.SocketUtils.closeSocketQuietly;
+
 import android.net.util.SocketUtils;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
@@ -35,7 +38,6 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
-import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.SocketAddress;
@@ -104,15 +106,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    // TODO: move NetworkStackUtils.closeSocketQuietly to
-    // frameworks/libs/net/common/device/com/android/net/module/util/[someclass].
-    private void closeSocketQuietly(FileDescriptor fd) {
-        try {
-            SocketUtils.closeSocket(fd);
-        } catch (IOException ignored) {
-        }
-    }
-
     @Override
     protected FileDescriptor createFd() {
         try {
@@ -131,7 +124,13 @@
                                                         ETH_P_IPV6, mListenIfaceParams.index);
             Os.bind(mFd, bindAddress);
         } catch (ErrnoException | SocketException e) {
-            Log.wtf(mTag, "Failed to create  socket", e);
+            // An ENODEV(No such device) will rise if tethering stopped before this function, this
+            // may happen when enable/disable tethering quickly.
+            if (e instanceof ErrnoException && ((ErrnoException) e).errno == ENODEV) {
+                Log.w(mTag, "Failed to create socket because tethered interface is gone", e);
+            } else {
+                Log.wtf(mTag, "Failed to create socket", e);
+            }
             closeSocketQuietly(mFd);
             return null;
         }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java
index c452e55..18c2171 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/RouterAdvertisementDaemon.java
@@ -88,13 +88,13 @@
     private static final int MIN_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL_SEC = 300;
     private static final int MAX_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL_SEC = 600;
     // In general, router, prefix, and DNS lifetimes are all advised to be
-    // greater than or equal to 3 * MAX_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL.  Here, we double
+    // greater than or equal to 3 * MAX_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL.  Here, we quadruple
     // that to allow for multicast packet loss.
     //
     // This MAX_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL_SEC and DEFAULT_LIFETIME are also consistent
     // with the https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7772#section-4 discussion of
     // "approximately 7 RAs per hour".
-    private static final int DEFAULT_LIFETIME = 6 * MAX_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL_SEC;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_LIFETIME = 12 * MAX_RTR_ADV_INTERVAL_SEC;
     // From https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4861#section-10 .
     private static final int MIN_DELAY_BETWEEN_RAS_SEC = 3;
     // Both initial and final RAs, but also for changes in RA contents.
@@ -129,9 +129,6 @@
         // Tethered traffic will have the hop limit properly decremented.
         // Consequently, set the hoplimit greater by one than the upstream
         // unicast hop limit.
-        //
-        // TODO: Dynamically pass down the IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS value from the
-        // upstream interface for more correct behaviour.
         static final byte DEFAULT_HOPLIMIT = 65;
 
         public boolean hasDefaultRoute;
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
index c403548..976f5df 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
@@ -23,11 +23,12 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_TETHERING;
-import static android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEvent;
 import static android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IP;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_MIN_MTU;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEvent;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfUtils.DOWNSTREAM;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfUtils.UPSTREAM;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;
@@ -36,22 +37,19 @@
 
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry;
 import android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
-import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
-import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEventConsumer;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
-import android.util.Base64;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
@@ -61,19 +59,24 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Value;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsKey;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsValue;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEventConsumer;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.ConntrackMessage;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
-import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkSocket;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.apishim.common.BpfCoordinatorShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.ForwardedStats;
 
@@ -81,6 +84,8 @@
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -125,10 +130,7 @@
     private static final String DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS = "--stats";
     private static final String DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4 = "--upstream4";
 
-    // Using "," as a separator is safe because base64 characters are [0-9a-zA-Z/=+].
-    private static final String DUMP_BASE64_DELIMITER = ",";
-
-    /** The names of all the BPF counters defined in bpf_tethering.h. */
+    /** The names of all the BPF counters defined in offload.h. */
     public static final String[] sBpfCounterNames = getBpfCounterNames();
 
     private static String makeMapPath(String which) {
@@ -145,6 +147,8 @@
     static final int NF_CONNTRACK_TCP_TIMEOUT_ESTABLISHED = 432_000;
     @VisibleForTesting
     static final int NF_CONNTRACK_UDP_TIMEOUT_STREAM = 180;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int INVALID_MTU = 0;
 
     // List of TCP port numbers which aren't offloaded because the packets require the netfilter
     // conntrack helper. See also TetherController::setForwardRules in netd.
@@ -265,6 +269,10 @@
     // TODO: Support multi-upstream interfaces.
     private int mLastIPv4UpstreamIfindex = 0;
 
+    // Tracks the IPv4 upstream interface information.
+    @Nullable
+    private UpstreamInfo mIpv4UpstreamInfo = null;
+
     // Runnable that used by scheduling next polling of stats.
     private final Runnable mScheduledPollingStats = () -> {
         updateForwardedStats();
@@ -322,8 +330,21 @@
             return SdkLevel.isAtLeastS();
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Gets the MTU of the given interface.
+         */
+        public int getNetworkInterfaceMtu(@NonNull String iface) {
+            try {
+                final NetworkInterface networkInterface = NetworkInterface.getByName(iface);
+                return networkInterface == null ? INVALID_MTU : networkInterface.getMTU();
+            } catch (SocketException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Could not get MTU for interface " + iface, e);
+                return INVALID_MTU;
+            }
+        }
+
         /** Get downstream4 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_DOWNSTREAM4_MAP_PATH,
@@ -335,7 +356,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get upstream4 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_UPSTREAM4_MAP_PATH,
@@ -347,7 +368,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get downstream6 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_DOWNSTREAM6_FS_PATH,
@@ -359,7 +380,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get upstream6 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_UPSTREAM6_FS_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
@@ -371,7 +392,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get stats BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_STATS_MAP_PATH,
@@ -383,7 +404,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get limit BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_LIMIT_MAP_PATH,
@@ -395,7 +416,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get dev BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_DEV_MAP_PATH,
@@ -405,6 +426,18 @@
                 return null;
             }
         }
+
+        /** Get error BPF map. */
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<S32, S32> getBpfErrorMap() {
+            if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
+            try {
+                return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_ERROR_MAP_PATH,
+                    BpfMap.BPF_F_RDONLY, S32.class, S32.class);
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Cannot create error map: " + e);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -538,6 +571,13 @@
         // TODO: Wrap conntrackMonitor stopping function into mBpfCoordinatorShim.
         if (!isUsingBpf() || !mDeps.isAtLeastS()) return;
 
+        // Ignore stopping monitoring if the monitor has never started for a given IpServer.
+        if (!mMonitoringIpServers.contains(ipServer)) {
+            mLog.e("Ignore stopping monitoring because monitoring has never started for "
+                    + ipServer.interfaceName());
+            return;
+        }
+
         mMonitoringIpServers.remove(ipServer);
 
         if (!mMonitoringIpServers.isEmpty()) return;
@@ -578,7 +618,7 @@
             if (!mBpfCoordinatorShim.startUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(downstream, upstream, rule.srcMac,
                     NULL_MAC_ADDRESS, NULL_MAC_ADDRESS, NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU)) {
                 mLog.e("Failed to enable upstream IPv6 forwarding from "
-                        + mInterfaceNames.get(downstream) + " to " + mInterfaceNames.get(upstream));
+                        + getIfName(downstream) + " to " + getIfName(upstream));
             }
         }
 
@@ -619,7 +659,7 @@
             if (!mBpfCoordinatorShim.stopUpstreamIpv6Forwarding(downstream, upstream,
                     rule.srcMac)) {
                 mLog.e("Failed to disable upstream IPv6 forwarding from "
-                        + mInterfaceNames.get(downstream) + " to " + mInterfaceNames.get(upstream));
+                        + getIfName(downstream) + " to " + getIfName(upstream));
             }
         }
 
@@ -839,6 +879,27 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    private int getMtu(@NonNull final String ifaceName, @NonNull final LinkProperties lp) {
+        int mtu = INVALID_MTU;
+
+        if (ifaceName.equals(lp.getInterfaceName())) {
+            mtu = lp.getMtu();
+        }
+
+        // Get mtu via kernel if mtu is not found in LinkProperties.
+        if (mtu == INVALID_MTU) {
+            mtu = mDeps.getNetworkInterfaceMtu(ifaceName);
+        }
+
+        // Use default mtu if can't find any.
+        if (mtu == INVALID_MTU) mtu = NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU;
+
+        // Clamp to minimum ipv4 mtu
+        if (mtu < IPV4_MIN_MTU) mtu = IPV4_MIN_MTU;
+
+        return mtu;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Call when UpstreamNetworkState may be changed.
      * If upstream has ipv4 for tethering, update this new UpstreamNetworkState
@@ -851,6 +912,7 @@
         if (!isUsingBpf()) return;
 
         int upstreamIndex = 0;
+        int mtu = INVALID_MTU;
 
         // This will not work on a network that is using 464xlat because hasIpv4Address will not be
         // true.
@@ -860,6 +922,8 @@
             final String ifaceName = ns.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
             final InterfaceParams params = mDeps.getInterfaceParams(ifaceName);
             final boolean isVcn = isVcnInterface(ifaceName);
+            mtu = getMtu(ifaceName, ns.linkProperties);
+
             if (!isVcn && params != null && !params.hasMacAddress /* raw ip upstream only */) {
                 upstreamIndex = params.index;
             }
@@ -888,8 +952,11 @@
         // after the upstream is lost do not incorrectly add rules pointing at the upstream.
         if (upstreamIndex == 0) {
             mIpv4UpstreamIndices.clear();
+            mIpv4UpstreamInfo = null;
             return;
         }
+
+        mIpv4UpstreamInfo = new UpstreamInfo(upstreamIndex, mtu);
         Collection<InetAddress> addresses = ns.linkProperties.getAddresses();
         for (final InetAddress addr: addresses) {
             if (isValidUpstreamIpv4Address(addr)) {
@@ -898,6 +965,28 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private boolean is464XlatInterface(@NonNull String ifaceName) {
+        return ifaceName.startsWith("v4-");
+    }
+
+    private void maybeAttachProgramImpl(@NonNull String iface, boolean downstream) {
+        mBpfCoordinatorShim.attachProgram(iface, downstream, true /* ipv4 */);
+
+        // Ignore 464xlat interface because it is IPv4 only.
+        if (!is464XlatInterface(iface)) {
+            mBpfCoordinatorShim.attachProgram(iface, downstream, false /* ipv4 */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeDetachProgramImpl(@NonNull String iface) {
+        mBpfCoordinatorShim.detachProgram(iface, true /* ipv4 */);
+
+        // Ignore 464xlat interface because it is IPv4 only.
+        if (!is464XlatInterface(iface)) {
+            mBpfCoordinatorShim.detachProgram(iface, false /* ipv4 */);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Attach BPF program
      *
@@ -908,13 +997,19 @@
 
         if (forwardingPairExists(intIface, extIface)) return;
 
+        boolean firstUpstreamForThisDownstream = !isAnyForwardingPairOnDownstream(intIface);
         boolean firstDownstreamForThisUpstream = !isAnyForwardingPairOnUpstream(extIface);
         forwardingPairAdd(intIface, extIface);
 
-        mBpfCoordinatorShim.attachProgram(intIface, UPSTREAM);
+        // Attach if the downstream is the first time to be used in a forwarding pair.
+        // Ex: IPv6 only interface has two forwarding pair, iface and v4-iface, on the
+        // same downstream.
+        if (firstUpstreamForThisDownstream) {
+            maybeAttachProgramImpl(intIface, UPSTREAM);
+        }
         // Attach if the upstream is the first time to be used in a forwarding pair.
         if (firstDownstreamForThisUpstream) {
-            mBpfCoordinatorShim.attachProgram(extIface, DOWNSTREAM);
+            maybeAttachProgramImpl(extIface, DOWNSTREAM);
         }
     }
 
@@ -925,16 +1020,22 @@
         forwardingPairRemove(intIface, extIface);
 
         // Detaching program may fail because the interface has been removed already.
-        mBpfCoordinatorShim.detachProgram(intIface);
+        if (!isAnyForwardingPairOnDownstream(intIface)) {
+            maybeDetachProgramImpl(intIface);
+        }
         // Detach if no more forwarding pair is using the upstream.
         if (!isAnyForwardingPairOnUpstream(extIface)) {
-            mBpfCoordinatorShim.detachProgram(extIface);
+            maybeDetachProgramImpl(extIface);
         }
     }
 
     // TODO: make mInterfaceNames accessible to the shim and move this code to there.
-    private String getIfName(long ifindex) {
-        return mInterfaceNames.get((int) ifindex, Long.toString(ifindex));
+    // This function should only be used for logging/dump purposes.
+    private String getIfName(int ifindex) {
+        // TODO: return something more useful on lookup failure
+        // likely use the 'iface_index_name_map' bpf map and/or if_nametoindex
+        // perhaps should even check that all 3 match if available.
+        return mInterfaceNames.get(ifindex, Integer.toString(ifindex));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -944,6 +1045,8 @@
      * be allowed to be accessed on the handler thread.
      */
     public void dump(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        // Note that EthernetTetheringTest#isTetherConfigBpfOffloadEnabled relies on
+        // "mIsBpfEnabled" to check tethering config via dumpsys. Beware of the change if any.
         pw.println("mIsBpfEnabled: " + mIsBpfEnabled);
         pw.println("Polling " + (mPollingStarted ? "started" : "not started"));
         pw.println("Stats provider " + (mStatsProvider != null
@@ -969,9 +1072,9 @@
 
         pw.println("Forwarding rules:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
-        dumpIpv6UpstreamRules(pw);
-        dumpIpv6ForwardingRules(pw);
-        dumpIpv4ForwardingRules(pw);
+        dumpIpv6ForwardingRulesByDownstream(pw);
+        dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv6(pw);
+        dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv4(pw);
         pw.decreaseIndent();
         pw.println();
 
@@ -998,6 +1101,9 @@
         }
         pw.decreaseIndent();
 
+        pw.println("IPv4 Upstream Information: "
+                + (mIpv4UpstreamInfo != null ? mIpv4UpstreamInfo : "<empty>"));
+
         pw.println();
         pw.println("Forwarding counters:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
@@ -1009,12 +1115,12 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < mStats.size(); i++) {
             final int upstreamIfindex = mStats.keyAt(i);
             final ForwardedStats stats = mStats.get(upstreamIfindex);
-            pw.println(String.format("%d(%s) - %s", upstreamIfindex, mInterfaceNames.get(
-                    upstreamIfindex), stats.toString()));
+            pw.println(String.format("%d(%s) - %s", upstreamIfindex, getIfName(upstreamIfindex),
+                    stats.toString()));
         }
     }
     private void dumpBpfStats(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> map = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> map = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
             if (map == null) {
                 pw.println("No BPF stats map");
                 return;
@@ -1030,9 +1136,12 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void dumpIpv6ForwardingRules(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+    private void dumpIpv6ForwardingRulesByDownstream(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("IPv6 Forwarding rules by downstream interface:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
         if (mIpv6ForwardingRules.size() == 0) {
             pw.println("No IPv6 rules");
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
             return;
         }
 
@@ -1042,28 +1151,31 @@
             // The rule downstream interface index is paired with the interface name from
             // IpServer#interfaceName. See #startIPv6, #updateIpv6ForwardingRules in IpServer.
             final String downstreamIface = ipServer.interfaceName();
-            pw.println("[" + downstreamIface + "]: iif(iface) oif(iface) v6addr srcmac dstmac");
+            pw.println("[" + downstreamIface + "]: iif(iface) oif(iface) v6addr "
+                    + "[srcmac] [dstmac]");
 
             pw.increaseIndent();
             LinkedHashMap<Inet6Address, Ipv6ForwardingRule> rules = entry.getValue();
             for (Ipv6ForwardingRule rule : rules.values()) {
                 final int upstreamIfindex = rule.upstreamIfindex;
-                pw.println(String.format("%d(%s) %d(%s) %s %s %s", upstreamIfindex,
-                        mInterfaceNames.get(upstreamIfindex), rule.downstreamIfindex,
-                        downstreamIface, rule.address.getHostAddress(), rule.srcMac, rule.dstMac));
+                pw.println(String.format("%d(%s) %d(%s) %s [%s] [%s]", upstreamIfindex,
+                        getIfName(upstreamIfindex), rule.downstreamIfindex,
+                        getIfName(rule.downstreamIfindex), rule.address.getHostAddress(),
+                        rule.srcMac, rule.dstMac));
             }
             pw.decreaseIndent();
         }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
     }
 
-    private String ipv6UpstreamRuletoString(TetherUpstream6Key key, Tether6Value value) {
-        return String.format("%d(%s) %s -> %d(%s) %04x %s %s",
+    private String ipv6UpstreamRuleToString(TetherUpstream6Key key, Tether6Value value) {
+        return String.format("%d(%s) [%s] -> %d(%s) %04x [%s] [%s]",
                 key.iif, getIfName(key.iif), key.dstMac, value.oif, getIfName(value.oif),
                 value.ethProto, value.ethSrcMac, value.ethDstMac);
     }
 
     private void dumpIpv6UpstreamRules(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = mDeps.getBpfUpstream6Map()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = mDeps.getBpfUpstream6Map()) {
             if (map == null) {
                 pw.println("No IPv6 upstream");
                 return;
@@ -1072,25 +1184,57 @@
                 pw.println("No IPv6 upstream rules");
                 return;
             }
-            map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(ipv6UpstreamRuletoString(k, v)));
+            map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(ipv6UpstreamRuleToString(k, v)));
         } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
             pw.println("Error dumping IPv6 upstream map: " + e);
         }
     }
 
-    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> String bpfMapEntryToBase64String(
-            final K key, final V value) {
-        final byte[] keyBytes = key.writeToBytes();
-        final String keyBase64Str = Base64.encodeToString(keyBytes, Base64.DEFAULT)
-                .replace("\n", "");
-        final byte[] valueBytes = value.writeToBytes();
-        final String valueBase64Str = Base64.encodeToString(valueBytes, Base64.DEFAULT)
-                .replace("\n", "");
-
-        return keyBase64Str + DUMP_BASE64_DELIMITER + valueBase64Str;
+    private String ipv6DownstreamRuleToString(TetherDownstream6Key key, Tether6Value value) {
+        final String neigh6;
+        try {
+            neigh6 = InetAddress.getByAddress(key.neigh6).getHostAddress();
+        } catch (UnknownHostException impossible) {
+            throw new AssertionError("IP address array not valid IPv6 address!");
+        }
+        return String.format("%d(%s) [%s] %s -> %d(%s) %04x [%s] [%s]",
+                key.iif, getIfName(key.iif), key.dstMac, neigh6, value.oif, getIfName(value.oif),
+                value.ethProto, value.ethSrcMac, value.ethDstMac);
     }
 
-    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpRawMap(BpfMap<K, V> map,
+    private void dumpIpv6DownstreamRules(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = mDeps.getBpfDownstream6Map()) {
+            if (map == null) {
+                pw.println("No IPv6 downstream");
+                return;
+            }
+            if (map.isEmpty()) {
+                pw.println("No IPv6 downstream rules");
+                return;
+            }
+            map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(ipv6DownstreamRuleToString(k, v)));
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
+            pw.println("Error dumping IPv6 downstream map: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: use dump utils with headerline and lambda which prints key and value to reduce
+    // duplicate bpf map dump code.
+    private void dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv6(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("IPv6 Upstream: iif(iface) [inDstMac] -> oif(iface) etherType [outSrcMac] "
+                + "[outDstMac]");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        dumpIpv6UpstreamRules(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        pw.println("IPv6 Downstream: iif(iface) [inDstMac] neigh6 -> oif(iface) etherType "
+                + "[outSrcMac] [outDstMac]");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        dumpIpv6DownstreamRules(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpRawMap(IBpfMap<K, V> map,
             IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
         if (map == null) {
             pw.println("No BPF support");
@@ -1100,14 +1244,20 @@
             pw.println("No entries");
             return;
         }
-        map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(bpfMapEntryToBase64String(k, v)));
+        map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(BpfDump.toBase64EncodedString(k, v)));
     }
 
     /**
-     * Dump raw BPF map in base64 encoded strings. For test only.
-     * Only allow to dump one map path once.
-     * Format:
+     * Dump raw BPF map into the base64 encoded strings "<base64 key>,<base64 value>".
+     * Allow to dump only one map path once. For test only.
+     *
+     * Usage:
      * $ dumpsys tethering bpfRawMap --<map name>
+     *
+     * Output:
+     * <base64 encoded key #1>,<base64 encoded value #1>
+     * <base64 encoded key #2>,<base64 encoded value #2>
+     * ..
      */
     public void dumpRawMap(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw, @Nullable String[] args) {
         // TODO: consider checking the arg order that <map name> is after "bpfRawMap". Probably
@@ -1115,7 +1265,7 @@
         // expected argument order.
         // TODO: dump downstream4 map.
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS)) {
-            try (BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
+            try (IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
                 dumpRawMap(statsMap, pw);
             } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping stats map: " + e);
@@ -1123,7 +1273,7 @@
             return;
         }
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4)) {
-            try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map()) {
+            try (IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map()) {
                 dumpRawMap(upstreamMap, pw);
             } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping IPv4 map: " + e);
@@ -1161,14 +1311,14 @@
 
         final String ageStr = (value.lastUsed == 0) ? "-"
                 : String.format("%dms", (now - value.lastUsed) / 1_000_000);
-        return String.format("%s [%s] %d(%s) %s:%d -> %d(%s) %s:%d -> %s:%d [%s] %s",
+        return String.format("%s [%s] %d(%s) %s:%d -> %d(%s) %s:%d -> %s:%d [%s] %d %s",
                 l4protoToString(key.l4proto), key.dstMac, key.iif, getIfName(key.iif),
                 src4, key.srcPort, value.oif, getIfName(value.oif),
-                public4, publicPort, dst4, value.dstPort, value.ethDstMac, ageStr);
+                public4, publicPort, dst4, value.dstPort, value.ethDstMac, value.pmtu, ageStr);
     }
 
     private void dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(long now, boolean downstream,
-            BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> map, IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
+            IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> map, IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
         if (map == null) {
             pw.println("No IPv4 support");
             return;
@@ -1180,19 +1330,19 @@
         map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(ipv4RuleToString(now, downstream, k, v)));
     }
 
-    private void dumpIpv4ForwardingRules(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+    private void dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv4(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtimeNanos();
 
-        try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map();
-                BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> downstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfDownstream4Map()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map();
+                IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> downstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfDownstream4Map()) {
             pw.println("IPv4 Upstream: proto [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> "
-                    + "dst [outDstMac] age");
+                    + "dst [outDstMac] pmtu age");
             pw.increaseIndent();
             dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(now, UPSTREAM, upstreamMap, pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
 
             pw.println("IPv4 Downstream: proto [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> "
-                    + "dst [outDstMac] age");
+                    + "dst [outDstMac] pmtu age");
             pw.increaseIndent();
             dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(now, DOWNSTREAM, downstreamMap, pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
@@ -1202,32 +1352,34 @@
     }
 
     private void dumpCounters(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        if (!mDeps.isAtLeastS()) {
-            pw.println("No counter support");
-            return;
-        }
-        try (BpfMap<U32, U32> map = new BpfMap<>(TETHER_ERROR_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDONLY,
-                U32.class, U32.class)) {
-
+        try (IBpfMap<S32, S32> map = mDeps.getBpfErrorMap()) {
+            if (map == null) {
+                pw.println("No error counter support");
+                return;
+            }
+            if (map.isEmpty()) {
+                pw.println("<empty>");
+                return;
+            }
             map.forEach((k, v) -> {
                 String counterName;
                 try {
-                    counterName = sBpfCounterNames[(int) k.val];
+                    counterName = sBpfCounterNames[k.val];
                 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                     // Should never happen because this code gets the counter name from the same
                     // include file as the BPF program that increments the counter.
                     Log.wtf(TAG, "Unknown tethering counter type " + k.val);
-                    counterName = Long.toString(k.val);
+                    counterName = Integer.toString(k.val);
                 }
                 if (v.val > 0) pw.println(String.format("%s: %d", counterName, v.val));
             });
         } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
-            pw.println("Error dumping counter map: " + e);
+            pw.println("Error dumping error counter map: " + e);
         }
     }
 
     private void dumpDevmap(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> map = mDeps.getBpfDevMap()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> map = mDeps.getBpfDevMap()) {
             if (map == null) {
                 pw.println("No devmap support");
                 return;
@@ -1388,6 +1540,15 @@
             // to Objects.hash() to avoid autoboxing overhead.
             return Objects.hash(upstreamIfindex, downstreamIfindex, address, srcMac, dstMac);
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "upstreamIfindex: " + upstreamIfindex
+                    + ", downstreamIfindex: " + downstreamIfindex
+                    + ", address: " + address.getHostAddress()
+                    + ", srcMac: " + srcMac
+                    + ", dstMac: " + dstMac;
+        }
     }
 
     /** Tethering client information class. */
@@ -1432,6 +1593,28 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /** Upstream information class. */
+    private static final class UpstreamInfo {
+        // TODO: add clat interface information
+        public final int ifIndex;
+        public final int mtu;
+
+        private UpstreamInfo(final int ifIndex, final int mtu) {
+            this.ifIndex = ifIndex;
+            this.mtu = mtu;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(ifIndex, mtu);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return String.format("ifIndex: %d, mtu: %d", ifIndex, mtu);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * A BPF tethering stats provider to provide network statistics to the system.
      * Note that this class' data may only be accessed on the handler thread.
@@ -1603,20 +1786,20 @@
 
         @NonNull
         private Tether4Value makeTetherUpstream4Value(@NonNull ConntrackEvent e,
-                int upstreamIndex) {
-            return new Tether4Value(upstreamIndex,
+                @NonNull UpstreamInfo upstreamInfo) {
+            return new Tether4Value(upstreamInfo.ifIndex,
                     NULL_MAC_ADDRESS /* ethDstMac (rawip) */,
                     NULL_MAC_ADDRESS /* ethSrcMac (rawip) */, ETH_P_IP,
-                    NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU, toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(e.tupleReply.dstIp),
+                    upstreamInfo.mtu, toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(e.tupleReply.dstIp),
                     toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(e.tupleReply.srcIp), e.tupleReply.dstPort,
                     e.tupleReply.srcPort, 0 /* lastUsed, filled by bpf prog only */);
         }
 
         @NonNull
         private Tether4Value makeTetherDownstream4Value(@NonNull ConntrackEvent e,
-                @NonNull ClientInfo c, int upstreamIndex) {
+                @NonNull ClientInfo c, @NonNull UpstreamInfo upstreamInfo) {
             return new Tether4Value(c.downstreamIfindex,
-                    c.clientMac, c.downstreamMac, ETH_P_IP, NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU,
+                    c.clientMac, c.downstreamMac, ETH_P_IP, upstreamInfo.mtu,
                     toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(e.tupleOrig.dstIp),
                     toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(e.tupleOrig.srcIp),
                     e.tupleOrig.dstPort, e.tupleOrig.srcPort,
@@ -1665,9 +1848,11 @@
                 return;
             }
 
-            final Tether4Value upstream4Value = makeTetherUpstream4Value(e, upstreamIndex);
+            if (mIpv4UpstreamInfo == null || mIpv4UpstreamInfo.ifIndex != upstreamIndex) return;
+
+            final Tether4Value upstream4Value = makeTetherUpstream4Value(e, mIpv4UpstreamInfo);
             final Tether4Value downstream4Value = makeTetherDownstream4Value(e, tetherClient,
-                    upstreamIndex);
+                    mIpv4UpstreamInfo);
 
             maybeAddDevMap(upstreamIndex, tetherClient.downstreamIfindex);
             maybeSetLimit(upstreamIndex);
@@ -1745,8 +1930,7 @@
         // TODO: Perhaps stop the coordinator.
         boolean success = updateDataLimit(upstreamIfindex);
         if (!success) {
-            final String iface = mInterfaceNames.get(upstreamIfindex);
-            mLog.e("Setting data limit for " + iface + " failed.");
+            mLog.e("Setting data limit for " + getIfName(upstreamIfindex) + " failed.");
         }
     }
 
@@ -1834,6 +2018,13 @@
         return mForwardingPairs.containsKey(extIface);
     }
 
+    private boolean isAnyForwardingPairOnDownstream(@NonNull String intIface) {
+        for (final HashSet downstreams : mForwardingPairs.values()) {
+            if (downstreams.contains(intIface)) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     @NonNull
     private NetworkStats buildNetworkStats(@NonNull StatsType type, int ifIndex,
             @NonNull final ForwardedStats diff) {
@@ -1961,7 +2152,7 @@
         final byte[] msg = ConntrackMessage.newIPv4TimeoutUpdateRequest(
                 proto, src4, (int) srcPort, dst4, (int) dstPort, timeoutSec);
         try {
-            NetlinkSocket.sendOneShotKernelMessage(OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER, msg);
+            NetlinkUtils.sendOneShotKernelMessage(OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER, msg);
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             // Lower the log level for the entry not existing. The conntrack entry may have been
             // deleted and not handled by the conntrack event monitor yet. In other words, the
@@ -2065,5 +2256,13 @@
         return mTetherClients;
     }
 
+    // Return map of upstream interface IPv4 address to interface index.
+    // This is used for testing only.
+    @NonNull
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final HashMap<Inet4Address, Integer> getIpv4UpstreamIndicesForTesting() {
+        return mIpv4UpstreamIndices;
+    }
+
     private static native String[] getBpfCounterNames();
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfUtils.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfUtils.java
index 3d2dfaa..12a0c96 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfUtils.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfUtils.java
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
      *
      * TODO: use interface index to replace interface name.
      */
-    public static void attachProgram(@NonNull String iface, boolean downstream)
+    public static void attachProgram(@NonNull String iface, boolean downstream, boolean ipv4)
             throws IOException {
         final InterfaceParams params = InterfaceParams.getByName(iface);
         if (params == null) {
@@ -88,24 +88,26 @@
             throw new IOException("isEthernet(" + params.index + "[" + iface + "]) failure: " + e);
         }
 
-        try {
-            // tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 1 protocol ipv6 bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/...
-            // direct-action
-            TcUtils.tcFilterAddDevBpf(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER6, (short) ETH_P_IPV6,
-                    makeProgPath(downstream, 6, ether));
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new IOException("tc filter add dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
-                    + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER6 protocol ipv6 failure: " + e);
-        }
-
-        try {
-            // tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 2 protocol ip bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/...
-            // direct-action
-            TcUtils.tcFilterAddDevBpf(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER4, (short) ETH_P_IP,
-                    makeProgPath(downstream, 4, ether));
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new IOException("tc filter add dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
-                    + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER4 protocol ip failure: " + e);
+        if (ipv4) {
+            try {
+                // tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 2 protocol ip bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/...
+                // direct-action
+                TcUtils.tcFilterAddDevBpf(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER4, (short) ETH_P_IP,
+                        makeProgPath(downstream, 4, ether));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("tc filter add dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
+                        + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER4 protocol ip failure: " + e);
+            }
+        } else {
+            try {
+                // tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 1 protocol ipv6 bpf object-pinned
+                // /sys/fs/bpf/... direct-action
+                TcUtils.tcFilterAddDevBpf(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER6, (short) ETH_P_IPV6,
+                        makeProgPath(downstream, 6, ether));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("tc filter add dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
+                        + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER6 protocol ipv6 failure: " + e);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -114,26 +116,28 @@
      *
      * TODO: use interface index to replace interface name.
      */
-    public static void detachProgram(@NonNull String iface) throws IOException {
+    public static void detachProgram(@NonNull String iface, boolean ipv4) throws IOException {
         final InterfaceParams params = InterfaceParams.getByName(iface);
         if (params == null) {
             throw new IOException("Fail to get interface params for interface " + iface);
         }
 
-        try {
-            // tc filter del dev .. ingress prio 1 protocol ipv6
-            TcUtils.tcFilterDelDev(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER6, (short) ETH_P_IPV6);
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new IOException("tc filter del dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
-                    + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER6 protocol ipv6 failure: " + e);
-        }
-
-        try {
-            // tc filter del dev .. ingress prio 2 protocol ip
-            TcUtils.tcFilterDelDev(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER4, (short) ETH_P_IP);
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new IOException("tc filter del dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
-                    + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER4 protocol ip failure: " + e);
+        if (ipv4) {
+            try {
+                // tc filter del dev .. ingress prio 2 protocol ip
+                TcUtils.tcFilterDelDev(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER4, (short) ETH_P_IP);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("tc filter del dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
+                        + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER4 protocol ip failure: " + e);
+            }
+        } else {
+            try {
+                // tc filter del dev .. ingress prio 1 protocol ipv6
+                TcUtils.tcFilterDelDev(params.index, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER6, (short) ETH_P_IPV6);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("tc filter del dev (" + params.index + "[" + iface
+                        + "]) ingress prio PRIO_TETHER6 protocol ipv6 failure: " + e);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManager.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManager.java
index adc95ab..6d502ce 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManager.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManager.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_PROVISIONING_FAILED;
 
 import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.ACTION_TETHER_UNSUPPORTED_CARRIER_UI;
+import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED;
 
 import android.app.AlarmManager;
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
@@ -43,7 +44,6 @@
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Parcel;
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.util.BitSet;
@@ -119,8 +120,13 @@
         mEntitlementCacheValue = new SparseIntArray();
         mPermissionChangeCallback = callback;
         mHandler = h;
-        mContext.registerReceiver(mReceiver, new IntentFilter(ACTION_PROVISIONING_ALARM),
-                null, mHandler);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            mContext.registerReceiver(mReceiver, new IntentFilter(ACTION_PROVISIONING_ALARM),
+                    null, mHandler, RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED);
+        } else {
+            mContext.registerReceiver(mReceiver, new IntentFilter(ACTION_PROVISIONING_ALARM),
+                    null, mHandler);
+        }
         mSilentProvisioningService = ComponentName.unflattenFromString(
                 mContext.getResources().getString(R.string.config_wifi_tether_enable));
     }
@@ -296,7 +302,7 @@
      *  4th priority : Checks whether provisioning is required from RRO configuration.
      *
      * @param config
-     * @return integer {@see #TETHERING_PROVISIONING_NOT_REQUIRED,
+     * @return integer See {@link #TETHERING_PROVISIONING_NOT_REQUIRED,
      *                 #TETHERING_PROVISIONING_REQUIRED,
      *                 #TETHERING_PROVISIONING_CARRIER_UNSUPPORT}
      */
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IOffloadHal.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IOffloadHal.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e66e7ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IOffloadHal.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.os.NativeHandle;
+
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/** Abstraction of Tetheroffload HAL interface */
+interface IOffloadHal {
+    /*
+     * Initialize the Tetheroffload HAL. Offload management process need to know conntrack rules to
+     * support NAT, but it may not have permission to create netlink netfilter sockets. Create two
+     * netlink netfilter sockets and share them with offload management process.
+     */
+    boolean initOffload(@NonNull NativeHandle handle1, @NonNull NativeHandle handle2,
+            @NonNull OffloadHalCallback callback);
+
+    /** Stop the Tetheroffload HAL. */
+    boolean stopOffload();
+
+    /** Get HAL interface version number. */
+    int getVersion();
+
+    /** Get Tx/Rx usage from last query. */
+    ForwardedStats getForwardedStats(@NonNull String upstream);
+
+    /** Set local prefixes to offload management process. */
+    boolean setLocalPrefixes(@NonNull ArrayList<String> localPrefixes);
+
+    /** Set data limit value to offload management process. */
+    boolean setDataLimit(@NonNull String iface, long limit);
+
+    /** Set data warning and limit value to offload management process. */
+    boolean setDataWarningAndLimit(@NonNull String iface, long warning, long limit);
+
+    /** Set upstream parameters to offload management process. */
+    boolean setUpstreamParameters(@NonNull String iface, @NonNull String v4addr,
+            @NonNull String v4gateway, @NonNull ArrayList<String> v6gws);
+
+    /** Add downstream prefix to offload management process. */
+    boolean addDownstream(@NonNull String ifname, @NonNull String prefix);
+
+    /** Remove downstream prefix from offload management process. */
+    boolean removeDownstream(@NonNull String ifname, @NonNull String prefix);
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinator.java
index f3dcaa2..ab3929d 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinator.java
@@ -24,9 +24,10 @@
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
 import android.net.util.NetworkConstants;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java
index d60c21d..b4c0d6a 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 import static android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED;
 import static android.provider.Settings.Global.TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED;
 
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;
 
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
@@ -53,9 +52,10 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.ConntrackMessage;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
-import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkSocket;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats;
 
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
@@ -98,9 +98,8 @@
     private final OffloadTetheringStatsProvider mStatsProvider;
     private final SharedLog mLog;
     private final HashMap<String, LinkProperties> mDownstreams;
-    private boolean mConfigInitialized;
     @OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalVersion
-    private int mControlHalVersion;
+    private int mOffloadHalVersion;
     private LinkProperties mUpstreamLinkProperties;
     // The complete set of offload-exempt prefixes passed in via Tethering from
     // all upstream and downstream sources.
@@ -205,20 +204,11 @@
             return false;
         }
 
-        if (!mConfigInitialized) {
-            mConfigInitialized = mHwInterface.initOffloadConfig();
-            if (!mConfigInitialized) {
-                mLog.i("tethering offload config not supported");
-                stop();
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        mControlHalVersion = mHwInterface.initOffloadControl(
+        mOffloadHalVersion = mHwInterface.initOffload(
                 // OffloadHardwareInterface guarantees that these callback
                 // methods are called on the handler passed to it, which is the
                 // same as mHandler, as coordinated by the setup in Tethering.
-                new OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback() {
+                new OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback() {
                     @Override
                     public void onStarted() {
                         if (!started()) return;
@@ -305,11 +295,11 @@
 
         final boolean isStarted = started();
         if (!isStarted) {
-            mLog.i("tethering offload control not supported");
+            mLog.i("tethering offload not supported");
             stop();
         } else {
             mLog.log("tethering offload started, version: "
-                    + OffloadHardwareInterface.halVerToString(mControlHalVersion));
+                    + OffloadHardwareInterface.halVerToString(mOffloadHalVersion));
             mNatUpdateCallbacksReceived = 0;
             mNatUpdateNetlinkErrors = 0;
             maybeSchedulePollingStats();
@@ -325,9 +315,8 @@
         final boolean wasStarted = started();
         updateStatsForCurrentUpstream();
         mUpstreamLinkProperties = null;
-        mHwInterface.stopOffloadControl();
-        mControlHalVersion = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
-        mConfigInitialized = false;
+        mHwInterface.stopOffload();
+        mOffloadHalVersion = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
         if (mHandler.hasCallbacks(mScheduledPollingTask)) {
             mHandler.removeCallbacks(mScheduledPollingTask);
         }
@@ -335,7 +324,7 @@
     }
 
     private boolean started() {
-        return mConfigInitialized && mControlHalVersion != OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
+        return mOffloadHalVersion != OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -528,7 +517,7 @@
     }
 
     private boolean useStatsPolling() {
-        return mControlHalVersion == OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
+        return mOffloadHalVersion == OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
     }
 
     private boolean maybeUpdateDataWarningAndLimit(String iface) {
@@ -540,7 +529,7 @@
 
         final InterfaceQuota quota = mInterfaceQuotas.getOrDefault(iface, InterfaceQuota.MAX_VALUE);
         final boolean ret;
-        if (mControlHalVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+        if (mOffloadHalVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
             ret = mHwInterface.setDataWarningAndLimit(iface, quota.warningBytes, quota.limitBytes);
         } else {
             ret = mHwInterface.setDataLimit(iface, quota.limitBytes);
@@ -611,7 +600,7 @@
         for (RouteInfo ri : oldRoutes) {
             if (shouldIgnoreDownstreamRoute(ri)) continue;
             if (!newRoutes.contains(ri)) {
-                mHwInterface.removeDownstreamPrefix(ifname, ri.getDestination().toString());
+                mHwInterface.removeDownstream(ifname, ri.getDestination().toString());
             }
         }
 
@@ -619,7 +608,7 @@
         for (RouteInfo ri : newRoutes) {
             if (shouldIgnoreDownstreamRoute(ri)) continue;
             if (!oldRoutes.contains(ri)) {
-                mHwInterface.addDownstreamPrefix(ifname, ri.getDestination().toString());
+                mHwInterface.addDownstream(ifname, ri.getDestination().toString());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -639,7 +628,7 @@
 
         for (RouteInfo route : lp.getRoutes()) {
             if (shouldIgnoreDownstreamRoute(route)) continue;
-            mHwInterface.removeDownstreamPrefix(ifname, route.getDestination().toString());
+            mHwInterface.removeDownstream(ifname, route.getDestination().toString());
         }
     }
 
@@ -768,11 +757,21 @@
         final boolean isStarted = started();
         pw.println("Offload HALs " + (isStarted ? "started" : "not started"));
         pw.println("Offload Control HAL version: "
-                + OffloadHardwareInterface.halVerToString(mControlHalVersion));
+                + OffloadHardwareInterface.halVerToString(mOffloadHalVersion));
         LinkProperties lp = mUpstreamLinkProperties;
         String upstream = (lp != null) ? lp.getInterfaceName() : null;
         pw.println("Current upstream: " + upstream);
         pw.println("Exempt prefixes: " + mLastLocalPrefixStrs);
+        pw.println("ForwardedStats:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        if (mForwardedStats.isEmpty()) {
+            pw.println("<empty>");
+        } else {
+            for (final Map.Entry<String, ForwardedStats> kv : mForwardedStats.entrySet()) {
+                pw.println(kv.getKey() + ": " + kv.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
         pw.println("NAT timeout update callbacks received during the "
                 + (isStarted ? "current" : "last")
                 + " offload session: "
@@ -825,7 +824,7 @@
                 proto, src, srcPort, dst, dstPort, timeoutSec);
 
         try {
-            NetlinkSocket.sendOneShotKernelMessage(OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER, msg);
+            NetlinkUtils.sendOneShotKernelMessage(OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER, msg);
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             mNatUpdateNetlinkErrors++;
             mLog.e("Error updating NAT conntrack entry >" + natDescription + "<: " + e
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImpl.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImpl.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7dc757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImpl.java
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
+
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.ForwardedStats;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.IOffload;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.NatTimeoutUpdate;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.NetworkProtocol;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.OffloadCallbackEvent;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.NativeHandle;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.os.ServiceManager;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * The implementation of IOffloadHal which based on Stable AIDL interface
+ */
+public class OffloadHalAidlImpl implements IOffloadHal {
+    private static final String TAG = OffloadHalAidlImpl.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String HAL_INSTANCE_NAME = IOffload.DESCRIPTOR + "/default";
+
+    private final Handler mHandler;
+    private final SharedLog mLog;
+    private final IOffload mIOffload;
+    @OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalVersion
+    private final int mOffloadVersion;
+
+    private TetheringOffloadCallback mTetheringOffloadCallback;
+
+    public OffloadHalAidlImpl(int version, @NonNull IOffload offload, @NonNull Handler handler,
+            @NonNull SharedLog log) {
+        mOffloadVersion = version;
+        mIOffload = offload;
+        mHandler = handler;
+        mLog = log.forSubComponent(TAG);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the Tetheroffload HAL. Provides bound netlink file descriptors for use in the
+     * management process.
+     */
+    public boolean initOffload(@NonNull NativeHandle handle1, @NonNull NativeHandle handle2,
+            @NonNull OffloadHalCallback callback) {
+        final String methodStr = String.format("initOffload(%d, %d, %s)",
+                handle1.getFileDescriptor().getInt$(), handle2.getFileDescriptor().getInt$(),
+                (callback == null) ? "null"
+                : "0x" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(callback)));
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback = new TetheringOffloadCallback(mHandler, callback, mLog);
+        try {
+            mIOffload.initOffload(
+                    ParcelFileDescriptor.adoptFd(handle1.getFileDescriptor().getInt$()),
+                    ParcelFileDescriptor.adoptFd(handle2.getFileDescriptor().getInt$()),
+                    mTetheringOffloadCallback);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Stop the Tetheroffload HAL. */
+    public boolean stopOffload() {
+        final String methodStr = "stopOffload()";
+        try {
+            mIOffload.stopOffload();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback = null;
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Get HAL interface version number. */
+    public int getVersion() {
+        return mOffloadVersion;
+    }
+
+    /** Get Tx/Rx usage from last query. */
+    public OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats getForwardedStats(@NonNull String upstream) {
+        ForwardedStats stats = new ForwardedStats();
+        final String methodStr = String.format("getForwardedStats(%s)",  upstream);
+        try {
+            stats = mIOffload.getForwardedStats(upstream);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return new OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats(stats.rxBytes, stats.txBytes);
+    }
+
+    /** Set local prefixes to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setLocalPrefixes(@NonNull ArrayList<String> localPrefixes) {
+        final String methodStr = String.format("setLocalPrefixes([%s])",
+                String.join(",", localPrefixes));
+        try {
+            mIOffload.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes.toArray(new String[localPrefixes.size()]));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set data limit value to offload management process.
+     * Method setDataLimit is deprecated in AIDL, so call setDataWarningAndLimit instead,
+     * with warningBytes set to its MAX_VALUE.
+     */
+    public boolean setDataLimit(@NonNull String iface, long limit) {
+        final long warning = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        final String methodStr = String.format("setDataLimit(%s, %d)", iface, limit);
+        try {
+            mIOffload.setDataWarningAndLimit(iface, warning, limit);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Set data warning and limit value to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setDataWarningAndLimit(@NonNull String iface, long warning, long limit) {
+        final String methodStr =
+                String.format("setDataWarningAndLimit(%s, %d, %d)", iface, warning, limit);
+        try {
+            mIOffload.setDataWarningAndLimit(iface, warning, limit);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Set upstream parameters to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setUpstreamParameters(@NonNull String iface, @NonNull String v4addr,
+            @NonNull String v4gateway, @NonNull ArrayList<String> v6gws) {
+        final String methodStr = String.format("setUpstreamParameters(%s, %s, %s, [%s])",
+                iface, v4addr, v4gateway, String.join(",", v6gws));
+        try {
+            mIOffload.setUpstreamParameters(iface, v4addr, v4gateway,
+                    v6gws.toArray(new String[v6gws.size()]));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Add downstream prefix to offload management process. */
+    public boolean addDownstream(@NonNull String ifname, @NonNull String prefix) {
+        final String methodStr = String.format("addDownstream(%s, %s)", ifname, prefix);
+        try {
+            mIOffload.addDownstream(ifname, prefix);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Remove downstream prefix from offload management process. */
+    public boolean removeDownstream(@NonNull String ifname, @NonNull String prefix) {
+        final String methodStr = String.format("removeDownstream(%s, %s)", ifname, prefix);
+        try {
+            mIOffload.removeDownstream(ifname, prefix);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logAndIgnoreException(e, methodStr);
+            return false;
+        }
+        mLog.i(methodStr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get {@link IOffloadHal} object from the AIDL service.
+     *
+     * @param handler {@link Handler} to specify the thread upon which the callback will be invoked.
+     * @param log Log to be used by the repository.
+     */
+    public static IOffloadHal getIOffloadHal(Handler handler, SharedLog log) {
+        // Tetheroffload AIDL interface is only supported after U.
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() || !ServiceManager.isDeclared(HAL_INSTANCE_NAME)) return null;
+
+        IOffload offload = IOffload.Stub.asInterface(
+                ServiceManager.waitForDeclaredService(HAL_INSTANCE_NAME));
+        if (offload == null) return null;
+
+        return new OffloadHalAidlImpl(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL, offload, handler, log);
+    }
+
+    private void logAndIgnoreException(Exception e, final String methodStr) {
+        mLog.e(methodStr + " failed with " + e.getClass().getSimpleName() + ": ", e);
+    }
+
+    private static class TetheringOffloadCallback extends ITetheringOffloadCallback.Stub {
+        public final Handler handler;
+        public final OffloadHalCallback callback;
+        public final SharedLog log;
+
+        TetheringOffloadCallback(
+                Handler h, OffloadHalCallback cb, SharedLog sharedLog) {
+            handler = h;
+            callback = cb;
+            log = sharedLog;
+        }
+
+        private void handleOnEvent(int event) {
+            switch (event) {
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED:
+                    callback.onStarted();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR:
+                    callback.onStoppedError();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED:
+                    callback.onStoppedUnsupported();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE:
+                    callback.onSupportAvailable();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED:
+                    callback.onStoppedLimitReached();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED:
+                    callback.onWarningReached();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    log.e("Unsupported OffloadCallbackEvent: " + event);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent(int event) {
+            handler.post(() -> {
+                handleOnEvent(event);
+            });
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void updateTimeout(NatTimeoutUpdate params) {
+            handler.post(() -> {
+                callback.onNatTimeoutUpdate(
+                        networkProtocolToOsConstant(params.proto),
+                        params.src.addr, params.src.port,
+                        params.dst.addr, params.dst.port);
+            });
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getInterfaceHash() {
+            return ITetheringOffloadCallback.HASH;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getInterfaceVersion() {
+            return ITetheringOffloadCallback.VERSION;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int networkProtocolToOsConstant(int proto) {
+        switch (proto) {
+            case NetworkProtocol.TCP: return OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+            case NetworkProtocol.UDP: return OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+            default:
+                // The caller checks this value and will log an error. Just make
+                // sure it won't collide with valid OsConstants.IPPROTO_* values.
+                return -Math.abs(proto);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImpl.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImpl.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0a9878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImpl.java
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
+
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.halVerToString;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.uint16;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.config.V1_0.IOffloadConfig;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.IOffloadControl;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NatTimeoutUpdate;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NetworkProtocol;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.OffloadCallbackEvent;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.NativeHandle;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+/**
+ * The implementation of IOffloadHal which based on HIDL interfaces
+ */
+public class OffloadHalHidlImpl implements IOffloadHal {
+    private static final String TAG = OffloadHalHidlImpl.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String YIELDS = " -> ";
+
+    private final Handler mHandler;
+    private final SharedLog mLog;
+    private final IOffloadConfig mIOffloadConfig;
+    private final IOffloadControl mIOffloadControl;
+    @OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalVersion
+    private final int mOffloadControlVersion;
+
+    private OffloadHalCallback mOffloadHalCallback;
+    private TetheringOffloadCallback mTetheringOffloadCallback;
+
+    public OffloadHalHidlImpl(int version, @NonNull IOffloadConfig config,
+            @NonNull IOffloadControl control, @NonNull Handler handler, @NonNull SharedLog log) {
+        mOffloadControlVersion = version;
+        mIOffloadConfig = config;
+        mIOffloadControl = control;
+        mHandler = handler;
+        mLog = log.forSubComponent(TAG);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the Tetheroffload HAL. Provides bound netlink file descriptors for use in the
+     * management process.
+     */
+    public boolean initOffload(@NonNull NativeHandle handle1, @NonNull NativeHandle handle2,
+            @NonNull OffloadHalCallback callback) {
+        final String logmsg = String.format("initOffload(%d, %d, %s)",
+                handle1.getFileDescriptor().getInt$(), handle2.getFileDescriptor().getInt$(),
+                (callback == null) ? "null"
+                : "0x" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(callback)));
+
+        mOffloadHalCallback = callback;
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback = new TetheringOffloadCallback(
+                mHandler, mOffloadHalCallback, mLog, mOffloadControlVersion);
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            mIOffloadConfig.setHandles(handle1, handle2,
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        results.mSuccess = success;
+                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                    });
+            mIOffloadControl.initOffload(
+                    mTetheringOffloadCallback,
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        results.mSuccess = success;
+                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
+    /** Stop the Tetheroffload HAL. */
+    public boolean stopOffload() {
+        try {
+            mIOffloadControl.stopOffload(
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        if (!success) mLog.e("stopOffload failed: " + errMsg);
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            mLog.e("failed to stopOffload: " + e);
+        }
+        mOffloadHalCallback = null;
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback = null;
+        mLog.log("stopOffload()");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Get HAL interface version number. */
+    public int getVersion() {
+        return mOffloadControlVersion;
+    }
+
+    /** Get Tx/Rx usage from last query. */
+    public ForwardedStats getForwardedStats(@NonNull String upstream) {
+        final String logmsg = String.format("getForwardedStats(%s)",  upstream);
+
+        final ForwardedStats stats = new ForwardedStats();
+        try {
+            mIOffloadControl.getForwardedStats(
+                    upstream,
+                    (long rxBytes, long txBytes) -> {
+                        stats.rxBytes = (rxBytes > 0) ? rxBytes : 0;
+                        stats.txBytes = (txBytes > 0) ? txBytes : 0;
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return stats;
+        }
+
+        return stats;
+    }
+
+    /** Set local prefixes to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setLocalPrefixes(@NonNull ArrayList<String> localPrefixes) {
+        final String logmsg = String.format("setLocalPrefixes([%s])",
+                String.join(",", localPrefixes));
+
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            mIOffloadControl.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes,
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        results.mSuccess = success;
+                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
+    /** Set data limit value to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setDataLimit(@NonNull String iface, long limit) {
+
+        final String logmsg = String.format("setDataLimit(%s, %d)", iface, limit);
+
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            mIOffloadControl.setDataLimit(
+                    iface, limit,
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        results.mSuccess = success;
+                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
+    /** Set data warning and limit value to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setDataWarningAndLimit(@NonNull String iface, long warning, long limit) {
+        if (mOffloadControlVersion < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "setDataWarningAndLimit is not supported below HAL V1.1");
+        }
+        final String logmsg =
+                String.format("setDataWarningAndLimit(%s, %d, %d)", iface, warning, limit);
+
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            ((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl) mIOffloadControl)
+                    .setDataWarningAndLimit(
+                            iface, warning, limit,
+                            (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                                results.mSuccess = success;
+                                results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                            });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
+    /** Set upstream parameters to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setUpstreamParameters(@NonNull String iface, @NonNull String v4addr,
+            @NonNull String v4gateway, @NonNull ArrayList<String> v6gws) {
+        final String logmsg = String.format("setUpstreamParameters(%s, %s, %s, [%s])",
+                iface, v4addr, v4gateway, String.join(",", v6gws));
+
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            mIOffloadControl.setUpstreamParameters(
+                    iface, v4addr, v4gateway, v6gws,
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        results.mSuccess = success;
+                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
+    /** Add downstream prefix to offload management process. */
+    public boolean addDownstream(@NonNull String ifname, @NonNull String prefix) {
+        final String logmsg = String.format("addDownstream(%s, %s)", ifname, prefix);
+
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            mIOffloadControl.addDownstream(ifname, prefix,
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        results.mSuccess = success;
+                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
+    /** Remove downstream prefix from offload management process. */
+    public boolean removeDownstream(@NonNull String ifname, @NonNull String prefix) {
+        final String logmsg = String.format("removeDownstream(%s, %s)", ifname, prefix);
+
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            mIOffloadControl.removeDownstream(ifname, prefix,
+                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                        results.mSuccess = success;
+                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                    });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get {@link IOffloadHal} object from the HIDL service.
+     *
+     * @param handler {@link Handler} to specify the thread upon which the callback will be invoked.
+     * @param log Log to be used by the repository.
+     */
+    public static IOffloadHal getIOffloadHal(Handler handler, SharedLog log) {
+        IOffloadConfig config = null;
+        try {
+            config = IOffloadConfig.getService(true /*retry*/);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            log.e("getIOffloadConfig error " + e);
+            return null;
+        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+            log.i("getIOffloadConfig Tether Offload HAL not present/implemented");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        IOffloadControl control = null;
+        int version = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
+        try {
+            control = android.hardware.tetheroffload.control
+                    .V1_1.IOffloadControl.getService(true /*retry*/);
+            version = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1;
+        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // Unsupported by device.
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            log.e("Unable to get offload control " + OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1);
+        }
+        if (control == null) {
+            try {
+                control = IOffloadControl.getService(true /*retry*/);
+                version = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
+            } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+                // Unsupported by device.
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                log.e("Unable to get offload control " + OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (config == null || control == null) return null;
+
+        return new OffloadHalHidlImpl(version, config, control, handler, log);
+    }
+
+    private void record(String msg, Throwable t) {
+        mLog.e(msg + YIELDS + "exception: " + t);
+    }
+
+    private void record(String msg, CbResults results) {
+        final String logmsg = msg + YIELDS + results;
+        if (!results.mSuccess) {
+            mLog.e(logmsg);
+        } else {
+            mLog.log(logmsg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class TetheringOffloadCallback extends ITetheringOffloadCallback.Stub {
+        public final Handler handler;
+        public final OffloadHalCallback callback;
+        public final SharedLog log;
+        private final int mOffloadControlVersion;
+
+        TetheringOffloadCallback(
+                Handler h, OffloadHalCallback cb, SharedLog sharedLog, int offloadControlVersion) {
+            handler = h;
+            callback = cb;
+            log = sharedLog;
+            this.mOffloadControlVersion = offloadControlVersion;
+        }
+
+        private void handleOnEvent(int event) {
+            switch (event) {
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED:
+                    callback.onStarted();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR:
+                    callback.onStoppedError();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED:
+                    callback.onStoppedUnsupported();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE:
+                    callback.onSupportAvailable();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED:
+                    callback.onStoppedLimitReached();
+                    break;
+                case android.hardware.tetheroffload.control
+                        .V1_1.OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED:
+                    callback.onWarningReached();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    log.e("Unsupported OffloadCallbackEvent: " + event);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent(int event) {
+            // The implementation should never call onEvent()) if the event is already reported
+            // through newer callback.
+            if (mOffloadControlVersion > OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "onEvent(" + event + ") fired on HAL "
+                        + halVerToString(mOffloadControlVersion));
+            }
+            handler.post(() -> {
+                handleOnEvent(event);
+            });
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent_1_1(int event) {
+            if (mOffloadControlVersion < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "onEvent_1_1(" + event + ") fired on HAL "
+                        + halVerToString(mOffloadControlVersion));
+                return;
+            }
+            handler.post(() -> {
+                handleOnEvent(event);
+            });
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void updateTimeout(NatTimeoutUpdate params) {
+            handler.post(() -> {
+                callback.onNatTimeoutUpdate(
+                        networkProtocolToOsConstant(params.proto),
+                        params.src.addr, uint16(params.src.port),
+                        params.dst.addr, uint16(params.dst.port));
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int networkProtocolToOsConstant(int proto) {
+        switch (proto) {
+            case NetworkProtocol.TCP: return OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+            case NetworkProtocol.UDP: return OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+            default:
+                // The caller checks this value and will log an error. Just make
+                // sure it won't collide with valid OsConstants.IPPROTO_* values.
+                return -Math.abs(proto);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class CbResults {
+        boolean mSuccess;
+        String mErrMsg;
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            if (mSuccess) {
+                return "ok";
+            } else {
+                return "fail: " + mErrMsg;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java
index 9da66d8..de15c5b 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java
@@ -18,29 +18,19 @@
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_DUMP;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_REQUEST;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.uint16;
 
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.config.V1_0.IOffloadConfig;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.IOffloadControl;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NatTimeoutUpdate;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NetworkProtocol;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.OffloadCallbackEvent;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.net.util.SocketUtils;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.NativeHandle;
-import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
-import android.util.Log;
-import android.util.Pair;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkSocket;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNfGenMsg;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr;
 
@@ -54,8 +44,6 @@
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
-
 
 /**
  * Capture tethering dependencies, for injection.
@@ -86,43 +74,43 @@
     private final Handler mHandler;
     private final SharedLog mLog;
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
-    private IOffloadControl mOffloadControl;
+    private IOffloadHal mIOffload;
 
     // TODO: Use major-minor version control to prevent from defining new constants.
     static final int OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE = 0;
-    static final int OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0 = 1;
-    static final int OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1 = 2;
+    static final int OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0 = 1;
+    static final int OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1 = 2;
+    static final int OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL = 3;
     /** @hide */
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     @IntDef(prefix = "OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_", value = {
             OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE,
-            OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0,
-            OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1
+            OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0,
+            OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1,
+            OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL,
     })
     public @interface OffloadHalVersion {}
-    @OffloadHalVersion
-    private int mOffloadControlVersion = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
 
     @NonNull
     static String halVerToString(int version) {
         switch(version) {
-            case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0:
-                return "1.0";
-            case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1:
-                return "1.1";
+            case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0:
+                return "HIDL 1.0";
+            case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1:
+                return "HIDL 1.1";
+            case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL:
+                return "AIDL";
             case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE:
                 return "None";
             default:
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported version int " + version);
         }
-
     }
 
-    private TetheringOffloadCallback mTetheringOffloadCallback;
-    private ControlCallback mControlCallback;
+    private OffloadHalCallback mOffloadHalCallback;
 
     /** The callback to notify status of offload management process. */
-    public static class ControlCallback {
+    public static class OffloadHalCallback {
         /** Offload started. */
         public void onStarted() {}
         /**
@@ -179,7 +167,7 @@
     }
 
     public OffloadHardwareInterface(Handler h, SharedLog log) {
-        this(h, log, new Dependencies(log));
+        this(h, log, new Dependencies(h, log));
     }
 
     OffloadHardwareInterface(Handler h, SharedLog log, Dependencies deps) {
@@ -190,51 +178,27 @@
 
     /** Capture OffloadHardwareInterface dependencies, for injection. */
     static class Dependencies {
+        private final Handler mHandler;
         private final SharedLog mLog;
 
-        Dependencies(SharedLog log) {
+        Dependencies(Handler handler, SharedLog log) {
+            mHandler = handler;
             mLog = log;
         }
 
-        public IOffloadConfig getOffloadConfig() {
-            try {
-                return IOffloadConfig.getService(true /*retry*/);
-            } catch (RemoteException | NoSuchElementException e) {
-                mLog.e("getIOffloadConfig error " + e);
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-
-        @NonNull
-        public Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer> getOffloadControl() {
-            IOffloadControl hal = null;
-            int version = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
-            try {
-                hal = android.hardware.tetheroffload.control
-                        .V1_1.IOffloadControl.getService(true /*retry*/);
-                version = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1;
-            } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
-                // Unsupported by device.
-            } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                mLog.e("Unable to get offload control " + OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
-            }
+        public IOffloadHal getOffload() {
+            // Prefer AIDL implementation if its service is declared.
+            IOffloadHal hal = OffloadHalAidlImpl.getIOffloadHal(mHandler, mLog);
             if (hal == null) {
-                try {
-                    hal = IOffloadControl.getService(true /*retry*/);
-                    version = OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
-                } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
-                    // Unsupported by device.
-                } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                    mLog.e("Unable to get offload control " + OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
-                }
+                hal = OffloadHalHidlImpl.getIOffloadHal(mHandler, mLog);
             }
-            return new Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer>(hal, version);
+            return hal;
         }
 
         public NativeHandle createConntrackSocket(final int groups) {
             final FileDescriptor fd;
             try {
-                fd = NetlinkSocket.forProto(OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER);
+                fd = NetlinkUtils.netlinkSocketForProto(OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER);
             } catch (ErrnoException e) {
                 mLog.e("Unable to create conntrack socket " + e);
                 return null;
@@ -273,59 +237,8 @@
         return DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Offload management process need to know conntrack rules to support NAT, but it may not have
-     * permission to create netlink netfilter sockets. Create two netlink netfilter sockets and
-     * share them with offload management process.
-     */
-    public boolean initOffloadConfig() {
-        final IOffloadConfig offloadConfig = mDeps.getOffloadConfig();
-        if (offloadConfig == null) {
-            mLog.e("Could not find IOffloadConfig service");
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Per the IConfigOffload definition:
-        //
-        // h1    provides a file descriptor bound to the following netlink groups
-        //       (NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY).
-        //
-        // h2    provides a file descriptor bound to the following netlink groups
-        //       (NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_UPDATE | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY).
-        final NativeHandle h1 = mDeps.createConntrackSocket(
-                NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY);
-        if (h1 == null) return false;
-
-        sendIpv4NfGenMsg(h1, (short) ((NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8) | IPCTNL_MSG_CT_GET),
-                           (short) (NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_DUMP));
-
-        final NativeHandle h2 = mDeps.createConntrackSocket(
-                NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_UPDATE | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY);
-        if (h2 == null) {
-            closeFdInNativeHandle(h1);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            offloadConfig.setHandles(h1, h2,
-                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                        results.mSuccess = success;
-                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record("initOffloadConfig, setHandles fail", e);
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Explicitly close FDs.
-        closeFdInNativeHandle(h1);
-        closeFdInNativeHandle(h2);
-
-        record("initOffloadConfig, setHandles results:", results);
-        return results.mSuccess;
-    }
-
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public void sendIpv4NfGenMsg(@NonNull NativeHandle handle, short type, short flags) {
+    void sendIpv4NfGenMsg(@NonNull NativeHandle handle, short type, short flags) {
         final int length = StructNlMsgHdr.STRUCT_SIZE + StructNfGenMsg.STRUCT_SIZE;
         final byte[] msg = new byte[length];
         final ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(msg);
@@ -343,172 +256,120 @@
         nfh.pack(byteBuffer);
 
         try {
-            NetlinkSocket.sendMessage(handle.getFileDescriptor(), msg, 0 /* offset */, length,
+            NetlinkUtils.sendMessage(handle.getFileDescriptor(), msg, 0 /* offset */, length,
                                       NETLINK_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_MS);
         } catch (ErrnoException | InterruptedIOException e) {
             mLog.e("Unable to send netfilter message, error: " + e);
         }
     }
 
-    private void closeFdInNativeHandle(final NativeHandle h) {
-        try {
-            h.close();
-        } catch (IOException | IllegalStateException e) {
-            // IllegalStateException means fd is already closed, do nothing here.
-            // Also nothing we can do if IOException.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void requestSocketDump(NativeHandle handle) {
+        sendIpv4NfGenMsg(handle, (short) ((NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8) | IPCTNL_MSG_CT_GET),
+                (short) (NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_DUMP));
+    }
+
+    private void maybeCloseFdInNativeHandles(final NativeHandle... handles) {
+        for (NativeHandle h : handles) {
+            if (h == null) continue;
+            try {
+                h.close();
+            } catch (IOException | IllegalStateException e) {
+                // IllegalStateException means fd is already closed, do nothing here.
+                // Also nothing we can do if IOException.
+            }
         }
     }
 
+    private int initWithHandles(NativeHandle h1, NativeHandle h2) {
+        if (h1 == null || h2 == null) {
+            mLog.e("Failed to create socket.");
+            return OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
+        }
+
+        requestSocketDump(h1);
+        if (!mIOffload.initOffload(h1, h2, mOffloadHalCallback)) {
+            mIOffload.stopOffload();
+            mLog.e("Failed to initialize offload.");
+            return OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
+        }
+
+        return mIOffload.getVersion();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Initialize the tethering offload HAL.
      *
      * @return one of {@code OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_*} represents the HAL version, or
      *         {@link #OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE} if failed.
      */
-    public int initOffloadControl(ControlCallback controlCb) {
-        mControlCallback = controlCb;
-
-        if (mOffloadControl == null) {
-            final Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer> halAndVersion = mDeps.getOffloadControl();
-            mOffloadControl = halAndVersion.first;
-            mOffloadControlVersion = halAndVersion.second;
-            if (mOffloadControl == null) {
-                mLog.e("tethering IOffloadControl.getService() returned null");
+    public int initOffload(OffloadHalCallback offloadCb) {
+        if (mIOffload == null) {
+            mIOffload = mDeps.getOffload();
+            if (mIOffload == null) {
+                mLog.i("No tethering offload HAL service found.");
                 return OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
             }
-            mLog.i("tethering offload control version "
-                    + halVerToString(mOffloadControlVersion) + " is supported.");
+            mLog.i("Tethering offload version "
+                    + halVerToString(mIOffload.getVersion()) + " is supported.");
         }
 
-        final String logmsg = String.format("initOffloadControl(%s)",
-                (controlCb == null) ? "null"
-                        : "0x" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(controlCb)));
+        // Per the IOffload definition:
+        //
+        // h1    provides a file descriptor bound to the following netlink groups
+        //       (NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY).
+        //
+        // h2    provides a file descriptor bound to the following netlink groups
+        //       (NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_UPDATE | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY).
+        final NativeHandle h1 = mDeps.createConntrackSocket(
+                NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY);
+        final NativeHandle h2 = mDeps.createConntrackSocket(
+                NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_UPDATE | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY);
 
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback = new TetheringOffloadCallback(
-                mHandler, mControlCallback, mLog, mOffloadControlVersion);
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            mOffloadControl.initOffload(
-                    mTetheringOffloadCallback,
-                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                        results.mSuccess = success;
-                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
+        mOffloadHalCallback = offloadCb;
+        final int version = initWithHandles(h1, h2);
+
+        // Explicitly close FDs for HIDL. AIDL will pass the original FDs to the service,
+        // they shouldn't be closed here.
+        if (version < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL) {
+            maybeCloseFdInNativeHandles(h1, h2);
         }
-
-        record(logmsg, results);
-        return results.mSuccess ? mOffloadControlVersion : OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
+        return version;
     }
 
-    /** Stop IOffloadControl. */
-    public void stopOffloadControl() {
-        if (mOffloadControl != null) {
-            try {
-                mOffloadControl.stopOffload(
-                        (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                            if (!success) mLog.e("stopOffload failed: " + errMsg);
-                        });
-            } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                mLog.e("failed to stopOffload: " + e);
+    /** Stop the tethering offload HAL. */
+    public void stopOffload() {
+        if (mIOffload != null) {
+            if (!mIOffload.stopOffload()) {
+                mLog.e("Failed to stop offload.");
             }
         }
-        mOffloadControl = null;
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback = null;
-        mControlCallback = null;
-        mLog.log("stopOffloadControl()");
+        mIOffload = null;
+        mOffloadHalCallback = null;
     }
 
     /** Get Tx/Rx usage from last query. */
     public ForwardedStats getForwardedStats(String upstream) {
-        final String logmsg = String.format("getForwardedStats(%s)",  upstream);
-
-        final ForwardedStats stats = new ForwardedStats();
-        try {
-            mOffloadControl.getForwardedStats(
-                    upstream,
-                    (long rxBytes, long txBytes) -> {
-                        stats.rxBytes = (rxBytes > 0) ? rxBytes : 0;
-                        stats.txBytes = (txBytes > 0) ? txBytes : 0;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return stats;
-        }
-
-        return stats;
+        return mIOffload.getForwardedStats(upstream);
     }
 
     /** Set local prefixes to offload management process. */
     public boolean setLocalPrefixes(ArrayList<String> localPrefixes) {
-        final String logmsg = String.format("setLocalPrefixes([%s])",
-                String.join(",", localPrefixes));
-
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            mOffloadControl.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes,
-                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                        results.mSuccess = success;
-                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        record(logmsg, results);
-        return results.mSuccess;
+        return mIOffload.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes);
     }
 
     /** Set data limit value to offload management process. */
     public boolean setDataLimit(String iface, long limit) {
-
-        final String logmsg = String.format("setDataLimit(%s, %d)", iface, limit);
-
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            mOffloadControl.setDataLimit(
-                    iface, limit,
-                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                        results.mSuccess = success;
-                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        record(logmsg, results);
-        return results.mSuccess;
+        return mIOffload.setDataLimit(iface, limit);
     }
 
     /** Set data warning and limit value to offload management process. */
     public boolean setDataWarningAndLimit(String iface, long warning, long limit) {
-        if (mOffloadControlVersion < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+        if (mIOffload.getVersion() < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
                     "setDataWarningAndLimit is not supported below HAL V1.1");
         }
-        final String logmsg =
-                String.format("setDataWarningAndLimit(%s, %d, %d)", iface, warning, limit);
-
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            ((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl) mOffloadControl)
-                    .setDataWarningAndLimit(
-                            iface, warning, limit,
-                            (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                                results.mSuccess = success;
-                                results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                            });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        record(logmsg, results);
-        return results.mSuccess;
+        return mIOffload.setDataWarningAndLimit(iface, warning, limit);
     }
 
     /** Set upstream parameters to offload management process. */
@@ -518,178 +379,16 @@
         v4addr = (v4addr != null) ? v4addr : NO_IPV4_ADDRESS;
         v4gateway = (v4gateway != null) ? v4gateway : NO_IPV4_GATEWAY;
         v6gws = (v6gws != null) ? v6gws : new ArrayList<>();
-
-        final String logmsg = String.format("setUpstreamParameters(%s, %s, %s, [%s])",
-                iface, v4addr, v4gateway, String.join(",", v6gws));
-
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            mOffloadControl.setUpstreamParameters(
-                    iface, v4addr, v4gateway, v6gws,
-                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                        results.mSuccess = success;
-                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        record(logmsg, results);
-        return results.mSuccess;
+        return mIOffload.setUpstreamParameters(iface, v4addr, v4gateway, v6gws);
     }
 
     /** Add downstream prefix to offload management process. */
-    public boolean addDownstreamPrefix(String ifname, String prefix) {
-        final String logmsg = String.format("addDownstreamPrefix(%s, %s)", ifname, prefix);
-
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            mOffloadControl.addDownstream(ifname, prefix,
-                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                        results.mSuccess = success;
-                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        record(logmsg, results);
-        return results.mSuccess;
+    public boolean addDownstream(String ifname, String prefix) {
+        return  mIOffload.addDownstream(ifname, prefix);
     }
 
     /** Remove downstream prefix from offload management process. */
-    public boolean removeDownstreamPrefix(String ifname, String prefix) {
-        final String logmsg = String.format("removeDownstreamPrefix(%s, %s)", ifname, prefix);
-
-        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
-        try {
-            mOffloadControl.removeDownstream(ifname, prefix,
-                    (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
-                        results.mSuccess = success;
-                        results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
-                    });
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            record(logmsg, e);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        record(logmsg, results);
-        return results.mSuccess;
-    }
-
-    private void record(String msg, Throwable t) {
-        mLog.e(msg + YIELDS + "exception: " + t);
-    }
-
-    private void record(String msg, CbResults results) {
-        final String logmsg = msg + YIELDS + results;
-        if (!results.mSuccess) {
-            mLog.e(logmsg);
-        } else {
-            mLog.log(logmsg);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static class TetheringOffloadCallback extends ITetheringOffloadCallback.Stub {
-        public final Handler handler;
-        public final ControlCallback controlCb;
-        public final SharedLog log;
-        private final int mOffloadControlVersion;
-
-        TetheringOffloadCallback(
-                Handler h, ControlCallback cb, SharedLog sharedLog, int offloadControlVersion) {
-            handler = h;
-            controlCb = cb;
-            log = sharedLog;
-            this.mOffloadControlVersion = offloadControlVersion;
-        }
-
-        private void handleOnEvent(int event) {
-            switch (event) {
-                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED:
-                    controlCb.onStarted();
-                    break;
-                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR:
-                    controlCb.onStoppedError();
-                    break;
-                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED:
-                    controlCb.onStoppedUnsupported();
-                    break;
-                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE:
-                    controlCb.onSupportAvailable();
-                    break;
-                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED:
-                    controlCb.onStoppedLimitReached();
-                    break;
-                case android.hardware.tetheroffload.control
-                        .V1_1.OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED:
-                    controlCb.onWarningReached();
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    log.e("Unsupported OffloadCallbackEvent: " + event);
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onEvent(int event) {
-            // The implementation should never call onEvent()) if the event is already reported
-            // through newer callback.
-            if (mOffloadControlVersion > OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0) {
-                Log.wtf(TAG, "onEvent(" + event + ") fired on HAL "
-                        + halVerToString(mOffloadControlVersion));
-            }
-            handler.post(() -> {
-                handleOnEvent(event);
-            });
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onEvent_1_1(int event) {
-            if (mOffloadControlVersion < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
-                Log.wtf(TAG, "onEvent_1_1(" + event + ") fired on HAL "
-                        + halVerToString(mOffloadControlVersion));
-                return;
-            }
-            handler.post(() -> {
-                handleOnEvent(event);
-            });
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void updateTimeout(NatTimeoutUpdate params) {
-            handler.post(() -> {
-                controlCb.onNatTimeoutUpdate(
-                        networkProtocolToOsConstant(params.proto),
-                        params.src.addr, uint16(params.src.port),
-                        params.dst.addr, uint16(params.dst.port));
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static int networkProtocolToOsConstant(int proto) {
-        switch (proto) {
-            case NetworkProtocol.TCP: return OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
-            case NetworkProtocol.UDP: return OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
-            default:
-                // The caller checks this value and will log an error. Just make
-                // sure it won't collide with valid OsContants.IPPROTO_* values.
-                return -Math.abs(proto);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static class CbResults {
-        boolean mSuccess;
-        String mErrMsg;
-
-        @Override
-        public String toString() {
-            if (mSuccess) {
-                return "ok";
-            } else {
-                return "fail: " + mErrMsg;
-            }
-        }
+    public boolean removeDownstream(String ifname, String prefix) {
+        return  mIOffload.removeDownstream(ifname, prefix);
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
index cc2422f..41a10ae 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/PrivateAddressCoordinator.java
@@ -172,6 +172,9 @@
             return new LinkAddress(LEGACY_WIFI_P2P_IFACE_ADDRESS);
         }
 
+        // This ensures that tethering isn't started on 2 different interfaces with the same type.
+        // Once tethering could support multiple interface with the same type,
+        // TetheringSoftApCallback would need to handle it among others.
         final LinkAddress cachedAddress = mCachedAddresses.get(ipServer.interfaceType());
         if (useLastAddress && cachedAddress != null
                 && !isConflictWithUpstream(asIpPrefix(cachedAddress))) {
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevKey.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevKey.java
index 4283c1b..997080c 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevKey.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevKey.java
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@
 
 /** The key of BpfMap which is used for mapping interface index. */
 public class TetherDevKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long ifIndex;  // interface index
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int ifIndex;  // interface index
 
-    public TetherDevKey(final long ifIndex) {
+    public TetherDevKey(final int ifIndex) {
         this.ifIndex = ifIndex;
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevValue.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevValue.java
index 1cd99b5..b6e0c73 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevValue.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDevValue.java
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@
 
 /** The key of BpfMap which is used for mapping interface index. */
 public class TetherDevValue extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long ifIndex;  // interface index
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int ifIndex;  // interface index
 
-    public TetherDevValue(final long ifIndex) {
+    public TetherDevValue(final int ifIndex) {
         this.ifIndex = ifIndex;
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java
index a08ad4a..e34b3f1 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherDownstream6Key.java
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@
 
 /** The key of BpfMap which is used for bpf offload. */
 public class TetherDownstream6Key extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long iif; // The input interface index.
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int iif; // The input interface index.
 
     @Field(order = 1, type = Type.EUI48, padding = 2)
     public final MacAddress dstMac; // Destination ethernet mac address (zeroed iff rawip ingress).
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     @Field(order = 2, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
     public final byte[] neigh6; // The destination IPv6 address.
 
-    public TetherDownstream6Key(final long iif, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac,
+    public TetherDownstream6Key(final int iif, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac,
             final byte[] neigh6) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(dstMac);
 
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitKey.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitKey.java
index bc9bb47..68d694a 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitKey.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitKey.java
@@ -22,32 +22,10 @@
 
 /** The key of BpfMap which is used for tethering per-interface limit. */
 public class TetherLimitKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long ifindex;  // upstream interface index
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int ifindex;  // upstream interface index
 
-    public TetherLimitKey(final long ifindex) {
+    public TetherLimitKey(final int ifindex) {
         this.ifindex = ifindex;
     }
-
-    // TODO: remove equals, hashCode and toString once aosp/1536721 is merged.
-    @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
-        if (this == obj) return true;
-
-        if (!(obj instanceof TetherLimitKey)) return false;
-
-        final TetherLimitKey that = (TetherLimitKey) obj;
-
-        return ifindex == that.ifindex;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int hashCode() {
-        return Long.hashCode(ifindex);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return String.format("ifindex: %d", ifindex);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitValue.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitValue.java
index ed7e7d4..00dfcc6 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitValue.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetherLimitValue.java
@@ -32,26 +32,4 @@
     public TetherLimitValue(final long limit) {
         this.limit = limit;
     }
-
-    // TODO: remove equals, hashCode and toString once aosp/1536721 is merged.
-    @Override
-    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
-        if (this == obj) return true;
-
-        if (!(obj instanceof TetherLimitValue)) return false;
-
-        final TetherLimitValue that = (TetherLimitValue) obj;
-
-        return limit == that.limit;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int hashCode() {
-        return Long.hashCode(limit);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return String.format("limit: %d", limit);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
index 35a394d..4c5bf4e 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
-import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.net.TetherStatesParcel;
 import android.net.TetheredClient;
@@ -97,9 +96,8 @@
 import android.net.TetheringInterface;
 import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
 import android.net.TetheringRequestParcel;
+import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
-import android.net.shared.NetdUtils;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiClient;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
 import android.net.wifi.p2p.WifiP2pGroup;
@@ -136,14 +134,18 @@
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BluetoothPanShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BluetoothPanShim.TetheredInterfaceCallbackShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BluetoothPanShim.TetheredInterfaceRequestShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringMetrics;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.InterfaceSet;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.PrefixUtils;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.VersionedBroadcastListener;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.wear.WearableConnectionManager;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
@@ -254,6 +256,8 @@
     private final UserManager mUserManager;
     private final BpfCoordinator mBpfCoordinator;
     private final PrivateAddressCoordinator mPrivateAddressCoordinator;
+    private final TetheringMetrics mTetheringMetrics;
+    private final WearableConnectionManager mWearableConnectionManager;
     private int mActiveDataSubId = INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID;
 
     private volatile TetheringConfiguration mConfig;
@@ -292,6 +296,7 @@
         mNetd = mDeps.getINetd(mContext);
         mLooper = mDeps.getTetheringLooper();
         mNotificationUpdater = mDeps.getNotificationUpdater(mContext, mLooper);
+        mTetheringMetrics = mDeps.getTetheringMetrics();
 
         // This is intended to ensrure that if something calls startTethering(bluetooth) just after
         // bluetooth is enabled. Before onServiceConnected is called, store the calls into this
@@ -340,9 +345,8 @@
                     mEntitlementMgr.reevaluateSimCardProvisioning(mConfig);
                 });
 
-        mSettingsObserver = new SettingsObserver(mHandler);
-        mContext.getContentResolver().registerContentObserver(
-                Settings.Global.getUriFor(TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS), false, mSettingsObserver);
+        mSettingsObserver = new SettingsObserver(mContext, mHandler);
+        mSettingsObserver.startObserve();
 
         mStateReceiver = new StateReceiver();
 
@@ -390,22 +394,52 @@
                     }
                 });
 
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && mConfig.isWearTetheringEnabled()) {
+            mWearableConnectionManager = mDeps.getWearableConnectionManager(mContext);
+        } else {
+            mWearableConnectionManager = null;
+        }
+
         startStateMachineUpdaters();
     }
 
     private class SettingsObserver extends ContentObserver {
-        SettingsObserver(Handler handler) {
+        private final Uri mForceUsbFunctions;
+        private final Uri mTetherSupported;
+        private final Context mContext;
+
+        SettingsObserver(Context ctx, Handler handler) {
             super(handler);
+            mContext = ctx;
+            mForceUsbFunctions = Settings.Global.getUriFor(TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS);
+            mTetherSupported = Settings.Global.getUriFor(Settings.Global.TETHER_SUPPORTED);
+        }
+
+        public void startObserve() {
+            mContext.getContentResolver().registerContentObserver(mForceUsbFunctions, false, this);
+            mContext.getContentResolver().registerContentObserver(mTetherSupported, false, this);
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
-            mLog.i("OBSERVED Settings change");
-            final boolean isUsingNcm = mConfig.isUsingNcm();
-            updateConfiguration();
-            if (isUsingNcm != mConfig.isUsingNcm()) {
-                stopTetheringInternal(TETHERING_USB);
-                stopTetheringInternal(TETHERING_NCM);
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Should never be reached.");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onChange(boolean selfChange, Uri uri) {
+            if (mForceUsbFunctions.equals(uri)) {
+                mLog.i("OBSERVED TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS settings change");
+                final boolean isUsingNcm = mConfig.isUsingNcm();
+                updateConfiguration();
+                if (isUsingNcm != mConfig.isUsingNcm()) {
+                    stopTetheringInternal(TETHERING_USB);
+                    stopTetheringInternal(TETHERING_NCM);
+                }
+            } else if (mTetherSupported.equals(uri)) {
+                mLog.i("OBSERVED TETHER_SUPPORTED settings change");
+                updateSupportedDownstreams(mConfig);
+            } else {
+                mLog.e("Unexpected settings change: " + uri);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -445,8 +479,15 @@
                 mStateReceiver, noUpstreamFilter, PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, mHandler);
 
         final WifiManager wifiManager = getWifiManager();
+        TetheringSoftApCallback softApCallback = new TetheringSoftApCallback();
         if (wifiManager != null) {
-            wifiManager.registerSoftApCallback(mExecutor, new TetheringSoftApCallback());
+            wifiManager.registerSoftApCallback(mExecutor, softApCallback);
+        }
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && wifiManager != null) {
+            // Although WifiManager#registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback document that it need
+            // NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission, but actually a caller who have NETWORK_STACK
+            // or MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK permission would also able to use this API.
+            wifiManager.registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback(mExecutor, softApCallback);
         }
 
         startTrackDefaultNetwork();
@@ -542,6 +583,13 @@
         }
 
         // Called by wifi when the number of soft AP clients changed.
+        // Currently multiple softAp would not behave well in PrivateAddressCoordinator
+        // (where it gets the address from cache), it ensure tethering only support one ipServer for
+        // TETHERING_WIFI. Once tethering support multiple softAp enabled simultaneously,
+        // onConnectedClientsChanged should also be updated to support tracking different softAp's
+        // clients individually.
+        // TODO: Add wtf log and have check to reject request duplicated type with different
+        // interface.
         @Override
         public void onConnectedClientsChanged(final List<WifiClient> clients) {
             updateConnectedClients(clients);
@@ -616,7 +664,8 @@
         processInterfaceStateChange(iface, false /* enabled */);
     }
 
-    void startTethering(final TetheringRequestParcel request, final IIntResultListener listener) {
+    void startTethering(final TetheringRequestParcel request, final String callerPkg,
+            final IIntResultListener listener) {
         mHandler.post(() -> {
             final TetheringRequestParcel unfinishedRequest = mActiveTetheringRequests.get(
                     request.tetheringType);
@@ -636,6 +685,7 @@
                         request.showProvisioningUi);
             }
             enableTetheringInternal(request.tetheringType, true /* enabled */, listener);
+            mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(request.tetheringType, callerPkg);
         });
     }
 
@@ -695,7 +745,11 @@
 
         // If changing tethering fail, remove corresponding request
         // no matter who trigger the start/stop.
-        if (result != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) mActiveTetheringRequests.remove(type);
+        if (result != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
+            mActiveTetheringRequests.remove(type);
+            mTetheringMetrics.updateErrorCode(type, result);
+            mTetheringMetrics.sendReport(type);
+        }
     }
 
     private int setWifiTethering(final boolean enable) {
@@ -954,8 +1008,7 @@
         if (request != null) {
             mActiveTetheringRequests.delete(type);
         }
-        tetherState.ipServer.sendMessage(IpServer.CMD_TETHER_REQUESTED, requestedState, 0,
-                request);
+        tetherState.ipServer.enable(requestedState, request);
         return TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -979,7 +1032,7 @@
             Log.e(TAG, "Tried to untether an inactive iface :" + iface + ", ignoring");
             return TETHER_ERROR_UNAVAIL_IFACE;
         }
-        tetherState.ipServer.sendMessage(IpServer.CMD_TETHER_UNREQUESTED);
+        tetherState.ipServer.unwanted();
         return TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -1040,8 +1093,6 @@
         final ArrayList<TetheringInterface> errored = new ArrayList<>();
         final ArrayList<Integer> lastErrors = new ArrayList<>();
 
-        final TetheringConfiguration cfg = mConfig;
-
         int downstreamTypesMask = DOWNSTREAM_NONE;
         for (int i = 0; i < mTetherStates.size(); i++) {
             final TetherState tetherState = mTetherStates.valueAt(i);
@@ -1151,6 +1202,9 @@
         }
 
         private void handleConnectivityAction(Intent intent) {
+            // CONNECTIVITY_ACTION is not handled since U+ device.
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) return;
+
             final NetworkInfo networkInfo =
                     (NetworkInfo) intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
             if (networkInfo == null
@@ -1292,7 +1346,9 @@
         }
 
         private void handleUserRestrictionAction() {
-            mTetheringRestriction.onUserRestrictionsChanged();
+            if (mTetheringRestriction.onUserRestrictionsChanged()) {
+                updateSupportedDownstreams(mConfig);
+            }
         }
 
         private void handleDataSaverChanged() {
@@ -1320,6 +1376,8 @@
         return getTetheredIfaces().length > 0;
     }
 
+    // TODO: Refine TetheringTest then remove UserRestrictionActionListener class and handle
+    // onUserRestrictionsChanged inside Tethering#handleUserRestrictionAction directly.
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected static class UserRestrictionActionListener {
         private final UserManager mUserMgr;
@@ -1335,7 +1393,8 @@
             mDisallowTethering = false;
         }
 
-        public void onUserRestrictionsChanged() {
+        // return whether tethering disallowed is changed.
+        public boolean onUserRestrictionsChanged() {
             // getUserRestrictions gets restriction for this process' user, which is the primary
             // user. This is fine because DISALLOW_CONFIG_TETHERING can only be set on the primary
             // user. See UserManager.DISALLOW_CONFIG_TETHERING.
@@ -1346,15 +1405,13 @@
             mDisallowTethering = newlyDisallowed;
 
             final boolean tetheringDisallowedChanged = (newlyDisallowed != prevDisallowed);
-            if (!tetheringDisallowedChanged) {
-                return;
-            }
+            if (!tetheringDisallowedChanged) return false;
 
             if (!newlyDisallowed) {
                 // Clear the restricted notification when user is allowed to have tethering
                 // function.
                 mNotificationUpdater.tetheringRestrictionLifted();
-                return;
+                return true;
             }
 
             if (mTethering.isTetheringActive()) {
@@ -1365,6 +1422,8 @@
                 // Untether from all downstreams since tethering is disallowed.
                 mTethering.untetherAll();
             }
+
+            return true;
             // TODO(b/148139325): send tetheringSupported on restriction change
         }
     }
@@ -1376,7 +1435,9 @@
     private void enableIpServing(int tetheringType, String ifname, int ipServingMode,
             boolean isNcm) {
         ensureIpServerStarted(ifname, tetheringType, isNcm);
-        changeInterfaceState(ifname, ipServingMode);
+        if (tether(ifname, ipServingMode) != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "unable start tethering on iface " + ifname);
+        }
     }
 
     private void disableWifiIpServingCommon(int tetheringType, String ifname) {
@@ -1521,27 +1582,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void changeInterfaceState(String ifname, int requestedState) {
-        final int result;
-        switch (requestedState) {
-            case IpServer.STATE_UNAVAILABLE:
-            case IpServer.STATE_AVAILABLE:
-                result = untether(ifname);
-                break;
-            case IpServer.STATE_TETHERED:
-            case IpServer.STATE_LOCAL_ONLY:
-                result = tether(ifname, requestedState);
-                break;
-            default:
-                Log.wtf(TAG, "Unknown interface state: " + requestedState);
-                return;
-        }
-        if (result != TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "unable start or stop tethering on iface " + ifname);
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
     TetheringConfiguration getTetheringConfiguration() {
         return mConfig;
     }
@@ -1815,9 +1855,13 @@
             final Network newUpstream = (ns != null) ? ns.network : null;
             if (mTetherUpstream != newUpstream) {
                 mTetherUpstream = newUpstream;
-                mUpstreamNetworkMonitor.setCurrentUpstream(mTetherUpstream);
-                reportUpstreamChanged(ns);
+                reportUpstreamChanged(mTetherUpstream);
+                // Need to notify capabilities change after upstream network changed because new
+                // network's capabilities should be checked every time.
+                mNotificationUpdater.onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(
+                        (ns != null) ? ns.networkCapabilities : null);
             }
+            mTetheringMetrics.maybeUpdateUpstreamType(ns);
         }
 
         protected void setUpstreamNetwork(UpstreamNetworkState ns) {
@@ -1996,6 +2040,11 @@
                     // broadcasts that result in being passed a
                     // TetherMainSM.CMD_UPSTREAM_CHANGED.
                     handleNewUpstreamNetworkState(null);
+
+                    if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+                        // Need to try DUN immediately if Wi-Fi goes down.
+                        chooseUpstreamType(true);
+                    }
                     break;
                 default:
                     mLog.e("Unknown arg1 value: " + arg1);
@@ -2039,8 +2088,10 @@
                 if (mTetherUpstream != null) {
                     mTetherUpstream = null;
                     reportUpstreamChanged(null);
+                    mNotificationUpdater.onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(null);
                 }
                 mBpfCoordinator.stopPolling();
+                mTetheringMetrics.cleanup();
             }
 
             private boolean updateUpstreamWanted() {
@@ -2369,6 +2420,9 @@
 
     /** Unregister tethering event callback */
     void unregisterTetheringEventCallback(ITetheringEventCallback callback) {
+        if (callback == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        }
         mHandler.post(() -> {
             mTetheringEventCallbacks.unregister(callback);
         });
@@ -2390,10 +2444,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void reportUpstreamChanged(UpstreamNetworkState ns) {
+    private void reportUpstreamChanged(final Network network) {
         final int length = mTetheringEventCallbacks.beginBroadcast();
-        final Network network = (ns != null) ? ns.network : null;
-        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = (ns != null) ? ns.networkCapabilities : null;
         try {
             for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                 try {
@@ -2405,9 +2457,6 @@
         } finally {
             mTetheringEventCallbacks.finishBroadcast();
         }
-        // Need to notify capabilities change after upstream network changed because new network's
-        // capabilities should be checked every time.
-        mNotificationUpdater.onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(capabilities);
     }
 
     private void reportConfigurationChanged(TetheringConfigurationParcel config) {
@@ -2514,7 +2563,7 @@
     // if ro.tether.denied = true we default to no tethering
     // gservices could set the secure setting to 1 though to enable it on a build where it
     // had previously been turned off.
-    private boolean isTetheringAllowed() {
+    boolean isTetheringAllowed() {
         final int defaultVal = mDeps.isTetheringDenied() ? 0 : 1;
         final boolean tetherSupported = Settings.Global.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
                 Settings.Global.TETHER_SUPPORTED, defaultVal) != 0;
@@ -2608,6 +2657,13 @@
         mPrivateAddressCoordinator.dump(pw);
         pw.decreaseIndent();
 
+        if (mWearableConnectionManager != null) {
+            pw.println("WearableConnectionManager:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            mWearableConnectionManager.dump(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        }
+
         pw.println("Log:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, "--short")) {
@@ -2761,7 +2817,8 @@
         // If we don't care about this type of interface, ignore.
         final int interfaceType = ifaceNameToType(iface);
         if (!checkTetherableType(interfaceType)) {
-            mLog.log(iface + " is used for " + interfaceType + " which is not tetherable");
+            mLog.log(iface + " is used for " + interfaceType + " which is not tetherable"
+                     + " (-1 == INVALID is expected on upstream interface)");
             return;
         }
 
@@ -2779,7 +2836,7 @@
         final TetherState tetherState = new TetherState(
                 new IpServer(iface, mLooper, interfaceType, mLog, mNetd, mBpfCoordinator,
                              makeControlCallback(), mConfig, mPrivateAddressCoordinator,
-                             mDeps.getIpServerDependencies()), isNcm);
+                             mTetheringMetrics, mDeps.getIpServerDependencies()), isNcm);
         mTetherStates.put(iface, tetherState);
         tetherState.ipServer.start();
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
index 7c36054..b0aa668 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_DUN;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI;
 import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_TETHERING;
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME;
 import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.KEY_CARRIER_SUPPORTS_TETHERING_BOOL;
@@ -30,7 +31,6 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.TetheringConfigurationParcel;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
 import android.provider.Settings;
@@ -39,9 +39,12 @@
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -122,6 +125,13 @@
      */
     public static final String TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS =
             "tether_force_usb_functions";
+
+    /**
+     * Experiment flag to enable TETHERING_WEAR.
+     */
+    public static final String TETHER_ENABLE_WEAR_TETHERING =
+            "tether_enable_wear_tethering";
+
     /**
      * Default value that used to periodic polls tether offload stats from tethering offload HAL
      * to make the data warnings work.
@@ -150,6 +160,8 @@
 
     public final int activeDataSubId;
 
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+
     private final boolean mEnableLegacyDhcpServer;
     private final int mOffloadPollInterval;
     // TODO: Add to TetheringConfigurationParcel if required.
@@ -157,10 +169,36 @@
     private final boolean mEnableWifiP2pDedicatedIp;
     private final int mP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength;
 
+    private final boolean mEnableWearTethering;
+
     private final int mUsbTetheringFunction;
     protected final ContentResolver mContentResolver;
 
-    public TetheringConfiguration(Context ctx, SharedLog log, int id) {
+    /**
+     * A class wrapping dependencies of {@link TetheringConfiguration}, useful for testing.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        boolean isFeatureEnabled(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull String namespace,
+                @NonNull String name, @NonNull String moduleName, boolean defaultEnabled) {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(context, namespace, name,
+                    moduleName, defaultEnabled);
+        }
+
+        boolean getDeviceConfigBoolean(@NonNull String namespace, @NonNull String name,
+                boolean defaultValue) {
+            return DeviceConfig.getBoolean(namespace, name, defaultValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public TetheringConfiguration(@NonNull Context ctx, @NonNull SharedLog log, int id) {
+        this(ctx, log, id, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public TetheringConfiguration(@NonNull Context ctx, @NonNull SharedLog log, int id,
+            @NonNull Dependencies deps) {
+        mDeps = deps;
         final SharedLog configLog = log.forSubComponent("config");
 
         activeDataSubId = id;
@@ -193,8 +231,13 @@
 
         isDunRequired = checkDunRequired(ctx);
 
-        final boolean forceAutomaticUpstream = !SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()
-                && isFeatureEnabled(ctx, TETHER_FORCE_UPSTREAM_AUTOMATIC_VERSION);
+        // Here is how automatic mode enable/disable support on different Android version:
+        // - R   : can be enabled/disabled by resource config_tether_upstream_automatic.
+        //         but can be force-enabled by flag TETHER_FORCE_UPSTREAM_AUTOMATIC_VERSION.
+        // - S, T: can be enabled/disabled by resource config_tether_upstream_automatic.
+        // - U+  : automatic mode only.
+        final boolean forceAutomaticUpstream = SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() || (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()
+                && isConnectivityFeatureEnabled(ctx, TETHER_FORCE_UPSTREAM_AUTOMATIC_VERSION));
         chooseUpstreamAutomatically = forceAutomaticUpstream || getResourceBoolean(
                 res, R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic, false /** defaultValue */);
         preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes = getUpstreamIfaceTypes(res, isDunRequired);
@@ -228,6 +271,8 @@
 
         mP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength = getP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLengthFromRes(res, configLog);
 
+        mEnableWearTethering = shouldEnableWearTethering(ctx);
+
         configLog.log(toString());
     }
 
@@ -311,6 +356,11 @@
         return mP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength;
     }
 
+    /** Returns true if wearable device tethering is enabled. */
+    public boolean isWearTetheringEnabled() {
+        return mEnableWearTethering;
+    }
+
     /** Does the dumping.*/
     public void dump(PrintWriter pw) {
         pw.print("activeDataSubId: ");
@@ -356,6 +406,9 @@
         pw.print("p2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength: ");
         pw.println(mP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength);
 
+        pw.print("enableWearTethering: ");
+        pw.println(mEnableWearTethering);
+
         pw.print("mUsbTetheringFunction: ");
         pw.println(isUsingNcm() ? "NCM" : "RNDIS");
     }
@@ -381,6 +434,7 @@
                 isCarrierConfigAffirmsEntitlementCheckRequired));
         sj.add(String.format("enableBpfOffload:%s", mEnableBpfOffload));
         sj.add(String.format("enableLegacyDhcpServer:%s", mEnableLegacyDhcpServer));
+        sj.add(String.format("enableWearTethering:%s", mEnableWearTethering));
         return String.format("TetheringConfiguration{%s}", sj.toString());
     }
 
@@ -551,24 +605,32 @@
                 TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER, false /** defaultValue */);
     }
 
+    private boolean shouldEnableWearTethering(Context context) {
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()
+            && isTetheringFeatureEnabled(context, TETHER_ENABLE_WEAR_TETHERING);
+    }
+
     private boolean getDeviceConfigBoolean(final String name, final boolean defaultValue) {
-        // Due to the limitation of static mock for testing, using #getDeviceConfigProperty instead
-        // of DeviceConfig#getBoolean. If using #getBoolean here, the test can't know that the
-        // returned boolean value comes from device config or default value (because of null
-        // property string). See the test case testBpfOffload{*} in TetheringConfigurationTest.java.
-        final String value = getDeviceConfigProperty(name);
-        return value != null ? Boolean.parseBoolean(value) : defaultValue;
+        return mDeps.getDeviceConfigBoolean(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, name, defaultValue);
     }
 
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    protected String getDeviceConfigProperty(String name) {
-        return DeviceConfig.getProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, name);
+    /**
+     * This is deprecated because connectivity namespace already be used for NetworkStack mainline
+     * module. Tethering should use its own namespace to roll out the feature flag.
+     * @deprecated new caller should use isTetheringFeatureEnabled instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    private boolean isConnectivityFeatureEnabled(Context ctx, String featureVersionFlag) {
+        return isFeatureEnabled(ctx, NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, featureVersionFlag);
     }
 
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    protected boolean isFeatureEnabled(Context ctx, String featureVersionFlag) {
-        return DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(ctx, NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, featureVersionFlag,
-                TETHERING_MODULE_NAME, false /* defaultEnabled */);
+    private boolean isTetheringFeatureEnabled(Context ctx, String featureVersionFlag) {
+        return isFeatureEnabled(ctx, NAMESPACE_TETHERING, featureVersionFlag);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isFeatureEnabled(Context ctx, String namespace, String featureVersionFlag) {
+        return mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(ctx, namespace, featureVersionFlag, TETHERING_MODULE_NAME,
+                false /* defaultEnabled */);
     }
 
     private Resources getResources(Context ctx, int subId) {
@@ -652,21 +714,13 @@
      */
     public TetheringConfigurationParcel toStableParcelable() {
         final TetheringConfigurationParcel parcel = new TetheringConfigurationParcel();
-        parcel.subId = activeDataSubId;
         parcel.tetherableUsbRegexs = tetherableUsbRegexs;
         parcel.tetherableWifiRegexs = tetherableWifiRegexs;
         parcel.tetherableBluetoothRegexs = tetherableBluetoothRegexs;
-        parcel.isDunRequired = isDunRequired;
-        parcel.chooseUpstreamAutomatically = chooseUpstreamAutomatically;
-
-        parcel.preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes = toIntArray(preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes);
-
         parcel.legacyDhcpRanges = legacyDhcpRanges;
-        parcel.defaultIPv4DNS = defaultIPv4DNS;
-        parcel.enableLegacyDhcpServer = mEnableLegacyDhcpServer;
         parcel.provisioningApp = provisioningApp;
         parcel.provisioningAppNoUi = provisioningAppNoUi;
-        parcel.provisioningCheckPeriod = provisioningCheckPeriod;
+
         return parcel;
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java
index 9224213..741a5c5 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringDependencies.java
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.Looper;
@@ -30,10 +30,14 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.StateMachine;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.BluetoothPanShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BluetoothPanShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringMetrics;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.wear.WearableConnectionManager;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 
@@ -163,4 +167,19 @@
     public BluetoothPanShim getBluetoothPanShim(BluetoothPan pan) {
         return BluetoothPanShimImpl.newInstance(pan);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a reference to the TetheringMetrics to be used by tethering.
+     */
+    public TetheringMetrics getTetheringMetrics() {
+        return new TetheringMetrics();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the implementation of WearableConnectionManager.
+     */
+    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public WearableConnectionManager getWearableConnectionManager(Context ctx) {
+        return new WearableConnectionManager(ctx);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java
index 9fb61fe..96ddfa0 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringService.java
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
                 return;
             }
 
-            mTethering.startTethering(request, listener);
+            mTethering.startTethering(request, callerPkg, listener);
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
                     listener.onResult(TETHER_ERROR_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION);
                     return true;
                 }
-                if (!mTethering.isTetheringSupported()) {
+                if (!mTethering.isTetheringSupported() || !mTethering.isTetheringAllowed()) {
                     listener.onResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
                 receiver.send(TETHER_ERROR_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION, null);
                 return true;
             }
-            if (!mTethering.isTetheringSupported()) {
+            if (!mTethering.isTetheringSupported() || !mTethering.isTetheringAllowed()) {
                 receiver.send(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, null);
                 return true;
             }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java
index f8dd673..ac2aa7b 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitor.java
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.StateMachine;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConnectivityManagerShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.ConnectivityManagerShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.PrefixUtils;
@@ -133,8 +133,6 @@
     private boolean mIsDefaultCellularUpstream;
     // The current system default network (not really used yet).
     private Network mDefaultInternetNetwork;
-    // The current upstream network used for tethering.
-    private Network mTetheringUpstreamNetwork;
     private boolean mPreferTestNetworks;
 
     public UpstreamNetworkMonitor(Context ctx, StateMachine tgt, SharedLog log, int what) {
@@ -191,7 +189,6 @@
         releaseCallback(mListenAllCallback);
         mListenAllCallback = null;
 
-        mTetheringUpstreamNetwork = null;
         mNetworkMap.clear();
     }
 
@@ -342,11 +339,6 @@
         return findFirstDunNetwork(mNetworkMap.values());
     }
 
-    /** Tell UpstreamNetworkMonitor which network is the current upstream of tethering. */
-    public void setCurrentUpstream(Network upstream) {
-        mTetheringUpstreamNetwork = upstream;
-    }
-
     /** Return local prefixes. */
     public Set<IpPrefix> getLocalPrefixes() {
         return (Set<IpPrefix>) mLocalPrefixes.clone();
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringMetrics.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringMetrics.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..814afcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringMetrics.java
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_LOWPAN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_NCM;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_USB;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI_P2P;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_DISABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ACCESS_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_PROVISIONING_FAILED;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNAVAIL_IFACE;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.stats.connectivity.DownstreamType;
+import android.stats.connectivity.ErrorCode;
+import android.stats.connectivity.UpstreamType;
+import android.stats.connectivity.UserType;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.UpstreamNetworkState;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Collection of utilities for tethering metrics.
+ *
+ * To see if the logs are properly sent to statsd, execute following commands
+ *
+ * $ adb shell cmd stats print-logs
+ * $ adb logcat | grep statsd OR $ adb logcat -b stats
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class TetheringMetrics {
+    private static final String TAG = TetheringMetrics.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean DBG = false;
+    private static final String SETTINGS_PKG_NAME = "com.android.settings";
+    private static final String SYSTEMUI_PKG_NAME = "com.android.systemui";
+    private static final String GMS_PKG_NAME = "com.google.android.gms";
+    private final SparseArray<NetworkTetheringReported.Builder> mBuilderMap = new SparseArray<>();
+    private final SparseArray<Long> mDownstreamStartTime = new SparseArray<Long>();
+    private final ArrayList<RecordUpstreamEvent> mUpstreamEventList = new ArrayList<>();
+    private UpstreamType mCurrentUpstream = null;
+    private Long mCurrentUpStreamStartTime = 0L;
+
+
+    /**
+     * Return the current system time in milliseconds.
+     * @return the current system time in milliseconds.
+     */
+    public long timeNow() {
+        return System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+
+    private static class RecordUpstreamEvent {
+        public final long mStartTime;
+        public final long mStopTime;
+        public final UpstreamType mUpstreamType;
+
+        RecordUpstreamEvent(final long startTime, final long stopTime,
+                final UpstreamType upstream) {
+            mStartTime = startTime;
+            mStopTime = stopTime;
+            mUpstreamType = upstream;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a |NetworkTetheringReported.Builder| object to update the tethering stats for the
+     * specified downstream type and caller's package name. Initializes the upstream events, error
+     * code, and duration to default values. Sets the start time for the downstream type in the
+     * |mDownstreamStartTime| map.
+     * @param downstreamType The type of downstream connection (e.g. Wifi, USB, Bluetooth).
+     * @param callerPkg The package name of the caller.
+     */
+    public void createBuilder(final int downstreamType, final String callerPkg) {
+        NetworkTetheringReported.Builder statsBuilder = NetworkTetheringReported.newBuilder()
+                .setDownstreamType(downstreamTypeToEnum(downstreamType))
+                .setUserType(userTypeToEnum(callerPkg))
+                .setUpstreamType(UpstreamType.UT_UNKNOWN)
+                .setErrorCode(ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR)
+                .setUpstreamEvents(UpstreamEvents.newBuilder())
+                .setDurationMillis(0);
+        mBuilderMap.put(downstreamType, statsBuilder);
+        mDownstreamStartTime.put(downstreamType, timeNow());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the error code of the given downstream type in the Tethering stats.
+     * @param downstreamType The downstream type whose error code to update.
+     * @param errCode The error code to set.
+     */
+    public void updateErrorCode(final int downstreamType, final int errCode) {
+        NetworkTetheringReported.Builder statsBuilder = mBuilderMap.get(downstreamType);
+        if (statsBuilder == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Given downstreamType does not exist, this is a bug!");
+            return;
+        }
+        statsBuilder.setErrorCode(errorCodeToEnum(errCode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the list of upstream types and their duration whenever the current upstream type
+     * changes.
+     * @param ns The UpstreamNetworkState object representing the current upstream network state.
+     */
+    public void maybeUpdateUpstreamType(@Nullable final UpstreamNetworkState ns) {
+        UpstreamType upstream = transportTypeToUpstreamTypeEnum(ns);
+        if (upstream.equals(mCurrentUpstream)) return;
+
+        final long newTime = timeNow();
+        if (mCurrentUpstream != null) {
+            mUpstreamEventList.add(new RecordUpstreamEvent(mCurrentUpStreamStartTime, newTime,
+                    mCurrentUpstream));
+        }
+        mCurrentUpstream = upstream;
+        mCurrentUpStreamStartTime = newTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the upstream events builder with a new upstream event.
+     * @param upstreamEventsBuilder the builder for the upstream events list
+     * @param start the start time of the upstream event
+     * @param stop the stop time of the upstream event
+     * @param upstream the type of upstream type (e.g. Wifi, Cellular, Bluetooth, ...)
+     */
+    private void addUpstreamEvent(final UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEventsBuilder,
+            final long start, final long stop, @Nullable final UpstreamType upstream,
+            final long txBytes, final long rxBytes) {
+        final UpstreamEvent.Builder upstreamEventBuilder = UpstreamEvent.newBuilder()
+                .setUpstreamType(upstream == null ? UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK : upstream)
+                .setDurationMillis(stop - start)
+                .setTxBytes(txBytes)
+                .setRxBytes(rxBytes);
+        upstreamEventsBuilder.addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEventBuilder);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the |NetworkTetheringReported.Builder| with relevant upstream events associated with
+     * the downstream event identified by the given downstream start time.
+     *
+     * This method iterates through the list of upstream events and adds any relevant events to a
+     * |UpstreamEvents.Builder|. Upstream events are considered relevant if their stop time is
+     * greater than or equal to the given downstream start time. The method also adds the last
+     * upstream event that occurred up until the current time.
+     *
+     * The resulting |UpstreamEvents.Builder| is then added to the
+     * |NetworkTetheringReported.Builder|, along with the duration of the downstream event
+     * (i.e., stop time minus downstream start time).
+     *
+     * @param statsBuilder the builder for the NetworkTetheringReported message
+     * @param downstreamStartTime the start time of the downstream event to find relevant upstream
+     * events for
+     */
+    private void noteDownstreamStopped(final NetworkTetheringReported.Builder statsBuilder,
+                    final long downstreamStartTime) {
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEventsBuilder = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+
+        for (RecordUpstreamEvent event : mUpstreamEventList) {
+            if (downstreamStartTime > event.mStopTime) continue;
+
+            final long startTime = Math.max(downstreamStartTime, event.mStartTime);
+            // Handle completed upstream events.
+            addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEventsBuilder, startTime, event.mStopTime,
+                    event.mUpstreamType, 0L /* txBytes */, 0L /* rxBytes */);
+        }
+        final long startTime = Math.max(downstreamStartTime, mCurrentUpStreamStartTime);
+        final long stopTime = timeNow();
+        // Handle the last upstream event.
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEventsBuilder, startTime, stopTime, mCurrentUpstream,
+                0L /* txBytes */, 0L /* rxBytes */);
+        statsBuilder.setUpstreamEvents(upstreamEventsBuilder);
+        statsBuilder.setDurationMillis(stopTime - downstreamStartTime);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes tethering statistics for the given downstream type. If there are any stats to write
+     * for the downstream event associated with the type, they are written before removing the
+     * statistics.
+     *
+     * If the given downstream type does not exist in the map, an error message is logged and the
+     * method returns without doing anything.
+     *
+     * @param downstreamType the type of downstream event to remove statistics for
+     */
+    public void sendReport(final int downstreamType) {
+        final NetworkTetheringReported.Builder statsBuilder = mBuilderMap.get(downstreamType);
+        if (statsBuilder == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Given downstreamType does not exist, this is a bug!");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        noteDownstreamStopped(statsBuilder, mDownstreamStartTime.get(downstreamType));
+        write(statsBuilder.build());
+
+        mBuilderMap.remove(downstreamType);
+        mDownstreamStartTime.remove(downstreamType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collects tethering statistics and writes them to the statsd pipeline. This method takes in a
+     * NetworkTetheringReported object, extracts its fields and uses them to write statistics data
+     * to the statsd pipeline.
+     *
+     * @param reported a NetworkTetheringReported object containing statistics to write
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void write(@NonNull final NetworkTetheringReported reported) {
+        final byte[] upstreamEvents = reported.getUpstreamEvents().toByteArray();
+
+        TetheringStatsLog.write(
+                TetheringStatsLog.NETWORK_TETHERING_REPORTED,
+                reported.getErrorCode().getNumber(),
+                reported.getDownstreamType().getNumber(),
+                reported.getUpstreamType().getNumber(),
+                reported.getUserType().getNumber(),
+                upstreamEvents,
+                reported.getDurationMillis());
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.d(
+                    TAG,
+                    "Write errorCode: "
+                    + reported.getErrorCode().getNumber()
+                    + ", downstreamType: "
+                    + reported.getDownstreamType().getNumber()
+                    + ", upstreamType: "
+                    + reported.getUpstreamType().getNumber()
+                    + ", userType: "
+                    + reported.getUserType().getNumber()
+                    + ", upstreamTypes: "
+                    + Arrays.toString(upstreamEvents)
+                    + ", durationMillis: "
+                    + reported.getDurationMillis());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up the variables related to upstream events when tethering is turned off.
+     */
+    public void cleanup() {
+        mUpstreamEventList.clear();
+        mCurrentUpstream = null;
+        mCurrentUpStreamStartTime = 0L;
+    }
+
+    private DownstreamType downstreamTypeToEnum(final int ifaceType) {
+        switch(ifaceType) {
+            case TETHERING_WIFI:
+                return DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI;
+            case TETHERING_WIFI_P2P:
+                return DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI_P2P;
+            case TETHERING_USB:
+                return DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_USB;
+            case TETHERING_BLUETOOTH:
+                return DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_BLUETOOTH;
+            case TETHERING_NCM:
+                return DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_NCM;
+            case TETHERING_ETHERNET:
+                return DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_ETHERNET;
+            default:
+                return DownstreamType.DS_UNSPECIFIED;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ErrorCode errorCodeToEnum(final int lastError) {
+        switch(lastError) {
+            case TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_UNKNOWN_IFACE;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_SERVICE_UNAVAIL;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_UNSUPPORTED;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_UNAVAIL_IFACE:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_UNAVAIL_IFACE;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_DISABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_DISABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_IFACE_CFG_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_PROVISIONING_FAILED:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_PROVISIONING_FAILED;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
+            case TETHER_ERROR_NO_ACCESS_TETHERING_PERMISSION:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_NO_ACCESS_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
+            default:
+                return ErrorCode.EC_UNKNOWN_TYPE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private UserType userTypeToEnum(final String callerPkg) {
+        if (callerPkg.equals(SETTINGS_PKG_NAME)) {
+            return UserType.USER_SETTINGS;
+        } else if (callerPkg.equals(SYSTEMUI_PKG_NAME)) {
+            return UserType.USER_SYSTEMUI;
+        } else if (callerPkg.equals(GMS_PKG_NAME)) {
+            return UserType.USER_GMS;
+        } else {
+            return UserType.USER_UNKNOWN;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private UpstreamType transportTypeToUpstreamTypeEnum(final UpstreamNetworkState ns) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = (ns != null) ? ns.networkCapabilities : null;
+        if (nc == null) return UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK;
+
+        final int typeCount = nc.getTransportTypes().length;
+        // It's possible for a VCN network to be mapped to UT_UNKNOWN, as it may consist of both
+        // Wi-Fi and cellular transport.
+        // TODO: It's necessary to define a new upstream type for VCN, which can be identified by
+        // NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED.
+        if (typeCount > 1) return UpstreamType.UT_UNKNOWN;
+
+        if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) return UpstreamType.UT_CELLULAR;
+        if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)) return UpstreamType.UT_WIFI;
+        if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH)) return UpstreamType.UT_BLUETOOTH;
+        if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)) return UpstreamType.UT_ETHERNET;
+        if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE)) return UpstreamType.UT_WIFI_AWARE;
+        if (nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_LOWPAN)) return UpstreamType.UT_LOWPAN;
+
+        return UpstreamType.UT_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/stats.proto b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/stats.proto
index 46a47af..b276389 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/stats.proto
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/stats.proto
@@ -22,11 +22,45 @@
 import "frameworks/proto_logging/stats/enums/stats/connectivity/tethering.proto";
 
 /**
+ * Represents an event that logs information about a successful switch to an upstream network.
+ */
+message UpstreamEvent {
+  // Indicates the transport type of network.
+  optional .android.stats.connectivity.UpstreamType upstream_type = 1;
+
+  // The duration of network usage.
+  optional int64 duration_millis = 2;
+
+  // The amount of data received from tethered clients.
+  optional int64 tx_bytes = 3;
+
+  // The amount of data received from remote.
+  optional int64 rx_bytes = 4;
+}
+
+message UpstreamEvents {
+  repeated UpstreamEvent upstream_event = 1;
+}
+
+/**
  * Logs Tethering events
  */
 message NetworkTetheringReported {
-   optional .android.stats.connectivity.ErrorCode error_code = 1;
-   optional .android.stats.connectivity.DownstreamType downstream_type = 2;
-   optional .android.stats.connectivity.UpstreamType upstream_type = 3;
-   optional .android.stats.connectivity.UserType user_type = 4;
+    // Tethering error code
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.ErrorCode error_code = 1;
+
+    // Tethering downstream type
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.DownstreamType downstream_type = 2;
+
+    // Transport type of upstream network
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.UpstreamType upstream_type = 3  [deprecated = true];
+
+    // The user type of switching tethering
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.UserType user_type = 4;
+
+    // Log each transport type of upstream network event
+    optional UpstreamEvents upstream_events = 5;
+
+    // A time period that a downstreams exists
+    optional int64 duration_millis = 6;
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/wear/CompanionDeviceManagerProxy.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/wear/CompanionDeviceManagerProxy.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e94febb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/wear/CompanionDeviceManagerProxy.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering.wear;
+
+import android.companion.AssociationInfo;
+import android.companion.CompanionDeviceManager;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.connectivity.TiramisuConnectivityInternalApiUtil;
+import android.net.wear.ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A proxy for {@link android.companion.CompanionDeviceManager}, allowing Tethering to call it with
+ * a different set of permissions.
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class CompanionDeviceManagerProxy {
+    private final ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy mService;
+
+    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public CompanionDeviceManagerProxy(Context context) {
+        mService = ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy.Stub.asInterface(
+                TiramisuConnectivityInternalApiUtil.getCompanionDeviceManagerProxyService(context));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see CompanionDeviceManager#getAllAssociations()
+     */
+    public List<AssociationInfo> getAllAssociations() {
+        try {
+            return mService.getAllAssociations();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/wear/WearableConnectionManager.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/wear/WearableConnectionManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b535a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/wear/WearableConnectionManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering.wear;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
+
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+
+/**
+ * Manages Bluetooth connections from Wearable devices.
+ */
+public class WearableConnectionManager {
+    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public WearableConnectionManager(Context context) {
+    }
+
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
index 31c3df3..5e08aba 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
@@ -21,17 +21,18 @@
     name: "TetheringIntegrationTestsDefaults",
     defaults: ["framework-connectivity-test-defaults"],
     srcs: [
-        "src/**/*.java",
-        "src/**/*.kt",
+        "base/**/*.java",
     ],
     min_sdk_version: "30",
     static_libs: [
         "NetworkStackApiStableLib",
         "androidx.test.rules",
+        "cts-net-utils",
         "mockito-target-extended-minus-junit4",
         "net-tests-utils",
         "net-utils-device-common-bpf",
         "testables",
+        "connectivity-net-module-utils-bpf",
     ],
     libs: [
         "android.test.runner",
@@ -45,6 +46,16 @@
     ],
 }
 
+android_library {
+    name: "TetheringIntegrationTestsBaseLib",
+    target_sdk_version: "current",
+    platform_apis: true,
+    defaults: ["TetheringIntegrationTestsDefaults"],
+    visibility: [
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/tests/mts",
+    ]
+}
+
 // Library including tethering integration tests targeting the latest stable SDK.
 // Use with NetworkStackJarJarRules.
 android_library {
@@ -52,6 +63,9 @@
     target_sdk_version: "33",
     platform_apis: true,
     defaults: ["TetheringIntegrationTestsDefaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/*.java",
+    ],
     visibility: [
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/cts/tethering",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__",
@@ -66,19 +80,25 @@
     target_sdk_version: "current",
     platform_apis: true,
     defaults: ["TetheringIntegrationTestsDefaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/*.java",
+    ],
     visibility: [
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/cts/tethering",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/tests/mts",
     ]
 }
 
+// TODO: remove because TetheringIntegrationTests has been covered by ConnectivityCoverageTests.
 android_test {
     name: "TetheringIntegrationTests",
     platform_apis: true,
     defaults: ["TetheringIntegrationTestsDefaults"],
     test_suites: [
         "device-tests",
-        "mts-tethering",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/*.java",
     ],
     compile_multilib: "both",
     jarjar_rules: ":NetworkStackJarJarRules",
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml b/Tethering/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
index c89c556..7527913 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@
 <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
           package="com.android.networkstack.tethering.tests.integration">
 
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE"/>
     <!-- The test need CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE permission to use requestNetwork API to setup test
          network. Since R shell application don't have such permission, grant permission to the test
          here. TODO: Remove CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE permission here and use adopt shell perssion to
          obtain CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE for testing once R device is no longer supported. -->
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
 
     <application android:debuggable="true">
         <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/base/android/net/EthernetTetheringTestBase.java b/Tethering/tests/integration/base/android/net/EthernetTetheringTestBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..007bf23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/base/android/net/EthernetTetheringTestBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1041 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED;
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI;
+import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.TetheringTester.isExpectedIcmpPacket;
+import static android.net.TetheringTester.isExpectedTcpPacket;
+import static android.net.TetheringTester.isExpectedUdpPacket;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_IP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_IPV6;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.HexDump.dumpHexString;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV4;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV6;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TCPHDR_ACK;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TCPHDR_SYN;
+import static com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTrackerKt.initTestNetwork;
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+import android.app.UiAutomation;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceCallback;
+import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceRequest;
+import android.net.TetheringManager.StartTetheringCallback;
+import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringEventCallback;
+import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
+import android.net.TetheringTester.TetheredDevice;
+import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry;
+
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PacketBuilder;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Ipv6Header;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.TapPacketReader;
+import com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTracker;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+
+/**
+ * TODO: Common variables or methods shared between CtsEthernetTetheringTest and
+ * MtsEthernetTetheringTest.
+ */
+public abstract class EthernetTetheringTestBase {
+    private static final String TAG = EthernetTetheringTestBase.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    protected static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
+    // Used to check if any tethering interface is available. Choose 200ms to be request timeout
+    // because the average interface requested time on cuttlefish@acloud is around 10ms.
+    // See TetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface, isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable.
+    private static final int AVAILABLE_TETHER_IFACE_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 200;
+    private static final int TETHER_REACHABILITY_ATTEMPTS = 20;
+    protected static final long WAIT_RA_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000;
+
+    // Address and NAT prefix definition.
+    protected static final MacAddress TEST_MAC = MacAddress.fromString("1:2:3:4:5:6");
+    protected static final LinkAddress TEST_IP4_ADDR = new LinkAddress("10.0.0.1/24");
+    protected static final LinkAddress TEST_IP6_ADDR = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::101/64");
+    protected static final InetAddress TEST_IP4_DNS = parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
+    protected static final InetAddress TEST_IP6_DNS = parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:1::888");
+
+    protected static final Inet4Address REMOTE_IP4_ADDR =
+            (Inet4Address) parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
+    protected static final Inet6Address REMOTE_IP6_ADDR =
+            (Inet6Address) parseNumericAddress("2002:db8:1::515:ca");
+    protected static final Inet6Address REMOTE_NAT64_ADDR =
+            (Inet6Address) parseNumericAddress("64:ff9b::808:808");
+    protected static final IpPrefix TEST_NAT64PREFIX = new IpPrefix("64:ff9b::/96");
+
+    // IPv4 header definition.
+    protected static final short ID = 27149;
+    protected static final short FLAGS_AND_FRAGMENT_OFFSET = (short) 0x4000; // flags=DF, offset=0
+    protected static final byte TIME_TO_LIVE = (byte) 0x40;
+    protected static final byte TYPE_OF_SERVICE = 0;
+
+    // IPv6 header definition.
+    private static final short HOP_LIMIT = 0x40;
+    // version=6, traffic class=0x0, flowlabel=0x0;
+    private static final int VERSION_TRAFFICCLASS_FLOWLABEL = 0x60000000;
+
+    // UDP and TCP header definition.
+    // LOCAL_PORT is used by public port and private port. Assume port 9876 has not been used yet
+    // before the testing that public port and private port are the same in the testing. Note that
+    // NAT port forwarding could be different between private port and public port.
+    protected static final short LOCAL_PORT = 9876;
+    protected static final short REMOTE_PORT = 433;
+    private static final short WINDOW = (short) 0x2000;
+    private static final short URGENT_POINTER = 0;
+
+    // Payload definition.
+    protected static final ByteBuffer EMPTY_PAYLOAD = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[0]);
+    private static final ByteBuffer TEST_REACHABILITY_PAYLOAD =
+            ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0xaa });
+    protected static final ByteBuffer RX_PAYLOAD =
+            ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] { (byte) 0x12, (byte) 0x34 });
+    protected static final ByteBuffer TX_PAYLOAD =
+            ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] { (byte) 0x56, (byte) 0x78 });
+
+    private final Context mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getContext();
+    private final EthernetManager mEm = mContext.getSystemService(EthernetManager.class);
+    private final TetheringManager mTm = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
+    private final PackageManager mPackageManager = mContext.getPackageManager();
+    private final CtsNetUtils mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mContext);
+    private final UiAutomation mUiAutomation =
+            InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation();
+
+    // Late initialization in setUp()
+    private boolean mRunTests;
+    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+    private Handler mHandler;
+    private TetheredInterfaceRequester mTetheredInterfaceRequester;
+
+    // Late initialization in initTetheringTester().
+    private TapPacketReader mUpstreamReader;
+    private TestNetworkTracker mUpstreamTracker;
+    private TestNetworkInterface mDownstreamIface;
+    private TapPacketReader mDownstreamReader;
+    private MyTetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread(getClass().getSimpleName());
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+        mHandler = new Handler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+
+        mRunTests = runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () ->
+                mTm.isTetheringSupported());
+        assumeTrue(mRunTests);
+
+        mTetheredInterfaceRequester = new TetheredInterfaceRequester(mHandler, mEm);
+    }
+
+    protected void maybeStopTapPacketReader(final TapPacketReader tapPacketReader)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (tapPacketReader != null) {
+            TapPacketReader reader = tapPacketReader;
+            mHandler.post(() -> reader.stop());
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void maybeCloseTestInterface(final TestNetworkInterface testInterface)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (testInterface != null) {
+            testInterface.getFileDescriptor().close();
+            Log.d(TAG, "Deleted test interface " + testInterface.getInterfaceName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void maybeUnregisterTetheringEventCallback(final MyTetheringEventCallback callback)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (callback != null) {
+            callback.awaitInterfaceUntethered();
+            callback.unregister();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void stopEthernetTethering(final MyTetheringEventCallback callback) {
+        runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> {
+            mTm.stopTethering(TETHERING_ETHERNET);
+            maybeUnregisterTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void cleanUp() throws Exception {
+        setPreferTestNetworks(false);
+
+        if (mUpstreamTracker != null) {
+            runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, () -> {
+                mUpstreamTracker.teardown();
+                mUpstreamTracker = null;
+            });
+        }
+        if (mUpstreamReader != null) {
+            TapPacketReader reader = mUpstreamReader;
+            mHandler.post(() -> reader.stop());
+            mUpstreamReader = null;
+        }
+
+        maybeStopTapPacketReader(mDownstreamReader);
+        mDownstreamReader = null;
+        // To avoid flaky which caused by the next test started but the previous interface is not
+        // untracked from EthernetTracker yet. Just delete the test interface without explicitly
+        // calling TetheringManager#stopTethering could let EthernetTracker untrack the test
+        // interface from server mode before tethering stopped. Thus, awaitInterfaceUntethered
+        // could not only make sure tethering is stopped but also guarantee the test interface is
+        // untracked from EthernetTracker.
+        maybeCloseTestInterface(mDownstreamIface);
+        mDownstreamIface = null;
+        maybeUnregisterTetheringEventCallback(mTetheringEventCallback);
+        mTetheringEventCallback = null;
+
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> mTetheredInterfaceRequester.release());
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(false);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            if (mRunTests) cleanUp();
+        } finally {
+            mHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+            mHandlerThread.join();
+            mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable() throws Exception {
+        // Before T, all ethernet interfaces could be used for server mode. Instead of
+        // waiting timeout, just checking whether the system currently has any
+        // ethernet interface is more reliable.
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            return runAsShell(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, () -> mEm.isAvailable());
+        }
+
+        // If previous test case doesn't release tethering interface successfully, the other tests
+        // after that test may be skipped as unexcepted.
+        // TODO: figure out a better way to check default tethering interface existenion.
+        final TetheredInterfaceRequester requester = new TetheredInterfaceRequester(mHandler, mEm);
+        try {
+            // Use short timeout (200ms) for requesting an existing interface, if any, because
+            // it should reurn faster than requesting a new tethering interface. Using default
+            // timeout (5000ms, TIMEOUT_MS) may make that total testing time is over 1 minute
+            // test module timeout on internal testing.
+            // TODO: if this becomes flaky, consider using default timeout (5000ms) and moving
+            // this check into #setUpOnce.
+            return requester.getInterface(AVAILABLE_TETHER_IFACE_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS) != null;
+        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+            return false;
+        } finally {
+            runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+                requester.release();
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setIncludeTestInterfaces(boolean include) {
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(include);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void setPreferTestNetworks(boolean prefer) {
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            mTm.setPreferTestNetworks(prefer);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected String getTetheredInterface() throws Exception {
+        return mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface();
+    }
+
+    protected CompletableFuture<String> requestTetheredInterface() throws Exception {
+        return mTetheredInterfaceRequester.requestInterface();
+    }
+
+    protected static void waitForRouterAdvertisement(TapPacketReader reader, String iface,
+            long timeoutMs) {
+        final long deadline = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + timeoutMs;
+        do {
+            byte[] pkt = reader.popPacket(timeoutMs);
+            if (isExpectedIcmpPacket(pkt, true /* hasEth */, false /* isIpv4 */,
+                    ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            timeoutMs = deadline - SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
+        } while (timeoutMs > 0);
+        fail("Did not receive router advertisement on " + iface + " after "
+                +  timeoutMs + "ms idle");
+    }
+
+
+    protected static final class MyTetheringEventCallback implements TetheringEventCallback {
+        private final TetheringManager mTm;
+        private final CountDownLatch mTetheringStartedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch mTetheringStoppedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch mLocalOnlyStartedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch mLocalOnlyStoppedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch mClientConnectedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch mUpstreamLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final CountDownLatch mCallbackRegisteredLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        private final TetheringInterface mIface;
+        private final Network mExpectedUpstream;
+
+        private boolean mAcceptAnyUpstream = false;
+
+        private volatile boolean mInterfaceWasTethered = false;
+        private volatile boolean mInterfaceWasLocalOnly = false;
+        private volatile boolean mUnregistered = false;
+        private volatile Collection<TetheredClient> mClients = null;
+        private volatile Network mUpstream = null;
+
+        MyTetheringEventCallback(TetheringManager tm, String iface) {
+            this(tm, iface, null);
+            mAcceptAnyUpstream = true;
+        }
+
+        MyTetheringEventCallback(TetheringManager tm, String iface, Network expectedUpstream) {
+            mTm = tm;
+            mIface = new TetheringInterface(TETHERING_ETHERNET, iface);
+            mExpectedUpstream = expectedUpstream;
+        }
+
+        public void unregister() {
+            mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(this);
+            mUnregistered = true;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public void onTetheredInterfacesChanged(List<String> interfaces) {
+            fail("Should only call callback that takes a Set<TetheringInterface>");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onTetheredInterfacesChanged(Set<TetheringInterface> interfaces) {
+            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
+            if (mUnregistered) return;
+
+            if (!mInterfaceWasTethered && interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
+                // This interface is being tethered for the first time.
+                Log.d(TAG, "Tethering started: " + interfaces);
+                mInterfaceWasTethered = true;
+                mTetheringStartedLatch.countDown();
+            } else if (mInterfaceWasTethered && !interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Tethering stopped: " + interfaces);
+                mTetheringStoppedLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onLocalOnlyInterfacesChanged(List<String> interfaces) {
+            fail("Should only call callback that takes a Set<TetheringInterface>");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onLocalOnlyInterfacesChanged(Set<TetheringInterface> interfaces) {
+            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
+            if (mUnregistered) return;
+
+            if (!mInterfaceWasLocalOnly && interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
+                // This interface is being put into local-only mode for the first time.
+                Log.d(TAG, "Local-only started: " + interfaces);
+                mInterfaceWasLocalOnly = true;
+                mLocalOnlyStartedLatch.countDown();
+            } else if (mInterfaceWasLocalOnly && !interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Local-only stopped: " + interfaces);
+                mLocalOnlyStoppedLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void awaitInterfaceTethered() throws Exception {
+            assertTrue("Ethernet not tethered after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
+                    mTetheringStartedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        }
+
+        public void awaitInterfaceLocalOnly() throws Exception {
+            assertTrue("Ethernet not local-only after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
+                    mLocalOnlyStartedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        }
+
+        // Used to check if the callback has registered. When the callback is registered,
+        // onSupportedTetheringTypes is celled in onCallbackStarted(). After
+        // onSupportedTetheringTypes called, drop the permission for registering callback.
+        // See MyTetheringEventCallback#register, TetheringManager#onCallbackStarted.
+        @Override
+        public void onSupportedTetheringTypes(Set<Integer> supportedTypes) {
+            // Used to check callback registered.
+            mCallbackRegisteredLatch.countDown();
+        }
+
+        public void awaitCallbackRegistered() throws Exception {
+            if (!mCallbackRegisteredLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                fail("Did not receive callback registered signal after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void awaitInterfaceUntethered() throws Exception {
+            // Don't block teardown if the interface was never tethered.
+            // This is racy because the interface might become tethered right after this check, but
+            // that can only happen in tearDown if startTethering timed out, which likely means
+            // the test has already failed.
+            if (!mInterfaceWasTethered && !mInterfaceWasLocalOnly) return;
+
+            if (mInterfaceWasTethered) {
+                assertTrue(mIface + " not untethered after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
+                        mTetheringStoppedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            } else if (mInterfaceWasLocalOnly) {
+                assertTrue(mIface + " not untethered after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
+                        mLocalOnlyStoppedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            } else {
+                fail(mIface + " cannot be both tethered and local-only. Update this test class.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onError(String ifName, int error) {
+            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
+            if (mUnregistered) return;
+
+            fail("TetheringEventCallback got error:" + error + " on iface " + ifName);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onClientsChanged(Collection<TetheredClient> clients) {
+            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
+            if (mUnregistered) return;
+
+            Log.d(TAG, "Got clients changed: " + clients);
+            mClients = clients;
+            if (clients.size() > 0) {
+                mClientConnectedLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Collection<TetheredClient> awaitClientConnected() throws Exception {
+            assertTrue("Did not receive client connected callback after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
+                    mClientConnectedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            return mClients;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onUpstreamChanged(Network network) {
+            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
+            if (mUnregistered) return;
+
+            Log.d(TAG, "Got upstream changed: " + network);
+            mUpstream = network;
+            if (mAcceptAnyUpstream || Objects.equals(mUpstream, mExpectedUpstream)) {
+                mUpstreamLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Network awaitUpstreamChanged(boolean throwTimeoutException) throws Exception {
+            if (!mUpstreamLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                final String errorMessage = "Did not receive upstream "
+                            + (mAcceptAnyUpstream ? "any" : mExpectedUpstream)
+                            + " callback after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms";
+
+                if (throwTimeoutException) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException(errorMessage);
+                } else {
+                    fail(errorMessage);
+                }
+            }
+            return mUpstream;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected MyTetheringEventCallback enableEthernetTethering(String iface,
+            TetheringRequest request, Network expectedUpstream) throws Exception {
+        // Enable ethernet tethering with null expectedUpstream means the test accept any upstream
+        // after etherent tethering started.
+        final MyTetheringEventCallback callback;
+        if (expectedUpstream != null) {
+            callback = new MyTetheringEventCallback(mTm, iface, expectedUpstream);
+        } else {
+            callback = new MyTetheringEventCallback(mTm, iface);
+        }
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(mHandler::post, callback);
+            // Need to hold the shell permission until callback is registered. This helps to avoid
+            // the test become flaky.
+            callback.awaitCallbackRegistered();
+        });
+        final CountDownLatch tetheringStartedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        StartTetheringCallback startTetheringCallback = new StartTetheringCallback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onTetheringStarted() {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Ethernet tethering started");
+                tetheringStartedLatch.countDown();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onTetheringFailed(int resultCode) {
+                fail("Unexpectedly got onTetheringFailed");
+            }
+        };
+        Log.d(TAG, "Starting Ethernet tethering");
+        runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> {
+            mTm.startTethering(request, mHandler::post /* executor */, startTetheringCallback);
+            // Binder call is an async call. Need to hold the shell permission until tethering
+            // started. This helps to avoid the test become flaky.
+            if (!tetheringStartedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                fail("Did not receive tethering started callback after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms");
+            }
+        });
+
+        final int connectivityType = request.getConnectivityScope();
+        switch (connectivityType) {
+            case CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL:
+                callback.awaitInterfaceTethered();
+                break;
+            case CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL:
+                callback.awaitInterfaceLocalOnly();
+                break;
+            default:
+                fail("Unexpected connectivity type requested: " + connectivityType);
+        }
+
+        return callback;
+    }
+
+    protected MyTetheringEventCallback enableEthernetTethering(String iface,
+            Network expectedUpstream) throws Exception {
+        return enableEthernetTethering(iface,
+                new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_ETHERNET)
+                .setShouldShowEntitlementUi(false).build(), expectedUpstream);
+    }
+
+    protected int getMTU(TestNetworkInterface iface) throws SocketException {
+        NetworkInterface nif = NetworkInterface.getByName(iface.getInterfaceName());
+        assertNotNull("Can't get NetworkInterface object for " + iface.getInterfaceName(), nif);
+        return nif.getMTU();
+    }
+
+    protected TapPacketReader makePacketReader(final TestNetworkInterface iface) throws Exception {
+        FileDescriptor fd = iface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
+        return makePacketReader(fd, getMTU(iface));
+    }
+
+    protected TapPacketReader makePacketReader(FileDescriptor fd, int mtu) {
+        final TapPacketReader reader = new TapPacketReader(mHandler, fd, mtu);
+        mHandler.post(() -> reader.start());
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        return reader;
+    }
+
+    protected static final class TetheredInterfaceRequester implements TetheredInterfaceCallback {
+        private final Handler mHandler;
+        private final EthernetManager mEm;
+
+        private TetheredInterfaceRequest mRequest;
+        private final CompletableFuture<String> mFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
+
+        TetheredInterfaceRequester(Handler handler, EthernetManager em) {
+            mHandler = handler;
+            mEm = em;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onAvailable(String iface) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Ethernet interface available: " + iface);
+            mFuture.complete(iface);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onUnavailable() {
+            mFuture.completeExceptionally(new IllegalStateException("onUnavailable received"));
+        }
+
+        public CompletableFuture<String> requestInterface() {
+            assertNull("BUG: more than one tethered interface request", mRequest);
+            Log.d(TAG, "Requesting tethered interface");
+            mRequest = runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () ->
+                    mEm.requestTetheredInterface(mHandler::post, this));
+            return mFuture;
+        }
+
+        public String getInterface(int timeout) throws Exception {
+            return requestInterface().get(timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        }
+
+        public String getInterface() throws Exception {
+            return getInterface(TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        public void release() {
+            if (mRequest != null) {
+                mFuture.obtrudeException(new IllegalStateException("Request already released"));
+                mRequest.release();
+                mRequest = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected TestNetworkInterface createTestInterface() throws Exception {
+        TestNetworkManager tnm = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, () ->
+                mContext.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager.class));
+        TestNetworkInterface iface = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, () ->
+                tnm.createTapInterface());
+        Log.d(TAG, "Created test interface " + iface.getInterfaceName());
+        return iface;
+    }
+
+    protected TestNetworkTracker createTestUpstream(final List<LinkAddress> addresses,
+            final List<InetAddress> dnses) throws Exception {
+        setPreferTestNetworks(true);
+
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setLinkAddresses(addresses);
+        lp.setDnsServers(dnses);
+        lp.setNat64Prefix(TEST_NAT64PREFIX);
+
+        return runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, () -> initTestNetwork(mContext, lp, TIMEOUT_MS));
+    }
+
+    private short getEthType(@NonNull final InetAddress srcIp, @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp) {
+        return isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp) ? (short) ETHER_TYPE_IPV4 : (short) ETHER_TYPE_IPV6;
+    }
+
+    private int getIpProto(@NonNull final InetAddress srcIp, @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp) {
+        return isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp) ? IPPROTO_IP : IPPROTO_IPV6;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    protected ByteBuffer buildUdpPacket(
+            @Nullable final MacAddress srcMac, @Nullable final MacAddress dstMac,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress srcIp, @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp,
+            short srcPort, short dstPort, @Nullable final ByteBuffer payload)
+            throws Exception {
+        final int ipProto = getIpProto(srcIp, dstIp);
+        final boolean hasEther = (srcMac != null && dstMac != null);
+        final int payloadLen = (payload == null) ? 0 : payload.limit();
+        final ByteBuffer buffer = PacketBuilder.allocate(hasEther, ipProto, IPPROTO_UDP,
+                payloadLen);
+        final PacketBuilder packetBuilder = new PacketBuilder(buffer);
+
+        // [1] Ethernet header
+        if (hasEther) {
+            packetBuilder.writeL2Header(srcMac, dstMac, getEthType(srcIp, dstIp));
+        }
+
+        // [2] IP header
+        if (ipProto == IPPROTO_IP) {
+            packetBuilder.writeIpv4Header(TYPE_OF_SERVICE, ID, FLAGS_AND_FRAGMENT_OFFSET,
+                    TIME_TO_LIVE, (byte) IPPROTO_UDP, (Inet4Address) srcIp, (Inet4Address) dstIp);
+        } else {
+            packetBuilder.writeIpv6Header(VERSION_TRAFFICCLASS_FLOWLABEL, (byte) IPPROTO_UDP,
+                    HOP_LIMIT, (Inet6Address) srcIp, (Inet6Address) dstIp);
+        }
+
+        // [3] UDP header
+        packetBuilder.writeUdpHeader(srcPort, dstPort);
+
+        // [4] Payload
+        if (payload != null) {
+            buffer.put(payload);
+            // in case data might be reused by caller, restore the position and
+            // limit of bytebuffer.
+            payload.clear();
+        }
+
+        return packetBuilder.finalizePacket();
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    protected ByteBuffer buildUdpPacket(@NonNull final InetAddress srcIp,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp, short srcPort, short dstPort,
+            @Nullable final ByteBuffer payload) throws Exception {
+        return buildUdpPacket(null /* srcMac */, null /* dstMac */, srcIp, dstIp, srcPort,
+                dstPort, payload);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isAddressIpv4(@NonNull final  InetAddress srcIp,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp) {
+        if (srcIp instanceof Inet4Address && dstIp instanceof Inet4Address) return true;
+        if (srcIp instanceof Inet6Address && dstIp instanceof Inet6Address) return false;
+
+        fail("Unsupported conditions: srcIp " + srcIp + ", dstIp " + dstIp);
+        return false;  // unreachable
+    }
+
+    protected void sendDownloadPacketUdp(@NonNull final InetAddress srcIp,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp, @NonNull final TetheringTester tester,
+            boolean is6To4) throws Exception {
+        if (is6To4) {
+            assertFalse("CLAT download test must sends IPv6 packet", isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp));
+        }
+
+        // Expected received UDP packet IP protocol. While testing CLAT (is6To4 = true), the packet
+        // on downstream must be IPv4. Otherwise, the IP protocol of test packet is the same on
+        // both downstream and upstream.
+        final boolean isIpv4 = is6To4 ? true : isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp);
+
+        final ByteBuffer testPacket = buildUdpPacket(srcIp, dstIp, REMOTE_PORT /* srcPort */,
+                LOCAL_PORT /* dstPort */, RX_PAYLOAD);
+        tester.verifyDownload(testPacket, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+            return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, true /* hasEther */, isIpv4, RX_PAYLOAD);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void sendUploadPacketUdp(@NonNull final MacAddress srcMac,
+            @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac, @NonNull final InetAddress srcIp,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp, @NonNull final TetheringTester tester,
+            boolean is4To6) throws Exception {
+        if (is4To6) {
+            assertTrue("CLAT upload test must sends IPv4 packet", isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp));
+        }
+
+        // Expected received UDP packet IP protocol. While testing CLAT (is4To6 = true), the packet
+        // on upstream must be IPv6. Otherwise, the IP protocol of test packet is the same on
+        // both downstream and upstream.
+        final boolean isIpv4 = is4To6 ? false : isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp);
+
+        final ByteBuffer testPacket = buildUdpPacket(srcMac, dstMac, srcIp, dstIp,
+                LOCAL_PORT /* srcPort */, REMOTE_PORT /* dstPort */, TX_PAYLOAD);
+        tester.verifyUpload(testPacket, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+            return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, isIpv4, TX_PAYLOAD);
+        });
+    }
+
+
+    @NonNull
+    private ByteBuffer buildTcpPacket(
+            @Nullable final MacAddress srcMac, @Nullable final MacAddress dstMac,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress srcIp, @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp,
+            short srcPort, short dstPort, final short seq, final short ack,
+            final byte tcpFlags, @NonNull final ByteBuffer payload) throws Exception {
+        final int ipProto = getIpProto(srcIp, dstIp);
+        final boolean hasEther = (srcMac != null && dstMac != null);
+        final ByteBuffer buffer = PacketBuilder.allocate(hasEther, ipProto, IPPROTO_TCP,
+                payload.limit());
+        final PacketBuilder packetBuilder = new PacketBuilder(buffer);
+
+        // [1] Ethernet header
+        if (hasEther) {
+            packetBuilder.writeL2Header(srcMac, dstMac, getEthType(srcIp, dstIp));
+        }
+
+        // [2] IP header
+        if (ipProto == IPPROTO_IP) {
+            packetBuilder.writeIpv4Header(TYPE_OF_SERVICE, ID, FLAGS_AND_FRAGMENT_OFFSET,
+                    TIME_TO_LIVE, (byte) IPPROTO_TCP, (Inet4Address) srcIp, (Inet4Address) dstIp);
+        } else {
+            packetBuilder.writeIpv6Header(VERSION_TRAFFICCLASS_FLOWLABEL, (byte) IPPROTO_TCP,
+                    HOP_LIMIT, (Inet6Address) srcIp, (Inet6Address) dstIp);
+        }
+
+        // [3] TCP header
+        packetBuilder.writeTcpHeader(srcPort, dstPort, seq, ack, tcpFlags, WINDOW, URGENT_POINTER);
+
+        // [4] Payload
+        buffer.put(payload);
+        // in case data might be reused by caller, restore the position and
+        // limit of bytebuffer.
+        payload.clear();
+
+        return packetBuilder.finalizePacket();
+    }
+
+    protected void sendDownloadPacketTcp(@NonNull final InetAddress srcIp,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp, short seq, short ack, byte tcpFlags,
+            @NonNull final ByteBuffer payload, @NonNull final TetheringTester tester,
+            boolean is6To4) throws Exception {
+        if (is6To4) {
+            assertFalse("CLAT download test must sends IPv6 packet", isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp));
+        }
+
+        // Expected received TCP packet IP protocol. While testing CLAT (is6To4 = true), the packet
+        // on downstream must be IPv4. Otherwise, the IP protocol of test packet is the same on
+        // both downstream and upstream.
+        final boolean isIpv4 = is6To4 ? true : isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp);
+
+        final ByteBuffer testPacket = buildTcpPacket(null /* srcMac */, null /* dstMac */,
+                srcIp, dstIp, REMOTE_PORT /* srcPort */, LOCAL_PORT /* dstPort */, seq, ack,
+                tcpFlags, payload);
+        tester.verifyDownload(testPacket, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+
+            return isExpectedTcpPacket(p, true /* hasEther */, isIpv4, seq, payload);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void sendUploadPacketTcp(@NonNull final MacAddress srcMac,
+            @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac, @NonNull final InetAddress srcIp,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress dstIp, short seq, short ack, byte tcpFlags,
+            @NonNull final ByteBuffer payload, @NonNull final TetheringTester tester,
+            boolean is4To6) throws Exception {
+        if (is4To6) {
+            assertTrue("CLAT upload test must sends IPv4 packet", isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp));
+        }
+
+        // Expected received TCP packet IP protocol. While testing CLAT (is4To6 = true), the packet
+        // on upstream must be IPv6. Otherwise, the IP protocol of test packet is the same on
+        // both downstream and upstream.
+        final boolean isIpv4 = is4To6 ? false : isAddressIpv4(srcIp, dstIp);
+
+        final ByteBuffer testPacket = buildTcpPacket(srcMac, dstMac, srcIp, dstIp,
+                LOCAL_PORT /* srcPort */, REMOTE_PORT /* dstPort */, seq, ack, tcpFlags,
+                payload);
+        tester.verifyUpload(testPacket, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+
+            return isExpectedTcpPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, isIpv4, seq, payload);
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void runTcpTest(
+            @NonNull final MacAddress uploadSrcMac, @NonNull final MacAddress uploadDstMac,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress uploadSrcIp, @NonNull final InetAddress uploadDstIp,
+            @NonNull final InetAddress downloadSrcIp, @NonNull final InetAddress downloadDstIp,
+            @NonNull final TetheringTester tester, boolean isClat) throws Exception {
+        // Three way handshake and data transfer.
+        //
+        // Server (base seq = 2000)                                  Client (base seq = 1000)
+        //   |                                                          |
+        //   |    [1] [SYN] SEQ = 1000                                  |
+        //   |<---------------------------------------------------------|  -
+        //   |                                                          |  ^
+        //   |    [2] [SYN + ACK] SEQ = 2000, ACK = 1000+1              |  |
+        //   |--------------------------------------------------------->|  three way handshake
+        //   |                                                          |  |
+        //   |    [3] [ACK] SEQ = 1001, ACK = 2000+1                    |  v
+        //   |<---------------------------------------------------------|  -
+        //   |                                                          |  ^
+        //   |    [4] [ACK] SEQ = 1001, ACK = 2001, 2 byte payload      |  |
+        //   |<---------------------------------------------------------|  data transfer
+        //   |                                                          |  |
+        //   |    [5] [ACK] SEQ = 2001, ACK = 1001+2, 2 byte payload    |  v
+        //   |--------------------------------------------------------->|  -
+        //   |                                                          |
+        //
+
+        // This test can only verify the packets are transferred end to end but TCP state.
+        // TODO: verify TCP state change via /proc/net/nf_conntrack or netlink conntrack event.
+        // [1] [UPLOAD] [SYN]: SEQ = 1000
+        sendUploadPacketTcp(uploadSrcMac, uploadDstMac, uploadSrcIp, uploadDstIp,
+                (short) 1000 /* seq */, (short) 0 /* ack */, TCPHDR_SYN, EMPTY_PAYLOAD,
+                tester, isClat /* is4To6 */);
+
+        // [2] [DONWLOAD] [SYN + ACK]: SEQ = 2000, ACK = 1001
+        sendDownloadPacketTcp(downloadSrcIp, downloadDstIp, (short) 2000 /* seq */,
+                (short) 1001 /* ack */, (byte) ((TCPHDR_SYN | TCPHDR_ACK) & 0xff), EMPTY_PAYLOAD,
+                tester, isClat /* is6To4 */);
+
+        // [3] [UPLOAD] [ACK]: SEQ = 1001, ACK = 2001
+        sendUploadPacketTcp(uploadSrcMac, uploadDstMac, uploadSrcIp, uploadDstIp,
+                (short) 1001 /* seq */, (short) 2001 /* ack */, TCPHDR_ACK, EMPTY_PAYLOAD, tester,
+                isClat /* is4To6 */);
+
+        // [4] [UPLOAD] [ACK]: SEQ = 1001, ACK = 2001, 2 byte payload
+        sendUploadPacketTcp(uploadSrcMac, uploadDstMac, uploadSrcIp, uploadDstIp,
+                (short) 1001 /* seq */, (short) 2001 /* ack */, TCPHDR_ACK, TX_PAYLOAD,
+                tester, isClat /* is4To6 */);
+
+        // [5] [DONWLOAD] [ACK]: SEQ = 2001, ACK = 1003, 2 byte payload
+        sendDownloadPacketTcp(downloadSrcIp, downloadDstIp, (short) 2001 /* seq */,
+                (short) 1003 /* ack */, TCPHDR_ACK, RX_PAYLOAD, tester, isClat /* is6To4 */);
+
+        // TODO: test BPF offload maps.
+    }
+
+    // TODO: remove ipv4 verification (is4To6 = false) once upstream connected notification race is
+    // fixed. See #runUdp4Test.
+    //
+    // This function sends a probe packet to downstream interface and exam the result from upstream
+    // interface to make sure ipv4 tethering is ready. Return the entire packet which received from
+    // upstream interface.
+    @NonNull
+    protected byte[] probeV4TetheringConnectivity(TetheringTester tester, TetheredDevice tethered,
+            boolean is4To6) throws Exception {
+        final ByteBuffer probePacket = buildUdpPacket(tethered.macAddr,
+                tethered.routerMacAddr, tethered.ipv4Addr /* srcIp */,
+                REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* dstIp */, LOCAL_PORT /* srcPort */, REMOTE_PORT /* dstPort */,
+                TEST_REACHABILITY_PAYLOAD);
+
+        // Send a UDP packet from client and check the packet can be found on upstream interface.
+        for (int i = 0; i < TETHER_REACHABILITY_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
+            byte[] expectedPacket = tester.testUpload(probePacket, p -> {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+                // If is4To6 is true, the ipv4 probe packet would be translated to ipv6 by Clat and
+                // would see this translated ipv6 packet in upstream interface.
+                return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, !is4To6 /* isIpv4 */,
+                        TEST_REACHABILITY_PAYLOAD);
+            });
+            if (expectedPacket != null) return expectedPacket;
+        }
+
+        fail("Can't verify " + (is4To6 ? "ipv4 to ipv6" : "ipv4") + " tethering connectivity after "
+                + TETHER_REACHABILITY_ATTEMPTS + " attempts");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: remove triggering upstream reselection once test network can replace selected upstream
+    // network in Tethering module.
+    private void maybeRetryTestedUpstreamChanged(final Network expectedUpstream,
+            final TimeoutException fallbackException) throws Exception {
+        // Fall back original exception because no way to reselect if there is no WIFI feature.
+        assertTrue(fallbackException.toString(), mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI));
+
+        // Try to toggle wifi network, if any, to reselect upstream network via default network
+        // switching. Because test network has higher priority than internet network, this can
+        // help selecting test network to be upstream network for testing. This tries to avoid
+        // the flaky upstream selection under multinetwork environment. Internet and test network
+        // upstream changed event order is not guaranteed. Once tethering selects non-test
+        // upstream {wifi, ..}, test network won't be selected anymore. If too many test cases
+        // trigger the reselection, the total test time may over test suite 1 minmute timeout.
+        // Probably need to disable/restore all internet networks in a common place of test
+        // process. Currently, EthernetTetheringTest is part of CTS test which needs wifi network
+        // connection if device has wifi feature. CtsNetUtils#toggleWifi() checks wifi connection
+        // during the toggling process.
+        // See Tethering#chooseUpstreamType, CtsNetUtils#toggleWifi.
+        // TODO: toggle cellular network if the device has no WIFI feature.
+        Log.d(TAG, "Toggle WIFI to retry upstream selection");
+        mCtsNetUtils.toggleWifi();
+
+        // Wait for expected upstream.
+        final CompletableFuture<Network> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        final TetheringEventCallback callback = new TetheringEventCallback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onUpstreamChanged(Network network) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Got upstream changed: " + network);
+                if (Objects.equals(expectedUpstream, network)) {
+                    future.complete(network);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        try {
+            mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(mHandler::post, callback);
+            assertEquals("onUpstreamChanged for unexpected network", expectedUpstream,
+                    future.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+            throw new AssertionError("Did not receive upstream " + expectedUpstream
+                    + " callback after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms");
+        } finally {
+            mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected TetheringTester initTetheringTester(List<LinkAddress> upstreamAddresses,
+            List<InetAddress> upstreamDnses) throws Exception {
+        assumeFalse(isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable());
+
+        // MyTetheringEventCallback currently only support await first available upstream. Tethering
+        // may select internet network as upstream if test network is not available and not be
+        // preferred yet. Create test upstream network before enable tethering.
+        mUpstreamTracker = createTestUpstream(upstreamAddresses, upstreamDnses);
+
+        mDownstreamIface = createTestInterface();
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
+
+        // Make sure EtherentTracker use "mDownstreamIface" as server mode interface.
+        assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
+                mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface());
+
+        mTetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(),
+                mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork());
+
+        try {
+            assertEquals("onUpstreamChanged for test network", mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork(),
+                    mTetheringEventCallback.awaitUpstreamChanged(
+                            true /* throwTimeoutException */));
+        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+            // Due to race condition inside tethering module, test network may not be selected as
+            // tethering upstream. Force tethering retry upstream if possible. If it is not
+            // possible to retry, fail the test with the original timeout exception.
+            maybeRetryTestedUpstreamChanged(mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork(), e);
+        }
+
+        mDownstreamReader = makePacketReader(mDownstreamIface);
+        mUpstreamReader = makePacketReader(mUpstreamTracker.getTestIface());
+
+        final ConnectivityManager cm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        // Currently tethering don't have API to tell when ipv6 tethering is available. Thus, make
+        // sure tethering already have ipv6 connectivity before testing.
+        if (cm.getLinkProperties(mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork()).hasGlobalIpv6Address()) {
+            waitForRouterAdvertisement(mDownstreamReader, mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(),
+                    WAIT_RA_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        return new TetheringTester(mDownstreamReader, mUpstreamReader);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    protected Inet6Address getClatIpv6Address(TetheringTester tester, TetheredDevice tethered)
+            throws Exception {
+        // Send an IPv4 UDP packet from client and check that a CLAT translated IPv6 UDP packet can
+        // be found on upstream interface. Get CLAT IPv6 address from the CLAT translated IPv6 UDP
+        // packet.
+        byte[] expectedPacket = probeV4TetheringConnectivity(tester, tethered, true /* is4To6 */);
+
+        // Above has guaranteed that the found packet is an IPv6 packet without ether header.
+        return Struct.parse(Ipv6Header.class, ByteBuffer.wrap(expectedPacket)).srcIp;
+    }
+
+    protected <T> List<T> toList(T... array) {
+        return Arrays.asList(array);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/base/android/net/TetheringTester.java b/Tethering/tests/integration/base/android/net/TetheringTester.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae39b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/base/android/net/TetheringTester.java
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_ICMP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.DnsPacket.ANSECTION;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.DnsPacket.ARSECTION;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.DnsPacket.NSSECTION;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.DnsPacket.QDSECTION;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.HexDump.dumpHexString;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ARP_REPLY;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ARP_REQUEST;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_ADDR_LEN;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_BROADCAST;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV4;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV6;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_PIO;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_SLLA;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_TLLA;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_NEIGHBOR_SOLICITATION;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_ADDR_ALL_NODES_MULTICAST;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT_FLAG_OVERRIDE;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT_FLAG_SOLICITED;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TCPHDR_SYN;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.net.dhcp.DhcpAckPacket;
+import android.net.dhcp.DhcpOfferPacket;
+import android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.DnsPacket;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Ipv6Utils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.EthernetHeader;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Icmpv4Header;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Icmpv6Header;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Ipv4Header;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Ipv6Header;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.LlaOption;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.NsHeader;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.PrefixInformationOption;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.RaHeader;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.TcpHeader;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.UdpHeader;
+import com.android.networkstack.arp.ArpPacket;
+import com.android.testutils.TapPacketReader;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+
+/**
+ * A class simulate tethered client. When caller create TetheringTester, it would connect to
+ * tethering module that do the dhcp and slaac to obtain ipv4 and ipv6 address. Then caller can
+ * send/receive packets by this class.
+ */
+public final class TetheringTester {
+    private static final String TAG = TetheringTester.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final int PACKET_READ_TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
+    private static final int DHCP_DISCOVER_ATTEMPTS = 10;
+    private static final int READ_RA_ATTEMPTS = 10;
+    private static final byte[] DHCP_REQUESTED_PARAMS = new byte[] {
+            DhcpPacket.DHCP_SUBNET_MASK,
+            DhcpPacket.DHCP_ROUTER,
+            DhcpPacket.DHCP_DNS_SERVER,
+            DhcpPacket.DHCP_LEASE_TIME,
+    };
+    private static final InetAddress LINK_LOCAL = parseNumericAddress("fe80::1");
+
+    public static final String DHCP_HOSTNAME = "testhostname";
+
+    private final ArrayMap<MacAddress, TetheredDevice> mTetheredDevices;
+    private final TapPacketReader mDownstreamReader;
+    private final TapPacketReader mUpstreamReader;
+
+    public TetheringTester(TapPacketReader downstream) {
+        this(downstream, null);
+    }
+
+    public TetheringTester(TapPacketReader downstream, TapPacketReader upstream) {
+        if (downstream == null) fail("Downstream reader could not be NULL");
+
+        mDownstreamReader = downstream;
+        mUpstreamReader = upstream;
+        mTetheredDevices = new ArrayMap<>();
+    }
+
+    public TetheredDevice createTetheredDevice(MacAddress macAddr, boolean hasIpv6)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (mTetheredDevices.get(macAddr) != null) {
+            fail("Tethered device already created");
+        }
+
+        TetheredDevice tethered = new TetheredDevice(macAddr, hasIpv6);
+        mTetheredDevices.put(macAddr, tethered);
+
+        return tethered;
+    }
+
+    public class TetheredDevice {
+        public final MacAddress macAddr;
+        public final MacAddress routerMacAddr;
+        public final Inet4Address ipv4Addr;
+        public final Inet4Address ipv4Gatway;
+        public final Inet6Address ipv6Addr;
+
+        private TetheredDevice(MacAddress mac, boolean hasIpv6) throws Exception {
+            macAddr = mac;
+            DhcpResults dhcpResults = runDhcp(macAddr.toByteArray());
+            ipv4Addr = (Inet4Address) dhcpResults.ipAddress.getAddress();
+            ipv4Gatway = (Inet4Address) dhcpResults.gateway;
+            routerMacAddr = getRouterMacAddressFromArp(ipv4Addr, macAddr,
+                    dhcpResults.serverAddress);
+            ipv6Addr = hasIpv6 ? runSlaac(macAddr, routerMacAddr) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Simulate dhcp client to obtain ipv4 address. */
+    public DhcpResults runDhcp(byte[] clientMacAddr)
+            throws Exception {
+        // We have to retransmit DHCP requests because IpServer declares itself to be ready before
+        // its DhcpServer is actually started. TODO: fix this race and remove this loop.
+        DhcpPacket offerPacket = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < DHCP_DISCOVER_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Sending DHCP discover");
+            sendDhcpDiscover(clientMacAddr);
+            offerPacket = getNextDhcpPacket();
+            if (offerPacket instanceof DhcpOfferPacket) break;
+        }
+        if (!(offerPacket instanceof DhcpOfferPacket)) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("No DHCPOFFER received on interface within timeout");
+        }
+
+        sendDhcpRequest(offerPacket, clientMacAddr);
+        DhcpPacket ackPacket = getNextDhcpPacket();
+        if (!(ackPacket instanceof DhcpAckPacket)) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("No DHCPACK received on interface within timeout");
+        }
+
+        return ackPacket.toDhcpResults();
+    }
+
+    private void sendDhcpDiscover(byte[] macAddress) throws Exception {
+        ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildDiscoverPacket(DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2,
+                new Random().nextInt() /* transactionId */, (short) 0 /* secs */,
+                macAddress,  false /* unicast */, DHCP_REQUESTED_PARAMS,
+                false /* rapid commit */,  DHCP_HOSTNAME);
+        mDownstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
+    }
+
+    private void sendDhcpRequest(DhcpPacket offerPacket, byte[] macAddress)
+            throws Exception {
+        DhcpResults results = offerPacket.toDhcpResults();
+        Inet4Address clientIp = (Inet4Address) results.ipAddress.getAddress();
+        Inet4Address serverIdentifier = results.serverAddress;
+        ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildRequestPacket(DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2,
+                0 /* transactionId */, (short) 0 /* secs */, DhcpPacket.INADDR_ANY /* clientIp */,
+                false /* broadcast */, macAddress, clientIp /* requestedIpAddress */,
+                serverIdentifier, DHCP_REQUESTED_PARAMS, DHCP_HOSTNAME);
+        mDownstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
+    }
+
+    private DhcpPacket getNextDhcpPacket() throws Exception {
+        final byte[] packet = getDownloadPacket((p) -> {
+            // Test whether this is DHCP packet.
+            try {
+                DhcpPacket.decodeFullPacket(p, p.length, DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2);
+            } catch (DhcpPacket.ParseException e) {
+                // Not a DHCP packet.
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        return packet == null ? null :
+                DhcpPacket.decodeFullPacket(packet, packet.length, DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2);
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private ArpPacket parseArpPacket(final byte[] packet) {
+        try {
+            return ArpPacket.parseArpPacket(packet, packet.length);
+        } catch (ArpPacket.ParseException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeReplyArp(byte[] packet) {
+        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet);
+
+        final ArpPacket arpPacket = parseArpPacket(packet);
+        if (arpPacket == null || arpPacket.opCode != ARP_REQUEST) return;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < mTetheredDevices.size(); i++) {
+            TetheredDevice tethered = mTetheredDevices.valueAt(i);
+            if (!arpPacket.targetIp.equals(tethered.ipv4Addr)) continue;
+
+            final ByteBuffer arpReply = ArpPacket.buildArpPacket(
+                    arpPacket.senderHwAddress.toByteArray() /* dst */,
+                    tethered.macAddr.toByteArray() /* srcMac */,
+                    arpPacket.senderIp.getAddress() /* target IP */,
+                    arpPacket.senderHwAddress.toByteArray() /* target HW address */,
+                    tethered.ipv4Addr.getAddress() /* sender IP */,
+                    (short) ARP_REPLY);
+            try {
+                sendUploadPacket(arpReply);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                fail("Failed to reply ARP for " + tethered.ipv4Addr);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MacAddress getRouterMacAddressFromArp(final Inet4Address tetherIp,
+            final MacAddress tetherMac, final Inet4Address routerIp) throws Exception {
+        final ByteBuffer arpProbe = ArpPacket.buildArpPacket(ETHER_BROADCAST /* dst */,
+                tetherMac.toByteArray() /* srcMac */, routerIp.getAddress() /* target IP */,
+                new byte[ETHER_ADDR_LEN] /* target HW address */,
+                tetherIp.getAddress() /* sender IP */, (short) ARP_REQUEST);
+        sendUploadPacket(arpProbe);
+
+        final byte[] packet = getDownloadPacket((p) -> {
+            final ArpPacket arpPacket = parseArpPacket(p);
+            if (arpPacket == null || arpPacket.opCode != ARP_REPLY) return false;
+            return arpPacket.targetIp.equals(tetherIp);
+        });
+
+        if (packet != null) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Get Mac address from ARP");
+            final ArpPacket arpReply = ArpPacket.parseArpPacket(packet, packet.length);
+            return arpReply.senderHwAddress;
+        }
+
+        fail("Could not get ARP packet");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private List<PrefixInformationOption> getRaPrefixOptions(byte[] packet) {
+        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet);
+        if (!isExpectedIcmpPacket(buf, true /* hasEth */, false /* isIpv4 */,
+                ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT)) {
+            fail("Parsing RA packet fail");
+        }
+
+        Struct.parse(RaHeader.class, buf);
+        final ArrayList<PrefixInformationOption> pioList = new ArrayList<>();
+        while (buf.position() < packet.length) {
+            final int currentPos = buf.position();
+            final int type = Byte.toUnsignedInt(buf.get());
+            final int length = Byte.toUnsignedInt(buf.get());
+            if (type == ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_PIO) {
+                final ByteBuffer pioBuf = ByteBuffer.wrap(buf.array(), currentPos,
+                        Struct.getSize(PrefixInformationOption.class));
+                final PrefixInformationOption pio =
+                        Struct.parse(PrefixInformationOption.class, pioBuf);
+                pioList.add(pio);
+
+                // Move ByteBuffer position to the next option.
+                buf.position(currentPos + Struct.getSize(PrefixInformationOption.class));
+            } else {
+                buf.position(currentPos + (length * 8));
+            }
+        }
+        return pioList;
+    }
+
+    private Inet6Address runSlaac(MacAddress srcMac, MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
+        sendRsPacket(srcMac, dstMac);
+
+        final byte[] raPacket = verifyPacketNotNull("Receive RA fail", getDownloadPacket(p -> {
+            return isExpectedIcmpPacket(p, true /* hasEth */, false /* isIpv4 */,
+                    ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT);
+        }));
+
+        final List<PrefixInformationOption> options = getRaPrefixOptions(raPacket);
+
+        for (PrefixInformationOption pio : options) {
+            if (pio.validLifetime > 0) {
+                final byte[] addressBytes = pio.prefix;
+                // Random the last two bytes as suffix.
+                // TODO: Currently do not implmement DAD in the test. Rely the gateway ipv6 address
+                // genetrated by tethering module always has random the last byte.
+                addressBytes[addressBytes.length - 1] = (byte) (new Random()).nextInt();
+                addressBytes[addressBytes.length - 2] = (byte) (new Random()).nextInt();
+
+                return (Inet6Address) InetAddress.getByAddress(addressBytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        fail("No available ipv6 prefix");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void sendRsPacket(MacAddress srcMac, MacAddress dstMac) throws Exception {
+        Log.d(TAG, "Sending RS");
+        ByteBuffer slla = LlaOption.build((byte) ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_SLLA, srcMac);
+        ByteBuffer rs = Ipv6Utils.buildRsPacket(srcMac, dstMac, (Inet6Address) LINK_LOCAL,
+                IPV6_ADDR_ALL_NODES_MULTICAST, slla);
+
+        sendUploadPacket(rs);
+    }
+
+    private void maybeReplyNa(byte[] packet) {
+        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet);
+        final EthernetHeader ethHdr = Struct.parse(EthernetHeader.class, buf);
+        if (ethHdr.etherType != ETHER_TYPE_IPV6) return;
+
+        final Ipv6Header ipv6Hdr = Struct.parse(Ipv6Header.class, buf);
+        if (ipv6Hdr.nextHeader != (byte) IPPROTO_ICMPV6) return;
+
+        final Icmpv6Header icmpv6Hdr = Struct.parse(Icmpv6Header.class, buf);
+        if (icmpv6Hdr.type != (short) ICMPV6_NEIGHBOR_SOLICITATION) return;
+
+        final NsHeader nsHdr = Struct.parse(NsHeader.class, buf);
+        for (int i = 0; i < mTetheredDevices.size(); i++) {
+            TetheredDevice tethered = mTetheredDevices.valueAt(i);
+            if (!nsHdr.target.equals(tethered.ipv6Addr)) continue;
+
+            final ByteBuffer tlla = LlaOption.build((byte) ICMPV6_ND_OPTION_TLLA, tethered.macAddr);
+            int flags = NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT_FLAG_SOLICITED
+                    | NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT_FLAG_OVERRIDE;
+            ByteBuffer ns = Ipv6Utils.buildNaPacket(tethered.macAddr, tethered.routerMacAddr,
+                    nsHdr.target, ipv6Hdr.srcIp, flags, nsHdr.target, tlla);
+            try {
+                sendUploadPacket(ns);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                fail("Failed to reply NA for " + tethered.ipv6Addr);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isExpectedIcmpPacket(byte[] packet, boolean hasEth, boolean isIpv4,
+            int type) {
+        final ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet);
+        return isExpectedIcmpPacket(buf, hasEth, isIpv4, type);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isExpectedIcmpPacket(ByteBuffer buf, boolean hasEth, boolean isIpv4,
+            int type) {
+        try {
+            if (hasEth && !hasExpectedEtherHeader(buf, isIpv4)) return false;
+
+            final int ipProto = isIpv4 ? IPPROTO_ICMP : IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
+            if (!hasExpectedIpHeader(buf, isIpv4, ipProto)) return false;
+
+            if (isIpv4) {
+                return Struct.parse(Icmpv4Header.class, buf).type == (short) type;
+            } else {
+                return Struct.parse(Icmpv6Header.class, buf).type == (short) type;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Parsing packet fail means it is not icmp packet.
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasExpectedEtherHeader(@NonNull final ByteBuffer buf, boolean isIpv4)
+            throws Exception {
+        final int expected = isIpv4 ? ETHER_TYPE_IPV4 : ETHER_TYPE_IPV6;
+
+        return Struct.parse(EthernetHeader.class, buf).etherType == expected;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasExpectedIpHeader(@NonNull final ByteBuffer buf, boolean isIpv4,
+            int ipProto) throws Exception {
+        if (isIpv4) {
+            return Struct.parse(Ipv4Header.class, buf).protocol == (byte) ipProto;
+        } else {
+            return Struct.parse(Ipv6Header.class, buf).nextHeader == (byte) ipProto;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isExpectedUdpPacket(@NonNull final byte[] rawPacket, boolean hasEth,
+            boolean isIpv4, Predicate<ByteBuffer> payloadVerifier) {
+        final ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(rawPacket);
+        try {
+            if (hasEth && !hasExpectedEtherHeader(buf, isIpv4)) return false;
+
+            if (!hasExpectedIpHeader(buf, isIpv4, IPPROTO_UDP)) return false;
+
+            if (Struct.parse(UdpHeader.class, buf) == null) return false;
+
+            if (!payloadVerifier.test(buf)) return false;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Parsing packet fail means it is not udp packet.
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Returns remaining bytes in the ByteBuffer in a new byte array of the right size. The
+    // ByteBuffer will be empty upon return. Used to avoid lint warning.
+    // See https://errorprone.info/bugpattern/ByteBufferBackingArray
+    private static byte[] getRemaining(final ByteBuffer buf) {
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[buf.remaining()];
+        buf.get(bytes);
+        Log.d(TAG, "Get remaining bytes: " + dumpHexString(bytes));
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    // |expectedPayload| is copied as read-only because the caller may reuse it.
+    public static boolean isExpectedUdpPacket(@NonNull final byte[] rawPacket, boolean hasEth,
+            boolean isIpv4, @NonNull final ByteBuffer expectedPayload) {
+        return isExpectedUdpPacket(rawPacket, hasEth, isIpv4, p -> {
+            if (p.remaining() != expectedPayload.limit()) return false;
+
+            return Arrays.equals(getRemaining(p), getRemaining(
+                    expectedPayload.asReadOnlyBuffer()));
+        });
+    }
+
+    // |expectedPayload| is copied as read-only because the caller may reuse it.
+    // See hasExpectedDnsMessage.
+    public static boolean isExpectedUdpDnsPacket(@NonNull final byte[] rawPacket, boolean hasEth,
+            boolean isIpv4, @NonNull final ByteBuffer expectedPayload) {
+        return isExpectedUdpPacket(rawPacket, hasEth, isIpv4, p -> {
+            return hasExpectedDnsMessage(p, expectedPayload);
+        });
+    }
+
+    public static class TestDnsPacket extends DnsPacket {
+        TestDnsPacket(byte[] data) throws DnsPacket.ParseException {
+            super(data);
+        }
+
+        @Nullable
+        public static TestDnsPacket getTestDnsPacket(final ByteBuffer buf) {
+            try {
+                // The ByteBuffer will be empty upon return.
+                return new TestDnsPacket(getRemaining(buf));
+            } catch (DnsPacket.ParseException e) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public DnsHeader getHeader() {
+            return mHeader;
+        }
+
+        public List<DnsRecord> getRecordList(int secType) {
+            return mRecords[secType];
+        }
+
+        public int getANCount() {
+            return mHeader.getRecordCount(ANSECTION);
+        }
+
+        public int getQDCount() {
+            return mHeader.getRecordCount(QDSECTION);
+        }
+
+        public int getNSCount() {
+            return mHeader.getRecordCount(NSSECTION);
+        }
+
+        public int getARCount() {
+            return mHeader.getRecordCount(ARSECTION);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isRecordsEquals(int type, @NonNull final TestDnsPacket other) {
+            List<DnsRecord> records = getRecordList(type);
+            List<DnsRecord> otherRecords = other.getRecordList(type);
+
+            if (records.size() != otherRecords.size()) return false;
+
+            // Expect that two compared resource records are in the same order. For current tests
+            // in EthernetTetheringTest, it is okay because dnsmasq doesn't reorder the forwarded
+            // resource records.
+            // TODO: consider allowing that compare records out of order.
+            for (int i = 0; i < records.size(); i++) {
+                // TODO: use DnsRecord.equals once aosp/1387135 is merged.
+                if (!TextUtils.equals(records.get(i).dName, otherRecords.get(i).dName)
+                        || records.get(i).nsType != otherRecords.get(i).nsType
+                        || records.get(i).nsClass != otherRecords.get(i).nsClass
+                        || records.get(i).ttl != otherRecords.get(i).ttl
+                        || !Arrays.equals(records.get(i).getRR(), otherRecords.get(i).getRR())) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean isQDRecordsEquals(@NonNull final TestDnsPacket other) {
+            return isRecordsEquals(QDSECTION, other);
+        }
+
+        public boolean isANRecordsEquals(@NonNull final TestDnsPacket other) {
+            return isRecordsEquals(ANSECTION, other);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The ByteBuffer |actual| will be empty upon return. The ByteBuffer |excepted| will be copied
+    // as read-only because the caller may reuse it.
+    private static boolean hasExpectedDnsMessage(@NonNull final ByteBuffer actual,
+            @NonNull final ByteBuffer excepted) {
+        // Forwarded DNS message is extracted from remaining received packet buffer which has
+        // already parsed ethernet header, if any, IP header and UDP header.
+        final TestDnsPacket forwardedDns = TestDnsPacket.getTestDnsPacket(actual);
+        if (forwardedDns == null) return false;
+
+        // Original DNS message is the payload of the sending test UDP packet. It is used to check
+        // that the forwarded DNS query and reply have corresponding contents.
+        final TestDnsPacket originalDns = TestDnsPacket.getTestDnsPacket(
+                excepted.asReadOnlyBuffer());
+        assertNotNull(originalDns);
+
+        // Compare original DNS message which is sent to dnsmasq and forwarded DNS message which
+        // is forwarded by dnsmasq. The original message and forwarded message may be not identical
+        // because dnsmasq may change the header flags or even recreate the DNS query message and
+        // so on. We only simple check on forwarded packet and monitor if test will be broken by
+        // vendor dnsmasq customization. See forward_query() in external/dnsmasq/src/forward.c.
+        //
+        // DNS message format. See rfc1035 section 4.1.
+        // +---------------------+
+        // |        Header       |
+        // +---------------------+
+        // |       Question      | the question for the name server
+        // +---------------------+
+        // |        Answer       | RRs answering the question
+        // +---------------------+
+        // |      Authority      | RRs pointing toward an authority
+        // +---------------------+
+        // |      Additional     | RRs holding additional information
+        // +---------------------+
+
+        // [1] Header section. See rfc1035 section 4.1.1.
+        // Verify QR flag bit, QDCOUNT, ANCOUNT, NSCOUNT, ARCOUNT.
+        if (originalDns.getHeader().isResponse() != forwardedDns.getHeader().isResponse()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (originalDns.getQDCount() != forwardedDns.getQDCount()) return false;
+        if (originalDns.getANCount() != forwardedDns.getANCount()) return false;
+        if (originalDns.getNSCount() != forwardedDns.getNSCount()) return false;
+        if (originalDns.getARCount() != forwardedDns.getARCount()) return false;
+
+        // [2] Question section. See rfc1035 section 4.1.2.
+        // Question section has at least one entry either DNS query or DNS reply.
+        if (forwardedDns.getRecordList(QDSECTION).isEmpty()) return false;
+        // Expect that original and forwarded message have the same question records (usually 1).
+        if (!originalDns.isQDRecordsEquals(forwardedDns)) return false;
+
+        // [3] Answer section. See rfc1035 section 4.1.3.
+        if (forwardedDns.getHeader().isResponse()) {
+            // DNS reply has at least have one answer in our tests.
+            // See EthernetTetheringTest#testTetherUdpV4Dns.
+            if (forwardedDns.getRecordList(ANSECTION).isEmpty()) return false;
+            // Expect that original and forwarded message have the same answer records.
+            if (!originalDns.isANRecordsEquals(forwardedDns)) return false;
+        }
+
+        // Ignore checking {Authority, Additional} sections because they are not tested
+        // in EthernetTetheringTest.
+        return true;
+    }
+
+
+    private static boolean isTcpSynPacket(@NonNull final TcpHeader tcpHeader) {
+        return (tcpHeader.dataOffsetAndControlBits & TCPHDR_SYN) != 0;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isExpectedTcpPacket(@NonNull final byte[] rawPacket, boolean hasEth,
+            boolean isIpv4, int seq, @NonNull final ByteBuffer payload) {
+        final ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(rawPacket);
+        try {
+            if (hasEth && !hasExpectedEtherHeader(buf, isIpv4)) return false;
+
+            if (!hasExpectedIpHeader(buf, isIpv4, IPPROTO_TCP)) return false;
+
+            final TcpHeader tcpHeader = Struct.parse(TcpHeader.class, buf);
+            if (tcpHeader.seq != seq) return false;
+
+            // Don't try to parse the payload if it is a TCP SYN segment because additional TCP
+            // option MSS may be added in the SYN segment. Currently, TetherController uses
+            // iptables to limit downstream MSS for IPv4. The additional TCP options will be
+            // misunderstood as payload because parsing TCP options are not supported by class
+            // TcpHeader for now. See TetherController::setupIptablesHooks.
+            // TODO: remove once TcpHeader supports parsing TCP options.
+            if (isTcpSynPacket(tcpHeader)) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Found SYN segment. Ignore parsing the remaining part of packet.");
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (payload.limit() != buf.remaining()) return false;
+            return Arrays.equals(getRemaining(buf), getRemaining(payload.asReadOnlyBuffer()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Parsing packet fail means it is not tcp packet.
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void sendUploadPacket(ByteBuffer packet) throws Exception {
+        mDownstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
+    }
+
+    private void sendDownloadPacket(ByteBuffer packet) throws Exception {
+        assertNotNull("Can't deal with upstream interface in local only mode", mUpstreamReader);
+
+        mUpstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
+    }
+
+    private byte[] getDownloadPacket(Predicate<byte[]> filter) {
+        byte[] packet;
+        while ((packet = mDownstreamReader.poll(PACKET_READ_TIMEOUT_MS)) != null) {
+            if (filter.test(packet)) return packet;
+
+            maybeReplyArp(packet);
+            maybeReplyNa(packet);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private byte[] getUploadPacket(Predicate<byte[]> filter) {
+        assertNotNull("Can't deal with upstream interface in local only mode", mUpstreamReader);
+
+        return mUpstreamReader.poll(PACKET_READ_TIMEOUT_MS, filter);
+    }
+
+    private @NonNull byte[] verifyPacketNotNull(String message, @Nullable byte[] packet) {
+        assertNotNull(message, packet);
+
+        return packet;
+    }
+
+    public byte[] testUpload(final ByteBuffer packet, final Predicate<byte[]> filter)
+            throws Exception {
+        sendUploadPacket(packet);
+
+        return getUploadPacket(filter);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] verifyUpload(final ByteBuffer packet, final Predicate<byte[]> filter)
+            throws Exception {
+        return verifyPacketNotNull("Upload fail", testUpload(packet, filter));
+    }
+
+    public byte[] verifyDownload(final ByteBuffer packet, final Predicate<byte[]> filter)
+            throws Exception {
+        sendDownloadPacket(packet);
+
+        return verifyPacketNotNull("Download fail", getDownloadPacket(filter));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
index 5869f2b..55854e2 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/EthernetTetheringTest.java
@@ -16,331 +16,271 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
-import static android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE;
-import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
-import static android.Manifest.permission.DUMP;
-import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
-import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
-import static android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED;
 import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
-import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_ETHERNET;
-import static android.net.TetheringTester.RemoteResponder;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_IP;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+import static android.net.TetheringTester.TestDnsPacket;
+import static android.net.TetheringTester.isExpectedIcmpPacket;
+import static android.net.TetheringTester.isExpectedUdpDnsPacket;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.ICMP_ECHO;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.ICMP_ECHOREPLY;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_ICMP;
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.ConnectivityUtils.isIPv6ULA;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.HexDump.dumpHexString;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.IpUtils.icmpChecksum;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.IpUtils.ipChecksum;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV4;
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV6;
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT;
-import static com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils.KVersion;
-import static com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTrackerKt.initTestNetwork;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ECHO_REPLY_TYPE;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMPV6_ECHO_REQUEST_TYPE;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMP_CHECKSUM_OFFSET;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_CHECKSUM_OFFSET;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_LENGTH_OFFSET;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
-import android.app.UiAutomation;
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceCallback;
-import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceRequest;
-import android.net.TetheringManager.StartTetheringCallback;
-import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringEventCallback;
 import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
 import android.net.TetheringTester.TetheredDevice;
 import android.os.Build;
-import android.os.Handler;
-import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.os.SystemProperties;
-import android.os.VintfRuntimeInfo;
-import android.text.TextUtils;
-import android.util.Base64;
 import android.util.Log;
-import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
-import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.MediumTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
-import com.android.net.module.util.PacketBuilder;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Ipv6Utils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
-import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
-import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Value;
-import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsKey;
-import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsValue;
 import com.android.net.module.util.structs.EthernetHeader;
-import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Icmpv6Header;
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Icmpv4Header;
 import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Ipv4Header;
-import com.android.net.module.util.structs.Ipv6Header;
 import com.android.net.module.util.structs.UdpHeader;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
-import com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils;
-import com.android.testutils.DumpTestUtils;
-import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.TapPacketReader;
-import com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTracker;
 
-import org.junit.After;
-import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InterfaceAddress;
 import java.net.NetworkInterface;
-import java.net.SocketException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Random;
-import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
-import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @MediumTest
-public class EthernetTetheringTest {
+public class EthernetTetheringTest extends EthernetTetheringTestBase {
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
     private static final String TAG = EthernetTetheringTest.class.getSimpleName();
-    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
-    private static final int TETHER_REACHABILITY_ATTEMPTS = 20;
-    private static final int DUMP_POLLING_MAX_RETRY = 100;
-    private static final int DUMP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS = 50;
-    // Kernel treats a confirmed UDP connection which active after two seconds as stream mode.
-    // See upstream commit b7b1d02fc43925a4d569ec221715db2dfa1ce4f5.
-    private static final int UDP_STREAM_TS_MS = 2000;
-    // Per RX UDP packet size: iphdr (20) + udphdr (8) + payload (2) = 30 bytes.
-    private static final int RX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE = 30;
-    private static final int RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT = 456;
-    // Per TX UDP packet size: ethhdr (14) + iphdr (20) + udphdr (8) + payload (2) = 44 bytes.
-    private static final int TX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE = 44;
-    private static final int TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT = 123;
 
-    private static final LinkAddress TEST_IP4_ADDR = new LinkAddress("10.0.0.1/8");
-    private static final LinkAddress TEST_IP6_ADDR = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::101/64");
-    private static final InetAddress TEST_IP4_DNS = parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
-    private static final InetAddress TEST_IP6_DNS = parseNumericAddress("2001:db8:1::888");
-    private static final ByteBuffer TEST_REACHABILITY_PAYLOAD =
-            ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0xaa });
+    private static final short DNS_PORT = 53;
+    private static final short ICMPECHO_CODE = 0x0;
+    private static final short ICMPECHO_ID = 0x0;
+    private static final short ICMPECHO_SEQ = 0x0;
 
-    private static final String DUMPSYS_TETHERING_RAWMAP_ARG = "bpfRawMap";
-    private static final String DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS = "--stats";
-    private static final String DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4 = "--upstream4";
-    private static final String BASE64_DELIMITER = ",";
-    private static final String LINE_DELIMITER = "\\n";
+    // TODO: use class DnsPacket to build DNS query and reply message once DnsPacket supports
+    // building packet for given arguments.
+    private static final ByteBuffer DNS_QUERY = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] {
+            // scapy.DNS(
+            //   id=0xbeef,
+            //   qr=0,
+            //   qd=scapy.DNSQR(qname="hello.example.com"))
+            //
+            /* Header */
+            (byte) 0xbe, (byte) 0xef, /* Transaction ID: 0xbeef */
+            (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x00, /* Flags: rd */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01, /* Questions: 1 */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, /* Answer RRs: 0 */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, /* Authority RRs: 0 */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, /* Additional RRs: 0 */
+            /* Queries */
+            (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x68, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x6c,
+            (byte) 0x6c, (byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x07, (byte) 0x65,
+            (byte) 0x78, (byte) 0x61, (byte) 0x6d, (byte) 0x70,
+            (byte) 0x6c, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x63,
+            (byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x6d, (byte) 0x00, /* Name: hello.example.com */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01,              /* Type: A */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01               /* Class: IN */
+    });
 
-    private final Context mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
-    private final EthernetManager mEm = mContext.getSystemService(EthernetManager.class);
-    private final TetheringManager mTm = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
-
-    private TestNetworkInterface mDownstreamIface;
-    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
-    private Handler mHandler;
-    private TapPacketReader mDownstreamReader;
-    private TapPacketReader mUpstreamReader;
-
-    private TetheredInterfaceRequester mTetheredInterfaceRequester;
-    private MyTetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
-
-    private UiAutomation mUiAutomation =
-            InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation();
-    private boolean mRunTests;
-
-    private TestNetworkTracker mUpstreamTracker;
-
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() throws Exception {
-        // Needed to create a TestNetworkInterface, to call requestTetheredInterface, and to receive
-        // tethered client callbacks. The restricted networks permission is needed to ensure that
-        // EthernetManager#isAvailable will correctly return true on devices where Ethernet is
-        // marked restricted, like cuttlefish. The dump permission is needed to verify bpf related
-        // functions via dumpsys output.
-        mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity(
-                MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, NETWORK_SETTINGS, TETHER_PRIVILEGED, ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE,
-                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, DUMP);
-        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread(getClass().getSimpleName());
-        mHandlerThread.start();
-        mHandler = new Handler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
-
-        mRunTests = isEthernetTetheringSupported();
-        assumeTrue(mRunTests);
-
-        mTetheredInterfaceRequester = new TetheredInterfaceRequester(mHandler, mEm);
-    }
-
-    private void cleanUp() throws Exception {
-        mTm.setPreferTestNetworks(false);
-
-        if (mUpstreamTracker != null) {
-            mUpstreamTracker.teardown();
-            mUpstreamTracker = null;
-        }
-        if (mUpstreamReader != null) {
-            TapPacketReader reader = mUpstreamReader;
-            mHandler.post(() -> reader.stop());
-            mUpstreamReader = null;
-        }
-
-        mTm.stopTethering(TETHERING_ETHERNET);
-        if (mTetheringEventCallback != null) {
-            mTetheringEventCallback.awaitInterfaceUntethered();
-            mTetheringEventCallback.unregister();
-            mTetheringEventCallback = null;
-        }
-        if (mDownstreamReader != null) {
-            TapPacketReader reader = mDownstreamReader;
-            mHandler.post(() -> reader.stop());
-            mDownstreamReader = null;
-        }
-        mTetheredInterfaceRequester.release();
-        mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(false);
-        maybeDeleteTestInterface();
-    }
-
-    @After
-    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
-        try {
-            if (mRunTests) cleanUp();
-        } finally {
-            mHandlerThread.quitSafely();
-            mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
-        }
-    }
+    private static final byte[] DNS_REPLY = new byte[] {
+            // scapy.DNS(
+            //   id=0,
+            //   qr=1,
+            //   qd=scapy.DNSQR(qname="hello.example.com"),
+            //   an=scapy.DNSRR(rrname="hello.example.com", rdata='1.2.3.4'))
+            //
+            /* Header */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, /* Transaction ID: 0x0, must be updated by dns query id */
+            (byte) 0x81, (byte) 0x00, /* Flags: qr rd */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01, /* Questions: 1 */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01, /* Answer RRs: 1 */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, /* Authority RRs: 0 */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, /* Additional RRs: 0 */
+            /* Queries */
+            (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x68, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x6c,
+            (byte) 0x6c, (byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x07, (byte) 0x65,
+            (byte) 0x78, (byte) 0x61, (byte) 0x6d, (byte) 0x70,
+            (byte) 0x6c, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x63,
+            (byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x6d, (byte) 0x00,              /* Name: hello.example.com */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01,                           /* Type: A */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01,                           /* Class: IN */
+            /* Answers */
+            (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x68, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x6c,
+            (byte) 0x6c, (byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x07, (byte) 0x65,
+            (byte) 0x78, (byte) 0x61, (byte) 0x6d, (byte) 0x70,
+            (byte) 0x6c, (byte) 0x65, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x63,
+            (byte) 0x6f, (byte) 0x6d, (byte) 0x00,              /* Name: hello.example.com */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01,                           /* Type: A */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01,                           /* Class: IN */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, /* Time to live: 0 */
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x04,                           /* Data length: 4 */
+            (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x04  /* Address: 1.2.3.4 */
+    };
 
     @Test
     public void testVirtualEthernetAlreadyExists() throws Exception {
         // This test requires manipulating packets. Skip if there is a physical Ethernet connected.
-        assumeFalse(mEm.isAvailable());
+        assumeFalse(isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable());
 
-        mDownstreamIface = createTestInterface();
-        // This must be done now because as soon as setIncludeTestInterfaces(true) is called, the
-        // interface will be placed in client mode, which will delete the link-local address.
-        // At that point NetworkInterface.getByName() will cease to work on the interface, because
-        // starting in R NetworkInterface can no longer see interfaces without IP addresses.
-        int mtu = getMTU(mDownstreamIface);
+        TestNetworkInterface downstreamIface = null;
+        MyTetheringEventCallback tetheringEventCallback = null;
+        TapPacketReader downstreamReader = null;
 
-        Log.d(TAG, "Including test interfaces");
-        mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
+        try {
+            downstreamIface = createTestInterface();
+            // This must be done now because as soon as setIncludeTestInterfaces(true) is called,
+            // the interface will be placed in client mode, which will delete the link-local
+            // address. At that point NetworkInterface.getByName() will cease to work on the
+            // interface, because starting in R NetworkInterface can no longer see interfaces
+            // without IP addresses.
+            int mtu = getMTU(downstreamIface);
 
-        final String iface = mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface();
-        assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
-                mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
+            Log.d(TAG, "Including test interfaces");
+            setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
 
-        checkVirtualEthernet(mDownstreamIface, mtu);
+            final String iface = getTetheredInterface();
+            assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
+                    downstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
+
+            // Check virtual ethernet.
+            FileDescriptor fd = downstreamIface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
+            downstreamReader = makePacketReader(fd, mtu);
+            tetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(downstreamIface.getInterfaceName(),
+                    null /* any upstream */);
+            checkTetheredClientCallbacks(downstreamReader, tetheringEventCallback);
+        } finally {
+            maybeStopTapPacketReader(downstreamReader);
+            maybeCloseTestInterface(downstreamIface);
+            maybeUnregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetheringEventCallback);
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testVirtualEthernet() throws Exception {
         // This test requires manipulating packets. Skip if there is a physical Ethernet connected.
-        assumeFalse(mEm.isAvailable());
+        assumeFalse(isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable());
 
-        CompletableFuture<String> futureIface = mTetheredInterfaceRequester.requestInterface();
+        CompletableFuture<String> futureIface = requestTetheredInterface();
 
-        mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
 
-        mDownstreamIface = createTestInterface();
+        TestNetworkInterface downstreamIface = null;
+        MyTetheringEventCallback tetheringEventCallback = null;
+        TapPacketReader downstreamReader = null;
 
-        final String iface = futureIface.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-        assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
-                mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
+        try {
+            downstreamIface = createTestInterface();
 
-        checkVirtualEthernet(mDownstreamIface, getMTU(mDownstreamIface));
+            final String iface = futureIface.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
+                    downstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
+
+            // Check virtual ethernet.
+            FileDescriptor fd = downstreamIface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
+            downstreamReader = makePacketReader(fd, getMTU(downstreamIface));
+            tetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(downstreamIface.getInterfaceName(),
+                    null /* any upstream */);
+            checkTetheredClientCallbacks(downstreamReader, tetheringEventCallback);
+        } finally {
+            maybeStopTapPacketReader(downstreamReader);
+            maybeCloseTestInterface(downstreamIface);
+            maybeUnregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetheringEventCallback);
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testStaticIpv4() throws Exception {
-        assumeFalse(mEm.isAvailable());
+        assumeFalse(isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable());
 
-        mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
 
-        mDownstreamIface = createTestInterface();
-
-        final String iface = mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface();
-        assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
-                mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
-
-        assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, null, null);
-        assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "2001:db8::1/64", "2001:db8:2::/64");
-        assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "192.0.2.2/28", "2001:db8:2::/28");
-        assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "2001:db8:2::/28", "192.0.2.2/28");
-        assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "192.0.2.2/28", null);
-        assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, null, "192.0.2.2/28");
-        assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "192.0.2.3/27", "192.0.2.2/28");
-
-        final String localAddr = "192.0.2.3/28";
-        final String clientAddr = "192.0.2.2/28";
-        mTetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(iface,
-                requestWithStaticIpv4(localAddr, clientAddr), null /* any upstream */);
-
-        mTetheringEventCallback.awaitInterfaceTethered();
-        assertInterfaceHasIpAddress(iface, localAddr);
-
-        byte[] client1 = MacAddress.fromString("1:2:3:4:5:6").toByteArray();
-        byte[] client2 = MacAddress.fromString("a:b:c:d:e:f").toByteArray();
-
-        FileDescriptor fd = mDownstreamIface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
-        mDownstreamReader = makePacketReader(fd, getMTU(mDownstreamIface));
-        TetheringTester tester = new TetheringTester(mDownstreamReader);
-        DhcpResults dhcpResults = tester.runDhcp(client1);
-        assertEquals(new LinkAddress(clientAddr), dhcpResults.ipAddress);
+        TestNetworkInterface downstreamIface = null;
+        MyTetheringEventCallback tetheringEventCallback = null;
+        TapPacketReader downstreamReader = null;
 
         try {
-            tester.runDhcp(client2);
-            fail("Only one client should get an IP address");
-        } catch (TimeoutException expected) { }
+            downstreamIface = createTestInterface();
 
-    }
+            final String iface = getTetheredInterface();
+            assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
+                    downstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
 
-    private static boolean isRouterAdvertisement(byte[] pkt) {
-        if (pkt == null) return false;
+            assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, null, null);
+            assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "2001:db8::1/64", "2001:db8:2::/64");
+            assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "192.0.2.2/28", "2001:db8:2::/28");
+            assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "2001:db8:2::/28", "192.0.2.2/28");
+            assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "192.0.2.2/28", null);
+            assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, null, "192.0.2.2/28");
+            assertInvalidStaticIpv4Request(iface, "192.0.2.3/27", "192.0.2.2/28");
 
-        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(pkt);
+            final String localAddr = "192.0.2.3/28";
+            final String clientAddr = "192.0.2.2/28";
+            tetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(iface,
+                    requestWithStaticIpv4(localAddr, clientAddr), null /* any upstream */);
 
-        final EthernetHeader ethHdr = Struct.parse(EthernetHeader.class, buf);
-        if (ethHdr.etherType != ETHER_TYPE_IPV6) return false;
+            tetheringEventCallback.awaitInterfaceTethered();
+            assertInterfaceHasIpAddress(iface, localAddr);
 
-        final Ipv6Header ipv6Hdr = Struct.parse(Ipv6Header.class, buf);
-        if (ipv6Hdr.nextHeader != (byte) IPPROTO_ICMPV6) return false;
+            byte[] client1 = MacAddress.fromString("1:2:3:4:5:6").toByteArray();
+            byte[] client2 = MacAddress.fromString("a:b:c:d:e:f").toByteArray();
 
-        final Icmpv6Header icmpv6Hdr = Struct.parse(Icmpv6Header.class, buf);
-        return icmpv6Hdr.type == (short) ICMPV6_ROUTER_ADVERTISEMENT;
-    }
+            FileDescriptor fd = downstreamIface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
+            downstreamReader = makePacketReader(fd, getMTU(downstreamIface));
+            TetheringTester tester = new TetheringTester(downstreamReader);
+            DhcpResults dhcpResults = tester.runDhcp(client1);
+            assertEquals(new LinkAddress(clientAddr), dhcpResults.ipAddress);
 
-    private static void expectRouterAdvertisement(TapPacketReader reader, String iface,
-            long timeoutMs) {
-        final long deadline = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + timeoutMs;
-        do {
-            byte[] pkt = reader.popPacket(timeoutMs);
-            if (isRouterAdvertisement(pkt)) return;
-            timeoutMs = deadline - SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
-        } while (timeoutMs > 0);
-        fail("Did not receive router advertisement on " + iface + " after "
-                +  timeoutMs + "ms idle");
+            try {
+                tester.runDhcp(client2);
+                fail("Only one client should get an IP address");
+            } catch (TimeoutException expected) { }
+        } finally {
+            maybeStopTapPacketReader(downstreamReader);
+            maybeCloseTestInterface(downstreamIface);
+            maybeUnregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetheringEventCallback);
+        }
     }
 
     private static void expectLocalOnlyAddresses(String iface) throws Exception {
@@ -366,30 +306,40 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLocalOnlyTethering() throws Exception {
-        assumeFalse(mEm.isAvailable());
+        assumeFalse(isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable());
 
-        mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
 
-        mDownstreamIface = createTestInterface();
+        TestNetworkInterface downstreamIface = null;
+        MyTetheringEventCallback tetheringEventCallback = null;
+        TapPacketReader downstreamReader = null;
 
-        final String iface = mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface();
-        assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
-                mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
+        try {
+            downstreamIface = createTestInterface();
 
-        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_ETHERNET)
-                .setConnectivityScope(CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL).build();
-        mTetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(iface, request,
-                null /* any upstream */);
-        mTetheringEventCallback.awaitInterfaceLocalOnly();
+            final String iface = getTetheredInterface();
+            assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
+                    downstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
 
-        // makePacketReader only works after tethering is started, because until then the interface
-        // does not have an IP address, and unprivileged apps cannot see interfaces without IP
-        // addresses. This shouldn't be flaky because the TAP interface will buffer all packets even
-        // before the reader is started.
-        mDownstreamReader = makePacketReader(mDownstreamIface);
+            final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_ETHERNET)
+                    .setConnectivityScope(CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL).build();
+            tetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(iface, request,
+                    null /* any upstream */);
+            tetheringEventCallback.awaitInterfaceLocalOnly();
 
-        expectRouterAdvertisement(mDownstreamReader, iface, 2000 /* timeoutMs */);
-        expectLocalOnlyAddresses(iface);
+            // makePacketReader only works after tethering is started, because until then the
+            // interface does not have an IP address, and unprivileged apps cannot see interfaces
+            // without IP addresses. This shouldn't be flaky because the TAP interface will buffer
+            // all packets even before the reader is started.
+            downstreamReader = makePacketReader(downstreamIface);
+
+            waitForRouterAdvertisement(downstreamReader, iface, WAIT_RA_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            expectLocalOnlyAddresses(iface);
+        } finally {
+            maybeStopTapPacketReader(downstreamReader);
+            maybeCloseTestInterface(downstreamIface);
+            maybeUnregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetheringEventCallback);
+        }
     }
 
     private boolean isAdbOverNetwork() {
@@ -400,260 +350,28 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testPhysicalEthernet() throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(mEm.isAvailable());
+        assumeTrue(isInterfaceForTetheringAvailable());
         // Do not run this test if adb is over network and ethernet is connected.
         // It is likely the adb run over ethernet, the adb would break when ethernet is switching
         // from client mode to server mode. See b/160389275.
         assumeFalse(isAdbOverNetwork());
 
-        // Get an interface to use.
-        final String iface = mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface();
+        MyTetheringEventCallback tetheringEventCallback = null;
+        try {
+            // Get an interface to use.
+            final String iface = getTetheredInterface();
 
-        // Enable Ethernet tethering and check that it starts.
-        mTetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(iface, null /* any upstream */);
-
+            // Enable Ethernet tethering and check that it starts.
+            tetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(iface, null /* any upstream */);
+        } finally {
+            stopEthernetTethering(tetheringEventCallback);
+        }
         // There is nothing more we can do on a physical interface without connecting an actual
         // client, which is not possible in this test.
     }
 
-    private boolean isEthernetTetheringSupported() throws Exception {
-        final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
-        final TetheringEventCallback callback = new TetheringEventCallback() {
-            @Override
-            public void onSupportedTetheringTypes(Set<Integer> supportedTypes) {
-                future.complete(supportedTypes.contains(TETHERING_ETHERNET));
-            }
-        };
-
-        try {
-            mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(mHandler::post, callback);
-            return future.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-        } finally {
-            mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(callback);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static final class MyTetheringEventCallback implements TetheringEventCallback {
-        private final TetheringManager mTm;
-        private final CountDownLatch mTetheringStartedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        private final CountDownLatch mTetheringStoppedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        private final CountDownLatch mLocalOnlyStartedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        private final CountDownLatch mLocalOnlyStoppedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        private final CountDownLatch mClientConnectedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        private final CountDownLatch mUpstreamLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        private final TetheringInterface mIface;
-        private final Network mExpectedUpstream;
-
-        private boolean mAcceptAnyUpstream = false;
-
-        private volatile boolean mInterfaceWasTethered = false;
-        private volatile boolean mInterfaceWasLocalOnly = false;
-        private volatile boolean mUnregistered = false;
-        private volatile Collection<TetheredClient> mClients = null;
-        private volatile Network mUpstream = null;
-
-        MyTetheringEventCallback(TetheringManager tm, String iface) {
-            this(tm, iface, null);
-            mAcceptAnyUpstream = true;
-        }
-
-        MyTetheringEventCallback(TetheringManager tm, String iface, Network expectedUpstream) {
-            mTm = tm;
-            mIface = new TetheringInterface(TETHERING_ETHERNET, iface);
-            mExpectedUpstream = expectedUpstream;
-        }
-
-        public void unregister() {
-            mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(this);
-            mUnregistered = true;
-        }
-        @Override
-        public void onTetheredInterfacesChanged(List<String> interfaces) {
-            fail("Should only call callback that takes a Set<TetheringInterface>");
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onTetheredInterfacesChanged(Set<TetheringInterface> interfaces) {
-            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
-            if (mUnregistered) return;
-
-            if (!mInterfaceWasTethered && interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
-                // This interface is being tethered for the first time.
-                Log.d(TAG, "Tethering started: " + interfaces);
-                mInterfaceWasTethered = true;
-                mTetheringStartedLatch.countDown();
-            } else if (mInterfaceWasTethered && !interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
-                Log.d(TAG, "Tethering stopped: " + interfaces);
-                mTetheringStoppedLatch.countDown();
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onLocalOnlyInterfacesChanged(List<String> interfaces) {
-            fail("Should only call callback that takes a Set<TetheringInterface>");
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onLocalOnlyInterfacesChanged(Set<TetheringInterface> interfaces) {
-            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
-            if (mUnregistered) return;
-
-            if (!mInterfaceWasLocalOnly && interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
-                // This interface is being put into local-only mode for the first time.
-                Log.d(TAG, "Local-only started: " + interfaces);
-                mInterfaceWasLocalOnly = true;
-                mLocalOnlyStartedLatch.countDown();
-            } else if (mInterfaceWasLocalOnly && !interfaces.contains(mIface)) {
-                Log.d(TAG, "Local-only stopped: " + interfaces);
-                mLocalOnlyStoppedLatch.countDown();
-            }
-        }
-
-        public void awaitInterfaceTethered() throws Exception {
-            assertTrue("Ethernet not tethered after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                    mTetheringStartedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-        }
-
-        public void awaitInterfaceLocalOnly() throws Exception {
-            assertTrue("Ethernet not local-only after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                    mLocalOnlyStartedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-        }
-
-        public void awaitInterfaceUntethered() throws Exception {
-            // Don't block teardown if the interface was never tethered.
-            // This is racy because the interface might become tethered right after this check, but
-            // that can only happen in tearDown if startTethering timed out, which likely means
-            // the test has already failed.
-            if (!mInterfaceWasTethered && !mInterfaceWasLocalOnly) return;
-
-            if (mInterfaceWasTethered) {
-                assertTrue(mIface + " not untethered after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                        mTetheringStoppedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-            } else if (mInterfaceWasLocalOnly) {
-                assertTrue(mIface + " not untethered after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                        mLocalOnlyStoppedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-            } else {
-                fail(mIface + " cannot be both tethered and local-only. Update this test class.");
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onError(String ifName, int error) {
-            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
-            if (mUnregistered) return;
-
-            fail("TetheringEventCallback got error:" + error + " on iface " + ifName);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onClientsChanged(Collection<TetheredClient> clients) {
-            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
-            if (mUnregistered) return;
-
-            Log.d(TAG, "Got clients changed: " + clients);
-            mClients = clients;
-            if (clients.size() > 0) {
-                mClientConnectedLatch.countDown();
-            }
-        }
-
-        public Collection<TetheredClient> awaitClientConnected() throws Exception {
-            assertTrue("Did not receive client connected callback after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                    mClientConnectedLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-            return mClients;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onUpstreamChanged(Network network) {
-            // Ignore stale callbacks registered by previous test cases.
-            if (mUnregistered) return;
-
-            Log.d(TAG, "Got upstream changed: " + network);
-            mUpstream = network;
-            if (mAcceptAnyUpstream || Objects.equals(mUpstream, mExpectedUpstream)) {
-                mUpstreamLatch.countDown();
-            }
-        }
-
-        public Network awaitUpstreamChanged() throws Exception {
-            if (!mUpstreamLatch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
-                fail("Did not receive upstream " + (mAcceptAnyUpstream ? "any" : mExpectedUpstream)
-                        + " callback after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms");
-            }
-            return mUpstream;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private MyTetheringEventCallback enableEthernetTethering(String iface,
-            TetheringRequest request, Network expectedUpstream) throws Exception {
-        // Enable ethernet tethering with null expectedUpstream means the test accept any upstream
-        // after etherent tethering started.
-        final MyTetheringEventCallback callback;
-        if (expectedUpstream != null) {
-            callback = new MyTetheringEventCallback(mTm, iface, expectedUpstream);
-        } else {
-            callback = new MyTetheringEventCallback(mTm, iface);
-        }
-        mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(mHandler::post, callback);
-
-        StartTetheringCallback startTetheringCallback = new StartTetheringCallback() {
-            @Override
-            public void onTetheringFailed(int resultCode) {
-                fail("Unexpectedly got onTetheringFailed");
-            }
-        };
-        Log.d(TAG, "Starting Ethernet tethering");
-        mTm.startTethering(request, mHandler::post /* executor */,  startTetheringCallback);
-
-        final int connectivityType = request.getConnectivityScope();
-        switch (connectivityType) {
-            case CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL:
-                callback.awaitInterfaceTethered();
-                break;
-            case CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_LOCAL:
-                callback.awaitInterfaceLocalOnly();
-                break;
-            default:
-                fail("Unexpected connectivity type requested: " + connectivityType);
-        }
-
-        return callback;
-    }
-
-    private MyTetheringEventCallback enableEthernetTethering(String iface, Network expectedUpstream)
-            throws Exception {
-        return enableEthernetTethering(iface,
-                new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_ETHERNET)
-                .setShouldShowEntitlementUi(false).build(), expectedUpstream);
-    }
-
-    private int getMTU(TestNetworkInterface iface) throws SocketException {
-        NetworkInterface nif = NetworkInterface.getByName(iface.getInterfaceName());
-        assertNotNull("Can't get NetworkInterface object for " + iface.getInterfaceName(), nif);
-        return nif.getMTU();
-    }
-
-    private TapPacketReader makePacketReader(final TestNetworkInterface iface) throws Exception {
-        FileDescriptor fd = iface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
-        return makePacketReader(fd, getMTU(iface));
-    }
-
-    private TapPacketReader makePacketReader(FileDescriptor fd, int mtu) {
-        final TapPacketReader reader = new TapPacketReader(mHandler, fd, mtu);
-        mHandler.post(() -> reader.start());
-        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, TIMEOUT_MS);
-        return reader;
-    }
-
-    private void checkVirtualEthernet(TestNetworkInterface iface, int mtu) throws Exception {
-        FileDescriptor fd = iface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
-        mDownstreamReader = makePacketReader(fd, mtu);
-        mTetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(iface.getInterfaceName(),
-                null /* any upstream */);
-        checkTetheredClientCallbacks(mDownstreamReader);
-    }
-
-    private void checkTetheredClientCallbacks(TapPacketReader packetReader) throws Exception {
+    private void checkTetheredClientCallbacks(final TapPacketReader packetReader,
+            final MyTetheringEventCallback tetheringEventCallback) throws Exception {
         // Create a fake client.
         byte[] clientMacAddr = new byte[6];
         new Random().nextBytes(clientMacAddr);
@@ -661,7 +379,7 @@
         TetheringTester tester = new TetheringTester(packetReader);
         DhcpResults dhcpResults = tester.runDhcp(clientMacAddr);
 
-        final Collection<TetheredClient> clients = mTetheringEventCallback.awaitClientConnected();
+        final Collection<TetheredClient> clients = tetheringEventCallback.awaitClientConnected();
         assertEquals(1, clients.size());
         final TetheredClient client = clients.iterator().next();
 
@@ -685,49 +403,6 @@
         assertTrue(msg, Math.abs(dhcpResults.leaseDuration - actualLeaseDuration) < 10);
     }
 
-    private static final class TetheredInterfaceRequester implements TetheredInterfaceCallback {
-        private final Handler mHandler;
-        private final EthernetManager mEm;
-
-        private TetheredInterfaceRequest mRequest;
-        private final CompletableFuture<String> mFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
-
-        TetheredInterfaceRequester(Handler handler, EthernetManager em) {
-            mHandler = handler;
-            mEm = em;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onAvailable(String iface) {
-            Log.d(TAG, "Ethernet interface available: " + iface);
-            mFuture.complete(iface);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onUnavailable() {
-            mFuture.completeExceptionally(new IllegalStateException("onUnavailable received"));
-        }
-
-        public CompletableFuture<String> requestInterface() {
-            assertNull("BUG: more than one tethered interface request", mRequest);
-            Log.d(TAG, "Requesting tethered interface");
-            mRequest = mEm.requestTetheredInterface(mHandler::post, this);
-            return mFuture;
-        }
-
-        public String getInterface() throws Exception {
-            return requestInterface().get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-        }
-
-        public void release() {
-            if (mRequest != null) {
-                mFuture.obtrudeException(new IllegalStateException("Request already released"));
-                mRequest.release();
-                mRequest = null;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     public void assertLinkAddressMatches(LinkAddress l1, LinkAddress l2) {
         // Check all fields except the deprecation and expiry times.
         String msg = String.format("LinkAddresses do not match. expected: %s actual: %s", l1, l2);
@@ -766,51 +441,43 @@
                 + nif.getInterfaceAddresses());
     }
 
-    private TestNetworkInterface createTestInterface() throws Exception {
-        TestNetworkManager tnm = mContext.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager.class);
-        TestNetworkInterface iface = tnm.createTapInterface();
-        Log.d(TAG, "Created test interface " + iface.getInterfaceName());
-        return iface;
+    @Test
+    public void testIcmpv6Echo() throws Exception {
+        runPing6Test(initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR, TEST_IP6_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP4_DNS, TEST_IP6_DNS)));
     }
 
-    private void maybeDeleteTestInterface() throws Exception {
-        if (mDownstreamIface != null) {
-            mDownstreamIface.getFileDescriptor().close();
-            Log.d(TAG, "Deleted test interface " + mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName());
-            mDownstreamIface = null;
-        }
-    }
+    private void runPing6Test(TetheringTester tester) throws Exception {
+        TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, true /* hasIpv6 */);
+        Inet6Address remoteIp6Addr = (Inet6Address) parseNumericAddress("2400:222:222::222");
+        ByteBuffer request = Ipv6Utils.buildEchoRequestPacket(tethered.macAddr,
+                tethered.routerMacAddr, tethered.ipv6Addr, remoteIp6Addr);
+        tester.verifyUpload(request, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
 
-    private TestNetworkTracker createTestUpstream(final List<LinkAddress> addresses)
-            throws Exception {
-        mTm.setPreferTestNetworks(true);
+            return isExpectedIcmpPacket(p, false /* hasEth */, false /* isIpv4 */,
+                    ICMPV6_ECHO_REQUEST_TYPE);
+        });
 
-        return initTestNetwork(mContext, addresses, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        ByteBuffer reply = Ipv6Utils.buildEchoReplyPacket(remoteIp6Addr, tethered.ipv6Addr);
+        tester.verifyDownload(reply, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+
+            return isExpectedIcmpPacket(p, true /* hasEth */, false /* isIpv4 */,
+                    ICMPV6_ECHO_REPLY_TYPE);
+        });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testTestNetworkUpstream() throws Exception {
-        assumeFalse(mEm.isAvailable());
+    public void testTetherUdpV6() throws Exception {
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP6_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP6_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, true /* hasIpv6 */);
+        sendUploadPacketUdp(tethered.macAddr, tethered.routerMacAddr,
+                tethered.ipv6Addr, REMOTE_IP6_ADDR, tester, false /* is4To6 */);
+        sendDownloadPacketUdp(REMOTE_IP6_ADDR, tethered.ipv6Addr, tester, false /* is6To4 */);
 
-        // MyTetheringEventCallback currently only support await first available upstream. Tethering
-        // may select internet network as upstream if test network is not available and not be
-        // preferred yet. Create test upstream network before enable tethering.
-        mUpstreamTracker = createTestUpstream(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR, TEST_IP6_ADDR));
-
-        mDownstreamIface = createTestInterface();
-        mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
-
-        final String iface = mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface();
-        assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
-                mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
-
-        mTetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(),
-                mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork());
-        assertEquals("onUpstreamChanged for unexpected network", mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork(),
-                mTetheringEventCallback.awaitUpstreamChanged());
-
-        mDownstreamReader = makePacketReader(mDownstreamIface);
-        // TODO: do basic forwarding test here.
+        // TODO: test BPF offload maps {rule, stats}.
     }
 
     // Test network topology:
@@ -823,106 +490,10 @@
     // remote ip              public ip                           private ip
     // 8.8.8.8:443            <Upstream ip>:9876                  <TetheredDevice ip>:9876
     //
-    private static final Inet4Address REMOTE_IP4_ADDR =
-            (Inet4Address) parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
-    // Used by public port and private port. Assume port 9876 has not been used yet before the
-    // testing that public port and private port are the same in the testing. Note that NAT port
-    // forwarding could be different between private port and public port.
-    private static final short LOCAL_PORT = 9876;
-    private static final short REMOTE_PORT = 433;
-    private static final byte TYPE_OF_SERVICE = 0;
-    private static final short ID = 27149;
-    private static final short ID2 = 27150;
-    private static final short ID3 = 27151;
-    private static final short FLAGS_AND_FRAGMENT_OFFSET = (short) 0x4000; // flags=DF, offset=0
-    private static final byte TIME_TO_LIVE = (byte) 0x40;
-    private static final ByteBuffer PAYLOAD =
-            ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] { (byte) 0x12, (byte) 0x34 });
-    private static final ByteBuffer PAYLOAD2 =
-            ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] { (byte) 0x56, (byte) 0x78 });
-    private static final ByteBuffer PAYLOAD3 =
-            ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[] { (byte) 0x9a, (byte) 0xbc });
-
-    private boolean isExpectedUdpPacket(@NonNull final byte[] rawPacket, boolean hasEther,
-            @NonNull final ByteBuffer payload) {
-        final ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(rawPacket);
-
-        if (hasEther) {
-            final EthernetHeader etherHeader = Struct.parse(EthernetHeader.class, buf);
-            if (etherHeader == null) return false;
-        }
-
-        final Ipv4Header ipv4Header = Struct.parse(Ipv4Header.class, buf);
-        if (ipv4Header == null) return false;
-
-        final UdpHeader udpHeader = Struct.parse(UdpHeader.class, buf);
-        if (udpHeader == null) return false;
-
-        if (buf.remaining() != payload.limit()) return false;
-
-        return Arrays.equals(Arrays.copyOfRange(buf.array(), buf.position(), buf.limit()),
-                payload.array());
-    }
-
-    @NonNull
-    private ByteBuffer buildUdpv4Packet(@Nullable final MacAddress srcMac,
-            @Nullable final MacAddress dstMac, short id,
-            @NonNull final Inet4Address srcIp, @NonNull final Inet4Address dstIp,
-            short srcPort, short dstPort, @Nullable final ByteBuffer payload)
-            throws Exception {
-        final boolean hasEther = (srcMac != null && dstMac != null);
-        final int payloadLen = (payload == null) ? 0 : payload.limit();
-        final ByteBuffer buffer = PacketBuilder.allocate(hasEther, IPPROTO_IP, IPPROTO_UDP,
-                payloadLen);
-        final PacketBuilder packetBuilder = new PacketBuilder(buffer);
-
-        if (hasEther) packetBuilder.writeL2Header(srcMac, dstMac, (short) ETHER_TYPE_IPV4);
-        packetBuilder.writeIpv4Header(TYPE_OF_SERVICE, ID, FLAGS_AND_FRAGMENT_OFFSET,
-                TIME_TO_LIVE, (byte) IPPROTO_UDP, srcIp, dstIp);
-        packetBuilder.writeUdpHeader(srcPort, dstPort);
-        if (payload != null) {
-            buffer.put(payload);
-            // in case data might be reused by caller, restore the position and
-            // limit of bytebuffer.
-            payload.clear();
-        }
-
-        return packetBuilder.finalizePacket();
-    }
-
-    @NonNull
-    private ByteBuffer buildUdpv4Packet(short id, @NonNull final Inet4Address srcIp,
-            @NonNull final Inet4Address dstIp, short srcPort, short dstPort,
-            @Nullable final ByteBuffer payload) throws Exception {
-        return buildUdpv4Packet(null /* srcMac */, null /* dstMac */, id, srcIp, dstIp, srcPort,
-                dstPort, payload);
-    }
-
-    // TODO: remove this verification once upstream connected notification race is fixed.
-    // See #runUdp4Test.
-    private boolean isIpv4TetherConnectivityVerified(TetheringTester tester,
-            RemoteResponder remote, TetheredDevice tethered) throws Exception {
-        final ByteBuffer probePacket = buildUdpv4Packet(tethered.macAddr,
-                tethered.routerMacAddr, ID, tethered.ipv4Addr /* srcIp */,
-                REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* dstIp */, LOCAL_PORT /* srcPort */, REMOTE_PORT /*dstPort */,
-                TEST_REACHABILITY_PAYLOAD);
-
-        // Send a UDP packet from client and check the packet can be found on upstream interface.
-        for (int i = 0; i < TETHER_REACHABILITY_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
-            tester.sendPacket(probePacket);
-            byte[] expectedPacket = remote.getNextMatchedPacket(p -> {
-                Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
-                return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, TEST_REACHABILITY_PAYLOAD);
-            });
-            if (expectedPacket != null) return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private void runUdp4Test(TetheringTester tester, RemoteResponder remote, boolean usingBpf)
-            throws Exception {
-        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(MacAddress.fromString(
-                "1:2:3:4:5:6"));
+    private void runUdp4Test() throws Exception {
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP4_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, false /* hasIpv6 */);
 
         // TODO: remove the connectivity verification for upstream connected notification race.
         // Because async upstream connected notification can't guarantee the tethering routing is
@@ -930,244 +501,342 @@
         // For short term plan, consider using IPv6 RA to get MAC address because the prefix comes
         // from upstream. That can guarantee that the routing is ready. Long term plan is that
         // refactors upstream connected notification from async to sync.
-        assertTrue(isIpv4TetherConnectivityVerified(tester, remote, tethered));
+        probeV4TetheringConnectivity(tester, tethered, false /* is4To6 */);
 
-        // Send a UDP packet in original direction.
-        final ByteBuffer originalPacket = buildUdpv4Packet(tethered.macAddr,
-                tethered.routerMacAddr, ID, tethered.ipv4Addr /* srcIp */,
-                REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* dstIp */, LOCAL_PORT /* srcPort */, REMOTE_PORT /*dstPort */,
-                PAYLOAD /* payload */);
-        tester.verifyUpload(remote, originalPacket, p -> {
-            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
-            return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, PAYLOAD);
-        });
-
-        // Send a UDP packet in reply direction.
-        final Inet4Address publicIp4Addr = (Inet4Address) TEST_IP4_ADDR.getAddress();
-        final ByteBuffer replyPacket = buildUdpv4Packet(ID2, REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* srcIp */,
-                publicIp4Addr /* dstIp */, REMOTE_PORT /* srcPort */, LOCAL_PORT /*dstPort */,
-                PAYLOAD2 /* payload */);
-        remote.verifyDownload(tester, replyPacket, p -> {
-            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
-            return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, true/* hasEther */, PAYLOAD2);
-        });
-
-        if (usingBpf) {
-            // Send second UDP packet in original direction.
-            // The BPF coordinator only offloads the ASSURED conntrack entry. The "request + reply"
-            // packets can make status IPS_SEEN_REPLY to be set. Need one more packet to make
-            // conntrack status IPS_ASSURED_BIT to be set. Note the third packet needs to delay
-            // 2 seconds because kernel monitors a UDP connection which still alive after 2 seconds
-            // and apply ASSURED flag.
-            // See kernel upstream commit b7b1d02fc43925a4d569ec221715db2dfa1ce4f5 and
-            // nf_conntrack_udp_packet in net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_proto_udp.c
-            Thread.sleep(UDP_STREAM_TS_MS);
-            final ByteBuffer originalPacket2 = buildUdpv4Packet(tethered.macAddr,
-                    tethered.routerMacAddr, ID, tethered.ipv4Addr /* srcIp */,
-                    REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* dstIp */, LOCAL_PORT /* srcPort */,
-                    REMOTE_PORT /*dstPort */, PAYLOAD3 /* payload */);
-            tester.verifyUpload(remote, originalPacket2, p -> {
-                Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
-                return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, PAYLOAD3);
-            });
-
-            // [1] Verify IPv4 upstream rule map.
-            final HashMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = pollRawMapFromDump(
-                    Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4);
-            assertNotNull(upstreamMap);
-            assertEquals(1, upstreamMap.size());
-
-            final Map.Entry<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> rule =
-                    upstreamMap.entrySet().iterator().next();
-
-            final Tether4Key upstream4Key = rule.getKey();
-            assertEquals(IPPROTO_UDP, upstream4Key.l4proto);
-            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(tethered.ipv4Addr.getAddress(), upstream4Key.src4));
-            assertEquals(LOCAL_PORT, upstream4Key.srcPort);
-            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(REMOTE_IP4_ADDR.getAddress(), upstream4Key.dst4));
-            assertEquals(REMOTE_PORT, upstream4Key.dstPort);
-
-            final Tether4Value upstream4Value = rule.getValue();
-            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(publicIp4Addr.getAddress(),
-                    InetAddress.getByAddress(upstream4Value.src46).getAddress()));
-            assertEquals(LOCAL_PORT, upstream4Value.srcPort);
-            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(REMOTE_IP4_ADDR.getAddress(),
-                    InetAddress.getByAddress(upstream4Value.dst46).getAddress()));
-            assertEquals(REMOTE_PORT, upstream4Value.dstPort);
-
-            // [2] Verify stats map.
-            // Transmit packets on both direction for verifying stats. Because we only care the
-            // packet count in stats test, we just reuse the existing packets to increaes
-            // the packet count on both direction.
-
-            // Send packets on original direction.
-            for (int i = 0; i < TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT; i++) {
-                tester.verifyUpload(remote, originalPacket, p -> {
-                    Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
-                    return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, PAYLOAD);
-                });
-            }
-
-            // Send packets on reply direction.
-            for (int i = 0; i < RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT; i++) {
-                remote.verifyDownload(tester, replyPacket, p -> {
-                    Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
-                    return isExpectedUdpPacket(p, true/* hasEther */, PAYLOAD2);
-                });
-            }
-
-            // Dump stats map to verify.
-            final HashMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = pollRawMapFromDump(
-                    TetherStatsKey.class, TetherStatsValue.class, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS);
-            assertNotNull(statsMap);
-            assertEquals(1, statsMap.size());
-
-            final Map.Entry<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> stats =
-                    statsMap.entrySet().iterator().next();
-
-            // TODO: verify the upstream index in TetherStatsKey.
-
-            final TetherStatsValue statsValue = stats.getValue();
-            assertEquals(RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT, statsValue.rxPackets);
-            assertEquals(RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT * RX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE, statsValue.rxBytes);
-            assertEquals(0, statsValue.rxErrors);
-            assertEquals(TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT, statsValue.txPackets);
-            assertEquals(TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT * TX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE, statsValue.txBytes);
-            assertEquals(0, statsValue.txErrors);
-        }
+        final MacAddress srcMac = tethered.macAddr;
+        final MacAddress dstMac = tethered.routerMacAddr;
+        final InetAddress remoteIp = REMOTE_IP4_ADDR;
+        final InetAddress tetheringUpstreamIp = TEST_IP4_ADDR.getAddress();
+        final InetAddress clientIp = tethered.ipv4Addr;
+        sendUploadPacketUdp(srcMac, dstMac, clientIp, remoteIp, tester, false /* is4To6 */);
+        sendDownloadPacketUdp(remoteIp, tetheringUpstreamIp, tester, false /* is6To4 */);
     }
 
-    void initializeTethering() throws Exception {
-        assumeFalse(mEm.isAvailable());
-
-        // MyTetheringEventCallback currently only support await first available upstream. Tethering
-        // may select internet network as upstream if test network is not available and not be
-        // preferred yet. Create test upstream network before enable tethering.
-        mUpstreamTracker = createTestUpstream(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR));
-
-        mDownstreamIface = createTestInterface();
-        mEm.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
-
-        final String iface = mTetheredInterfaceRequester.getInterface();
-        assertEquals("TetheredInterfaceCallback for unexpected interface",
-                mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(), iface);
-
-        mTetheringEventCallback = enableEthernetTethering(mDownstreamIface.getInterfaceName(),
-                mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork());
-        assertEquals("onUpstreamChanged for unexpected network", mUpstreamTracker.getNetwork(),
-                mTetheringEventCallback.awaitUpstreamChanged());
-
-        mDownstreamReader = makePacketReader(mDownstreamIface);
-        mUpstreamReader = makePacketReader(mUpstreamTracker.getTestIface());
-    }
-
+    /**
+     * Basic IPv4 UDP tethering test. Verify that UDP tethered packets are transferred no matter
+     * using which data path.
+     */
     @Test
-    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-    public void testTetherUdpV4UpToR() throws Exception {
-        initializeTethering();
-        runUdp4Test(new TetheringTester(mDownstreamReader), new RemoteResponder(mUpstreamReader),
-                false /* usingBpf */);
+    public void testTetherUdpV4() throws Exception {
+        runUdp4Test();
     }
 
-    private static boolean isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel(final String kernelVersion) {
-        final KVersion current = DeviceInfoUtils.getMajorMinorSubminorVersion(kernelVersion);
-        return current.isInRange(new KVersion(4, 14, 222), new KVersion(4, 19, 0))
-                || current.isInRange(new KVersion(4, 19, 176), new KVersion(5, 4, 0))
-                || current.isAtLeast(new KVersion(5, 4, 98));
+    // Test network topology:
+    //
+    //            public network (rawip)                 private network
+    //                      |         UE (CLAT support)         |
+    // +---------------+    V    +------------+------------+    V    +------------+
+    // | NAT64 Gateway +---------+  Upstream  | Downstream +---------+   Client   |
+    // +---------------+         +------------+------------+         +------------+
+    // remote ip                 public ip                           private ip
+    // [64:ff9b::808:808]:443    [clat ipv6]:9876                    [TetheredDevice ipv4]:9876
+    //
+    // Note that CLAT IPv6 address is generated by ClatCoordinator. Get the CLAT IPv6 address by
+    // sending out an IPv4 packet and extracting the source address from CLAT translated IPv6
+    // packet.
+    //
+    private void runClatUdpTest() throws Exception {
+        // CLAT only starts on IPv6 only network.
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP6_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP6_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, true /* hasIpv6 */);
+
+        // Get CLAT IPv6 address.
+        final Inet6Address clatIp6 = getClatIpv6Address(tester, tethered);
+
+        // Send an IPv4 UDP packet in original direction.
+        // IPv4 packet -- CLAT translation --> IPv6 packet
+        sendUploadPacketUdp(tethered.macAddr, tethered.routerMacAddr, tethered.ipv4Addr,
+                REMOTE_IP4_ADDR, tester, true /* is4To6 */);
+
+        // Send an IPv6 UDP packet in reply direction.
+        // IPv6 packet -- CLAT translation --> IPv4 packet
+        sendDownloadPacketUdp(REMOTE_NAT64_ADDR, clatIp6, tester, true /* is6To4 */);
+
+        // TODO: test CLAT bpf maps.
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testIsUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel() throws Exception {
-        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.14.221"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.14.222"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.16.0"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.18.0"));
-        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.0"));
-
-        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.175"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.176"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.2.0"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.3.0"));
-        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.0"));
-
-        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.97"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.98"));
-        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.10.0"));
-    }
-
-    // TODO: refactor test testTetherUdpV4* into IPv4 UDP non-offload and offload tests.
-    // That can be easier to know which feature is verified from test results.
+    // TODO: support R device. See b/234727688.
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-    public void testTetherUdpV4AfterR() throws Exception {
-        initializeTethering();
-        final String kernelVersion = VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion();
-        boolean usingBpf = isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel(kernelVersion);
-        if (!usingBpf) {
-            Log.i(TAG, "testTetherUdpV4AfterR will skip BPF offload test for kernel "
-                    + kernelVersion);
-        }
-        runUdp4Test(new TetheringTester(mDownstreamReader), new RemoteResponder(mUpstreamReader),
-                usingBpf);
+    public void testTetherClatUdp() throws Exception {
+        runClatUdpTest();
     }
 
-    @Nullable
-    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> Pair<K, V> parseMapKeyValue(
-            Class<K> keyClass, Class<V> valueClass, @NonNull String dumpStr) {
-        Log.w(TAG, "Parsing string: " + dumpStr);
-
-        String[] keyValueStrs = dumpStr.split(BASE64_DELIMITER);
-        if (keyValueStrs.length != 2 /* key + value */) {
-            fail("The length is " + keyValueStrs.length + " but expect 2. "
-                    + "Split string(s): " + TextUtils.join(",", keyValueStrs));
+    // PacketBuilder doesn't support IPv4 ICMP packet. It may need to refactor PacketBuilder first
+    // because ICMP is a specific layer 3 protocol for PacketBuilder which expects packets always
+    // have layer 3 (IP) and layer 4 (TCP, UDP) for now. Since we don't use IPv4 ICMP packet too
+    // much in this test, we just write a ICMP packet builder here.
+    // TODO: move ICMPv4 packet build function to common utilis.
+    @NonNull
+    private ByteBuffer buildIcmpEchoPacketV4(
+            @Nullable final MacAddress srcMac, @Nullable final MacAddress dstMac,
+            @NonNull final Inet4Address srcIp, @NonNull final Inet4Address dstIp,
+            int type, short id, short seq) throws Exception {
+        if (type != ICMP_ECHO && type != ICMP_ECHOREPLY) {
+            fail("Unsupported ICMP type: " + type);
         }
 
-        final byte[] keyBytes = Base64.decode(keyValueStrs[0], Base64.DEFAULT);
-        Log.d(TAG, "keyBytes: " + dumpHexString(keyBytes));
-        final ByteBuffer keyByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(keyBytes);
-        keyByteBuffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-        final K k = Struct.parse(keyClass, keyByteBuffer);
+        // Build ICMP echo id and seq fields as payload. Ignore the data field.
+        final ByteBuffer payload = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+        payload.putShort(id);
+        payload.putShort(seq);
+        payload.rewind();
 
-        final byte[] valueBytes = Base64.decode(keyValueStrs[1], Base64.DEFAULT);
-        Log.d(TAG, "valueBytes: " + dumpHexString(valueBytes));
-        final ByteBuffer valueByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(valueBytes);
-        valueByteBuffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-        final V v = Struct.parse(valueClass, valueByteBuffer);
+        final boolean hasEther = (srcMac != null && dstMac != null);
+        final int etherHeaderLen = hasEther ? Struct.getSize(EthernetHeader.class) : 0;
+        final int ipv4HeaderLen = Struct.getSize(Ipv4Header.class);
+        final int Icmpv4HeaderLen = Struct.getSize(Icmpv4Header.class);
+        final int payloadLen = payload.limit();
+        final ByteBuffer packet = ByteBuffer.allocate(etherHeaderLen + ipv4HeaderLen
+                + Icmpv4HeaderLen + payloadLen);
 
-        return new Pair<>(k, v);
+        // [1] Ethernet header
+        if (hasEther) {
+            final EthernetHeader ethHeader = new EthernetHeader(dstMac, srcMac, ETHER_TYPE_IPV4);
+            ethHeader.writeToByteBuffer(packet);
+        }
+
+        // [2] IP header
+        final Ipv4Header ipv4Header = new Ipv4Header(TYPE_OF_SERVICE,
+                (short) 0 /* totalLength, calculate later */, ID,
+                FLAGS_AND_FRAGMENT_OFFSET, TIME_TO_LIVE, (byte) IPPROTO_ICMP,
+                (short) 0 /* checksum, calculate later */, srcIp, dstIp);
+        ipv4Header.writeToByteBuffer(packet);
+
+        // [3] ICMP header
+        final Icmpv4Header icmpv4Header = new Icmpv4Header((byte) type, ICMPECHO_CODE,
+                (short) 0 /* checksum, calculate later */);
+        icmpv4Header.writeToByteBuffer(packet);
+
+        // [4] Payload
+        packet.put(payload);
+        packet.flip();
+
+        // [5] Finalize packet
+        // Used for updating IP header fields. If there is Ehternet header, IPv4 header offset
+        // in buffer equals ethernet header length because IPv4 header is located next to ethernet
+        // header. Otherwise, IPv4 header offset is 0.
+        final int ipv4HeaderOffset = hasEther ? etherHeaderLen : 0;
+
+        // Populate the IPv4 totalLength field.
+        packet.putShort(ipv4HeaderOffset + IPV4_LENGTH_OFFSET,
+                (short) (ipv4HeaderLen + Icmpv4HeaderLen + payloadLen));
+
+        // Populate the IPv4 header checksum field.
+        packet.putShort(ipv4HeaderOffset + IPV4_CHECKSUM_OFFSET,
+                ipChecksum(packet, ipv4HeaderOffset /* headerOffset */));
+
+        // Populate the ICMP checksum field.
+        packet.putShort(ipv4HeaderOffset + IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN + ICMP_CHECKSUM_OFFSET,
+                icmpChecksum(packet, ipv4HeaderOffset + IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN,
+                        Icmpv4HeaderLen + payloadLen));
+        return packet;
     }
 
     @NonNull
-    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> HashMap<K, V> dumpAndParseRawMap(
-            Class<K> keyClass, Class<V> valueClass, @NonNull String mapArg)
+    private ByteBuffer buildIcmpEchoPacketV4(@NonNull final Inet4Address srcIp,
+            @NonNull final Inet4Address dstIp, int type, short id, short seq)
             throws Exception {
-        final String[] args = new String[] {DUMPSYS_TETHERING_RAWMAP_ARG, mapArg};
-        final String rawMapStr = DumpTestUtils.dumpService(Context.TETHERING_SERVICE, args);
-        final HashMap<K, V> map = new HashMap<>();
-
-        for (final String line : rawMapStr.split(LINE_DELIMITER)) {
-            final Pair<K, V> rule = parseMapKeyValue(keyClass, valueClass, line.trim());
-            map.put(rule.first, rule.second);
-        }
-        return map;
+        return buildIcmpEchoPacketV4(null /* srcMac */, null /* dstMac */, srcIp, dstIp,
+                type, id, seq);
     }
 
-    @Nullable
-    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> HashMap<K, V> pollRawMapFromDump(
-            Class<K> keyClass, Class<V> valueClass, @NonNull String mapArg)
-            throws Exception {
-        for (int retryCount = 0; retryCount < DUMP_POLLING_MAX_RETRY; retryCount++) {
-            final HashMap<K, V> map = dumpAndParseRawMap(keyClass, valueClass, mapArg);
-            if (!map.isEmpty()) return map;
+    @Test
+    public void testIcmpv4Echo() throws Exception {
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP4_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, false /* hasIpv6 */);
 
-            Thread.sleep(DUMP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS);
-        }
+        // TODO: remove the connectivity verification for upstream connected notification race.
+        // See the same reason in runUdp4Test().
+        probeV4TetheringConnectivity(tester, tethered, false /* is4To6 */);
 
-        fail("Cannot get rules after " + DUMP_POLLING_MAX_RETRY * DUMP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS + "ms");
-        return null;
+        final ByteBuffer request = buildIcmpEchoPacketV4(tethered.macAddr /* srcMac */,
+                tethered.routerMacAddr /* dstMac */, tethered.ipv4Addr /* srcIp */,
+                REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* dstIp */, ICMP_ECHO, ICMPECHO_ID, ICMPECHO_SEQ);
+        tester.verifyUpload(request, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+
+            return isExpectedIcmpPacket(p, false /* hasEth */, true /* isIpv4 */, ICMP_ECHO);
+        });
+
+        final ByteBuffer reply = buildIcmpEchoPacketV4(REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* srcIp*/,
+                (Inet4Address) TEST_IP4_ADDR.getAddress() /* dstIp */, ICMP_ECHOREPLY, ICMPECHO_ID,
+                ICMPECHO_SEQ);
+        tester.verifyDownload(reply, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+
+            return isExpectedIcmpPacket(p, true /* hasEth */, true /* isIpv4 */, ICMP_ECHOREPLY);
+        });
     }
 
-    private <T> List<T> toList(T... array) {
-        return Arrays.asList(array);
+    // TODO: support R device. See b/234727688.
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testTetherClatIcmp() throws Exception {
+        // CLAT only starts on IPv6 only network.
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP6_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP6_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, true /* hasIpv6 */);
+
+        // Get CLAT IPv6 address.
+        final Inet6Address clatIp6 = getClatIpv6Address(tester, tethered);
+
+        // Send an IPv4 ICMP packet in original direction.
+        // IPv4 packet -- CLAT translation --> IPv6 packet
+        final ByteBuffer request = buildIcmpEchoPacketV4(tethered.macAddr /* srcMac */,
+                tethered.routerMacAddr /* dstMac */, tethered.ipv4Addr /* srcIp */,
+                (Inet4Address) REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* dstIp */, ICMP_ECHO, ICMPECHO_ID, ICMPECHO_SEQ);
+        tester.verifyUpload(request, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+
+            return isExpectedIcmpPacket(p, false /* hasEth */, false /* isIpv4 */,
+                    ICMPV6_ECHO_REQUEST_TYPE);
+        });
+
+        // Send an IPv6 ICMP packet in reply direction.
+        // IPv6 packet -- CLAT translation --> IPv4 packet
+        final ByteBuffer reply = Ipv6Utils.buildEchoReplyPacket(
+                (Inet6Address) REMOTE_NAT64_ADDR /* srcIp */, clatIp6 /* dstIp */);
+        tester.verifyDownload(reply, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+
+            return isExpectedIcmpPacket(p, true /* hasEth */, true /* isIpv4 */, ICMP_ECHOREPLY);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private ByteBuffer buildDnsReplyMessageById(short id) {
+        byte[] replyMessage = Arrays.copyOf(DNS_REPLY, DNS_REPLY.length);
+        // Assign transaction id of reply message pattern with a given DNS transaction id.
+        replyMessage[0] = (byte) ((id >> 8) & 0xff);
+        replyMessage[1] = (byte) (id & 0xff);
+        Log.d(TAG, "Built DNS reply: " + dumpHexString(replyMessage));
+
+        return ByteBuffer.wrap(replyMessage);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private void sendDownloadPacketDnsV4(@NonNull final Inet4Address srcIp,
+            @NonNull final Inet4Address dstIp, short srcPort, short dstPort, short dnsId,
+            @NonNull final TetheringTester tester) throws Exception {
+        // DNS response transaction id must be copied from DNS query. Used by the requester
+        // to match up replies to outstanding queries. See RFC 1035 section 4.1.1.
+        final ByteBuffer dnsReplyMessage = buildDnsReplyMessageById(dnsId);
+        final ByteBuffer testPacket = buildUdpPacket((InetAddress) srcIp,
+                (InetAddress) dstIp, srcPort, dstPort, dnsReplyMessage);
+
+        tester.verifyDownload(testPacket, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in downstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+            return isExpectedUdpDnsPacket(p, true /* hasEther */, true /* isIpv4 */,
+                    dnsReplyMessage);
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Send IPv4 UDP DNS packet and return the forwarded DNS packet on upstream.
+    @NonNull
+    private byte[] sendUploadPacketDnsV4(@NonNull final MacAddress srcMac,
+            @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac, @NonNull final Inet4Address srcIp,
+            @NonNull final Inet4Address dstIp, short srcPort, short dstPort,
+            @NonNull final TetheringTester tester) throws Exception {
+        final ByteBuffer testPacket = buildUdpPacket(srcMac, dstMac, srcIp, dstIp,
+                srcPort, dstPort, DNS_QUERY);
+
+        return tester.verifyUpload(testPacket, p -> {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Packet in upstream: " + dumpHexString(p));
+            return isExpectedUdpDnsPacket(p, false /* hasEther */, true /* isIpv4 */,
+                    DNS_QUERY);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTetherUdpV4Dns() throws Exception {
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP4_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, false /* hasIpv6 */);
+
+        // TODO: remove the connectivity verification for upstream connected notification race.
+        // See the same reason in runUdp4Test().
+        probeV4TetheringConnectivity(tester, tethered, false /* is4To6 */);
+
+        // [1] Send DNS query.
+        // tethered device --> downstream --> dnsmasq forwarding --> upstream --> DNS server
+        //
+        // Need to extract DNS transaction id and source port from dnsmasq forwarded DNS query
+        // packet. dnsmasq forwarding creats new query which means UDP source port and DNS
+        // transaction id are changed from original sent DNS query. See forward_query() in
+        // external/dnsmasq/src/forward.c. Note that #TetheringTester.isExpectedUdpDnsPacket
+        // guarantees that |forwardedQueryPacket| is a valid DNS packet. So we can parse it as DNS
+        // packet.
+        final MacAddress srcMac = tethered.macAddr;
+        final MacAddress dstMac = tethered.routerMacAddr;
+        final Inet4Address clientIp = tethered.ipv4Addr;
+        final Inet4Address gatewayIp = tethered.ipv4Gatway;
+        final byte[] forwardedQueryPacket = sendUploadPacketDnsV4(srcMac, dstMac, clientIp,
+                gatewayIp, LOCAL_PORT, DNS_PORT, tester);
+        final ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(forwardedQueryPacket);
+        Struct.parse(Ipv4Header.class, buf);
+        final UdpHeader udpHeader = Struct.parse(UdpHeader.class, buf);
+        final TestDnsPacket dnsQuery = TestDnsPacket.getTestDnsPacket(buf);
+        assertNotNull(dnsQuery);
+        Log.d(TAG, "Forwarded UDP source port: " + udpHeader.srcPort + ", DNS query id: "
+                + dnsQuery.getHeader().getId());
+
+        // [2] Send DNS reply.
+        // DNS server --> upstream --> dnsmasq forwarding --> downstream --> tethered device
+        //
+        // DNS reply transaction id must be copied from DNS query. Used by the requester to match
+        // up replies to outstanding queries. See RFC 1035 section 4.1.1.
+        final Inet4Address remoteIp = (Inet4Address) TEST_IP4_DNS;
+        final Inet4Address tetheringUpstreamIp = (Inet4Address) TEST_IP4_ADDR.getAddress();
+        sendDownloadPacketDnsV4(remoteIp, tetheringUpstreamIp, DNS_PORT,
+                (short) udpHeader.srcPort, (short) dnsQuery.getHeader().getId(), tester);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTetherTcpV4() throws Exception {
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP4_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, false /* hasIpv6 */);
+
+        // TODO: remove the connectivity verification for upstream connected notification race.
+        // See the same reason in runUdp4Test().
+        probeV4TetheringConnectivity(tester, tethered, false /* is4To6 */);
+
+        runTcpTest(tethered.macAddr /* uploadSrcMac */, tethered.routerMacAddr /* uploadDstMac */,
+                tethered.ipv4Addr /* uploadSrcIp */, REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* uploadDstIp */,
+                REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* downloadSrcIp */, TEST_IP4_ADDR.getAddress() /* downloadDstIp */,
+                tester, false /* isClat */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTetherTcpV6() throws Exception {
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP6_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP6_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, true /* hasIpv6 */);
+
+        runTcpTest(tethered.macAddr /* uploadSrcMac */, tethered.routerMacAddr /* uploadDstMac */,
+                tethered.ipv6Addr /* uploadSrcIp */, REMOTE_IP6_ADDR /* uploadDstIp */,
+                REMOTE_IP6_ADDR /* downloadSrcIp */, tethered.ipv6Addr /* downloadDstIp */,
+                tester, false /* isClat */);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: support R device. See b/234727688.
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testTetherClatTcp() throws Exception {
+        // CLAT only starts on IPv6 only network.
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP6_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP6_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, true /* hasIpv6 */);
+
+        // Get CLAT IPv6 address.
+        final Inet6Address clatIp6 = getClatIpv6Address(tester, tethered);
+
+        runTcpTest(tethered.macAddr /* uploadSrcMac */, tethered.routerMacAddr /* uploadDstMac */,
+                tethered.ipv4Addr /* uploadSrcIp */, REMOTE_IP4_ADDR /* uploadDstIp */,
+                REMOTE_NAT64_ADDR /* downloadSrcIp */, clatIp6 /* downloadDstIp */,
+                tester, true /* isClat */);
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/TetheringTester.java b/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/TetheringTester.java
deleted file mode 100644
index d24661a..0000000
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/src/android/net/TetheringTester.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package android.net;
-
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ARP_REPLY;
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ARP_REQUEST;
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_ADDR_LEN;
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_BROADCAST;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-
-import android.net.dhcp.DhcpAckPacket;
-import android.net.dhcp.DhcpOfferPacket;
-import android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket;
-import android.util.ArrayMap;
-import android.util.Log;
-
-import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
-
-import com.android.networkstack.arp.ArpPacket;
-import com.android.testutils.TapPacketReader;
-
-import java.net.Inet4Address;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.util.Random;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
-import java.util.function.Predicate;
-
-/**
- * A class simulate tethered client. When caller create TetheringTester, it would connect to
- * tethering module that do the dhcp and slaac to obtain ipv4 and ipv6 address. Then caller can
- * send/receive packets by this class.
- */
-public final class TetheringTester {
-    private static final String TAG = TetheringTester.class.getSimpleName();
-    private static final int PACKET_READ_TIMEOUT_MS = 100;
-    private static final int DHCP_DISCOVER_ATTEMPTS = 10;
-    private static final byte[] DHCP_REQUESTED_PARAMS = new byte[] {
-            DhcpPacket.DHCP_SUBNET_MASK,
-            DhcpPacket.DHCP_ROUTER,
-            DhcpPacket.DHCP_DNS_SERVER,
-            DhcpPacket.DHCP_LEASE_TIME,
-    };
-
-    public static final String DHCP_HOSTNAME = "testhostname";
-
-    private final ArrayMap<MacAddress, TetheredDevice> mTetheredDevices;
-    private final TapPacketReader mDownstreamReader;
-
-    public TetheringTester(TapPacketReader downstream) {
-        if (downstream == null) fail("Downstream reader could not be NULL");
-
-        mDownstreamReader = downstream;
-        mTetheredDevices = new ArrayMap<>();
-    }
-
-    public TetheredDevice createTetheredDevice(MacAddress macAddr) throws Exception {
-        if (mTetheredDevices.get(macAddr) != null) {
-            fail("Tethered device already created");
-        }
-
-        TetheredDevice tethered = new TetheredDevice(macAddr);
-        mTetheredDevices.put(macAddr, tethered);
-
-        return tethered;
-    }
-
-    public class TetheredDevice {
-        public final MacAddress macAddr;
-        public final MacAddress routerMacAddr;
-        public final Inet4Address ipv4Addr;
-
-        private TetheredDevice(MacAddress mac) throws Exception {
-            macAddr = mac;
-
-            DhcpResults dhcpResults = runDhcp(macAddr.toByteArray());
-            ipv4Addr = (Inet4Address) dhcpResults.ipAddress.getAddress();
-            routerMacAddr = getRouterMacAddressFromArp(ipv4Addr, macAddr,
-                    dhcpResults.serverAddress);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Simulate dhcp client to obtain ipv4 address. */
-    public DhcpResults runDhcp(byte[] clientMacAddr)
-            throws Exception {
-        // We have to retransmit DHCP requests because IpServer declares itself to be ready before
-        // its DhcpServer is actually started. TODO: fix this race and remove this loop.
-        DhcpPacket offerPacket = null;
-        for (int i = 0; i < DHCP_DISCOVER_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
-            Log.d(TAG, "Sending DHCP discover");
-            sendDhcpDiscover(clientMacAddr);
-            offerPacket = getNextDhcpPacket();
-            if (offerPacket instanceof DhcpOfferPacket) break;
-        }
-        if (!(offerPacket instanceof DhcpOfferPacket)) {
-            throw new TimeoutException("No DHCPOFFER received on interface within timeout");
-        }
-
-        sendDhcpRequest(offerPacket, clientMacAddr);
-        DhcpPacket ackPacket = getNextDhcpPacket();
-        if (!(ackPacket instanceof DhcpAckPacket)) {
-            throw new TimeoutException("No DHCPACK received on interface within timeout");
-        }
-
-        return ackPacket.toDhcpResults();
-    }
-
-    private void sendDhcpDiscover(byte[] macAddress) throws Exception {
-        ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildDiscoverPacket(DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2,
-                new Random().nextInt() /* transactionId */, (short) 0 /* secs */,
-                macAddress,  false /* unicast */, DHCP_REQUESTED_PARAMS,
-                false /* rapid commit */,  DHCP_HOSTNAME);
-        mDownstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
-    }
-
-    private void sendDhcpRequest(DhcpPacket offerPacket, byte[] macAddress)
-            throws Exception {
-        DhcpResults results = offerPacket.toDhcpResults();
-        Inet4Address clientIp = (Inet4Address) results.ipAddress.getAddress();
-        Inet4Address serverIdentifier = results.serverAddress;
-        ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildRequestPacket(DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2,
-                0 /* transactionId */, (short) 0 /* secs */, DhcpPacket.INADDR_ANY /* clientIp */,
-                false /* broadcast */, macAddress, clientIp /* requestedIpAddress */,
-                serverIdentifier, DHCP_REQUESTED_PARAMS, DHCP_HOSTNAME);
-        mDownstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
-    }
-
-    private DhcpPacket getNextDhcpPacket() throws Exception {
-        final byte[] packet = getNextMatchedPacket((p) -> {
-            // Test whether this is DHCP packet.
-            try {
-                DhcpPacket.decodeFullPacket(p, p.length, DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2);
-            } catch (DhcpPacket.ParseException e) {
-                // Not a DHCP packet.
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            return true;
-        });
-
-        return packet == null ? null :
-                DhcpPacket.decodeFullPacket(packet, packet.length, DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2);
-    }
-
-    @Nullable
-    private ArpPacket parseArpPacket(final byte[] packet) {
-        try {
-            return ArpPacket.parseArpPacket(packet, packet.length);
-        } catch (ArpPacket.ParseException e) {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void maybeReplyArp(byte[] packet) {
-        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet);
-
-        final ArpPacket arpPacket = parseArpPacket(packet);
-        if (arpPacket == null || arpPacket.opCode != ARP_REQUEST) return;
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < mTetheredDevices.size(); i++) {
-            TetheredDevice tethered = mTetheredDevices.valueAt(i);
-            if (!arpPacket.targetIp.equals(tethered.ipv4Addr)) continue;
-
-            final ByteBuffer arpReply = ArpPacket.buildArpPacket(
-                    arpPacket.senderHwAddress.toByteArray() /* dst */,
-                    tethered.macAddr.toByteArray() /* srcMac */,
-                    arpPacket.senderIp.getAddress() /* target IP */,
-                    arpPacket.senderHwAddress.toByteArray() /* target HW address */,
-                    tethered.ipv4Addr.getAddress() /* sender IP */,
-                    (short) ARP_REPLY);
-            try {
-                sendPacket(arpReply);
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                fail("Failed to reply ARP for " + tethered.ipv4Addr);
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private MacAddress getRouterMacAddressFromArp(final Inet4Address tetherIp,
-            final MacAddress tetherMac, final Inet4Address routerIp) throws Exception {
-        final ByteBuffer arpProbe = ArpPacket.buildArpPacket(ETHER_BROADCAST /* dst */,
-                tetherMac.toByteArray() /* srcMac */, routerIp.getAddress() /* target IP */,
-                new byte[ETHER_ADDR_LEN] /* target HW address */,
-                tetherIp.getAddress() /* sender IP */, (short) ARP_REQUEST);
-        sendPacket(arpProbe);
-
-        final byte[] packet = getNextMatchedPacket((p) -> {
-            final ArpPacket arpPacket = parseArpPacket(p);
-            if (arpPacket == null || arpPacket.opCode != ARP_REPLY) return false;
-            return arpPacket.targetIp.equals(tetherIp);
-        });
-
-        if (packet != null) {
-            Log.d(TAG, "Get Mac address from ARP");
-            final ArpPacket arpReply = ArpPacket.parseArpPacket(packet, packet.length);
-            return arpReply.senderHwAddress;
-        }
-
-        fail("Could not get ARP packet");
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public void sendPacket(ByteBuffer packet) throws Exception {
-        mDownstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
-    }
-
-    public byte[] getNextMatchedPacket(Predicate<byte[]> filter) {
-        byte[] packet;
-        while ((packet = mDownstreamReader.poll(PACKET_READ_TIMEOUT_MS)) != null) {
-            if (filter.test(packet)) return packet;
-
-            maybeReplyArp(packet);
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    public void verifyUpload(final RemoteResponder dst, final ByteBuffer packet,
-            final Predicate<byte[]> filter) throws Exception {
-        sendPacket(packet);
-        assertNotNull("Upload fail", dst.getNextMatchedPacket(filter));
-    }
-
-    public static class RemoteResponder {
-        final TapPacketReader mUpstreamReader;
-        public RemoteResponder(TapPacketReader reader) {
-            mUpstreamReader = reader;
-        }
-
-        public void sendPacket(ByteBuffer packet) throws Exception {
-            mUpstreamReader.sendResponse(packet);
-        }
-
-        public byte[] getNextMatchedPacket(Predicate<byte[]> filter) throws Exception {
-            return mUpstreamReader.poll(PACKET_READ_TIMEOUT_MS, filter);
-        }
-
-        public void verifyDownload(final TetheringTester dst, final ByteBuffer packet,
-                final Predicate<byte[]> filter) throws Exception {
-            sendPacket(packet);
-            assertNotNull("Download fail", dst.getNextMatchedPacket(filter));
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/mts/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/mts/Android.bp
index a84fdd2..4f4b03c 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/mts/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/mts/Android.bp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
+        "TetheringIntegrationTestsBaseLib",
         "androidx.test.rules",
         // mockito-target-extended-minus-junit4 used in this lib have dependency with
         // jni_libs libdexmakerjvmtiagent and libstaticjvmtiagent.
@@ -41,6 +42,8 @@
         "ctstestrunner-axt",
         "junit",
         "junit-params",
+        "connectivity-net-module-utils-bpf",
+        "net-utils-device-common-bpf",
     ],
 
     jni_libs: [
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/mts/AndroidManifest.xml b/Tethering/tests/mts/AndroidManifest.xml
index 6d2abca..42f2da9 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/mts/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/Tethering/tests/mts/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
                      android:targetPackage="android.tethering.mts"
                      android:label="MTS tests of android.tethering">
-        <meta-data android:name="listener"
-            android:value="com.android.cts.runner.CtsTestRunListener" />
     </instrumentation>
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/MtsEthernetTetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/MtsEthernetTetheringTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2bc812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/MtsEthernetTetheringTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.DUMP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils.KVersion;
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.TetheringTester.TetheredDevice;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.VintfRuntimeInfo;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+import androidx.test.filters.MediumTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Value;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsValue;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.DumpTestUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@MediumTest
+public class MtsEthernetTetheringTest extends EthernetTetheringTestBase {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private static final String TAG = MtsEthernetTetheringTest.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final int DUMP_POLLING_MAX_RETRY = 100;
+    private static final int DUMP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS = 50;
+    // Kernel treats a confirmed UDP connection which active after two seconds as stream mode.
+    // See upstream commit b7b1d02fc43925a4d569ec221715db2dfa1ce4f5.
+    private static final int UDP_STREAM_TS_MS = 2000;
+    // Give slack time for waiting UDP stream mode because handling conntrack event in user space
+    // may not in precise time. Used to reduce the flaky rate.
+    private static final int UDP_STREAM_SLACK_MS = 500;
+    // Per RX UDP packet size: iphdr (20) + udphdr (8) + payload (2) = 30 bytes.
+    private static final int RX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE = 30;
+    private static final int RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT = 456;
+    // Per TX UDP packet size: iphdr (20) + udphdr (8) + payload (2) = 30 bytes.
+    private static final int TX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE = 30;
+    private static final int TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT = 123;
+
+    private static final String DUMPSYS_TETHERING_RAWMAP_ARG = "bpfRawMap";
+    private static final String DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS = "--stats";
+    private static final String DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4 = "--upstream4";
+    private static final String LINE_DELIMITER = "\\n";
+
+    private static boolean isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel(final String kernelVersion) {
+        final KVersion current = DeviceInfoUtils.getMajorMinorSubminorVersion(kernelVersion);
+        return current.isInRange(new KVersion(4, 14, 222), new KVersion(4, 19, 0))
+                || current.isInRange(new KVersion(4, 19, 176), new KVersion(5, 4, 0))
+                || current.isAtLeast(new KVersion(5, 4, 98));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.14.221"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.14.222"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.16.0"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.18.0"));
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.0"));
+
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.175"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("4.19.176"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.2.0"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.3.0"));
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.0"));
+
+        assertFalse(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.97"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.4.98"));
+        assertTrue(isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel("5.10.0"));
+    }
+
+    private static void assumeKernelSupportBpfOffloadUdpV4() {
+        final String kernelVersion = VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion();
+        assumeTrue("Kernel version " + kernelVersion + " doesn't support IPv4 UDP BPF offload",
+                isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel(kernelVersion));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKernelSupportBpfOffloadUdpV4() throws Exception {
+        assumeKernelSupportBpfOffloadUdpV4();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTetherConfigBpfOffloadEnabled() throws Exception {
+        final String dumpStr = runAsShell(DUMP, () ->
+                DumpTestUtils.dumpService(Context.TETHERING_SERVICE, "--short"));
+
+        // BPF offload tether config can be overridden by "config_tether_enable_bpf_offload" in
+        // packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/res/values/config.xml. OEM may disable config by
+        // RRO to override the enabled default value. Get the tethering config via dumpsys.
+        // $ dumpsys tethering
+        //   mIsBpfEnabled: true
+        boolean enabled = dumpStr.contains("mIsBpfEnabled: true");
+        if (!enabled) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "BPF offload tether config not enabled: " + dumpStr);
+        }
+        return enabled;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTetherConfigBpfOffloadEnabled() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(isTetherConfigBpfOffloadEnabled());
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> HashMap<K, V> dumpAndParseRawMap(
+            Class<K> keyClass, Class<V> valueClass, @NonNull String mapArg)
+            throws Exception {
+        final String[] args = new String[] {DUMPSYS_TETHERING_RAWMAP_ARG, mapArg};
+        final String rawMapStr = runAsShell(DUMP, () ->
+                DumpTestUtils.dumpService(Context.TETHERING_SERVICE, args));
+        final HashMap<K, V> map = new HashMap<>();
+
+        for (final String line : rawMapStr.split(LINE_DELIMITER)) {
+            final Pair<K, V> rule =
+                    BpfDump.fromBase64EncodedString(keyClass, valueClass, line.trim());
+            map.put(rule.first, rule.second);
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> HashMap<K, V> pollRawMapFromDump(
+            Class<K> keyClass, Class<V> valueClass, @NonNull String mapArg)
+            throws Exception {
+        for (int retryCount = 0; retryCount < DUMP_POLLING_MAX_RETRY; retryCount++) {
+            final HashMap<K, V> map = dumpAndParseRawMap(keyClass, valueClass, mapArg);
+            if (!map.isEmpty()) return map;
+
+            Thread.sleep(DUMP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS);
+        }
+
+        fail("Cannot get rules after " + DUMP_POLLING_MAX_RETRY * DUMP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS + "ms");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Test network topology:
+    //
+    //         public network (rawip)                 private network
+    //                   |                 UE                |
+    // +------------+    V    +------------+------------+    V    +------------+
+    // |   Sever    +---------+  Upstream  | Downstream +---------+   Client   |
+    // +------------+         +------------+------------+         +------------+
+    // remote ip              public ip                           private ip
+    // 8.8.8.8:443            <Upstream ip>:9876                  <TetheredDevice ip>:9876
+    //
+    private void runUdp4Test() throws Exception {
+        final TetheringTester tester = initTetheringTester(toList(TEST_IP4_ADDR),
+                toList(TEST_IP4_DNS));
+        final TetheredDevice tethered = tester.createTetheredDevice(TEST_MAC, false /* hasIpv6 */);
+
+        // TODO: remove the connectivity verification for upstream connected notification race.
+        // Because async upstream connected notification can't guarantee the tethering routing is
+        // ready to use. Need to test tethering connectivity before testing.
+        // For short term plan, consider using IPv6 RA to get MAC address because the prefix comes
+        // from upstream. That can guarantee that the routing is ready. Long term plan is that
+        // refactors upstream connected notification from async to sync.
+        probeV4TetheringConnectivity(tester, tethered, false /* is4To6 */);
+
+        final MacAddress srcMac = tethered.macAddr;
+        final MacAddress dstMac = tethered.routerMacAddr;
+        final InetAddress remoteIp = REMOTE_IP4_ADDR;
+        final InetAddress tetheringUpstreamIp = TEST_IP4_ADDR.getAddress();
+        final InetAddress clientIp = tethered.ipv4Addr;
+        sendUploadPacketUdp(srcMac, dstMac, clientIp, remoteIp, tester, false /* is4To6 */);
+        sendDownloadPacketUdp(remoteIp, tetheringUpstreamIp, tester, false /* is6To4 */);
+
+        // Send second UDP packet in original direction.
+        // The BPF coordinator only offloads the ASSURED conntrack entry. The "request + reply"
+        // packets can make status IPS_SEEN_REPLY to be set. Need one more packet to make
+        // conntrack status IPS_ASSURED_BIT to be set. Note the third packet needs to delay
+        // 2 seconds because kernel monitors a UDP connection which still alive after 2 seconds
+        // and apply ASSURED flag.
+        // See kernel upstream commit b7b1d02fc43925a4d569ec221715db2dfa1ce4f5 and
+        // nf_conntrack_udp_packet in net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_proto_udp.c
+        Thread.sleep(UDP_STREAM_TS_MS);
+        sendUploadPacketUdp(srcMac, dstMac, clientIp, remoteIp, tester, false /* is4To6 */);
+
+        // Give a slack time for handling conntrack event in user space.
+        Thread.sleep(UDP_STREAM_SLACK_MS);
+
+        // [1] Verify IPv4 upstream rule map.
+        final HashMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = pollRawMapFromDump(
+                Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4);
+        assertNotNull(upstreamMap);
+        assertEquals(1, upstreamMap.size());
+
+        final Map.Entry<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> rule =
+                upstreamMap.entrySet().iterator().next();
+
+        final Tether4Key upstream4Key = rule.getKey();
+        assertEquals(IPPROTO_UDP, upstream4Key.l4proto);
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(tethered.ipv4Addr.getAddress(), upstream4Key.src4));
+        assertEquals(LOCAL_PORT, upstream4Key.srcPort);
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(REMOTE_IP4_ADDR.getAddress(), upstream4Key.dst4));
+        assertEquals(REMOTE_PORT, upstream4Key.dstPort);
+
+        final Tether4Value upstream4Value = rule.getValue();
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(tetheringUpstreamIp.getAddress(),
+                InetAddress.getByAddress(upstream4Value.src46).getAddress()));
+        assertEquals(LOCAL_PORT, upstream4Value.srcPort);
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(REMOTE_IP4_ADDR.getAddress(),
+                InetAddress.getByAddress(upstream4Value.dst46).getAddress()));
+        assertEquals(REMOTE_PORT, upstream4Value.dstPort);
+
+        // [2] Verify stats map.
+        // Transmit packets on both direction for verifying stats. Because we only care the
+        // packet count in stats test, we just reuse the existing packets to increaes
+        // the packet count on both direction.
+
+        // Send packets on original direction.
+        for (int i = 0; i < TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT; i++) {
+            sendUploadPacketUdp(srcMac, dstMac, clientIp, remoteIp, tester,
+                    false /* is4To6 */);
+        }
+
+        // Send packets on reply direction.
+        for (int i = 0; i < RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT; i++) {
+            sendDownloadPacketUdp(remoteIp, tetheringUpstreamIp, tester, false /* is6To4 */);
+        }
+
+        // Dump stats map to verify.
+        final HashMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = pollRawMapFromDump(
+                TetherStatsKey.class, TetherStatsValue.class, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS);
+        assertNotNull(statsMap);
+        assertEquals(1, statsMap.size());
+
+        final Map.Entry<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> stats =
+                statsMap.entrySet().iterator().next();
+
+        // TODO: verify the upstream index in TetherStatsKey.
+
+        final TetherStatsValue statsValue = stats.getValue();
+        assertEquals(RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT, statsValue.rxPackets);
+        assertEquals(RX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT * RX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE, statsValue.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals(0, statsValue.rxErrors);
+        assertEquals(TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT, statsValue.txPackets);
+        assertEquals(TX_UDP_PACKET_COUNT * TX_UDP_PACKET_SIZE, statsValue.txBytes);
+        assertEquals(0, statsValue.txErrors);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * BPF offload IPv4 UDP tethering test. Verify that UDP tethered packets are offloaded by BPF.
+     * Minimum test requirement:
+     * 1. S+ device.
+     * 2. Tethering config enables tethering BPF offload.
+     * 3. Kernel supports IPv4 UDP BPF offload. See #isUdpOffloadSupportedByKernel.
+     *
+     * TODO: consider enabling the test even tethering config disables BPF offload. See b/238288883
+     */
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testTetherBpfOffloadUdpV4() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue("Tethering config disabled BPF offload", isTetherConfigBpfOffloadEnabled());
+        assumeKernelSupportBpfOffloadUdpV4();
+
+        runUdp4Test();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/SkDestroyListenerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/SkDestroyListenerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9494aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/SkDestroyListenerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.tethering.mts;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM;
+
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runShellCommandOrThrow;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.net.TrafficStats;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+public class SkDestroyListenerTest {
+    private static final int COOKIE_TAG = 0x1234abcd;
+    private static final int SOCKET_COUNT = 100;
+    private static final int SOCKET_CLOSE_WAIT_MS = 200;
+    private static final String LINE_DELIMITER = "\\n";
+    private static final String DUMP_COMMAND = "dumpsys netstats --bpfRawMap --cookieTagMap";
+
+    private Map<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> parseBpfRawMap(final String dump) {
+        final Map<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> map = new HashMap<>();
+        for (final String line: dump.split(LINE_DELIMITER)) {
+            final Pair<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> keyValue =
+                    BpfDump.fromBase64EncodedString(CookieTagMapKey.class,
+                            CookieTagMapValue.class, line.trim());
+            map.put(keyValue.first, keyValue.second);
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    private int countTaggedSocket() {
+        final String dump = runShellCommandOrThrow(DUMP_COMMAND);
+        final Map<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> cookieTagMap = parseBpfRawMap(dump);
+        int count = 0;
+        for (final CookieTagMapValue value: cookieTagMap.values()) {
+            if (value.tag == COOKIE_TAG && value.uid == Process.myUid()) {
+                count++;
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    private boolean noTaggedSocket() {
+        return countTaggedSocket() == 0;
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSkDestroyListener(final int family, final int type) throws Exception {
+        assertTrue("There are tagged sockets before test", noTaggedSocket());
+
+        TrafficStats.setThreadStatsTag(COOKIE_TAG);
+        final List<FileDescriptor> fds = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < SOCKET_COUNT; i++) {
+            fds.add(Os.socket(family, type, 0 /* protocol */));
+        }
+        TrafficStats.clearThreadStatsTag();
+        assertEquals("Number of tagged socket does not match after creating sockets",
+                SOCKET_COUNT, countTaggedSocket());
+
+        for (final FileDescriptor fd: fds) {
+            Os.close(fd);
+        }
+        // Wait a bit for skDestroyListener to handle all the netlink messages.
+        Thread.sleep(SOCKET_CLOSE_WAIT_MS);
+        assertTrue("There are tagged sockets after closing sockets", noTaggedSocket());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkDestroyListener() throws Exception {
+        doTestSkDestroyListener(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM);
+        doTestSkDestroyListener(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM);
+        doTestSkDestroyListener(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM);
+        doTestSkDestroyListener(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
index 4525568..dd2ff9e 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
@@ -15,27 +15,23 @@
  */
 package android.tethering.mts;
 
-import static android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
-import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG;
-import static android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
 import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY;
 
 import static com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTrackerKt.initTestNetwork;
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
-import android.app.UiAutomation;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.TetheringInterface;
-import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils;
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.TestTetheringEventCallback;
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
@@ -46,7 +42,6 @@
 
 import com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTracker;
 
-import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -60,26 +55,15 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 public class TetheringModuleTest {
     private Context mContext;
-    private TetheringManager mTm;
     private CtsTetheringUtils mCtsTetheringUtils;
-
-    private UiAutomation mUiAutomation =
-            InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation();
+    private final long mRestartTimeOutMs = 5_000;
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
-        mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, NETWORK_SETTINGS,
-                WRITE_SETTINGS, READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, TETHER_PRIVILEGED, ACCESS_WIFI_STATE);
         mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
-        mTm = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
         mCtsTetheringUtils = new CtsTetheringUtils(mContext);
     }
 
-    @After
-    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
-        mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
-    }
-
     @Test
     public void testSwitchBasePrefixRangeWhenConflict() throws Exception {
         addressConflictTest(true);
@@ -120,8 +104,20 @@
             final List<String> wifiRegexs =
                     tetherEventCallback.getTetheringInterfaceRegexps().getTetherableWifiRegexs();
 
-            tetherEventCallback.expectTetheredInterfacesChanged(wifiRegexs, TETHERING_WIFI);
-            nif = NetworkInterface.getByName(wifiTetheringIface);
+            final TetheringInterface restartedIface =
+                    tetherEventCallback.pollTetheredInterfacesChanged(wifiRegexs, TETHERING_WIFI,
+                    mRestartTimeOutMs);
+            final TetheringInterface newIface;
+            if (restartedIface != null) {
+                newIface = restartedIface;
+            } else {
+                // Because of race inside tethering module, there is no guarantee wifi tethering
+                // would restart successfully. If tethering don't auto restarted, restarting it
+                // manually. TODO(b/242649651): remove this when tethering auto restart is reliable.
+                newIface = mCtsTetheringUtils.startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
+            }
+
+            nif = NetworkInterface.getByName(newIface.getInterface());
             final LinkAddress newHotspotAddr = getFirstIpv4Address(nif);
             assertNotNull(newHotspotAddr);
 
@@ -130,10 +126,8 @@
 
             mCtsTetheringUtils.stopWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
         } finally {
-            if (tnt != null) {
-                tnt.teardown();
-            }
-            mTm.stopAllTethering();
+            teardown(tnt);
+            mCtsTetheringUtils.stopAllTethering();
             mCtsTetheringUtils.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
         }
     }
@@ -169,11 +163,19 @@
     }
 
     private TestNetworkTracker setUpTestNetwork(final LinkAddress address) throws Exception {
-        return initTestNetwork(mContext, address, 10_000L /* test timeout ms*/);
+        return runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, WRITE_SETTINGS,
+                () -> initTestNetwork(mContext, address, 10_000L /* test timeout ms*/));
 
     }
 
+    private void teardown(TestNetworkTracker tracker) throws Exception {
+        if (tracker == null) return;
+
+        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, () -> tracker.teardown());
+    }
+
     public static boolean isFeatureEnabled(final String name, final boolean defaultValue) {
-        return DeviceConfig.getBoolean(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, name, defaultValue);
+        return runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG,
+                () -> DeviceConfig.getBoolean(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, name, defaultValue));
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
index 68c1c57..0e8b044 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfMapTest.java
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import android.net.MacAddress;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
+import java.io.File;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@
         assertTrue(mTestMap.isEmpty());
     }
 
-    private TetherDownstream6Key createTetherDownstream6Key(long iif, String mac,
+    private TetherDownstream6Key createTetherDownstream6Key(int iif, String mac,
             String address) throws Exception {
         final MacAddress dstMac = MacAddress.fromString(mac);
         final InetAddress ipv6Address = InetAddress.getByName(address);
@@ -393,4 +395,34 @@
             assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOENT, expected.errno);
         }
     }
+
+    private static int getNumOpenFds() {
+        return new File("/proc/" + Os.getpid() + "/fd").listFiles().length;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoFdLeaks() throws Exception {
+        // Due to #setUp has called #initTestMap to open map and BpfMap is using persistent fd
+        // cache, expect that the fd amount is not increased in the iterations.
+        // See the comment of BpfMap#close.
+        final int iterations = 1000;
+        final int before = getNumOpenFds();
+        for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+            try (BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = new BpfMap<>(
+                TETHER_DOWNSTREAM6_FS_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
+                TetherDownstream6Key.class, Tether6Value.class)) {
+                // do nothing
+            }
+        }
+        final int after = getNumOpenFds();
+
+        // Check that the number of open fds is the same as before.
+        // If this exact match becomes flaky, we probably need to distinguish that fd is belong
+        // to "bpf-map".
+        // ex:
+        // $ adb shell ls -all /proc/16196/fd
+        // [..] network_stack 64 2022-07-26 22:01:02.300002956 +0800 749 -> anon_inode:bpf-map
+        // [..] network_stack 64 2022-07-26 22:01:02.188002956 +0800 75 -> anon_inode:[eventfd]
+        assertEquals("Fd leak after " + iterations + " iterations: ", before, after);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/ConntrackSocketTest.java b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/ConntrackSocketTest.java
index 7ee69b2..81d4fbe 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/ConntrackSocketTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/privileged/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/ConntrackSocketTest.java
@@ -16,28 +16,32 @@
 
 package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
 
-import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkSocket.DEFAULT_RECV_BUFSIZE;
-import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_DUMP;
-import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_REQUEST;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_GET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EAGAIN;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils.DEFAULT_RECV_BUFSIZE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW;
 
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.NativeHandle;
-import android.system.Os;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.util.Log;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.ConntrackMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -45,18 +49,18 @@
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.ServerSocket;
 import java.net.Socket;
-import java.net.SocketAddress;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class ConntrackSocketTest {
     private static final long TIMEOUT = 500;
+    private static final String TAG = ConntrackSocketTest.class.getSimpleName();
 
     private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     private Handler mHandler;
@@ -76,55 +80,77 @@
         // Looper must be prepared here since AndroidJUnitRunner runs tests on separate threads.
         if (Looper.myLooper() == null) Looper.prepare();
 
-        mDeps = new OffloadHardwareInterface.Dependencies(mLog);
+        mDeps = new OffloadHardwareInterface.Dependencies(mHandler, mLog);
         mOffloadHw = new OffloadHardwareInterface(mHandler, mLog, mDeps);
     }
 
+    void findConnectionOrThrow(FileDescriptor fd, InetSocketAddress local, InetSocketAddress remote)
+            throws Exception {
+        Log.d(TAG, "Looking for socket " + local + " -> " + remote);
+
+        // Loop until the socket is found (and return) or recvMessage throws an exception.
+        while (true) {
+            final ByteBuffer buffer = NetlinkUtils.recvMessage(fd, DEFAULT_RECV_BUFSIZE, TIMEOUT);
+
+            // Parse all the netlink messages in the dump.
+            // NetlinkMessage#parse returns null if the message is truncated or invalid.
+            while (buffer.remaining() > 0) {
+                NetlinkMessage nlmsg = NetlinkMessage.parse(buffer, NETLINK_NETFILTER);
+                Log.d(TAG, "Got netlink message: " + nlmsg);
+                if (!(nlmsg instanceof ConntrackMessage)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                StructNlMsgHdr nlmsghdr = nlmsg.getHeader();
+                ConntrackMessage ctmsg = (ConntrackMessage) nlmsg;
+                ConntrackMessage.Tuple tuple = ctmsg.tupleOrig;
+
+                if (nlmsghdr.nlmsg_type == (NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8 | IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW)
+                        && tuple != null
+                        && tuple.protoNum == IPPROTO_TCP
+                        && tuple.srcIp.equals(local.getAddress())
+                        && tuple.dstIp.equals(remote.getAddress())
+                        && tuple.srcPort == (short) local.getPort()
+                        && tuple.dstPort == (short) remote.getPort()) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testIpv4ConntrackSocket() throws Exception {
         // Set up server and connect.
-        final InetSocketAddress anyAddress = new InetSocketAddress(
-                InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 0);
+        final InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
+        final InetSocketAddress anyAddress = new InetSocketAddress(localhost, 0);
         final ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket();
         serverSocket.bind(anyAddress);
-        final SocketAddress theAddress = serverSocket.getLocalSocketAddress();
+        final InetSocketAddress theAddress =
+                (InetSocketAddress) serverSocket.getLocalSocketAddress();
 
         // Make a connection to the server.
         final Socket socket = new Socket();
         socket.connect(theAddress);
+        final InetSocketAddress localAddress = (InetSocketAddress) socket.getLocalSocketAddress();
         final Socket acceptedSocket = serverSocket.accept();
 
         final NativeHandle handle = mDeps.createConntrackSocket(
                 NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY);
-        mOffloadHw.sendIpv4NfGenMsg(handle,
-                (short) ((NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8) | IPCTNL_MSG_CT_GET),
-                (short) (NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_DUMP));
-
-        boolean foundConntrackEntry = false;
-        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(DEFAULT_RECV_BUFSIZE);
-        buffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        mOffloadHw.requestSocketDump(handle);
 
         try {
-            while (Os.read(handle.getFileDescriptor(), buffer) > 0) {
-                buffer.flip();
-
-                // TODO: ConntrackMessage should get a parse API like StructNlMsgHdr
-                // so we can confirm that the conntrack added is for the TCP connection above.
-                final StructNlMsgHdr nlmsghdr = StructNlMsgHdr.parse(buffer);
-                assertNotNull(nlmsghdr);
-
-                // As long as 1 conntrack entry is found test case will pass, even if it's not
-                // the from the TCP connection above.
-                if (nlmsghdr.nlmsg_type == ((NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8) | IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW)) {
-                    foundConntrackEntry = true;
-                    break;
-                }
+            findConnectionOrThrow(handle.getFileDescriptor(), localAddress, theAddress);
+            // No exceptions? Socket was found, test passes.
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            if (e.errno == EAGAIN) {
+                fail("Did not find socket " + localAddress + "->" + theAddress + " in dump");
+            } else {
+                throw e;
             }
         } finally {
             socket.close();
             serverSocket.close();
+            acceptedSocket.close();
         }
-        assertTrue("Did not receive any NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK/IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW message",
-                foundConntrackEntry);
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
index fd1166c..36d9a63 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
         "framework-minus-apex",
         "framework-res",
         "framework-bluetooth.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-configinfrastructure.stubs.module_lib",
         "framework-connectivity.impl",
         "framework-connectivity-t.impl",
         "framework-tethering.impl",
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
index aac531a..f0d9057 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
@@ -83,10 +84,7 @@
 import android.net.dhcp.IDhcpEventCallbacks;
 import android.net.dhcp.IDhcpServer;
 import android.net.dhcp.IDhcpServerCallbacks;
-import android.net.ip.IpNeighborMonitor.NeighborEvent;
-import android.net.ip.IpNeighborMonitor.NeighborEventConsumer;
 import android.net.ip.RouterAdvertisementDaemon.RaParams;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
@@ -101,11 +99,18 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Value;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsKey;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsValue;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.IpNeighborMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.IpNeighborMonitor.NeighborEvent;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.IpNeighborMonitor.NeighborEventConsumer;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.ClientInfo;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.Ipv6ForwardingRule;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.PrivateAddressCoordinator;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.Tether6Value;
@@ -116,6 +121,7 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetherLimitValue;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetherUpstream6Key;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringMetrics;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.InterfaceSet;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.PrefixUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
@@ -186,6 +192,7 @@
     @Mock private NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
     @Mock private TetheringConfiguration mTetherConfig;
     @Mock private ConntrackMonitor mConntrackMonitor;
+    @Mock private TetheringMetrics mTetheringMetrics;
     @Mock private BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map;
     @Mock private BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map;
     @Mock private BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
@@ -193,6 +200,7 @@
     @Mock private BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap;
     @Mock private BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap;
     @Mock private BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
+    @Mock private BpfMap<S32, S32> mBpfErrorMap;
 
     @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<DhcpServingParamsParcel> mDhcpParamsCaptor;
 
@@ -235,7 +243,7 @@
         when(mTetherConfig.getP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength()).thenReturn(P2P_SUBNET_PREFIX_LENGTH);
         mIpServer = new IpServer(
                 IFACE_NAME, mLooper.getLooper(), interfaceType, mSharedLog, mNetd, mBpfCoordinator,
-                mCallback, mTetherConfig, mAddressCoordinator, mDependencies);
+                mCallback, mTetherConfig, mAddressCoordinator, mTetheringMetrics, mDependencies);
         mIpServer.start();
         mNeighborEventConsumer = neighborCaptor.getValue();
 
@@ -267,6 +275,7 @@
                 mTestAddress);
     }
 
+    @SuppressWarnings("DoNotCall") // Ignore warning for synchronous to call to Thread.run()
     private void setUpDhcpServer() throws Exception {
         doAnswer(inv -> {
             final IDhcpServerCallbacks cb = inv.getArgument(2);
@@ -355,6 +364,11 @@
                     public BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
                         return mBpfDevMap;
                     }
+
+                    @Nullable
+                    public BpfMap<S32, S32> getBpfErrorMap() {
+                        return mBpfErrorMap;
+                    }
                 };
         mBpfCoordinator = spy(new BpfCoordinator(mBpfDeps));
 
@@ -367,7 +381,7 @@
                 .thenReturn(mIpNeighborMonitor);
         mIpServer = new IpServer(IFACE_NAME, mLooper.getLooper(), TETHERING_BLUETOOTH, mSharedLog,
                 mNetd, mBpfCoordinator, mCallback, mTetherConfig, mAddressCoordinator,
-                mDependencies);
+                mTetheringMetrics, mDependencies);
         mIpServer.start();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mCallback).updateInterfaceState(
@@ -451,6 +465,9 @@
                 mIpServer, STATE_AVAILABLE, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
         inOrder.verify(mCallback).updateLinkProperties(
                 eq(mIpServer), any(LinkProperties.class));
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).updateErrorCode(eq(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH),
+                eq(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR));
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).sendReport(eq(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH));
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd, mCallback, mAddressCoordinator);
     }
 
@@ -658,6 +675,9 @@
         usbTeardownOrder.verify(mCallback).updateLinkProperties(
                 eq(mIpServer), mLinkPropertiesCaptor.capture());
         assertNoAddressesNorRoutes(mLinkPropertiesCaptor.getValue());
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).updateErrorCode(eq(TETHERING_USB),
+                eq(TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR));
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).sendReport(eq(TETHERING_USB));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -676,6 +696,9 @@
         usbTeardownOrder.verify(mCallback).updateLinkProperties(
                 eq(mIpServer), mLinkPropertiesCaptor.capture());
         assertNoAddressesNorRoutes(mLinkPropertiesCaptor.getValue());
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).updateErrorCode(eq(TETHERING_USB),
+                eq(TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR));
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).sendReport(eq(TETHERING_USB));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1506,4 +1529,56 @@
         verify(mBpfCoordinator, never()).tetherOffloadRuleAdd(
                 mIpServer, makeForwardingRule(IPSEC_IFINDEX, neigh, mac));
     }
+
+    // TODO: move to BpfCoordinatorTest once IpNeighborMonitor is migrated to BpfCoordinator.
+    @Test
+    public void addRemoveTetherClient() throws Exception {
+        initTetheredStateMachine(TETHERING_WIFI, UPSTREAM_IFACE, false /* usingLegacyDhcp */,
+                DEFAULT_USING_BPF_OFFLOAD);
+
+        final int myIfindex = TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.index;
+        final int notMyIfindex = myIfindex - 1;
+
+        final InetAddress neighA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.168.80.1");
+        final InetAddress neighB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.168.80.2");
+        final InetAddress neighLL = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("169.254.0.1");
+        final InetAddress neighMC = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("224.0.0.1");
+        final MacAddress macNull = MacAddress.fromString("00:00:00:00:00:00");
+        final MacAddress macA = MacAddress.fromString("00:00:00:00:00:0a");
+        final MacAddress macB = MacAddress.fromString("11:22:33:00:00:0b");
+
+        // Events on other interfaces are ignored.
+        recvNewNeigh(notMyIfindex, neighA, NUD_REACHABLE, macA);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mBpfCoordinator);
+
+        // Events on this interface are received and sent to BpfCoordinator.
+        recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighA, NUD_REACHABLE, macA);
+        verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadClientAdd(mIpServer, new ClientInfo(myIfindex,
+                TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, (Inet4Address) neighA, macA));
+        clearInvocations(mBpfCoordinator);
+
+        recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighB, NUD_REACHABLE, macB);
+        verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadClientAdd(mIpServer, new ClientInfo(myIfindex,
+                TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, (Inet4Address) neighB, macB));
+        clearInvocations(mBpfCoordinator);
+
+        // Link-local and multicast neighbors are ignored.
+        recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighLL, NUD_REACHABLE, macA);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mBpfCoordinator);
+        recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighMC, NUD_REACHABLE, macA);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mBpfCoordinator);
+        clearInvocations(mBpfCoordinator);
+
+        // A neighbor that is no longer valid causes the client to be removed.
+        // NUD_FAILED events do not have a MAC address.
+        recvNewNeigh(myIfindex, neighA, NUD_FAILED, null);
+        verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadClientRemove(mIpServer,  new ClientInfo(myIfindex,
+                TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, (Inet4Address) neighA, macNull));
+        clearInvocations(mBpfCoordinator);
+
+        // A neighbor that is deleted causes the client to be removed.
+        recvDelNeigh(myIfindex, neighB, NUD_STALE, macB);
+        verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadClientRemove(mIpServer, new ClientInfo(myIfindex,
+                TEST_IFACE_PARAMS.macAddr, (Inet4Address) neighB, macNull));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
index 3630f24..4f32f3c 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_TETHERING;
-import static android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEvent;
 import static android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IP;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6;
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@
 
 import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.doReturn;
 import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.staticMockMarker;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_MIN_MTU;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEvent;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.ConntrackMessage.DYING_MASK;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.ConntrackMessage.ESTABLISHED_MASK;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.ConntrackMessage.Tuple;
@@ -41,6 +44,7 @@
 import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.INVALID_MTU;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.NF_CONNTRACK_TCP_TIMEOUT_ESTABLISHED;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.NF_CONNTRACK_UDP_TIMEOUT_STREAM;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.NON_OFFLOADED_UPSTREAM_IPV4_TCP_PORTS;
@@ -59,6 +63,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyLong;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
@@ -74,6 +79,7 @@
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
@@ -82,13 +88,11 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
-import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
-import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEventConsumer;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -96,17 +100,22 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito;
-import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Value;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsKey;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.TetherStatsValue;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEventConsumer;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.ConntrackMessage;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
-import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkSocket;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.BpfConntrackEventConsumer;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.ClientInfo;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.Ipv6ForwardingRule;
@@ -127,6 +136,7 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 import org.mockito.MockitoSession;
 
+import java.io.StringWriter;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
@@ -134,6 +144,7 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
@@ -141,16 +152,21 @@
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
+    private static final boolean IPV4 = true;
+    private static final boolean IPV6 = false;
+
     private static final int TEST_NET_ID = 24;
     private static final int TEST_NET_ID2 = 25;
 
     private static final int INVALID_IFINDEX = 0;
     private static final int UPSTREAM_IFINDEX = 1001;
-    private static final int UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2 = 1002;
-    private static final int DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX = 1003;
-    private static final int DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX2 = 1004;
+    private static final int UPSTREAM_XLAT_IFINDEX = 1002;
+    private static final int UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2 = 1003;
+    private static final int DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX = 2001;
+    private static final int DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX2 = 2002;
 
     private static final String UPSTREAM_IFACE = "rmnet0";
+    private static final String UPSTREAM_XLAT_IFACE = "v4-rmnet0";
     private static final String UPSTREAM_IFACE2 = "wlan0";
 
     private static final MacAddress DOWNSTREAM_MAC = MacAddress.fromString("12:34:56:78:90:ab");
@@ -173,6 +189,10 @@
     private static final Inet4Address PRIVATE_ADDR2 =
             (Inet4Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.168.90.12");
 
+    private static final Inet4Address XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR =
+            (Inet4Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.0.46");
+    private static final IpPrefix NAT64_IP_PREFIX = new IpPrefix("64:ff9b::/96");
+
     // Generally, public port and private port are the same in the NAT conntrack message.
     // TODO: consider using different private port and public port for testing.
     private static final short REMOTE_PORT = (short) 443;
@@ -184,17 +204,19 @@
     private static final InterfaceParams UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS = new InterfaceParams(
             UPSTREAM_IFACE, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, null /* macAddr, rawip */,
             NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU);
+    private static final InterfaceParams UPSTREAM_XLAT_IFACE_PARAMS = new InterfaceParams(
+            UPSTREAM_XLAT_IFACE, UPSTREAM_XLAT_IFINDEX, null /* macAddr, rawip */,
+            NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU - 28
+            /* mtu delta from external/android-clat/clatd.c */);
     private static final InterfaceParams UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2 = new InterfaceParams(
             UPSTREAM_IFACE2, UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, MacAddress.fromString("44:55:66:00:00:0c"),
             NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU);
 
-    private static final HashMap<Integer, UpstreamInformation> UPSTREAM_INFORMATIONS =
-            new HashMap<Integer, UpstreamInformation>() {{
-                    put(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, new UpstreamInformation(UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS,
-                            PUBLIC_ADDR, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TEST_NET_ID));
-                    put(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, new UpstreamInformation(UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2,
-                            PUBLIC_ADDR2, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI, TEST_NET_ID2));
-            }};
+    private static final Map<Integer, UpstreamInformation> UPSTREAM_INFORMATIONS = Map.of(
+            UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, new UpstreamInformation(UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS,
+                    PUBLIC_ADDR, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TEST_NET_ID),
+            UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, new UpstreamInformation(UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2,
+                    PUBLIC_ADDR2, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI, TEST_NET_ID2));
 
     private static final ClientInfo CLIENT_INFO_A = new ClientInfo(DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX,
             DOWNSTREAM_MAC, PRIVATE_ADDR, MAC_A);
@@ -218,7 +240,7 @@
 
     private static class TestUpstream4Key {
         public static class Builder {
-            private long mIif = DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX;
+            private int mIif = DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX;
             private MacAddress mDstMac = DOWNSTREAM_MAC;
             private short mL4proto = (short) IPPROTO_TCP;
             private byte[] mSrc4 = PRIVATE_ADDR.getAddress();
@@ -242,7 +264,7 @@
 
     private static class TestDownstream4Key {
         public static class Builder {
-            private long mIif = UPSTREAM_IFINDEX;
+            private int mIif = UPSTREAM_IFINDEX;
             private MacAddress mDstMac = MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS /* dstMac (rawip) */;
             private short mL4proto = (short) IPPROTO_TCP;
             private byte[] mSrc4 = REMOTE_ADDR.getAddress();
@@ -266,7 +288,7 @@
 
     private static class TestUpstream4Value {
         public static class Builder {
-            private long mOif = UPSTREAM_IFINDEX;
+            private int mOif = UPSTREAM_IFINDEX;
             private MacAddress mEthDstMac = MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS /* dstMac (rawip) */;
             private MacAddress mEthSrcMac = MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS /* dstMac (rawip) */;
             private int mEthProto = ETH_P_IP;
@@ -277,6 +299,11 @@
             private int mDstPort = REMOTE_PORT;
             private long mLastUsed = 0;
 
+            public Builder setPmtu(short pmtu) {
+                mPmtu = pmtu;
+                return this;
+            }
+
             public Tether4Value build() {
                 return new Tether4Value(mOif, mEthDstMac, mEthSrcMac, mEthProto, mPmtu,
                         mSrc46, mDst46, mSrcPort, mDstPort, mLastUsed);
@@ -286,7 +313,7 @@
 
     private static class TestDownstream4Value {
         public static class Builder {
-            private long mOif = DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX;
+            private int mOif = DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX;
             private MacAddress mEthDstMac = MAC_A /* client mac */;
             private MacAddress mEthSrcMac = DOWNSTREAM_MAC;
             private int mEthProto = ETH_P_IP;
@@ -297,6 +324,11 @@
             private int mDstPort = PRIVATE_PORT;
             private long mLastUsed = 0;
 
+            public Builder setPmtu(short pmtu) {
+                mPmtu = pmtu;
+                return this;
+            }
+
             public Tether4Value build() {
                 return new Tether4Value(mOif, mEthDstMac, mEthSrcMac, mEthProto, mPmtu,
                         mSrc46, mDst46, mSrcPort, mDstPort, mLastUsed);
@@ -358,9 +390,6 @@
     @Mock private IpServer mIpServer2;
     @Mock private TetheringConfiguration mTetherConfig;
     @Mock private ConntrackMonitor mConntrackMonitor;
-    @Mock private BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
-    @Mock private BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map;
-    @Mock private BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
 
     // Late init since methods must be called by the thread that created this object.
     private TestableNetworkStatsProviderCbBinder mTetherStatsProviderCb;
@@ -372,17 +401,26 @@
     private HashMap<IpServer, HashMap<Inet4Address, ClientInfo>> mTetherClients;
 
     private long mElapsedRealtimeNanos = 0;
+    private int mMtu = NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU;
     private final ArgumentCaptor<ArrayList> mStringArrayCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ArrayList.class);
     private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map =
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class));
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map =
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class));
-    private final TestBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap =
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(TetherDownstream6Key.class, Tether6Value.class));
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(TetherUpstream6Key.class, Tether6Value.class));
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(TetherStatsKey.class, TetherStatsValue.class));
-    private final TestBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap =
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(TetherLimitKey.class, TetherLimitValue.class));
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(TetherDevKey.class, TetherDevValue.class));
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, S32> mBpfErrorMap =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(S32.class, S32.class));
     private BpfCoordinator.Dependencies mDeps =
             spy(new BpfCoordinator.Dependencies() {
                     @NonNull
@@ -419,40 +457,49 @@
                         return mElapsedRealtimeNanos;
                     }
 
+                    public int getNetworkInterfaceMtu(@NonNull String iface) {
+                        return mMtu;
+                    }
+
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
                         return mBpfDownstream4Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
                         return mBpfUpstream4Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
                         return mBpfDownstream6Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
                         return mBpfUpstream6Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
                         return mBpfStatsMap;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
                         return mBpfLimitMap;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
                         return mBpfDevMap;
                     }
+
+                    @Nullable
+                    public IBpfMap<S32, S32> getBpfErrorMap() {
+                        return mBpfErrorMap;
+                    }
             });
 
     @Before public void setUp() {
@@ -937,11 +984,11 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRuleMakeTetherDownstream6Key() throws Exception {
-        final Integer mobileIfIndex = 100;
+        final int mobileIfIndex = 100;
         final Ipv6ForwardingRule rule = buildTestForwardingRule(mobileIfIndex, NEIGH_A, MAC_A);
 
         final TetherDownstream6Key key = rule.makeTetherDownstream6Key();
-        assertEquals(key.iif, (long) mobileIfIndex);
+        assertEquals(key.iif, mobileIfIndex);
         assertEquals(key.dstMac, MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS);  // rawip upstream
         assertTrue(Arrays.equals(key.neigh6, NEIGH_A.getAddress()));
         // iif (4) + dstMac(6) + padding(2) + neigh6 (16) = 28.
@@ -950,7 +997,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRuleMakeTether6Value() throws Exception {
-        final Integer mobileIfIndex = 100;
+        final int mobileIfIndex = 100;
         final Ipv6ForwardingRule rule = buildTestForwardingRule(mobileIfIndex, NEIGH_A, MAC_A);
 
         final Tether6Value value = rule.makeTether6Value();
@@ -970,7 +1017,7 @@
         final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
 
         final String mobileIface = "rmnet_data0";
-        final Integer mobileIfIndex = 100;
+        final int mobileIfIndex = 100;
         coordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(mobileIfIndex, mobileIface);
 
         // [1] Default limit.
@@ -1014,7 +1061,7 @@
         final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
 
         final String mobileIface = "rmnet_data0";
-        final Integer mobileIfIndex = 100;
+        final int mobileIfIndex = 100;
         coordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(mobileIfIndex, mobileIface);
 
         // Applying a data limit to the current upstream does not take any immediate action.
@@ -1277,48 +1324,72 @@
         try {
             final String intIface1 = "wlan1";
             final String intIface2 = "rndis0";
-            final String extIface = "rmnet_data0";
+            final String extIface1 = "rmnet_data0";
+            final String extIface2 = "v4-rmnet_data0";
             final String virtualIface = "ipsec0";
             final BpfUtils mockMarkerBpfUtils = staticMockMarker(BpfUtils.class);
             final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
 
             // [1] Add the forwarding pair <wlan1, rmnet_data0>. Expect that attach both wlan1 and
             // rmnet_data0.
-            coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface1, extIface);
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(extIface, DOWNSTREAM));
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(intIface1, UPSTREAM));
+            coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface1, extIface1);
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(extIface1, DOWNSTREAM, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(extIface1, DOWNSTREAM, IPV6));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(intIface1, UPSTREAM, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(intIface1, UPSTREAM, IPV6));
             ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
             ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
 
             // [2] Add the forwarding pair <wlan1, rmnet_data0> again. Expect no more action.
-            coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface1, extIface);
+            coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface1, extIface1);
             ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
             ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
 
             // [3] Add the forwarding pair <rndis0, rmnet_data0>. Expect that attach rndis0 only.
-            coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface2, extIface);
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(intIface2, UPSTREAM));
+            coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface2, extIface1);
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(intIface2, UPSTREAM, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(intIface2, UPSTREAM, IPV6));
             ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
             ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
 
-            // [4] Remove the forwarding pair <rndis0, rmnet_data0>. Expect detach rndis0 only.
-            coordinator.maybeDetachProgram(intIface2, extIface);
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(intIface2));
+            // [4] Add the forwarding pair <rndis0, v4-rmnet_data0>. Expect that attach
+            // v4-rmnet_data0 IPv4 program only.
+            coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface2, extIface2);
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(extIface2, DOWNSTREAM, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(extIface2, DOWNSTREAM, IPV6),
+                    never());
             ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
             ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
 
-            // [5] Remove the forwarding pair <wlan1, rmnet_data0>. Expect that detach both wlan1
+            // [5] Remove the forwarding pair <rndis0, v4-rmnet_data0>. Expect detach
+            // v4-rmnet_data0 IPv4 program only.
+            coordinator.maybeDetachProgram(intIface2, extIface2);
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(extIface2, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(extIface2, IPV6), never());
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
+
+            // [6] Remove the forwarding pair <rndis0, rmnet_data0>. Expect detach rndis0 only.
+            coordinator.maybeDetachProgram(intIface2, extIface1);
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(intIface2, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(intIface2, IPV6));
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
+
+            // [7] Remove the forwarding pair <wlan1, rmnet_data0>. Expect that detach both wlan1
             // and rmnet_data0.
-            coordinator.maybeDetachProgram(intIface1, extIface);
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(extIface));
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(intIface1));
+            coordinator.maybeDetachProgram(intIface1, extIface1);
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(extIface1, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(extIface1, IPV6));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(intIface1, IPV4));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.detachProgram(intIface1, IPV6));
             ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
             ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
 
-            // [6] Skip attaching if upstream is virtual interface.
+            // [8] Skip attaching if upstream is virtual interface.
             coordinator.maybeAttachProgram(intIface1, virtualIface);
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(extIface, DOWNSTREAM), never());
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> BpfUtils.attachProgram(intIface1, UPSTREAM), never());
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() ->
+                    BpfUtils.attachProgram(anyString(), anyBoolean(), anyBoolean()), never());
             ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
             ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(mockMarkerBpfUtils);
 
@@ -1385,7 +1456,7 @@
 
         // [1] Don't stop monitoring if it has never started.
         coordinator.stopMonitoring(mIpServer);
-        verify(mConntrackMonitor, never()).start();
+        verify(mConntrackMonitor, never()).stop();
 
         // [2] Start monitoring.
         coordinator.startMonitoring(mIpServer);
@@ -1478,6 +1549,7 @@
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName(upstreamInfo.interfaceParams.name);
         lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(upstreamInfo.address, 32 /* prefix length */));
+        lp.setMtu(mMtu);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(upstreamInfo.transportType);
         coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(new UpstreamNetworkState(lp, capabilities,
@@ -1657,9 +1729,9 @@
         final long validTime = (CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS - 1) * 1_000_000L;
         final long expiredTime = (CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS + 1) * 1_000_000L;
 
-        // Static mocking for NetlinkSocket.
+        // Static mocking for NetlinkUtils.
         MockitoSession mockSession = ExtendedMockito.mockitoSession()
-                .mockStatic(NetlinkSocket.class)
+                .mockStatic(NetlinkUtils.class)
                 .startMocking();
         try {
             final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
@@ -1671,8 +1743,8 @@
             setElapsedRealtimeNanos(expiredTime);
             mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS);
             waitForIdle();
-            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
-            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkUtils.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkUtils.class));
 
             // [2] Refresh conntrack timeout.
             setElapsedRealtimeNanos(validTime);
@@ -1684,19 +1756,19 @@
             final byte[] expectedNetlinkUdp = ConntrackMessage.newIPv4TimeoutUpdateRequest(
                     IPPROTO_UDP, PRIVATE_ADDR, (int) PRIVATE_PORT, REMOTE_ADDR,
                     (int) REMOTE_PORT, NF_CONNTRACK_UDP_TIMEOUT_STREAM);
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> NetlinkSocket.sendOneShotKernelMessage(
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> NetlinkUtils.sendOneShotKernelMessage(
                     eq(NETLINK_NETFILTER), eq(expectedNetlinkTcp)));
-            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> NetlinkSocket.sendOneShotKernelMessage(
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> NetlinkUtils.sendOneShotKernelMessage(
                     eq(NETLINK_NETFILTER), eq(expectedNetlinkUdp)));
-            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
-            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkUtils.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkUtils.class));
 
             // [3] Don't refresh conntrack timeout if polling stopped.
             coordinator.stopPolling();
             mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS);
             waitForIdle();
-            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
-            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkUtils.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkUtils.class));
         } finally {
             mockSession.finishMocking();
         }
@@ -2064,4 +2136,329 @@
         assertNull(mBpfUpstream4Map.getValue(upstream4KeyB));
         assertNull(mBpfDownstream4Map.getValue(downstream4KeyB));
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpv6ForwardingRuleToString() throws Exception {
+        final Ipv6ForwardingRule rule = buildTestForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, NEIGH_A, MAC_A);
+        assertEquals("upstreamIfindex: 1001, downstreamIfindex: 2001, address: 2001:db8::1, "
+                + "srcMac: 12:34:56:78:90:ab, dstMac: 00:00:00:00:00:0a", rule.toString());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyDump(@NonNull final BpfCoordinator coordinator) {
+        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+        final IndentingPrintWriter ipw = new IndentingPrintWriter(stringWriter, " ");
+        coordinator.dump(ipw);
+        assertFalse(stringWriter.toString().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpDoesNotCrash() throws Exception {
+        // This dump test only used to for improving mainline module test coverage and doesn't
+        // really do any meaningful tests.
+        // TODO: consider verifying the dump content and separate tests into testDumpXXX().
+        final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
+
+        // [1] Dump mostly empty content.
+        verifyDump(coordinator);
+
+        // [2] Dump mostly non-empty content.
+        // Test the following dump function and fill the corresponding content to execute
+        // code as more as possible for test coverage.
+        // - dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv4
+        //   * mBpfDownstream4Map
+        //   * mBpfUpstream4Map
+        // - dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv6
+        //   * mBpfDownstream6Map
+        //   * mBpfUpstream6Map
+        // - dumpStats
+        //   * mBpfStatsMap
+        // - dumpDevmap
+        //   * mBpfDevMap
+        // - dumpCounters
+        //   * mBpfErrorMap
+        // - dumpIpv6ForwardingRulesByDownstream
+        //   * mIpv6ForwardingRules
+
+        // dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv4
+        mBpfDownstream4Map.insertEntry(
+                new TestDownstream4Key.Builder().build(),
+                new TestDownstream4Value.Builder().build());
+        mBpfUpstream4Map.insertEntry(
+                new TestUpstream4Key.Builder().build(),
+                new TestUpstream4Value.Builder().build());
+
+        // dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv6
+        final Ipv6ForwardingRule rule = buildTestForwardingRule(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, NEIGH_A, MAC_A);
+        mBpfDownstream6Map.insertEntry(rule.makeTetherDownstream6Key(), rule.makeTether6Value());
+
+        final TetherUpstream6Key upstream6Key = new TetherUpstream6Key(DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX,
+                DOWNSTREAM_MAC);
+        final Tether6Value upstream6Value = new Tether6Value(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX,
+                MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS, MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS,
+                ETH_P_IPV6, NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU);
+        mBpfUpstream6Map.insertEntry(upstream6Key, upstream6Value);
+
+        // dumpStats
+        mBpfStatsMap.insertEntry(
+                new TetherStatsKey(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX),
+                new TetherStatsValue(
+                        0L /* rxPackets */, 0L /* rxBytes */, 0L /* rxErrors */,
+                        0L /* txPackets */, 0L /* txBytes */, 0L /* txErrors */));
+
+        // dumpDevmap
+        coordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE);
+        mBpfDevMap.insertEntry(
+                new TetherDevKey(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX),
+                new TetherDevValue(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX));
+
+        // dumpCounters
+        // The error code is defined in packages/modules/Connectivity/bpf_progs/offload.h.
+        mBpfErrorMap.insertEntry(
+                new S32(0 /* INVALID_IPV4_VERSION */),
+                new S32(1000 /* count */));
+
+        // dumpIpv6ForwardingRulesByDownstream
+        final HashMap<IpServer, LinkedHashMap<Inet6Address, Ipv6ForwardingRule>>
+                ipv6ForwardingRules = coordinator.getForwardingRulesForTesting();
+        final LinkedHashMap<Inet6Address, Ipv6ForwardingRule> addressRuleMap =
+                new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        addressRuleMap.put(rule.address, rule);
+        ipv6ForwardingRules.put(mIpServer, addressRuleMap);
+
+        verifyDump(coordinator);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyAddTetherOffloadRule4Mtu(final int ifaceMtu, final boolean isKernelMtu,
+            final int expectedMtu) throws Exception {
+        // BpfCoordinator#updateUpstreamNetworkState geta mtu from LinkProperties. If not found,
+        // try to get from kernel.
+        if (isKernelMtu) {
+            // LinkProperties mtu is invalid and kernel mtu is valid.
+            mMtu = INVALID_MTU;
+            doReturn(ifaceMtu).when(mDeps).getNetworkInterfaceMtu(any());
+        } else {
+            // LinkProperties mtu is valid and kernel mtu is invalid.
+            mMtu = ifaceMtu;
+            doReturn(INVALID_MTU).when(mDeps).getNetworkInterfaceMtu(any());
+        }
+
+        final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
+        initBpfCoordinatorForRule4(coordinator);
+
+        final Tether4Key expectedUpstream4KeyTcp = new TestUpstream4Key.Builder()
+                .setProto(IPPROTO_TCP)
+                .build();
+        final Tether4Key expectedDownstream4KeyTcp = new TestDownstream4Key.Builder()
+                .setProto(IPPROTO_TCP)
+                .build();
+        final Tether4Value expectedUpstream4ValueTcp = new TestUpstream4Value.Builder()
+                .setPmtu((short) expectedMtu)
+                .build();
+        final Tether4Value expectedDownstream4ValueTcp = new TestDownstream4Value.Builder()
+                .setPmtu((short) expectedMtu)
+                .build();
+
+        mConsumer.accept(new TestConntrackEvent.Builder()
+                .setMsgType(IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW)
+                .setProto(IPPROTO_TCP)
+                .build());
+        verify(mBpfUpstream4Map)
+                .insertEntry(eq(expectedUpstream4KeyTcp), eq(expectedUpstream4ValueTcp));
+        verify(mBpfDownstream4Map)
+                .insertEntry(eq(expectedDownstream4KeyTcp), eq(expectedDownstream4ValueTcp));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testAddTetherOffloadRule4LowMtuFromLinkProperties() throws Exception {
+        verifyAddTetherOffloadRule4Mtu(
+                IPV4_MIN_MTU, false /* isKernelMtu */, IPV4_MIN_MTU /* expectedMtu */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testAddTetherOffloadRule4LowMtuFromKernel() throws Exception {
+        verifyAddTetherOffloadRule4Mtu(
+                IPV4_MIN_MTU, true /* isKernelMtu */, IPV4_MIN_MTU /* expectedMtu */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testAddTetherOffloadRule4LessThanIpv4MinMtu() throws Exception {
+        verifyAddTetherOffloadRule4Mtu(
+                IPV4_MIN_MTU - 1, false /* isKernelMtu */, IPV4_MIN_MTU /* expectedMtu */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testAddTetherOffloadRule4InvalidMtu() throws Exception {
+        verifyAddTetherOffloadRule4Mtu(INVALID_MTU, false /* isKernelMtu */,
+                NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU /* expectedMtu */);
+    }
+
+    private static LinkProperties buildUpstreamLinkProperties(final String interfaceName,
+            boolean withIPv4, boolean withIPv6, boolean with464xlat) {
+        final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
+        prop.setInterfaceName(interfaceName);
+
+        if (withIPv4) {
+            // Assign the address no matter what the interface is. It is okay for now because
+            // only single upstream is available.
+            // TODO: consider to assign address by interface once we need to test two or more
+            // BPF supported upstreams or multi upstreams are supported.
+            prop.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(PUBLIC_ADDR, 24));
+        }
+
+        if (withIPv6) {
+            // TODO: make this to be constant. Currently, no test who uses this function cares what
+            // the upstream IPv6 address is.
+            prop.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::5175:15ca/64"));
+        }
+
+        if (with464xlat) {
+            final String clatInterface = "v4-" + interfaceName;
+            final LinkProperties stackedLink = new LinkProperties();
+            stackedLink.setInterfaceName(clatInterface);
+            stackedLink.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR, 24));
+            prop.addStackedLink(stackedLink);
+            prop.setNat64Prefix(NAT64_IP_PREFIX);
+        }
+
+        return prop;
+    }
+
+    private void verifyIpv4Upstream(
+            @NonNull final HashMap<Inet4Address, Integer> ipv4UpstreamIndices,
+            @NonNull final SparseArray<String> interfaceNames) {
+        assertEquals(1, ipv4UpstreamIndices.size());
+        Integer upstreamIndex = ipv4UpstreamIndices.get(PUBLIC_ADDR);
+        assertNotNull(upstreamIndex);
+        assertEquals(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, upstreamIndex.intValue());
+        assertEquals(1, interfaceNames.size());
+        assertTrue(interfaceNames.contains(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX));
+    }
+
+    private void verifyUpdateUpstreamNetworkState()
+            throws Exception {
+        final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
+        final HashMap<Inet4Address, Integer> ipv4UpstreamIndices =
+                coordinator.getIpv4UpstreamIndicesForTesting();
+        assertTrue(ipv4UpstreamIndices.isEmpty());
+        final SparseArray<String> interfaceNames =
+                coordinator.getInterfaceNamesForTesting();
+        assertEquals(0, interfaceNames.size());
+
+        // Verify the following are added or removed after upstream changes.
+        // - BpfCoordinator#mIpv4UpstreamIndices (for building IPv4 offload rules)
+        // - BpfCoordinator#mInterfaceNames (for updating limit)
+        //
+        // +-------+-------+-----------------------+
+        // | Test  | Up    |       Protocol        |
+        // | Case# | stream+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |       |       | IPv4  | IPv6  | Xlat  |
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |   1   | Cell  |   O   |       |       |
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |   2   | Cell  |       |   O   |       |
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |   3   | Cell  |   O   |   O   |       |
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |   4   |   -   |       |       |       |
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |       | Cell  |   O   |       |       |
+        // |       +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |   5   | Cell  |       |   O   |   O   | <-- doesn't support offload (xlat)
+        // |       +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |       | Cell  |   O   |       |       |
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+        // |   6   | Wifi  |   O   |   O   |       | <-- doesn't support offload (ether ip)
+        // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+        // [1] Mobile IPv4 only
+        coordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX, UPSTREAM_IFACE);
+        doReturn(UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS).when(mDeps).getInterfaceParams(UPSTREAM_IFACE);
+        final UpstreamNetworkState mobileIPv4UpstreamState = new UpstreamNetworkState(
+                buildUpstreamLinkProperties(UPSTREAM_IFACE,
+                        true /* IPv4 */, false /* IPv6 */, false /* 464xlat */),
+                new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR),
+                new Network(TEST_NET_ID));
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(mobileIPv4UpstreamState);
+        verifyIpv4Upstream(ipv4UpstreamIndices, interfaceNames);
+
+        // [2] Mobile IPv6 only
+        final UpstreamNetworkState mobileIPv6UpstreamState = new UpstreamNetworkState(
+                buildUpstreamLinkProperties(UPSTREAM_IFACE,
+                        false /* IPv4 */, true /* IPv6 */, false /* 464xlat */),
+                new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR),
+                new Network(TEST_NET_ID));
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(mobileIPv6UpstreamState);
+        assertTrue(ipv4UpstreamIndices.isEmpty());
+        assertEquals(1, interfaceNames.size());
+        assertTrue(interfaceNames.contains(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX));
+
+        // [3] Mobile IPv4 and IPv6
+        final UpstreamNetworkState mobileDualStackUpstreamState = new UpstreamNetworkState(
+                buildUpstreamLinkProperties(UPSTREAM_IFACE,
+                        true /* IPv4 */, true /* IPv6 */, false /* 464xlat */),
+                new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR),
+                new Network(TEST_NET_ID));
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(mobileDualStackUpstreamState);
+        verifyIpv4Upstream(ipv4UpstreamIndices, interfaceNames);
+
+        // [4] Lost upstream
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(null);
+        assertTrue(ipv4UpstreamIndices.isEmpty());
+        assertEquals(1, interfaceNames.size());
+        assertTrue(interfaceNames.contains(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX));
+
+        // [5] verify xlat interface
+        // Expect that xlat interface information isn't added to mapping.
+        doReturn(UPSTREAM_XLAT_IFACE_PARAMS).when(mDeps).getInterfaceParams(
+                UPSTREAM_XLAT_IFACE);
+        final UpstreamNetworkState mobile464xlatUpstreamState = new UpstreamNetworkState(
+                buildUpstreamLinkProperties(UPSTREAM_IFACE,
+                        false /* IPv4 */, true /* IPv6 */, true /* 464xlat */),
+                new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR),
+                new Network(TEST_NET_ID));
+
+        // Need to add a valid IPv4 upstream to verify that xlat interface doesn't support.
+        // Mobile IPv4 only
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(mobileIPv4UpstreamState);
+        verifyIpv4Upstream(ipv4UpstreamIndices, interfaceNames);
+
+        // Mobile IPv6 and xlat
+        // IpServer doesn't add xlat interface mapping via #addUpstreamNameToLookupTable on
+        // S and T devices.
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(mobile464xlatUpstreamState);
+        // Upstream IPv4 address mapping is removed because xlat interface is not supported.
+        assertTrue(ipv4UpstreamIndices.isEmpty());
+        assertEquals(1, interfaceNames.size());
+        assertTrue(interfaceNames.contains(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX));
+
+        // Need to add a valid IPv4 upstream to verify that wifi interface doesn't support.
+        // Mobile IPv4 only
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(mobileIPv4UpstreamState);
+        verifyIpv4Upstream(ipv4UpstreamIndices, interfaceNames);
+
+        // [6] Wifi IPv4 and IPv6
+        // Expect that upstream index map is cleared because ether ip is not supported.
+        coordinator.addUpstreamNameToLookupTable(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2, UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
+        doReturn(UPSTREAM_IFACE_PARAMS2).when(mDeps).getInterfaceParams(UPSTREAM_IFACE2);
+        final UpstreamNetworkState wifiDualStackUpstreamState = new UpstreamNetworkState(
+                buildUpstreamLinkProperties(UPSTREAM_IFACE2,
+                        true /* IPv4 */, true /* IPv6 */, false /* 464xlat */),
+                new NetworkCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI),
+                new Network(TEST_NET_ID2));
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(wifiDualStackUpstreamState);
+        assertTrue(ipv4UpstreamIndices.isEmpty());
+        assertEquals(2, interfaceNames.size());
+        assertTrue(interfaceNames.contains(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX));
+        assertTrue(interfaceNames.contains(UPSTREAM_IFINDEX2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testUpdateUpstreamNetworkState() throws Exception {
+        verifyUpdateUpstreamNetworkState();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManagerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManagerTest.java
index 01d7b4b..e4263db 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManagerTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/EntitlementManagerTest.java
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
 import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
@@ -82,6 +81,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 
 import org.junit.After;
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java
index ac5c59d..9e287a0 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/FakeTetheringConfiguration.java
@@ -18,22 +18,27 @@
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 
 /** FakeTetheringConfiguration is used to override static method for testing. */
 public class FakeTetheringConfiguration extends TetheringConfiguration {
     FakeTetheringConfiguration(Context ctx, SharedLog log, int id) {
-        super(ctx, log, id);
-    }
+        super(ctx, log, id, new Dependencies() {
+            @Override
+            boolean isFeatureEnabled(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull String namespace,
+                    @NonNull String name, @NonNull String moduleName, boolean defaultEnabled) {
+                return defaultEnabled;
+            }
 
-    @Override
-    protected String getDeviceConfigProperty(final String name) {
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    protected boolean isFeatureEnabled(Context ctx, String featureVersionFlag) {
-        return false;
+            @Override
+            boolean getDeviceConfigBoolean(@NonNull String namespace, @NonNull String name,
+                    boolean defaultValue) {
+                return defaultValue;
+            }
+        });
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinatorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinatorTest.java
index f2b5314..865228a 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/IPv6TetheringCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -41,11 +41,12 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
index e9716b3..36c15a7 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@
 import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST;
 import static android.provider.Settings.Global.TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED;
 
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS;
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadController.StatsType.STATS_PER_IFACE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadController.StatsType.STATS_PER_UID;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertContainsAll;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
@@ -66,7 +67,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkStatsProviderCbBinder;
@@ -124,8 +126,8 @@
     private OffloadController.OffloadTetheringStatsProvider mTetherStatsProvider;
     private final ArgumentCaptor<ArrayList> mStringArrayCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ArrayList.class);
-    private final ArgumentCaptor<OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback> mControlCallbackCaptor =
-            ArgumentCaptor.forClass(OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback.class);
+    private final ArgumentCaptor<OffloadHalCallback> mOffloadHalCallbackCaptor =
+            ArgumentCaptor.forClass(OffloadHalCallback.class);
     private MockContentResolver mContentResolver;
     private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
     private OffloadController.Dependencies mDeps = new OffloadController.Dependencies() {
@@ -150,10 +152,9 @@
         FakeSettingsProvider.clearSettingsProvider();
     }
 
-    private void setupFunctioningHardwareInterface(int controlVersion) {
-        when(mHardware.initOffloadConfig()).thenReturn(true);
-        when(mHardware.initOffloadControl(mControlCallbackCaptor.capture()))
-                .thenReturn(controlVersion);
+    private void setupFunctioningHardwareInterface(int offloadHalVersion) {
+        when(mHardware.initOffload(mOffloadHalCallbackCaptor.capture()))
+                .thenReturn(offloadHalVersion);
         when(mHardware.setUpstreamParameters(anyString(), any(), any(), any())).thenReturn(true);
         when(mHardware.getForwardedStats(any())).thenReturn(new ForwardedStats());
         when(mHardware.setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
@@ -191,9 +192,9 @@
     @Test
     public void testStartStop() throws Exception {
         stopOffloadController(
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/));
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/));
         stopOffloadController(
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1, true /*expectStart*/));
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1, true /*expectStart*/));
     }
 
     @NonNull
@@ -205,9 +206,8 @@
 
         final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mHardware);
         inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).getDefaultTetherOffloadDisabled();
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(expectStart ? 1 : 0)).initOffloadConfig();
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(expectStart ? 1 : 0)).initOffloadControl(
-                any(OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback.class));
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(expectStart ? 1 : 0)).initOffload(
+                any(OffloadHalCallback.class));
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
         // Clear counters only instead of whole mock to preserve the mocking setup.
         clearInvocations(mHardware);
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
     private void stopOffloadController(final OffloadController offload) throws Exception {
         final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mHardware);
         offload.stop();
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).stopOffloadControl();
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).stopOffload();
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
         reset(mHardware);
     }
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
         when(mHardware.getDefaultTetherOffloadDisabled()).thenReturn(1);
         assertThrows(SettingNotFoundException.class, () ->
                 Settings.Global.getInt(mContentResolver, TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED));
-        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, false /*expectStart*/);
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, false /*expectStart*/);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -235,26 +235,26 @@
         when(mHardware.getDefaultTetherOffloadDisabled()).thenReturn(0);
         assertThrows(SettingNotFoundException.class, () ->
                 Settings.Global.getInt(mContentResolver, TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED));
-        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSettingsAllowsStart() throws Exception {
         Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED, 0);
-        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSettingsDisablesStart() throws Exception {
         Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED, 1);
-        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, false /*expectStart*/);
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, false /*expectStart*/);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetUpstreamLinkPropertiesWorking() throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
         final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
 
         // In reality, the UpstreamNetworkMonitor would have passed down to us
         // a covering set of local prefixes representing a minimum essential
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
     public void testGetForwardedStats() throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
         final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
 
         final String ethernetIface = "eth1";
         final String mobileIface = "rmnet_data0";
@@ -520,11 +520,11 @@
         // Verify the OffloadController is called by R framework, where the framework doesn't send
         // warning.
         // R only uses HAL 1.0.
-        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(false, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(false, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
         // Verify the OffloadController is called by S+ framework, where the framework sends
         // warning along with limit.
-        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(true, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
-        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(true, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
+        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(true, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(true, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1);
     }
 
     private void checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(boolean isProviderSetWarning, int controlVersion)
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@
         when(mHardware.setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
         offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
         // Applying an interface sends the initial quota to the hardware.
-        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
             inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(ethernetIface, Long.MAX_VALUE,
                     Long.MAX_VALUE);
         } else {
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@
             mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(ethernetIface, ethernetLimit);
         }
         waitForIdle();
-        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
             inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(ethernetIface, Long.MAX_VALUE,
                     ethernetLimit);
         } else {
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@
             mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
         }
         waitForIdle();
-        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
             inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(),
                     anyLong());
         } else {
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@
         lp.setInterfaceName(mobileIface);
         offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
         waitForIdle();
-        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
             inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(mobileIface,
                     isProviderSetWarning ? mobileWarning : Long.MAX_VALUE,
                     mobileLimit);
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@
             mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED);
         }
         waitForIdle();
-        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
             inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(mobileIface, Long.MAX_VALUE,
                     Long.MAX_VALUE);
         } else {
@@ -654,21 +654,21 @@
         }
         waitForIdle();
         inOrder.verify(mHardware).getForwardedStats(ethernetIface);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware).stopOffloadControl();
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware).stopOffload();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testDataWarningAndLimitCallback_LimitReached() throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
-        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
 
-        final OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback callback = mControlCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        final OffloadHalCallback callback = mOffloadHalCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         callback.onStoppedLimitReached();
         mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyStatsUpdated();
 
         if (isAtLeastT()) {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyLimitReached();
-        } else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT == Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
+        } else if (isAtLeastS()) {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyWarningOrLimitReached();
         } else {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyLimitReached();
@@ -678,8 +678,8 @@
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)  // HAL 1.1 is only supported from S
     public void testDataWarningAndLimitCallback_WarningReached() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1, true /*expectStart*/);
-        final OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback callback = mControlCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1, true /*expectStart*/);
+        final OffloadHalCallback callback = mOffloadHalCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         callback.onWarningReached();
         mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyStatsUpdated();
 
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@
     public void testAddRemoveDownstreams() throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
         final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
         final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mHardware);
 
         // Tethering makes several calls to setLocalPrefixes() before add/remove
@@ -709,14 +709,14 @@
         usbLinkProperties.addRoute(
                 new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(USB_PREFIX), null, null, RTN_UNICAST));
         offload.notifyDownstreamLinkProperties(usbLinkProperties);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstreamPrefix(RNDIS0, USB_PREFIX);
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstream(RNDIS0, USB_PREFIX);
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
 
         // [2] Routes for IPv6 link-local prefixes should never be added.
         usbLinkProperties.addRoute(
                 new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(IPV6_LINKLOCAL), null, null, RTN_UNICAST));
         offload.notifyDownstreamLinkProperties(usbLinkProperties);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).addDownstreamPrefix(eq(RNDIS0), anyString());
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).addDownstream(eq(RNDIS0), anyString());
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
 
         // [3] Add an IPv6 prefix for good measure. Only new offload-able
@@ -725,14 +725,14 @@
         usbLinkProperties.addRoute(
                 new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(IPV6_DOC_PREFIX), null, null, RTN_UNICAST));
         offload.notifyDownstreamLinkProperties(usbLinkProperties);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstreamPrefix(RNDIS0, IPV6_DOC_PREFIX);
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstream(RNDIS0, IPV6_DOC_PREFIX);
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
 
         // [4] Adding addresses doesn't affect notifyDownstreamLinkProperties().
         // The address is passed in by a separate setLocalPrefixes() invocation.
         usbLinkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::2/64"));
         offload.notifyDownstreamLinkProperties(usbLinkProperties);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).addDownstreamPrefix(eq(RNDIS0), anyString());
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).addDownstream(eq(RNDIS0), anyString());
 
         // [5] Differences in local routes are converted into addDownstream()
         // and removeDownstream() invocations accordingly.
@@ -741,8 +741,8 @@
         usbLinkProperties.addRoute(
                 new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(IPV6_DISCARD_PREFIX), null, null, RTN_UNICAST));
         offload.notifyDownstreamLinkProperties(usbLinkProperties);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).removeDownstreamPrefix(RNDIS0, IPV6_DOC_PREFIX);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstreamPrefix(RNDIS0, IPV6_DISCARD_PREFIX);
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).removeDownstream(RNDIS0, IPV6_DOC_PREFIX);
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstream(RNDIS0, IPV6_DISCARD_PREFIX);
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
 
         // [6] Removing a downstream interface which was never added causes no
@@ -752,8 +752,8 @@
 
         // [7] Removing an active downstream removes all remaining prefixes.
         offload.removeDownstreamInterface(RNDIS0);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).removeDownstreamPrefix(RNDIS0, USB_PREFIX);
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).removeDownstreamPrefix(RNDIS0, IPV6_DISCARD_PREFIX);
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).removeDownstream(RNDIS0, USB_PREFIX);
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, times(1)).removeDownstream(RNDIS0, IPV6_DISCARD_PREFIX);
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
     }
 
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@
     public void testControlCallbackOnStoppedUnsupportedFetchesAllStats() throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
         final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
 
         // Pretend to set a few different upstreams (only the interface name
         // matters for this test; we're ignoring IP and route information).
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@
         // that happen with setUpstreamParameters().
         clearInvocations(mHardware);
 
-        OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback callback = mControlCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        OffloadHalCallback callback = mOffloadHalCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         callback.onStoppedUnsupported();
 
         // Verify forwarded stats behaviour.
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@
             throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
         final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
 
         // Pretend to set a few different upstreams (only the interface name
         // matters for this test; we're ignoring IP and route information).
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@
         // that happen with setUpstreamParameters().
         clearInvocations(mHardware);
 
-        OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback callback = mControlCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        OffloadHalCallback callback = mOffloadHalCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         callback.onSupportAvailable();
 
         // Verify forwarded stats behaviour.
@@ -858,8 +858,8 @@
                 // into OffloadController proper. After this, also check for:
                 //     "192.168.43.1/32", "2001:2::1/128", "2001:2::2/128"
                 "127.0.0.0/8", "192.0.2.0/24", "fe80::/64", "2001:db8::/64");
-        verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstreamPrefix(WLAN0, "192.168.43.0/24");
-        verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstreamPrefix(WLAN0, "2001:2::/64");
+        verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstream(WLAN0, "192.168.43.0/24");
+        verify(mHardware, times(1)).addDownstream(WLAN0, "2001:2::/64");
         verify(mHardware, times(1)).setUpstreamParameters(eq(RMNET0), any(), any(), any());
         verify(mHardware, times(1)).setDataLimit(eq(RMNET0), anyLong());
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mHardware);
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@
         enableOffload();
         setOffloadPollInterval(DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
         final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
 
         // Initialize with fake eth upstream.
         final String ethernetIface = "eth1";
@@ -924,7 +924,7 @@
         offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(makeEthernetLinkProperties());
         mTetherStatsProvider.onSetAlert(0);
         waitForIdle();
-        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1) {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.assertNoCallback();
         } else {
             mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyAlertReached();
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testSoftwarePollingUsed() throws Exception {
-        checkSoftwarePollingUsed(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
-        checkSoftwarePollingUsed(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
+        checkSoftwarePollingUsed(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        checkSoftwarePollingUsed(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1);
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImplTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImplTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9ce64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalAidlImplTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
+
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.ForwardedStats;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.IOffload;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.IPv4AddrPortPair;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.NatTimeoutUpdate;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.NetworkProtocol;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.OffloadCallbackEvent;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.NativeHandle;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public final class OffloadHalAidlImplTest {
+    private static final String RMNET0 = "test_rmnet_data0";
+
+    private final SharedLog mLog = new SharedLog("test");
+    private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
+
+    private IOffload mIOffloadMock;
+    private OffloadHalAidlImpl mIOffloadHal;
+    private ITetheringOffloadCallback mTetheringOffloadCallback;
+    private OffloadHalCallback mOffloadHalCallback;
+
+    private void initAndValidateOffloadHal(boolean initSuccess)
+            throws Exception {
+        final FileDescriptor fd1 = new FileDescriptor();
+        final FileDescriptor fd2 = new FileDescriptor();
+        final NativeHandle handle1 = new NativeHandle(fd1, true);
+        final NativeHandle handle2 = new NativeHandle(fd2, true);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ParcelFileDescriptor> fdCaptor1 =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ParcelFileDescriptor.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ParcelFileDescriptor> fdCaptor2 =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ParcelFileDescriptor.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ITetheringOffloadCallback> offloadCallbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ITetheringOffloadCallback.class);
+        if (initSuccess) {
+            doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).initOffload(any(), any(), any());
+        } else {
+            doThrow(new IllegalStateException()).when(mIOffloadMock).initOffload(any(), any(),
+                    any());
+        }
+        assertEquals(mIOffloadHal.initOffload(handle1, handle2, mOffloadHalCallback),
+                     initSuccess);
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).initOffload(fdCaptor1.capture(), fdCaptor2.capture(),
+                                          offloadCallbackCaptor.capture());
+        assertEquals(fdCaptor1.getValue().getFd(), fd1.getInt$());
+        assertEquals(fdCaptor2.getValue().getFd(), fd2.getInt$());
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback = offloadCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mIOffloadMock = mock(IOffload.class);
+        mIOffloadHal = new OffloadHalAidlImpl(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL, mIOffloadMock,
+                new Handler(mTestLooper.getLooper()), mLog);
+        mOffloadHalCallback = spy(new OffloadHalCallback());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitOffloadSuccess() throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true /* initSuccess */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitOffloadFailure() throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(false /* initSuccess */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopOffloadSuccess() throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).stopOffload();
+        assertTrue(mIOffloadHal.stopOffload());
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).stopOffload();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopOffloadFailure() throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        doThrow(new IllegalStateException()).when(mIOffloadMock).stopOffload();
+        assertFalse(mIOffloadHal.stopOffload());
+    }
+
+    private void doTestGetForwardedStats(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        final ForwardedStats returnStats = new ForwardedStats();
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            returnStats.rxBytes = 12345;
+            returnStats.txBytes = 67890;
+            when(mIOffloadMock.getForwardedStats(anyString())).thenReturn(returnStats);
+        } else {
+            when(mIOffloadMock.getForwardedStats(anyString()))
+                    .thenThrow(new ServiceSpecificException(IOffload.ERROR_CODE_UNUSED));
+        }
+        final OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats stats =
+                mIOffloadHal.getForwardedStats(RMNET0);
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).getForwardedStats(eq(RMNET0));
+        assertNotNull(stats);
+        assertEquals(stats.rxBytes, returnStats.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals(stats.txBytes, returnStats.txBytes);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetForwardedStatsSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestGetForwardedStats(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetForwardedStatsFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestGetForwardedStats(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetLocalPrefixes(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        final ArrayList<String> localPrefixes = new ArrayList<>();
+        localPrefixes.add("127.0.0.0/8");
+        localPrefixes.add("fe80::/64");
+        final String[] localPrefixesArray =
+                localPrefixes.toArray(new String[localPrefixes.size()]);
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).setLocalPrefixes(any());
+        } else {
+            doThrow(new IllegalArgumentException()).when(mIOffloadMock).setLocalPrefixes(any());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes));
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).setLocalPrefixes(eq(localPrefixesArray));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetLocalPrefixesSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetLocalPrefixes(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetLocalPrefixesFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetLocalPrefixes(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetDataLimit(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        final long limit = 12345;
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(),
+                    anyLong());
+        } else {
+            doThrow(new IllegalArgumentException())
+                    .when(mIOffloadMock).setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setDataLimit(RMNET0, limit));
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).setDataWarningAndLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(Long.MAX_VALUE), eq(limit));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataLimitSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetDataLimit(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataLimitFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetDataLimit(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetDataWarningAndLimit(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        final long warning = 12345;
+        final long limit = 67890;
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(),
+                    anyLong());
+        } else {
+            doThrow(new IllegalArgumentException())
+                    .when(mIOffloadMock).setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).setDataWarningAndLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(warning), eq(limit));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataWarningAndLimitSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetDataWarningAndLimit(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataWarningAndLimitFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetDataWarningAndLimit(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetUpstreamParameters(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        final String v4addr = "192.168.10.1";
+        final String v4gateway = "192.168.10.255";
+        final ArrayList<String> v6gws = new ArrayList<>(0);
+        v6gws.add("2001:db8::1");
+        String[] v6gwsArray = v6gws.toArray(new String[v6gws.size()]);
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).setUpstreamParameters(anyString(), anyString(),
+                    anyString(), any());
+        } else {
+            doThrow(new IllegalArgumentException()).when(mIOffloadMock).setUpstreamParameters(
+                    anyString(), anyString(), anyString(), any());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setUpstreamParameters(RMNET0, v4addr, v4gateway,
+                  v6gws));
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).setUpstreamParameters(eq(RMNET0), eq(v4addr), eq(v4gateway),
+                  eq(v6gwsArray));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetUpstreamParametersSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetUpstreamParameters(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetUpstreamParametersFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetUpstreamParameters(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestAddDownstream(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        final String ifName = "wlan1";
+        final String prefix = "192.168.43.0/24";
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).addDownstream(anyString(), anyString());
+        } else {
+            doThrow(new IllegalStateException()).when(mIOffloadMock).addDownstream(anyString(),
+                    anyString());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.addDownstream(ifName, prefix));
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).addDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddDownstreamSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestAddDownstream(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddDownstreamFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestAddDownstream(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestRemoveDownstream(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+        final String ifName = "wlan1";
+        final String prefix = "192.168.43.0/24";
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            doNothing().when(mIOffloadMock).removeDownstream(anyString(), anyString());
+        } else {
+            doThrow(new IllegalArgumentException()).when(mIOffloadMock).removeDownstream(
+                    anyString(), anyString());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.removeDownstream(ifName, prefix));
+        verify(mIOffloadMock).removeDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveDownstreamSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestRemoveDownstream(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveDownstreamFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestRemoveDownstream(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTetheringOffloadCallback() throws Exception {
+        initAndValidateOffloadHal(true);
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mOffloadHalCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStarted();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStoppedError();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStoppedUnsupported();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onSupportAvailable();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStoppedLimitReached();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onWarningReached();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        final NatTimeoutUpdate tcpParams = buildNatTimeoutUpdate(NetworkProtocol.TCP);
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.updateTimeout(tcpParams);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onNatTimeoutUpdate(eq(OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP),
+                eq(tcpParams.src.addr),
+                eq(tcpParams.src.port),
+                eq(tcpParams.dst.addr),
+                eq(tcpParams.dst.port));
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        final NatTimeoutUpdate udpParams = buildNatTimeoutUpdate(NetworkProtocol.UDP);
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.updateTimeout(udpParams);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onNatTimeoutUpdate(eq(OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP),
+                eq(udpParams.src.addr),
+                eq(udpParams.src.port),
+                eq(udpParams.dst.addr),
+                eq(udpParams.dst.port));
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    private NatTimeoutUpdate buildNatTimeoutUpdate(final int proto) {
+        final NatTimeoutUpdate params = new NatTimeoutUpdate();
+        params.proto = proto;
+        params.src = new IPv4AddrPortPair();
+        params.dst = new IPv4AddrPortPair();
+        params.src.addr = "192.168.43.200";
+        params.src.port = 100;
+        params.dst.addr = "172.50.46.169";
+        params.dst.port = 150;
+        return params;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImplTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImplTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fdab5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHalHidlImplTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering;
+
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.uint16;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.config.V1_0.IOffloadConfig;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.IOffloadControl;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NatTimeoutUpdate;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NetworkProtocol;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.OffloadCallbackEvent;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.NativeHandle;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public final class OffloadHalHidlImplTest {
+    private static final String RMNET0 = "test_rmnet_data0";
+
+    private final SharedLog mLog = new SharedLog("test");
+    private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
+
+    private OffloadHalHidlImpl mIOffloadHal;
+    private IOffloadConfig mIOffloadConfigMock;
+    private IOffloadControl mIOffloadControlMock;
+    private ITetheringOffloadCallback mTetheringOffloadCallback;
+    private OffloadHalCallback mOffloadHalCallback;
+
+    private void createAndInitOffloadHal(int version) throws Exception {
+        final FileDescriptor fd1 = new FileDescriptor();
+        final FileDescriptor fd2 = new FileDescriptor();
+        final NativeHandle handle1 = new NativeHandle(fd1, true);
+        final NativeHandle handle2 = new NativeHandle(fd2, true);
+        mIOffloadConfigMock = mock(IOffloadConfig.class);
+        switch (version) {
+            case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0:
+                mIOffloadControlMock = mock(IOffloadControl.class);
+                break;
+            case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1:
+                mIOffloadControlMock = mock(
+                        android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl.class);
+                break;
+            default:
+                fail("Nonexistent HAL version");
+                return;
+        }
+        mIOffloadHal = new OffloadHalHidlImpl(version, mIOffloadConfigMock,
+                mIOffloadControlMock, new Handler(mTestLooper.getLooper()), mLog);
+        mIOffloadHal.initOffload(handle1, handle2, mOffloadHalCallback);
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NativeHandle> nativeHandleCaptor1 =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NativeHandle.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NativeHandle> nativeHandleCaptor2 =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NativeHandle.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ITetheringOffloadCallback> offloadCallbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ITetheringOffloadCallback.class);
+        verify(mIOffloadConfigMock).setHandles(nativeHandleCaptor1.capture(),
+                nativeHandleCaptor2.capture(), any());
+        verify(mIOffloadControlMock).initOffload(offloadCallbackCaptor.capture(), any());
+        assertEquals(nativeHandleCaptor1.getValue().getFileDescriptor().getInt$(),
+                handle1.getFileDescriptor().getInt$());
+        assertEquals(nativeHandleCaptor2.getValue().getFileDescriptor().getInt$(),
+                handle2.getFileDescriptor().getInt$());
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback = offloadCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mOffloadHalCallback = spy(new OffloadHalCallback());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetForwardedStats() throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final long rxBytes = 12345;
+        final long txBytes = 67890;
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ((IOffloadControl.getForwardedStatsCallback) invocation.getArgument(1))
+                    .onValues(rxBytes, txBytes);
+            return null;
+        }).when(mIOffloadControlMock).getForwardedStats(eq(RMNET0), any());
+        final ForwardedStats stats = mIOffloadHal.getForwardedStats(RMNET0);
+        verify(mIOffloadControlMock).getForwardedStats(eq(RMNET0), any());
+        assertNotNull(stats);
+        assertEquals(rxBytes, stats.rxBytes);
+        assertEquals(txBytes, stats.txBytes);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetLocalPrefixes(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final ArrayList<String> localPrefixes = new ArrayList<>();
+        localPrefixes.add("127.0.0.0/8");
+        localPrefixes.add("fe80::/64");
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ((IOffloadControl.setLocalPrefixesCallback) invocation.getArgument(1))
+                    .onValues(expectSuccess, "");
+            return null;
+        }).when(mIOffloadControlMock).setLocalPrefixes(eq(localPrefixes), any());
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes));
+        verify(mIOffloadControlMock).setLocalPrefixes(eq(localPrefixes), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetLocalPrefixesSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetLocalPrefixes(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetLocalPrefixesFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetLocalPrefixes(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetDataLimit(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final long limit = 12345;
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ((IOffloadControl.setDataLimitCallback) invocation.getArgument(2))
+                    .onValues(expectSuccess, "");
+            return null;
+        }).when(mIOffloadControlMock).setDataLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(limit), any());
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setDataLimit(RMNET0, limit));
+        verify(mIOffloadControlMock).setDataLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(limit), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataLimitSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetDataLimit(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataLimitFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetDataLimit(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetDataWarningAndLimit(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1);
+        final long warning = 12345;
+        final long limit = 67890;
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl
+                    .setDataWarningAndLimitCallback) invocation.getArgument(3))
+                    .onValues(expectSuccess, "");
+            return null;
+        }).when((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl) mIOffloadControlMock)
+                .setDataWarningAndLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(warning), eq(limit), any());
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
+        verify((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl) mIOffloadControlMock)
+                .setDataWarningAndLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(warning), eq(limit), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataWarningAndLimitSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetDataWarningAndLimit(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataWarningAndLimitFailure() throws Exception {
+        // Verify that V1.0 control HAL would reject the function call with exception.
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final long warning = 12345;
+        final long limit = 67890;
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mIOffloadHal.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
+
+        doTestSetDataWarningAndLimit(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetUpstreamParameters(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final String v4addr = "192.168.10.1";
+        final String v4gateway = "192.168.10.255";
+        final ArrayList<String> v6gws = new ArrayList<>(0);
+        v6gws.add("2001:db8::1");
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ((IOffloadControl.setUpstreamParametersCallback) invocation.getArgument(4))
+                    .onValues(expectSuccess, "");
+            return null;
+        }).when(mIOffloadControlMock).setUpstreamParameters(eq(RMNET0), eq(v4addr), eq(v4gateway),
+                eq(v6gws), any());
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.setUpstreamParameters(RMNET0, v4addr, v4gateway,
+                v6gws));
+        verify(mIOffloadControlMock).setUpstreamParameters(eq(RMNET0), eq(v4addr), eq(v4gateway),
+                eq(v6gws), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetUpstreamParametersSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetUpstreamParameters(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetUpstreamParametersFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetUpstreamParameters(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestAddDownstream(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final String ifName = "wlan1";
+        final String prefix = "192.168.43.0/24";
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ((IOffloadControl.addDownstreamCallback) invocation.getArgument(2))
+                    .onValues(expectSuccess, "");
+            return null;
+        }).when(mIOffloadControlMock).addDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix), any());
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.addDownstream(ifName, prefix));
+        verify(mIOffloadControlMock).addDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddDownstreamSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestAddDownstream(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddDownstreamFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestAddDownstream(false);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestRemoveDownstream(boolean expectSuccess) throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final String ifName = "wlan1";
+        final String prefix = "192.168.43.0/24";
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ((IOffloadControl.removeDownstreamCallback) invocation.getArgument(2))
+                    .onValues(expectSuccess, "");
+            return null;
+        }).when(mIOffloadControlMock).removeDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix), any());
+        assertEquals(expectSuccess, mIOffloadHal.removeDownstream(ifName, prefix));
+        verify(mIOffloadControlMock).removeDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveDownstreamSuccess() throws Exception {
+        doTestRemoveDownstream(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveDownstreamFailure() throws Exception {
+        doTestRemoveDownstream(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTetheringOffloadCallback() throws Exception {
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStarted();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStoppedError();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStoppedUnsupported();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onSupportAvailable();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStoppedLimitReached();
+
+        final NatTimeoutUpdate tcpParams = buildNatTimeoutUpdate(NetworkProtocol.TCP);
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.updateTimeout(tcpParams);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onNatTimeoutUpdate(eq(OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP),
+                eq(tcpParams.src.addr),
+                eq(uint16(tcpParams.src.port)),
+                eq(tcpParams.dst.addr),
+                eq(uint16(tcpParams.dst.port)));
+
+        final NatTimeoutUpdate udpParams = buildNatTimeoutUpdate(NetworkProtocol.UDP);
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.updateTimeout(udpParams);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onNatTimeoutUpdate(eq(OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP),
+                eq(udpParams.src.addr),
+                eq(uint16(udpParams.src.port)),
+                eq(udpParams.dst.addr),
+                eq(uint16(udpParams.dst.port)));
+        reset(mOffloadHalCallback);
+
+        createAndInitOffloadHal(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1);
+
+        // Verify the interface will process the events that comes from V1.1 HAL.
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent_1_1(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mOffloadHalCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onStarted();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent_1_1(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mOffloadHalCallback).onWarningReached();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+    }
+
+    private NatTimeoutUpdate buildNatTimeoutUpdate(final int proto) {
+        final NatTimeoutUpdate params = new NatTimeoutUpdate();
+        params.proto = proto;
+        params.src.addr = "192.168.43.200";
+        params.src.port = 100;
+        params.dst.addr = "172.50.46.169";
+        params.dst.port = 150;
+        return params;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java
index d1891ed..b1f875b 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java
@@ -20,49 +20,43 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_UNIX;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM;
 
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TetheringUtils.uint16;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.config.V1_0.IOffloadConfig;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.IOffloadControl;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NatTimeoutUpdate;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NetworkProtocol;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.OffloadCallbackEvent;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.NativeHandle;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
-import android.system.OsConstants;
-import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNfGenMsg;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalCallback;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
-import org.mockito.InOrder;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
@@ -79,11 +73,9 @@
     private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
 
     private OffloadHardwareInterface mOffloadHw;
-    private ITetheringOffloadCallback mTetheringOffloadCallback;
-    private OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback mControlCallback;
+    private OffloadHalCallback mOffloadHalCallback;
 
-    @Mock private IOffloadConfig mIOffloadConfig;
-    private IOffloadControl mIOffloadControl;
+    @Mock private IOffloadHal mIOffload;
     @Mock private NativeHandle mNativeHandle;
 
     // Random values to test Netlink message.
@@ -91,32 +83,16 @@
     private static final short TEST_FLAGS = 263;
 
     class MyDependencies extends OffloadHardwareInterface.Dependencies {
-        private final int mMockControlVersion;
-        MyDependencies(SharedLog log, final int mockControlVersion) {
-            super(log);
-            mMockControlVersion = mockControlVersion;
+        private final int mMockOffloadHalVersion;
+        MyDependencies(Handler handler, SharedLog log, final int mockOffloadHalVersion) {
+            super(handler, log);
+            mMockOffloadHalVersion = mockOffloadHalVersion;
+            when(mIOffload.getVersion()).thenReturn(mMockOffloadHalVersion);
         }
 
         @Override
-        public IOffloadConfig getOffloadConfig() {
-            return mIOffloadConfig;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer> getOffloadControl() {
-            switch (mMockControlVersion) {
-                case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0:
-                    mIOffloadControl = mock(IOffloadControl.class);
-                    break;
-                case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1:
-                    mIOffloadControl =
-                            mock(android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl.class);
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid offload control version "
-                            + mMockControlVersion);
-            }
-            return new Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer>(mIOffloadControl, mMockControlVersion);
+        public IOffloadHal getOffload() {
+            return mMockOffloadHalVersion == OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE ? null : mIOffload;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -128,156 +104,140 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-        mControlCallback = spy(new OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback());
+        mOffloadHalCallback = new OffloadHalCallback();
+        when(mIOffload.initOffload(any(NativeHandle.class), any(NativeHandle.class),
+                any(OffloadHalCallback.class))).thenReturn(true);
     }
 
-    private void startOffloadHardwareInterface(int controlVersion) throws Exception {
+    private void startOffloadHardwareInterface(int offloadHalVersion)
+            throws Exception {
         final SharedLog log = new SharedLog("test");
-        mOffloadHw = new OffloadHardwareInterface(new Handler(mTestLooper.getLooper()), log,
-                new MyDependencies(log, controlVersion));
-        mOffloadHw.initOffloadConfig();
-        mOffloadHw.initOffloadControl(mControlCallback);
-        final ArgumentCaptor<ITetheringOffloadCallback> mOffloadCallbackCaptor =
-                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ITetheringOffloadCallback.class);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).initOffload(mOffloadCallbackCaptor.capture(), any());
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback = mOffloadCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(mTestLooper.getLooper());
+        final int num = offloadHalVersion != OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE ? 1 : 0;
+        mOffloadHw = new OffloadHardwareInterface(handler, log,
+                new MyDependencies(handler, log, offloadHalVersion));
+        assertEquals(offloadHalVersion, mOffloadHw.initOffload(mOffloadHalCallback));
+        verify(mIOffload, times(num)).initOffload(any(NativeHandle.class), any(NativeHandle.class),
+                eq(mOffloadHalCallback));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitFailureWithNoHal() throws Exception {
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitSuccessWithAidl() throws Exception {
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_AIDL);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitSuccessWithHidl_1_0() throws Exception {
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitSuccessWithHidl_1_1() throws Exception {
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testGetForwardedStats() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
-        final OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats stats = mOffloadHw.getForwardedStats(RMNET0);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).getForwardedStats(eq(RMNET0), any());
-        assertNotNull(stats);
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        ForwardedStats stats = new ForwardedStats(12345, 56780);
+        when(mIOffload.getForwardedStats(anyString())).thenReturn(stats);
+        assertEquals(mOffloadHw.getForwardedStats(RMNET0), stats);
+        verify(mIOffload).getForwardedStats(eq(RMNET0));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetLocalPrefixes() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
         final ArrayList<String> localPrefixes = new ArrayList<>();
         localPrefixes.add("127.0.0.0/8");
         localPrefixes.add("fe80::/64");
-        mOffloadHw.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).setLocalPrefixes(eq(localPrefixes), any());
+        when(mIOffload.setLocalPrefixes(any())).thenReturn(true);
+        assertTrue(mOffloadHw.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes));
+        verify(mIOffload).setLocalPrefixes(eq(localPrefixes));
+        when(mIOffload.setLocalPrefixes(any())).thenReturn(false);
+        assertFalse(mOffloadHw.setLocalPrefixes(localPrefixes));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetDataLimit() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
         final long limit = 12345;
-        mOffloadHw.setDataLimit(RMNET0, limit);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).setDataLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(limit), any());
+        when(mIOffload.setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
+        assertTrue(mOffloadHw.setDataLimit(RMNET0, limit));
+        verify(mIOffload).setDataLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(limit));
+        when(mIOffload.setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong())).thenReturn(false);
+        assertFalse(mOffloadHw.setDataLimit(RMNET0, limit));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetDataWarningAndLimitFailureWithHidl_1_0() throws Exception {
+        // Verify V1.0 control HAL would reject the function call with exception.
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
+        final long warning = 12345;
+        final long limit = 67890;
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mOffloadHw.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetDataWarningAndLimit() throws Exception {
-        // Verify V1.0 control HAL would reject the function call with exception.
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        // Verify V1.1 control HAL could receive this function call.
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_1);
         final long warning = 12345;
         final long limit = 67890;
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
-                () -> mOffloadHw.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
-        reset(mIOffloadControl);
-
-        // Verify V1.1 control HAL could receive this function call.
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
-        mOffloadHw.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit);
-        verify((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl) mIOffloadControl)
-                .setDataWarningAndLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(warning), eq(limit), any());
+        when(mIOffload.setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
+        assertTrue(mOffloadHw.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
+        verify(mIOffload).setDataWarningAndLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(warning), eq(limit));
+        when(mIOffload.setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong())).thenReturn(false);
+        assertFalse(mOffloadHw.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetUpstreamParameters() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
         final String v4addr = "192.168.10.1";
         final String v4gateway = "192.168.10.255";
         final ArrayList<String> v6gws = new ArrayList<>(0);
         v6gws.add("2001:db8::1");
-        mOffloadHw.setUpstreamParameters(RMNET0, v4addr, v4gateway, v6gws);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).setUpstreamParameters(eq(RMNET0), eq(v4addr), eq(v4gateway),
-                eq(v6gws), any());
+        when(mIOffload.setUpstreamParameters(anyString(), anyString(), anyString(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(true);
+        assertTrue(mOffloadHw.setUpstreamParameters(RMNET0, v4addr, v4gateway, v6gws));
+        verify(mIOffload).setUpstreamParameters(eq(RMNET0), eq(v4addr), eq(v4gateway), eq(v6gws));
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<ArrayList<String>> mArrayListCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ArrayList.class);
-        mOffloadHw.setUpstreamParameters(null, null, null, null);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).setUpstreamParameters(eq(""), eq(""), eq(""),
-                mArrayListCaptor.capture(), any());
+        when(mIOffload.setUpstreamParameters(anyString(), anyString(), anyString(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(false);
+        assertFalse(mOffloadHw.setUpstreamParameters(null, null, null, null));
+        verify(mIOffload).setUpstreamParameters(eq(""), eq(""), eq(""), mArrayListCaptor.capture());
         assertEquals(mArrayListCaptor.getValue().size(), 0);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testUpdateDownstreamPrefix() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+    public void testUpdateDownstream() throws Exception {
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
         final String ifName = "wlan1";
         final String prefix = "192.168.43.0/24";
-        mOffloadHw.addDownstreamPrefix(ifName, prefix);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).addDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix), any());
-
-        mOffloadHw.removeDownstreamPrefix(ifName, prefix);
-        verify(mIOffloadControl).removeDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix), any());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testTetheringOffloadCallback() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
-
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mControlCallback).onStarted();
-
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mControlCallback).onStoppedError();
-
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mControlCallback).onStoppedUnsupported();
-
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mControlCallback).onSupportAvailable();
-
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mControlCallback).onStoppedLimitReached();
-
-        final NatTimeoutUpdate tcpParams = buildNatTimeoutUpdate(NetworkProtocol.TCP);
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.updateTimeout(tcpParams);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mControlCallback).onNatTimeoutUpdate(eq(OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP),
-                eq(tcpParams.src.addr),
-                eq(uint16(tcpParams.src.port)),
-                eq(tcpParams.dst.addr),
-                eq(uint16(tcpParams.dst.port)));
-
-        final NatTimeoutUpdate udpParams = buildNatTimeoutUpdate(NetworkProtocol.UDP);
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.updateTimeout(udpParams);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mControlCallback).onNatTimeoutUpdate(eq(OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP),
-                eq(udpParams.src.addr),
-                eq(uint16(udpParams.src.port)),
-                eq(udpParams.dst.addr),
-                eq(uint16(udpParams.dst.port)));
-        reset(mControlCallback);
-
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
-
-        // Verify the interface will process the events that comes from V1.1 HAL.
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent_1_1(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mControlCallback);
-        inOrder.verify(mControlCallback).onStarted();
-        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
-
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent_1_1(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED);
-        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mControlCallback).onWarningReached();
-        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+        when(mIOffload.addDownstream(anyString(), anyString())).thenReturn(true);
+        assertTrue(mOffloadHw.addDownstream(ifName, prefix));
+        verify(mIOffload).addDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix));
+        when(mIOffload.addDownstream(anyString(), anyString())).thenReturn(false);
+        assertFalse(mOffloadHw.addDownstream(ifName, prefix));
+        when(mIOffload.removeDownstream(anyString(), anyString())).thenReturn(true);
+        assertTrue(mOffloadHw.removeDownstream(ifName, prefix));
+        verify(mIOffload).removeDownstream(eq(ifName), eq(prefix));
+        when(mIOffload.removeDownstream(anyString(), anyString())).thenReturn(false);
+        assertFalse(mOffloadHw.removeDownstream(ifName, prefix));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSendIpv4NfGenMsg() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0);
         FileDescriptor writeSocket = new FileDescriptor();
         FileDescriptor readSocket = new FileDescriptor();
         try {
@@ -308,14 +268,4 @@
         assertEquals(0 /* error */, buffer.getShort());  // res_id
         assertEquals(expectedLen, buffer.position());
     }
-
-    private NatTimeoutUpdate buildNatTimeoutUpdate(final int proto) {
-        final NatTimeoutUpdate params = new NatTimeoutUpdate();
-        params.proto = proto;
-        params.src.addr = "192.168.43.200";
-        params.src.port = 100;
-        params.dst.addr = "172.50.46.169";
-        params.dst.port = 150;
-        return params;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java
index 3190f35..3382af8 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfigurationTest.java
@@ -21,14 +21,13 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_DUN;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
-import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY;
 import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.KEY_CARRIER_CONFIG_APPLIED_BOOL;
 import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.KEY_REQUIRE_ENTITLEMENT_CHECKS_BOOL;
 import static android.telephony.SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID;
 
-import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.doReturn;
-import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.mockitoSession;
 import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.KEY_CARRIER_SUPPORTS_TETHERING_BOOL;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.OVERRIDE_TETHER_ENABLE_BPF_OFFLOAD;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_USB_NCM_FUNCTION;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_USB_RNDIS_FUNCTION;
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@
 import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
-import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
@@ -73,8 +74,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoSession;
-import org.mockito.quality.Strictness;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Iterator;
@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@
     @Mock private ModuleInfo mMi;
     private Context mMockContext;
     private boolean mHasTelephonyManager;
-    private MockitoSession mMockingSession;
     private MockContentResolver mContentResolver;
     private final PersistableBundle mCarrierConfig = new PersistableBundle();
+    private final MockDependencies mDeps = new MockDependencies();
 
     private class MockTetheringConfiguration extends TetheringConfiguration {
         MockTetheringConfiguration(Context ctx, SharedLog log, int id) {
-            super(ctx, log, id);
+            super(ctx, log, id, mDeps);
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -151,19 +151,43 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static class MockDependencies extends TetheringConfiguration.Dependencies {
+        private ArrayMap<String, Boolean> mMockFlags = new ArrayMap<>();
+
+        @Override
+        boolean isFeatureEnabled(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull String namespace,
+                @NonNull String name, @NonNull String moduleName, boolean defaultEnabled) {
+            return isMockFlagEnabled(name, defaultEnabled);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        boolean getDeviceConfigBoolean(@NonNull String namespace, @NonNull String name,
+                boolean defaultValue) {
+            // Flags should use isFeatureEnabled instead of getBoolean; see comments in
+            // DeviceConfigUtils. getBoolean should only be used for the two legacy flags below.
+            assertTrue(OVERRIDE_TETHER_ENABLE_BPF_OFFLOAD.equals(name)
+                    || TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER.equals(name));
+
+            // Use the same mocking strategy as isFeatureEnabled for testing
+            return isMockFlagEnabled(name, defaultValue);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isMockFlagEnabled(@NonNull String name, boolean defaultEnabled) {
+            final Boolean flag = mMockFlags.getOrDefault(name, defaultEnabled);
+            // Value in the map can also be null
+            if (flag != null) return flag;
+            return defaultEnabled;
+        }
+
+        void setFeatureEnabled(@NonNull String flag, Boolean enabled) {
+            mMockFlags.put(flag, enabled);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
-        // TODO: use a dependencies class instead of mock statics.
-        mMockingSession = mockitoSession()
-                .initMocks(this)
-                .mockStatic(DeviceConfig.class)
-                .strictness(Strictness.WARN)
-                .startMocking();
-        DeviceConfigUtils.resetPackageVersionCacheForTest();
-        doReturn(null).when(
-                () -> DeviceConfig.getProperty(eq(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY),
-                eq(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER)));
-        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagVersion(null);
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(null);
 
         final PackageInfo pi = new PackageInfo();
         pi.setLongVersionCode(TEST_PACKAGE_VERSION);
@@ -202,7 +226,6 @@
 
     @After
     public void tearDown() throws Exception {
-        mMockingSession.finishMocking();
         DeviceConfigUtils.resetPackageVersionCacheForTest();
         // Call {@link #clearSettingsProvider()} before and after using FakeSettingsProvider.
         FakeSettingsProvider.clearSettingsProvider();
@@ -211,7 +234,7 @@
     private TetheringConfiguration getTetheringConfiguration(int... legacyTetherUpstreamTypes) {
         when(mResources.getIntArray(R.array.config_tether_upstream_types)).thenReturn(
                 legacyTetherUpstreamTypes);
-        return new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+        return new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -297,7 +320,7 @@
         when(mTelephonyManager.isTetheringApnRequired()).thenReturn(false);
 
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         final Iterator<Integer> upstreamIterator = cfg.preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes.iterator();
         assertTrue(upstreamIterator.hasNext());
         assertEquals(TYPE_ETHERNET, upstreamIterator.next().intValue());
@@ -320,7 +343,7 @@
         when(mTelephonyManager.isTetheringApnRequired()).thenReturn(false);
 
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         final Iterator<Integer> upstreamIterator = cfg.preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes.iterator();
         assertTrue(upstreamIterator.hasNext());
         assertEquals(TYPE_ETHERNET, upstreamIterator.next().intValue());
@@ -338,7 +361,7 @@
         when(mTelephonyManager.isTetheringApnRequired()).thenReturn(false);
 
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         final Iterator<Integer> upstreamIterator = cfg.preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes.iterator();
         assertTrue(upstreamIterator.hasNext());
         assertEquals(TYPE_WIFI, upstreamIterator.next().intValue());
@@ -350,27 +373,26 @@
     }
 
     private void initializeBpfOffloadConfiguration(
-            final boolean fromRes, final String fromDevConfig) {
+            final boolean fromRes, final Boolean fromDevConfig) {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_enable_bpf_offload)).thenReturn(fromRes);
-        doReturn(fromDevConfig).when(
-                () -> DeviceConfig.getProperty(eq(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY),
-                eq(TetheringConfiguration.OVERRIDE_TETHER_ENABLE_BPF_OFFLOAD)));
+        mDeps.setFeatureEnabled(
+                TetheringConfiguration.OVERRIDE_TETHER_ENABLE_BPF_OFFLOAD, fromDevConfig);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testBpfOffloadEnabledByResource() {
         initializeBpfOffloadConfiguration(true, null /* unset */);
         final TetheringConfiguration enableByRes =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertTrue(enableByRes.isBpfOffloadEnabled());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testBpfOffloadEnabledByDeviceConfigOverride() {
         for (boolean res : new boolean[]{true, false}) {
-            initializeBpfOffloadConfiguration(res, "true");
+            initializeBpfOffloadConfiguration(res, true);
             final TetheringConfiguration enableByDevConOverride =
-                    new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                    new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
             assertTrue(enableByDevConOverride.isBpfOffloadEnabled());
         }
     }
@@ -379,16 +401,16 @@
     public void testBpfOffloadDisabledByResource() {
         initializeBpfOffloadConfiguration(false, null /* unset */);
         final TetheringConfiguration disableByRes =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertFalse(disableByRes.isBpfOffloadEnabled());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testBpfOffloadDisabledByDeviceConfigOverride() {
         for (boolean res : new boolean[]{true, false}) {
-            initializeBpfOffloadConfiguration(res, "false");
+            initializeBpfOffloadConfiguration(res, false);
             final TetheringConfiguration disableByDevConOverride =
-                    new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                    new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
             assertFalse(disableByDevConOverride.isBpfOffloadEnabled());
         }
     }
@@ -397,22 +419,18 @@
     public void testNewDhcpServerDisabled() {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_enable_legacy_dhcp_server)).thenReturn(
                 true);
-        doReturn("false").when(
-                () -> DeviceConfig.getProperty(eq(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY),
-                eq(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER)));
+        mDeps.setFeatureEnabled(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER, false);
 
         final TetheringConfiguration enableByRes =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertTrue(enableByRes.useLegacyDhcpServer());
 
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_enable_legacy_dhcp_server)).thenReturn(
                 false);
-        doReturn("true").when(
-                () -> DeviceConfig.getProperty(eq(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY),
-                eq(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER)));
+        mDeps.setFeatureEnabled(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER, true);
 
         final TetheringConfiguration enableByDevConfig =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertTrue(enableByDevConfig.useLegacyDhcpServer());
     }
 
@@ -420,12 +438,10 @@
     public void testNewDhcpServerEnabled() {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_enable_legacy_dhcp_server)).thenReturn(
                 false);
-        doReturn("false").when(
-                () -> DeviceConfig.getProperty(eq(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY),
-                eq(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER)));
+        mDeps.setFeatureEnabled(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_ENABLE_LEGACY_DHCP_SERVER, false);
 
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
 
         assertFalse(cfg.useLegacyDhcpServer());
     }
@@ -433,7 +449,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testOffloadIntervalByResource() {
         final TetheringConfiguration intervalByDefault =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertEquals(TetheringConfiguration.DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
                 intervalByDefault.getOffloadPollInterval());
 
@@ -442,7 +458,7 @@
             when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_tether_offload_poll_interval)).thenReturn(
                     override);
             final TetheringConfiguration overrideByRes =
-                    new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                    new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
             assertEquals(override, overrideByRes.getOffloadPollInterval());
         }
     }
@@ -451,7 +467,7 @@
     public void testGetResourcesBySubId() {
         setUpResourceForSubId();
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertTrue(cfg.provisioningApp.length == 0);
         final int anyValidSubId = 1;
         final MockTetheringConfiguration mockCfg =
@@ -493,7 +509,7 @@
         mockService(Context.CARRIER_CONFIG_SERVICE,
                 CarrierConfigManager.class, null);
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
 
         assertTrue(cfg.isCarrierSupportTethering);
         assertTrue(cfg.isCarrierConfigAffirmsEntitlementCheckRequired);
@@ -506,7 +522,7 @@
                 CarrierConfigManager.class, mCarrierConfigManager);
         when(mCarrierConfigManager.getConfigForSubId(anyInt())).thenReturn(null);
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
 
         assertTrue(cfg.isCarrierSupportTethering);
         assertTrue(cfg.isCarrierConfigAffirmsEntitlementCheckRequired);
@@ -521,7 +537,7 @@
         mCarrierConfig.putBoolean(KEY_CARRIER_SUPPORTS_TETHERING_BOOL, false);
         when(mCarrierConfigManager.getConfigForSubId(anyInt())).thenReturn(mCarrierConfig);
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
 
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
             assertFalse(cfg.isCarrierSupportTethering);
@@ -535,17 +551,18 @@
     @Test
     public void testEnableLegacyWifiP2PAddress() throws Exception {
         final TetheringConfiguration defaultCfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertFalse(defaultCfg.shouldEnableWifiP2pDedicatedIp());
 
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_enable_legacy_wifi_p2p_dedicated_ip))
                 .thenReturn(true);
         final TetheringConfiguration testCfg = new TetheringConfiguration(
-                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertTrue(testCfg.shouldEnableWifiP2pDedicatedIp());
     }
 
-    @Test
+    // The config only works on T-
+    @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testChooseUpstreamAutomatically() throws Exception {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic))
                 .thenReturn(true);
@@ -556,41 +573,68 @@
         assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(false);
     }
 
+    // The automatic mode is always enabled on U+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyAfterT() throws Exception {
+        // Expect that automatic mode is always enabled no matter what
+        // config_tether_upstream_automatic is.
+        when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic))
+                .thenReturn(true);
+        assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(true);
+
+        when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic))
+                .thenReturn(false);
+        assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(true);
+    }
+
     // The flag override only works on R-
     @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     public void testChooseUpstreamAutomatically_FlagOverride() throws Exception {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic))
                 .thenReturn(false);
-        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagVersion(TEST_PACKAGE_VERSION - 1);
-        assertTrue(DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(mMockContext, NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
-                TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_FORCE_UPSTREAM_AUTOMATIC_VERSION, APEX_NAME, false));
-
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(true);
         assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(true);
 
-        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagVersion(0L);
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(null);
         assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(false);
 
-        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagVersion(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(false);
         assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(false);
     }
 
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-    public void testChooseUpstreamAutomatically_FlagOverrideAfterR() throws Exception {
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testChooseUpstreamAutomatically_FlagOverrideOnSAndT() throws Exception {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic))
                 .thenReturn(false);
-        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagVersion(TEST_PACKAGE_VERSION - 1);
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(true);
         assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(false);
     }
 
-    private void setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagVersion(Long version) {
-        doReturn(version == null ? null : Long.toString(version)).when(
-                () -> DeviceConfig.getProperty(eq(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY),
-                        eq(TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_FORCE_UPSTREAM_AUTOMATIC_VERSION)));
+    // The automatic mode is always enabled on U+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testChooseUpstreamAutomatically_FlagOverrideAfterT() throws Exception {
+        // Expect that automatic mode is always enabled no matter what
+        // TETHER_FORCE_UPSTREAM_AUTOMATIC_VERSION is.
+        when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic))
+                .thenReturn(false);
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(true);
+        assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(true);
+
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(null);
+        assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(true);
+
+        setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(false);
+        assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(true);
+    }
+
+    private void setTetherForceUpstreamAutomaticFlagEnabled(Boolean enabled) {
+        mDeps.setFeatureEnabled(
+                TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_FORCE_UPSTREAM_AUTOMATIC_VERSION, enabled);
     }
 
     private void assertChooseUpstreamAutomaticallyIs(boolean value) {
-        assertEquals(value, new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID)
-                .chooseUpstreamAutomatically);
+        assertEquals(value, new TetheringConfiguration(
+                mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps).chooseUpstreamAutomatically);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -619,7 +663,7 @@
 
     private void assertIsUsingNcm(boolean expected) {
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertEquals(expected, cfg.isUsingNcm());
     }
 
@@ -669,7 +713,7 @@
 
     private void assertUsbAndNcmRegexs(final String[] usbRegexs, final String[] ncmRegexs) {
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertArrayEquals(usbRegexs, cfg.tetherableUsbRegexs);
         assertArrayEquals(ncmRegexs, cfg.tetherableNcmRegexs);
     }
@@ -681,28 +725,28 @@
 
         final int defaultSubnetPrefixLength = 0;
         final TetheringConfiguration defaultCfg =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertEquals(defaultSubnetPrefixLength, defaultCfg.getP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength());
 
         final int prefixLengthTooSmall = -1;
         when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_p2p_leases_subnet_prefix_length)).thenReturn(
                 prefixLengthTooSmall);
         final TetheringConfiguration tooSmallCfg =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertEquals(defaultSubnetPrefixLength, tooSmallCfg.getP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength());
 
         final int prefixLengthTooLarge = 31;
         when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_p2p_leases_subnet_prefix_length)).thenReturn(
                 prefixLengthTooLarge);
         final TetheringConfiguration tooLargeCfg =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertEquals(defaultSubnetPrefixLength, tooLargeCfg.getP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength());
 
         final int p2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength = 27;
         when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_p2p_leases_subnet_prefix_length)).thenReturn(
                 p2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength);
         final TetheringConfiguration p2pCfg =
-                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
+                new TetheringConfiguration(mMockContext, mLog, INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, mDeps);
         assertEquals(p2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength, p2pCfg.getP2pLeasesSubnetPrefixLength());
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringNotificationUpdaterTest.kt b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringNotificationUpdaterTest.kt
index 75c819b..ac3d713 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringNotificationUpdaterTest.kt
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringNotificationUpdaterTest.kt
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
         fakeTetheringThread.quitSafely()
+        fakeTetheringThread.join()
     }
 
     private fun verifyActivityPendingIntent(intent: Intent, flags: Int) {
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java
index f664d5d..da81bda 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringServiceTest.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ACCESS_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
@@ -139,23 +140,27 @@
     }
 
     private void runAsNoPermission(final TestTetheringCall test) throws Exception {
-        runTetheringCall(test, new String[0]);
+        runTetheringCall(test, true /* isTetheringAllowed */, new String[0]);
     }
 
     private void runAsTetherPrivileged(final TestTetheringCall test) throws Exception {
-        runTetheringCall(test, TETHER_PRIVILEGED);
+        runTetheringCall(test, true /* isTetheringAllowed */, TETHER_PRIVILEGED);
     }
 
     private void runAsAccessNetworkState(final TestTetheringCall test) throws Exception {
-        runTetheringCall(test, ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
+        runTetheringCall(test, true /* isTetheringAllowed */, ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE);
     }
 
     private void runAsWriteSettings(final TestTetheringCall test) throws Exception {
-        runTetheringCall(test, WRITE_SETTINGS);
+        runTetheringCall(test, true /* isTetheringAllowed */, WRITE_SETTINGS);
     }
 
-    private void runTetheringCall(final TestTetheringCall test, String... permissions)
-            throws Exception {
+    private void runAsTetheringDisallowed(final TestTetheringCall test) throws Exception {
+        runTetheringCall(test, false /* isTetheringAllowed */, TETHER_PRIVILEGED);
+    }
+
+    private void runTetheringCall(final TestTetheringCall test, boolean isTetheringAllowed,
+            String... permissions) throws Exception {
         // Allow the test to run even if ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE was granted at the APK level
         if (!CollectionUtils.contains(permissions, ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE)) {
             mMockConnector.setPermission(ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, PERMISSION_DENIED);
@@ -164,6 +169,7 @@
         if (permissions.length > 0) mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity(permissions);
         try {
             when(mTethering.isTetheringSupported()).thenReturn(true);
+            when(mTethering.isTetheringAllowed()).thenReturn(isTetheringAllowed);
             test.runTetheringCall(new TestTetheringResult());
         } finally {
             mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
@@ -180,6 +186,7 @@
     private void runTether(final TestTetheringResult result) throws Exception {
         mTetheringConnector.tether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
         verify(mTethering).tether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, IpServer.STATE_TETHERED, result);
     }
 
@@ -203,12 +210,22 @@
             verify(mTethering).isTetherProvisioningRequired();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            mTetheringConnector.tether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG,
+                    result);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runUnTether(final TestTetheringResult result) throws Exception {
         mTetheringConnector.untether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG,
                 result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
         verify(mTethering).untether(eq(TEST_IFACE_NAME), eq(result));
     }
 
@@ -232,6 +249,15 @@
             verify(mTethering).isTetherProvisioningRequired();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            mTetheringConnector.untether(TEST_IFACE_NAME, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG,
+                    result);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runSetUsbTethering(final TestTetheringResult result) throws Exception {
@@ -243,6 +269,7 @@
         mTetheringConnector.setUsbTethering(true /* enable */, TEST_CALLER_PKG,
                 TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
         verify(mTethering).setUsbTethering(eq(true) /* enable */, any(IIntResultListener.class));
         result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
     }
@@ -268,6 +295,14 @@
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
 
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            mTetheringConnector.setUsbTethering(true /* enable */, TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                    TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runStartTethering(final TestTetheringResult result,
@@ -275,7 +310,8 @@
         mTetheringConnector.startTethering(request, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG,
                 result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
-        verify(mTethering).startTethering(eq(request), eq(result));
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+        verify(mTethering).startTethering(eq(request), eq(TEST_CALLER_PKG), eq(result));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -301,6 +337,15 @@
             verify(mTethering).isTetherProvisioningRequired();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            mTetheringConnector.startTethering(request, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG,
+                    result);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runStartTetheringAndVerifyNoPermission(final TestTetheringResult result)
@@ -337,6 +382,7 @@
         mTetheringConnector.stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI, TEST_CALLER_PKG,
                 TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
         verify(mTethering).stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI);
         result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
     }
@@ -361,6 +407,15 @@
             verify(mTethering).isTetherProvisioningRequired();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            mTetheringConnector.stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI, TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                    TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runRequestLatestTetheringEntitlementResult() throws Exception {
@@ -368,6 +423,7 @@
         mTetheringConnector.requestLatestTetheringEntitlementResult(TETHERING_WIFI, result,
                 true /* showEntitlementUi */, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
         verify(mTethering).requestLatestTetheringEntitlementResult(eq(TETHERING_WIFI),
                 eq(result), eq(true) /* showEntitlementUi */);
     }
@@ -392,6 +448,16 @@
             verify(mTethering).isTetherProvisioningRequired();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((none) -> {
+            final MyResultReceiver receiver = new MyResultReceiver(null);
+            mTetheringConnector.requestLatestTetheringEntitlementResult(TETHERING_WIFI, receiver,
+                    true /* showEntitlementUi */, TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            receiver.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runRegisterTetheringEventCallback() throws Exception {
@@ -419,6 +485,12 @@
             runRegisterTetheringEventCallback();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        // should still be able to register callback even tethering is restricted.
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            runRegisterTetheringEventCallback();
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runUnregisterTetheringEventCallback() throws Exception {
@@ -446,11 +518,19 @@
             runUnregisterTetheringEventCallback();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        // should still be able to unregister callback even tethering is restricted.
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            runUnregisterTetheringEventCallback();
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
+
     }
 
     private void runStopAllTethering(final TestTetheringResult result) throws Exception {
         mTetheringConnector.stopAllTethering(TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
         verify(mTethering).untetherAll();
         result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
     }
@@ -474,11 +554,20 @@
             verify(mTethering).isTetherProvisioningRequired();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            mTetheringConnector.stopAllTethering(TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private void runIsTetheringSupported(final TestTetheringResult result) throws Exception {
         mTetheringConnector.isTetheringSupported(TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG, result);
         verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+        verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
         result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
     }
 
@@ -502,6 +591,15 @@
             verify(mTethering).isTetherProvisioningRequired();
             verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
         });
+
+        runAsTetheringDisallowed((result) -> {
+            mTetheringConnector.isTetheringSupported(TEST_CALLER_PKG, TEST_ATTRIBUTION_TAG,
+                    result);
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringSupported();
+            verify(mTethering).isTetheringAllowed();
+            result.assertResult(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED);
+            verifyNoMoreInteractionsForTethering();
+        });
     }
 
     private class ConnectorSupplier<T> implements Supplier<T> {
@@ -566,17 +664,17 @@
             assertEquals("Internal callback is not registered", 1, callbacks.size());
             assertNotNull(weakTm.get());
 
-            final int attempts = 100;
+            // Calling System.gc() or System.runFinalization() doesn't guarantee GCs or finalizers
+            // are executed synchronously. The finalizer is called after GC on a separate thread.
+            final int attempts = 600;
             final long waitIntervalMs = 50;
             for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
                 forceGc();
-                if (weakTm.get() == null) break;
+                if (weakTm.get() == null && callbacks.size() == 0) break;
 
                 Thread.sleep(waitIntervalMs);
             }
-            assertNull("TetheringManager weak reference still not null after " + attempts
-                    + " attempts", weakTm.get());
-
+            assertNull("TetheringManager weak reference is not null", weakTm.get());
             assertEquals("Internal callback is not unregistered", 0, callbacks.size());
         });
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index 6ef0e24..c15b85e 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI_P2P;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE;
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.Inet4AddressUtils.inet4AddressToIntHTH;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.Inet4AddressUtils.intToInet4AddressHTH;
-import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TestConnectivityManager.BROADCAST_FIRST;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TestConnectivityManager.CALLBACKS_FIRST;
@@ -81,6 +83,8 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
@@ -151,11 +155,9 @@
 import android.net.dhcp.IDhcpEventCallbacks;
 import android.net.dhcp.IDhcpServer;
 import android.net.ip.DadProxy;
-import android.net.ip.IpNeighborMonitor;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
 import android.net.ip.RouterAdvertisementDaemon;
 import android.net.util.NetworkConstants;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.net.wifi.SoftApConfiguration;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiClient;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
@@ -180,6 +182,7 @@
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
@@ -188,16 +191,23 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.IpNeighborMonitor;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BluetoothPanShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BluetoothPanShim.TetheredInterfaceCallbackShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BluetoothPanShim.TetheredInterfaceRequestShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TestConnectivityManager.TestNetworkAgent;
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics.TetheringMetrics;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
@@ -220,6 +230,8 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class TetheringTest {
+    @Rule public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
     private static final int IFINDEX_OFFSET = 100;
 
     private static final String TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME = "test_rmnet_data0";
@@ -240,6 +252,7 @@
     private static final String TEST_WIFI_REGEX = "test_wlan\\d";
     private static final String TEST_P2P_REGEX = "test_p2p-p2p\\d-.*";
     private static final String TEST_BT_REGEX = "test_pan\\d";
+    private static final String TEST_CALLER_PKG = "com.test.tethering";
 
     private static final int CELLULAR_NETID = 100;
     private static final int WIFI_NETID = 101;
@@ -249,6 +262,8 @@
 
     private static final int DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS = 1000;
 
+    private static final Network[] NULL_NETWORK = new Network[] {null};
+
     @Mock private ApplicationInfo mApplicationInfo;
     @Mock private Context mContext;
     @Mock private NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
@@ -274,6 +289,7 @@
     @Mock private BluetoothPan mBluetoothPan;
     @Mock private BluetoothPanShim mBluetoothPanShim;
     @Mock private TetheredInterfaceRequestShim mTetheredInterfaceRequestShim;
+    @Mock private TetheringMetrics mTetheringMetrics;
 
     private final MockIpServerDependencies mIpServerDependencies =
             spy(new MockIpServerDependencies());
@@ -290,6 +306,7 @@
     private MockContentResolver mContentResolver;
     private BroadcastReceiver mBroadcastReceiver;
     private Tethering mTethering;
+    private TestTetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
     private PhoneStateListener mPhoneStateListener;
     private InterfaceConfigurationParcel mInterfaceConfiguration;
     private TetheringConfiguration mConfig;
@@ -297,6 +314,7 @@
     private OffloadController mOffloadCtrl;
     private PrivateAddressCoordinator mPrivateAddressCoordinator;
     private SoftApCallback mSoftApCallback;
+    private SoftApCallback mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback;
     private UpstreamNetworkMonitor mUpstreamNetworkMonitor;
     private TetheredInterfaceCallbackShim mTetheredInterfaceCallbackShim;
 
@@ -389,6 +407,7 @@
                     MacAddress.ALL_ZEROS_ADDRESS);
         }
 
+        @SuppressWarnings("DoNotCall") // Ignore warning for synchronous to call to Thread.run()
         @Override
         public void makeDhcpServer(String ifName, DhcpServingParamsParcel params,
                 DhcpServerCallbacks cb) {
@@ -498,6 +517,11 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public TetheringMetrics getTetheringMetrics() {
+            return mTetheringMetrics;
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public PrivateAddressCoordinator getPrivateAddressCoordinator(Context ctx,
                 TetheringConfiguration cfg) {
             mPrivateAddressCoordinator = super.getPrivateAddressCoordinator(ctx, cfg);
@@ -625,8 +649,7 @@
         mInterfaceConfiguration.flags = new String[0];
         when(mRouterAdvertisementDaemon.start())
                 .thenReturn(true);
-        initOffloadConfiguration(true /* offloadConfig */, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0,
-                0 /* defaultDisabled */);
+        initOffloadConfiguration(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, 0 /* defaultDisabled */);
         when(mOffloadHardwareInterface.getForwardedStats(any())).thenReturn(mForwardedStats);
 
         mServiceContext = new TestContext(mContext);
@@ -650,6 +673,7 @@
         verify(mStatsManager, times(1)).registerNetworkStatsProvider(anyString(), any());
         verify(mNetd).registerUnsolicitedEventListener(any());
         verifyDefaultNetworkRequestFiled();
+        mTetheringEventCallback = registerTetheringEventCallback();
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<PhoneStateListener> phoneListenerCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(PhoneStateListener.class);
@@ -662,6 +686,14 @@
         verify(mWifiManager).registerSoftApCallback(any(), softApCallbackCaptor.capture());
         mSoftApCallback = softApCallbackCaptor.getValue();
 
+        if (isAtLeastT()) {
+            final ArgumentCaptor<SoftApCallback> localOnlyCallbackCaptor =
+                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SoftApCallback.class);
+            verify(mWifiManager).registerLocalOnlyHotspotSoftApCallback(any(),
+                    localOnlyCallbackCaptor.capture());
+            mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback = localOnlyCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        }
+
         when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI)).thenReturn(true);
         when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI_DIRECT)).thenReturn(true);
     }
@@ -717,6 +749,16 @@
         return request;
     }
 
+    @NonNull
+    private TestTetheringEventCallback registerTetheringEventCallback() {
+        TestTetheringEventCallback callback = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
+        mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        // Pull the first event which is filed immediately after the callback registration.
+        callback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
+        return callback;
+    }
+
     @After
     public void tearDown() {
         mServiceContext.unregisterReceiver(mBroadcastReceiver);
@@ -814,9 +856,9 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyInterfaceServingModeStarted(String ifname) throws Exception {
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).interfaceSetCfg(any(InterfaceConfigurationParcel.class));
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherInterfaceAdd(ifname);
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID, ifname);
+        verify(mNetd).interfaceSetCfg(any(InterfaceConfigurationParcel.class));
+        verify(mNetd).tetherInterfaceAdd(ifname);
+        verify(mNetd).networkAddInterface(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID, ifname);
         verify(mNetd, times(2)).networkAddRoute(eq(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID), eq(ifname),
                 anyString(), anyString());
     }
@@ -856,7 +898,8 @@
 
     private void prepareNcmTethering() {
         // Emulate startTethering(TETHERING_NCM) called
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_NCM), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_NCM), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mUsbManager, times(1)).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NCM);
     }
@@ -864,7 +907,7 @@
     private void prepareUsbTethering() {
         // Emulate pressing the USB tethering button in Settings UI.
         final TetheringRequestParcel request = createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_USB);
-        mTethering.startTethering(request, null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(request, TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
 
         assertEquals(1, mTethering.getActiveTetheringRequests().size());
@@ -895,9 +938,9 @@
         // tetherMatchingInterfaces() which starts by fetching all interfaces).
         verify(mNetd, times(1)).interfaceGetList();
 
-        // UpstreamNetworkMonitor should receive selected upstream
+        // Event callback should receive selected upstream
         verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).getCurrentPreferredUpstream();
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setCurrentUpstream(upstreamState.network);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState.network);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -910,6 +953,52 @@
         failingLocalOnlyHotspotLegacyApBroadcast(false);
     }
 
+    private void verifyStopHotpot() throws Exception {
+        verify(mNetd).tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
+        verify(mNetd).tetherInterfaceRemove(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
+        verify(mNetd).networkRemoveInterface(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
+        // interfaceSetCfg() called once for enabling and twice disabling IPv4.
+        verify(mNetd, times(3)).interfaceSetCfg(any(InterfaceConfigurationParcel.class));
+        verify(mNetd).tetherStop();
+        verify(mNetd).ipfwdDisableForwarding(TETHERING_NAME);
+        verify(mWifiManager, times(3)).updateInterfaceIpState(
+                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_UNSPECIFIED);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
+        // Asking for the last error after the per-interface state machine
+        // has been reaped yields an unknown interface error.
+        assertEquals(TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE, mTethering.getLastErrorForTest(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME));
+    }
+
+    private void verifyStartHotspot() throws Exception {
+        verifyStartHotspot(false /* isLocalOnly */);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyStartHotspot(boolean isLocalOnly) throws Exception {
+        verifyInterfaceServingModeStarted(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
+        verifyTetheringBroadcast(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, EXTRA_AVAILABLE_TETHER);
+        verify(mWifiManager).updateInterfaceIpState(
+                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_UNSPECIFIED);
+
+        verify(mNetd).ipfwdEnableForwarding(TETHERING_NAME);
+        verify(mNetd).tetherStartWithConfiguration(any());
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
+
+        final int expectedState = isLocalOnly ? IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY : IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED;
+        verify(mWifiManager).updateInterfaceIpState(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, expectedState);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
+
+        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).startObserveAllNetworks();
+        if (isLocalOnly) {
+            // There are 2 IpServer state change events: STATE_AVAILABLE -> STATE_LOCAL_ONLY.
+            verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(2)).onDownstreamChanged(DOWNSTREAM_NONE);
+        } else {
+            // There are 2 IpServer state change events: STATE_AVAILABLE -> STATE_TETHERED.
+            verify(mNotificationUpdater).onDownstreamChanged(DOWNSTREAM_NONE);
+            verify(mNotificationUpdater).onDownstreamChanged(eq(1 << TETHERING_WIFI));
+        }
+    }
+
     public void workingLocalOnlyHotspotEnrichedApBroadcast(
             boolean emulateInterfaceStatusChanged) throws Exception {
         // Emulate externally-visible WifiManager effects, causing the
@@ -920,20 +1009,8 @@
         }
         sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_ENABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY);
 
-        verifyInterfaceServingModeStarted(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
-        verifyTetheringBroadcast(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, EXTRA_AVAILABLE_TETHER);
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).ipfwdEnableForwarding(TETHERING_NAME);
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherStartWithConfiguration(any());
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
-        verify(mWifiManager).updateInterfaceIpState(
-                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_UNSPECIFIED);
-        verify(mWifiManager).updateInterfaceIpState(
-                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY);
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
+        verifyStartHotspot(true /* isLocalOnly */);
         verifyTetheringBroadcast(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, EXTRA_ACTIVE_LOCAL_ONLY);
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).startObserveAllNetworks();
-        // There are 2 IpServer state change events: STATE_AVAILABLE -> STATE_LOCAL_ONLY
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(2)).onDownstreamChanged(DOWNSTREAM_NONE);
 
         // Emulate externally-visible WifiManager effects, when hotspot mode
         // is being torn down.
@@ -941,20 +1018,7 @@
         mTethering.interfaceRemoved(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
 
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherInterfaceRemove(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
-        // interfaceSetCfg() called once for enabling and twice disabling IPv4.
-        verify(mNetd, times(3)).interfaceSetCfg(any(InterfaceConfigurationParcel.class));
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherStop();
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).ipfwdDisableForwarding(TETHERING_NAME);
-        verify(mWifiManager, times(3)).updateInterfaceIpState(
-                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_UNSPECIFIED);
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
-        // Asking for the last error after the per-interface state machine
-        // has been reaped yields an unknown interface error.
-        assertEquals(TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE, mTethering.getLastErrorForTest(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME));
+        verifyStopHotpot();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1131,7 +1195,7 @@
         verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).getCurrentPreferredUpstream();
         verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).selectPreferredUpstreamType(any());
 
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setCurrentUpstream(upstreamState.network);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState.network);
     }
 
     private void verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(InOrder inOrder) {
@@ -1156,23 +1220,22 @@
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         // Switch upstream to wifi.
         wifi.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, BROADCAST_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testAutomaticUpstreamSelection() throws Exception {
+    private void verifyAutomaticUpstreamSelection(boolean configAutomatic) throws Exception {
         TestNetworkAgent mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
         TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
         // Enable automatic upstream selection.
-        upstreamSelectionTestCommon(true, inOrder, mobile, wifi);
+        upstreamSelectionTestCommon(configAutomatic, inOrder, mobile, wifi);
 
         // This code has historically been racy, so test different orderings of CONNECTIVITY_ACTION
         // broadcasts and callbacks, and add mLooper.dispatchAll() calls between the two.
@@ -1181,30 +1244,30 @@
         // Switch upstreams a few times.
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
 
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         // Wifi disconnecting should not have any affect since it's not the current upstream.
         wifi.fakeDisconnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         // Lose and regain upstream.
         assertTrue(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor.getCurrentPreferredUpstream().linkProperties
@@ -1214,13 +1277,13 @@
         mobile.fakeDisconnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
 
         mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobile464xlatUpstreamState());
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         // Check the IP addresses to ensure that the upstream is indeed not the same as the previous
         // mobile upstream, even though the netId is (unrealistically) the same.
@@ -1232,13 +1295,13 @@
         mobile.fakeDisconnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
 
         mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         assertTrue(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor.getCurrentPreferredUpstream().linkProperties
                 .hasIPv4Address());
@@ -1252,6 +1315,20 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testAutomaticUpstreamSelection() throws Exception {
+        verifyAutomaticUpstreamSelection(true /* configAutomatic */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testAutomaticUpstreamSelectionWithConfigDisabled() throws Exception {
+        // Expect that automatic config can't disable the automatic mode because automatic mode
+        // is always enabled on U+ device.
+        verifyAutomaticUpstreamSelection(false /* configAutomatic */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testLegacyUpstreamSelection() throws Exception {
         TestNetworkAgent mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
         TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
@@ -1265,54 +1342,417 @@
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(mobile.networkId);
 
         wifi.fakeConnect();
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
+
+        verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(@NonNull final InOrder inOrder,
+            @NonNull final TestNetworkAgent wifi, @NonNull final NetworkCallback currentDunCallack)
+            throws Exception {
+        assertNotNull(currentDunCallack);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
+        inOrder.verify(mCm).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(currentDunCallack));
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(wifi.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private NetworkCallback verifyDunUpstream(@NonNull final InOrder inOrder,
+            @NonNull final TestNetworkAgent dun, final boolean needToRequestNetwork)
+            throws Exception {
+        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
+        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
+        NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback = null;
+        if (needToRequestNetwork) {
+            inOrder.verify(mCm).requestNetwork(any(), eq(0), eq(TYPE_MOBILE_DUN), any(),
+                    captor.capture());
+            dunNetworkCallback = captor.getValue();
+        }
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
+        final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
+
+        if (needToRequestNetwork) {
+            assertNotNull(dunNetworkCallback);
+        } else {
+            assertNull(dunNetworkCallback);
+        }
+
+        return dunNetworkCallback;
+    }
+
+    // Overall test coverage:
+    // - verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode: common, test#1, test#2
+    // - testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_defaultNetworkWifi: test#3, test#4
+    // - testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_loseDefaultNetworkWifi: test#5
+    // - testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_defaultNetworkCell: test#5, test#7
+    // - testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_loseAndRegainDun: test#8
+    // - testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_switchDefaultFromWifiToCell: test#9, test#10
+    //
+    // Overall test cases:
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // | Test  | WiFi  | Cellu |  Dun  | Expec |
+    // | Case  |       | alr   |       | ted   |
+    // |   #   |       |       |       | Upstr |
+    // |       |       |       |       | eam   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   -   |       |       |       |   -   | --+
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |       |   V   |       |   -   |   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |       |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |   +-- chooseDunUpstreamTestCommon
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |   V   |   O   |   O   |  WiFi |   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |   V   |   O   |       |  WiFi | --+
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |       |   -   |
+    // |   1   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |       |   -   |
+    // |   2   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   3   |   V   |   O   |       |  WiFi |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   4   |   V   |       |       |  WiFi |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   5   |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   6   |       |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   7   |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |       |       |       |   -   |
+    // |   8   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   V   |       |   O   |  WiFi |
+    // |   9   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   V   |       |       |  WiFi |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |       |   -   |
+    // |   10  +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    //
+    // Annotation:
+    // 1. "V" means that the given network is connected and it is default network.
+    // 2. "O" means that the given network is connected and it is not default network.
+    //
+
+    // Test case:
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // | Test  | WiFi  | Cellu |  Dun  | Expec |
+    // | Case  |       | alr   |       | ted   |
+    // |   #   |       |       |       | Upstr |
+    // |       |       |       |       | eam   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   -   |       |       |       |   -   | --+
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |       |   V   |       |   -   |   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |       |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |   +-- chooseDunUpstreamTestCommon
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |   V   |   O   |   O   |  WiFi |   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+   |
+    // |   -   |   V   |   O   |       |  WiFi | --+
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |       |   -   |
+    // |   1   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |       |   -   |
+    // |   2   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    //
+    private void verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode(boolean configAutomatic) throws Exception {
+        // Enable automatic upstream selection.
+        TestNetworkAgent mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
+        TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
+        TestNetworkAgent dun = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildDunUpstreamState());
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
+        chooseDunUpstreamTestCommon(configAutomatic, inOrder, mobile, wifi, dun);
+
+        // [1] When default network switch to mobile and wifi is connected (may have low signal),
+        // automatic mode would request dun again and choose it as upstream.
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyDunUpstream(inOrder, dun, true /* needToRequestNetwork */);
+
+        // [2] Lose and regain upstream again.
+        final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        dun.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
+        inOrder.verify(mCm, never()).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode() throws Exception {
-        // Enable automatic upstream selection.
+        verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode(true /* configAutomatic */);
+    }
+
+    // testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_* doesn't verify configAutomatic:false because no
+    // matter |configAutomatic| set to true or false, the result always be automatic mode. We
+    // just need one test to make sure this behavior. Don't need to test this configuration
+    // in all tests.
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticModeWithConfigDisabled() throws Exception {
+        verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode(false /* configAutomatic */);
+    }
+
+    // Test case:
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // | Test  | WiFi  | Cellu |  Dun  | Expec |
+    // | Case  |       | alr   |       | ted   |
+    // |   #   |       |       |       | Upstr |
+    // |       |       |       |       | eam   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   -   |   O   |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   3   |   V   |   O   |       |  WiFi |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   4   |   V   |       |       |  WiFi |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    //
+    // See verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode for the annotation.
+    //
+    @Test
+    public void testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_defaultNetworkWifi() throws Exception {
         TestNetworkAgent mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
         TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
         TestNetworkAgent dun = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildDunUpstreamState());
-        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
-        chooseDunUpstreamTestCommon(true, inOrder, mobile, wifi, dun);
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
+        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback1 = setupDunUpstreamTest(
+                true /* configAutomatic */, inOrder);
+
+        // When wifi connected, unregister dun request and choose wifi as upstream.
+        wifi.fakeConnect();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(inOrder, wifi, dunNetworkCallback1);
 
         // When default network switch to mobile and wifi is connected (may have low signal),
         // automatic mode would request dun again and choose it as upstream.
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
-        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
-        inOrder.verify(mCm).requestNetwork(any(), eq(0), eq(TYPE_MOBILE_DUN), any(), any());
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
+        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback2 = verifyDunUpstream(inOrder, dun,
+                true /* needToRequestNetwork */);
+
+        // [3] When default network switch to wifi and mobile is still connected,
+        // unregister dun request and choose wifi as upstream.
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(inOrder, wifi, dunNetworkCallback2);
+
+        // [4] When mobile is disconnected, keep wifi as upstream.
+        final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mobile.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
+
+        verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
+    }
+
+    // Test case:
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // | Test  | WiFi  | Cellu |  Dun  | Expec |
+    // | Case  |       | alr   |       | ted   |
+    // |   #   |       |       |       | Upstr |
+    // |       |       |       |       | eam   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   -   |   V   |       |       |  WiFi |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   5   |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    //
+    // See verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode for the annotation.
+    //
+    @Test
+    public void testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_loseDefaultNetworkWifi() throws Exception {
+        TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
+        TestNetworkAgent dun = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildDunUpstreamState());
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
+        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback = setupDunUpstreamTest(
+                true /* configAutomatic */, inOrder);
+
+        // When wifi connected, unregister dun request and choose wifi as upstream.
+        wifi.fakeConnect();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(inOrder, wifi, dunNetworkCallback);
+
+        // [5] When wifi is disconnected, automatic mode would request dun again and choose it
+        // as upstream.
+        final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(null, CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        wifi.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyDunUpstream(inOrder, dun, true /* needToRequestNetwork */);
+
+        verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
+    }
+
+    // Test case:
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // | Test  | WiFi  | Cellu |  Dun  | Expec |
+    // | Case  |       | alr   |       | ted   |
+    // |   #   |       |       |       | Upstr |
+    // |       |       |       |       | eam   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   -   |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   6   |       |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   7   |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    //
+    // See verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode for the annotation.
+    //
+    @Test
+    public void testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_defaultNetworkCell() throws Exception {
+        TestNetworkAgent mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
+        TestNetworkAgent dun = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildDunUpstreamState());
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
+        setupDunUpstreamTest(true /* configAutomatic */, inOrder);
+
+        // Pretend dun connected and expect choose dun as upstream.
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
-        // Lose and regain upstream again.
-        dun.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        // [6] When mobile is connected and default network switch to mobile, keep dun as upstream.
+        mobile.fakeConnect();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(null);
-        inOrder.verify(mCm, never()).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
+
+        // [7] When mobile is disconnected, keep dun as upstream.
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(null, CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mobile.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
+
+        verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
+    }
+
+    // Test case:
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // | Test  | WiFi  | Cellu |  Dun  | Expec |
+    // | Case  |       | alr   |       | ted   |
+    // |   #   |       |       |       | Upstr |
+    // |       |       |       |       | eam   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   -   |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |       |       |       |   -   |
+    // |   8   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    //
+    // See verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode for the annotation.
+    //
+    @Test
+    public void testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_loseAndRegainDun() throws Exception {
+        TestNetworkAgent dun = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildDunUpstreamState());
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
+        setupDunUpstreamTest(true /* configAutomatic */, inOrder);
+
+        // Pretend dun connected and expect choose dun as upstream.
+        final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
+
+        // [8] Lose and regain upstream again.
+        dun.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyDunUpstream(inOrder, dun, false /* needToRequestNetwork */);
+
+        verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
+    }
+
+    // Test case:
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // | Test  | WiFi  | Cellu |  Dun  | Expec |
+    // | Case  |       | alr   |       | ted   |
+    // |   #   |       |       |       | Upstr |
+    // |       |       |       |       | eam   |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |   -   |       |       |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   V   |       |   O   |  WiFi |
+    // |   9   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   V   |       |       |  WiFi |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |       |   -   |
+    // |   10  +-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    // |       |   O   |   V   |   O   |  Dun  |
+    // +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+    //
+    // See verifyChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode for the annotation.
+    //
+    @Test
+    public void testChooseDunUpstreamByAutomaticMode_switchDefaultFromWifiToCell()
+            throws Exception {
+        TestNetworkAgent mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
+        TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
+        TestNetworkAgent dun = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildDunUpstreamState());
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mCm, mUpstreamNetworkMonitor);
+        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback = setupDunUpstreamTest(
+                true /* configAutomatic */, inOrder);
+
+        // Pretend dun connected and expect choose dun as upstream.
+        final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        dun.fakeConnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
+
+        // [9] When wifi is connected and default network switch to wifi, unregister dun request
+        // and choose wifi as upstream. When dun is disconnected, keep wifi as upstream.
+        wifi.fakeConnect();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(inOrder, wifi, dunNetworkCallback);
+        dun.fakeDisconnect(CALLBACKS_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
+
+        // [10] When mobile and mobile are connected and default network switch to mobile
+        // (may have low signal), automatic mode would request dun again and choose it as
+        // upstream.
+        mobile.fakeConnect();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verifyDunUpstream(inOrder, dun, true /* needToRequestNetwork */);
 
         verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
     }
 
     @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testChooseDunUpstreamByLegacyMode() throws Exception {
         // Enable Legacy upstream selection.
         TestNetworkAgent mobile = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState());
@@ -1326,7 +1766,7 @@
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
         // BUG: when wifi disconnect, the dun request would not be filed again because wifi is
         // no longer be default network which do not have CONNECTIVIY_ACTION broadcast.
         wifi.fakeDisconnect();
@@ -1354,8 +1794,7 @@
         verifyDisableTryCellWhenTetheringStop(inOrder);
     }
 
-    private void chooseDunUpstreamTestCommon(final boolean automatic, InOrder inOrder,
-            TestNetworkAgent mobile, TestNetworkAgent wifi, TestNetworkAgent dun) throws Exception {
+    private NetworkCallback setupDunUpstreamTest(final boolean automatic, InOrder inOrder) {
         when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_tether_upstream_automatic)).thenReturn(automatic);
         when(mTelephonyManager.isTetheringApnRequired()).thenReturn(true);
         sendConfigurationChanged();
@@ -1368,31 +1807,36 @@
         inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(true);
         ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
         inOrder.verify(mCm).requestNetwork(any(), eq(0), eq(TYPE_MOBILE_DUN), any(),
-                captor.capture());
-        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback1 = captor.getValue();
+                captor.capture() /* DUN network callback */);
 
-        // Pretend cellular connected and expect the upstream to be set.
+        return captor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    private void chooseDunUpstreamTestCommon(final boolean automatic, InOrder inOrder,
+            TestNetworkAgent mobile, TestNetworkAgent wifi, TestNetworkAgent dun)
+            throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCallback dunNetworkCallback = setupDunUpstreamTest(automatic, inOrder);
+
+        // Pretend cellular connected and expect the upstream to be not set.
         mobile.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(mobile, BROADCAST_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(mobile.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
 
         // Pretend dun connected and expect choose dun as upstream.
         final Runnable doDispatchAll = () -> mLooper.dispatchAll();
         dun.fakeConnect(BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(dun.networkId);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(dun.networkId);
 
         // When wifi connected, unregister dun request and choose wifi as upstream.
         wifi.fakeConnect();
         mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setTryCell(false);
-        inOrder.verify(mCm).unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(dunNetworkCallback1));
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor).setCurrentUpstream(wifi.networkId);
+        verifyWifiUpstreamAndUnregisterDunCallback(inOrder, wifi, dunNetworkCallback);
         dun.fakeDisconnect(BROADCAST_FIRST, doDispatchAll);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        inOrder.verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, never()).setCurrentUpstream(any());
+        mTetheringEventCallback.assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
     }
 
     private void runNcmTethering() {
@@ -1434,7 +1878,8 @@
         when(mWifiManager.startTetheredHotspot(any(SoftApConfiguration.class))).thenReturn(true);
 
         // Emulate pressing the WiFi tethering button.
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mWifiManager, times(1)).startTetheredHotspot(null);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
@@ -1461,7 +1906,8 @@
         when(mWifiManager.startTetheredHotspot(any(SoftApConfiguration.class))).thenReturn(true);
 
         // Emulate pressing the WiFi tethering button.
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mWifiManager, times(1)).startTetheredHotspot(null);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
@@ -1473,26 +1919,11 @@
         mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, true);
         sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_ENABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED);
 
-        verifyInterfaceServingModeStarted(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
-        verifyTetheringBroadcast(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, EXTRA_AVAILABLE_TETHER);
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).ipfwdEnableForwarding(TETHERING_NAME);
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherStartWithConfiguration(any());
-        verify(mNetd, times(2)).networkAddRoute(eq(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID), eq(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME),
-                anyString(), anyString());
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
-        verify(mWifiManager).updateInterfaceIpState(
-                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_UNSPECIFIED);
-        verify(mWifiManager).updateInterfaceIpState(
-                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED);
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
+        verifyStartHotspot();
         verifyTetheringBroadcast(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, EXTRA_ACTIVE_TETHER);
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).startObserveAllNetworks();
         // In tethering mode, in the default configuration, an explicit request
         // for a mobile network is also made.
         verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setTryCell(true);
-        // There are 2 IpServer state change events: STATE_AVAILABLE -> STATE_TETHERED
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(1)).onDownstreamChanged(DOWNSTREAM_NONE);
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(1)).onDownstreamChanged(eq(1 << TETHERING_WIFI));
 
         /////
         // We do not currently emulate any upstream being found.
@@ -1514,20 +1945,7 @@
         mTethering.interfaceRemoved(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
 
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherInterfaceRemove(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME);
-        // interfaceSetCfg() called once for enabling and twice for disabling IPv4.
-        verify(mNetd, times(3)).interfaceSetCfg(any(InterfaceConfigurationParcel.class));
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).tetherStop();
-        verify(mNetd, times(1)).ipfwdDisableForwarding(TETHERING_NAME);
-        verify(mWifiManager, times(3)).updateInterfaceIpState(
-                TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_UNSPECIFIED);
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
-        // Asking for the last error after the per-interface state machine
-        // has been reaped yields an unknown interface error.
-        assertEquals(TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE, mTethering.getLastErrorForTest(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME));
+        verifyStopHotpot();
     }
 
     // TODO: Test with and without interfaceStatusChanged().
@@ -1537,11 +1955,13 @@
         doThrow(new RemoteException()).when(mNetd).ipfwdEnableForwarding(TETHERING_NAME);
 
         // Emulate pressing the WiFi tethering button.
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mWifiManager, times(1)).startTetheredHotspot(null);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).createBuilder(eq(TETHERING_WIFI), anyString());
 
         // Emulate externally-visible WifiManager effects, causing the
         // per-interface state machine to start up, and telling us that
@@ -1580,6 +2000,11 @@
         verify(mWifiManager).updateInterfaceIpState(
                 TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, WifiManager.IFACE_IP_MODE_CONFIGURATION_ERROR);
 
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics, times(0)).maybeUpdateUpstreamType(any());
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics, times(2)).updateErrorCode(eq(TETHERING_WIFI),
+                eq(TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR));
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics, times(2)).sendReport(eq(TETHERING_WIFI));
+
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mWifiManager);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNetd);
     }
@@ -1716,7 +2141,7 @@
                     new ArrayList<Network>(Arrays.asList(networks));
             for (Network upstream : expectedUpstreams) {
                 // throws OOB if no expectations
-                assertEquals(mActualUpstreams.remove(0), upstream);
+                assertEquals(upstream, mActualUpstreams.remove(0));
             }
             assertNoUpstreamChangeCallback();
         }
@@ -1731,14 +2156,14 @@
             for (TetheringConfigurationParcel config : expectedTetherConfig) {
                 // throws OOB if no expectations
                 final TetheringConfigurationParcel actualConfig = mTetheringConfigs.remove(0);
-                assertTetherConfigParcelEqual(actualConfig, config);
+                assertTetherConfigParcelEqual(config, actualConfig);
             }
             assertNoConfigChangeCallback();
         }
 
         public void expectOffloadStatusChanged(final int expectedStatus) {
             assertOffloadStatusChangedCallback();
-            assertEquals(mOffloadStatus.remove(0), new Integer(expectedStatus));
+            assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(expectedStatus), mOffloadStatus.remove(0));
         }
 
         public TetherStatesParcel pollTetherStatesChanged() {
@@ -1829,20 +2254,12 @@
 
         private void assertTetherConfigParcelEqual(@NonNull TetheringConfigurationParcel actual,
                 @NonNull TetheringConfigurationParcel expect) {
-            assertEquals(actual.subId, expect.subId);
-            assertArrayEquals(actual.tetherableUsbRegexs, expect.tetherableUsbRegexs);
-            assertArrayEquals(actual.tetherableWifiRegexs, expect.tetherableWifiRegexs);
-            assertArrayEquals(actual.tetherableBluetoothRegexs, expect.tetherableBluetoothRegexs);
-            assertEquals(actual.isDunRequired, expect.isDunRequired);
-            assertEquals(actual.chooseUpstreamAutomatically, expect.chooseUpstreamAutomatically);
-            assertArrayEquals(actual.preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes,
-                    expect.preferredUpstreamIfaceTypes);
-            assertArrayEquals(actual.legacyDhcpRanges, expect.legacyDhcpRanges);
-            assertArrayEquals(actual.defaultIPv4DNS, expect.defaultIPv4DNS);
-            assertEquals(actual.enableLegacyDhcpServer, expect.enableLegacyDhcpServer);
-            assertArrayEquals(actual.provisioningApp, expect.provisioningApp);
-            assertEquals(actual.provisioningAppNoUi, expect.provisioningAppNoUi);
-            assertEquals(actual.provisioningCheckPeriod, expect.provisioningCheckPeriod);
+            assertArrayEquals(expect.tetherableUsbRegexs, actual.tetherableUsbRegexs);
+            assertArrayEquals(expect.tetherableWifiRegexs, actual.tetherableWifiRegexs);
+            assertArrayEquals(expect.tetherableBluetoothRegexs, actual.tetherableBluetoothRegexs);
+            assertArrayEquals(expect.legacyDhcpRanges, actual.legacyDhcpRanges);
+            assertArrayEquals(expect.provisioningApp, actual.provisioningApp);
+            assertEquals(expect.provisioningAppNoUi, actual.provisioningAppNoUi);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1867,7 +2284,7 @@
         mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(Collections.emptyList());
-        callback.expectUpstreamChanged(new Network[] {null});
+        callback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
         callback.expectConfigurationChanged(
                 mTethering.getTetheringConfiguration().toStableParcelable());
         TetherStatesParcel tetherState = callback.pollTetherStatesChanged();
@@ -1882,7 +2299,8 @@
         tetherState = callback.pollTetherStatesChanged();
         assertArrayEquals(tetherState.availableList, new TetheringInterface[] {wifiIface});
 
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                null);
         sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_ENABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, IFACE_IP_MODE_TETHERED);
         tetherState = callback.pollTetherStatesChanged();
         assertArrayEquals(tetherState.tetheredList, new TetheringInterface[] {wifiIface});
@@ -1914,7 +2332,7 @@
         tetherState = callback2.pollTetherStatesChanged();
         assertArrayEquals(tetherState.availableList, new TetheringInterface[] {wifiIface});
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        callback2.expectUpstreamChanged(new Network[] {null});
+        callback2.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
         callback2.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
     }
@@ -1927,25 +2345,15 @@
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         callback.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
 
-        // 1. Offload fail if no OffloadConfig.
-        initOffloadConfiguration(false /* offloadConfig */, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0,
-                0 /* defaultDisabled */);
+        // 1. Offload fail if no IOffloadHal.
+        initOffloadConfiguration(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE, 0 /* defaultDisabled */);
         runUsbTethering(upstreamState);
         callback.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_FAILED);
         runStopUSBTethering();
         callback.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
         reset(mUsbManager, mIPv6TetheringCoordinator);
-        // 2. Offload fail if no OffloadControl.
-        initOffloadConfiguration(true /* offloadConfig */, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE,
-                0 /* defaultDisabled */);
-        runUsbTethering(upstreamState);
-        callback.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_FAILED);
-        runStopUSBTethering();
-        callback.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
-        reset(mUsbManager, mIPv6TetheringCoordinator);
-        // 3. Offload fail if disabled by settings.
-        initOffloadConfiguration(true /* offloadConfig */, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0,
-                1 /* defaultDisabled */);
+        // 2. Offload fail if disabled by settings.
+        initOffloadConfiguration(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_HIDL_1_0, 1 /* defaultDisabled */);
         runUsbTethering(upstreamState);
         callback.expectOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_FAILED);
         runStopUSBTethering();
@@ -1960,11 +2368,10 @@
         verify(mUsbManager).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NONE);
     }
 
-    private void initOffloadConfiguration(final boolean offloadConfig,
-            @OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalVersion final int offloadControlVersion,
+    private void initOffloadConfiguration(
+            @OffloadHardwareInterface.OffloadHalVersion final int offloadHalVersion,
             final int defaultDisabled) {
-        when(mOffloadHardwareInterface.initOffloadConfig()).thenReturn(offloadConfig);
-        when(mOffloadHardwareInterface.initOffloadControl(any())).thenReturn(offloadControlVersion);
+        when(mOffloadHardwareInterface.initOffload(any())).thenReturn(offloadHalVersion);
         when(mOffloadHardwareInterface.getDefaultTetherOffloadDisabled()).thenReturn(
                 defaultDisabled);
     }
@@ -1985,10 +2392,12 @@
     public void testNoDuplicatedEthernetRequest() throws Exception {
         final TetheredInterfaceRequest mockRequest = mock(TetheredInterfaceRequest.class);
         when(mEm.requestTetheredInterface(any(), any())).thenReturn(mockRequest);
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_ETHERNET), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_ETHERNET), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mEm, times(1)).requestTetheredInterface(any(), any());
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_ETHERNET), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_ETHERNET), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mEm);
         mTethering.stopTethering(TETHERING_ETHERNET);
@@ -2192,14 +2601,16 @@
         final ResultListener thirdResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
 
         // Enable USB tethering and check that Tethering starts USB.
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_USB), firstResult);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_USB), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                firstResult);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         firstResult.assertHasResult();
         verify(mUsbManager, times(1)).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_RNDIS);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mUsbManager);
 
         // Enable USB tethering again with the same request and expect no change to USB.
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_USB), secondResult);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_USB), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                secondResult);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         secondResult.assertHasResult();
         verify(mUsbManager, never()).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NONE);
@@ -2208,7 +2619,8 @@
         // Enable USB tethering with a different request and expect that USB is stopped and
         // started.
         mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_USB,
-                  serverLinkAddr, clientLinkAddr, false, CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL), thirdResult);
+                  serverLinkAddr, clientLinkAddr, false, CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL),
+                  TEST_CALLER_PKG, thirdResult);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         thirdResult.assertHasResult();
         verify(mUsbManager, times(1)).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NONE);
@@ -2237,7 +2649,8 @@
         final ArgumentCaptor<DhcpServingParamsParcel> dhcpParamsCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(DhcpServingParamsParcel.class);
         mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_USB,
-                  serverLinkAddr, clientLinkAddr, false, CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL), null);
+                  serverLinkAddr, clientLinkAddr, false, CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL),
+                  TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mUsbManager, times(1)).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NCM);
         mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_NCM_IFNAME, true);
@@ -2255,27 +2668,67 @@
     public void testUpstreamNetworkChanged() {
         final Tethering.TetherMainSM stateMachine = (Tethering.TetherMainSM)
                 mTetheringDependencies.mUpstreamNetworkMonitorSM;
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNotificationUpdater);
+
+        // Gain upstream.
         final UpstreamNetworkState upstreamState = buildMobileIPv4UpstreamState();
         initTetheringUpstream(upstreamState);
         stateMachine.chooseUpstreamType(true);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState.network);
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater)
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState.networkCapabilities);
 
-        verify(mUpstreamNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setCurrentUpstream(eq(upstreamState.network));
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(1)).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(any());
+        // Set the upstream with the same network ID but different object and the same capability.
+        final UpstreamNetworkState upstreamState2 = buildMobileIPv4UpstreamState();
+        initTetheringUpstream(upstreamState2);
+        stateMachine.chooseUpstreamType(true);
+        // Bug: duplicated upstream change event.
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState2.network);
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater)
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState2.networkCapabilities);
+
+        // Set the upstream with the same network ID but different object and different capability.
+        final UpstreamNetworkState upstreamState3 = buildMobileIPv4UpstreamState();
+        assertFalse(upstreamState3.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        upstreamState3.networkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+        initTetheringUpstream(upstreamState3);
+        stateMachine.chooseUpstreamType(true);
+        // Bug: duplicated upstream change event.
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(upstreamState3.network);
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater)
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState3.networkCapabilities);
+
+        // Lose upstream.
+        initTetheringUpstream(null);
+        stateMachine.chooseUpstreamType(true);
+        mTetheringEventCallback.expectUpstreamChanged(NULL_NETWORK);
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(null);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged() {
         final Tethering.TetherMainSM stateMachine = (Tethering.TetherMainSM)
                 mTetheringDependencies.mUpstreamNetworkMonitorSM;
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNotificationUpdater);
         final UpstreamNetworkState upstreamState = buildMobileIPv4UpstreamState();
         initTetheringUpstream(upstreamState);
+
         stateMachine.chooseUpstreamType(true);
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater)
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState.networkCapabilities);
 
         stateMachine.handleUpstreamNetworkMonitorCallback(EVENT_ON_CAPABILITIES, upstreamState);
-        // Should have two onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged().
-        // One is called by reportUpstreamChanged(). One is called by EVENT_ON_CAPABILITIES.
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, times(2)).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(any());
-        reset(mNotificationUpdater);
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater)
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState.networkCapabilities);
+
+        // Verify that onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged is called if current upstream network
+        // capabilities changed.
+        // Expect that capability is changed with new capability VALIDATED.
+        assertFalse(upstreamState.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        upstreamState.networkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+        stateMachine.handleUpstreamNetworkMonitorCallback(EVENT_ON_CAPABILITIES, upstreamState);
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater)
+                .onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(upstreamState.networkCapabilities);
 
         // Verify that onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged won't be called if not current upstream network
         // capabilities changed.
@@ -2283,7 +2736,28 @@
                 upstreamState.linkProperties, upstreamState.networkCapabilities,
                 new Network(WIFI_NETID));
         stateMachine.handleUpstreamNetworkMonitorCallback(EVENT_ON_CAPABILITIES, upstreamState2);
-        verify(mNotificationUpdater, never()).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(any());
+        inOrder.verify(mNotificationUpdater, never()).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged_startStopTethering() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkAgent wifi = new TestNetworkAgent(mCm, buildWifiUpstreamState());
+
+        // Start USB tethering with no current upstream.
+        prepareUsbTethering();
+        sendUsbBroadcast(true, true, TETHER_USB_RNDIS_FUNCTION);
+
+        // Pretend wifi connected and expect the upstream to be set.
+        wifi.fakeConnect();
+        mCm.makeDefaultNetwork(wifi, CALLBACKS_FIRST);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(mNotificationUpdater).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(
+                wifi.networkCapabilities);
+
+        // Stop tethering.
+        // Expect that TetherModeAliveState#exit sends capabilities change notification to null.
+        runStopUSBTethering();
+        verify(mNotificationUpdater).onUpstreamCapabilitiesChanged(null);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -2305,7 +2779,7 @@
         final TetheringRequestParcel wifiNotExemptRequest =
                 createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI, null, null, false,
                         CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
-        mTethering.startTethering(wifiNotExemptRequest, null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(wifiNotExemptRequest, TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mEntitleMgr).startProvisioningIfNeeded(TETHERING_WIFI, false);
         verify(mEntitleMgr, never()).setExemptedDownstreamType(TETHERING_WIFI);
@@ -2319,7 +2793,7 @@
         final TetheringRequestParcel wifiExemptRequest =
                 createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_WIFI, null, null, true,
                         CONNECTIVITY_SCOPE_GLOBAL);
-        mTethering.startTethering(wifiExemptRequest, null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(wifiExemptRequest, TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mEntitleMgr, never()).startProvisioningIfNeeded(TETHERING_WIFI, false);
         verify(mEntitleMgr).setExemptedDownstreamType(TETHERING_WIFI);
@@ -2332,14 +2806,14 @@
         // If one app enables tethering without provisioning check first, then another app enables
         // tethering of the same type but does not disable the provisioning check.
         setupForRequiredProvisioning();
-        mTethering.startTethering(wifiExemptRequest, null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(wifiExemptRequest, TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mEntitleMgr, never()).startProvisioningIfNeeded(TETHERING_WIFI, false);
         verify(mEntitleMgr).setExemptedDownstreamType(TETHERING_WIFI);
         assertTrue(mEntitleMgr.isCellularUpstreamPermitted());
         reset(mEntitleMgr);
         setupForRequiredProvisioning();
-        mTethering.startTethering(wifiNotExemptRequest, null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(wifiNotExemptRequest, TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mEntitleMgr).startProvisioningIfNeeded(TETHERING_WIFI, false);
         verify(mEntitleMgr, never()).setExemptedDownstreamType(TETHERING_WIFI);
@@ -2429,7 +2903,8 @@
         when(mEm.requestTetheredInterface(any(), any())).thenReturn(mockRequest);
         final ArgumentCaptor<TetheredInterfaceCallback> callbackCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(TetheredInterfaceCallback.class);
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_ETHERNET), null);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_ETHERNET),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, null);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verify(mEm).requestTetheredInterface(any(), callbackCaptor.capture());
         TetheredInterfaceCallback ethCallback = callbackCaptor.getValue();
@@ -2511,12 +2986,11 @@
         eventCallbacks = dhcpEventCbsCaptor.getValue();
         // Update lease for local only tethering.
         final MacAddress testMac1 = MacAddress.fromString("11:11:11:11:11:11");
-        final ArrayList<DhcpLeaseParcelable> p2pLeases = new ArrayList<>();
-        p2pLeases.add(createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId1", testMac1, "192.168.50.24", 24,
-                Long.MAX_VALUE, "test1"));
-        notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(p2pLeases, eventCallbacks);
-        final List<TetheredClient> clients = toTetheredClients(p2pLeases, TETHERING_WIFI_P2P);
-        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        final DhcpLeaseParcelable p2pLease = createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId1", testMac1,
+                "192.168.50.24", 24, Long.MAX_VALUE, "test1");
+        final List<TetheredClient> p2pClients = notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(TETHERING_WIFI_P2P,
+                eventCallbacks, p2pLease);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pClients);
         reset(mDhcpServer);
 
         // Run wifi tethering.
@@ -2526,25 +3000,20 @@
                 any(), dhcpEventCbsCaptor.capture());
         eventCallbacks = dhcpEventCbsCaptor.getValue();
         // Update mac address from softAp callback before getting dhcp lease.
-        final ArrayList<WifiClient> wifiClients = new ArrayList<>();
         final MacAddress testMac2 = MacAddress.fromString("22:22:22:22:22:22");
-        final WifiClient testClient = mock(WifiClient.class);
-        when(testClient.getMacAddress()).thenReturn(testMac2);
-        wifiClients.add(testClient);
-        mSoftApCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(wifiClients);
-        final TetheredClient noAddrClient = new TetheredClient(testMac2,
-                Collections.emptyList() /* addresses */, TETHERING_WIFI);
-        clients.add(noAddrClient);
-        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        final TetheredClient noAddrClient = notifyConnectedWifiClientsChanged(testMac2,
+                false /* isLocalOnly */);
+        final List<TetheredClient> p2pAndNoAddrClients = new ArrayList<>(p2pClients);
+        p2pAndNoAddrClients.add(noAddrClient);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pAndNoAddrClients);
 
         // Update dhcp lease for wifi tethering.
-        clients.remove(noAddrClient);
-        final ArrayList<DhcpLeaseParcelable> wifiLeases = new ArrayList<>();
-        wifiLeases.add(createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId2", testMac2, "192.168.43.24", 24,
-                Long.MAX_VALUE, "test2"));
-        notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(wifiLeases, eventCallbacks);
-        clients.addAll(toTetheredClients(wifiLeases, TETHERING_WIFI));
-        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        final DhcpLeaseParcelable wifiLease = createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId2", testMac2,
+                "192.168.43.24", 24, Long.MAX_VALUE, "test2");
+        final List<TetheredClient> p2pAndWifiClients = new ArrayList<>(p2pClients);
+        p2pAndWifiClients.addAll(notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(TETHERING_WIFI,
+                eventCallbacks, wifiLease));
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pAndWifiClients);
 
         // Test onStarted callback that register second callback when tethering is running.
         TestTetheringEventCallback callback2 = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
@@ -2552,18 +3021,74 @@
             mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback2);
             mLooper.dispatchAll();
         });
-        callback2.expectTetheredClientChanged(clients);
+        callback2.expectTetheredClientChanged(p2pAndWifiClients);
     }
 
-    private void notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(List<DhcpLeaseParcelable> leaseParcelables,
-            IDhcpEventCallbacks callback) throws Exception {
-        callback.onLeasesChanged(leaseParcelables);
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testUpdateConnectedClientsForLocalOnlyHotspot() throws Exception {
+        TestTetheringEventCallback callback = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+            mLooper.dispatchAll();
+        });
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(Collections.emptyList());
+
+        // Run local only hotspot.
+        mTethering.interfaceStatusChanged(TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, true);
+        sendWifiApStateChanged(WIFI_AP_STATE_ENABLED, TEST_WLAN_IFNAME, IFACE_IP_MODE_LOCAL_ONLY);
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IDhcpEventCallbacks> dhcpEventCbsCaptor =
+                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IDhcpEventCallbacks.class);
+        verify(mDhcpServer, timeout(DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS)).startWithCallbacks(
+                any(), dhcpEventCbsCaptor.capture());
+        final IDhcpEventCallbacks eventCallbacks = dhcpEventCbsCaptor.getValue();
+        // Update mac address from softAp callback before getting dhcp lease.
+        final MacAddress testMac = MacAddress.fromString("22:22:22:22:22:22");
+        final TetheredClient noAddrClient = notifyConnectedWifiClientsChanged(testMac,
+                true /* isLocalOnly */);
+        final List<TetheredClient> noAddrLocalOnlyClients = new ArrayList<>();
+        noAddrLocalOnlyClients.add(noAddrClient);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(noAddrLocalOnlyClients);
+
+        // Update dhcp lease for local only hotspot.
+        final DhcpLeaseParcelable wifiLease = createDhcpLeaseParcelable("clientId", testMac,
+                "192.168.43.24", 24, Long.MAX_VALUE, "test");
+        final List<TetheredClient> localOnlyClients = notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(TETHERING_WIFI,
+                eventCallbacks, wifiLease);
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(localOnlyClients);
+
+        // Client disconnect from local only hotspot.
+        mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(Collections.emptyList());
+        callback.expectTetheredClientChanged(Collections.emptyList());
+    }
+
+    private TetheredClient notifyConnectedWifiClientsChanged(final MacAddress mac,
+            boolean isLocalOnly) throws Exception {
+        final ArrayList<WifiClient> wifiClients = new ArrayList<>();
+        final WifiClient testClient = mock(WifiClient.class);
+        when(testClient.getMacAddress()).thenReturn(mac);
+        wifiClients.add(testClient);
+        if (isLocalOnly) {
+            mLocalOnlyHotspotCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(wifiClients);
+        } else {
+            mSoftApCallback.onConnectedClientsChanged(wifiClients);
+        }
+        return new TetheredClient(mac, Collections.emptyList() /* addresses */, TETHERING_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    private List<TetheredClient> notifyDhcpLeasesChanged(int type, IDhcpEventCallbacks callback,
+            DhcpLeaseParcelable... leases) throws Exception {
+        final List<DhcpLeaseParcelable> dhcpLeases = Arrays.asList(leases);
+        callback.onLeasesChanged(dhcpLeases);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        return toTetheredClients(dhcpLeases, type);
     }
 
     private List<TetheredClient> toTetheredClients(List<DhcpLeaseParcelable> leaseParcelables,
             int type) throws Exception {
-        final ArrayList<TetheredClient> leases = new ArrayList<>();
+        final ArrayList<TetheredClient> clients = new ArrayList<>();
         for (DhcpLeaseParcelable lease : leaseParcelables) {
             final LinkAddress address = new LinkAddress(
                     intToInet4AddressHTH(lease.netAddr), lease.prefixLength,
@@ -2573,13 +3098,13 @@
             final MacAddress macAddress = MacAddress.fromBytes(lease.hwAddr);
 
             final AddressInfo addressInfo = new TetheredClient.AddressInfo(address, lease.hostname);
-            leases.add(new TetheredClient(
+            clients.add(new TetheredClient(
                     macAddress,
                     Collections.singletonList(addressInfo),
                     type));
         }
 
-        return leases;
+        return clients;
     }
 
     private DhcpLeaseParcelable createDhcpLeaseParcelable(final String clientId,
@@ -2604,7 +3129,8 @@
 
         final ResultListener result = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
         mockBluetoothSettings(true /* bluetoothOn */, true /* tetheringOn */);
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH), result);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, result);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verifySetBluetoothTethering(true /* enable */, true /* bindToPanService */);
         result.assertHasResult();
@@ -2639,7 +3165,8 @@
 
         final ResultListener result = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
         mockBluetoothSettings(true /* bluetoothOn */, true /* tetheringOn */);
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH), result);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, result);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verifySetBluetoothTethering(true /* enable */, true /* bindToPanService */);
         result.assertHasResult();
@@ -2660,7 +3187,8 @@
         // already bound.
         mockBluetoothSettings(true /* bluetoothOn */, true /* tetheringOn */);
         final ResultListener secondResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH), secondResult);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, secondResult);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verifySetBluetoothTethering(true /* enable */, false /* bindToPanService */);
         secondResult.assertHasResult();
@@ -2681,7 +3209,8 @@
     public void testBluetoothServiceDisconnects() throws Exception {
         final ResultListener result = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
         mockBluetoothSettings(true /* bluetoothOn */, true /* tetheringOn */);
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH), result);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH),
+                TEST_CALLER_PKG, result);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         ServiceListener panListener = verifySetBluetoothTethering(true /* enable */,
                 true /* bindToPanService */);
@@ -2812,9 +3341,13 @@
     }
 
     private void forceUsbTetheringUse(final int function) {
-        Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS, function);
+        setSetting(TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS, function);
+    }
+
+    private void setSetting(final String key, final int value) {
+        Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, key, value);
         final ContentObserver observer = mTethering.getSettingsObserverForTest();
-        observer.onChange(false /* selfChange */);
+        observer.onChange(false /* selfChange */, Settings.Global.getUriFor(key));
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
     }
 
@@ -2832,18 +3365,28 @@
         runNcmTethering();
         verify(mDhcpServer, timeout(DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS).times(1)).startWithCallbacks(
                 any(), any());
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).createBuilder(eq(TETHERING_NCM), anyString());
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics, times(1)).maybeUpdateUpstreamType(any());
 
         // Change the USB tethering function to NCM. Because the USB tethering function was set to
         // RNDIS (the default), tethering is stopped.
         forceUsbTetheringUse(TETHER_USB_NCM_FUNCTION);
         verifyUsbTetheringStopDueToSettingChange(TEST_NCM_IFNAME);
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).updateErrorCode(anyInt(), eq(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR));
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).sendReport(eq(TETHERING_NCM));
 
         // If TETHERING_USB is forced to use ncm function, TETHERING_NCM would no longer be
         // available.
         final ResultListener ncmResult = new ResultListener(TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL);
-        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_NCM), ncmResult);
+        mTethering.startTethering(createTetheringRequestParcel(TETHERING_NCM), TEST_CALLER_PKG,
+                ncmResult);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         ncmResult.assertHasResult();
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics, times(2)).createBuilder(eq(TETHERING_NCM), anyString());
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics, times(1)).maybeUpdateUpstreamType(any());
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).updateErrorCode(eq(TETHERING_NCM),
+                eq(TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL));
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics, times(2)).sendReport(eq(TETHERING_NCM));
 
         // Run TETHERING_USB with ncm configuration.
         runDualStackUsbTethering(TEST_NCM_IFNAME);
@@ -2862,74 +3405,86 @@
                 TETHERING_WIFI_P2P, TETHERING_BLUETOOTH, TETHERING_ETHERNET });
     }
 
+    private void setUserRestricted(boolean restricted) {
+        final Bundle restrictions = new Bundle();
+        restrictions.putBoolean(UserManager.DISALLOW_CONFIG_TETHERING, restricted);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserRestrictions()).thenReturn(restrictions);
+        when(mUserManager.hasUserRestriction(
+                UserManager.DISALLOW_CONFIG_TETHERING)).thenReturn(restricted);
+
+        final Intent intent = new Intent(UserManager.ACTION_USER_RESTRICTIONS_CHANGED);
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcastAsUser(intent, UserHandle.ALL);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTetheringSupported() throws Exception {
         final ArraySet<Integer> expectedTypes = getAllSupportedTetheringTypes();
         // Check tethering is supported after initialization.
-        setTetheringSupported(true /* supported */);
         TestTetheringEventCallback callback = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
         mTethering.registerTetheringEventCallback(callback);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
+        verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
 
-        // Could disable tethering supported by settings.
-        Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, Settings.Global.TETHER_SUPPORTED, 0);
-        updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, new ArraySet<>());
+        // Could change tethering supported by settings.
+        setSetting(Settings.Global.TETHER_SUPPORTED, 0);
+        verifySupported(callback, new ArraySet<>());
+        setSetting(Settings.Global.TETHER_SUPPORTED, 1);
+        verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
 
-        // Could disable tethering supported by user restriction.
-        setTetheringSupported(true /* supported */);
-        updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
-        when(mUserManager.hasUserRestriction(
-                UserManager.DISALLOW_CONFIG_TETHERING)).thenReturn(true);
-        updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, new ArraySet<>());
+        // Could change tethering supported by user restriction.
+        setUserRestricted(true /* restricted */);
+        verifySupported(callback, new ArraySet<>());
+        setUserRestricted(false /* restricted */);
+        verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
 
-        // Tethering is supported if it has any supported downstream.
-        setTetheringSupported(true /* supported */);
-        updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
         // Usb tethering is not supported:
         expectedTypes.remove(TETHERING_USB);
         when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_tether_usb_regexs))
                 .thenReturn(new String[0]);
-        updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
+        sendConfigurationChanged();
+        verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
         // Wifi tethering is not supported:
         expectedTypes.remove(TETHERING_WIFI);
         when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_tether_wifi_regexs))
                 .thenReturn(new String[0]);
-        updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
+        sendConfigurationChanged();
+        verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
         // Bluetooth tethering is not supported:
         expectedTypes.remove(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
         when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_tether_bluetooth_regexs))
                 .thenReturn(new String[0]);
 
         if (isAtLeastT()) {
-            updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
+            sendConfigurationChanged();
+            verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
 
             // P2p tethering is not supported:
             expectedTypes.remove(TETHERING_WIFI_P2P);
             when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_tether_wifi_p2p_regexs))
                     .thenReturn(new String[0]);
-            updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
+            sendConfigurationChanged();
+            verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
             // Ncm tethering is not supported:
             expectedTypes.remove(TETHERING_NCM);
             when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_tether_ncm_regexs))
                     .thenReturn(new String[0]);
-            updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
+            sendConfigurationChanged();
+            verifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
             // Ethernet tethering (last supported type) is not supported:
             expectedTypes.remove(TETHERING_ETHERNET);
             mForceEthernetServiceUnavailable = true;
-            updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, new ArraySet<>());
-
+            sendConfigurationChanged();
+            verifySupported(callback, new ArraySet<>());
         } else {
             // If wifi, usb and bluetooth are all not supported, all the types are not supported.
-            expectedTypes.clear();
-            updateConfigAndVerifySupported(callback, expectedTypes);
+            sendConfigurationChanged();
+            verifySupported(callback, new ArraySet<>());
         }
     }
 
-    private void updateConfigAndVerifySupported(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback,
+    private void verifySupported(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback,
             final ArraySet<Integer> expectedTypes) {
-        sendConfigurationChanged();
-
         assertEquals(expectedTypes.size() > 0, mTethering.isTetheringSupported());
         callback.expectSupportedTetheringTypes(expectedTypes);
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java
index 97cebd8..e756bd3 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Message;
@@ -60,11 +60,15 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.util.State;
 import com.android.internal.util.StateMachine;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TestConnectivityManager.NetworkRequestInfo;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TestConnectivityManager.TestNetworkAgent;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
@@ -92,6 +96,8 @@
     private static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
             .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET).build();
 
+    @Rule public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
     @Mock private Context mContext;
     @Mock private EntitlementManager mEntitleMgr;
     @Mock private IConnectivityManager mCS;
@@ -301,6 +307,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testSelectPreferredUpstreamType() throws Exception {
         final Collection<Integer> preferredTypes = new ArrayList<>();
         preferredTypes.add(TYPE_WIFI);
@@ -556,6 +563,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testSelectMobileWhenMobileIsNotDefault() {
         final Collection<Integer> preferredTypes = new ArrayList<>();
         // Mobile has higher pirority than wifi.
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringMetricsTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringMetricsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2c924c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/metrics/TetheringMetricsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.networkstack.tethering.metrics;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_LOWPAN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_NCM;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_USB;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI_P2P;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_DISABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ACCESS_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_PROVISIONING_FAILED;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNAVAIL_IFACE;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_TYPE;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.stats.connectivity.DownstreamType;
+import android.stats.connectivity.ErrorCode;
+import android.stats.connectivity.UpstreamType;
+import android.stats.connectivity.UserType;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.networkstack.tethering.UpstreamNetworkState;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@SmallTest
+public final class TetheringMetricsTest {
+    private static final String TEST_CALLER_PKG = "com.test.caller.pkg";
+    private static final String SETTINGS_PKG = "com.android.settings";
+    private static final String SYSTEMUI_PKG = "com.android.systemui";
+    private static final String GMS_PKG = "com.google.android.gms";
+    private static final long TEST_START_TIME = 1670395936033L;
+    private static final long SECOND_IN_MILLIS = 1_000L;
+
+    private TetheringMetrics mTetheringMetrics;
+    private final NetworkTetheringReported.Builder mStatsBuilder =
+            NetworkTetheringReported.newBuilder();
+
+    private long mElapsedRealtime;
+
+    private class MockTetheringMetrics extends TetheringMetrics {
+        @Override
+        public void write(final NetworkTetheringReported reported) {}
+        @Override
+        public long timeNow() {
+            return currentTimeMillis();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private long currentTimeMillis() {
+        return TEST_START_TIME + mElapsedRealtime;
+    }
+
+    private void incrementCurrentTime(final long duration) {
+        mElapsedRealtime += duration;
+        mTetheringMetrics.timeNow();
+    }
+
+    private long getElapsedRealtime() {
+        return mElapsedRealtime;
+    }
+
+    private void clearElapsedRealtime() {
+        mElapsedRealtime = 0;
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mTetheringMetrics = spy(new MockTetheringMetrics());
+        mElapsedRealtime = 0L;
+    }
+
+    private void verifyReport(final DownstreamType downstream, final ErrorCode error,
+            final UserType user, final UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEvents, final long duration)
+            throws Exception {
+        final NetworkTetheringReported expectedReport =
+                mStatsBuilder.setDownstreamType(downstream)
+                .setUserType(user)
+                .setUpstreamType(UpstreamType.UT_UNKNOWN)
+                .setErrorCode(error)
+                .setUpstreamEvents(upstreamEvents)
+                .setDurationMillis(duration)
+                .build();
+        verify(mTetheringMetrics).write(expectedReport);
+    }
+
+    private void updateErrorAndSendReport(final int downstream, final int error) {
+        mTetheringMetrics.updateErrorCode(downstream, error);
+        mTetheringMetrics.sendReport(downstream);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkCapabilities buildUpstreamCapabilities(final int[] transports) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        for (int type: transports) {
+            nc.addTransportType(type);
+        }
+        return nc;
+    }
+
+    private static UpstreamNetworkState buildUpstreamState(final int... transports) {
+        return new UpstreamNetworkState(
+                null,
+                buildUpstreamCapabilities(transports),
+                null);
+    }
+
+    private void addUpstreamEvent(UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEvents,
+            final UpstreamType expectedResult, final long duration, final long txBytes,
+                    final long rxBytes) {
+        UpstreamEvent.Builder upstreamEvent = UpstreamEvent.newBuilder()
+                .setUpstreamType(expectedResult)
+                .setDurationMillis(duration)
+                .setTxBytes(txBytes)
+                .setRxBytes(rxBytes);
+        upstreamEvents.addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvent);
+    }
+
+    private void runDownstreamTypesTest(final int type, final DownstreamType expectedResult)
+            throws Exception {
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(type, TEST_CALLER_PKG);
+        final long duration = 2 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+        incrementCurrentTime(duration);
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        // Set UpstreamType as NO_NETWORK because the upstream type has not been changed.
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK, duration, 0L, 0L);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(type, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+
+        verifyReport(expectedResult, ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR, UserType.USER_UNKNOWN,
+                upstreamEvents, getElapsedRealtime());
+        reset(mTetheringMetrics);
+        clearElapsedRealtime();
+        mTetheringMetrics.cleanup();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDownstreamTypes() throws Exception {
+        runDownstreamTypesTest(TETHERING_WIFI, DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI);
+        runDownstreamTypesTest(TETHERING_WIFI_P2P, DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI_P2P);
+        runDownstreamTypesTest(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH, DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_BLUETOOTH);
+        runDownstreamTypesTest(TETHERING_USB, DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_USB);
+        runDownstreamTypesTest(TETHERING_NCM, DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_NCM);
+        runDownstreamTypesTest(TETHERING_ETHERNET, DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_ETHERNET);
+    }
+
+    private void runErrorCodesTest(final int errorCode, final ErrorCode expectedResult)
+            throws Exception {
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_WIFI, TEST_CALLER_PKG);
+        mTetheringMetrics.maybeUpdateUpstreamType(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        final long duration = 2 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+        incrementCurrentTime(duration);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_WIFI, errorCode);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_WIFI, duration, 0L, 0L);
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI, expectedResult, UserType.USER_UNKNOWN,
+                    upstreamEvents, getElapsedRealtime());
+        reset(mTetheringMetrics);
+        clearElapsedRealtime();
+        mTetheringMetrics.cleanup();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testErrorCodes() throws Exception {
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR, ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_IFACE, ErrorCode.EC_UNKNOWN_IFACE);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL, ErrorCode.EC_SERVICE_UNAVAIL);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, ErrorCode.EC_UNSUPPORTED);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_UNAVAIL_IFACE, ErrorCode.EC_UNAVAIL_IFACE);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_INTERNAL_ERROR, ErrorCode.EC_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR, ErrorCode.EC_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR, ErrorCode.EC_UNTETHER_IFACE_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR,
+                ErrorCode.EC_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_DISABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR,
+                ErrorCode.EC_DISABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_IFACE_CFG_ERROR, ErrorCode.EC_IFACE_CFG_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_PROVISIONING_FAILED, ErrorCode.EC_PROVISIONING_FAILED);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR, ErrorCode.EC_DHCPSERVER_ERROR);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN, ErrorCode.EC_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION,
+                ErrorCode.EC_NO_CHANGE_TETHERING_PERMISSION);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_NO_ACCESS_TETHERING_PERMISSION,
+                ErrorCode.EC_NO_ACCESS_TETHERING_PERMISSION);
+        runErrorCodesTest(TETHER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_TYPE, ErrorCode.EC_UNKNOWN_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    private void runUserTypesTest(final String callerPkg, final UserType expectedResult)
+            throws Exception {
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_WIFI, callerPkg);
+        final long duration = 1 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+        incrementCurrentTime(duration);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_WIFI, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        // Set UpstreamType as NO_NETWORK because the upstream type has not been changed.
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK, duration, 0L, 0L);
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI, ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR, expectedResult,
+                    upstreamEvents, getElapsedRealtime());
+        reset(mTetheringMetrics);
+        clearElapsedRealtime();
+        mTetheringMetrics.cleanup();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUserTypes() throws Exception {
+        runUserTypesTest(TEST_CALLER_PKG, UserType.USER_UNKNOWN);
+        runUserTypesTest(SETTINGS_PKG, UserType.USER_SETTINGS);
+        runUserTypesTest(SYSTEMUI_PKG, UserType.USER_SYSTEMUI);
+        runUserTypesTest(GMS_PKG, UserType.USER_GMS);
+    }
+
+    private void runUpstreamTypesTest(final UpstreamNetworkState ns,
+            final UpstreamType expectedResult) throws Exception {
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_WIFI, TEST_CALLER_PKG);
+        mTetheringMetrics.maybeUpdateUpstreamType(ns);
+        final long duration = 2 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+        incrementCurrentTime(duration);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_WIFI, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvents, expectedResult, duration, 0L, 0L);
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI, ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR,
+                UserType.USER_UNKNOWN, upstreamEvents, getElapsedRealtime());
+        reset(mTetheringMetrics);
+        clearElapsedRealtime();
+        mTetheringMetrics.cleanup();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpstreamTypes() throws Exception {
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(null , UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK);
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR), UpstreamType.UT_CELLULAR);
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_WIFI), UpstreamType.UT_WIFI);
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH), UpstreamType.UT_BLUETOOTH);
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET), UpstreamType.UT_ETHERNET);
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE), UpstreamType.UT_WIFI_AWARE);
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_LOWPAN), UpstreamType.UT_LOWPAN);
+        runUpstreamTypesTest(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TRANSPORT_WIFI,
+                TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH), UpstreamType.UT_UNKNOWN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiBuildersCreatedBeforeSendReport() throws Exception {
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_WIFI, SETTINGS_PKG);
+        final long wifiTetheringStartTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        incrementCurrentTime(1 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_USB, SYSTEMUI_PKG);
+        final long usbTetheringStartTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        incrementCurrentTime(2 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH, GMS_PKG);
+        final long bluetoothTetheringStartTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        incrementCurrentTime(3 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_WIFI, TETHER_ERROR_DHCPSERVER_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder wifiTetheringUpstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(wifiTetheringUpstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK,
+                currentTimeMillis() - wifiTetheringStartTime, 0L, 0L);
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI, ErrorCode.EC_DHCPSERVER_ERROR,
+                UserType.USER_SETTINGS, wifiTetheringUpstreamEvents,
+                currentTimeMillis() - wifiTetheringStartTime);
+        incrementCurrentTime(1 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_USB, TETHER_ERROR_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder usbTetheringUpstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(usbTetheringUpstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK,
+                currentTimeMillis() - usbTetheringStartTime, 0L, 0L);
+
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_USB, ErrorCode.EC_ENABLE_FORWARDING_ERROR,
+                UserType.USER_SYSTEMUI, usbTetheringUpstreamEvents,
+                currentTimeMillis() - usbTetheringStartTime);
+        incrementCurrentTime(1 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_BLUETOOTH, TETHER_ERROR_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder bluetoothTetheringUpstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(bluetoothTetheringUpstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_NO_NETWORK,
+                currentTimeMillis() - bluetoothTetheringStartTime, 0L, 0L);
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_BLUETOOTH, ErrorCode.EC_TETHER_IFACE_ERROR,
+                UserType.USER_GMS, bluetoothTetheringUpstreamEvents,
+                currentTimeMillis() - bluetoothTetheringStartTime);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpstreamsWithMultipleDownstreams() throws Exception {
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_WIFI, SETTINGS_PKG);
+        final long wifiTetheringStartTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        incrementCurrentTime(1 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        mTetheringMetrics.maybeUpdateUpstreamType(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        final long wifiUpstreamStartTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        incrementCurrentTime(5 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_USB, SYSTEMUI_PKG);
+        final long usbTetheringStartTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        incrementCurrentTime(5 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_USB, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder usbTetheringUpstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(usbTetheringUpstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_WIFI,
+                currentTimeMillis() - usbTetheringStartTime, 0L, 0L);
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_USB, ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR,
+                UserType.USER_SYSTEMUI, usbTetheringUpstreamEvents,
+                currentTimeMillis() - usbTetheringStartTime);
+        incrementCurrentTime(7 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_WIFI, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder wifiTetheringUpstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(wifiTetheringUpstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_WIFI,
+                currentTimeMillis() - wifiUpstreamStartTime, 0L, 0L);
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI, ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR,
+                UserType.USER_SETTINGS, wifiTetheringUpstreamEvents,
+                currentTimeMillis() - wifiTetheringStartTime);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSwitchingMultiUpstreams() throws Exception {
+        mTetheringMetrics.createBuilder(TETHERING_WIFI, SETTINGS_PKG);
+        final long wifiTetheringStartTime = currentTimeMillis();
+        incrementCurrentTime(1 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        mTetheringMetrics.maybeUpdateUpstreamType(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        final long wifiDuration = 5 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+        incrementCurrentTime(wifiDuration);
+        mTetheringMetrics.maybeUpdateUpstreamType(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH));
+        final long bluetoothDuration = 15 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+        incrementCurrentTime(bluetoothDuration);
+        mTetheringMetrics.maybeUpdateUpstreamType(buildUpstreamState(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        final long celltoothDuration = 20 * SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+        incrementCurrentTime(celltoothDuration);
+        updateErrorAndSendReport(TETHERING_WIFI, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
+
+        UpstreamEvents.Builder upstreamEvents = UpstreamEvents.newBuilder();
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_WIFI, wifiDuration, 0L, 0L);
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_BLUETOOTH, bluetoothDuration, 0L, 0L);
+        addUpstreamEvent(upstreamEvents, UpstreamType.UT_CELLULAR, celltoothDuration, 0L, 0L);
+
+        verifyReport(DownstreamType.DS_TETHERING_WIFI, ErrorCode.EC_NO_ERROR,
+                UserType.USER_SETTINGS, upstreamEvents,
+                currentTimeMillis() - wifiTetheringStartTime);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/bpf_progs/Android.bp b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
index 9e516bf..229dce3 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/Android.bp
+++ b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service/native/libs/libclat",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service/native",
-        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/native",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/native/connectivity_native_test",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/native/utilities",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/unit/jni",
-        "//system/netd/tests",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 bpf {
     name: "block.o",
     srcs: ["block.c"],
+    btf: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
@@ -71,8 +72,9 @@
 }
 
 bpf {
-    name: "dscp_policy.o",
-    srcs: ["dscp_policy.c"],
+    name: "dscpPolicy.o",
+    srcs: ["dscpPolicy.c"],
+    btf: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
@@ -90,6 +92,29 @@
 }
 
 bpf {
+    name: "offload@btf.o",
+    srcs: ["offload@btf.c"],
+    btf: true,
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DBTF",
+    ],
+}
+
+bpf {
+    name: "offload@inprocess.o",
+    srcs: ["offload@inprocess.c"],
+    btf: true,
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DBTF",
+        "-DINPROCESS",
+    ],
+}
+
+bpf {
     name: "test.o",
     srcs: ["test.c"],
     cflags: [
@@ -99,8 +124,32 @@
 }
 
 bpf {
+    name: "test@btf.o",
+    srcs: ["test@btf.c"],
+    btf: true,
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DBTF",
+    ],
+}
+
+bpf {
+    name: "test@inprocess.o",
+    srcs: ["test@inprocess.c"],
+    btf: true,
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DBTF",
+        "-DINPROCESS",
+    ],
+}
+
+bpf {
     name: "clatd.o",
     srcs: ["clatd.c"],
+    btf: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
@@ -112,6 +161,7 @@
     // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on 'netd' string for xt_bpf programs it loads
     name: "netd.o",
     srcs: ["netd.c"],
+    btf: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
diff --git a/bpf_progs/block.c b/bpf_progs/block.c
index f2a3e62..3797a38 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/block.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/block.c
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T beta 3 bpfloader
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_VERSION
 
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 
diff --git a/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h b/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h
index e382713..ed33cc9 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h
+++ b/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+// bionic kernel uapi linux/udp.h header is munged...
+#define __kernel_udphdr udphdr
+#include <linux/udp.h>
+
+// Offsets from beginning of L4 (TCP/UDP) header
+#define TCP_OFFSET(field) offsetof(struct tcphdr, field)
+#define UDP_OFFSET(field) offsetof(struct udphdr, field)
+
+// Offsets from beginning of L3 (IPv4/IPv6) header
+#define IP4_OFFSET(field) offsetof(struct iphdr, field)
+#define IP6_OFFSET(field) offsetof(struct ipv6hdr, field)
+
 // this returns 0 iff skb->sk is NULL
 static uint64_t (*bpf_get_socket_cookie)(struct __sk_buff* skb) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_get_socket_cookie;
 
@@ -28,9 +40,12 @@
 
 static int (*bpf_skb_pull_data)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __u32 len) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_pull_data;
 
-static int (*bpf_skb_load_bytes)(struct __sk_buff* skb, int off, void* to,
+static int (*bpf_skb_load_bytes)(const struct __sk_buff* skb, int off, void* to,
                                  int len) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_load_bytes;
 
+static int (*bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative)(const struct __sk_buff* skb, int off, void* to, int len,
+                                          int start_hdr) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_load_bytes_relative;
+
 static int (*bpf_skb_store_bytes)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __u32 offset, const void* from, __u32 len,
                                   __u64 flags) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_store_bytes;
 
@@ -71,3 +86,30 @@
     if (len > skb->len) len = skb->len;
     if (skb->data_end - skb->data < len) bpf_skb_pull_data(skb, len);
 }
+
+// constants for passing in to 'bool egress'
+static const bool INGRESS = false;
+static const bool EGRESS = true;
+
+// constants for passing in to 'bool downstream'
+static const bool UPSTREAM = false;
+static const bool DOWNSTREAM = true;
+
+// constants for passing in to 'bool is_ethernet'
+static const bool RAWIP = false;
+static const bool ETHER = true;
+
+// constants for passing in to 'bool updatetime'
+static const bool NO_UPDATETIME = false;
+static const bool UPDATETIME = true;
+
+// constants for passing in to ignore_on_eng / ignore_on_user / ignore_on_userdebug
+// define's instead of static const due to tm-mainline-prod compiler static_assert limitations
+#define LOAD_ON_ENG false
+#define LOAD_ON_USER false
+#define LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG false
+#define IGNORE_ON_ENG true
+#define IGNORE_ON_USER true
+#define IGNORE_ON_USERDEBUG true
+
+#define KVER_4_14 KVER(4, 14, 0)
diff --git a/bpf_progs/clatd.c b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
index 66e9616..85ba58e 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/clatd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
@@ -30,20 +30,33 @@
 #define __kernel_udphdr udphdr
 #include <linux/udp.h>
 
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T beta 3 bpfloader
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_VERSION
 
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
-#include "bpf_shared.h"
+#include "clatd.h"
 #include "clat_mark.h"
 
-// From kernel:include/net/ip.h
-#define IP_DF 0x4000  // Flag: "Don't Fragment"
+// IP flags. (from kernel's include/net/ip.h)
+#define IP_CE      0x8000  // Flag: "Congestion" (really reserved 'evil bit')
+#define IP_DF      0x4000  // Flag: "Don't Fragment"
+#define IP_MF      0x2000  // Flag: "More Fragments"
+#define IP_OFFSET  0x1FFF  // "Fragment Offset" part
+
+// from kernel's include/net/ipv6.h
+struct frag_hdr {
+    __u8   nexthdr;
+    __u8   reserved;        // always zero
+    __be16 frag_off;        // 13 bit offset, 2 bits zero, 1 bit "More Fragments"
+    __be32 identification;
+};
 
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(clat_ingress6_map, HASH, ClatIngress6Key, ClatIngress6Value, 16, AID_SYSTEM)
 
-static inline __always_inline int nat64(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool is_ethernet) {
+static inline __always_inline int nat64(struct __sk_buff* skb,
+                                        const bool is_ethernet,
+                                        const unsigned kver) {
     // Require ethernet dst mac address to be our unicast address.
     if (is_ethernet && (skb->pkt_type != PACKET_HOST)) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
@@ -72,6 +85,12 @@
     if (ip6->version != 6) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
     // Maximum IPv6 payload length that can be translated to IPv4
+    // Note: technically this check is too strict for an IPv6 fragment,
+    // which by virtue of stripping the extra 8 byte fragment extension header,
+    // could thus be 8 bytes larger and still fit in an ipv4 packet post
+    // translation.  However... who ever heard of receiving ~64KB frags...
+    // fragments are kind of by definition smaller than ingress device mtu,
+    // and thus, on the internet, very very unlikely to exceed 1500 bytes.
     if (ntohs(ip6->payload_len) > 0xFFFF - sizeof(struct iphdr)) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
     ClatIngress6Key k = {
@@ -89,7 +108,36 @@
 
     if (!v) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
-    switch (ip6->nexthdr) {
+    __u8 proto = ip6->nexthdr;
+    __be16 ip_id = 0;
+    __be16 frag_off = htons(IP_DF);
+    __u16 tot_len = ntohs(ip6->payload_len) + sizeof(struct iphdr);  // cannot overflow, see above
+
+    if (proto == IPPROTO_FRAGMENT) {
+        // Fragment handling requires bpf_skb_adjust_room which is 4.14+
+        if (kver < KVER_4_14) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
+
+        // Must have (ethernet and) ipv6 header and ipv6 fragment extension header
+        if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*ip6) + sizeof(struct frag_hdr) > data_end)
+            return TC_ACT_PIPE;
+        const struct frag_hdr *frag = (const struct frag_hdr *)(ip6 + 1);
+        proto = frag->nexthdr;
+        // RFC6145: use bottom 16-bits of network endian 32-bit IPv6 ID field for 16-bit IPv4 field.
+        // this is equivalent to: ip_id = htons(ntohl(frag->identification));
+        ip_id = frag->identification >> 16;
+        // Conversion of 16-bit IPv6 frag offset to 16-bit IPv4 frag offset field.
+        // IPv6 is '13 bits of offset in multiples of 8' + 2 zero bits + more fragment bit
+        // IPv4 is zero bit + don't frag bit + more frag bit + '13 bits of offset in multiples of 8'
+        frag_off = ntohs(frag->frag_off);
+        frag_off = ((frag_off & 1) << 13) | (frag_off >> 3);
+        frag_off = htons(frag_off);
+        // Note that by construction tot_len is guaranteed to not underflow here
+        tot_len -= sizeof(struct frag_hdr);
+        // This is a badly formed IPv6 packet with less payload than the size of an IPv6 Frag EH
+        if (tot_len < sizeof(struct iphdr)) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
+    }
+
+    switch (proto) {
         case IPPROTO_TCP:  // For TCP & UDP the checksum neutrality of the chosen IPv6
         case IPPROTO_UDP:  // address means there is no need to update their checksums.
         case IPPROTO_GRE:  // We do not need to bother looking at GRE/ESP headers,
@@ -114,14 +162,14 @@
             .version = 4,                                                      // u4
             .ihl = sizeof(struct iphdr) / sizeof(__u32),                       // u4
             .tos = (ip6->priority << 4) + (ip6->flow_lbl[0] >> 4),             // u8
-            .tot_len = htons(ntohs(ip6->payload_len) + sizeof(struct iphdr)),  // u16
-            .id = 0,                                                           // u16
-            .frag_off = htons(IP_DF),                                          // u16
+            .tot_len = htons(tot_len),                                         // be16
+            .id = ip_id,                                                       // be16
+            .frag_off = frag_off,                                              // be16
             .ttl = ip6->hop_limit,                                             // u8
-            .protocol = ip6->nexthdr,                                          // u8
+            .protocol = proto,                                                 // u8
             .check = 0,                                                        // u16
-            .saddr = ip6->saddr.in6_u.u6_addr32[3],                            // u32
-            .daddr = v->local4.s_addr,                                         // u32
+            .saddr = ip6->saddr.in6_u.u6_addr32[3],                            // be32
+            .daddr = v->local4.s_addr,                                         // be32
     };
 
     // Calculate the IPv4 one's complement checksum of the IPv4 header.
@@ -171,6 +219,26 @@
     //   return -ENOTSUPP;
     bpf_csum_update(skb, sum6);
 
+    // Technically 'kver < KVER_4_14' already implies 'frag_off == htons(IP_DF)' due to logic above,
+    // thus the initial 'kver >= KVER_4_14' check here is entirely superfluous.
+    //
+    // However, we *need* the compiler (when compiling the program for 4.9) to entirely
+    // optimize out the call to bpf_skb_adjust_room() bpf helper: it's not enough for it to emit
+    // an unreachable call to it, it must *not* emit it at all (otherwise the 4.9 kernel's
+    // bpf verifier will refuse to load a program with an unknown bpf helper call)
+    //
+    // This is easiest to achieve by being very explicit in the if clause,
+    // better safe than sorry...
+    //
+    // Note: we currently have no TreeHugger coverage for 4.9-T devices (there are no such
+    // Pixel or cuttlefish devices), so likely you won't notice for months if this breaks...
+    if (kver >= KVER_4_14 && frag_off != htons(IP_DF)) {
+        // If we're converting an IPv6 Fragment, we need to trim off 8 more bytes
+        // We're beyond recovery on error here... but hard to imagine how this could fail.
+        if (bpf_skb_adjust_room(skb, -(__s32)sizeof(struct frag_hdr), BPF_ADJ_ROOM_NET, /*flags*/0))
+            return TC_ACT_SHOT;
+    }
+
     // bpf_skb_change_proto() invalidates all pointers - reload them.
     data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
     data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
@@ -199,23 +267,28 @@
     return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/ingress6/clat_ether", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_ingress6_clat_ether)
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/ingress6/clat_ether$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_ingress6_clat_ether_4_14, KVER_4_14)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return nat64(skb, true);
+    return nat64(skb, ETHER, KVER_4_14);
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/ingress6/clat_rawip", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_ingress6_clat_rawip)
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/ingress6/clat_ether$4_9", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_ingress6_clat_ether_4_9, KVER_NONE, KVER_4_14)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return nat64(skb, false);
+    return nat64(skb, ETHER, KVER_NONE);
+}
+
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/ingress6/clat_rawip$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_ingress6_clat_rawip_4_14, KVER_4_14)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return nat64(skb, RAWIP, KVER_4_14);
+}
+
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/ingress6/clat_rawip$4_9", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_ingress6_clat_rawip_4_9, KVER_NONE, KVER_4_14)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return nat64(skb, RAWIP, KVER_NONE);
 }
 
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(clat_egress4_map, HASH, ClatEgress4Key, ClatEgress4Value, 16, AID_SYSTEM)
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/egress4/clat_ether", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_egress4_clat_ether)
-(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return TC_ACT_PIPE;
-}
-
 DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/egress4/clat_rawip", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, sched_cls_egress4_clat_rawip)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     // Must be meta-ethernet IPv4 frame
@@ -342,4 +415,4 @@
 }
 
 LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
-CRITICAL("netd");
+CRITICAL("Connectivity");
diff --git a/bpf_progs/clatd.h b/bpf_progs/clatd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5f1cdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/clatd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <linux/in.h>
+#include <linux/in6.h>
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// This header file is shared by eBPF kernel programs (C) and netd (C++) and
+// some of the maps are also accessed directly from Java mainline module code.
+//
+// Hence: explicitly pad all relevant structures and assert that their size
+// is the sum of the sizes of their fields.
+#define STRUCT_SIZE(name, size) _Static_assert(sizeof(name) == (size), "Incorrect struct size.")
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t iif;            // The input interface index
+    struct in6_addr pfx96;   // The source /96 nat64 prefix, bottom 32 bits must be 0
+    struct in6_addr local6;  // The full 128-bits of the destination IPv6 address
+} ClatIngress6Key;
+STRUCT_SIZE(ClatIngress6Key, 4 + 2 * 16);  // 36
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t oif;           // The output interface to redirect to (0 means don't redirect)
+    struct in_addr local4;  // The destination IPv4 address
+} ClatIngress6Value;
+STRUCT_SIZE(ClatIngress6Value, 4 + 4);  // 8
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t iif;           // The input interface index
+    struct in_addr local4;  // The source IPv4 address
+} ClatEgress4Key;
+STRUCT_SIZE(ClatEgress4Key, 4 + 4);  // 8
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t oif;            // The output interface to redirect to
+    struct in6_addr local6;  // The full 128-bits of the source IPv6 address
+    struct in6_addr pfx96;   // The destination /96 nat64 prefix, bottom 32 bits must be 0
+    bool oifIsEthernet;      // Whether the output interface requires ethernet header
+    uint8_t pad[3];
+} ClatEgress4Value;
+STRUCT_SIZE(ClatEgress4Value, 4 + 2 * 16 + 1 + 3);  // 40
+
+#undef STRUCT_SIZE
diff --git a/bpf_progs/dscpPolicy.c b/bpf_progs/dscpPolicy.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..262b65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/dscpPolicy.c
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <linux/if_ether.h>
+#include <linux/if_packet.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
+#include <linux/ipv6.h>
+#include <linux/pkt_cls.h>
+#include <linux/tcp.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netinet/udp.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_VERSION
+
+#include "bpf_helpers.h"
+#include "dscpPolicy.h"
+
+#define ECN_MASK 3
+#define IP4_OFFSET(field, header) ((header) + offsetof(struct iphdr, field))
+#define UPDATE_TOS(dscp, tos) ((dscp) << 2) | ((tos) & ECN_MASK)
+
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(socket_policy_cache_map, HASH, uint64_t, RuleEntry, CACHE_MAP_SIZE, AID_SYSTEM)
+
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv4_dscp_policies_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, DscpPolicy, MAX_POLICIES, AID_SYSTEM)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv6_dscp_policies_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, DscpPolicy, MAX_POLICIES, AID_SYSTEM)
+
+static inline __always_inline void match_policy(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool ipv4) {
+    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
+    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
+
+    const int l2_header_size = sizeof(struct ethhdr);
+    struct ethhdr* eth = data;
+
+    if (data + l2_header_size > data_end) return;
+
+    int hdr_size = 0;
+
+    // used for map lookup
+    uint64_t cookie = bpf_get_socket_cookie(skb);
+    if (!cookie) return;
+
+    __be16 sport = 0;
+    uint16_t dport = 0;
+    uint8_t protocol = 0;  // TODO: Use are reserved value? Or int (-1) and cast to uint below?
+    struct in6_addr src_ip = {};
+    struct in6_addr dst_ip = {};
+    uint8_t tos = 0;            // Only used for IPv4
+    __be32 old_first_be32 = 0;  // Only used for IPv6
+    if (ipv4) {
+        const struct iphdr* const iph = (void*)(eth + 1);
+        hdr_size = l2_header_size + sizeof(struct iphdr);
+        // Must have ipv4 header
+        if (data + hdr_size > data_end) return;
+
+        // IP version must be 4
+        if (iph->version != 4) return;
+
+        // We cannot handle IP options, just standard 20 byte == 5 dword minimal IPv4 header
+        if (iph->ihl != 5) return;
+
+        // V4 mapped address in in6_addr sets 10/11 position to 0xff.
+        src_ip.s6_addr32[2] = htonl(0x0000ffff);
+        dst_ip.s6_addr32[2] = htonl(0x0000ffff);
+
+        // Copy IPv4 address into in6_addr for easy comparison below.
+        src_ip.s6_addr32[3] = iph->saddr;
+        dst_ip.s6_addr32[3] = iph->daddr;
+        protocol = iph->protocol;
+        tos = iph->tos;
+    } else {
+        struct ipv6hdr* ip6h = (void*)(eth + 1);
+        hdr_size = l2_header_size + sizeof(struct ipv6hdr);
+        // Must have ipv6 header
+        if (data + hdr_size > data_end) return;
+
+        if (ip6h->version != 6) return;
+
+        src_ip = ip6h->saddr;
+        dst_ip = ip6h->daddr;
+        protocol = ip6h->nexthdr;
+        old_first_be32 = *(__be32*)ip6h;
+    }
+
+    switch (protocol) {
+        case IPPROTO_UDP:
+        case IPPROTO_UDPLITE: {
+            struct udphdr* udp;
+            udp = data + hdr_size;
+            if ((void*)(udp + 1) > data_end) return;
+            sport = udp->source;
+            dport = ntohs(udp->dest);
+        } break;
+        case IPPROTO_TCP: {
+            struct tcphdr* tcp;
+            tcp = data + hdr_size;
+            if ((void*)(tcp + 1) > data_end) return;
+            sport = tcp->source;
+            dport = ntohs(tcp->dest);
+        } break;
+        default:
+            return;
+    }
+
+    RuleEntry* existing_rule = bpf_socket_policy_cache_map_lookup_elem(&cookie);
+
+    if (existing_rule &&
+        v6_equal(src_ip, existing_rule->src_ip) &&
+        v6_equal(dst_ip, existing_rule->dst_ip) &&
+        skb->ifindex == existing_rule->ifindex &&
+        sport == existing_rule->src_port &&
+        dport == existing_rule->dst_port &&
+        protocol == existing_rule->proto) {
+        if (existing_rule->dscp_val < 0) return;
+        if (ipv4) {
+            uint8_t newTos = UPDATE_TOS(existing_rule->dscp_val, tos);
+            bpf_l3_csum_replace(skb, IP4_OFFSET(check, l2_header_size), htons(tos), htons(newTos),
+                                sizeof(uint16_t));
+            bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, IP4_OFFSET(tos, l2_header_size), &newTos, sizeof(newTos), 0);
+        } else {
+            __be32 new_first_be32 =
+                htonl(ntohl(old_first_be32) & 0xF03FFFFF | (existing_rule->dscp_val << 22));
+            bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, l2_header_size, &new_first_be32, sizeof(__be32),
+                BPF_F_RECOMPUTE_CSUM);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Linear scan ipv4_dscp_policies_map since no stored params match skb.
+    int best_score = 0;
+    int8_t new_dscp = -1;
+
+    for (register uint64_t i = 0; i < MAX_POLICIES; i++) {
+        // Using a uint64 in for loop prevents infinite loop during BPF load,
+        // but the key is uint32, so convert back.
+        uint32_t key = i;
+
+        DscpPolicy* policy;
+        if (ipv4) {
+            policy = bpf_ipv4_dscp_policies_map_lookup_elem(&key);
+        } else {
+            policy = bpf_ipv6_dscp_policies_map_lookup_elem(&key);
+        }
+
+        // If the policy lookup failed, just continue (this should not ever happen)
+        if (!policy) continue;
+
+        // If policy iface index does not match skb, then skip to next policy.
+        if (policy->ifindex != skb->ifindex) continue;
+
+        int score = 0;
+
+        if (policy->present_fields & PROTO_MASK_FLAG) {
+            if (protocol != policy->proto) continue;
+            score += 0xFFFF;
+        }
+        if (policy->present_fields & SRC_IP_MASK_FLAG) {
+            if (v6_not_equal(src_ip, policy->src_ip)) continue;
+            score += 0xFFFF;
+        }
+        if (policy->present_fields & DST_IP_MASK_FLAG) {
+            if (v6_not_equal(dst_ip, policy->dst_ip)) continue;
+            score += 0xFFFF;
+        }
+        if (policy->present_fields & SRC_PORT_MASK_FLAG) {
+            if (sport != policy->src_port) continue;
+            score += 0xFFFF;
+        }
+        if (dport < policy->dst_port_start) continue;
+        if (dport > policy->dst_port_end) continue;
+        score += 0xFFFF + policy->dst_port_start - policy->dst_port_end;
+
+        if (score > best_score) {
+            best_score = score;
+            new_dscp = policy->dscp_val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    RuleEntry value = {
+        .src_ip = src_ip,
+        .dst_ip = dst_ip,
+        .ifindex = skb->ifindex,
+        .src_port = sport,
+        .dst_port = dport,
+        .proto = protocol,
+        .dscp_val = new_dscp,
+    };
+
+    // Update cache with found policy.
+    bpf_socket_policy_cache_map_update_elem(&cookie, &value, BPF_ANY);
+
+    if (new_dscp < 0) return;
+
+    // Need to store bytes after updating map or program will not load.
+    if (ipv4) {
+        uint8_t new_tos = UPDATE_TOS(new_dscp, tos);
+        bpf_l3_csum_replace(skb, IP4_OFFSET(check, l2_header_size), htons(tos), htons(new_tos), 2);
+        bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, IP4_OFFSET(tos, l2_header_size), &new_tos, sizeof(new_tos), 0);
+    } else {
+        __be32 new_first_be32 = htonl(ntohl(old_first_be32) & 0xF03FFFFF | (new_dscp << 22));
+        bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, l2_header_size, &new_first_be32, sizeof(__be32),
+            BPF_F_RECOMPUTE_CSUM);
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/set_dscp_ether", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, schedcls_set_dscp_ether,
+                     KVER(5, 15, 0))
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    if (skb->pkt_type != PACKET_HOST) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
+
+    if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IP)) {
+        match_policy(skb, true);
+    } else if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) {
+        match_policy(skb, false);
+    }
+
+    // Always return TC_ACT_PIPE
+    return TC_ACT_PIPE;
+}
+
+LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
+CRITICAL("Connectivity");
diff --git a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.h b/bpf_progs/dscpPolicy.h
similarity index 64%
rename from bpf_progs/dscp_policy.h
rename to bpf_progs/dscpPolicy.h
index 1637f7a..e565966 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.h
+++ b/bpf_progs/dscpPolicy.h
@@ -14,23 +14,28 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#define CACHE_MAP_SIZE 1024
 #define MAX_POLICIES 16
-#define MAP_A 1
-#define MAP_B 2
 
 #define SRC_IP_MASK_FLAG     1
 #define DST_IP_MASK_FLAG     2
 #define SRC_PORT_MASK_FLAG   4
-#define DST_PORT_MASK_FLAG   8
-#define PROTO_MASK_FLAG      16
+#define PROTO_MASK_FLAG      8
 
 #define STRUCT_SIZE(name, size) _Static_assert(sizeof(name) == (size), "Incorrect struct size.")
 
-#define v6_equal(a, b) \
-    (((a.s6_addr32[0] ^ b.s6_addr32[0]) | \
-      (a.s6_addr32[1] ^ b.s6_addr32[1]) | \
-      (a.s6_addr32[2] ^ b.s6_addr32[2]) | \
-      (a.s6_addr32[3] ^ b.s6_addr32[3])) == 0)
+// Retrieve the first (ie. high) 64 bits of an IPv6 address (in network order)
+#define v6_hi_be64(v) (*(uint64_t*)&((v).s6_addr32[0]))
+
+// Retrieve the last (ie. low) 64 bits of an IPv6 address (in network order)
+#define v6_lo_be64(v) (*(uint64_t*)&((v).s6_addr32[2]))
+
+// This returns a non-zero u64 iff a != b
+#define v6_not_equal(a, b) ((v6_hi_be64(a) ^ v6_hi_be64(b)) \
+                          | (v6_lo_be64(a) ^ v6_lo_be64(b)))
+
+// Returns 'a == b' as boolean
+#define v6_equal(a, b) (!v6_not_equal((a), (b)))
 
 // TODO: these are already defined in packages/modules/Connectivity/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h.
 // smove to common location in future.
@@ -44,27 +49,27 @@
         (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_ecn_set_ce;
 
 typedef struct {
-    struct in6_addr srcIp;
-    struct in6_addr dstIp;
+    struct in6_addr src_ip;
+    struct in6_addr dst_ip;
     uint32_t ifindex;
-    __be16 srcPort;
-    __be16 dstPortStart;
-    __be16 dstPortEnd;
+    __be16 src_port;
+    uint16_t dst_port_start;
+    uint16_t dst_port_end;
     uint8_t proto;
-    uint8_t dscpVal;
-    uint8_t presentFields;
+    int8_t dscp_val;  // -1 none, or 0..63 DSCP value
+    uint8_t present_fields;
     uint8_t pad[3];
 } DscpPolicy;
 STRUCT_SIZE(DscpPolicy, 2 * 16 + 4 + 3 * 2 + 3 * 1 + 3);  // 48
 
 typedef struct {
-    struct in6_addr srcIp;
-    struct in6_addr dstIp;
-    __u32 ifindex;
-    __be16 srcPort;
-    __be16 dstPort;
-    __u8 proto;
-    __u8 dscpVal;
-    __u8 pad[2];
+    struct in6_addr src_ip;
+    struct in6_addr dst_ip;
+    uint32_t ifindex;
+    __be16 src_port;
+    uint16_t dst_port;
+    uint8_t proto;
+    int8_t dscp_val;  // -1 none, or 0..63 DSCP value
+    uint8_t pad[2];
 } RuleEntry;
-STRUCT_SIZE(RuleEntry, 2 * 16 + 1 * 4 + 2 * 2 + 2 * 1 + 2);  // 44
\ No newline at end of file
+STRUCT_SIZE(RuleEntry, 2 * 16 + 1 * 4 + 2 * 2 + 2 * 1 + 2);  // 44
diff --git a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.c b/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 38e1050..0000000
--- a/bpf_progs/dscp_policy.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,329 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <linux/types.h>
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
-#include <linux/if_packet.h>
-#include <linux/ip.h>
-#include <linux/ipv6.h>
-#include <linux/if_ether.h>
-#include <linux/pkt_cls.h>
-#include <linux/tcp.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <netinet/udp.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T beta 3 bpfloader
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
-
-#include "bpf_helpers.h"
-#include "dscp_policy.h"
-
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(switch_comp_map, ARRAY, int, uint64_t, 1, AID_SYSTEM)
-
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_A, HASH, uint64_t, RuleEntry, MAX_POLICIES,
-        AID_SYSTEM)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_B, HASH, uint64_t, RuleEntry, MAX_POLICIES,
-        AID_SYSTEM)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_A, HASH, uint64_t, RuleEntry, MAX_POLICIES,
-        AID_SYSTEM)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_B, HASH, uint64_t, RuleEntry, MAX_POLICIES,
-        AID_SYSTEM)
-
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv4_dscp_policies_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, DscpPolicy, MAX_POLICIES,
-        AID_SYSTEM)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(ipv6_dscp_policies_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, DscpPolicy, MAX_POLICIES,
-        AID_SYSTEM)
-
-static inline __always_inline void match_policy(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool ipv4, bool is_eth) {
-    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
-    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
-
-    const int l2_header_size = is_eth ? sizeof(struct ethhdr) : 0;
-    struct ethhdr* eth = is_eth ? data : NULL;
-
-    if (data + l2_header_size > data_end) return;
-
-    int zero = 0;
-    int hdr_size = 0;
-    uint64_t* selectedMap = bpf_switch_comp_map_lookup_elem(&zero);
-
-    // use this with HASH map so map lookup only happens once policies have been added?
-    if (!selectedMap) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // used for map lookup
-    uint64_t cookie = bpf_get_socket_cookie(skb);
-    if (!cookie)
-        return;
-
-    uint16_t sport = 0;
-    uint16_t dport = 0;
-    uint8_t protocol = 0; // TODO: Use are reserved value? Or int (-1) and cast to uint below?
-    struct in6_addr srcIp = {};
-    struct in6_addr dstIp = {};
-    uint8_t tos = 0; // Only used for IPv4
-    uint8_t priority = 0; // Only used for IPv6
-    uint8_t flow_lbl = 0; // Only used for IPv6
-    if (ipv4) {
-        const struct iphdr* const iph = is_eth ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
-        // Must have ipv4 header
-        if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*iph) > data_end) return;
-
-        // IP version must be 4
-        if (iph->version != 4) return;
-
-        // We cannot handle IP options, just standard 20 byte == 5 dword minimal IPv4 header
-        if (iph->ihl != 5) return;
-
-        // V4 mapped address in in6_addr sets 10/11 position to 0xff.
-        srcIp.s6_addr32[2] = htonl(0x0000ffff);
-        dstIp.s6_addr32[2] = htonl(0x0000ffff);
-
-        // Copy IPv4 address into in6_addr for easy comparison below.
-        srcIp.s6_addr32[3] = iph->saddr;
-        dstIp.s6_addr32[3] = iph->daddr;
-        protocol = iph->protocol;
-        tos = iph->tos;
-        hdr_size = sizeof(struct iphdr);
-    } else {
-        struct ipv6hdr* ip6h = is_eth ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
-        // Must have ipv6 header
-        if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*ip6h) > data_end) return;
-
-        if (ip6h->version != 6) return;
-
-        srcIp = ip6h->saddr;
-        dstIp = ip6h->daddr;
-        protocol = ip6h->nexthdr;
-        priority = ip6h->priority;
-        flow_lbl = ip6h->flow_lbl[0];
-        hdr_size = sizeof(struct ipv6hdr);
-    }
-
-    switch (protocol) {
-        case IPPROTO_UDP:
-        case IPPROTO_UDPLITE:
-        {
-            struct udphdr *udp;
-            udp = data + hdr_size;
-            if ((void*)(udp + 1) > data_end) return;
-            sport = udp->source;
-            dport = udp->dest;
-        }
-        break;
-        case IPPROTO_TCP:
-        {
-            struct tcphdr *tcp;
-            tcp = data + hdr_size;
-            if ((void*)(tcp + 1) > data_end) return;
-            sport = tcp->source;
-            dport = tcp->dest;
-        }
-        break;
-        default:
-            return;
-    }
-
-    RuleEntry* existingRule;
-    if (ipv4) {
-        if (*selectedMap == MAP_A) {
-            existingRule = bpf_ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_A_lookup_elem(&cookie);
-        } else {
-            existingRule = bpf_ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_B_lookup_elem(&cookie);
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (*selectedMap == MAP_A) {
-            existingRule = bpf_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_A_lookup_elem(&cookie);
-        } else {
-            existingRule = bpf_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_B_lookup_elem(&cookie);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (existingRule && v6_equal(srcIp, existingRule->srcIp) &&
-                v6_equal(dstIp, existingRule->dstIp) &&
-                skb->ifindex == existingRule->ifindex &&
-                ntohs(sport) == htons(existingRule->srcPort) &&
-                ntohs(dport) == htons(existingRule->dstPort) &&
-                protocol == existingRule->proto) {
-        if (ipv4) {
-            int ecn = tos & 3;
-            uint8_t newDscpVal = (existingRule->dscpVal << 2) + ecn;
-            int oldDscpVal = tos >> 2;
-            bpf_l3_csum_replace(skb, 1, oldDscpVal, newDscpVal, sizeof(uint8_t));
-            bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, 1, &newDscpVal, sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
-        } else {
-            uint8_t new_priority = (existingRule->dscpVal >> 2) + 0x60;
-            uint8_t new_flow_label = ((existingRule->dscpVal & 0xf) << 6) + (priority >> 6);
-            bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, 0, &new_priority, sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
-            bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, 1, &new_flow_label, sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
-        }
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Linear scan ipv4_dscp_policies_map since no stored params match skb.
-    int bestScore = -1;
-    uint32_t bestMatch = 0;
-
-    for (register uint64_t i = 0; i < MAX_POLICIES; i++) {
-        int score = 0;
-        uint8_t tempMask = 0;
-        // Using a uint64 in for loop prevents infinite loop during BPF load,
-        // but the key is uint32, so convert back.
-        uint32_t key = i;
-
-        DscpPolicy* policy;
-        if (ipv4) {
-            policy = bpf_ipv4_dscp_policies_map_lookup_elem(&key);
-        } else {
-            policy = bpf_ipv6_dscp_policies_map_lookup_elem(&key);
-        }
-
-        // If the policy lookup failed, presentFields is 0, or iface index does not match
-        // index on skb buff, then we can continue to next policy.
-        if (!policy || policy->presentFields == 0 || policy->ifindex != skb->ifindex)
-            continue;
-
-        if ((policy->presentFields & SRC_IP_MASK_FLAG) == SRC_IP_MASK_FLAG &&
-                v6_equal(srcIp, policy->srcIp)) {
-            score++;
-            tempMask |= SRC_IP_MASK_FLAG;
-        }
-        if ((policy->presentFields & DST_IP_MASK_FLAG) == DST_IP_MASK_FLAG &&
-                v6_equal(dstIp, policy->dstIp)) {
-            score++;
-            tempMask |= DST_IP_MASK_FLAG;
-        }
-        if ((policy->presentFields & SRC_PORT_MASK_FLAG) == SRC_PORT_MASK_FLAG &&
-                ntohs(sport) == htons(policy->srcPort)) {
-            score++;
-            tempMask |= SRC_PORT_MASK_FLAG;
-        }
-        if ((policy->presentFields & DST_PORT_MASK_FLAG) == DST_PORT_MASK_FLAG &&
-                ntohs(dport) >= htons(policy->dstPortStart) &&
-                ntohs(dport) <= htons(policy->dstPortEnd)) {
-            score++;
-            tempMask |= DST_PORT_MASK_FLAG;
-        }
-        if ((policy->presentFields & PROTO_MASK_FLAG) == PROTO_MASK_FLAG &&
-                protocol == policy->proto) {
-            score++;
-            tempMask |= PROTO_MASK_FLAG;
-        }
-
-        if (score > bestScore && tempMask == policy->presentFields) {
-            bestMatch = i;
-            bestScore = score;
-        }
-    }
-
-    uint8_t new_tos= 0; // Can 0 be used as default forwarding value?
-    uint8_t new_priority = 0;
-    uint8_t new_flow_lbl = 0;
-    if (bestScore > 0) {
-        DscpPolicy* policy;
-        if (ipv4) {
-            policy = bpf_ipv4_dscp_policies_map_lookup_elem(&bestMatch);
-        } else {
-            policy = bpf_ipv6_dscp_policies_map_lookup_elem(&bestMatch);
-        }
-
-        if (policy) {
-            // TODO: if DSCP value is already set ignore?
-            if (ipv4) {
-                int ecn = tos & 3;
-                new_tos = (policy->dscpVal << 2) + ecn;
-            } else {
-                new_priority = (policy->dscpVal >> 2) + 0x60;
-                new_flow_lbl = ((policy->dscpVal & 0xf) << 6) + (flow_lbl >> 6);
-
-                // Set IPv6 curDscp value to stored value and recalulate priority
-                // and flow label during next use.
-                new_tos = policy->dscpVal;
-            }
-        }
-    } else return;
-
-    RuleEntry value = {
-        .srcIp = srcIp,
-        .dstIp = dstIp,
-        .ifindex = skb->ifindex,
-        .srcPort = sport,
-        .dstPort = dport,
-        .proto = protocol,
-        .dscpVal = new_tos,
-    };
-
-    //Update map with new policy.
-    if (ipv4) {
-        if (*selectedMap == MAP_A) {
-            bpf_ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_A_update_elem(&cookie, &value, BPF_ANY);
-        } else {
-            bpf_ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_B_update_elem(&cookie, &value, BPF_ANY);
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (*selectedMap == MAP_A) {
-            bpf_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_A_update_elem(&cookie, &value, BPF_ANY);
-        } else {
-            bpf_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_B_update_elem(&cookie, &value, BPF_ANY);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Need to store bytes after updating map or program will not load.
-    if (ipv4 && new_tos != (tos & 252)) {
-        int oldDscpVal = tos >> 2;
-        bpf_l3_csum_replace(skb, 1, oldDscpVal, new_tos, sizeof(uint8_t));
-        bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, 1, &new_tos, sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
-    } else if (!ipv4 && (new_priority != priority || new_flow_lbl != flow_lbl)) {
-        bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, 0, &new_priority, sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
-        bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, 1, &new_flow_lbl, sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
-    }
-    return;
-}
-
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/set_dscp_ether", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
-                     schedcls_set_dscp_ether, KVER(5, 15, 0))
-(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-
-    if (skb->pkt_type != PACKET_HOST) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
-
-    if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IP)) {
-        match_policy(skb, true, true);
-    } else if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) {
-        match_policy(skb, false, true);
-    }
-
-    // Always return TC_ACT_PIPE
-    return TC_ACT_PIPE;
-}
-
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/set_dscp_raw_ip", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
-                     schedcls_set_dscp_raw_ip, KVER(5, 15, 0))
-(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IP)) {
-        match_policy(skb, true, false);
-    } else if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) {
-        match_policy(skb, false, false);
-    }
-
-    // Always return TC_ACT_PIPE
-    return TC_ACT_PIPE;
-}
-
-LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
-CRITICAL("Connectivity");
diff --git a/bpf_progs/netd.c b/bpf_progs/netd.c
index 24b3fed..839ca40 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/netd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/netd.c
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T Beta 3 bpfloader
-#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_BETA3_VERSION
+// The resulting .o needs to load on the Android T bpfloader
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_T_VERSION
 
 #include <bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
@@ -31,35 +31,44 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
-#include "bpf_shared.h"
+#include "netd.h"
 
 // This is defined for cgroup bpf filter only.
-#define BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS 2
-#define BPF_PASS 1
-#define BPF_DROP 0
+static const int DROP = 0;
+static const int PASS = 1;
+static const int DROP_UNLESS_DNS = 2;  // internal to our program
 
 // This is used for xt_bpf program only.
-#define BPF_NOMATCH 0
-#define BPF_MATCH 1
+static const int BPF_NOMATCH = 0;
+static const int BPF_MATCH = 1;
 
-#define BPF_EGRESS 0
-#define BPF_INGRESS 1
+// Used for 'bool enable_tracing'
+static const bool TRACE_ON = true;
+static const bool TRACE_OFF = false;
 
-#define IP_PROTO_OFF offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol)
-#define IPV6_PROTO_OFF offsetof(struct ipv6hdr, nexthdr)
+// offsetof(struct iphdr, ihl) -- but that's a bitfield
 #define IPPROTO_IHL_OFF 0
-#define TCP_FLAG_OFF 13
-#define RST_OFFSET 2
+
+// This is offsetof(struct tcphdr, "32 bit tcp flag field")
+// The tcp flags are after be16 source, dest & be32 seq, ack_seq, hence 12 bytes in.
+//
+// Note that TCP_FLAG_{ACK,PSH,RST,SYN,FIN} are htonl(0x00{10,08,04,02,01}0000)
+// see include/uapi/linux/tcp.h
+#define TCP_FLAG32_OFF 12
 
 // For maps netd does not need to access
-#define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_EXT(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, \
-                       AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0060, "fs_bpf_net_shared", "", false)
+#define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries)      \
+    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_EXT(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries,              \
+                       AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0060, "fs_bpf_net_shared", "", false, \
+                       BPFLOADER_MIN_VER, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, LOAD_ON_ENG,       \
+                       LOAD_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
 
 // For maps netd only needs read only access to
-#define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RO_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_EXT(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries, \
-                       AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0460, "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", false)
+#define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RO_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries)         \
+    DEFINE_BPF_MAP_EXT(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries,                 \
+                       AID_ROOT, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, 0460, "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", false, \
+                       BPFLOADER_MIN_VER, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, LOAD_ON_ENG,       \
+                       LOAD_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
 
 // For maps netd needs to be able to read and write
 #define DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RW_NETD(the_map, TYPE, TypeOfKey, TypeOfValue, num_entries) \
@@ -72,6 +81,9 @@
 // only valid indexes are [0..CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE-1]
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RO_NETD(configuration_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, uint32_t, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE)
 
+// TODO: consider whether we can merge some of these maps
+// for example it might be possible to merge 2 or 3 of:
+//   uid_counterset_map + uid_owner_map + uid_permission_map
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RW_NETD(cookie_tag_map, HASH, uint64_t, UidTagValue, COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(uid_counterset_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE)
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(app_uid_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, StatsValue, APP_STATS_MAP_SIZE)
@@ -84,19 +96,48 @@
 /* never actually used from ebpf */
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_NETD(iface_index_name_map, HASH, uint32_t, IfaceValue, IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE)
 
+// A single-element configuration array, packet tracing is enabled when 'true'.
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_EXT(packet_trace_enabled_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, bool, 1,
+                   AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, 0060, "fs_bpf_net_shared", "", false,
+                   BPFLOADER_IGNORED_ON_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, LOAD_ON_ENG,
+                   IGNORE_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG)
+
+// A ring buffer on which packet information is pushed. This map will only be loaded
+// on eng and userdebug devices. User devices won't load this to save memory.
+DEFINE_BPF_RINGBUF_EXT(packet_trace_ringbuf, PacketTrace, PACKET_TRACE_BUF_SIZE,
+                       AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, 0060, "fs_bpf_net_shared", "", false,
+                       BPFLOADER_IGNORED_ON_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, LOAD_ON_ENG,
+                       IGNORE_ON_USER, LOAD_ON_USERDEBUG);
+
 // iptables xt_bpf programs need to be usable by both netd and netutils_wrappers
+// selinux contexts, because even non-xt_bpf iptables mutations are implemented as
+// a full table dump, followed by an update in userspace, and then a reload into the kernel,
+// where any already in-use xt_bpf matchers are serialized as the path to the pinned
+// program (see XT_BPF_MODE_PATH_PINNED) and then the iptables binary (or rather
+// the kernel acting on behalf of it) must be able to retrieve the pinned program
+// for the reload to succeed
 #define DEFINE_XTBPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
     DEFINE_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog)
 
 // programs that need to be usable by netd, but not by netutils_wrappers
+// (this is because these are currently attached by the mainline provided libnetd_updatable .so
+// which is loaded into netd and thus runs as netd uid/gid/selinux context)
+#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, minKV, maxKV) \
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog,                               \
+                        minKV, maxKV, BPFLOADER_MIN_VER, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, false,                \
+                        "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", false, false, false)
+
+#define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, min_kv) \
+    DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, min_kv, KVER_INF)
+
 #define DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, \
-                        KVER_NONE, KVER_INF, false, "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "")
+    DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, KVER_NONE)
 
 // programs that only need to be usable by the system server
 #define DEFINE_SYS_BPF_PROG(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, \
-                        KVER_NONE, KVER_INF, false, "fs_bpf_net_shared", "")
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT(SECTION_NAME, prog_uid, prog_gid, the_prog, KVER_NONE, KVER_INF,  \
+                        BPFLOADER_MIN_VER, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, false, "fs_bpf_net_shared", \
+                        "", false, false, false)
 
 static __always_inline int is_system_uid(uint32_t uid) {
     // MIN_SYSTEM_UID is AID_ROOT == 0, so uint32_t is *always* >= 0
@@ -131,36 +172,38 @@
  * Especially since the number of packets is important for any future clat offload correction.
  * (which adjusts upward by 20 bytes per packet to account for ipv4 -> ipv6 header conversion)
  */
-#define DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(the_stats_map, TypeOfKey)                                          \
-    static __always_inline inline void update_##the_stats_map(struct __sk_buff* skb,           \
-                                                              int direction, TypeOfKey* key) { \
-        StatsValue* value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                            \
-        if (!value) {                                                                          \
-            StatsValue newValue = {};                                                          \
-            bpf_##the_stats_map##_update_elem(key, &newValue, BPF_NOEXIST);                    \
-            value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                                    \
-        }                                                                                      \
-        if (value) {                                                                           \
-            const int mtu = 1500;                                                              \
-            uint64_t packets = 1;                                                              \
-            uint64_t bytes = skb->len;                                                         \
-            if (bytes > mtu) {                                                                 \
-                bool is_ipv6 = (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6));                           \
-                int ip_overhead = (is_ipv6 ? sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) : sizeof(struct iphdr));   \
-                int tcp_overhead = ip_overhead + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;                   \
-                int mss = mtu - tcp_overhead;                                                  \
-                uint64_t payload = bytes - tcp_overhead;                                       \
-                packets = (payload + mss - 1) / mss;                                           \
-                bytes = tcp_overhead * packets + payload;                                      \
-            }                                                                                  \
-            if (direction == BPF_EGRESS) {                                                     \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txPackets, packets);                              \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txBytes, bytes);                                  \
-            } else if (direction == BPF_INGRESS) {                                             \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxPackets, packets);                              \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxBytes, bytes);                                  \
-            }                                                                                  \
-        }                                                                                      \
+#define DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(the_stats_map, TypeOfKey)                                            \
+    static __always_inline inline void update_##the_stats_map(const struct __sk_buff* const skb, \
+                                                              const TypeOfKey* const key,        \
+                                                              const bool egress,                 \
+                                                              const unsigned kver) {             \
+        StatsValue* value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                              \
+        if (!value) {                                                                            \
+            StatsValue newValue = {};                                                            \
+            bpf_##the_stats_map##_update_elem(key, &newValue, BPF_NOEXIST);                      \
+            value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                                      \
+        }                                                                                        \
+        if (value) {                                                                             \
+            const int mtu = 1500;                                                                \
+            uint64_t packets = 1;                                                                \
+            uint64_t bytes = skb->len;                                                           \
+            if (bytes > mtu) {                                                                   \
+                bool is_ipv6 = (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6));                             \
+                int ip_overhead = (is_ipv6 ? sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) : sizeof(struct iphdr));     \
+                int tcp_overhead = ip_overhead + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;                     \
+                int mss = mtu - tcp_overhead;                                                    \
+                uint64_t payload = bytes - tcp_overhead;                                         \
+                packets = (payload + mss - 1) / mss;                                             \
+                bytes = tcp_overhead * packets + payload;                                        \
+            }                                                                                    \
+            if (egress) {                                                                        \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txPackets, packets);                                \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txBytes, bytes);                                    \
+            } else {                                                                             \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxPackets, packets);                                \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxBytes, bytes);                                    \
+            }                                                                                    \
+        }                                                                                        \
     }
 
 DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(app_uid_stats_map, uint32_t)
@@ -168,46 +211,129 @@
 DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(stats_map_A, StatsKey)
 DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(stats_map_B, StatsKey)
 
-static inline bool skip_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    int offset = -1;
-    int ret = 0;
-    if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IP)) {
-        offset = IP_PROTO_OFF;
-        uint8_t proto, ihl;
-        uint8_t flag;
-        ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, offset, &proto, 1);
-        if (!ret) {
-            if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) {
-                return true;
-            } else if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
-                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, IPPROTO_IHL_OFF, &ihl, 1);
-                ihl = ihl & 0x0F;
-                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, ihl * 4 + TCP_FLAG_OFF, &flag, 1);
-                if (ret == 0 && (flag >> RST_OFFSET & 1)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } else if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) {
-        offset = IPV6_PROTO_OFF;
-        uint8_t proto;
-        ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, offset, &proto, 1);
-        if (!ret) {
-            if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) {
-                return true;
-            } else if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
-                uint8_t flag;
-                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) + TCP_FLAG_OFF, &flag, 1);
-                if (ret == 0 && (flag >> RST_OFFSET & 1)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
+// both of these return 0 on success or -EFAULT on failure (and zero out the buffer)
+static __always_inline inline int bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(const struct __sk_buff* const skb,
+                                                         const int L3_off,
+                                                         void* const to,
+                                                         const int len,
+                                                         const unsigned kver) {
+    // 'kver' (here and throughout) is the compile time guaranteed minimum kernel version,
+    // ie. we're building (a version of) the bpf program for kver (or newer!) kernels.
+    //
+    // 4.19+ kernels support the 'bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative()' bpf helper function,
+    // so we can use it.  On pre-4.19 kernels we cannot use the relative load helper,
+    // and thus will simply get things wrong if there's any L2 (ethernet) header in the skb.
+    //
+    // Luckily, for cellular traffic, there likely isn't any, as cell is usually 'rawip'.
+    //
+    // However, this does mean that wifi (and ethernet) on 4.14 is basically a lost cause:
+    // we'll be making decisions based on the *wrong* bytes (fetched from the wrong offset),
+    // because the 'L3_off' passed to bpf_skb_load_bytes() should be increased by l2_header_size,
+    // which for ethernet is 14 and not 0 like it is for rawip.
+    //
+    // For similar reasons this will fail with non-offloaded VLAN tags on < 4.19 kernels,
+    // since those extend the ethernet header from 14 to 18 bytes.
+    return kver >= KVER(4, 19, 0)
+        ? bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative(skb, L3_off, to, len, BPF_HDR_START_NET)
+        : bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, L3_off, to, len);
 }
 
-static __always_inline BpfConfig getConfig(uint32_t configKey) {
+static __always_inline inline void do_packet_tracing(
+        const struct __sk_buff* const skb, const bool egress, const uint32_t uid,
+        const uint32_t tag, const bool enable_tracing, const unsigned kver) {
+    if (!enable_tracing) return;
+    if (kver < KVER(5, 8, 0)) return;
+
+    uint32_t mapKey = 0;
+    bool* traceConfig = bpf_packet_trace_enabled_map_lookup_elem(&mapKey);
+    if (traceConfig == NULL) return;
+    if (*traceConfig == false) return;
+
+    PacketTrace* pkt = bpf_packet_trace_ringbuf_reserve();
+    if (pkt == NULL) return;
+
+    // Errors from bpf_skb_load_bytes_net are ignored to favor returning something
+    // over returning nothing. In the event of an error, the kernel will fill in
+    // zero for the destination memory. Do not change the default '= 0' below.
+
+    uint8_t proto = 0;
+    uint8_t L4_off = 0;
+    uint8_t ipVersion = 0;
+    if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IP)) {
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, IP4_OFFSET(protocol), &proto, sizeof(proto), kver);
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, IPPROTO_IHL_OFF, &L4_off, sizeof(L4_off), kver);
+        L4_off = (L4_off & 0x0F) * 4;  // IHL calculation.
+        ipVersion = 4;
+    } else if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) {
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, IP6_OFFSET(nexthdr), &proto, sizeof(proto), kver);
+        L4_off = sizeof(struct ipv6hdr);
+        ipVersion = 6;
+    }
+
+    uint8_t flags = 0;
+    __be16 sport = 0, dport = 0;
+    if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP && L4_off >= 20) {
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, L4_off + TCP_FLAG32_OFF + 1, &flags, sizeof(flags), kver);
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, L4_off + TCP_OFFSET(source), &sport, sizeof(sport), kver);
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, L4_off + TCP_OFFSET(dest), &dport, sizeof(dport), kver);
+    } else if (proto == IPPROTO_UDP && L4_off >= 20) {
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, L4_off + UDP_OFFSET(source), &sport, sizeof(sport), kver);
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, L4_off + UDP_OFFSET(dest), &dport, sizeof(dport), kver);
+    }
+
+    pkt->timestampNs = bpf_ktime_get_boot_ns();
+    pkt->ifindex = skb->ifindex;
+    pkt->length = skb->len;
+
+    pkt->uid = uid;
+    pkt->tag = tag;
+    pkt->sport = sport;
+    pkt->dport = dport;
+
+    pkt->egress = egress;
+    pkt->ipProto = proto;
+    pkt->tcpFlags = flags;
+    pkt->ipVersion = ipVersion;
+
+    bpf_packet_trace_ringbuf_submit(pkt);
+}
+
+static __always_inline inline bool skip_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool egress,
+                                                    const unsigned kver) {
+    uint32_t flag = 0;
+    if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IP)) {
+        uint8_t proto;
+        // no need to check for success, proto will be zeroed if bpf_skb_load_bytes_net() fails
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, IP4_OFFSET(protocol), &proto, sizeof(proto), kver);
+        if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) return true;
+        if (proto != IPPROTO_TCP) return false;  // handles read failure above
+        uint8_t ihl;
+        // we don't check for success, as this cannot fail, as it is earlier in the packet than
+        // proto, the reading of which must have succeeded, additionally the next read
+        // (a little bit deeper in the packet in spite of ihl being zeroed) of the tcp flags
+        // field will also fail, and that failure we already handle correctly
+        // (we also don't check that ihl in [0x45,0x4F] nor that ipv4 header checksum is correct)
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, IPPROTO_IHL_OFF, &ihl, sizeof(ihl), kver);
+        // if the read below fails, we'll just assume no TCP flags are set, which is fine.
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, (ihl & 0xF) * 4 + TCP_FLAG32_OFF,
+                                     &flag, sizeof(flag), kver);
+    } else if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) {
+        uint8_t proto;
+        // no need to check for success, proto will be zeroed if bpf_skb_load_bytes_net() fails
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, IP6_OFFSET(nexthdr), &proto, sizeof(proto), kver);
+        if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) return true;
+        if (proto != IPPROTO_TCP) return false;  // handles read failure above
+        // if the read below fails, we'll just assume no TCP flags are set, which is fine.
+        (void)bpf_skb_load_bytes_net(skb, sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) + TCP_FLAG32_OFF,
+                                     &flag, sizeof(flag), kver);
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Always allow RST's, and additionally allow ingress FINs
+    return flag & (TCP_FLAG_RST | (egress ? 0 : TCP_FLAG_FIN));  // false on read failure
+}
+
+static __always_inline inline BpfConfig getConfig(uint32_t configKey) {
     uint32_t mapSettingKey = configKey;
     BpfConfig* config = bpf_configuration_map_lookup_elem(&mapSettingKey);
     if (!config) {
@@ -217,10 +343,16 @@
     return *config;
 }
 
-static inline int bpf_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb, uint32_t uid, int direction) {
-    if (skip_owner_match(skb)) return BPF_PASS;
+// DROP_IF_SET is set of rules that DROP if rule is globally enabled, and per-uid bit is set
+#define DROP_IF_SET (STANDBY_MATCH | OEM_DENY_1_MATCH | OEM_DENY_2_MATCH | OEM_DENY_3_MATCH)
+// DROP_IF_UNSET is set of rules that should DROP if globally enabled, and per-uid bit is NOT set
+#define DROP_IF_UNSET (DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH | LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH)
 
-    if (is_system_uid(uid)) return BPF_PASS;
+static __always_inline inline int bpf_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb, uint32_t uid,
+                                                  bool egress, const unsigned kver) {
+    if (is_system_uid(uid)) return PASS;
+
+    if (skip_owner_match(skb, egress, kver)) return PASS;
 
     BpfConfig enabledRules = getConfig(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
 
@@ -228,58 +360,44 @@
     uint32_t uidRules = uidEntry ? uidEntry->rule : 0;
     uint32_t allowed_iif = uidEntry ? uidEntry->iif : 0;
 
-    if (enabledRules) {
-        if ((enabledRules & DOZABLE_MATCH) && !(uidRules & DOZABLE_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & STANDBY_MATCH) && (uidRules & STANDBY_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & POWERSAVE_MATCH) && !(uidRules & POWERSAVE_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & RESTRICTED_MATCH) && !(uidRules & RESTRICTED_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH) && !(uidRules & LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & OEM_DENY_1_MATCH) && (uidRules & OEM_DENY_1_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & OEM_DENY_2_MATCH) && (uidRules & OEM_DENY_2_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & OEM_DENY_3_MATCH) && (uidRules & OEM_DENY_3_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-    }
-    if (direction == BPF_INGRESS && skb->ifindex != 1) {
+    // Warning: funky bit-wise arithmetic: in parallel, for all DROP_IF_SET/UNSET rules
+    // check whether the rules are globally enabled, and if so whether the rules are
+    // set/unset for the specific uid.  DROP if that is the case for ANY of the rules.
+    // We achieve this by masking out only the bits/rules we're interested in checking,
+    // and negating (via bit-wise xor) the bits/rules that should drop if unset.
+    if (enabledRules & (DROP_IF_SET | DROP_IF_UNSET) & (uidRules ^ DROP_IF_UNSET)) return DROP;
+
+    if (!egress && skb->ifindex != 1) {
         if (uidRules & IIF_MATCH) {
             if (allowed_iif && skb->ifindex != allowed_iif) {
                 // Drops packets not coming from lo nor the allowed interface
                 // allowed interface=0 is a wildcard and does not drop packets
-                return BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
+                return DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
             }
         } else if (uidRules & LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH) {
             // Drops packets not coming from lo and rule does not have IIF_MATCH but has
             // LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH
-            return BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
+            return DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
         }
     }
-    return BPF_PASS;
+    return PASS;
 }
 
-static __always_inline inline void update_stats_with_config(struct __sk_buff* skb, int direction,
-                                                            StatsKey* key, uint32_t selectedMap) {
+static __always_inline inline void update_stats_with_config(const uint32_t selectedMap,
+                                                            const struct __sk_buff* const skb,
+                                                            const StatsKey* const key,
+                                                            const bool egress,
+                                                            const unsigned kver) {
     if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_A) {
-        update_stats_map_A(skb, direction, key);
-    } else if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_B) {
-        update_stats_map_B(skb, direction, key);
+        update_stats_map_A(skb, key, egress, kver);
+    } else {
+        update_stats_map_B(skb, key, egress, kver);
     }
 }
 
-static __always_inline inline int bpf_traffic_account(struct __sk_buff* skb, int direction) {
+static __always_inline inline int bpf_traffic_account(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool egress,
+                                                      const bool enable_tracing,
+                                                      const unsigned kver) {
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
     uint64_t cookie = bpf_get_socket_cookie(skb);
     UidTagValue* utag = bpf_cookie_tag_map_lookup_elem(&cookie);
@@ -296,15 +414,10 @@
     // interface is accounted for and subject to usage restrictions.
     // TODO: remove sock_uid check once Nat464Xlat javaland adds the socket tag AID_CLAT for clat.
     if (sock_uid == AID_CLAT || uid == AID_CLAT) {
-        return BPF_PASS;
+        return PASS;
     }
 
-    int match = bpf_owner_match(skb, sock_uid, direction);
-    if ((direction == BPF_EGRESS) && (match == BPF_DROP)) {
-        // If an outbound packet is going to be dropped, we do not count that
-        // traffic.
-        return match;
-    }
+    int match = bpf_owner_match(skb, sock_uid, egress, kver);
 
 // Workaround for secureVPN with VpnIsolation enabled, refer to b/159994981 for details.
 // Keep TAG_SYSTEM_DNS in sync with DnsResolver/include/netd_resolv/resolv.h
@@ -312,11 +425,14 @@
 #define TAG_SYSTEM_DNS 0xFFFFFF82
     if (tag == TAG_SYSTEM_DNS && uid == AID_DNS) {
         uid = sock_uid;
-        if (match == BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS) match = BPF_PASS;
+        if (match == DROP_UNLESS_DNS) match = PASS;
     } else {
-        if (match == BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS) match = BPF_DROP;
+        if (match == DROP_UNLESS_DNS) match = DROP;
     }
 
+    // If an outbound packet is going to be dropped, we do not count that traffic.
+    if (egress && (match == DROP)) return DROP;
+
     StatsKey key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = 0, .ifaceIndex = skb->ifindex};
 
     uint8_t* counterSet = bpf_uid_counterset_map_lookup_elem(&uid);
@@ -333,25 +449,51 @@
         return match;
     }
 
-    if (key.tag) {
-        update_stats_with_config(skb, direction, &key, *selectedMap);
-        key.tag = 0;
-    }
-
-    update_stats_with_config(skb, direction, &key, *selectedMap);
-    update_app_uid_stats_map(skb, direction, &uid);
+    do_packet_tracing(skb, egress, uid, tag, enable_tracing, kver);
+    update_stats_with_config(*selectedMap, skb, &key, egress, kver);
+    update_app_uid_stats_map(skb, &uid, egress, kver);
     asm("%0 &= 1" : "+r"(match));
     return match;
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG("cgroupskb/ingress/stats", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, bpf_cgroup_ingress)
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$trace", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+                    bpf_cgroup_ingress_trace, KVER(5, 8, 0), KVER_INF,
+                    BPFLOADER_IGNORED_ON_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, false,
+                    "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", false, true, false)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, BPF_INGRESS);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, TRACE_ON, KVER(5, 8, 0));
 }
 
-DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG("cgroupskb/egress/stats", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, bpf_cgroup_egress)
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$4_19", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+                                bpf_cgroup_ingress_4_19, KVER(4, 19, 0), KVER_INF)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, BPF_EGRESS);
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER(4, 19, 0));
+}
+
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/ingress/stats$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+                                bpf_cgroup_ingress_4_14, KVER_NONE, KVER(4, 19, 0))
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, INGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER_NONE);
+}
+
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT("cgroupskb/egress/stats$trace", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+                    bpf_cgroup_egress_trace, KVER(5, 8, 0), KVER_INF,
+                    BPFLOADER_IGNORED_ON_VERSION, BPFLOADER_MAX_VER, false,
+                    "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "", false, true, false)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, TRACE_ON, KVER(5, 8, 0));
+}
+
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/egress/stats$4_19", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+                                bpf_cgroup_egress_4_19, KVER(4, 19, 0), KVER_INF)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER(4, 19, 0));
+}
+
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("cgroupskb/egress/stats$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM,
+                                bpf_cgroup_egress_4_14, KVER_NONE, KVER(4, 19, 0))
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return bpf_traffic_account(skb, EGRESS, TRACE_OFF, KVER_NONE);
 }
 
 // WARNING: Android T's non-updatable netd depends on the name of this program.
@@ -370,7 +512,7 @@
     }
 
     uint32_t key = skb->ifindex;
-    update_iface_stats_map(skb, BPF_EGRESS, &key);
+    update_iface_stats_map(skb, &key, EGRESS, KVER_NONE);
     return BPF_MATCH;
 }
 
@@ -383,7 +525,7 @@
     // Keep that in mind when moving this out of iptables xt_bpf and into tc ingress (or xdp).
 
     uint32_t key = skb->ifindex;
-    update_iface_stats_map(skb, BPF_INGRESS, &key);
+    update_iface_stats_map(skb, &key, INGRESS, KVER_NONE);
     return BPF_MATCH;
 }
 
@@ -393,7 +535,7 @@
     if (is_received_skb(skb)) {
         // Account for ingress traffic before tc drops it.
         uint32_t key = skb->ifindex;
-        update_iface_stats_map(skb, BPF_INGRESS, &key);
+        update_iface_stats_map(skb, &key, INGRESS, KVER_NONE);
     }
     return TC_ACT_UNSPEC;
 }
@@ -425,8 +567,8 @@
     return BPF_NOMATCH;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_EXT("cgroupsock/inet/create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create,
-                    KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER_INF, false, "fs_bpf_netd_readonly", "")
+DEFINE_NETD_BPF_PROG_KVER("cgroupsock/inet/create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create,
+                          KVER(4, 14, 0))
 (struct bpf_sock* sk) {
     uint64_t gid_uid = bpf_get_current_uid_gid();
     /*
@@ -447,4 +589,4 @@
 }
 
 LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
-CRITICAL("netd");
+CRITICAL("Connectivity and netd");
diff --git a/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h b/bpf_progs/netd.h
similarity index 85%
rename from bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
rename to bpf_progs/netd.h
index fd449a3..be604f9 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/bpf_shared.h
+++ b/bpf_progs/netd.h
@@ -69,6 +69,24 @@
     uint64_t tcpTxPackets;
 } Stats;
 
+typedef struct {
+  uint64_t timestampNs;
+  uint32_t ifindex;
+  uint32_t length;
+
+  uint32_t uid;
+  uint32_t tag;
+
+  __be16 sport;
+  __be16 dport;
+
+  bool egress;
+  uint8_t ipProto;
+  uint8_t tcpFlags;
+  uint8_t ipVersion; // 4=IPv4, 6=IPv6, 0=unknown
+} PacketTrace;
+STRUCT_SIZE(PacketTrace, 8+4+4 + 4+4 + 2+2 + 1+1+1+1);
+
 // Since we cannot garbage collect the stats map since device boot, we need to make these maps as
 // large as possible. The maximum size of number of map entries we can have is depend on the rlimit
 // of MEM_LOCK granted to netd. The memory space needed by each map can be calculated by the
@@ -87,7 +105,8 @@
 // dozable_uid_map:     key:  4 bytes, value:  1 bytes, cost:  145216 bytes    =   145Kbytes
 // standby_uid_map:     key:  4 bytes, value:  1 bytes, cost:  145216 bytes    =   145Kbytes
 // powersave_uid_map:   key:  4 bytes, value:  1 bytes, cost:  145216 bytes    =   145Kbytes
-// total:                                                                         4930Kbytes
+// packet_trace_ringbuf:key:  0 bytes, value: 24 bytes, cost:   32768 bytes    =    32Kbytes
+// total:                                                                         4962Kbytes
 // It takes maximum 4.9MB kernel memory space if all maps are full, which requires any devices
 // running this module to have a memlock rlimit to be larger then 5MB. In the old qtaguid module,
 // we don't have a total limit for data entries but only have limitation of tags each uid can have.
@@ -95,13 +114,14 @@
 
 // 'static' - otherwise these constants end up in .rodata in the resulting .o post compilation
 static const int COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
-static const int UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE = 2000;
+static const int UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE = 4000;
 static const int APP_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
 static const int STATS_MAP_SIZE = 5000;
 static const int IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE = 1000;
 static const int IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 1000;
 static const int CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE = 2;
-static const int UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE = 2000;
+static const int UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE = 4000;
+static const int PACKET_TRACE_BUF_SIZE = 32 * 1024;
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 
@@ -145,9 +165,12 @@
 #define CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_configuration_map"
 #define UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_uid_owner_map"
 #define UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_uid_permission_map"
+#define PACKET_TRACE_RINGBUF_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_packet_trace_ringbuf"
+#define PACKET_TRACE_ENABLED_MAP_PATH BPF_NETD_PATH "map_netd_packet_trace_enabled_map"
 
 #endif // __cplusplus
 
+// LINT.IfChange(match_type)
 enum UidOwnerMatchType {
     NO_MATCH = 0,
     HAPPY_BOX_MATCH = (1 << 0),
@@ -163,6 +186,7 @@
     OEM_DENY_2_MATCH = (1 << 10),
     OEM_DENY_3_MATCH = (1 << 11),
 };
+// LINT.ThenChange(packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java)
 
 enum BpfPermissionMatch {
     BPF_PERMISSION_INTERNET = 1 << 2,
@@ -194,32 +218,4 @@
 // Entry in the configuration map that stores which stats map is currently in use.
 #define CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY 1
 
-typedef struct {
-    uint32_t iif;            // The input interface index
-    struct in6_addr pfx96;   // The source /96 nat64 prefix, bottom 32 bits must be 0
-    struct in6_addr local6;  // The full 128-bits of the destination IPv6 address
-} ClatIngress6Key;
-STRUCT_SIZE(ClatIngress6Key, 4 + 2 * 16);  // 36
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint32_t oif;           // The output interface to redirect to (0 means don't redirect)
-    struct in_addr local4;  // The destination IPv4 address
-} ClatIngress6Value;
-STRUCT_SIZE(ClatIngress6Value, 4 + 4);  // 8
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint32_t iif;           // The input interface index
-    struct in_addr local4;  // The source IPv4 address
-} ClatEgress4Key;
-STRUCT_SIZE(ClatEgress4Key, 4 + 4);  // 8
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint32_t oif;            // The output interface to redirect to
-    struct in6_addr local6;  // The full 128-bits of the source IPv6 address
-    struct in6_addr pfx96;   // The destination /96 nat64 prefix, bottom 32 bits must be 0
-    bool oifIsEthernet;      // Whether the output interface requires ethernet header
-    uint8_t pad[3];
-} ClatEgress4Value;
-STRUCT_SIZE(ClatEgress4Value, 4 + 2 * 16 + 1 + 3);  // 40
-
 #undef STRUCT_SIZE
diff --git a/bpf_progs/offload.c b/bpf_progs/offload.c
index 2ec0792..f4d4254 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/offload.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/offload.c
@@ -24,12 +24,31 @@
 #define __kernel_udphdr udphdr
 #include <linux/udp.h>
 
+#ifdef BTF
+// BTF is incompatible with bpfloaders < v0.10, hence for S (v0.2) we must
+// ship a different file than for later versions, but we need bpfloader v0.25+
+// for obj@ver.o support
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_OBJ_AT_VER_VERSION
+#else /* BTF */
 // The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader
 #define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_S_VERSION
+#define BPFLOADER_MAX_VER BPFLOADER_OBJ_AT_VER_VERSION
+#endif /* BTF */
+
+// Warning: values other than AID_ROOT don't work for map uid on BpfLoader < v0.21
+#define TETHERING_UID AID_ROOT
+
+#ifdef INPROCESS
+#define DEFAULT_BPF_MAP_SELINUX_CONTEXT "fs_bpf_net_shared"
+#define DEFAULT_BPF_PROG_SELINUX_CONTEXT "fs_bpf_net_shared"
+#define TETHERING_GID AID_SYSTEM
+#else
+#define TETHERING_GID AID_NETWORK_STACK
+#endif
 
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
-#include "bpf_tethering.h"
+#include "offload.h"
 
 // From kernel:include/net/ip.h
 #define IP_DF 0x4000  // Flag: "Don't Fragment"
@@ -72,8 +91,11 @@
 
 // ----- Tethering Error Counters -----
 
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_error_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, uint32_t, BPF_TETHER_ERR__MAX,
-                   AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+// Note that pre-T devices with Mediatek chipsets may have a kernel bug (bad patch
+// "[ALPS05162612] bpf: fix ubsan error") making it impossible to write to non-zero
+// offset of bpf map ARRAYs.  This file (offload.o) loads on S+, but luckily this
+// array is only written by bpf code, and only read by userspace.
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_RO(tether_error_map, ARRAY, uint32_t, uint32_t, BPF_TETHER_ERR__MAX, TETHERING_GID)
 
 #define COUNT_AND_RETURN(counter, ret) do {                     \
     uint32_t code = BPF_TETHER_ERR_ ## counter;                 \
@@ -91,25 +113,25 @@
 // ----- Tethering Data Stats and Limits -----
 
 // Tethering stats, indexed by upstream interface.
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_stats_map, HASH, TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue, 16, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_stats_map, HASH, TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue, 16, TETHERING_GID)
 
 // Tethering data limit, indexed by upstream interface.
 // (tethering allowed when stats[iif].rxBytes + stats[iif].txBytes < limit[iif])
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_limit_map, HASH, TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue, 16, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_limit_map, HASH, TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue, 16, TETHERING_GID)
 
 // ----- IPv6 Support -----
 
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_downstream6_map, HASH, TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value, 64,
-                   AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+                   TETHERING_GID)
 
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_downstream64_map, HASH, TetherDownstream64Key, TetherDownstream64Value,
-                   1024, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+                   1024, TETHERING_GID)
 
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_upstream6_map, HASH, TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value, 64,
-                   AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+                   TETHERING_GID)
 
 static inline __always_inline int do_forward6(struct __sk_buff* skb, const bool is_ethernet,
-        const bool downstream) {
+        const bool downstream, const unsigned kver) {
     // Must be meta-ethernet IPv6 frame
     if (skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
@@ -136,7 +158,7 @@
     if (is_ethernet && (eth->h_proto != htons(ETH_P_IPV6))) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
     // IP version must be 6
-    if (ip6->version != 6) TC_PUNT(INVALID_IP_VERSION);
+    if (ip6->version != 6) TC_PUNT(INVALID_IPV6_VERSION);
 
     // Cannot decrement during forward if already zero or would be zero,
     // Let the kernel's stack handle these cases and generate appropriate ICMP errors.
@@ -152,7 +174,7 @@
             TC_PUNT(INVALID_TCP_HEADER);
 
         // Do not offload TCP packets with any one of the SYN/FIN/RST flags
-        if (tcph->syn || tcph->fin || tcph->rst) TC_PUNT(TCP_CONTROL_PACKET);
+        if (tcph->syn || tcph->fin || tcph->rst) TC_PUNT(TCPV6_CONTROL_PACKET);
     }
 
     // Protect against forwarding packets sourced from ::1 or fe80::/64 or other weirdness.
@@ -210,13 +232,13 @@
     // This would require a much newer kernel with newer ebpf accessors.
     // (This is also blindly assuming 12 bytes of tcp timestamp option in tcp header)
     uint64_t packets = 1;
-    uint64_t bytes = skb->len;
-    if (bytes > v->pmtu) {
-        const int tcp_overhead = sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;
-        const int mss = v->pmtu - tcp_overhead;
-        const uint64_t payload = bytes - tcp_overhead;
+    uint64_t L3_bytes = skb->len - l2_header_size;
+    if (L3_bytes > v->pmtu) {
+        const int tcp6_overhead = sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;
+        const int mss = v->pmtu - tcp6_overhead;
+        const uint64_t payload = L3_bytes - tcp6_overhead;
         packets = (payload + mss - 1) / mss;
-        bytes = tcp_overhead * packets + payload;
+        L3_bytes = tcp6_overhead * packets + payload;
     }
 
     // Are we past the limit?  If so, then abort...
@@ -225,7 +247,7 @@
     // a packet we let the core stack deal with things.
     // (The core stack needs to handle limits correctly anyway,
     // since we don't offload all traffic in both directions)
-    if (stat_v->rxBytes + stat_v->txBytes + bytes > *limit_v) TC_PUNT(LIMIT_REACHED);
+    if (stat_v->rxBytes + stat_v->txBytes + L3_bytes > *limit_v) TC_PUNT(LIMIT_REACHED);
 
     if (!is_ethernet) {
         // Try to inject an ethernet header, and simply return if we fail.
@@ -265,7 +287,7 @@
     bpf_csum_update(skb, 0xFFFF - ntohs(old_hl) + ntohs(new_hl));
 
     __sync_fetch_and_add(downstream ? &stat_v->rxPackets : &stat_v->txPackets, packets);
-    __sync_fetch_and_add(downstream ? &stat_v->rxBytes : &stat_v->txBytes, bytes);
+    __sync_fetch_and_add(downstream ? &stat_v->rxBytes : &stat_v->txBytes, L3_bytes);
 
     // Overwrite any mac header with the new one
     // For a rawip tx interface it will simply be a bunch of zeroes and later stripped.
@@ -280,16 +302,16 @@
     return bpf_redirect(v->oif, 0 /* this is effectively BPF_F_EGRESS */);
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/tether_downstream6_ether", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/tether_downstream6_ether", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                 sched_cls_tether_downstream6_ether)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward6(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ true);
+    return do_forward6(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, KVER_NONE);
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/tether_upstream6_ether", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG("schedcls/tether_upstream6_ether", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                 sched_cls_tether_upstream6_ether)
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward6(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ false);
+    return do_forward6(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, KVER_NONE);
 }
 
 // Note: section names must be unique to prevent programs from appending to each other,
@@ -301,64 +323,47 @@
 //   ANDROID: net: bpf: permit redirect from ingress L3 to egress L2 devices at near max mtu
 // (the first of those has already been upstreamed)
 //
-// 5.4 kernel support was only added to Android Common Kernel in R,
-// and thus a 5.4 kernel always supports this.
+// These were added to 4.14+ Android Common Kernel in R (including the original release of ACK 5.4)
+// and there is a test in kernel/tests/net/test/bpf_test.py testSkbChangeHead()
+// and in system/netd/tests/binder_test.cpp NetdBinderTest TetherOffloadForwarding.
 //
-// Hence, these mandatory (must load successfully) implementations for 5.4+ kernels:
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream6_rawip$5_4", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                     sched_cls_tether_downstream6_rawip_5_4, KVER(5, 4, 0))
+// Hence, these mandatory (must load successfully) implementations for 4.14+ kernels:
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream6_rawip$4_14", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
+                     sched_cls_tether_downstream6_rawip_4_14, KVER(4, 14, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward6(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ true);
+    return do_forward6(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream6_rawip$5_4", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                     sched_cls_tether_upstream6_rawip_5_4, KVER(5, 4, 0))
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream6_rawip$4_14", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
+                     sched_cls_tether_upstream6_rawip_4_14, KVER(4, 14, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward6(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ false);
+    return do_forward6(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
-// and these identical optional (may fail to load) implementations for [4.14..5.4) patched kernels:
-DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream6_rawip$4_14",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                                    sched_cls_tether_downstream6_rawip_4_14,
-                                    KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 4, 0))
-(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward6(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ true);
-}
-
-DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream6_rawip$4_14",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                                    sched_cls_tether_upstream6_rawip_4_14,
-                                    KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 4, 0))
-(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward6(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ false);
-}
-
-// and define no-op stubs for [4.9,4.14) and unpatched [4.14,5.4) kernels.
-// (if the above real 4.14+ program loaded successfully, then bpfloader will have already pinned
-// it at the same location this one would be pinned at and will thus skip loading this stub)
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream6_rawip$stub", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                           sched_cls_tether_downstream6_rawip_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(5, 4, 0))
+// and define no-op stubs for pre-4.14 kernels.
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream6_rawip$stub", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
+                           sched_cls_tether_downstream6_rawip_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(4, 14, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream6_rawip$stub", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
-                           sched_cls_tether_upstream6_rawip_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(5, 4, 0))
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream6_rawip$stub", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
+                           sched_cls_tether_upstream6_rawip_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(4, 14, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 }
 
 // ----- IPv4 Support -----
 
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_downstream4_map, HASH, Tether4Key, Tether4Value, 1024, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_downstream4_map, HASH, Tether4Key, Tether4Value, 1024, TETHERING_GID)
 
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_upstream4_map, HASH, Tether4Key, Tether4Value, 1024, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_upstream4_map, HASH, Tether4Key, Tether4Value, 1024, TETHERING_GID)
 
 static inline __always_inline int do_forward4_bottom(struct __sk_buff* skb,
         const int l2_header_size, void* data, const void* data_end,
         struct ethhdr* eth, struct iphdr* ip, const bool is_ethernet,
-        const bool downstream, const bool updatetime, const bool is_tcp) {
+        const bool downstream, const bool updatetime, const bool is_tcp,
+        const unsigned kver) {
     struct tcphdr* tcph = is_tcp ? (void*)(ip + 1) : NULL;
     struct udphdr* udph = is_tcp ? NULL : (void*)(ip + 1);
 
@@ -369,7 +374,7 @@
 
         // If hardware offload is running and programming flows based on conntrack entries, try not
         // to interfere with it, so do not offload TCP packets with any one of the SYN/FIN/RST flags
-        if (tcph->syn || tcph->fin || tcph->rst) TC_PUNT(TCP_CONTROL_PACKET);
+        if (tcph->syn || tcph->fin || tcph->rst) TC_PUNT(TCPV4_CONTROL_PACKET);
     } else { // UDP
         // Make sure we can get at the udp header
         if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*ip) + sizeof(*udph) > data_end)
@@ -445,13 +450,13 @@
     // This would require a much newer kernel with newer ebpf accessors.
     // (This is also blindly assuming 12 bytes of tcp timestamp option in tcp header)
     uint64_t packets = 1;
-    uint64_t bytes = skb->len;
-    if (bytes > v->pmtu) {
-        const int tcp_overhead = sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;
-        const int mss = v->pmtu - tcp_overhead;
-        const uint64_t payload = bytes - tcp_overhead;
+    uint64_t L3_bytes = skb->len - l2_header_size;
+    if (L3_bytes > v->pmtu) {
+        const int tcp4_overhead = sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;
+        const int mss = v->pmtu - tcp4_overhead;
+        const uint64_t payload = L3_bytes - tcp4_overhead;
         packets = (payload + mss - 1) / mss;
-        bytes = tcp_overhead * packets + payload;
+        L3_bytes = tcp4_overhead * packets + payload;
     }
 
     // Are we past the limit?  If so, then abort...
@@ -460,7 +465,7 @@
     // a packet we let the core stack deal with things.
     // (The core stack needs to handle limits correctly anyway,
     // since we don't offload all traffic in both directions)
-    if (stat_v->rxBytes + stat_v->txBytes + bytes > *limit_v) TC_PUNT(LIMIT_REACHED);
+    if (stat_v->rxBytes + stat_v->txBytes + L3_bytes > *limit_v) TC_PUNT(LIMIT_REACHED);
 
     if (!is_ethernet) {
         // Try to inject an ethernet header, and simply return if we fail.
@@ -536,7 +541,7 @@
     if (updatetime) v->last_used = bpf_ktime_get_boot_ns();
 
     __sync_fetch_and_add(downstream ? &stat_v->rxPackets : &stat_v->txPackets, packets);
-    __sync_fetch_and_add(downstream ? &stat_v->rxBytes : &stat_v->txBytes, bytes);
+    __sync_fetch_and_add(downstream ? &stat_v->rxBytes : &stat_v->txBytes, L3_bytes);
 
     // Redirect to forwarded interface.
     //
@@ -548,7 +553,7 @@
 }
 
 static inline __always_inline int do_forward4(struct __sk_buff* skb, const bool is_ethernet,
-        const bool downstream, const bool updatetime) {
+        const bool downstream, const bool updatetime, const unsigned kver) {
     // Require ethernet dst mac address to be our unicast address.
     if (is_ethernet && (skb->pkt_type != PACKET_HOST)) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
@@ -575,7 +580,7 @@
     if (is_ethernet && (eth->h_proto != htons(ETH_P_IP))) return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 
     // IP version must be 4
-    if (ip->version != 4) TC_PUNT(INVALID_IP_VERSION);
+    if (ip->version != 4) TC_PUNT(INVALID_IPV4_VERSION);
 
     // We cannot handle IP options, just standard 20 byte == 5 dword minimal IPv4 header
     if (ip->ihl != 5) TC_PUNT(HAS_IP_OPTIONS);
@@ -636,72 +641,72 @@
     // if the underlying requisite kernel support (bpf_ktime_get_boot_ns) was backported.
     if (is_tcp) {
       return do_forward4_bottom(skb, l2_header_size, data, data_end, eth, ip,
-                                is_ethernet, downstream, updatetime, /* is_tcp */ true);
+                                is_ethernet, downstream, updatetime, /* is_tcp */ true, kver);
     } else {
       return do_forward4_bottom(skb, l2_header_size, data, data_end, eth, ip,
-                                is_ethernet, downstream, updatetime, /* is_tcp */ false);
+                                is_ethernet, downstream, updatetime, /* is_tcp */ false, kver);
     }
 }
 
 // Full featured (required) implementations for 5.8+ kernels (these are S+ by definition)
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$5_8", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                      sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_5_8, KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ true, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(5, 8, 0));
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$5_8", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                      sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_5_8, KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ false, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(5, 8, 0));
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$5_8", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                      sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_5_8, KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ true, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(5, 8, 0));
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$5_8", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$5_8", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                      sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_5_8, KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ false, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(5, 8, 0));
 }
 
 // Full featured (optional) implementations for 4.14-S, 4.19-S & 5.4-S kernels
 // (optional, because we need to be able to fallback for 4.14/4.19/5.4 pre-S kernels)
 
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$opt",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+                                    TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_opt,
                                     KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ true, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$opt",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+                                    TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_opt,
                                     KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ false, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$opt",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+                                    TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_opt,
                                     KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ true, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$opt",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+                                    TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_opt,
                                     KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ false, /* updatetime */ true);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
 // Partial (TCP-only: will not update 'last_used' field) implementations for 4.14+ kernels.
@@ -718,62 +723,62 @@
 
 // RAWIP: Required for 5.4-R kernels -- which always support bpf_skb_change_head().
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$5_4", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$5_4", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_5_4, KVER(5, 4, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ true, /* updatetime */ false);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER(5, 4, 0));
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$5_4", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$5_4", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_5_4, KVER(5, 4, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ false, /* updatetime */ false);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER(5, 4, 0));
 }
 
 // RAWIP: Optional for 4.14/4.19 (R) kernels -- which support bpf_skb_change_head().
 // [Note: fallback for 4.14/4.19 (P/Q) kernels is below in stub section]
 
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$4_14",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+                                    TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                                     sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_4_14,
                                     KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 4, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ true, /* updatetime */ false);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, DOWNSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
 DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$4_14",
-                                    AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+                                    TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                                     sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_4_14,
                                     KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 4, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ false, /* downstream */ false, /* updatetime */ false);
+    return do_forward4(skb, RAWIP, UPSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
 // ETHER: Required for 4.14-Q/R, 4.19-Q/R & 5.4-R kernels.
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$4_14", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_4_14, KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ true, /* updatetime */ false);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, DOWNSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$4_14", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_4_14, KVER(4, 14, 0), KVER(5, 8, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    return do_forward4(skb, /* is_ethernet */ true, /* downstream */ false, /* updatetime */ false);
+    return do_forward4(skb, ETHER, UPSTREAM, NO_UPDATETIME, KVER(4, 14, 0));
 }
 
 // Placeholder (no-op) implementations for older Q kernels
 
 // RAWIP: 4.9-P/Q, 4.14-P/Q & 4.19-Q kernels -- without bpf_skb_change_head() for tc programs
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$stub", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_rawip$stub", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_downstream4_rawip_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(5, 4, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$stub", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_rawip$stub", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_upstream4_rawip_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(5, 4, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return TC_ACT_PIPE;
@@ -781,13 +786,13 @@
 
 // ETHER: 4.9-P/Q kernel
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$stub", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_downstream4_ether$stub", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_downstream4_ether_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(4, 14, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return TC_ACT_PIPE;
 }
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$stub", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/tether_upstream4_ether$stub", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                            sched_cls_tether_upstream4_ether_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(4, 14, 0))
 (struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     return TC_ACT_PIPE;
@@ -795,7 +800,7 @@
 
 // ----- XDP Support -----
 
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_dev_map, DEVMAP_HASH, uint32_t, uint32_t, 64, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_dev_map, DEVMAP_HASH, uint32_t, uint32_t, 64, TETHERING_GID)
 
 static inline __always_inline int do_xdp_forward6(struct xdp_md *ctx, const bool is_ethernet,
         const bool downstream) {
@@ -816,9 +821,9 @@
     if ((void*)(eth + 1) > data_end) return XDP_PASS;
 
     if (eth->h_proto == htons(ETH_P_IPV6))
-        return do_xdp_forward6(ctx, /* is_ethernet */ true, downstream);
+        return do_xdp_forward6(ctx, ETHER, downstream);
     if (eth->h_proto == htons(ETH_P_IP))
-        return do_xdp_forward4(ctx, /* is_ethernet */ true, downstream);
+        return do_xdp_forward4(ctx, ETHER, downstream);
 
     // Anything else we don't know how to handle...
     return XDP_PASS;
@@ -832,35 +837,35 @@
     if (data_end - data < 1) return XDP_PASS;
     const uint8_t v = (*(uint8_t*)data) >> 4;
 
-    if (v == 6) return do_xdp_forward6(ctx, /* is_ethernet */ false, downstream);
-    if (v == 4) return do_xdp_forward4(ctx, /* is_ethernet */ false, downstream);
+    if (v == 6) return do_xdp_forward6(ctx, RAWIP, downstream);
+    if (v == 4) return do_xdp_forward4(ctx, RAWIP, downstream);
 
     // Anything else we don't know how to handle...
     return XDP_PASS;
 }
 
 #define DEFINE_XDP_PROG(str, func) \
-    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER(str, AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK, func, KVER(5, 9, 0))(struct xdp_md *ctx)
+    DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER(str, TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID, func, KVER(5, 9, 0))(struct xdp_md *ctx)
 
 DEFINE_XDP_PROG("xdp/tether_downstream_ether",
                  xdp_tether_downstream_ether) {
-    return do_xdp_forward_ether(ctx, /* downstream */ true);
+    return do_xdp_forward_ether(ctx, DOWNSTREAM);
 }
 
 DEFINE_XDP_PROG("xdp/tether_downstream_rawip",
                  xdp_tether_downstream_rawip) {
-    return do_xdp_forward_rawip(ctx, /* downstream */ true);
+    return do_xdp_forward_rawip(ctx, DOWNSTREAM);
 }
 
 DEFINE_XDP_PROG("xdp/tether_upstream_ether",
                  xdp_tether_upstream_ether) {
-    return do_xdp_forward_ether(ctx, /* downstream */ false);
+    return do_xdp_forward_ether(ctx, UPSTREAM);
 }
 
 DEFINE_XDP_PROG("xdp/tether_upstream_rawip",
                  xdp_tether_upstream_rawip) {
-    return do_xdp_forward_rawip(ctx, /* downstream */ false);
+    return do_xdp_forward_rawip(ctx, UPSTREAM);
 }
 
 LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
-CRITICAL("tethering");
+CRITICAL("Connectivity (Tethering)");
diff --git a/bpf_progs/bpf_tethering.h b/bpf_progs/offload.h
similarity index 86%
rename from bpf_progs/bpf_tethering.h
rename to bpf_progs/offload.h
index f9ef6ef..9dae6c9 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/bpf_tethering.h
+++ b/bpf_progs/offload.h
@@ -26,31 +26,33 @@
 // - The BPF programs in Tethering/bpf_progs/
 // - JNI code that depends on the bpf_connectivity_headers library.
 
-#define BPF_TETHER_ERRORS    \
-    ERR(INVALID_IP_VERSION)  \
-    ERR(LOW_TTL)             \
-    ERR(INVALID_TCP_HEADER)  \
-    ERR(TCP_CONTROL_PACKET)  \
-    ERR(NON_GLOBAL_SRC)      \
-    ERR(NON_GLOBAL_DST)      \
-    ERR(LOCAL_SRC_DST)       \
-    ERR(NO_STATS_ENTRY)      \
-    ERR(NO_LIMIT_ENTRY)      \
-    ERR(BELOW_IPV4_MTU)      \
-    ERR(BELOW_IPV6_MTU)      \
-    ERR(LIMIT_REACHED)       \
-    ERR(CHANGE_HEAD_FAILED)  \
-    ERR(TOO_SHORT)           \
-    ERR(HAS_IP_OPTIONS)      \
-    ERR(IS_IP_FRAG)          \
-    ERR(CHECKSUM)            \
-    ERR(NON_TCP_UDP)         \
-    ERR(NON_TCP)             \
-    ERR(SHORT_L4_HEADER)     \
-    ERR(SHORT_TCP_HEADER)    \
-    ERR(SHORT_UDP_HEADER)    \
-    ERR(UDP_CSUM_ZERO)       \
-    ERR(TRUNCATED_IPV4)      \
+#define BPF_TETHER_ERRORS     \
+    ERR(INVALID_IPV4_VERSION) \
+    ERR(INVALID_IPV6_VERSION) \
+    ERR(LOW_TTL)              \
+    ERR(INVALID_TCP_HEADER)   \
+    ERR(TCPV4_CONTROL_PACKET) \
+    ERR(TCPV6_CONTROL_PACKET) \
+    ERR(NON_GLOBAL_SRC)       \
+    ERR(NON_GLOBAL_DST)       \
+    ERR(LOCAL_SRC_DST)        \
+    ERR(NO_STATS_ENTRY)       \
+    ERR(NO_LIMIT_ENTRY)       \
+    ERR(BELOW_IPV4_MTU)       \
+    ERR(BELOW_IPV6_MTU)       \
+    ERR(LIMIT_REACHED)        \
+    ERR(CHANGE_HEAD_FAILED)   \
+    ERR(TOO_SHORT)            \
+    ERR(HAS_IP_OPTIONS)       \
+    ERR(IS_IP_FRAG)           \
+    ERR(CHECKSUM)             \
+    ERR(NON_TCP_UDP)          \
+    ERR(NON_TCP)              \
+    ERR(SHORT_L4_HEADER)      \
+    ERR(SHORT_TCP_HEADER)     \
+    ERR(SHORT_UDP_HEADER)     \
+    ERR(UDP_CSUM_ZERO)        \
+    ERR(TRUNCATED_IPV4)       \
     ERR(_MAX)
 
 #define ERR(x) BPF_TETHER_ERR_ ##x,
diff --git a/bpf_progs/offload@btf.c b/bpf_progs/offload@btf.c
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..4092e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/offload@btf.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+offload.c
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bpf_progs/offload@inprocess.c b/bpf_progs/offload@inprocess.c
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..4092e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/offload@inprocess.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+offload.c
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bpf_progs/test.c b/bpf_progs/test.c
index f2fcc8c..d1f780f 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/test.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/test.c
@@ -18,21 +18,43 @@
 #include <linux/in.h>
 #include <linux/ip.h>
 
+#ifdef BTF
+// BTF is incompatible with bpfloaders < v0.10, hence for S (v0.2) we must
+// ship a different file than for later versions, but we need bpfloader v0.25+
+// for obj@ver.o support
+#define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_OBJ_AT_VER_VERSION
+#else /* BTF */
 // The resulting .o needs to load on the Android S bpfloader
 #define BPFLOADER_MIN_VER BPFLOADER_S_VERSION
+#define BPFLOADER_MAX_VER BPFLOADER_OBJ_AT_VER_VERSION
+#endif /* BTF */
+
+// Warning: values other than AID_ROOT don't work for map uid on BpfLoader < v0.21
+#define TETHERING_UID AID_ROOT
+
+#ifdef INPROCESS
+#define DEFAULT_BPF_MAP_SELINUX_CONTEXT "fs_bpf_net_shared"
+#define DEFAULT_BPF_PROG_SELINUX_CONTEXT "fs_bpf_net_shared"
+#define TETHERING_GID AID_SYSTEM
+#else
+#define TETHERING_GID AID_NETWORK_STACK
+#endif
+
+// This is non production code, only used for testing
+// Needed because the bitmap array definition is non-kosher for pre-T OS devices.
+#define THIS_BPF_PROGRAM_IS_FOR_TEST_PURPOSES_ONLY
 
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
 #include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
-#include "bpf_tethering.h"
+#include "offload.h"
 
 // Used only by TetheringPrivilegedTests, not by production code.
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_downstream6_map, HASH, TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value, 16,
-                   AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+                   TETHERING_GID)
 // Used only by BpfBitmapTest, not by production code.
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(bitmap, ARRAY, int, uint64_t, 2,
-                   AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(bitmap, ARRAY, int, uint64_t, 2, TETHERING_GID)
 
-DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("xdp/drop_ipv4_udp_ether", AID_ROOT, AID_NETWORK_STACK,
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("xdp/drop_ipv4_udp_ether", TETHERING_UID, TETHERING_GID,
                       xdp_test, KVER(5, 9, 0))
 (struct xdp_md *ctx) {
     void *data = (void *)(long)ctx->data;
diff --git a/bpf_progs/test@btf.c b/bpf_progs/test@btf.c
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..aeebb26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/test@btf.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+test.c
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bpf_progs/test@inprocess.c b/bpf_progs/test@inprocess.c
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..aeebb26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/test@inprocess.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+test.c
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/common/Android.bp b/common/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..729ef32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "connectivity-net-module-utils-bpf",
+    srcs: [
+        "src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/*.java",
+    ],
+    sdk_version: "module_current",
+    min_sdk_version: "29",
+    visibility: [
+        // Do not add any lib. This library is only shared inside connectivity module
+        // and its tests.
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+        "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "net-utils-device-common-struct",
+    ],
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.tethering",
+    ],
+    lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatEgress4Key.java
similarity index 60%
copy from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
copy to common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatEgress4Key.java
index 443e5b3..f0af3dd 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatEgress4Key.java
@@ -14,20 +14,24 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
 
-/**
- * Key for cookie tag map.
- */
-public class CookieTagMapKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S64)
-    public final long socketCookie;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
 
-    public CookieTagMapKey(final long socketCookie) {
-        this.socketCookie = socketCookie;
+/** Key type for clat egress IPv4 maps. */
+public class ClatEgress4Key extends Struct {
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int iif; // The input interface index
+
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.Ipv4Address)
+    public final Inet4Address local4; // The source IPv4 address
+
+    public ClatEgress4Key(final int iif, final Inet4Address local4) {
+        this.iif = iif;
+        this.local4 = local4;
     }
 }
diff --git a/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatEgress4Value.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatEgress4Value.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69fab09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatEgress4Value.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+
+/** Value type for clat egress IPv4 maps. */
+public class ClatEgress4Value extends Struct {
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int oif; // The output interface to redirect to
+
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.Ipv6Address)
+    public final Inet6Address local6; // The full 128-bits of the source IPv6 address
+
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.Ipv6Address)
+    public final Inet6Address pfx96; // The destination /96 nat64 prefix, bottom 32 bits must be 0
+
+    @Field(order = 3, type = Type.U8, padding = 3)
+    public final short oifIsEthernet; // Whether the output interface requires ethernet header
+
+    public ClatEgress4Value(final int oif, final Inet6Address local6, final Inet6Address pfx96,
+            final short oifIsEthernet) {
+        this.oif = oif;
+        this.local6 = local6;
+        this.pfx96 = pfx96;
+        this.oifIsEthernet = oifIsEthernet;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatIngress6Key.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatIngress6Key.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..561113c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatIngress6Key.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+
+/** Key type for clat ingress IPv6 maps. */
+public class ClatIngress6Key extends Struct {
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int iif; // The input interface index
+
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.Ipv6Address)
+    public final Inet6Address pfx96; // The source /96 nat64 prefix, bottom 32 bits must be 0
+
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.Ipv6Address)
+    public final Inet6Address local6; // The full 128-bits of the destination IPv6 address
+
+    public ClatIngress6Key(final int iif, final Inet6Address pfx96, final Inet6Address local6) {
+        this.iif = iif;
+        this.pfx96 = pfx96;
+        this.local6 = local6;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatIngress6Value.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatIngress6Value.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb81caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/ClatIngress6Value.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+
+/** Value type for clat ingress IPv6 maps. */
+public class ClatIngress6Value extends Struct {
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int oif; // The output interface to redirect to (0 means don't redirect)
+
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.Ipv4Address)
+    public final Inet4Address local4; // The destination IPv4 address
+
+    public ClatIngress6Value(final int oif, final Inet4Address local4) {
+        this.oif = oif;
+        this.local4 = local4;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/CookieTagMapKey.java
similarity index 95%
rename from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
rename to common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/CookieTagMapKey.java
index 443e5b3..17da7a0 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/CookieTagMapKey.java
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapValue.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/CookieTagMapValue.java
similarity index 84%
rename from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapValue.java
rename to common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/CookieTagMapValue.java
index 93b9195..3fbd6fc 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapValue.java
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/CookieTagMapValue.java
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
  * Value for cookie tag map.
  */
 public class CookieTagMapValue extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long uid;
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int uid;
 
     @Field(order = 1, type = Type.U32)
     public final long tag;
 
-    public CookieTagMapValue(final long uid, final long tag) {
+    public CookieTagMapValue(final int uid, final long tag) {
         this.uid = uid;
         this.tag = tag;
     }
diff --git a/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/Tether4Key.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/Tether4Key.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..738256a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/Tether4Key.java
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
+
+import android.net.MacAddress;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** Key type for downstream & upstream IPv4 forwarding maps. */
+public class Tether4Key extends Struct {
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int iif;
+
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.EUI48)
+    public final MacAddress dstMac;
+
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.U8, padding = 1)
+    public final short l4proto;
+
+    @Field(order = 3, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 4)
+    public final byte[] src4;
+
+    @Field(order = 4, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 4)
+    public final byte[] dst4;
+
+    @Field(order = 5, type = Type.UBE16)
+    public final int srcPort;
+
+    @Field(order = 6, type = Type.UBE16)
+    public final int dstPort;
+
+    public Tether4Key(final int iif, @NonNull final MacAddress dstMac, final short l4proto,
+            final byte[] src4, final byte[] dst4, final int srcPort,
+            final int dstPort) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(dstMac);
+
+        this.iif = iif;
+        this.dstMac = dstMac;
+        this.l4proto = l4proto;
+        this.src4 = src4;
+        this.dst4 = dst4;
+        this.srcPort = srcPort;
+        this.dstPort = dstPort;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        try {
+            return String.format(
+                    "iif: %d, dstMac: %s, l4proto: %d, src4: %s, dst4: %s, "
+                            + "srcPort: %d, dstPort: %d",
+                    iif, dstMac, l4proto,
+                    Inet4Address.getByAddress(src4), Inet4Address.getByAddress(dst4),
+                    Short.toUnsignedInt((short) srcPort), Short.toUnsignedInt((short) dstPort));
+        } catch (UnknownHostException | IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            return "Invalid IP address" + e;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/Tether4Value.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/Tether4Value.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..449c1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/Tether4Value.java
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
+
+import android.net.MacAddress;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** Value type for downstream & upstream IPv4 forwarding maps. */
+public class Tether4Value extends Struct {
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int oif;
+
+    // The ethhdr struct which is defined in uapi/linux/if_ether.h
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.EUI48)
+    public final MacAddress ethDstMac;
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.EUI48)
+    public final MacAddress ethSrcMac;
+    @Field(order = 3, type = Type.UBE16)
+    public final int ethProto;  // Packet type ID field.
+
+    @Field(order = 4, type = Type.U16)
+    public final int pmtu;
+
+    @Field(order = 5, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
+    public final byte[] src46;
+
+    @Field(order = 6, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
+    public final byte[] dst46;
+
+    @Field(order = 7, type = Type.UBE16)
+    public final int srcPort;
+
+    @Field(order = 8, type = Type.UBE16)
+    public final int dstPort;
+
+    // TODO: consider using U64.
+    @Field(order = 9, type = Type.U63)
+    public final long lastUsed;
+
+    public Tether4Value(final int oif, @NonNull final MacAddress ethDstMac,
+            @NonNull final MacAddress ethSrcMac, final int ethProto, final int pmtu,
+            final byte[] src46, final byte[] dst46, final int srcPort,
+            final int dstPort, final long lastUsed) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(ethDstMac);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(ethSrcMac);
+
+        this.oif = oif;
+        this.ethDstMac = ethDstMac;
+        this.ethSrcMac = ethSrcMac;
+        this.ethProto = ethProto;
+        this.pmtu = pmtu;
+        this.src46 = src46;
+        this.dst46 = dst46;
+        this.srcPort = srcPort;
+        this.dstPort = dstPort;
+        this.lastUsed = lastUsed;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        try {
+            return String.format(
+                    "oif: %d, ethDstMac: %s, ethSrcMac: %s, ethProto: %d, pmtu: %d, "
+                            + "src46: %s, dst46: %s, srcPort: %d, dstPort: %d, "
+                            + "lastUsed: %d",
+                    oif, ethDstMac, ethSrcMac, ethProto, pmtu,
+                    InetAddress.getByAddress(src46), InetAddress.getByAddress(dst46),
+                    Short.toUnsignedInt((short) srcPort), Short.toUnsignedInt((short) dstPort),
+                    lastUsed);
+        } catch (UnknownHostException | IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            return "Invalid IP address" + e;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/TetherStatsKey.java
similarity index 65%
copy from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
copy to common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/TetherStatsKey.java
index 443e5b3..68111b6 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/TetherStatsKey.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,20 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
 
-/**
- * Key for cookie tag map.
- */
-public class CookieTagMapKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S64)
-    public final long socketCookie;
+/** The key of BpfMap which is used for tethering stats. */
+public class TetherStatsKey extends Struct {
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int ifindex;  // upstream interface index
 
-    public CookieTagMapKey(final long socketCookie) {
-        this.socketCookie = socketCookie;
+    public TetherStatsKey(final int ifindex) {
+        this.ifindex = ifindex;
     }
 }
diff --git a/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/TetherStatsValue.java b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/TetherStatsValue.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f05d1b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/com/android/net/module/util/bpf/TetherStatsValue.java
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.net.module.util.bpf;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+/** The key of BpfMap which is used for tethering stats. */
+public class TetherStatsValue extends Struct {
+    // Use the signed long variable to store the uint64 stats from stats BPF map.
+    // U63 is enough for each data element even at 5Gbps for ~468 years.
+    // 2^63 / (5 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000) * 8 / 86400 / 365 = 468.
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U63)
+    public final long rxPackets;
+    @Field(order = 1, type = Type.U63)
+    public final long rxBytes;
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.U63)
+    public final long rxErrors;
+    @Field(order = 3, type = Type.U63)
+    public final long txPackets;
+    @Field(order = 4, type = Type.U63)
+    public final long txBytes;
+    @Field(order = 5, type = Type.U63)
+    public final long txErrors;
+
+    public TetherStatsValue(final long rxPackets, final long rxBytes, final long rxErrors,
+            final long txPackets, final long txBytes, final long txErrors) {
+        this.rxPackets = rxPackets;
+        this.rxBytes = rxBytes;
+        this.rxErrors = rxErrors;
+        this.txPackets = txPackets;
+        this.txBytes = txBytes;
+        this.txErrors = txErrors;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/framework-t/Android.bp b/framework-t/Android.bp
index 9c8b359..ffa2857 100644
--- a/framework-t/Android.bp
+++ b/framework-t/Android.bp
@@ -43,14 +43,10 @@
         ":framework-connectivity-tiramisu-updatable-sources",
         ":framework-nearby-java-sources",
     ],
-    stub_only_libs: [
-        // Use prebuilt framework-connectivity stubs to avoid circular dependencies
-        "sdk_module-lib_current_framework-connectivity",
-    ],
     libs: [
         "unsupportedappusage",
         "app-compat-annotations",
-        "sdk_module-lib_current_framework-connectivity",
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
     ],
     impl_only_libs: [
         // The build system will use framework-bluetooth module_current stubs, because
@@ -80,6 +76,12 @@
     ],
 }
 
+filegroup {
+    name: "connectivity-t-hiddenapi-files",
+    srcs: ["hiddenapi/*.txt"],
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
 java_library {
     name: "framework-connectivity-t-pre-jarjar",
     defaults: ["framework-connectivity-t-defaults"],
@@ -103,7 +105,14 @@
     // Do not add static_libs to this library: put them in framework-connectivity instead.
     // The jarjar rules are only so that references to jarjared utils in
     // framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar match at runtime.
-    jarjar_rules: ":connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    jarjar_rules: ":framework-connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    stub_only_libs: [
+        // Use prebuilt framework-connectivity stubs to avoid circular dependencies
+        "sdk_module-lib_current_framework-connectivity",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "sdk_module-lib_current_framework-connectivity",
+    ],
     permitted_packages: [
         "android.app.usage",
         "android.net",
@@ -112,12 +121,26 @@
         "com.android.connectivity",
         "com.android.nearby",
     ],
+
+    hidden_api: {
+        max_target_o_low_priority: [
+            "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority-tiramisu.txt",
+        ],
+        max_target_r_low_priority: [
+            "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-r-loprio.txt",
+        ],
+        unsupported: [
+            "hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported-tiramisu.txt",
+        ],
+    },
+
     impl_library_visibility: [
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/apex",
         // In preparation for future move
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/apex",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service", // For R8 only
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service-t",
-        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/nearby/service",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/nearby:__subpackages__",
         "//frameworks/base",
 
         // Tests using hidden APIs
@@ -134,10 +157,15 @@
         "//frameworks/opt/telephony/tests/telephonytests",
         "//packages/modules/CaptivePortalLogin/tests",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/tests:__subpackages__",
-        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/nearby/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/IPsec/tests/iketests",
         "//packages/modules/NetworkStack/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Wifi/service/tests/wifitests",
     ],
 }
+
+// This rule is not used anymore(b/268440216).
+platform_compat_config {
+    name: "connectivity-t-platform-compat-config",
+    src: ":framework-connectivity-t",
+}
diff --git a/framework-t/Sources.bp b/framework-t/Sources.bp
index b30ee80..b8eb1f6 100644
--- a/framework-t/Sources.bp
+++ b/framework-t/Sources.bp
@@ -14,129 +14,15 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
-// NetworkStats related libraries.
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-netstats-internal-sources",
-    srcs: [
-        "src/android/app/usage/*.java",
-        "src/android/net/DataUsageRequest.*",
-        "src/android/net/INetworkStatsService.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/INetworkStatsSession.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkIdentitySet.java",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkStateSnapshot.*",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkStats.*",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.*",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.*",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.*",
-        "src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.*",
-        "src/android/net/TrafficStats.java",
-        "src/android/net/UnderlyingNetworkInfo.*",
-        "src/android/net/netstats/**/*.*",
-    ],
-    path: "src",
-    visibility: [
-        "//visibility:private",
-    ],
-}
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-netstats-sources",
-    srcs: [
-        ":framework-connectivity-netstats-internal-sources",
-    ],
-    visibility: [
-        "//visibility:private",
-    ],
-}
-
-// Nsd related libraries.
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-nsd-internal-sources",
-    srcs: [
-        "src/android/net/nsd/*.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/nsd/*.java",
-    ],
-    path: "src",
-    visibility: [
-        "//visibility:private",
-    ],
-}
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-nsd-sources",
-    srcs: [
-        ":framework-connectivity-nsd-internal-sources",
-    ],
-    visibility: [
-        "//visibility:private",
-    ],
-}
-
-// IpSec related libraries.
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-ipsec-sources",
-    srcs: [
-        "src/android/net/IIpSecService.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/IpSec*.*",
-    ],
-    path: "src",
-    visibility: [
-        "//visibility:private",
-    ],
-}
-
-// Ethernet related libraries.
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-ethernet-sources",
-    srcs: [
-        "src/android/net/EthernetManager.java",
-        "src/android/net/EthernetNetworkManagementException.java",
-        "src/android/net/EthernetNetworkManagementException.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/EthernetNetworkSpecifier.java",
-        "src/android/net/EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.java",
-        "src/android/net/EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/IEthernetServiceListener.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver.aidl",
-        "src/android/net/ITetheredInterfaceCallback.aidl",
-    ],
-    path: "src",
-    visibility: [
-        "//visibility:private",
-    ],
-}
-
-// Connectivity-T common libraries.
-
-filegroup {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-tiramisu-internal-sources",
-    srcs: [
-        "src/android/net/ConnectivityFrameworkInitializerTiramisu.java",
-    ],
-    path: "src",
-    visibility: [
-        "//visibility:private",
-    ],
-}
-
 filegroup {
     name: "framework-connectivity-tiramisu-updatable-sources",
+    defaults: ["framework-sources-module-defaults"],
     srcs: [
-        ":framework-connectivity-ethernet-sources",
-        ":framework-connectivity-ipsec-sources",
-        ":framework-connectivity-netstats-sources",
-        ":framework-connectivity-nsd-sources",
-        ":framework-connectivity-tiramisu-internal-sources",
+        "src/**/*.java",
+        "src/**/*.aidl",
     ],
-    visibility: [
-        "//frameworks/base",
-        "//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__",
-    ],
+    path: "src",
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
diff --git a/framework-t/api/current.txt b/framework-t/api/current.txt
index eb77288..86745d4 100644
--- a/framework-t/api/current.txt
+++ b/framework-t/api/current.txt
@@ -192,15 +192,20 @@
     method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void discoverServices(@NonNull String, int, @NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdManager.DiscoveryListener);
     method public void registerService(android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, int, android.net.nsd.NsdManager.RegistrationListener);
     method public void registerService(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, int, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdManager.RegistrationListener);
-    method public void resolveService(android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ResolveListener);
-    method public void resolveService(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ResolveListener);
+    method public void registerServiceInfoCallback(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback);
+    method @Deprecated public void resolveService(android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ResolveListener);
+    method @Deprecated public void resolveService(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ResolveListener);
     method public void stopServiceDiscovery(android.net.nsd.NsdManager.DiscoveryListener);
+    method public void stopServiceResolution(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ResolveListener);
     method public void unregisterService(android.net.nsd.NsdManager.RegistrationListener);
+    method public void unregisterServiceInfoCallback(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback);
     field public static final String ACTION_NSD_STATE_CHANGED = "android.net.nsd.STATE_CHANGED";
     field public static final String EXTRA_NSD_STATE = "nsd_state";
     field public static final int FAILURE_ALREADY_ACTIVE = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS = 6; // 0x6
     field public static final int FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR = 0; // 0x0
     field public static final int FAILURE_MAX_LIMIT = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING = 5; // 0x5
     field public static final int NSD_STATE_DISABLED = 1; // 0x1
     field public static final int NSD_STATE_ENABLED = 2; // 0x2
     field public static final int PROTOCOL_DNS_SD = 1; // 0x1
@@ -223,22 +228,33 @@
   }
 
   public static interface NsdManager.ResolveListener {
+    method public default void onResolutionStopped(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo);
     method public void onResolveFailed(android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, int);
     method public void onServiceResolved(android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo);
+    method public default void onStopResolutionFailed(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo, int);
+  }
+
+  public static interface NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback {
+    method public void onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(int);
+    method public void onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered();
+    method public void onServiceLost();
+    method public void onServiceUpdated(@NonNull android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo);
   }
 
   public final class NsdServiceInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
     ctor public NsdServiceInfo();
     method public int describeContents();
     method public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,byte[]> getAttributes();
-    method public java.net.InetAddress getHost();
+    method @Deprecated public java.net.InetAddress getHost();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress> getHostAddresses();
     method @Nullable public android.net.Network getNetwork();
     method public int getPort();
     method public String getServiceName();
     method public String getServiceType();
     method public void removeAttribute(String);
     method public void setAttribute(String, String);
-    method public void setHost(java.net.InetAddress);
+    method @Deprecated public void setHost(java.net.InetAddress);
+    method public void setHostAddresses(@NonNull java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress>);
     method public void setNetwork(@Nullable android.net.Network);
     method public void setPort(int);
     method public void setServiceName(String);
diff --git a/framework-t/api/system-current.txt b/framework-t/api/system-current.txt
index c2d245c..87b0a64 100644
--- a/framework-t/api/system-current.txt
+++ b/framework-t/api/system-current.txt
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@
   public class IpSecManager {
     method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS) public void applyTunnelModeTransform(@NonNull android.net.IpSecManager.IpSecTunnelInterface, int, @NonNull android.net.IpSecTransform) throws java.io.IOException;
     method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS) public android.net.IpSecManager.IpSecTunnelInterface createIpSecTunnelInterface(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull android.net.Network) throws java.io.IOException, android.net.IpSecManager.ResourceUnavailableException;
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS) public void startTunnelModeTransformMigration(@NonNull android.net.IpSecTransform, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
   }
 
   public static final class IpSecManager.IpSecTunnelInterface implements java.lang.AutoCloseable {
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority-tiramisu.txt b/framework-t/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority-tiramisu.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from Tethering/apex/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority-tiramisu.txt
rename to framework-t/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-o-low-priority-tiramisu.txt
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-r-loprio.txt b/framework-t/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-r-loprio.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from Tethering/apex/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-r-loprio.txt
rename to framework-t/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-max-target-r-loprio.txt
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported-tiramisu.txt b/framework-t/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported-tiramisu.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from Tethering/apex/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported-tiramisu.txt
rename to framework-t/hiddenapi/hiddenapi-unsupported-tiramisu.txt
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStats.java b/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStats.java
index 74fe4bd..26841de 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStats.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStats.java
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 /**
  * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
  *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy
- * of the License at
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
  */
 
 package android.app.usage;
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 
 /**
- * Class providing enumeration over buckets of network usage statistics. {@link NetworkStats} objects
- * are returned as results to various queries in {@link NetworkStatsManager}.
+ * Class providing enumeration over buckets of network usage statistics. {@link NetworkStats}
+ * objects are returned as results to various queries in {@link NetworkStatsManager}.
  */
 public final class NetworkStats implements AutoCloseable {
-    private final static String TAG = "NetworkStats";
+    private static final String TAG = "NetworkStats";
 
     private final CloseGuard mCloseGuard = CloseGuard.get();
 
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@
     /**
      * Steps to next uid in enumeration and collects history for that.
      */
-    private void stepHistory(){
+    private void stepHistory() {
         if (hasNextUid()) {
             stepUid();
             mHistory = null;
@@ -692,8 +692,8 @@
                 bucketOut.mMetered = Bucket.METERED_ALL;
                 bucketOut.mRoaming = Bucket.ROAMING_ALL;
                 bucketOut.mBeginTimeStamp = mRecycledHistoryEntry.bucketStart;
-                bucketOut.mEndTimeStamp = mRecycledHistoryEntry.bucketStart +
-                        mRecycledHistoryEntry.bucketDuration;
+                bucketOut.mEndTimeStamp = mRecycledHistoryEntry.bucketStart
+                        + mRecycledHistoryEntry.bucketDuration;
                 bucketOut.mRxBytes = mRecycledHistoryEntry.rxBytes;
                 bucketOut.mRxPackets = mRecycledHistoryEntry.rxPackets;
                 bucketOut.mTxBytes = mRecycledHistoryEntry.txBytes;
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManager.java b/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManager.java
index f41475b..d139544 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManager.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManager.java
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 import static android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
 
 import android.Manifest;
 import android.annotation.CallbackExecutor;
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 
 /**
@@ -1020,14 +1024,17 @@
         switch (networkType) {
             case ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE:
                 template = subscriberId == null
-                        ? NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard()
-                        : NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll(subscriberId);
+                        ? new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build()
+                        : new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                                .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(subscriberId)).build();
                 break;
             case ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI:
                 template = TextUtils.isEmpty(subscriberId)
-                        ? NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard()
-                        : NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi(NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL,
-                                subscriberId);
+                        ? new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build()
+                        : new  NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                                .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(subscriberId)).build();
                 break;
             default:
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot create template for network type "
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java
index 886d194..b8070f0 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/EthernetManager.java
@@ -22,13 +22,11 @@
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
-import android.annotation.RequiresFeature;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.annotation.SystemService;
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
@@ -573,7 +571,6 @@
             NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_ETHERNET_NETWORKS})
-    @RequiresFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE)
     public void enableInterface(
             @NonNull String iface,
             @Nullable @CallbackExecutor Executor executor,
@@ -582,7 +579,7 @@
         final NetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver proxy = makeNetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver(
                 executor, callback);
         try {
-            mService.connectNetwork(iface, proxy);
+            mService.enableInterface(iface, proxy);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -610,7 +607,6 @@
             NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
             android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_ETHERNET_NETWORKS})
-    @RequiresFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE)
     public void disableInterface(
             @NonNull String iface,
             @Nullable @CallbackExecutor Executor executor,
@@ -619,7 +615,7 @@
         final NetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver proxy = makeNetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver(
                 executor, callback);
         try {
-            mService.disconnectNetwork(iface, proxy);
+            mService.disableInterface(iface, proxy);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl b/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl
index 42e4c1a..c1efc29 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/IEthernetManager.aidl
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@
     void releaseTetheredInterface(in ITetheredInterfaceCallback callback);
     void updateConfiguration(String iface, in EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest request,
         in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
-    void connectNetwork(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
-    void disconnectNetwork(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
+    void enableInterface(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
+    void disableInterface(String iface, in INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener);
     void setEthernetEnabled(boolean enabled);
     List<String> getInterfaceList();
 }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/IIpSecService.aidl b/framework-t/src/android/net/IIpSecService.aidl
index 933256a..88ffd0e 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/IIpSecService.aidl
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/IIpSecService.aidl
@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@
     IpSecTransformResponse createTransform(
             in IpSecConfig c, in IBinder binder, in String callingPackage);
 
+    void migrateTransform(
+            int transformId,
+            in String newSourceAddress,
+            in String newDestinationAddress,
+            in String callingPackage);
+
     void deleteTransform(int transformId);
 
     void applyTransportModeTransform(
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecAlgorithm.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecAlgorithm.java
index 10a22ac..aac6f79 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecAlgorithm.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecAlgorithm.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.os.SystemProperties;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 
@@ -351,8 +352,11 @@
             }
         }
 
+        // T introduced calculated property 'ro.vendor.api_level',
+        // which is the API level of the VSR that the device must conform to.
+        int vendorApiLevel = SystemProperties.getInt("ro.vendor.api_level", 10000);
         for (Entry<String, Integer> entry : ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.entrySet()) {
-            if (Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT >= entry.getValue()) {
+            if (vendorApiLevel >= entry.getValue()) {
                 enabledAlgos.add(entry.getKey());
             }
         }
@@ -488,4 +492,4 @@
                 && Arrays.equals(lhs.mKey, rhs.mKey)
                 && lhs.mTruncLenBits == rhs.mTruncLenBits);
     }
-};
+}
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java
index 9cb0947..3afa6ef 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecManager.java
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 
 import dalvik.system.CloseGuard;
 
@@ -65,6 +66,24 @@
     private static final String TAG = "IpSecManager";
 
     /**
+     * Feature flag to declare the kernel support of updating IPsec SAs.
+     *
+     * <p>Feature for {@link #getSystemAvailableFeatures} and {@link #hasSystemFeature}: The device
+     * has the requisite kernel support for migrating IPsec tunnels to new source/destination
+     * addresses.
+     *
+     * <p>This feature implies that the device supports XFRM Migration (CONFIG_XFRM_MIGRATE) and has
+     * the kernel fixes to allow XFRM Migration correctly
+     *
+     * @see android.content.pm.PackageManager#FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION
+     * @hide
+     */
+    // Redefine this flag here so that IPsec code shipped in a mainline module can build on old
+    // platforms before FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION API is released.
+    public static final String FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION =
+            "android.software.ipsec_tunnel_migration";
+
+    /**
      * Used when applying a transform to direct traffic through an {@link IpSecTransform}
      * towards the host.
      *
@@ -254,7 +273,7 @@
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
             }
-            mCloseGuard.open("open");
+            mCloseGuard.open("close");
         }
 
         /** @hide */
@@ -591,7 +610,7 @@
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
             }
-            mCloseGuard.open("constructor");
+            mCloseGuard.open("close");
         }
 
         /** Get the encapsulation socket's file descriptor. */
@@ -804,25 +823,26 @@
          * Update the underlying network for this IpSecTunnelInterface.
          *
          * <p>This new underlying network will be used for all transforms applied AFTER this call is
-         * complete. Before new {@link IpSecTransform}(s) with matching addresses are applied to
-         * this tunnel interface, traffic will still use the old SA, and be routed on the old
+         * complete. Before {@link IpSecTransform}(s) with matching addresses are applied to this
+         * tunnel interface, traffic will still use the old transform, and be routed on the old
          * underlying network.
          *
          * <p>To migrate IPsec tunnel mode traffic, a caller should:
          *
          * <ol>
          *   <li>Update the IpSecTunnelInterface’s underlying network.
-         *   <li>Apply {@link IpSecTransform}(s) with matching addresses to this
-         *       IpSecTunnelInterface.
+         *   <li>Apply the new {@link IpSecTransform}(s) to this IpSecTunnelInterface. These can be
+         *       new {@link IpSecTransform}(s) with matching addresses, or {@link IpSecTransform}(s)
+         *       that have started migration (see {@link
+         *       IpSecManager#startTunnelModeTransformMigration}).
          * </ol>
          *
          * @param underlyingNetwork the new {@link Network} that will carry traffic for this tunnel.
-         *     This network MUST never be the network exposing this IpSecTunnelInterface, otherwise
-         *     this method will throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}. If the
-         *     IpSecTunnelInterface is later added to this network, all outbound traffic will be
-         *     blackholed.
+         *     This network MUST be a functional {@link Network} with valid {@link LinkProperties},
+         *     and MUST never be the network exposing this IpSecTunnelInterface, otherwise this
+         *     method will throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}. If the IpSecTunnelInterface is
+         *     later added to this network, all outbound traffic will be blackholed.
          */
-        // TODO: b/169171001 Update the documentation when transform migration is supported.
         // The purpose of making updating network and applying transforms separate is to leave open
         // the possibility to support lossless migration procedures. To do that, Android platform
         // will need to support multiple inbound tunnel mode transforms, just like it can support
@@ -871,7 +891,7 @@
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
             }
-            mCloseGuard.open("constructor");
+            mCloseGuard.open("close");
         }
 
         /**
@@ -962,7 +982,6 @@
      * IP header and IPsec Header on all inbound traffic).
      * <p>Applications should probably not use this API directly.
      *
-     *
      * @param tunnel The {@link IpSecManager#IpSecTunnelInterface} that will use the supplied
      *        transform.
      * @param direction the direction, {@link DIRECTION_OUT} or {@link #DIRECTION_IN} in which
@@ -989,6 +1008,60 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Migrate an active Tunnel Mode IPsec Transform to new source/destination addresses.
+     *
+     * <p>Begins the process of migrating a transform and cache the new addresses. To complete the
+     * migration once started, callers MUST apply the same transform to the appropriate tunnel using
+     * {@link IpSecManager#applyTunnelModeTransform}. Otherwise, the address update will not be
+     * committed and the transform will still only process traffic between the current source and
+     * destination address. One common use case is that the control plane will start the migration
+     * process and then hand off the transform to the IPsec caller to perform the actual migration
+     * when the tunnel is ready.
+     *
+     * <p>If this method is called multiple times before {@link
+     * IpSecManager#applyTunnelModeTransform} is called, when the transform is applied, it will be
+     * migrated to the addresses from the last call.
+     *
+     * <p>The provided source and destination addresses MUST share the same address family, but they
+     * can have a different family from the current addresses.
+     *
+     * <p>Transform migration is only supported for tunnel mode transforms. Calling this method on
+     * other types of transforms will throw an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
+     *
+     * @see IpSecTunnelInterface#setUnderlyingNetwork
+     * @param transform a tunnel mode {@link IpSecTransform}
+     * @param newSourceAddress the new source address
+     * @param newDestinationAddress the new destination address
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @SystemApi
+    @RequiresFeature(FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION)
+    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS)
+    public void startTunnelModeTransformMigration(
+            @NonNull IpSecTransform transform,
+            @NonNull InetAddress newSourceAddress,
+            @NonNull InetAddress newDestinationAddress) {
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Transform migration only supported for Android 14+");
+        }
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(transform, "transform was null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(newSourceAddress, "newSourceAddress was null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(newDestinationAddress, "newDestinationAddress was null");
+
+        try {
+            mService.migrateTransform(
+                    transform.getResourceId(),
+                    newSourceAddress.getHostAddress(),
+                    newDestinationAddress.getHostAddress(),
+                    mContext.getOpPackageName());
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * @hide
      */
     public IpSecTransformResponse createTransform(IpSecConfig config, IBinder binder,
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecTransform.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecTransform.java
index 68ae5de..c236b6c 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecTransform.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/IpSecTransform.java
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
                 checkResultStatus(status);
                 mResourceId = result.resourceId;
                 Log.d(TAG, "Added Transform with Id " + mResourceId);
-                mCloseGuard.open("build");
+                mCloseGuard.open("close");
             } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
                 throw IpSecManager.rethrowUncheckedExceptionFromServiceSpecificException(e);
             }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
index da5f88d..947a092 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
@@ -32,10 +32,11 @@
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.service.NetworkIdentityProto;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.BitUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkCapabilitiesUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkIdentityUtils;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
@@ -85,6 +86,12 @@
 
     private static final long SUPPORTED_OEM_MANAGED_TYPES = OEM_PAID | OEM_PRIVATE;
 
+    // Need to be synchronized with ConnectivityManager.
+    // TODO: Use {@code ConnectivityManager#*} when visible.
+    static final int TYPE_TEST = 18;
+    private static final int MAX_NETWORK_TYPE = TYPE_TEST;
+    private static final int MIN_NETWORK_TYPE = TYPE_MOBILE;
+
     final int mType;
     final int mRatType;
     final int mSubId;
@@ -166,7 +173,7 @@
         if (oemManaged == OEM_NONE) {
             return "OEM_NONE";
         }
-        final int[] bitPositions = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(oemManaged);
+        final int[] bitPositions = BitUtils.unpackBits(oemManaged);
         final ArrayList<String> oemManagedNames = new ArrayList<String>();
         for (int position : bitPositions) {
             oemManagedNames.add(nameOfOemManaged(1 << position));
@@ -346,11 +353,6 @@
      * Builder class for {@link NetworkIdentity}.
      */
     public static final class Builder {
-        // Need to be synchronized with ConnectivityManager.
-        // TODO: Use {@link ConnectivityManager#MAX_NETWORK_TYPE} when this file is in the module.
-        private static final int MAX_NETWORK_TYPE = 18; // TYPE_TEST
-        private static final int MIN_NETWORK_TYPE = TYPE_MOBILE;
-
         private int mType;
         private int mRatType;
         private String mSubscriberId;
@@ -399,20 +401,32 @@
             setSubscriberId(snapshot.getSubscriberId());
             setRoaming(!snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().hasCapability(
                     NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-            setMetered(!(snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().hasCapability(
-                    NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                    || snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().hasCapability(
-                    NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)));
+            setMetered(!snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().hasCapability(
+                    NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
 
             setOemManaged(getOemBitfield(snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities()));
 
             if (mType == TYPE_WIFI) {
-                final TransportInfo transportInfo = snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities()
-                        .getTransportInfo();
+                final NetworkCapabilities nc = snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities();
+                final TransportInfo transportInfo = nc.getTransportInfo();
                 if (transportInfo instanceof WifiInfo) {
                     final WifiInfo info = (WifiInfo) transportInfo;
+                    // Log.wtf to catch trying to set a null wifiNetworkKey into NetworkIdentity.
+                    // See b/266598304. The problematic data that has null wifi network key is
+                    // thrown out when storing data, which is handled by the service.
+                    if (info.getNetworkKey() == null) {
+                        Log.wtf(TAG, "WifiInfo contains a null wifiNetworkKey and it will"
+                                + " be set into NetworkIdentity, netId=" + snapshot.getNetwork()
+                                + "NetworkCapabilities=" + nc);
+                    }
                     setWifiNetworkKey(info.getNetworkKey());
                 }
+            } else if (mType == TYPE_TEST) {
+                final NetworkSpecifier ns = snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().getNetworkSpecifier();
+                if (ns instanceof TestNetworkSpecifier) {
+                    // Reuse the wifi network key field to identify individual test networks.
+                    setWifiNetworkKey(((TestNetworkSpecifier) ns).getInterfaceName());
+                }
             }
             return this;
         }
@@ -574,7 +588,7 @@
             }
 
             // Assert non-wifi network cannot have a wifi network key.
-            if (mType != TYPE_WIFI && mWifiNetworkKey != null) {
+            if (mType != TYPE_WIFI && mType != TYPE_TEST && mWifiNetworkKey != null) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid wifi network key for type " + mType);
             }
         }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStats.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStats.java
index 0bb98f8..8719960 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStats.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStats.java
@@ -302,20 +302,8 @@
         /** @hide */
         @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
         public Entry() {
-            this(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
-        }
-
-        /** @hide */
-        public Entry(long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
-            this(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets,
-                    operations);
-        }
-
-        /** @hide */
-        public Entry(String iface, int uid, int set, int tag, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
-                long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
-            this(iface, uid, set, tag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
-                    rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
+            this(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                    DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -607,7 +595,8 @@
     public NetworkStats insertEntry(
             String iface, long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets) {
         return insertEntry(
-                iface, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L);
+                iface, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L);
     }
 
     /** @hide */
@@ -615,7 +604,8 @@
     public NetworkStats insertEntry(String iface, int uid, int set, int tag, long rxBytes,
             long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
         return insertEntry(new Entry(
-                iface, uid, set, tag, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations));
+                iface, uid, set, tag,  METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations));
     }
 
     /** @hide */
@@ -787,7 +777,8 @@
     public NetworkStats combineValues(String iface, int uid, int set, int tag,
             long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
         return combineValues(new Entry(
-                iface, uid, set, tag, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations));
+                iface, uid, set, tag, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
+                rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1041,7 +1032,7 @@
      */
     public long getTotalPackets() {
         long total = 0;
-        for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
             total += rxPackets[i] + txPackets[i];
         }
         return total;
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java
index b64fbdb..23902dc 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsAccess.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY;
-import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_TETHERING;
@@ -33,6 +32,8 @@
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
+
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@
          * <li>Device owners.
          * <li>Carrier-privileged applications.
          * <li>The system UID.
+         * <li>NetworkStack application.
          * </ul>
          */
         int DEVICE = 3;
@@ -111,22 +113,23 @@
         final DevicePolicyManager mDpm = context.getSystemService(DevicePolicyManager.class);
         final TelephonyManager tm = (TelephonyManager)
                 context.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
-        boolean hasCarrierPrivileges;
-        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        final boolean hasCarrierPrivileges;
+        final boolean isDeviceOwner;
+        long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
         try {
             hasCarrierPrivileges = tm != null
                     && tm.checkCarrierPrivilegesForPackageAnyPhone(callingPackage)
                             == TelephonyManager.CARRIER_PRIVILEGE_STATUS_HAS_ACCESS;
+            isDeviceOwner = mDpm != null && mDpm.isDeviceOwnerApp(callingPackage);
         } finally {
             Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
         }
 
-        final boolean isDeviceOwner = mDpm != null && mDpm.isDeviceOwnerApp(callingPackage);
         final int appId = UserHandle.getAppId(callingUid);
 
-        final boolean isNetworkStack = context.checkPermission(
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, callingPid, callingUid)
-                == PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+        final boolean isNetworkStack = PermissionUtils.checkAnyPermissionOf(
+                context, callingPid, callingUid, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
 
         if (hasCarrierPrivileges || isDeviceOwner
                 || appId == Process.SYSTEM_UID || isNetworkStack) {
@@ -135,15 +138,20 @@
             return NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE;
         }
 
-        boolean hasAppOpsPermission = hasAppOpsPermission(context, callingUid, callingPackage);
+        final boolean hasAppOpsPermission =
+                hasAppOpsPermission(context, callingUid, callingPackage);
         if (hasAppOpsPermission || context.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(
                 READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
             return NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICESUMMARY;
         }
 
-        //TODO(b/169395065) Figure out if this flow makes sense in Device Owner mode.
-        boolean isProfileOwner = mDpm != null && (mDpm.isProfileOwnerApp(callingPackage)
-                || mDpm.isDeviceOwnerApp(callingPackage));
+        final boolean isProfileOwner;
+        token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            isProfileOwner = mDpm != null && mDpm.isProfileOwnerApp(callingPackage);
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
         if (isProfileOwner) {
             // Apps with the AppOps permission, profile owners, and apps with the privileged
             // permission can access data usage for all apps in this user/profile.
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
index 6a1d2dd..e23faa4 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsCollection.java
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_ETHERNET;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
 
@@ -305,7 +309,8 @@
             // ourselves something to scale with.
             if (entry.rxBytes == 0 || entry.txBytes == 0) {
                 combined.recordData(augmentStart, augmentEnd,
-                        new NetworkStats.Entry(1, 0, 1, 0, 0));
+                        new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1L, 0L, 1L, 0L, 0L));
                 combined.getValues(augmentStart, augmentEnd, entry);
             }
 
@@ -774,10 +779,11 @@
 
     /** @hide */
     public void dumpCheckin(PrintWriter pw, long start, long end) {
-        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard(), "cell");
-        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard(), "wifi");
-        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateEthernet(), "eth");
-        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateBluetooth(), "bt");
+        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build(), "cell");
+        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build(), "wifi");
+        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_ETHERNET).build(), "eth");
+        dumpCheckin(pw, start, end, new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_BLUETOOTH).build(), "bt");
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java
index 738e9cc..c345747 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkStatsHistory.java
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import static android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
@@ -529,7 +532,8 @@
     @Deprecated
     public void recordData(long start, long end, long rxBytes, long txBytes) {
         recordData(start, end, new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, rxBytes, 0L, txBytes, 0L, 0L));
+                IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, rxBytes, 0L, txBytes, 0L, 0L));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -611,7 +615,8 @@
      */
     public void recordHistory(NetworkStatsHistory input, long start, long end) {
         final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+                IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
         for (int i = 0; i < input.bucketCount; i++) {
             final long bucketStart = input.bucketStart[i];
             final long bucketEnd = bucketStart + input.bucketDuration;
@@ -854,7 +859,8 @@
         ensureBuckets(start, end);
 
         final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+                IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
         while (rxBytes > 1024 || rxPackets > 128 || txBytes > 1024 || txPackets > 128
                 || operations > 32) {
             final long curStart = randomLong(r, start, end);
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
index b82a126..33bd884 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
@@ -49,15 +49,19 @@
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkIdentityUtils;
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -72,6 +76,8 @@
  */
 @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
 public final class NetworkTemplate implements Parcelable {
+    private static final String TAG = NetworkTemplate.class.getSimpleName();
+
     /** @hide */
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     @IntDef(prefix = { "MATCH_" }, value = {
@@ -90,18 +96,6 @@
     public static final int MATCH_WIFI = 4;
     /** Match rule to match ethernet networks. */
     public static final int MATCH_ETHERNET = 5;
-    /**
-     * Match rule to match all cellular networks.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static final int MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD = 6;
-    /**
-     * Match rule to match all wifi networks.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static final int MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD = 7;
     /** Match rule to match bluetooth networks. */
     public static final int MATCH_BLUETOOTH = 8;
     /**
@@ -114,6 +108,14 @@
      * may offer non-cellular networks like WiFi, which will be matched by this rule.
      */
     public static final int MATCH_CARRIER = 10;
+    /**
+     * Match rule to match networks with {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_TEST} as the legacy
+     * network type.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static final int MATCH_TEST = 11;
 
     // TODO: Remove this and replace all callers with WIFI_NETWORK_KEY_ALL.
     /** @hide */
@@ -171,11 +173,10 @@
             case MATCH_MOBILE:
             case MATCH_WIFI:
             case MATCH_ETHERNET:
-            case MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD:
-            case MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD:
             case MATCH_BLUETOOTH:
             case MATCH_PROXY:
             case MATCH_CARRIER:
+            case MATCH_TEST:
                 return true;
 
             default:
@@ -183,15 +184,135 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static Set<String> setOf(@Nullable final String item) {
+        if (item == null) {
+            // Set.of will throw if item is null
+            final Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
+            set.add(null);
+            return Collections.unmodifiableSet(set);
+        } else {
+            return Set.of(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void throwAtLeastU() {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Method not supported on Android U or above");
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Template to match {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_MOBILE} networks with
      * the given IMSI.
      *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
      * @hide
      */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileAll(String subscriberId) {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, subscriberId, null);
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileAll(@NonNull String subscriberId) {
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(subscriberId)).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Template to match metered {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_MOBILE} networks,
+     * regardless of IMSI.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileWildcard() {
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Template to match all metered {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_WIFI} networks,
+     * regardless of key of the wifi network.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifiWildcard() {
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifi() {
+        return buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_ETHERNET} style
+     * networks together.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateEthernet() {
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_ETHERNET).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_BLUETOOTH} style
+     * networks together.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    // TODO(b/270089918): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateBluetooth() {
+        // TODO : this is part of hidden-o txt, does that mean it should be annotated with
+        // @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = O) ? If yes, can't throwAtLeastU() lest apps
+        // targeting O- crash on those devices.
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_BLUETOOTH).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_PROXY} style
+     * networks together.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    // TODO(b/270089918): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateProxy() {
+        // TODO : this is part of hidden-o txt, does that mean it should be annotated with
+        // @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = O) ? If yes, can't throwAtLeastU() lest apps
+        // targeting O- crash on those devices.
+        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_PROXY, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Template to match all metered carrier networks with the given IMSI.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    // TODO(b/273963543): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
+    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateCarrierMetered(@NonNull String subscriberId) {
+        throwAtLeastU();
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_CARRIER)
+                // Set.of will throw if subscriberId is null, which is the historical
+                // behavior and should be preserved.
+                .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(subscriberId))
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .build();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -201,50 +322,18 @@
      *
      * @hide
      */
+    // TODO(b/273963543): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
     public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(@Nullable String subscriberId,
             int ratType, int metered) {
-        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(subscriberId)) {
-            return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD, null /* subscriberId */,
-                    null /* matchSubscriberIds */,
-                    new String[0] /* matchWifiNetworkKeys */, metered, ROAMING_ALL,
-                    DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, ratType, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                    NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
-        }
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, subscriberId, new String[] { subscriberId },
-                new String[0] /* matchWifiNetworkKeys */,
-                metered, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, ratType, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to match metered {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_MOBILE} networks,
-     * regardless of IMSI.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateMobileWildcard() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to match all metered {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_WIFI} networks,
-     * regardless of key of the wifi network.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifiWildcard() {
-        // TODO: Consider replace this with MATCH_WIFI with NETWORK_ID_ALL
-        // and SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL.
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /** @hide */
-    @Deprecated
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifi() {
-        return buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
+        throwAtLeastU();
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setSubscriberIds(TextUtils.isEmpty(subscriberId)
+                        ? Collections.emptySet()
+                        : Set.of(subscriberId))
+                .setMeteredness(metered)
+                .setRatType(ratType)
+                .build();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -255,13 +344,17 @@
      *                  to know details about the key.
      * @hide
      */
+    // TODO(b/273963543): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
     public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifi(@NonNull String wifiNetworkKey) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(wifiNetworkKey);
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, null /* subscriberId */,
-                new String[] { null } /* matchSubscriberIds */,
-                new String[] { wifiNetworkKey }, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL);
+        // TODO : this is part of hidden-o txt, does that mean it should be annotated with
+        // @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = O) ? If yes, can't throwAtLeastU() lest apps
+        // targeting O- crash on those devices.
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                // Set.of will throw if wifiNetworkKey is null, which is the historical
+                // behavior and should be preserved.
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(Set.of(wifiNetworkKey))
+                .build();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -277,63 +370,20 @@
      *
      * @hide
      */
+    // TODO(b/273963543): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
     public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateWifi(@Nullable String wifiNetworkKey,
             @Nullable String subscriberId) {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, subscriberId, new String[] { subscriberId },
-                wifiNetworkKey != null
-                        ? new String[] { wifiNetworkKey } : new String[0],
-                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_ETHERNET} style
-     * networks together.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateEthernet() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_ETHERNET, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_BLUETOOTH} style
-     * networks together.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateBluetooth() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_BLUETOOTH, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to combine all {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_PROXY} style
-     * networks together.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateProxy() {
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_PROXY, null, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Template to match all metered carrier networks with the given IMSI.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static NetworkTemplate buildTemplateCarrierMetered(@NonNull String subscriberId) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(subscriberId);
-        return new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_CARRIER, subscriberId,
-                new String[] { subscriberId },
-                new String[0] /* matchWifiNetworkKeys */,
-                METERED_YES, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+        throwAtLeastU();
+        return new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(subscriberId))
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(wifiNetworkKey == null
+                        ? Collections.emptySet()
+                        : Set.of(wifiNetworkKey))
+                .build();
     }
 
     private final int mMatchRule;
-    private final String mSubscriberId;
 
     /**
      * Ugh, templates are designed to target a single subscriber, but we might
@@ -343,6 +393,7 @@
      * Since the merge set is dynamic, it should <em>not</em> be persisted or
      * used for determining equality.
      */
+    @NonNull
     private final String[] mMatchSubscriberIds;
 
     @NonNull
@@ -353,23 +404,33 @@
     private final int mRoaming;
     private final int mDefaultNetwork;
     private final int mRatType;
-    /**
-     * The subscriber Id match rule defines how the template should match networks with
-     * specific subscriberId(s). See NetworkTemplate#SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_* for more detail.
-     */
-    private final int mSubscriberIdMatchRule;
 
     // Bitfield containing OEM network properties{@code NetworkIdentity#OEM_*}.
     private final int mOemManaged;
 
-    private static void checkValidSubscriberIdMatchRule(int matchRule, int subscriberIdMatchRule) {
+    private static void checkValidMatchSubscriberIds(int matchRule, String[] matchSubscriberIds) {
         switch (matchRule) {
-            case MATCH_MOBILE:
+            // CARRIER templates must always specify a valid subscriber ID.
+            // MOBILE templates can have empty matchSubscriberIds but it must not contain a null
+            // subscriber ID.
             case MATCH_CARRIER:
-                // MOBILE and CARRIER templates must always specify a subscriber ID.
-                if (subscriberIdMatchRule == NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL) {
-                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid SubscriberIdMatchRule "
-                            + "on match rule: " + getMatchRuleName(matchRule));
+                if (matchSubscriberIds.length == 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("matchSubscriberIds may not contain"
+                            + " null for rule " + getMatchRuleName(matchRule));
+                }
+                if (CollectionUtils.contains(matchSubscriberIds, null)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("matchSubscriberIds may not contain"
+                            + " null for rule " + getMatchRuleName(matchRule));
+                }
+                break;
+            case MATCH_MOBILE:
+                // Prevent from crash for b/273963543, where the OEMs still call into unsupported
+                // buildTemplateMobileAll with null subscriberId and get crashed.
+                final int firstSdk = Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT;
+                if (firstSdk > Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU
+                        && CollectionUtils.contains(matchSubscriberIds, null)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("checkValidMatchSubscriberIds list of ids"
+                            + " may not contain null for rule " + getMatchRuleName(matchRule));
                 }
                 return;
             default:
@@ -377,48 +438,89 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** @hide */
-    // TODO: Deprecate this constructor, mark it @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = S)
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use {@link Builder} to build a template.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Use {@code Builder} instead.")
     public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String subscriberId, String wifiNetworkKey) {
-        this(matchRule, subscriberId, new String[] { subscriberId }, wifiNetworkKey);
+        // Older versions used to only match MATCH_MOBILE and MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD templates
+        // to metered networks. It is now possible to match mobile with any meteredness, but
+        // in order to preserve backward compatibility of @UnsupportedAppUsage methods, this
+        // constructor passes METERED_YES for these types.
+        // For backwards compatibility, still accept old wildcard match rules (6 and 7 for
+        // MATCH_{MOBILE,WIFI}_WILDCARD) but convert into functionally equivalent non-wildcard
+        // ones.
+        this(getBackwardsCompatibleMatchRule(matchRule),
+                subscriberId != null ? new String[] { subscriberId } : new String[0],
+                wifiNetworkKey != null ? new String[] { wifiNetworkKey } : new String[0],
+                getMeterednessForBackwardsCompatibility(matchRule), ROAMING_ALL,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL);
+        if (matchRule == 6 || matchRule == 7) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Use MATCH_MOBILE with empty subscriberIds or MATCH_WIFI with empty "
+                    + "wifiNetworkKeys instead of template with matchRule=" + matchRule);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int getBackwardsCompatibleMatchRule(int matchRule) {
+        // Backwards compatibility old constants
+        // Old MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
+        if (6 == matchRule) return MATCH_MOBILE;
+        // Old MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD
+        if (7 == matchRule) return MATCH_WIFI;
+        return matchRule;
+    }
+
+    private static int getMeterednessForBackwardsCompatibility(int matchRule) {
+        if (getBackwardsCompatibleMatchRule(matchRule) == MATCH_MOBILE
+                || matchRule == MATCH_CARRIER) {
+            return METERED_YES;
+        }
+        return METERED_ALL;
     }
 
     /** @hide */
+    // TODO(b/270089918): Remove this method after no callers.
     public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String subscriberId, String[] matchSubscriberIds,
             String wifiNetworkKey) {
         // Older versions used to only match MATCH_MOBILE and MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD templates
         // to metered networks. It is now possible to match mobile with any meteredness, but
         // in order to preserve backward compatibility of @UnsupportedAppUsage methods, this
-        //constructor passes METERED_YES for these types.
-        this(matchRule, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
+        // constructor passes METERED_YES for these types.
+        this(getBackwardsCompatibleMatchRule(matchRule), matchSubscriberIds,
                 wifiNetworkKey != null ? new String[] { wifiNetworkKey } : new String[0],
-                (matchRule == MATCH_MOBILE || matchRule == MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
-                        || matchRule == MATCH_CARRIER) ? METERED_YES : METERED_ALL,
+                getMeterednessForBackwardsCompatibility(matchRule),
                 ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                OEM_MANAGED_ALL, NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+                OEM_MANAGED_ALL);
+        // TODO : this is part of hidden-o txt, does that mean it should be annotated with
+        // @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = O) ? If yes, can't throwAtLeastU() lest apps
+        // targeting O- crash on those devices.
     }
 
     /** @hide */
-    // TODO: Remove it after updating all of the caller.
-    public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String subscriberId, String[] matchSubscriberIds,
-            String wifiNetworkKey, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, int ratType,
-            int oemManaged) {
-        this(matchRule, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
-                wifiNetworkKey != null ? new String[] { wifiNetworkKey } : new String[0],
-                metered, roaming, defaultNetwork, ratType, oemManaged,
-                NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
-    }
-
-    /** @hide */
+    // TODO(b/269974916): Remove this method after Android U is released.
+    //  This is only used by CTS of Android T.
     public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String subscriberId, String[] matchSubscriberIds,
             String[] matchWifiNetworkKeys, int metered, int roaming,
             int defaultNetwork, int ratType, int oemManaged, int subscriberIdMatchRule) {
+        // subscriberId and subscriberIdMatchRule aren't used since they are replaced by
+        // matchSubscriberIds, which could be null to indicate the intention of matching any
+        // subscriberIds.
+        this(getBackwardsCompatibleMatchRule(matchRule),
+                matchSubscriberIds == null ? new String[]{} : matchSubscriberIds,
+                matchWifiNetworkKeys, metered, roaming, defaultNetwork, ratType, oemManaged);
+        throwAtLeastU();
+    }
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public NetworkTemplate(int matchRule, String[] matchSubscriberIds,
+            String[] matchWifiNetworkKeys, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork,
+            int ratType, int oemManaged) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(matchWifiNetworkKeys);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(matchSubscriberIds);
         mMatchRule = matchRule;
-        mSubscriberId = subscriberId;
-        // TODO: Check whether mMatchSubscriberIds = null or mMatchSubscriberIds = {null} when
-        // mSubscriberId is null
         mMatchSubscriberIds = matchSubscriberIds;
         mMatchWifiNetworkKeys = matchWifiNetworkKeys;
         mMetered = metered;
@@ -426,8 +528,7 @@
         mDefaultNetwork = defaultNetwork;
         mRatType = ratType;
         mOemManaged = oemManaged;
-        mSubscriberIdMatchRule = subscriberIdMatchRule;
-        checkValidSubscriberIdMatchRule(matchRule, subscriberIdMatchRule);
+        checkValidMatchSubscriberIds(matchRule, matchSubscriberIds);
         if (!isKnownMatchRule(matchRule)) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown network template rule " + matchRule
                     + " will not match any identity.");
@@ -436,7 +537,6 @@
 
     private NetworkTemplate(Parcel in) {
         mMatchRule = in.readInt();
-        mSubscriberId = in.readString();
         mMatchSubscriberIds = in.createStringArray();
         mMatchWifiNetworkKeys = in.createStringArray();
         mMetered = in.readInt();
@@ -444,13 +544,11 @@
         mDefaultNetwork = in.readInt();
         mRatType = in.readInt();
         mOemManaged = in.readInt();
-        mSubscriberIdMatchRule = in.readInt();
     }
 
     @Override
     public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel dest, int flags) {
         dest.writeInt(mMatchRule);
-        dest.writeString(mSubscriberId);
         dest.writeStringArray(mMatchSubscriberIds);
         dest.writeStringArray(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys);
         dest.writeInt(mMetered);
@@ -458,7 +556,6 @@
         dest.writeInt(mDefaultNetwork);
         dest.writeInt(mRatType);
         dest.writeInt(mOemManaged);
-        dest.writeInt(mSubscriberIdMatchRule);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -470,10 +567,6 @@
     public String toString() {
         final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("NetworkTemplate: ");
         builder.append("matchRule=").append(getMatchRuleName(mMatchRule));
-        if (mSubscriberId != null) {
-            builder.append(", subscriberId=").append(
-                    NetworkIdentityUtils.scrubSubscriberId(mSubscriberId));
-        }
         if (mMatchSubscriberIds != null) {
             builder.append(", matchSubscriberIds=").append(
                     Arrays.toString(NetworkIdentityUtils.scrubSubscriberIds(mMatchSubscriberIds)));
@@ -495,15 +588,14 @@
         if (mOemManaged != OEM_MANAGED_ALL) {
             builder.append(", oemManaged=").append(getOemManagedNames(mOemManaged));
         }
-        builder.append(", subscriberIdMatchRule=")
-                .append(subscriberIdMatchRuleToString(mSubscriberIdMatchRule));
         return builder.toString();
     }
 
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
-        return Objects.hash(mMatchRule, mSubscriberId, Arrays.hashCode(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys),
-                mMetered, mRoaming, mDefaultNetwork, mRatType, mOemManaged, mSubscriberIdMatchRule);
+        return Objects.hash(mMatchRule, Arrays.hashCode(mMatchSubscriberIds),
+                Arrays.hashCode(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys), mMetered, mRoaming, mDefaultNetwork,
+                mRatType, mOemManaged);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -511,34 +603,28 @@
         if (obj instanceof NetworkTemplate) {
             final NetworkTemplate other = (NetworkTemplate) obj;
             return mMatchRule == other.mMatchRule
-                    && Objects.equals(mSubscriberId, other.mSubscriberId)
                     && mMetered == other.mMetered
                     && mRoaming == other.mRoaming
                     && mDefaultNetwork == other.mDefaultNetwork
                     && mRatType == other.mRatType
                     && mOemManaged == other.mOemManaged
-                    && mSubscriberIdMatchRule == other.mSubscriberIdMatchRule
+                    && Arrays.equals(mMatchSubscriberIds, other.mMatchSubscriberIds)
                     && Arrays.equals(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys, other.mMatchWifiNetworkKeys);
         }
         return false;
     }
 
-    private static String subscriberIdMatchRuleToString(int rule) {
-        switch (rule) {
-            case NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT:
-                return "EXACT_MATCH";
-            case NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL:
-                return "ALL";
-            default:
-                return "Unknown rule " + rule;
-        }
-    }
-
+    // TODO(b/270089918): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
     /** @hide */
     public boolean isMatchRuleMobile() {
+        // TODO : this is part of hidden-o txt, does that mean it should be annotated with
+        // @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = O) ? If yes, can't throwAtLeastU() lest apps
+        // targeting O- crash on those devices.
         switch (mMatchRule) {
             case MATCH_MOBILE:
-            case MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD:
+            // Old MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
+            case 6:
                 return true;
             default:
                 return false;
@@ -548,28 +634,22 @@
     /**
      * Get match rule of the template. See {@code MATCH_*}.
      */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
     public int getMatchRule() {
-        // Wildcard rules are not exposed. For external callers, convert wildcard rules to
-        // exposed rules before returning.
-        switch (mMatchRule) {
-            case MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD:
-                return MATCH_MOBILE;
-            case MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD:
-                return MATCH_WIFI;
-            default:
-                return mMatchRule;
-        }
+        return mMatchRule;
     }
 
     /**
      * Get subscriber Id of the template.
+     *
+     * @deprecated User should use {@link #getSubscriberIds} instead.
      * @hide
      */
+    @Deprecated
     @Nullable
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "Caller should use {@code getSubscriberIds} instead.")
     public String getSubscriberId() {
-        return mSubscriberId;
+        return CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchSubscriberIds) ? null : mMatchSubscriberIds[0];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -656,16 +736,14 @@
                 return matchesWifi(ident);
             case MATCH_ETHERNET:
                 return matchesEthernet(ident);
-            case MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD:
-                return matchesMobileWildcard(ident);
-            case MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD:
-                return matchesWifiWildcard(ident);
             case MATCH_BLUETOOTH:
                 return matchesBluetooth(ident);
             case MATCH_PROXY:
                 return matchesProxy(ident);
             case MATCH_CARRIER:
                 return matchesCarrier(ident);
+            case MATCH_TEST:
+                return matchesTest(ident);
             default:
                 // We have no idea what kind of network template we are, so we
                 // just claim not to match anything.
@@ -706,13 +784,13 @@
 
     /**
      * Check if this template matches {@code subscriberId}. Returns true if this
-     * template was created with {@code SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL}, or with a
-     * {@code mMatchSubscriberIds} array that contains {@code subscriberId}.
+     * template was created with a {@code mMatchSubscriberIds} array that contains
+     * {@code subscriberId} or if {@code mMatchSubscriberIds} is empty.
      *
      * @hide
      */
     public boolean matchesSubscriberId(@Nullable String subscriberId) {
-        return mSubscriberIdMatchRule == NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL
+        return mMatchSubscriberIds.length == 0
                 || CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchSubscriberIds, subscriberId);
     }
 
@@ -725,7 +803,15 @@
      *                  to know details about the key.
      */
     private boolean matchesWifiNetworkKey(@NonNull String wifiNetworkKey) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(wifiNetworkKey);
+        // Note that this code accepts null wifi network keys because of a past bug where wifi
+        // code was sending a null network key for some connected networks, which isn't expected
+        // and ended up stored in the data on many devices.
+        // A null network key in the data matches a wildcard template (one where
+        // {@code mMatchWifiNetworkKeys} is empty), but not one where {@code MatchWifiNetworkKeys}
+        // contains null. See b/266598304.
+        if (wifiNetworkKey == null) {
+            return CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys);
+        }
         return CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys)
                 || CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys, wifiNetworkKey);
     }
@@ -738,9 +824,9 @@
             // TODO: consider matching against WiMAX subscriber identity
             return true;
         } else {
-            return ident.mType == TYPE_MOBILE && !CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchSubscriberIds)
-                    && CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchSubscriberIds, ident.mSubscriberId)
-                    && matchesCollapsedRatType(ident);
+            return (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchSubscriberIds)
+                || CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchSubscriberIds, ident.mSubscriberId))
+                && (ident.mType == TYPE_MOBILE && matchesCollapsedRatType(ident));
         }
     }
 
@@ -752,6 +838,8 @@
             case TYPE_WIFI:
                 return matchesSubscriberId(ident.mSubscriberId)
                         && matchesWifiNetworkKey(ident.mWifiNetworkKey);
+            case TYPE_WIFI_P2P:
+                return CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys);
             default:
                 return false;
         }
@@ -776,22 +864,15 @@
                 && CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchSubscriberIds, ident.mSubscriberId);
     }
 
-    private boolean matchesMobileWildcard(NetworkIdentity ident) {
-        if (ident.mType == TYPE_WIMAX) {
-            return true;
-        } else {
-            return ident.mType == TYPE_MOBILE && matchesCollapsedRatType(ident);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private boolean matchesWifiWildcard(NetworkIdentity ident) {
-        switch (ident.mType) {
-            case TYPE_WIFI:
-            case TYPE_WIFI_P2P:
-                return true;
-            default:
-                return false;
-        }
+    /**
+     * Check if matches test network. If the wifiNetworkKeys in the template is specified, Then it
+     * will only match a network containing any of the specified the wifi network key. Otherwise,
+     * all test networks would be matched.
+     */
+    private boolean matchesTest(NetworkIdentity ident) {
+        return ident.mType == NetworkIdentity.TYPE_TEST
+                && ((CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys)
+                || CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys, ident.mWifiNetworkKey)));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -819,16 +900,14 @@
                 return "WIFI";
             case MATCH_ETHERNET:
                 return "ETHERNET";
-            case MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD:
-                return "MOBILE_WILDCARD";
-            case MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD:
-                return "WIFI_WILDCARD";
             case MATCH_BLUETOOTH:
                 return "BLUETOOTH";
             case MATCH_PROXY:
                 return "PROXY";
             case MATCH_CARRIER:
                 return "CARRIER";
+            case MATCH_TEST:
+                return "TEST";
             default:
                 return "UNKNOWN(" + matchRule + ")";
         }
@@ -854,15 +933,16 @@
      * subscribers.
      * <p>
      * For example, given an incoming template matching B, and the currently
-     * active merge set [A,B], we'd return a new template that primarily matches
-     * A, but also matches B.
-     * TODO: remove and use {@link #normalize(NetworkTemplate, List)}.
+     * active merge set [A,B], we'd return a new template that matches both A and B.
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU,
+            publicAlternatives = "There is no alternative for {@code NetworkTemplate.normalize}."
+                    + "Callers should have their own logic to merge template for"
+                    + " different IMSIs and stop calling this function.")
     public static NetworkTemplate normalize(NetworkTemplate template, String[] merged) {
-        return normalize(template, Arrays.<String[]>asList(merged));
+        return normalizeImpl(template, Collections.singletonList(merged));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -875,28 +955,54 @@
      *
      * <p>
      * For example, given an incoming template matching B, and the currently
-     * active merge set [A,B], we'd return a new template that primarily matches
-     * A, but also matches B.
+     * active merge set [A,B], we'd return a new template that matches both A and B.
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    // TODO: @SystemApi when ready.
+    // TODO(b/273963543): Remove this method. This can only be done after there are no more callers,
+    //  including in OEM code which can access this by linking against the framework.
     public static NetworkTemplate normalize(NetworkTemplate template, List<String[]> mergedList) {
+        throwAtLeastU();
+        return normalizeImpl(template, mergedList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Examine the given template and normalize it.
+     * We pick the "lowest" merged subscriber as the primary
+     * for key purposes, and expand the template to match all other merged
+     * subscribers.
+     *
+     * There can be multiple merged subscriberIds for multi-SIM devices.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * For example, given an incoming template matching B, and the currently
+     * active merge set [A,B], we'd return a new template that matches both A and B.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    private static NetworkTemplate normalizeImpl(NetworkTemplate template,
+            List<String[]> mergedList) {
         // Now there are several types of network which uses SubscriberId to store network
         // information. For instances:
         // The TYPE_WIFI with subscriberId means that it is a merged carrier wifi network.
         // The TYPE_CARRIER means that the network associate to specific carrier network.
 
-        if (template.mSubscriberId == null) return template;
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(template.mMatchSubscriberIds)) return template;
 
         for (String[] merged : mergedList) {
-            if (CollectionUtils.contains(merged, template.mSubscriberId)) {
+            if (CollectionUtils.contains(merged, template.mMatchSubscriberIds[0])) {
                 // Requested template subscriber is part of the merge group; return
                 // a template that matches all merged subscribers.
                 final String[] matchWifiNetworkKeys = template.mMatchWifiNetworkKeys;
-                return new NetworkTemplate(template.mMatchRule, merged[0], merged,
+                // TODO: Use NetworkTemplate.Builder to build a template after NetworkTemplate
+                // could handle incompatible subscriberIds. See b/217805241.
+                return new NetworkTemplate(template.mMatchRule, merged,
                         CollectionUtils.isEmpty(matchWifiNetworkKeys)
-                                ? null : matchWifiNetworkKeys[0]);
+                                ? new String[0] : new String[] { matchWifiNetworkKeys[0] },
+                        (template.mMatchRule == MATCH_MOBILE
+                                || template.mMatchRule == MATCH_CARRIER)
+                                ? METERED_YES : METERED_ALL,
+                        ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1064,10 +1170,7 @@
          * @param matchRule the target match rule to be checked.
          */
         private static void assertRequestableMatchRule(final int matchRule) {
-            if (!isKnownMatchRule(matchRule)
-                    || matchRule == MATCH_PROXY
-                    || matchRule == MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
-                    || matchRule == MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD) {
+            if (!isKnownMatchRule(matchRule) || matchRule == MATCH_PROXY) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid match rule: "
                         + getMatchRuleName(matchRule));
             }
@@ -1079,27 +1182,15 @@
         }
 
         private void validateWifiNetworkKeys() {
-            if (mMatchRule != MATCH_WIFI && !mMatchWifiNetworkKeys.isEmpty()) {
+            // Also allow querying test networks which use wifi network key as identifier.
+            if (mMatchRule != MATCH_WIFI && mMatchRule != MATCH_TEST
+                    && !mMatchWifiNetworkKeys.isEmpty()) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Trying to build non wifi match rule: "
                         + mMatchRule + " with wifi network keys");
             }
         }
 
         /**
-         * For backward compatibility, deduce match rule to a wildcard match rule
-         * if the Subscriber Ids are empty.
-         */
-        private int getWildcardDeducedMatchRule() {
-            if (mMatchRule == MATCH_MOBILE && mMatchSubscriberIds.isEmpty()) {
-                return MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD;
-            } else if (mMatchRule == MATCH_WIFI && mMatchSubscriberIds.isEmpty()
-                    && mMatchWifiNetworkKeys.isEmpty()) {
-                return MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD;
-            }
-            return mMatchRule;
-        }
-
-        /**
          * Builds the instance of the NetworkTemplate.
          *
          * @return the built instance of NetworkTemplate.
@@ -1107,14 +1198,10 @@
         @NonNull
         public NetworkTemplate build() {
             assertRequestableParameters();
-            final int subscriberIdMatchRule = mMatchSubscriberIds.isEmpty()
-                    ? NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL
-                    : NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT;
-            return new NetworkTemplate(getWildcardDeducedMatchRule(),
-                    mMatchSubscriberIds.isEmpty() ? null : mMatchSubscriberIds.iterator().next(),
+            return new NetworkTemplate(mMatchRule,
                     mMatchSubscriberIds.toArray(new String[0]),
                     mMatchWifiNetworkKeys.toArray(new String[0]), mMetered, mRoaming,
-                    mDefaultNetwork, mRatType, mOemManaged, subscriberIdMatchRule);
+                    mDefaultNetwork, mRatType, mOemManaged);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/netstats/provider/NetworkStatsProvider.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/netstats/provider/NetworkStatsProvider.java
index d37a53d..66d99a1 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/netstats/provider/NetworkStatsProvider.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/netstats/provider/NetworkStatsProvider.java
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
      *
      * @param token the token under which these stats were gathered. Providers can call this method
      *              with the current token as often as they want, until the token changes.
-     *              {@see NetworkStatsProvider#onRequestStatsUpdate()}
+     *              See {@link NetworkStatsProvider#onRequestStatsUpdate(int)}
      * @param ifaceStats the {@link NetworkStats} per interface to be reported.
      *                   The provider should not include any traffic that is already counted by
      *                   kernel interface counters.
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManager.aidl b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManager.aidl
index 89e9cdb..9d14b1a 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManager.aidl
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManager.aidl
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@
  * {@hide}
  */
 interface INsdManager {
-    INsdServiceConnector connect(INsdManagerCallback cb);
+    INsdServiceConnector connect(INsdManagerCallback cb, boolean useJavaBackend);
 }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManagerCallback.aidl b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManagerCallback.aidl
index 1a262ec..d89bfa9 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManagerCallback.aidl
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdManagerCallback.aidl
@@ -36,4 +36,10 @@
     void onUnregisterServiceSucceeded(int listenerKey);
     void onResolveServiceFailed(int listenerKey, int error);
     void onResolveServiceSucceeded(int listenerKey, in NsdServiceInfo info);
+    void onStopResolutionFailed(int listenerKey, int error);
+    void onStopResolutionSucceeded(int listenerKey);
+    void onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(int listenerKey, int error);
+    void onServiceUpdated(int listenerKey, in NsdServiceInfo info);
+    void onServiceUpdatedLost(int listenerKey);
+    void onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered(int listenerKey);
 }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdServiceConnector.aidl b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdServiceConnector.aidl
index b06ae55..5533154 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdServiceConnector.aidl
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/INsdServiceConnector.aidl
@@ -32,4 +32,7 @@
     void stopDiscovery(int listenerKey);
     void resolveService(int listenerKey, in NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo);
     void startDaemon();
+    void stopResolution(int listenerKey);
+    void registerServiceInfoCallback(int listenerKey, in NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+    void unregisterServiceInfoCallback(int listenerKey);
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java
index f19bf4a..d119db6 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdManager.java
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 
 package android.net.nsd;
 
+import static android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND;
+import static android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER;
+
+import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
@@ -23,8 +27,6 @@
 import android.annotation.SdkConstant.SdkConstantType;
 import android.annotation.SystemService;
 import android.app.compat.CompatChanges;
-import android.compat.annotation.ChangeId;
-import android.compat.annotation.EnabledSince;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
@@ -44,6 +46,8 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 
@@ -126,7 +130,7 @@
  * http://www.iana.org/form/ports-service. Existing services can be found at
  * http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xml
  *
- * {@see NsdServiceInfo}
+ * @see NsdServiceInfo
  */
 @SystemService(Context.NSD_SERVICE)
 public final class NsdManager {
@@ -134,24 +138,6 @@
     private static final boolean DBG = false;
 
     /**
-     * When enabled, apps targeting < Android 12 are considered legacy for
-     * the NSD native daemon.
-     * The platform will only keep the daemon running as long as there are
-     * any legacy apps connected.
-     *
-     * After Android 12, directly communicate with native daemon might not
-     * work since the native damon won't always stay alive.
-     * Use the NSD APIs from NsdManager as the replacement is recommended.
-     * An another alternative could be bundling your own mdns solutions instead of
-     * depending on the system mdns native daemon.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @ChangeId
-    @EnabledSince(targetSdkVersion = android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
-    public static final long RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS = 191844585L;
-
-    /**
      * Broadcast intent action to indicate whether network service discovery is
      * enabled or disabled. An extra {@link #EXTRA_NSD_STATE} provides the state
      * information as int.
@@ -175,6 +161,7 @@
      *
      * @see #ACTION_NSD_STATE_CHANGED
      */
+    // TODO: Deprecate this since NSD service is never disabled.
     public static final int NSD_STATE_DISABLED = 1;
 
     /**
@@ -225,22 +212,40 @@
 
     /** @hide */
     public static final int DAEMON_CLEANUP                          = 18;
-
     /** @hide */
     public static final int DAEMON_STARTUP                          = 19;
 
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int ENABLE                                  = 20;
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int DISABLE                                 = 21;
+    public static final int MDNS_SERVICE_EVENT                      = 20;
 
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int MDNS_SERVICE_EVENT                      = 22;
+    public static final int REGISTER_CLIENT                         = 21;
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int UNREGISTER_CLIENT                       = 22;
 
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int REGISTER_CLIENT                         = 23;
+    public static final int MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT            = 23;
+
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int UNREGISTER_CLIENT                       = 24;
+    public static final int STOP_RESOLUTION                         = 24;
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int STOP_RESOLUTION_FAILED                  = 25;
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int STOP_RESOLUTION_SUCCEEDED               = 26;
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK               = 27;
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_FAILED        = 28;
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int SERVICE_UPDATED                         = 29;
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int SERVICE_UPDATED_LOST                    = 30;
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK             = 31;
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_SUCCEEDED   = 32;
 
     /** Dns based service discovery protocol */
     public static final int PROTOCOL_DNS_SD = 0x0001;
@@ -266,9 +271,19 @@
         EVENT_NAMES.put(RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, "RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED");
         EVENT_NAMES.put(DAEMON_CLEANUP, "DAEMON_CLEANUP");
         EVENT_NAMES.put(DAEMON_STARTUP, "DAEMON_STARTUP");
-        EVENT_NAMES.put(ENABLE, "ENABLE");
-        EVENT_NAMES.put(DISABLE, "DISABLE");
         EVENT_NAMES.put(MDNS_SERVICE_EVENT, "MDNS_SERVICE_EVENT");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(STOP_RESOLUTION, "STOP_RESOLUTION");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(STOP_RESOLUTION_FAILED, "STOP_RESOLUTION_FAILED");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(STOP_RESOLUTION_SUCCEEDED, "STOP_RESOLUTION_SUCCEEDED");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK, "REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_FAILED, "REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_FAILED");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(SERVICE_UPDATED, "SERVICE_UPDATED");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK, "UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_SUCCEEDED,
+                "UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_SUCCEEDED");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, "MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(REGISTER_CLIENT, "REGISTER_CLIENT");
+        EVENT_NAMES.put(UNREGISTER_CLIENT, "UNREGISTER_CLIENT");
     }
 
     /** @hide */
@@ -499,14 +514,15 @@
         mHandler = new ServiceHandler(t.getLooper());
 
         try {
-            mService = service.connect(new NsdCallbackImpl(mHandler));
+            mService = service.connect(new NsdCallbackImpl(mHandler), CompatChanges.isChangeEnabled(
+                    ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND));
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw new RuntimeException("Failed to connect to NsdService");
         }
 
         // Only proactively start the daemon if the target SDK < S, otherwise the internal service
         // would automatically start/stop the native daemon as needed.
-        if (!CompatChanges.isChangeEnabled(RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)) {
+        if (!CompatChanges.isChangeEnabled(RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)) {
             try {
                 mService.startDaemon();
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
@@ -594,6 +610,36 @@
         public void onResolveServiceSucceeded(int listenerKey, NsdServiceInfo info) {
             sendInfo(RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED, listenerKey, info);
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStopResolutionFailed(int listenerKey, int error) {
+            sendError(STOP_RESOLUTION_FAILED, listenerKey, error);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStopResolutionSucceeded(int listenerKey) {
+            sendNoArg(STOP_RESOLUTION_SUCCEEDED, listenerKey);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(int listenerKey, int error) {
+            sendError(REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_FAILED, listenerKey, error);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceUpdated(int listenerKey, NsdServiceInfo info) {
+            sendInfo(SERVICE_UPDATED, listenerKey, info);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceUpdatedLost(int listenerKey) {
+            sendNoArg(SERVICE_UPDATED_LOST, listenerKey);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered(int listenerKey) {
+            sendNoArg(UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_SUCCEEDED, listenerKey);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -617,6 +663,37 @@
      */
     public static final int FAILURE_MAX_LIMIT                   = 4;
 
+    /**
+     * Indicates that the stop operation failed because it is not running.
+     * This failure is passed with {@link ResolveListener#onStopResolutionFailed}.
+     */
+    public static final int FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING       = 5;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates that the service has failed to resolve because of bad parameters.
+     *
+     * This failure is passed with
+     * {@link ServiceInfoCallback#onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed}.
+     */
+    public static final int FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS              = 6;
+
+    /** @hide */
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+    @IntDef(value = {
+            FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING,
+    })
+    public @interface StopOperationFailureCode {
+    }
+
+    /** @hide */
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+    @IntDef(value = {
+            FAILURE_ALREADY_ACTIVE,
+            FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS,
+    })
+    public @interface ResolutionFailureCode {
+    }
+
     /** Interface for callback invocation for service discovery */
     public interface DiscoveryListener {
 
@@ -645,12 +722,97 @@
         public void onServiceUnregistered(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo);
     }
 
-    /** Interface for callback invocation for service resolution */
+    /**
+     * Callback for use with {@link NsdManager#resolveService} to resolve the service info and use
+     * with {@link NsdManager#stopServiceResolution} to stop resolution.
+     */
     public interface ResolveListener {
 
-        public void onResolveFailed(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, int errorCode);
+        /**
+         * Called on the internal thread or with an executor passed to
+         * {@link NsdManager#resolveService} to report the resolution was failed with an error.
+         *
+         * A resolution operation would call either onServiceResolved or onResolveFailed once based
+         * on the result.
+         */
+        void onResolveFailed(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, int errorCode);
 
-        public void onServiceResolved(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+        /**
+         * Called on the internal thread or with an executor passed to
+         * {@link NsdManager#resolveService} to report the resolved service info.
+         *
+         * A resolution operation would call either onServiceResolved or onResolveFailed once based
+         * on the result.
+         */
+        void onServiceResolved(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+
+        /**
+         * Called on the internal thread or with an executor passed to
+         * {@link NsdManager#resolveService} to report the resolution was stopped.
+         *
+         * A stop resolution operation would call either onResolutionStopped or
+         * onStopResolutionFailed once based on the result.
+         */
+        default void onResolutionStopped(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo) { }
+
+        /**
+         * Called once on the internal thread or with an executor passed to
+         * {@link NsdManager#resolveService} to report that stopping resolution failed with an
+         * error.
+         *
+         * A stop resolution operation would call either onResolutionStopped or
+         * onStopResolutionFailed once based on the result.
+         */
+        default void onStopResolutionFailed(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo,
+                @StopOperationFailureCode int errorCode) { }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callback to listen to service info updates.
+     *
+     * For use with {@link NsdManager#registerServiceInfoCallback} to register, and with
+     * {@link NsdManager#unregisterServiceInfoCallback} to stop listening.
+     */
+    public interface ServiceInfoCallback {
+
+        /**
+         * Reports that registering the callback failed with an error.
+         *
+         * Called on the executor passed to {@link NsdManager#registerServiceInfoCallback}.
+         *
+         * onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed will be called exactly once when the callback
+         * could not be registered. No other callback will be sent in that case.
+         */
+        void onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(@ResolutionFailureCode int errorCode);
+
+        /**
+         * Reports updated service info.
+         *
+         * Called on the executor passed to {@link NsdManager#registerServiceInfoCallback}. Any
+         * service updates will be notified via this callback until
+         * {@link NsdManager#unregisterServiceInfoCallback} is called. This will only be called once
+         * the service is found, so may never be called if the service is never present.
+         */
+        void onServiceUpdated(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+
+        /**
+         * Reports when the service that this callback listens to becomes unavailable.
+         *
+         * Called on the executor passed to {@link NsdManager#registerServiceInfoCallback}. The
+         * service may become available again, in which case {@link #onServiceUpdated} will be
+         * called.
+         */
+        void onServiceLost();
+
+        /**
+         * Reports that service info updates have stopped.
+         *
+         * Called on the executor passed to {@link NsdManager#registerServiceInfoCallback}.
+         *
+         * A callback unregistration operation will call onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered
+         * once. After this, the callback may be reused.
+         */
+        void onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered();
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -743,6 +905,33 @@
                     executor.execute(() -> ((ResolveListener) listener).onServiceResolved(
                             (NsdServiceInfo) obj));
                     break;
+                case STOP_RESOLUTION_FAILED:
+                    removeListener(key);
+                    executor.execute(() -> ((ResolveListener) listener).onStopResolutionFailed(
+                            ns, errorCode));
+                    break;
+                case STOP_RESOLUTION_SUCCEEDED:
+                    removeListener(key);
+                    executor.execute(() -> ((ResolveListener) listener).onResolutionStopped(
+                            ns));
+                    break;
+                case REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_FAILED:
+                    removeListener(key);
+                    executor.execute(() -> ((ServiceInfoCallback) listener)
+                            .onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(errorCode));
+                    break;
+                case SERVICE_UPDATED:
+                    executor.execute(() -> ((ServiceInfoCallback) listener)
+                            .onServiceUpdated((NsdServiceInfo) obj));
+                    break;
+                case SERVICE_UPDATED_LOST:
+                    executor.execute(() -> ((ServiceInfoCallback) listener).onServiceLost());
+                    break;
+                case UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK_SUCCEEDED:
+                    removeListener(key);
+                    executor.execute(() -> ((ServiceInfoCallback) listener)
+                            .onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered());
+                    break;
                 default:
                     Log.d(TAG, "Ignored " + message);
                     break;
@@ -1054,7 +1243,14 @@
      * @param serviceInfo service to be resolved
      * @param listener to receive callback upon success or failure. Cannot be null.
      * Cannot be in use for an active service resolution.
+     *
+     * @deprecated the returned ServiceInfo may get stale at any time after resolution, including
+     * immediately after the callback is called, and may not contain some service information that
+     * could be delivered later, like additional host addresses. Prefer using
+     * {@link #registerServiceInfoCallback}, which will keep the application up-to-date with the
+     * state of the service.
      */
+    @Deprecated
     public void resolveService(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, ResolveListener listener) {
         resolveService(serviceInfo, Runnable::run, listener);
     }
@@ -1066,7 +1262,14 @@
      * @param serviceInfo service to be resolved
      * @param executor Executor to run listener callbacks with
      * @param listener to receive callback upon success or failure.
+     *
+     * @deprecated the returned ServiceInfo may get stale at any time after resolution, including
+     * immediately after the callback is called, and may not contain some service information that
+     * could be delivered later, like additional host addresses. Prefer using
+     * {@link #registerServiceInfoCallback}, which will keep the application up-to-date with the
+     * state of the service.
      */
+    @Deprecated
     public void resolveService(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo,
             @NonNull Executor executor, @NonNull ResolveListener listener) {
         checkServiceInfo(serviceInfo);
@@ -1078,6 +1281,85 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Stop service resolution initiated with {@link #resolveService}.
+     *
+     * A successful stop is notified with a call to {@link ResolveListener#onResolutionStopped}.
+     *
+     * <p> Upon failure to stop service resolution for example if resolution is done or the
+     * requester stops resolution repeatedly, the application is notified
+     * {@link ResolveListener#onStopResolutionFailed} with {@link #FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING}
+     *
+     * @param listener This should be a listener object that was passed to {@link #resolveService}.
+     *                 It identifies the resolution that should be stopped and notifies of a
+     *                 successful or unsuccessful stop. Throws {@code IllegalArgumentException} if
+     *                 the listener was not passed to resolveService before.
+     */
+    public void stopServiceResolution(@NonNull ResolveListener listener) {
+        int id = getListenerKey(listener);
+        try {
+            mService.stopResolution(id);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register a callback to listen for updates to a service.
+     *
+     * An application can listen to a service to continuously monitor availability of given service.
+     * The callback methods will be called on the passed executor. And service updates are sent with
+     * continuous calls to {@link ServiceInfoCallback#onServiceUpdated}.
+     *
+     * This is different from {@link #resolveService} which provides one shot service information.
+     *
+     * <p> An application can listen to a service once a time. It needs to cancel the registration
+     * before registering other callbacks. Upon failure to register a callback for example if
+     * it's a duplicated registration, the application is notified through
+     * {@link ServiceInfoCallback#onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed} with
+     * {@link #FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS}.
+     *
+     * @param serviceInfo the service to receive updates for
+     * @param executor Executor to run callbacks with
+     * @param listener to receive callback upon service update
+     */
+    public void registerServiceInfoCallback(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo,
+            @NonNull Executor executor, @NonNull ServiceInfoCallback listener) {
+        checkServiceInfo(serviceInfo);
+        int key = putListener(listener, executor, serviceInfo);
+        try {
+            mService.registerServiceInfoCallback(key, serviceInfo);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister a callback registered with {@link #registerServiceInfoCallback}.
+     *
+     * A successful unregistration is notified with a call to
+     * {@link ServiceInfoCallback#onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered}. The same callback can only be
+     * reused after this is called.
+     *
+     * <p>If the callback is not already registered, this will throw with
+     * {@link IllegalArgumentException}.
+     *
+     * @param listener This should be a listener object that was passed to
+     *                 {@link #registerServiceInfoCallback}. It identifies the registration that
+     *                 should be unregistered and notifies of a successful or unsuccessful stop.
+     *                 Throws {@code IllegalArgumentException} if the listener was not passed to
+     *                 {@link #registerServiceInfoCallback} before.
+     */
+    public void unregisterServiceInfoCallback(@NonNull ServiceInfoCallback listener) {
+        // Will throw IllegalArgumentException if the listener is not known
+        int id = getListenerKey(listener);
+        try {
+            mService.unregisterServiceInfoCallback(id);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
     private static void checkListener(Object listener) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(listener, "listener cannot be null");
     }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java
index 200c808..caeecdd 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfo.java
@@ -26,15 +26,19 @@
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.InetAddressUtils;
+
 import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
  * A class representing service information for network service discovery
- * {@see NsdManager}
+ * @see NsdManager
  */
 public final class NsdServiceInfo implements Parcelable {
 
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@
 
     private final ArrayMap<String, byte[]> mTxtRecord = new ArrayMap<>();
 
-    private InetAddress mHost;
+    private final List<InetAddress> mHostAddresses = new ArrayList<>();
 
     private int mPort;
 
@@ -84,17 +88,32 @@
         mServiceType = s;
     }
 
-    /** Get the host address. The host address is valid for a resolved service. */
+    /**
+     * Get the host address. The host address is valid for a resolved service.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link #getHostAddresses()} to get the entire list of addresses for the host.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
     public InetAddress getHost() {
-        return mHost;
+        return mHostAddresses.size() == 0 ? null : mHostAddresses.get(0);
     }
 
-    /** Set the host address */
+    /**
+     * Set the host address
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link #setHostAddresses(List)} to set multiple addresses for the host.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
     public void setHost(InetAddress s) {
-        mHost = s;
+        setHostAddresses(Collections.singletonList(s));
     }
 
-    /** Get port number. The port number is valid for a resolved service. */
+    /**
+     * Get port number. The port number is valid for a resolved service.
+     *
+     * The port is valid for all addresses.
+     * @see #getHostAddresses()
+     */
     public int getPort() {
         return mPort;
     }
@@ -105,6 +124,24 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Get the host addresses.
+     *
+     * All host addresses are valid for the resolved service.
+     * All addresses share the same port
+     * @see #getPort()
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public List<InetAddress> getHostAddresses() {
+        return new ArrayList<>(mHostAddresses);
+    }
+
+    /** Set the host addresses */
+    public void setHostAddresses(@NonNull List<InetAddress> addresses) {
+        mHostAddresses.clear();
+        mHostAddresses.addAll(addresses);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Unpack txt information from a base-64 encoded byte array.
      *
      * @param txtRecordsRawBytes The raw base64 encoded byte array.
@@ -359,7 +396,7 @@
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
         sb.append("name: ").append(mServiceName)
                 .append(", type: ").append(mServiceType)
-                .append(", host: ").append(mHost)
+                .append(", hostAddresses: ").append(TextUtils.join(", ", mHostAddresses))
                 .append(", port: ").append(mPort)
                 .append(", network: ").append(mNetwork);
 
@@ -377,12 +414,6 @@
     public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
         dest.writeString(mServiceName);
         dest.writeString(mServiceType);
-        if (mHost != null) {
-            dest.writeInt(1);
-            dest.writeByteArray(mHost.getAddress());
-        } else {
-            dest.writeInt(0);
-        }
         dest.writeInt(mPort);
 
         // TXT record key/value pairs.
@@ -401,6 +432,10 @@
 
         dest.writeParcelable(mNetwork, 0);
         dest.writeInt(mInterfaceIndex);
+        dest.writeInt(mHostAddresses.size());
+        for (InetAddress address : mHostAddresses) {
+            InetAddressUtils.parcelInetAddress(dest, address, flags);
+        }
     }
 
     /** Implement the Parcelable interface */
@@ -410,13 +445,6 @@
                 NsdServiceInfo info = new NsdServiceInfo();
                 info.mServiceName = in.readString();
                 info.mServiceType = in.readString();
-
-                if (in.readInt() == 1) {
-                    try {
-                        info.mHost = InetAddress.getByAddress(in.createByteArray());
-                    } catch (java.net.UnknownHostException e) {}
-                }
-
                 info.mPort = in.readInt();
 
                 // TXT record key/value pairs.
@@ -432,6 +460,10 @@
                 }
                 info.mNetwork = in.readParcelable(null, Network.class);
                 info.mInterfaceIndex = in.readInt();
+                int size = in.readInt();
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    info.mHostAddresses.add(InetAddressUtils.unparcelInetAddress(in));
+                }
                 return info;
             }
 
diff --git a/framework/Android.bp b/framework/Android.bp
index d7de439..d7eaf9b 100644
--- a/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/framework/Android.bp
@@ -45,14 +45,12 @@
 // TODO: use a java_library in the bootclasspath instead
 filegroup {
     name: "framework-connectivity-sources",
+    defaults: ["framework-sources-module-defaults"],
     srcs: [
         ":framework-connectivity-internal-sources",
         ":framework-connectivity-aidl-export-sources",
     ],
-    visibility: [
-        "//frameworks/base",
-        "//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__",
-    ],
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
 }
 
 java_defaults {
@@ -64,7 +62,6 @@
         ":framework-connectivity-sources",
         ":net-utils-framework-common-srcs",
         ":framework-connectivity-api-shared-srcs",
-        ":framework-connectivity-javastream-protos",
     ],
     aidl: {
         generate_get_transaction_name: true,
@@ -81,7 +78,9 @@
         "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib",
     ],
     impl_only_libs: [
-        "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
+        // TODO: figure out why just using "framework-tethering" uses the stubs, even though both
+        // framework-connectivity and framework-tethering are in the same APEX.
+        "framework-tethering.impl",
         "framework-wifi.stubs.module_lib",
         "net-utils-device-common",
     ],
@@ -90,8 +89,10 @@
         "modules-utils-backgroundthread",
         "modules-utils-build",
         "modules-utils-preconditions",
+        "framework-connectivity-javastream-protos",
     ],
     libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
         "app-compat-annotations",
         "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib",
         "unsupportedappusage",
@@ -104,22 +105,29 @@
 
 java_library {
     name: "framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
-    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-defaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "framework-connectivity-defaults",
+        "CronetJavaPrejarjarDefaults",
+     ],
     libs: [
         // This cannot be in the defaults clause above because if it were, it would be used
         // to generate the connectivity stubs. That would create a circular dependency
-        // because the tethering stubs depend on the connectivity stubs (e.g.,
+        // because the tethering impl depend on the connectivity stubs (e.g.,
         // TetheringRequest depends on LinkAddress).
-        "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-tethering.impl",
+        "framework-wifi.stubs.module_lib",
     ],
     visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"]
 }
 
 java_sdk_library {
     name: "framework-connectivity",
-    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-defaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "framework-connectivity-defaults",
+        "CronetJavaDefaults",
+    ],
     installable: true,
-    jarjar_rules: ":connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    jarjar_rules: ":framework-connectivity-jarjar-rules",
     permitted_packages: ["android.net"],
     impl_library_visibility: [
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/apex",
@@ -145,6 +153,7 @@
         "//frameworks/opt/net/ethernet/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//frameworks/opt/telephony/tests/telephonytests",
         "//packages/modules/CaptivePortalLogin/tests",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Cronet/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/IPsec/tests/iketests",
@@ -181,6 +190,7 @@
         "libnativehelper",
     ],
     header_libs: [
+        "bpf_headers",
         "dnsproxyd_protocol_headers",
     ],
     stl: "none",
@@ -197,28 +207,68 @@
     visibility: ["//frameworks/base"],
 }
 
-gensrcs {
+java_library {
     name: "framework-connectivity-javastream-protos",
-    depfile: true,
+    proto: {
+        type: "stream",
+    },
+    srcs: [":framework-connectivity-protos"],
+    installable: false,
+    sdk_version: "module_current",
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.tethering",
+    ],
+}
 
+java_genrule {
+    name: "framework-connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    tool_files: [
+        ":connectivity-hiddenapi-files",
+        ":framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar{.jar}",
+        ":framework-connectivity-t-pre-jarjar{.jar}",
+        ":framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib{.jar}",
+        ":framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib{.jar}",
+        "jarjar-excludes.txt",
+    ],
     tools: [
-        "aprotoc",
-        "protoc-gen-javastream",
-        "soong_zip",
+        "jarjar-rules-generator",
     ],
+    out: ["framework_connectivity_jarjar_rules.txt"],
+    cmd: "$(location jarjar-rules-generator) " +
+        "$(location :framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar{.jar}) " +
+        "$(location :framework-connectivity-t-pre-jarjar{.jar}) " +
+        "--prefix android.net.connectivity " +
+        "--apistubs $(location :framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib{.jar}) " +
+        "--apistubs $(location :framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib{.jar}) " +
+        // Make a ":"-separated list. There will be an extra ":" but empty items are ignored.
+        "--unsupportedapi $$(printf ':%s' $(locations :connectivity-hiddenapi-files)) " +
+        "--excludes $(location jarjar-excludes.txt) " +
+        "--output $(out)",
+    visibility: [
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/framework:__subpackages__",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/framework-t:__subpackages__",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/service",
+    ],
+}
 
-    cmd: "mkdir -p $(genDir)/$(in) " +
-        "&& $(location aprotoc) " +
-        "  --plugin=$(location protoc-gen-javastream) " +
-        "  --dependency_out=$(depfile) " +
-        "  --javastream_out=$(genDir)/$(in) " +
-        "  -Iexternal/protobuf/src " +
-        "  -I . " +
-        "  $(in) " +
-        "&& $(location soong_zip) -jar -o $(out) -C $(genDir)/$(in) -D $(genDir)/$(in)",
-
+// Library providing limited APIs within the connectivity module, so that R+ components like
+// Tethering have a controlled way to depend on newer components like framework-connectivity that
+// are not loaded on R.
+java_library {
+    name: "connectivity-internal-api-util",
+    sdk_version: "module_current",
+    libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+        "framework-connectivity.impl",
+    ],
+    jarjar_rules: ":framework-connectivity-jarjar-rules",
     srcs: [
-        ":framework-connectivity-protos",
+        // Files listed here MUST all be annotated with @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU),
+        // so that API checks are enforced for R+ users of this library
+        "src/android/net/connectivity/TiramisuConnectivityInternalApiUtil.java",
     ],
-    output_extension: "srcjar",
+    visibility: [
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering:__subpackages__",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/framework/api/current.txt b/framework/api/current.txt
index 547b7e2..6860c3c 100644
--- a/framework/api/current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/current.txt
@@ -360,6 +360,7 @@
     field public static final int TRANSPORT_CELLULAR = 0; // 0x0
     field public static final int TRANSPORT_ETHERNET = 3; // 0x3
     field public static final int TRANSPORT_LOWPAN = 6; // 0x6
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_THREAD = 9; // 0x9
     field public static final int TRANSPORT_USB = 8; // 0x8
     field public static final int TRANSPORT_VPN = 4; // 0x4
     field public static final int TRANSPORT_WIFI = 1; // 0x1
@@ -524,3 +525,292 @@
 
 }
 
+package android.net.http {
+
+  public abstract class BidirectionalStream {
+    ctor public BidirectionalStream();
+    method public abstract void cancel();
+    method public abstract void flush();
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.HeaderBlock getHeaders();
+    method @NonNull public abstract String getHttpMethod();
+    method public abstract int getPriority();
+    method public abstract int getTrafficStatsTag();
+    method public abstract int getTrafficStatsUid();
+    method public abstract boolean hasTrafficStatsTag();
+    method public abstract boolean hasTrafficStatsUid();
+    method public abstract boolean isDelayRequestHeadersUntilFirstFlushEnabled();
+    method public abstract boolean isDone();
+    method public abstract void read(@NonNull java.nio.ByteBuffer);
+    method public abstract void start();
+    method public abstract void write(@NonNull java.nio.ByteBuffer, boolean);
+    field public static final int STREAM_PRIORITY_HIGHEST = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int STREAM_PRIORITY_IDLE = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int STREAM_PRIORITY_LOW = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int STREAM_PRIORITY_LOWEST = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int STREAM_PRIORITY_MEDIUM = 3; // 0x3
+  }
+
+  public abstract static class BidirectionalStream.Builder {
+    ctor public BidirectionalStream.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Builder addHeader(@NonNull String, @NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream build();
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Builder setDelayRequestHeadersUntilFirstFlushEnabled(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Builder setHttpMethod(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Builder setPriority(int);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Builder setTrafficStatsTag(int);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Builder setTrafficStatsUid(int);
+  }
+
+  public static interface BidirectionalStream.Callback {
+    method public void onCanceled(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream, @Nullable android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo);
+    method public void onFailed(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream, @Nullable android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo, @NonNull android.net.http.HttpException);
+    method public void onReadCompleted(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo, @NonNull java.nio.ByteBuffer, boolean);
+    method public void onResponseHeadersReceived(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo);
+    method public void onResponseTrailersReceived(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo, @NonNull android.net.http.HeaderBlock);
+    method public void onStreamReady(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream);
+    method public void onSucceeded(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo);
+    method public void onWriteCompleted(@NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo, @NonNull java.nio.ByteBuffer, boolean);
+  }
+
+  public abstract class CallbackException extends android.net.http.HttpException {
+    ctor protected CallbackException(@Nullable String, @Nullable Throwable);
+  }
+
+  public class ConnectionMigrationOptions {
+    method public int getAllowNonDefaultNetworkUsage();
+    method public int getDefaultNetworkMigration();
+    method public int getPathDegradationMigration();
+    field public static final int MIGRATION_OPTION_DISABLED = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int MIGRATION_OPTION_ENABLED = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int MIGRATION_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED = 0; // 0x0
+  }
+
+  public static final class ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder {
+    ctor public ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder setAllowNonDefaultNetworkUsage(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder setDefaultNetworkMigration(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions.Builder setPathDegradationMigration(int);
+  }
+
+  public final class DnsOptions {
+    method public int getPersistHostCache();
+    method @Nullable public java.time.Duration getPersistHostCachePeriod();
+    method public int getPreestablishConnectionsToStaleDnsResults();
+    method public int getStaleDns();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.http.DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions getStaleDnsOptions();
+    method public int getUseHttpStackDnsResolver();
+    field public static final int DNS_OPTION_DISABLED = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int DNS_OPTION_ENABLED = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int DNS_OPTION_UNSPECIFIED = 0; // 0x0
+  }
+
+  public static final class DnsOptions.Builder {
+    ctor public DnsOptions.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.Builder setPersistHostCache(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.Builder setPersistHostCachePeriod(@NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.Builder setPreestablishConnectionsToStaleDnsResults(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.Builder setStaleDns(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.Builder setStaleDnsOptions(@NonNull android.net.http.DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.Builder setUseHttpStackDnsResolver(int);
+  }
+
+  public static class DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions {
+    method public int getAllowCrossNetworkUsage();
+    method @Nullable public java.time.Duration getFreshLookupTimeout();
+    method @Nullable public java.time.Duration getMaxExpiredDelay();
+    method public int getUseStaleOnNameNotResolved();
+  }
+
+  public static final class DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder {
+    ctor public DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder setAllowCrossNetworkUsage(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder setFreshLookupTimeout(@NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder setMaxExpiredDelay(@NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.DnsOptions.StaleDnsOptions.Builder setUseStaleOnNameNotResolved(int);
+  }
+
+  public abstract class HeaderBlock {
+    ctor public HeaderBlock();
+    method @NonNull public abstract java.util.List<java.util.Map.Entry<java.lang.String,java.lang.String>> getAsList();
+    method @NonNull public abstract java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.List<java.lang.String>> getAsMap();
+  }
+
+  public abstract class HttpEngine {
+    method public void bindToNetwork(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method @NonNull public abstract java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory createUrlStreamHandlerFactory();
+    method @NonNull public static String getVersionString();
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Builder newBidirectionalStreamBuilder(@NonNull String, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.http.BidirectionalStream.Callback);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder newUrlRequestBuilder(@NonNull String, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest.Callback);
+    method @NonNull public abstract java.net.URLConnection openConnection(@NonNull java.net.URL) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public abstract void shutdown();
+  }
+
+  public static class HttpEngine.Builder {
+    ctor public HttpEngine.Builder(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder addPublicKeyPins(@NonNull String, @NonNull java.util.Set<byte[]>, boolean, @NonNull java.time.Instant);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder addQuicHint(@NonNull String, int, int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine build();
+    method @NonNull public String getDefaultUserAgent();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setConnectionMigrationOptions(@NonNull android.net.http.ConnectionMigrationOptions);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setDnsOptions(@NonNull android.net.http.DnsOptions);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setEnableBrotli(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setEnableHttp2(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setEnableHttpCache(int, long);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setEnablePublicKeyPinningBypassForLocalTrustAnchors(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setEnableQuic(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setQuicOptions(@NonNull android.net.http.QuicOptions);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setStoragePath(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.HttpEngine.Builder setUserAgent(@NonNull String);
+    field public static final int HTTP_CACHE_DISABLED = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int HTTP_CACHE_DISK = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int HTTP_CACHE_DISK_NO_HTTP = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int HTTP_CACHE_IN_MEMORY = 1; // 0x1
+  }
+
+  public class HttpException extends java.io.IOException {
+    ctor public HttpException(@Nullable String, @Nullable Throwable);
+  }
+
+  public final class InlineExecutionProhibitedException extends java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException {
+    ctor public InlineExecutionProhibitedException();
+  }
+
+  public abstract class NetworkException extends android.net.http.HttpException {
+    ctor public NetworkException(@Nullable String, @Nullable Throwable);
+    method public abstract int getErrorCode();
+    method public abstract boolean isImmediatelyRetryable();
+    field public static final int ERROR_ADDRESS_UNREACHABLE = 9; // 0x9
+    field public static final int ERROR_CONNECTION_CLOSED = 5; // 0x5
+    field public static final int ERROR_CONNECTION_REFUSED = 7; // 0x7
+    field public static final int ERROR_CONNECTION_RESET = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int ERROR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT = 6; // 0x6
+    field public static final int ERROR_HOSTNAME_NOT_RESOLVED = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int ERROR_INTERNET_DISCONNECTED = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int ERROR_NETWORK_CHANGED = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int ERROR_OTHER = 11; // 0xb
+    field public static final int ERROR_QUIC_PROTOCOL_FAILED = 10; // 0xa
+    field public static final int ERROR_TIMED_OUT = 4; // 0x4
+  }
+
+  public abstract class QuicException extends android.net.http.NetworkException {
+    ctor protected QuicException(@Nullable String, @Nullable Throwable);
+  }
+
+  public class QuicOptions {
+    method @NonNull public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getAllowedQuicHosts();
+    method @Nullable public String getHandshakeUserAgent();
+    method @Nullable public java.time.Duration getIdleConnectionTimeout();
+    method public int getInMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize();
+    method public boolean hasInMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize();
+  }
+
+  public static final class QuicOptions.Builder {
+    ctor public QuicOptions.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.QuicOptions.Builder addAllowedQuicHost(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.QuicOptions build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.QuicOptions.Builder setHandshakeUserAgent(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.QuicOptions.Builder setIdleConnectionTimeout(@NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.http.QuicOptions.Builder setInMemoryServerConfigsCacheSize(int);
+  }
+
+  public abstract class UploadDataProvider implements java.io.Closeable {
+    ctor public UploadDataProvider();
+    method public void close() throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public abstract long getLength() throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public abstract void read(@NonNull android.net.http.UploadDataSink, @NonNull java.nio.ByteBuffer) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public abstract void rewind(@NonNull android.net.http.UploadDataSink) throws java.io.IOException;
+  }
+
+  public abstract class UploadDataSink {
+    ctor public UploadDataSink();
+    method public abstract void onReadError(@NonNull Exception);
+    method public abstract void onReadSucceeded(boolean);
+    method public abstract void onRewindError(@NonNull Exception);
+    method public abstract void onRewindSucceeded();
+  }
+
+  public abstract class UrlRequest {
+    method public abstract void cancel();
+    method public abstract void followRedirect();
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.HeaderBlock getHeaders();
+    method @Nullable public abstract String getHttpMethod();
+    method public abstract int getPriority();
+    method public abstract void getStatus(@NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest.StatusListener);
+    method public abstract int getTrafficStatsTag();
+    method public abstract int getTrafficStatsUid();
+    method public abstract boolean hasTrafficStatsTag();
+    method public abstract boolean hasTrafficStatsUid();
+    method public abstract boolean isCacheDisabled();
+    method public abstract boolean isDirectExecutorAllowed();
+    method public abstract boolean isDone();
+    method public abstract void read(@NonNull java.nio.ByteBuffer);
+    method public abstract void start();
+    field public static final int REQUEST_PRIORITY_HIGHEST = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int REQUEST_PRIORITY_IDLE = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int REQUEST_PRIORITY_LOW = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int REQUEST_PRIORITY_LOWEST = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int REQUEST_PRIORITY_MEDIUM = 3; // 0x3
+  }
+
+  public abstract static class UrlRequest.Builder {
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder addHeader(@NonNull String, @NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder bindToNetwork(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest build();
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder setCacheDisabled(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder setDirectExecutorAllowed(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder setHttpMethod(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder setPriority(int);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder setTrafficStatsTag(int);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder setTrafficStatsUid(int);
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.UrlRequest.Builder setUploadDataProvider(@NonNull android.net.http.UploadDataProvider, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor);
+  }
+
+  public static interface UrlRequest.Callback {
+    method public void onCanceled(@NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest, @Nullable android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo);
+    method public void onFailed(@NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest, @Nullable android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo, @NonNull android.net.http.HttpException);
+    method public void onReadCompleted(@NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo, @NonNull java.nio.ByteBuffer) throws java.lang.Exception;
+    method public void onRedirectReceived(@NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo, @NonNull String) throws java.lang.Exception;
+    method public void onResponseStarted(@NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo) throws java.lang.Exception;
+    method public void onSucceeded(@NonNull android.net.http.UrlRequest, @NonNull android.net.http.UrlResponseInfo);
+  }
+
+  public static class UrlRequest.Status {
+    field public static final int CONNECTING = 10; // 0xa
+    field public static final int DOWNLOADING_PAC_FILE = 5; // 0x5
+    field public static final int ESTABLISHING_PROXY_TUNNEL = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int IDLE = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int INVALID = -1; // 0xffffffff
+    field public static final int READING_RESPONSE = 14; // 0xe
+    field public static final int RESOLVING_HOST = 9; // 0x9
+    field public static final int RESOLVING_HOST_IN_PAC_FILE = 7; // 0x7
+    field public static final int RESOLVING_PROXY_FOR_URL = 6; // 0x6
+    field public static final int SENDING_REQUEST = 12; // 0xc
+    field public static final int SSL_HANDSHAKE = 11; // 0xb
+    field public static final int WAITING_FOR_AVAILABLE_SOCKET = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int WAITING_FOR_CACHE = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int WAITING_FOR_DELEGATE = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int WAITING_FOR_RESPONSE = 13; // 0xd
+    field public static final int WAITING_FOR_STALLED_SOCKET_POOL = 1; // 0x1
+  }
+
+  public static interface UrlRequest.StatusListener {
+    method public void onStatus(int);
+  }
+
+  public abstract class UrlResponseInfo {
+    ctor public UrlResponseInfo();
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.http.HeaderBlock getHeaders();
+    method public abstract int getHttpStatusCode();
+    method @NonNull public abstract String getHttpStatusText();
+    method @NonNull public abstract String getNegotiatedProtocol();
+    method public abstract long getReceivedByteCount();
+    method @NonNull public abstract String getUrl();
+    method @NonNull public abstract java.util.List<java.lang.String> getUrlChain();
+    method public abstract boolean wasCached();
+  }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
index ddac19d..193bd92 100644
--- a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
     method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public android.net.LinkProperties getRedactedLinkPropertiesForPackage(@NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, int, @NonNull String);
     method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities getRedactedNetworkCapabilitiesForPackage(@NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, int, @NonNull String);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(int, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
-    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD, android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS}) public void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void removeUidFromMeteredNetworkAllowList(int);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void removeUidFromMeteredNetworkDenyList(int);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void replaceFirewallChain(int, @NonNull int[]);
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
     method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK) public void setProfileNetworkPreferences(@NonNull android.os.UserHandle, @NonNull java.util.List<android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference>, @Nullable java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable Runnable);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void setRequireVpnForUids(boolean, @NonNull java.util.Collection<android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>>);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void setUidFirewallRule(int, int, int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void setVpnDefaultForUids(@NonNull String, @NonNull java.util.Collection<android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>>);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK}) public void simulateDataStall(int, long, @NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.os.PersistableBundle);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void startCaptivePortalApp(@NonNull android.net.Network);
     method public void systemReady();
@@ -51,6 +52,9 @@
     field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE = 8; // 0x8
     field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE = 1; // 0x1
     field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY = 5; // 0x5
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1 = 7; // 0x7
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2 = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3 = 9; // 0x9
     field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE = 3; // 0x3
     field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED = 4; // 0x4
     field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY = 2; // 0x2
@@ -59,6 +63,7 @@
     field public static final int FIREWALL_RULE_DENY = 2; // 0x2
     field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT = 0; // 0x0
     field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING = 3; // 0x3
     field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK = 2; // 0x2
   }
 
@@ -197,6 +202,8 @@
     method public int describeContents();
     method @NonNull public android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor getFileDescriptor();
     method @NonNull public String getInterfaceName();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.MacAddress getMacAddress();
+    method public int getMtu();
     method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
     field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.TestNetworkInterface> CREATOR;
   }
@@ -223,13 +230,9 @@
   }
 
   public final class VpnTransportInfo implements android.os.Parcelable android.net.TransportInfo {
-    ctor public VpnTransportInfo(int, @Nullable String);
-    method public int describeContents();
+    ctor @Deprecated public VpnTransportInfo(int, @Nullable String);
     method @Nullable public String getSessionId();
-    method public int getType();
     method @NonNull public android.net.VpnTransportInfo makeCopy(long);
-    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
-    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.VpnTransportInfo> CREATOR;
   }
 
 }
diff --git a/framework/api/system-current.txt b/framework/api/system-current.txt
index db1d7e9..4a2ed8a 100644
--- a/framework/api/system-current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/system-current.txt
@@ -249,10 +249,10 @@
     method public void onValidationStatus(int, @Nullable android.net.Uri);
     method @NonNull public android.net.Network register();
     method public void sendAddDscpPolicy(@NonNull android.net.DscpPolicy);
-    method public final void sendLinkProperties(@NonNull android.net.LinkProperties);
-    method public final void sendNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
-    method public final void sendNetworkScore(@NonNull android.net.NetworkScore);
-    method public final void sendNetworkScore(@IntRange(from=0, to=99) int);
+    method public void sendLinkProperties(@NonNull android.net.LinkProperties);
+    method public void sendNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
+    method public void sendNetworkScore(@NonNull android.net.NetworkScore);
+    method public void sendNetworkScore(@IntRange(from=0, to=99) int);
     method public final void sendQosCallbackError(int, int);
     method public final void sendQosSessionAvailable(int, int, @NonNull android.net.QosSessionAttributes);
     method public final void sendQosSessionLost(int, int, int);
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@
     method @Deprecated public void setLegacySubtype(int, @NonNull String);
     method public void setLingerDuration(@NonNull java.time.Duration);
     method public void setTeardownDelayMillis(@IntRange(from=0, to=0x1388) int);
-    method public final void setUnderlyingNetworks(@Nullable java.util.List<android.net.Network>);
+    method public void setUnderlyingNetworks(@Nullable java.util.List<android.net.Network>);
     method public void unregister();
     method public void unregisterAfterReplacement(@IntRange(from=0, to=0x1388) int);
     field public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_DELETED = 4; // 0x4
@@ -433,6 +433,7 @@
   public abstract class QosFilter {
     method @NonNull public abstract android.net.Network getNetwork();
     method public abstract boolean matchesLocalAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, int);
+    method public boolean matchesProtocol(int);
     method public abstract boolean matchesRemoteAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, int);
   }
 
@@ -453,6 +454,7 @@
 
   public final class QosSocketInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
     ctor public QosSocketInfo(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull java.net.Socket) throws java.io.IOException;
+    ctor public QosSocketInfo(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull java.net.DatagramSocket) throws java.io.IOException;
     method public int describeContents();
     method @NonNull public java.net.InetSocketAddress getLocalSocketAddress();
     method @NonNull public android.net.Network getNetwork();
@@ -468,7 +470,9 @@
   }
 
   public abstract class SocketKeepalive implements java.lang.AutoCloseable {
+    method public final void start(@IntRange(from=0xa, to=0xe10) int, int, @Nullable android.net.Network);
     field public static final int ERROR_NO_SUCH_SLOT = -33; // 0xffffffdf
+    field public static final int FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF = 1; // 0x1
     field public static final int SUCCESS = 0; // 0x0
   }
 
@@ -480,6 +484,14 @@
     ctor public SocketNotBoundException();
   }
 
+  public class SocketNotConnectedException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public SocketNotConnectedException();
+  }
+
+  public class SocketRemoteAddressChangedException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public SocketRemoteAddressChangedException();
+  }
+
   public final class StaticIpConfiguration implements android.os.Parcelable {
     ctor public StaticIpConfiguration();
     ctor public StaticIpConfiguration(@Nullable android.net.StaticIpConfiguration);
@@ -501,6 +513,16 @@
     field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketData> CREATOR;
   }
 
+  public final class VpnTransportInfo implements android.os.Parcelable android.net.TransportInfo {
+    ctor public VpnTransportInfo(int, @Nullable String, boolean, boolean);
+    method public boolean areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive();
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getType();
+    method public boolean isBypassable();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.VpnTransportInfo> CREATOR;
+  }
+
 }
 
 package android.net.apf {
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/current.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/current.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..672e3e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
+package android.net {
+
+  public class CaptivePortal implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public void ignoreNetwork();
+    method public void reportCaptivePortalDismissed();
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.CaptivePortal> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public class ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager {
+    method public void registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback);
+    method public void unregisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback);
+  }
+
+  public abstract static class ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback {
+    ctor public ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback();
+    method public void onConnectivityReportAvailable(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport);
+    method public void onDataStallSuspected(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport);
+    method public void onNetworkConnectivityReported(@NonNull android.net.Network, boolean);
+  }
+
+  public static final class ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport(@NonNull android.net.Network, long, @NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, @NonNull android.os.PersistableBundle);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public android.os.PersistableBundle getAdditionalInfo();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.LinkProperties getLinkProperties();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.Network getNetwork();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities();
+    method public long getReportTimestamp();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport> CREATOR;
+    field public static final String KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_ATTEMPTED_BITMASK = "networkProbesAttempted";
+    field public static final String KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_SUCCEEDED_BITMASK = "networkProbesSucceeded";
+    field public static final String KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT = "networkValidationResult";
+    field public static final int NETWORK_PROBE_DNS = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int NETWORK_PROBE_FALLBACK = 32; // 0x20
+    field public static final int NETWORK_PROBE_HTTP = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int NETWORK_PROBE_HTTPS = 16; // 0x10
+    field public static final int NETWORK_PROBE_PRIVATE_DNS = 64; // 0x40
+    field public static final int NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIALLY_VALID = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_SKIPPED = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID = 1; // 0x1
+  }
+
+  public static final class ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport(@NonNull android.net.Network, long, int, @NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, @NonNull android.os.PersistableBundle);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getDetectionMethod();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.LinkProperties getLinkProperties();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.Network getNetwork();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities();
+    method public long getReportTimestamp();
+    method @NonNull public android.os.PersistableBundle getStallDetails();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int DETECTION_METHOD_DNS_EVENTS = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int DETECTION_METHOD_TCP_METRICS = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final String KEY_DNS_CONSECUTIVE_TIMEOUTS = "dnsConsecutiveTimeouts";
+    field public static final String KEY_TCP_METRICS_COLLECTION_PERIOD_MILLIS = "tcpMetricsCollectionPeriodMillis";
+    field public static final String KEY_TCP_PACKET_FAIL_RATE = "tcpPacketFailRate";
+  }
+
+  public class ConnectivityManager {
+    method public void addDefaultNetworkActiveListener(android.net.ConnectivityManager.OnNetworkActiveListener);
+    method public boolean bindProcessToNetwork(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.SocketKeepalive createSocketKeepalive(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.net.IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.SocketKeepalive.Callback);
+    method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.Network getActiveNetwork();
+    method @Deprecated @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfo();
+    method @Deprecated @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.NetworkInfo[] getAllNetworkInfo();
+    method @Deprecated @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.Network[] getAllNetworks();
+    method @Deprecated public boolean getBackgroundDataSetting();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.Network getBoundNetworkForProcess();
+    method public int getConnectionOwnerUid(int, @NonNull java.net.InetSocketAddress, @NonNull java.net.InetSocketAddress);
+    method @Nullable public android.net.ProxyInfo getDefaultProxy();
+    method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.LinkProperties getLinkProperties(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public int getMultipathPreference(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method @Deprecated @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.NetworkInfo getNetworkInfo(int);
+    method @Deprecated @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.NetworkInfo getNetworkInfo(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public int getNetworkPreference();
+    method @Nullable public byte[] getNetworkWatchlistConfigHash();
+    method @Deprecated @Nullable public static android.net.Network getProcessDefaultNetwork();
+    method public int getRestrictBackgroundStatus();
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public boolean isActiveNetworkMetered();
+    method public boolean isDefaultNetworkActive();
+    method @Deprecated public static boolean isNetworkTypeValid(int);
+    method public void registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void registerDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void registerDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void registerNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void registerNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public void registerNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.app.PendingIntent);
+    method public void releaseNetworkRequest(@NonNull android.app.PendingIntent);
+    method public void removeDefaultNetworkActiveListener(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.OnNetworkActiveListener);
+    method @Deprecated public void reportBadNetwork(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method public void reportNetworkConnectivity(@Nullable android.net.Network, boolean);
+    method public boolean requestBandwidthUpdate(@NonNull android.net.Network);
+    method public void requestNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback);
+    method public void requestNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method public void requestNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, int);
+    method public void requestNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler, int);
+    method public void requestNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.app.PendingIntent);
+    method @Deprecated public void setNetworkPreference(int);
+    method @Deprecated public static boolean setProcessDefaultNetwork(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+    method public void unregisterNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback);
+    method public void unregisterNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.app.PendingIntent);
+    field @Deprecated public static final String ACTION_BACKGROUND_DATA_SETTING_CHANGED = "android.net.conn.BACKGROUND_DATA_SETTING_CHANGED";
+    field public static final String ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN = "android.net.conn.CAPTIVE_PORTAL";
+    field public static final String ACTION_RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_CHANGED = "android.net.conn.RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_CHANGED";
+    field @Deprecated public static final String CONNECTIVITY_ACTION = "android.net.conn.CONNECTIVITY_CHANGE";
+    field @Deprecated public static final int DEFAULT_NETWORK_PREFERENCE = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final String EXTRA_CAPTIVE_PORTAL = "android.net.extra.CAPTIVE_PORTAL";
+    field public static final String EXTRA_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_URL = "android.net.extra.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_URL";
+    field @Deprecated public static final String EXTRA_EXTRA_INFO = "extraInfo";
+    field @Deprecated public static final String EXTRA_IS_FAILOVER = "isFailover";
+    field public static final String EXTRA_NETWORK = "android.net.extra.NETWORK";
+    field @Deprecated public static final String EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO = "networkInfo";
+    field public static final String EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST = "android.net.extra.NETWORK_REQUEST";
+    field @Deprecated public static final String EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE = "networkType";
+    field public static final String EXTRA_NO_CONNECTIVITY = "noConnectivity";
+    field @Deprecated public static final String EXTRA_OTHER_NETWORK_INFO = "otherNetwork";
+    field public static final String EXTRA_REASON = "reason";
+    field public static final int MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_HANDOVER = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_RELIABILITY = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_DISABLED = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_ENABLED = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_WHITELISTED = 2; // 0x2
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_BLUETOOTH = 7; // 0x7
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_DUMMY = 8; // 0x8
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_ETHERNET = 9; // 0x9
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_MOBILE = 0; // 0x0
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_MOBILE_DUN = 4; // 0x4
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI = 5; // 0x5
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_MOBILE_MMS = 2; // 0x2
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL = 3; // 0x3
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_VPN = 17; // 0x11
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_WIFI = 1; // 0x1
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_WIMAX = 6; // 0x6
+  }
+
+  public static class ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback {
+    ctor public ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+    ctor public ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback(int);
+    method public void onAvailable(@NonNull android.net.Network);
+    method public void onBlockedStatusChanged(@NonNull android.net.Network, boolean);
+    method public void onCapabilitiesChanged(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
+    method public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.net.LinkProperties);
+    method public void onLosing(@NonNull android.net.Network, int);
+    method public void onLost(@NonNull android.net.Network);
+    method public void onUnavailable();
+    field public static final int FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO = 1; // 0x1
+  }
+
+  public static interface ConnectivityManager.OnNetworkActiveListener {
+    method public void onNetworkActive();
+  }
+
+  public class DhcpInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public DhcpInfo();
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.DhcpInfo> CREATOR;
+    field public int dns1;
+    field public int dns2;
+    field public int gateway;
+    field public int ipAddress;
+    field public int leaseDuration;
+    field public int netmask;
+    field public int serverAddress;
+  }
+
+  public final class DnsResolver {
+    method @NonNull public static android.net.DnsResolver getInstance();
+    method public void query(@Nullable android.net.Network, @NonNull String, int, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable android.os.CancellationSignal, @NonNull android.net.DnsResolver.Callback<? super java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress>>);
+    method public void query(@Nullable android.net.Network, @NonNull String, int, int, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable android.os.CancellationSignal, @NonNull android.net.DnsResolver.Callback<? super java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress>>);
+    method public void rawQuery(@Nullable android.net.Network, @NonNull byte[], int, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable android.os.CancellationSignal, @NonNull android.net.DnsResolver.Callback<? super byte[]>);
+    method public void rawQuery(@Nullable android.net.Network, @NonNull String, int, int, int, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable android.os.CancellationSignal, @NonNull android.net.DnsResolver.Callback<? super byte[]>);
+    field public static final int CLASS_IN = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int ERROR_PARSE = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int ERROR_SYSTEM = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int FLAG_EMPTY = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int FLAG_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int FLAG_NO_CACHE_STORE = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int FLAG_NO_RETRY = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int TYPE_A = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int TYPE_AAAA = 28; // 0x1c
+  }
+
+  public static interface DnsResolver.Callback<T> {
+    method public void onAnswer(@NonNull T, int);
+    method public void onError(@NonNull android.net.DnsResolver.DnsException);
+  }
+
+  public static class DnsResolver.DnsException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public DnsResolver.DnsException(int, @Nullable Throwable);
+    field public final int code;
+  }
+
+  public class InetAddresses {
+    method public static boolean isNumericAddress(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public static java.net.InetAddress parseNumericAddress(@NonNull String);
+  }
+
+  public final class IpConfiguration implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.ProxyInfo getHttpProxy();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.StaticIpConfiguration getStaticIpConfiguration();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.IpConfiguration> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public static final class IpConfiguration.Builder {
+    ctor public IpConfiguration.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.IpConfiguration build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.IpConfiguration.Builder setHttpProxy(@Nullable android.net.ProxyInfo);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.IpConfiguration.Builder setStaticIpConfiguration(@Nullable android.net.StaticIpConfiguration);
+  }
+
+  public final class IpPrefix implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public IpPrefix(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @IntRange(from=0, to=128) int);
+    method public boolean contains(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public java.net.InetAddress getAddress();
+    method @IntRange(from=0, to=128) public int getPrefixLength();
+    method @NonNull public byte[] getRawAddress();
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.IpPrefix> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public class LinkAddress implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public java.net.InetAddress getAddress();
+    method public int getFlags();
+    method @IntRange(from=0, to=128) public int getPrefixLength();
+    method public int getScope();
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.LinkAddress> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public final class LinkProperties implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public LinkProperties();
+    method public boolean addRoute(@NonNull android.net.RouteInfo);
+    method public void clear();
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @Nullable public java.net.Inet4Address getDhcpServerAddress();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress> getDnsServers();
+    method @Nullable public String getDomains();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.ProxyInfo getHttpProxy();
+    method @Nullable public String getInterfaceName();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<android.net.LinkAddress> getLinkAddresses();
+    method public int getMtu();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.IpPrefix getNat64Prefix();
+    method @Nullable public String getPrivateDnsServerName();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<android.net.RouteInfo> getRoutes();
+    method public boolean isPrivateDnsActive();
+    method public boolean isWakeOnLanSupported();
+    method public void setDhcpServerAddress(@Nullable java.net.Inet4Address);
+    method public void setDnsServers(@NonNull java.util.Collection<java.net.InetAddress>);
+    method public void setDomains(@Nullable String);
+    method public void setHttpProxy(@Nullable android.net.ProxyInfo);
+    method public void setInterfaceName(@Nullable String);
+    method public void setLinkAddresses(@NonNull java.util.Collection<android.net.LinkAddress>);
+    method public void setMtu(int);
+    method public void setNat64Prefix(@Nullable android.net.IpPrefix);
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.LinkProperties> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public final class MacAddress implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public static android.net.MacAddress fromBytes(@NonNull byte[]);
+    method @NonNull public static android.net.MacAddress fromString(@NonNull String);
+    method public int getAddressType();
+    method @Nullable public java.net.Inet6Address getLinkLocalIpv6FromEui48Mac();
+    method public boolean isLocallyAssigned();
+    method public boolean matches(@NonNull android.net.MacAddress, @NonNull android.net.MacAddress);
+    method @NonNull public byte[] toByteArray();
+    method @NonNull public String toOuiString();
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field public static final android.net.MacAddress BROADCAST_ADDRESS;
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.MacAddress> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int TYPE_BROADCAST = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int TYPE_MULTICAST = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int TYPE_UNICAST = 1; // 0x1
+  }
+
+  public class Network implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public void bindSocket(java.net.DatagramSocket) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public void bindSocket(java.net.Socket) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public void bindSocket(java.io.FileDescriptor) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public static android.net.Network fromNetworkHandle(long);
+    method public java.net.InetAddress[] getAllByName(String) throws java.net.UnknownHostException;
+    method public java.net.InetAddress getByName(String) throws java.net.UnknownHostException;
+    method public long getNetworkHandle();
+    method public javax.net.SocketFactory getSocketFactory();
+    method public java.net.URLConnection openConnection(java.net.URL) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public java.net.URLConnection openConnection(java.net.URL, java.net.Proxy) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.Network> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public final class NetworkCapabilities implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public NetworkCapabilities();
+    ctor public NetworkCapabilities(android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getCapabilities();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getEnterpriseIds();
+    method public int getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps();
+    method public int getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.NetworkSpecifier getNetworkSpecifier();
+    method public int getOwnerUid();
+    method public int getSignalStrength();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.TransportInfo getTransportInfo();
+    method public boolean hasCapability(int);
+    method public boolean hasEnterpriseId(int);
+    method public boolean hasTransport(int);
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.NetworkCapabilities> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL = 17; // 0x11
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_CBS = 5; // 0x5
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_DUN = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS = 10; // 0xa
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE = 29; // 0x1d
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND = 19; // 0x13
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_HEAD_UNIT = 32; // 0x20
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_IA = 7; // 0x7
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_IMS = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET = 12; // 0xc
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_MCX = 23; // 0x17
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_MMS = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_MMTEL = 33; // 0x21
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED = 20; // 0x14
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED = 11; // 0xb
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED = 13; // 0xd
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING = 18; // 0x12
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED = 21; // 0x15
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN = 15; // 0xf
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH = 35; // 0x23
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY = 34; // 0x22
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_RCS = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED = 25; // 0x19
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED = 14; // 0xe
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED = 16; // 0x10
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P = 6; // 0x6
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_XCAP = 9; // 0x9
+    field public static final int NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1 = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_2 = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_3 = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_4 = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5 = 5; // 0x5
+    field public static final int SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED = -2147483648; // 0x80000000
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_CELLULAR = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_ETHERNET = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_LOWPAN = 6; // 0x6
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_THREAD = 9; // 0x9
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_USB = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_VPN = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_WIFI = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE = 5; // 0x5
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated public class NetworkInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor @Deprecated public NetworkInfo(int, int, @Nullable String, @Nullable String);
+    method @Deprecated public int describeContents();
+    method @Deprecated @NonNull public android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState getDetailedState();
+    method @Deprecated public String getExtraInfo();
+    method @Deprecated public String getReason();
+    method @Deprecated public android.net.NetworkInfo.State getState();
+    method @Deprecated public int getSubtype();
+    method @Deprecated public String getSubtypeName();
+    method @Deprecated public int getType();
+    method @Deprecated public String getTypeName();
+    method @Deprecated public boolean isAvailable();
+    method @Deprecated public boolean isConnected();
+    method @Deprecated public boolean isConnectedOrConnecting();
+    method @Deprecated public boolean isFailover();
+    method @Deprecated public boolean isRoaming();
+    method @Deprecated public void setDetailedState(@NonNull android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState, @Nullable String, @Nullable String);
+    method @Deprecated public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @Deprecated @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.NetworkInfo> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated public enum NetworkInfo.DetailedState {
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState AUTHENTICATING;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState BLOCKED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState CAPTIVE_PORTAL_CHECK;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState CONNECTED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState CONNECTING;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState DISCONNECTED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState DISCONNECTING;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState FAILED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState IDLE;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState OBTAINING_IPADDR;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState SCANNING;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState SUSPENDED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState VERIFYING_POOR_LINK;
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated public enum NetworkInfo.State {
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.State CONNECTED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.State CONNECTING;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.State DISCONNECTED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.State DISCONNECTING;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.State SUSPENDED;
+    enum_constant @Deprecated public static final android.net.NetworkInfo.State UNKNOWN;
+  }
+
+  public class NetworkRequest implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(@Nullable android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getCapabilities();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.NetworkSpecifier getNetworkSpecifier();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getTransportTypes();
+    method public boolean hasCapability(int);
+    method public boolean hasTransport(int);
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.NetworkRequest> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public static class NetworkRequest.Builder {
+    ctor public NetworkRequest.Builder();
+    ctor public NetworkRequest.Builder(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest);
+    method public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder addCapability(int);
+    method public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder addTransportType(int);
+    method public android.net.NetworkRequest build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder clearCapabilities();
+    method public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder removeCapability(int);
+    method public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder removeTransportType(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder setIncludeOtherUidNetworks(boolean);
+    method @Deprecated public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder setNetworkSpecifier(String);
+    method public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder setNetworkSpecifier(android.net.NetworkSpecifier);
+  }
+
+  public class ParseException extends java.lang.RuntimeException {
+    ctor public ParseException(@NonNull String);
+    ctor public ParseException(@NonNull String, @NonNull Throwable);
+    field public String response;
+  }
+
+  public class ProxyInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public ProxyInfo(@Nullable android.net.ProxyInfo);
+    method public static android.net.ProxyInfo buildDirectProxy(String, int);
+    method public static android.net.ProxyInfo buildDirectProxy(String, int, java.util.List<java.lang.String>);
+    method public static android.net.ProxyInfo buildPacProxy(android.net.Uri);
+    method @NonNull public static android.net.ProxyInfo buildPacProxy(@NonNull android.net.Uri, int);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public String[] getExclusionList();
+    method public String getHost();
+    method public android.net.Uri getPacFileUrl();
+    method public int getPort();
+    method public boolean isValid();
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.ProxyInfo> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public final class RouteInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.IpPrefix getDestination();
+    method @Nullable public java.net.InetAddress getGateway();
+    method @Nullable public String getInterface();
+    method public int getType();
+    method public boolean hasGateway();
+    method public boolean isDefaultRoute();
+    method public boolean matches(java.net.InetAddress);
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.RouteInfo> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int RTN_THROW = 9; // 0x9
+    field public static final int RTN_UNICAST = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int RTN_UNREACHABLE = 7; // 0x7
+  }
+
+  public abstract class SocketKeepalive implements java.lang.AutoCloseable {
+    method public final void close();
+    method public final void start(@IntRange(from=0xa, to=0xe10) int);
+    method public final void stop();
+    field public static final int ERROR_HARDWARE_ERROR = -31; // 0xffffffe1
+    field public static final int ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES = -32; // 0xffffffe0
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL = -24; // 0xffffffe8
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS = -21; // 0xffffffeb
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_LENGTH = -23; // 0xffffffe9
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK = -20; // 0xffffffec
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_PORT = -22; // 0xffffffea
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET = -25; // 0xffffffe7
+    field public static final int ERROR_SOCKET_NOT_IDLE = -26; // 0xffffffe6
+    field public static final int ERROR_UNSUPPORTED = -30; // 0xffffffe2
+  }
+
+  public static class SocketKeepalive.Callback {
+    ctor public SocketKeepalive.Callback();
+    method public void onDataReceived();
+    method public void onError(int);
+    method public void onStarted();
+    method public void onStopped();
+  }
+
+  public final class StaticIpConfiguration implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress> getDnsServers();
+    method @Nullable public String getDomains();
+    method @Nullable public java.net.InetAddress getGateway();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.LinkAddress getIpAddress();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.StaticIpConfiguration> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public static final class StaticIpConfiguration.Builder {
+    ctor public StaticIpConfiguration.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.StaticIpConfiguration build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.StaticIpConfiguration.Builder setDnsServers(@NonNull Iterable<java.net.InetAddress>);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.StaticIpConfiguration.Builder setDomains(@Nullable String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.StaticIpConfiguration.Builder setGateway(@Nullable java.net.InetAddress);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.StaticIpConfiguration.Builder setIpAddress(@NonNull android.net.LinkAddress);
+  }
+
+  public interface TransportInfo {
+  }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/lint-baseline.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/lint-baseline.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f4004a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/lint-baseline.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Baseline format: 1.0
+VisiblySynchronized: android.net.NetworkInfo#toString():
+    Internal locks must not be exposed (synchronizing on this or class is still
+    externally observable): method android.net.NetworkInfo.toString()
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/module-lib-current.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/module-lib-current.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..193bd92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/module-lib-current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
+package android.net {
+
+  public final class ConnectivityFrameworkInitializer {
+    method public static void registerServiceWrappers();
+  }
+
+  public class ConnectivityManager {
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void addUidToMeteredNetworkAllowList(int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void addUidToMeteredNetworkDenyList(int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void factoryReset();
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public java.util.List<android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot> getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.ProxyInfo getGlobalProxy();
+    method @NonNull public static android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer> getIpSecNetIdRange();
+    method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public android.net.LinkProperties getRedactedLinkPropertiesForPackage(@NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, int, @NonNull String);
+    method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities getRedactedNetworkCapabilitiesForPackage(@NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, int, @NonNull String);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(int, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD, android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS}) public void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void removeUidFromMeteredNetworkAllowList(int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void removeUidFromMeteredNetworkDenyList(int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void replaceFirewallChain(int, @NonNull int[]);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void requestBackgroundNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
+    method @Deprecated public boolean requestRouteToHostAddress(int, java.net.InetAddress);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void setAcceptPartialConnectivity(@NonNull android.net.Network, boolean, boolean);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void setAcceptUnvalidated(@NonNull android.net.Network, boolean, boolean);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void setAvoidUnvalidated(@NonNull android.net.Network);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void setFirewallChainEnabled(int, boolean);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK) public void setGlobalProxy(@Nullable android.net.ProxyInfo);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void setLegacyLockdownVpnEnabled(boolean);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK) public void setProfileNetworkPreference(@NonNull android.os.UserHandle, int, @Nullable java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable Runnable);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK) public void setProfileNetworkPreferences(@NonNull android.os.UserHandle, @NonNull java.util.List<android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference>, @Nullable java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable Runnable);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void setRequireVpnForUids(boolean, @NonNull java.util.Collection<android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>>);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void setUidFirewallRule(int, int, int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void setVpnDefaultForUids(@NonNull String, @NonNull java.util.Collection<android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>>);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK}) public void simulateDataStall(int, long, @NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.os.PersistableBundle);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void startCaptivePortalApp(@NonNull android.net.Network);
+    method public void systemReady();
+    field public static final String ACTION_CLEAR_DNS_CACHE = "android.net.action.CLEAR_DNS_CACHE";
+    field public static final String ACTION_PROMPT_LOST_VALIDATION = "android.net.action.PROMPT_LOST_VALIDATION";
+    field public static final String ACTION_PROMPT_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY = "android.net.action.PROMPT_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY";
+    field public static final String ACTION_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED = "android.net.action.PROMPT_UNVALIDATED";
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_ADMIN_DISABLED = 262144; // 0x40000
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER = 65536; // 0x10000
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_MASK = -65536; // 0xffff0000
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED = 131072; // 0x20000
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_DOZE = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN = 16; // 0x10
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY = 32; // 0x20
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_NONE = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int BLOCKED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY = 5; // 0x5
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1 = 7; // 0x7
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2 = 8; // 0x8
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3 = 9; // 0x9
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int FIREWALL_RULE_DENY = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK = 2; // 0x2
+  }
+
+  public static class ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback {
+    method public void onBlockedStatusChanged(@NonNull android.net.Network, int);
+  }
+
+  public class ConnectivitySettingsManager {
+    method public static void clearGlobalProxy(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @Nullable public static String getCaptivePortalHttpUrl(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method public static int getCaptivePortalMode(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
+    method @NonNull public static java.time.Duration getConnectivityKeepPendingIntentDuration(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method @NonNull public static android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer> getDnsResolverSampleRanges(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @NonNull public static java.time.Duration getDnsResolverSampleValidityDuration(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public static int getDnsResolverSuccessThresholdPercent(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
+    method @Nullable public static android.net.ProxyInfo getGlobalProxy(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method public static long getIngressRateLimitInBytesPerSecond(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @NonNull public static java.time.Duration getMobileDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public static boolean getMobileDataAlwaysOn(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
+    method @NonNull public static java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer> getMobileDataPreferredUids(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method public static int getNetworkAvoidBadWifi(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @Nullable public static String getNetworkMeteredMultipathPreference(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method public static int getNetworkSwitchNotificationMaximumDailyCount(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
+    method @NonNull public static java.time.Duration getNetworkSwitchNotificationRateDuration(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method @NonNull public static String getPrivateDnsDefaultMode(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @Nullable public static String getPrivateDnsHostname(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method public static int getPrivateDnsMode(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @NonNull public static java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer> getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method public static boolean getWifiAlwaysRequested(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
+    method @NonNull public static java.time.Duration getWifiDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public static void setCaptivePortalHttpUrl(@NonNull android.content.Context, @Nullable String);
+    method public static void setCaptivePortalMode(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
+    method public static void setConnectivityKeepPendingIntentDuration(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public static void setDnsResolverSampleRanges(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>);
+    method public static void setDnsResolverSampleValidityDuration(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public static void setDnsResolverSuccessThresholdPercent(@NonNull android.content.Context, @IntRange(from=0, to=100) int);
+    method public static void setGlobalProxy(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.net.ProxyInfo);
+    method public static void setIngressRateLimitInBytesPerSecond(@NonNull android.content.Context, @IntRange(from=-1L, to=4294967295L) long);
+    method public static void setMobileDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public static void setMobileDataAlwaysOn(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
+    method public static void setMobileDataPreferredUids(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer>);
+    method public static void setNetworkAvoidBadWifi(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
+    method public static void setNetworkMeteredMultipathPreference(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull String);
+    method public static void setNetworkSwitchNotificationMaximumDailyCount(@NonNull android.content.Context, @IntRange(from=0) int);
+    method public static void setNetworkSwitchNotificationRateDuration(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public static void setPrivateDnsDefaultMode(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull int);
+    method public static void setPrivateDnsHostname(@NonNull android.content.Context, @Nullable String);
+    method public static void setPrivateDnsMode(@NonNull android.content.Context, int);
+    method public static void setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer>);
+    method public static void setWifiAlwaysRequested(@NonNull android.content.Context, boolean);
+    method public static void setWifiDataActivityTimeout(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    field public static final int CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_IGNORE = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_PROMPT = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI_AVOID = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI_IGNORE = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI_PROMPT = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME = 3; // 0x3
+  }
+
+  public final class DhcpOption implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public DhcpOption(byte, @Nullable byte[]);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public byte getType();
+    method @Nullable public byte[] getValue();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.DhcpOption> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public final class NetworkAgentConfig implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @Nullable public String getSubscriberId();
+    method public boolean isBypassableVpn();
+    method public boolean isVpnValidationRequired();
+  }
+
+  public static final class NetworkAgentConfig.Builder {
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setBypassableVpn(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setLocalRoutesExcludedForVpn(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setSubscriberId(@Nullable String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setVpnRequiresValidation(boolean);
+  }
+
+  public final class NetworkCapabilities implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer> getAllowedUids();
+    method @Nullable public java.util.Set<android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>> getUids();
+    method public boolean hasForbiddenCapability(int);
+    field public static final long REDACT_ALL = -1L; // 0xffffffffffffffffL
+    field public static final long REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION = 1L; // 0x1L
+    field public static final long REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS = 2L; // 0x2L
+    field public static final long REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS = 4L; // 0x4L
+    field public static final long REDACT_NONE = 0L; // 0x0L
+    field public static final int TRANSPORT_TEST = 7; // 0x7
+  }
+
+  public static final class NetworkCapabilities.Builder {
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setAllowedUids(@NonNull java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer>);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setUids(@Nullable java.util.Set<android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>>);
+  }
+
+  public class NetworkRequest implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @NonNull public int[] getEnterpriseIds();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getForbiddenCapabilities();
+    method public boolean hasEnterpriseId(int);
+    method public boolean hasForbiddenCapability(int);
+  }
+
+  public static class NetworkRequest.Builder {
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder addForbiddenCapability(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder removeForbiddenCapability(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder setUids(@Nullable java.util.Set<android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>>);
+  }
+
+  public final class ProfileNetworkPreference implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getExcludedUids();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getIncludedUids();
+    method public int getPreference();
+    method public int getPreferenceEnterpriseId();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public static final class ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder {
+    ctor public ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder setExcludedUids(@NonNull int[]);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder setIncludedUids(@NonNull int[]);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder setPreference(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder setPreferenceEnterpriseId(int);
+  }
+
+  public final class TestNetworkInterface implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public TestNetworkInterface(@NonNull android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor, @NonNull String);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor getFileDescriptor();
+    method @NonNull public String getInterfaceName();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.MacAddress getMacAddress();
+    method public int getMtu();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.TestNetworkInterface> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public class TestNetworkManager {
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) public android.net.TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface();
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) public android.net.TestNetworkInterface createTunInterface(@NonNull java.util.Collection<android.net.LinkAddress>);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) public void setupTestNetwork(@NonNull String, @NonNull android.os.IBinder);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) public void teardownTestNetwork(@NonNull android.net.Network);
+    field public static final String TEST_TAP_PREFIX = "testtap";
+  }
+
+  public final class TestNetworkSpecifier extends android.net.NetworkSpecifier implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public TestNetworkSpecifier(@NonNull String);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @Nullable public String getInterfaceName();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.TestNetworkSpecifier> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public interface TransportInfo {
+    method public default long getApplicableRedactions();
+    method @NonNull public default android.net.TransportInfo makeCopy(long);
+  }
+
+  public final class VpnTransportInfo implements android.os.Parcelable android.net.TransportInfo {
+    ctor @Deprecated public VpnTransportInfo(int, @Nullable String);
+    method @Nullable public String getSessionId();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.VpnTransportInfo makeCopy(long);
+  }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/module-lib-removed.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/module-lib-removed.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/module-lib-removed.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/removed.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/removed.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..303a1e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/removed.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
+package android.net {
+
+  public class ConnectivityManager {
+    method @Deprecated public boolean requestRouteToHost(int, int);
+    method @Deprecated public int startUsingNetworkFeature(int, String);
+    method @Deprecated public int stopUsingNetworkFeature(int, String);
+  }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-current.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-current.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a2ed8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
+package android.net {
+
+  public class CaptivePortal implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @Deprecated public void logEvent(int, @NonNull String);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK) public void reevaluateNetwork();
+    method public void useNetwork();
+    field public static final int APP_REQUEST_REEVALUATION_REQUIRED = 100; // 0x64
+    field public static final int APP_RETURN_DISMISSED = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int APP_RETURN_UNWANTED = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int APP_RETURN_WANTED_AS_IS = 2; // 0x2
+  }
+
+  public final class CaptivePortalData implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public long getByteLimit();
+    method public long getExpiryTimeMillis();
+    method public long getRefreshTimeMillis();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.Uri getUserPortalUrl();
+    method public int getUserPortalUrlSource();
+    method @Nullable public CharSequence getVenueFriendlyName();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.Uri getVenueInfoUrl();
+    method public int getVenueInfoUrlSource();
+    method public boolean isCaptive();
+    method public boolean isSessionExtendable();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field public static final int CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_OTHER = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int CAPTIVE_PORTAL_DATA_SOURCE_PASSPOINT = 1; // 0x1
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.CaptivePortalData> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public static class CaptivePortalData.Builder {
+    ctor public CaptivePortalData.Builder();
+    ctor public CaptivePortalData.Builder(@Nullable android.net.CaptivePortalData);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setBytesRemaining(long);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setCaptive(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setExpiryTime(long);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setRefreshTime(long);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setSessionExtendable(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setUserPortalUrl(@Nullable android.net.Uri);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setUserPortalUrl(@Nullable android.net.Uri, int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setVenueFriendlyName(@Nullable CharSequence);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setVenueInfoUrl(@Nullable android.net.Uri);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.CaptivePortalData.Builder setVenueInfoUrl(@Nullable android.net.Uri, int);
+  }
+
+  public class ConnectivityManager {
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD) public android.net.SocketKeepalive createNattKeepalive(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.SocketKeepalive.Callback);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD) public android.net.SocketKeepalive createSocketKeepalive(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull java.net.Socket, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.SocketKeepalive.Callback);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS) public String getCaptivePortalServerUrl();
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED) public void getLatestTetheringEntitlementResult(int, boolean, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.OnTetheringEntitlementResultListener);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED, android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS}) public boolean isTetheringSupported();
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY}) public int registerNetworkProvider(@NonNull android.net.NetworkProvider);
+    method public void registerQosCallback(@NonNull android.net.QosSocketInfo, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.QosCallback);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED) public void registerTetheringEventCallback(@NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.OnTetheringEventCallback);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK) public void requestNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, int, int, @NonNull android.os.Handler, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK}) public void setAirplaneMode(boolean);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.CONTROL_OEM_PAID_NETWORK_PREFERENCE) public void setOemNetworkPreference(@NonNull android.net.OemNetworkPreferences, @Nullable java.util.concurrent.Executor, @Nullable Runnable);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK}) public boolean shouldAvoidBadWifi();
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK) public void startCaptivePortalApp(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.os.Bundle);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED) public void startTethering(int, boolean, android.net.ConnectivityManager.OnStartTetheringCallback);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED) public void startTethering(int, boolean, android.net.ConnectivityManager.OnStartTetheringCallback, android.os.Handler);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED) public void stopTethering(int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY}) public void unregisterNetworkProvider(@NonNull android.net.NetworkProvider);
+    method public void unregisterQosCallback(@NonNull android.net.QosCallback);
+    method @Deprecated @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED) public void unregisterTetheringEventCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.OnTetheringEventCallback);
+    field public static final String EXTRA_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_PROBE_SPEC = "android.net.extra.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_PROBE_SPEC";
+    field public static final String EXTRA_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_USER_AGENT = "android.net.extra.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_USER_AGENT";
+    field public static final int TETHERING_BLUETOOTH = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int TETHERING_USB = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int TETHERING_WIFI = 0; // 0x0
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TETHER_ERROR_ENTITLEMENT_UNKONWN = 13; // 0xd
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR = 0; // 0x0
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TETHER_ERROR_PROVISION_FAILED = 11; // 0xb
+    field public static final int TYPE_NONE = -1; // 0xffffffff
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_PROXY = 16; // 0x10
+    field @Deprecated public static final int TYPE_WIFI_P2P = 13; // 0xd
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated public abstract static class ConnectivityManager.OnStartTetheringCallback {
+    ctor @Deprecated public ConnectivityManager.OnStartTetheringCallback();
+    method @Deprecated public void onTetheringFailed();
+    method @Deprecated public void onTetheringStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated public static interface ConnectivityManager.OnTetheringEntitlementResultListener {
+    method @Deprecated public void onTetheringEntitlementResult(int);
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated public abstract static class ConnectivityManager.OnTetheringEventCallback {
+    ctor @Deprecated public ConnectivityManager.OnTetheringEventCallback();
+    method @Deprecated public void onUpstreamChanged(@Nullable android.net.Network);
+  }
+
+  public final class DscpPolicy implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @Nullable public java.net.InetAddress getDestinationAddress();
+    method @Nullable public android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer> getDestinationPortRange();
+    method public int getDscpValue();
+    method public int getPolicyId();
+    method public int getProtocol();
+    method @Nullable public java.net.InetAddress getSourceAddress();
+    method public int getSourcePort();
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.DscpPolicy> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int PROTOCOL_ANY = -1; // 0xffffffff
+    field public static final int SOURCE_PORT_ANY = -1; // 0xffffffff
+  }
+
+  public static final class DscpPolicy.Builder {
+    ctor public DscpPolicy.Builder(int, int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.DscpPolicy build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.DscpPolicy.Builder setDestinationAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.DscpPolicy.Builder setDestinationPortRange(@NonNull android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer>);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.DscpPolicy.Builder setProtocol(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.DscpPolicy.Builder setSourceAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.DscpPolicy.Builder setSourcePort(int);
+  }
+
+  public final class InvalidPacketException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public InvalidPacketException(int);
+    method public int getError();
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS = -21; // 0xffffffeb
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_LENGTH = -23; // 0xffffffe9
+    field public static final int ERROR_INVALID_PORT = -22; // 0xffffffea
+  }
+
+  public final class IpConfiguration implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public IpConfiguration();
+    ctor public IpConfiguration(@NonNull android.net.IpConfiguration);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment getIpAssignment();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings getProxySettings();
+    method public void setHttpProxy(@Nullable android.net.ProxyInfo);
+    method public void setIpAssignment(@NonNull android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment);
+    method public void setProxySettings(@NonNull android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings);
+    method public void setStaticIpConfiguration(@Nullable android.net.StaticIpConfiguration);
+  }
+
+  public enum IpConfiguration.IpAssignment {
+    enum_constant public static final android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment DHCP;
+    enum_constant public static final android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment STATIC;
+    enum_constant public static final android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment UNASSIGNED;
+  }
+
+  public enum IpConfiguration.ProxySettings {
+    enum_constant public static final android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings NONE;
+    enum_constant public static final android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings PAC;
+    enum_constant public static final android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings STATIC;
+    enum_constant public static final android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings UNASSIGNED;
+  }
+
+  public final class IpPrefix implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public IpPrefix(@NonNull String);
+  }
+
+  public class KeepalivePacketData {
+    ctor protected KeepalivePacketData(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @IntRange(from=0, to=65535) int, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @IntRange(from=0, to=65535) int, @NonNull byte[]) throws android.net.InvalidPacketException;
+    method @NonNull public java.net.InetAddress getDstAddress();
+    method public int getDstPort();
+    method @NonNull public byte[] getPacket();
+    method @NonNull public java.net.InetAddress getSrcAddress();
+    method public int getSrcPort();
+  }
+
+  public class LinkAddress implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public LinkAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @IntRange(from=0, to=128) int, int, int);
+    ctor public LinkAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @IntRange(from=0, to=128) int, int, int, long, long);
+    ctor public LinkAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @IntRange(from=0, to=128) int);
+    ctor public LinkAddress(@NonNull String);
+    ctor public LinkAddress(@NonNull String, int, int);
+    method public long getDeprecationTime();
+    method public long getExpirationTime();
+    method public boolean isGlobalPreferred();
+    method public boolean isIpv4();
+    method public boolean isIpv6();
+    method public boolean isSameAddressAs(@Nullable android.net.LinkAddress);
+    field public static final long LIFETIME_PERMANENT = 9223372036854775807L; // 0x7fffffffffffffffL
+    field public static final long LIFETIME_UNKNOWN = -1L; // 0xffffffffffffffffL
+  }
+
+  public final class LinkProperties implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public LinkProperties(@Nullable android.net.LinkProperties);
+    ctor public LinkProperties(@Nullable android.net.LinkProperties, boolean);
+    method public boolean addDnsServer(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method public boolean addLinkAddress(@NonNull android.net.LinkAddress);
+    method public boolean addPcscfServer(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress> getAddresses();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<java.lang.String> getAllInterfaceNames();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<android.net.LinkAddress> getAllLinkAddresses();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<android.net.RouteInfo> getAllRoutes();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.Uri getCaptivePortalApiUrl();
+    method @Nullable public android.net.CaptivePortalData getCaptivePortalData();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress> getPcscfServers();
+    method @Nullable public String getTcpBufferSizes();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<java.net.InetAddress> getValidatedPrivateDnsServers();
+    method public boolean hasGlobalIpv6Address();
+    method public boolean hasIpv4Address();
+    method public boolean hasIpv4DefaultRoute();
+    method public boolean hasIpv4DnsServer();
+    method public boolean hasIpv6DefaultRoute();
+    method public boolean hasIpv6DnsServer();
+    method public boolean isIpv4Provisioned();
+    method public boolean isIpv6Provisioned();
+    method public boolean isProvisioned();
+    method public boolean isReachable(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method public boolean removeDnsServer(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method public boolean removeLinkAddress(@NonNull android.net.LinkAddress);
+    method public boolean removeRoute(@NonNull android.net.RouteInfo);
+    method public void setCaptivePortalApiUrl(@Nullable android.net.Uri);
+    method public void setCaptivePortalData(@Nullable android.net.CaptivePortalData);
+    method public void setPcscfServers(@NonNull java.util.Collection<java.net.InetAddress>);
+    method public void setPrivateDnsServerName(@Nullable String);
+    method public void setTcpBufferSizes(@Nullable String);
+    method public void setUsePrivateDns(boolean);
+    method public void setValidatedPrivateDnsServers(@NonNull java.util.Collection<java.net.InetAddress>);
+  }
+
+  public final class NattKeepalivePacketData extends android.net.KeepalivePacketData implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public NattKeepalivePacketData(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, @NonNull byte[]) throws android.net.InvalidPacketException;
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.NattKeepalivePacketData> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public class Network implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public Network(@NonNull android.net.Network);
+    method public int getNetId();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.Network getPrivateDnsBypassingCopy();
+  }
+
+  public abstract class NetworkAgent {
+    ctor public NetworkAgent(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.os.Looper, @NonNull String, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, @NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, int, @NonNull android.net.NetworkAgentConfig, @Nullable android.net.NetworkProvider);
+    ctor public NetworkAgent(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.os.Looper, @NonNull String, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, @NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, @NonNull android.net.NetworkScore, @NonNull android.net.NetworkAgentConfig, @Nullable android.net.NetworkProvider);
+    method @Nullable public android.net.Network getNetwork();
+    method public void markConnected();
+    method public void onAddKeepalivePacketFilter(int, @NonNull android.net.KeepalivePacketData);
+    method public void onAutomaticReconnectDisabled();
+    method public void onBandwidthUpdateRequested();
+    method public void onDscpPolicyStatusUpdated(int, int);
+    method public void onNetworkCreated();
+    method public void onNetworkDestroyed();
+    method public void onNetworkUnwanted();
+    method public void onQosCallbackRegistered(int, @NonNull android.net.QosFilter);
+    method public void onQosCallbackUnregistered(int);
+    method public void onRemoveKeepalivePacketFilter(int);
+    method public void onSaveAcceptUnvalidated(boolean);
+    method public void onSignalStrengthThresholdsUpdated(@NonNull int[]);
+    method public void onStartSocketKeepalive(int, @NonNull java.time.Duration, @NonNull android.net.KeepalivePacketData);
+    method public void onStopSocketKeepalive(int);
+    method public void onValidationStatus(int, @Nullable android.net.Uri);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.Network register();
+    method public void sendAddDscpPolicy(@NonNull android.net.DscpPolicy);
+    method public void sendLinkProperties(@NonNull android.net.LinkProperties);
+    method public void sendNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
+    method public void sendNetworkScore(@NonNull android.net.NetworkScore);
+    method public void sendNetworkScore(@IntRange(from=0, to=99) int);
+    method public final void sendQosCallbackError(int, int);
+    method public final void sendQosSessionAvailable(int, int, @NonNull android.net.QosSessionAttributes);
+    method public final void sendQosSessionLost(int, int, int);
+    method public void sendRemoveAllDscpPolicies();
+    method public void sendRemoveDscpPolicy(int);
+    method public final void sendSocketKeepaliveEvent(int, int);
+    method @Deprecated public void setLegacySubtype(int, @NonNull String);
+    method public void setLingerDuration(@NonNull java.time.Duration);
+    method public void setTeardownDelayMillis(@IntRange(from=0, to=0x1388) int);
+    method public void setUnderlyingNetworks(@Nullable java.util.List<android.net.Network>);
+    method public void unregister();
+    method public void unregisterAfterReplacement(@IntRange(from=0, to=0x1388) int);
+    field public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_DELETED = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_PROCESSING_RESOURCES = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_POLICY_NOT_FOUND = 5; // 0x5
+    field public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_REQUESTED_CLASSIFIER_NOT_SUPPORTED = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_REQUEST_DECLINED = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS = 0; // 0x0
+    field public static final int VALIDATION_STATUS_NOT_VALID = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int VALIDATION_STATUS_VALID = 1; // 0x1
+  }
+
+  public final class NetworkAgentConfig implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getLegacyType();
+    method @NonNull public String getLegacyTypeName();
+    method public boolean isExplicitlySelected();
+    method public boolean isPartialConnectivityAcceptable();
+    method public boolean isUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.NetworkAgentConfig> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public static final class NetworkAgentConfig.Builder {
+    ctor public NetworkAgentConfig.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setExplicitlySelected(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setLegacyExtraInfo(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setLegacySubType(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setLegacySubTypeName(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setLegacyType(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setLegacyTypeName(@NonNull String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setNat64DetectionEnabled(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setPartialConnectivityAcceptable(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setProvisioningNotificationEnabled(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable(boolean);
+  }
+
+  public final class NetworkCapabilities implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @NonNull public int[] getAdministratorUids();
+    method @Nullable public static String getCapabilityCarrierName(int);
+    method @Nullable public String getSsid();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer> getSubscriptionIds();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getTransportTypes();
+    method @Nullable public java.util.List<android.net.Network> getUnderlyingNetworks();
+    method public boolean isPrivateDnsBroken();
+    method public boolean satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(@Nullable android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_BIP = 31; // 0x1f
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED = 28; // 0x1c
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID = 22; // 0x16
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE = 26; // 0x1a
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY = 24; // 0x18
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_VEHICLE_INTERNAL = 27; // 0x1b
+    field public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_VSIM = 30; // 0x1e
+  }
+
+  public static final class NetworkCapabilities.Builder {
+    ctor public NetworkCapabilities.Builder();
+    ctor public NetworkCapabilities.Builder(@NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder addCapability(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder addEnterpriseId(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder addTransportType(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder removeCapability(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder removeEnterpriseId(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder removeTransportType(int);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setAdministratorUids(@NonNull int[]);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setNetworkSpecifier(@Nullable android.net.NetworkSpecifier);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setOwnerUid(int);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setRequestorPackageName(@Nullable String);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setRequestorUid(int);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setSignalStrength(int);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setSsid(@Nullable String);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setSubscriptionIds(@NonNull java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer>);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setTransportInfo(@Nullable android.net.TransportInfo);
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder setUnderlyingNetworks(@Nullable java.util.List<android.net.Network>);
+    method @NonNull public static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.Builder withoutDefaultCapabilities();
+  }
+
+  public class NetworkProvider {
+    ctor public NetworkProvider(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.os.Looper, @NonNull String);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public void declareNetworkRequestUnfulfillable(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest);
+    method public int getProviderId();
+    method public void onNetworkRequestWithdrawn(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest);
+    method public void onNetworkRequested(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @IntRange(from=0, to=99) int, int);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public void registerNetworkOffer(@NonNull android.net.NetworkScore, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback);
+    method @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY) public void unregisterNetworkOffer(@NonNull android.net.NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback);
+    field public static final int ID_NONE = -1; // 0xffffffff
+  }
+
+  public static interface NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback {
+    method public void onNetworkNeeded(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest);
+    method public void onNetworkUnneeded(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest);
+  }
+
+  public class NetworkReleasedException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public NetworkReleasedException();
+  }
+
+  public class NetworkRequest implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @Nullable public String getRequestorPackageName();
+    method public int getRequestorUid();
+  }
+
+  public static class NetworkRequest.Builder {
+    method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP) public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder setSignalStrength(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder setSubscriptionIds(@NonNull java.util.Set<java.lang.Integer>);
+  }
+
+  public final class NetworkScore implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getKeepConnectedReason();
+    method public int getLegacyInt();
+    method public boolean isExiting();
+    method public boolean isTransportPrimary();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.NetworkScore> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE = 0; // 0x0
+  }
+
+  public static final class NetworkScore.Builder {
+    ctor public NetworkScore.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkScore build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkScore.Builder setExiting(boolean);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkScore.Builder setKeepConnectedReason(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkScore.Builder setLegacyInt(int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkScore.Builder setTransportPrimary(boolean);
+  }
+
+  public final class OemNetworkPreferences implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Integer> getNetworkPreferences();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.OemNetworkPreferences> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK = 2; // 0x2
+    field public static final int OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY = 3; // 0x3
+    field public static final int OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY = 4; // 0x4
+    field public static final int OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED = 0; // 0x0
+  }
+
+  public static final class OemNetworkPreferences.Builder {
+    ctor public OemNetworkPreferences.Builder();
+    ctor public OemNetworkPreferences.Builder(@NonNull android.net.OemNetworkPreferences);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.Builder addNetworkPreference(@NonNull String, int);
+    method @NonNull public android.net.OemNetworkPreferences build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.Builder clearNetworkPreference(@NonNull String);
+  }
+
+  public abstract class QosCallback {
+    ctor public QosCallback();
+    method public void onError(@NonNull android.net.QosCallbackException);
+    method public void onQosSessionAvailable(@NonNull android.net.QosSession, @NonNull android.net.QosSessionAttributes);
+    method public void onQosSessionLost(@NonNull android.net.QosSession);
+  }
+
+  public static class QosCallback.QosCallbackRegistrationException extends java.lang.RuntimeException {
+  }
+
+  public final class QosCallbackException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public QosCallbackException(@NonNull String);
+    ctor public QosCallbackException(@NonNull Throwable);
+  }
+
+  public abstract class QosFilter {
+    method @NonNull public abstract android.net.Network getNetwork();
+    method public abstract boolean matchesLocalAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, int);
+    method public boolean matchesProtocol(int);
+    method public abstract boolean matchesRemoteAddress(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, int);
+  }
+
+  public final class QosSession implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public QosSession(int, int);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getSessionId();
+    method public int getSessionType();
+    method public long getUniqueId();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.QosSession> CREATOR;
+    field public static final int TYPE_EPS_BEARER = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int TYPE_NR_BEARER = 2; // 0x2
+  }
+
+  public interface QosSessionAttributes {
+  }
+
+  public final class QosSocketInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public QosSocketInfo(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull java.net.Socket) throws java.io.IOException;
+    ctor public QosSocketInfo(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull java.net.DatagramSocket) throws java.io.IOException;
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public java.net.InetSocketAddress getLocalSocketAddress();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.Network getNetwork();
+    method @Nullable public java.net.InetSocketAddress getRemoteSocketAddress();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.QosSocketInfo> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public final class RouteInfo implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public RouteInfo(@Nullable android.net.IpPrefix, @Nullable java.net.InetAddress, @Nullable String, int);
+    ctor public RouteInfo(@Nullable android.net.IpPrefix, @Nullable java.net.InetAddress, @Nullable String, int, int);
+    method public int getMtu();
+  }
+
+  public abstract class SocketKeepalive implements java.lang.AutoCloseable {
+    method public final void start(@IntRange(from=0xa, to=0xe10) int, int, @Nullable android.net.Network);
+    field public static final int ERROR_NO_SUCH_SLOT = -33; // 0xffffffdf
+    field public static final int FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF = 1; // 0x1
+    field public static final int SUCCESS = 0; // 0x0
+  }
+
+  public class SocketLocalAddressChangedException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public SocketLocalAddressChangedException();
+  }
+
+  public class SocketNotBoundException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public SocketNotBoundException();
+  }
+
+  public class SocketNotConnectedException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public SocketNotConnectedException();
+  }
+
+  public class SocketRemoteAddressChangedException extends java.lang.Exception {
+    ctor public SocketRemoteAddressChangedException();
+  }
+
+  public final class StaticIpConfiguration implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public StaticIpConfiguration();
+    ctor public StaticIpConfiguration(@Nullable android.net.StaticIpConfiguration);
+    method public void addDnsServer(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress);
+    method public void clear();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.List<android.net.RouteInfo> getRoutes(@Nullable String);
+  }
+
+  public final class TcpKeepalivePacketData extends android.net.KeepalivePacketData implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public TcpKeepalivePacketData(@NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, int, @NonNull byte[], int, int, int, int, int, int) throws android.net.InvalidPacketException;
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getIpTos();
+    method public int getIpTtl();
+    method public int getTcpAck();
+    method public int getTcpSeq();
+    method public int getTcpWindow();
+    method public int getTcpWindowScale();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketData> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public final class VpnTransportInfo implements android.os.Parcelable android.net.TransportInfo {
+    ctor public VpnTransportInfo(int, @Nullable String, boolean, boolean);
+    method public boolean areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive();
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getType();
+    method public boolean isBypassable();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.VpnTransportInfo> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+}
+
+package android.net.apf {
+
+  public final class ApfCapabilities implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    ctor public ApfCapabilities(int, int, int);
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public static boolean getApfDrop8023Frames();
+    method @NonNull public static int[] getApfEtherTypeBlackList();
+    method public boolean hasDataAccess();
+    method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.apf.ApfCapabilities> CREATOR;
+    field public final int apfPacketFormat;
+    field public final int apfVersionSupported;
+    field public final int maximumApfProgramSize;
+  }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-lint-baseline.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-lint-baseline.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a97707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-lint-baseline.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Baseline format: 1.0
diff --git a/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-removed.txt b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-removed.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d802177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/cronet_disabled/api/system-removed.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+// Signature format: 2.0
diff --git a/framework/jarjar-excludes.txt b/framework/jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b48d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# INetworkStatsProvider / INetworkStatsProviderCallback are referenced from net-tests-utils, which
+# may be used by tests that do not apply connectivity jarjar rules.
+# TODO: move files to a known internal package (like android.net.connectivity.visiblefortesting)
+# so that they do not need jarjar
+android\.net\.netstats\.provider\.INetworkStatsProvider(\$.+)?
+android\.net\.netstats\.provider\.INetworkStatsProviderCallback(\$.+)?
+
+# INetworkAgent / INetworkAgentRegistry are used in NetworkAgentTest
+# TODO: move files to android.net.connectivity.visiblefortesting
+android\.net\.INetworkAgent(\$.+)?
+android\.net\.INetworkAgentRegistry(\$.+)?
+
+# IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback used in ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest
+# TODO: move files to android.net.connectivity.visiblefortesting
+android\.net\.IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(\$.+)?
+
+
+# KeepaliveUtils is used by ConnectivityManager CTS
+# TODO: move into service-connectivity so framework-connectivity stops using
+# ServiceConnectivityResources (callers need high permissions to find/query the resource apk anyway)
+# and have a ConnectivityManager test API instead
+android\.net\.util\.KeepaliveUtils(\$.+)?
+
+# TODO (b/217115866): add jarjar rules for Nearby
+android\.nearby\..+
+
+# Don't touch anything that's already under android.net.http (cronet)
+# This is required since android.net.http contains api classes and hidden classes.
+# TODO: Remove this after hidden classes are moved to different package
+android\.net\.http\..+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
index 7478b3e..ca297e5 100644
--- a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
+++ b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include <bpf/BpfClassic.h>
 #include <DnsProxydProtocol.h> // NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
 #include <nativehelper/JNIPlatformHelp.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
@@ -53,13 +54,12 @@
     return static_cast<T>(res);
 }
 
-static void android_net_utils_attachDropAllBPFFilter(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz, jobject javaFd)
+static void android_net_utils_attachDropAllBPFFilter(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd)
 {
-    struct sock_filter filter_code[] = {
-        // Reject all.
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, 0)
+    static struct sock_filter filter_code[] = {
+        BPF_REJECT,
     };
-    struct sock_fprog filter = {
+    static const struct sock_fprog filter = {
         sizeof(filter_code) / sizeof(filter_code[0]),
         filter_code,
     };
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void android_net_utils_detachBPFFilter(JNIEnv *env, jobject clazz, jobject javaFd)
+static void android_net_utils_detachBPFFilter(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd)
 {
     int optval_ignored = 0;
     int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@
     }
 }
 
-static jboolean android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkHandle(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
+static jboolean android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkHandle(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
         jlong netHandle)
 {
     return (jboolean) !android_setprocnetwork(netHandle);
 }
 
-static jlong android_net_utils_getBoundNetworkHandleForProcess(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz)
+static jlong android_net_utils_getBoundNetworkHandleForProcess(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz)
 {
     net_handle_t network;
     if (android_getprocnetwork(&network) != 0) {
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@
     return (jlong) network;
 }
 
-static jboolean android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkForHostResolution(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
+static jboolean android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkForHostResolution(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz,
         jint netId, jlong netHandle)
 {
     return (jboolean) !android_setprocdns(netHandle);
 }
 
-static jint android_net_utils_bindSocketToNetworkHandle(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject javaFd,
+static jint android_net_utils_bindSocketToNetworkHandle(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd,
                                                   jlong netHandle) {
     return android_setsocknetwork(netHandle, AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd));
 }
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-static jobject android_net_utils_resNetworkQuery(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jlong netHandle,
+static jobject android_net_utils_resNetworkQuery(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jlong netHandle,
         jstring dname, jint ns_class, jint ns_type, jint flags) {
     const jsize javaCharsCount = env->GetStringLength(dname);
     const jsize byteCountUTF8 = env->GetStringUTFLength(dname);
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
     return jniCreateFileDescriptor(env, fd);
 }
 
-static jobject android_net_utils_resNetworkSend(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jlong netHandle,
+static jobject android_net_utils_resNetworkSend(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jlong netHandle,
         jbyteArray msg, jint msgLen, jint flags) {
     uint8_t data[MAXCMDSIZE];
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
     return jniCreateFileDescriptor(env, fd);
 }
 
-static jobject android_net_utils_resNetworkResult(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject javaFd) {
+static jobject android_net_utils_resNetworkResult(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd) {
     int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
     int rcode;
     uint8_t buf[MAXPACKETSIZE] = {0};
@@ -181,13 +181,13 @@
     return env->NewObject(class_DnsResponse, ctor, answer, rcode);
 }
 
-static void android_net_utils_resNetworkCancel(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject javaFd) {
+static void android_net_utils_resNetworkCancel(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd) {
     int fd = AFileDescriptor_getFd(env, javaFd);
     android_res_cancel(fd);
     jniSetFileDescriptorOfFD(env, javaFd, -1);
 }
 
-static jobject android_net_utils_getDnsNetwork(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz) {
+static jobject android_net_utils_getDnsNetwork(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz) {
     net_handle_t dnsNetHandle = NETWORK_UNSPECIFIED;
     if (int res = android_getprocdns(&dnsNetHandle) < 0) {
         jniThrowErrnoException(env, "getDnsNetwork", -res);
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
             static_cast<jlong>(dnsNetHandle));
 }
 
-static jobject android_net_utils_getTcpRepairWindow(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject javaFd) {
+static jobject android_net_utils_getTcpRepairWindow(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd) {
     if (javaFd == NULL) {
         jniThrowNullPointerException(env, NULL);
         return NULL;
@@ -232,7 +232,8 @@
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    jclass class_TcpRepairWindow = env->FindClass("android/net/TcpRepairWindow");
+    jclass class_TcpRepairWindow = env->FindClass(
+        "android/net/connectivity/android/net/TcpRepairWindow");
     jmethodID ctor = env->GetMethodID(class_TcpRepairWindow, "<init>", "(IIIIII)V");
 
     return env->NewObject(class_TcpRepairWindow, ctor, trw.snd_wl1, trw.snd_wnd, trw.max_window,
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@
     { "bindSocketToNetworkHandle", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;J)I", (void*) android_net_utils_bindSocketToNetworkHandle },
     { "attachDropAllBPFFilter", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)V", (void*) android_net_utils_attachDropAllBPFFilter },
     { "detachBPFFilter", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)V", (void*) android_net_utils_detachBPFFilter },
-    { "getTcpRepairWindow", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)Landroid/net/TcpRepairWindow;", (void*) android_net_utils_getTcpRepairWindow },
+    { "getTcpRepairWindow", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)Landroid/net/connectivity/android/net/TcpRepairWindow;", (void*) android_net_utils_getTcpRepairWindow },
     { "resNetworkSend", "(J[BII)Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;", (void*) android_net_utils_resNetworkSend },
     { "resNetworkQuery", "(JLjava/lang/String;III)Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;", (void*) android_net_utils_resNetworkQuery },
     { "resNetworkResult", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)Landroid/net/DnsResolver$DnsResponse;", (void*) android_net_utils_resNetworkResult },
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index f741c2b..2315521 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
      *
      * @deprecated Applications should instead use {@link NetworkCapabilities#hasTransport} or
      *         {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} to request an
-     *         appropriate network. {@see NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
+     *         appropriate network. See {@link NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static final int TYPE_MOBILE      = 0;
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
      *
      * @deprecated Applications should instead use {@link NetworkCapabilities#hasTransport} or
      *         {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} to request an
-     *         appropriate network. {@see NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
+     *         appropriate network. See {@link NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static final int TYPE_WIFI        = 1;
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
      *
      * @deprecated Applications should instead use {@link NetworkCapabilities#hasTransport} or
      *         {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} to request an
-     *         appropriate network. {@see NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
+     *         appropriate network. See {@link NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static final int TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI = 5;
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@
      *
      * @deprecated Applications should instead use {@link NetworkCapabilities#hasTransport} or
      *         {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} to request an
-     *         appropriate network. {@see NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
+     *         appropriate network. See {@link NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static final int TYPE_WIMAX       = 6;
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@
      *
      * @deprecated Applications should instead use {@link NetworkCapabilities#hasTransport} or
      *         {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} to request an
-     *         appropriate network. {@see NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
+     *         appropriate network. See {@link NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static final int TYPE_BLUETOOTH   = 7;
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@
      *
      * @deprecated Applications should instead use {@link NetworkCapabilities#hasTransport} or
      *         {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} to request an
-     *         appropriate network. {@see NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
+     *         appropriate network. See {@link NetworkCapabilities} for supported transports.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static final int TYPE_ETHERNET    = 9;
@@ -983,34 +983,54 @@
     public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY = 5;
 
     /**
-     * Firewall chain used for lockdown VPN.
-     * Denylist of apps that cannot receive incoming packets except on loopback because they are
-     * subject to an always-on VPN which is not currently connected.
-     *
-     * @see #BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN = 6;
-
-    /**
      * Firewall chain used for OEM-specific application restrictions.
-     * Denylist of apps that will not have network access due to OEM-specific restrictions.
+     *
+     * Denylist of apps that will not have network access due to OEM-specific restrictions. If an
+     * app UID is placed on this chain, and the chain is enabled, the app's packets will be dropped.
+     *
+     * All the {@code FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_x} chains are equivalent, and each one is
+     * independent of the others. The chains can be enabled and disabled independently, and apps can
+     * be added and removed from each chain independently.
+     *
+     * @see #FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2
+     * @see #FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3
      * @hide
      */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1 = 7;
 
     /**
      * Firewall chain used for OEM-specific application restrictions.
-     * Denylist of apps that will not have network access due to OEM-specific restrictions.
+     *
+     * Denylist of apps that will not have network access due to OEM-specific restrictions. If an
+     * app UID is placed on this chain, and the chain is enabled, the app's packets will be dropped.
+     *
+     * All the {@code FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_x} chains are equivalent, and each one is
+     * independent of the others. The chains can be enabled and disabled independently, and apps can
+     * be added and removed from each chain independently.
+     *
+     * @see #FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1
+     * @see #FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3
      * @hide
      */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2 = 8;
 
     /**
      * Firewall chain used for OEM-specific application restrictions.
-     * Denylist of apps that will not have network access due to OEM-specific restrictions.
+     *
+     * Denylist of apps that will not have network access due to OEM-specific restrictions. If an
+     * app UID is placed on this chain, and the chain is enabled, the app's packets will be dropped.
+     *
+     * All the {@code FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_x} chains are equivalent, and each one is
+     * independent of the others. The chains can be enabled and disabled independently, and apps can
+     * be added and removed from each chain independently.
+     *
+     * @see #FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1
+     * @see #FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2
      * @hide
      */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public static final int FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3 = 9;
 
     /** @hide */
@@ -1021,7 +1041,6 @@
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED,
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
-        FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN,
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1,
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2,
         FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3
@@ -1088,7 +1107,7 @@
     /**
      * Tests if a given integer represents a valid network type.
      * @param networkType the type to be tested
-     * @return a boolean.  {@code true} if the type is valid, else {@code false}
+     * @return {@code true} if the type is valid, else {@code false}
      * @deprecated All APIs accepting a network type are deprecated. There should be no need to
      *             validate a network type.
      */
@@ -1148,6 +1167,8 @@
                 return "PROXY";
             case TYPE_VPN:
                 return "VPN";
+            case TYPE_TEST:
+                return "TEST";
             default:
                 return Integer.toString(type);
         }
@@ -1211,17 +1232,20 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Preference for {@link ProfileNetworkPreference#setPreference(int)}.
-     * {@see #setProfileNetworkPreferences(UserHandle, List, Executor, Runnable)}
-     * Specify that the traffic for this user should by follow the default rules.
+     * Preference for {@link ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder#setPreference(int)}.
+     * See {@link #setProfileNetworkPreferences(UserHandle, List, Executor, Runnable)}
+     * Specify that the traffic for this user should by follow the default rules:
+     * applications in the profile designated by the UserHandle behave like any
+     * other application and use the system default network as their default
+     * network. Compare other PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_* settings.
      * @hide
      */
     @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT = 0;
 
     /**
-     * Preference for {@link ProfileNetworkPreference#setPreference(int)}.
-     * {@see #setProfileNetworkPreferences(UserHandle, List, Executor, Runnable)}
+     * Preference for {@link ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder#setPreference(int)}.
+     * See {@link #setProfileNetworkPreferences(UserHandle, List, Executor, Runnable)}
      * Specify that the traffic for this user should by default go on a network with
      * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE}, and on the system default network
      * if no such network is available.
@@ -1231,16 +1255,38 @@
     public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE = 1;
 
     /**
-     * Preference for {@link ProfileNetworkPreference#setPreference(int)}.
-     * {@see #setProfileNetworkPreferences(UserHandle, List, Executor, Runnable)}
+     * Preference for {@link ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder#setPreference(int)}.
+     * See {@link #setProfileNetworkPreferences(UserHandle, List, Executor, Runnable)}
      * Specify that the traffic for this user should by default go on a network with
      * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE} and if no such network is available
-     * should not go on the system default network
+     * should not have a default network at all (that is, network accesses that
+     * do not specify a network explicitly terminate with an error), even if there
+     * is a system default network available to apps outside this preference.
+     * The apps can still use a non-enterprise network if they request it explicitly
+     * provided that specific network doesn't require any specific permission they
+     * do not hold.
      * @hide
      */
     @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK = 2;
 
+    /**
+     * Preference for {@link ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder#setPreference(int)}.
+     * See {@link #setProfileNetworkPreferences(UserHandle, List, Executor, Runnable)}
+     * Specify that the traffic for this user should by default go on a network with
+     * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE}.
+     * If there is no such network, the apps will have no default
+     * network at all, even if there are available non-enterprise networks on the
+     * device (that is, network accesses that do not specify a network explicitly
+     * terminate with an error). Additionally, the designated apps should be
+     * blocked from using any non-enterprise network even if they specify it
+     * explicitly, unless they hold specific privilege overriding this (see
+     * {@link android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS}).
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+    public static final int PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING = 3;
+
     /** @hide */
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     @IntDef(value = {
@@ -1357,6 +1403,17 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static UidRange[] getUidRangeArray(@NonNull Collection<Range<Integer>> ranges) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(ranges);
+        final UidRange[] rangesArray = new UidRange[ranges.size()];
+        int index = 0;
+        for (Range<Integer> range : ranges) {
+            rangesArray[index++] = new UidRange(range.getLower(), range.getUpper());
+        }
+
+        return rangesArray;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Adds or removes a requirement for given UID ranges to use the VPN.
      *
@@ -1376,6 +1433,12 @@
      * {@link NetworkCallback#onBlockedStatusChanged} callbacks called after the changes take
      * effect.
      * <p>
+     * This method will block the specified UIDs from accessing non-VPN networks, but does not
+     * affect what the UIDs get as their default network.
+     * Compare {@link #setVpnDefaultForUids(String, Collection)}, which declares that the UIDs
+     * should only have a VPN as their default network, but does not block them from accessing other
+     * networks if they request them explicitly with the {@link Network} API.
+     * <p>
      * This method should be called only by the VPN code.
      *
      * @param ranges the UID ranges to restrict
@@ -1395,11 +1458,7 @@
         // This method is not necessarily expected to be used outside the system server, so
         // parceling may not be necessary, but it could be used out-of-process, e.g., by the network
         // stack process, or by tests.
-        UidRange[] rangesArray = new UidRange[ranges.size()];
-        int index = 0;
-        for (Range<Integer> range : ranges) {
-            rangesArray[index++] = new UidRange(range.getLower(), range.getUpper());
-        }
+        final UidRange[] rangesArray = getUidRangeArray(ranges);
         try {
             mService.setRequireVpnForUids(requireVpn, rangesArray);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
@@ -1408,6 +1467,57 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Inform the system that this VPN session should manage the passed UIDs.
+     *
+     * A VPN with the specified session ID may call this method to inform the system that the UIDs
+     * in the specified range are subject to a VPN.
+     * When this is called, the system will only choose a VPN for the default network of the UIDs in
+     * the specified ranges.
+     *
+     * This method declares that the UIDs in the range will only have a VPN for their default
+     * network, but does not block the UIDs from accessing other networks (permissions allowing) by
+     * explicitly requesting it with the {@link Network} API.
+     * Compare {@link #setRequireVpnForUids(boolean, Collection)}, which does not affect what
+     * network the UIDs get as default, but will block them from accessing non-VPN networks.
+     *
+     * @param session The VPN session which manages the passed UIDs.
+     * @param ranges The uid ranges which will treat VPN as their only default network.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
+            NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS})
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+    public void setVpnDefaultForUids(@NonNull String session,
+            @NonNull Collection<Range<Integer>> ranges) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(ranges);
+        final UidRange[] rangesArray = getUidRangeArray(ranges);
+        try {
+            mService.setVpnNetworkPreference(session, rangesArray);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Temporarily set automaticOnOff keeplaive TCP polling alarm timer to 1 second.
+     *
+     * TODO: Remove this when the TCP polling design is replaced with callback.
+     * @param timeMs The time of expiry, with System.currentTimeMillis() base. The value should be
+     *               set no more than 5 minutes in the future.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public void setTestLowTcpPollingTimerForKeepalive(long timeMs) {
+        try {
+            mService.setTestLowTcpPollingTimerForKeepalive(timeMs);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Informs ConnectivityService of whether the legacy lockdown VPN, as implemented by
      * LockdownVpnTracker, is in use. This is deprecated for new devices starting from Android 12
      * but is still supported for backwards compatibility.
@@ -1447,9 +1557,8 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns details about the currently active default data network
-     * for a given uid.  This is for internal use only to avoid spying
-     * other apps.
+     * Returns details about the currently active default data network for a given uid.
+     * This is for privileged use only to avoid spying on other apps.
      *
      * @return a {@link NetworkInfo} object for the current default network
      *        for the given uid or {@code null} if no default network is
@@ -1473,8 +1582,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns connection status information about a particular
-     * network type.
+     * Returns connection status information about a particular network type.
      *
      * @param networkType integer specifying which networkType in
      *        which you're interested.
@@ -1502,8 +1610,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns connection status information about a particular
-     * Network.
+     * Returns connection status information about a particular Network.
      *
      * @param network {@link Network} specifying which network
      *        in which you're interested.
@@ -1529,8 +1636,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns connection status information about all network
-     * types supported by the device.
+     * Returns connection status information about all network types supported by the device.
      *
      * @return an array of {@link NetworkInfo} objects.  Check each
      * {@link NetworkInfo#getType} for which type each applies.
@@ -1590,8 +1696,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns an array of all {@link Network} currently tracked by the
-     * framework.
+     * Returns an array of all {@link Network} currently tracked by the framework.
      *
      * @deprecated This method does not provide any notification of network state changes, forcing
      *             apps to call it repeatedly. This is inefficient and prone to race conditions.
@@ -1794,7 +1899,7 @@
      * that may be relevant for other components trying to detect captive portals.
      *
      * @hide
-     * @deprecated This API returns URL which is not guaranteed to be one of the URLs used by the
+     * @deprecated This API returns a URL which is not guaranteed to be one of the URLs used by the
      *             system.
      */
     @Deprecated
@@ -2124,9 +2229,13 @@
         /** The requested keepalive was successfully started. */
         @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
         public void onStarted() {}
+        /** The keepalive was resumed after being paused by the system. */
+        public void onResumed() {}
         /** The keepalive was successfully stopped. */
         @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
         public void onStopped() {}
+        /** The keepalive was paused automatically by the system. */
+        public void onPaused() {}
         /** An error occurred. */
         @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
         public void onError(int error) {}
@@ -2190,16 +2299,12 @@
         private final ISocketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
         private final ExecutorService mExecutor;
 
-        private volatile Integer mSlot;
-
         @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
         public void stop() {
             try {
                 mExecutor.execute(() -> {
                     try {
-                        if (mSlot != null) {
-                            mService.stopKeepalive(mNetwork, mSlot);
-                        }
+                        mService.stopKeepalive(mCallback);
                     } catch (RemoteException e) {
                         Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping packet keepalive: ", e);
                         throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
@@ -2217,11 +2322,10 @@
             mExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
             mCallback = new ISocketKeepaliveCallback.Stub() {
                 @Override
-                public void onStarted(int slot) {
+                public void onStarted() {
                     final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                     try {
                         mExecutor.execute(() -> {
-                            mSlot = slot;
                             callback.onStarted();
                         });
                     } finally {
@@ -2230,11 +2334,22 @@
                 }
 
                 @Override
+                public void onResumed() {
+                    final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+                    try {
+                        mExecutor.execute(() -> {
+                            callback.onResumed();
+                        });
+                    } finally {
+                        Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                @Override
                 public void onStopped() {
                     final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                     try {
                         mExecutor.execute(() -> {
-                            mSlot = null;
                             callback.onStopped();
                         });
                     } finally {
@@ -2244,11 +2359,23 @@
                 }
 
                 @Override
+                public void onPaused() {
+                    final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+                    try {
+                        mExecutor.execute(() -> {
+                            callback.onPaused();
+                        });
+                    } finally {
+                        Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+                    }
+                    mExecutor.shutdown();
+                }
+
+                @Override
                 public void onError(int error) {
                     final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                     try {
                         mExecutor.execute(() -> {
-                            mSlot = null;
                             callback.onError(error);
                         });
                     } finally {
@@ -2373,8 +2500,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Request that keepalives be started on a TCP socket.
-     * The socket must be established.
+     * Request that keepalives be started on a TCP socket. The socket must be established.
      *
      * @param network The {@link Network} the socket is on.
      * @param socket The socket that needs to be kept alive.
@@ -2395,7 +2521,7 @@
     @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD)
     public @NonNull SocketKeepalive createSocketKeepalive(@NonNull Network network,
             @NonNull Socket socket,
-            @NonNull Executor executor,
+            @NonNull @CallbackExecutor Executor executor,
             @NonNull Callback callback) {
         ParcelFileDescriptor dup;
         try {
@@ -2409,6 +2535,26 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Get the supported keepalive count for each transport configured in resource overlays.
+     *
+     * @return An array of supported keepalive count for each transport type.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = { android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+            // CTS 13 used QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES to get the resource value, which was implemented
+            // as below in KeepaliveUtils. Also allow that permission so that KeepaliveUtils can
+            // use this method and avoid breaking released CTS. Apps that have this permission
+            // can query the resource themselves anyway.
+            android.Manifest.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES })
+    public int[] getSupportedKeepalives() {
+        try {
+            return mService.getSupportedKeepalives();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Ensure that a network route exists to deliver traffic to the specified
      * host via the specified network interface. An attempt to add a route that
      * already exists is ignored, but treated as successful.
@@ -2624,9 +2770,24 @@
      * {@hide}
      */
     public ConnectivityManager(Context context, IConnectivityManager service) {
+        this(context, service, true /* newStatic */);
+    }
+
+    private ConnectivityManager(Context context, IConnectivityManager service, boolean newStatic) {
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing context");
         mService = Objects.requireNonNull(service, "missing IConnectivityManager");
-        sInstance = this;
+        // sInstance is accessed without a lock, so it may actually be reassigned several times with
+        // different ConnectivityManager, but that's still OK considering its usage.
+        if (sInstance == null && newStatic) {
+            final Context appContext = mContext.getApplicationContext();
+            // Don't create static ConnectivityManager instance again to prevent infinite loop.
+            // If the application context is null, we're either in the system process or
+            // it's the application context very early in app initialization. In both these
+            // cases, the passed-in Context will not be freed, so it's safe to pass it to the
+            // service. http://b/27532714 .
+            sInstance = new ConnectivityManager(appContext != null ? appContext : context, service,
+                    false /* newStatic */);
+        }
     }
 
     /** {@hide} */
@@ -2646,7 +2807,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Check if the package is a allowed to write settings. This also accounts that such an access
+     * Check if the package is allowed to write settings. This also records that such an access
      * happened.
      *
      * @return {@code true} iff the package is allowed to write settings.
@@ -2749,7 +2910,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Attempt to tether the named interface.  This will setup a dhcp server
+     * Attempt to tether the named interface.  This will set up a dhcp server
      * on the interface, forward and NAT IP packets and forward DNS requests
      * to the best active upstream network interface.  Note that if no upstream
      * IP network interface is available, dhcp will still run and traffic will be
@@ -3258,10 +3419,10 @@
 
     /**
      * Get the last value of the entitlement check on this downstream. If the cached value is
-     * {@link #TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR} or showEntitlementUi argument is false, it just return the
-     * cached value. Otherwise, a UI-based entitlement check would be performed. It is not
+     * {@link #TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR} or showEntitlementUi argument is false, this just returns the
+     * cached value. Otherwise, a UI-based entitlement check will be performed. It is not
      * guaranteed that the UI-based entitlement check will complete in any specific time period
-     * and may in fact never complete. Any successful entitlement check the platform performs for
+     * and it may in fact never complete. Any successful entitlement check the platform performs for
      * any reason will update the cached value.
      *
      * @param type the downstream type of tethering. Must be one of
@@ -3376,8 +3537,8 @@
      * proxy is likely to break networking on multiple networks. This method is only meant
      * for device policy clients looking to do general internal filtering or similar use cases.
      *
-     * {@see #getGlobalProxy}
-     * {@see LinkProperties#getHttpProxy}
+     * @see #getGlobalProxy
+     * @see LinkProperties#getHttpProxy
      *
      * @param p A {@link ProxyInfo} object defining the new global HTTP proxy. Calling this
      *          method with a {@code null} value will clear the global HTTP proxy.
@@ -3448,12 +3609,11 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns true if the hardware supports the given network type
-     * else it returns false.  This doesn't indicate we have coverage
-     * or are authorized onto a network, just whether or not the
-     * hardware supports it.  For example a GSM phone without a SIM
-     * should still return {@code true} for mobile data, but a wifi only
-     * tablet would return {@code false}.
+     * Returns whether the hardware supports the given network type.
+     *
+     * This doesn't indicate there is coverage or such a network is available, just whether the
+     * hardware supports it. For example a GSM phone without a SIM card will return {@code true}
+     * for mobile data, but a WiFi only tablet would return {@code false}.
      *
      * @param networkType The network type we'd like to check
      * @return {@code true} if supported, else {@code false}
@@ -4051,7 +4211,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private class CallbackHandler extends Handler {
+    private static class CallbackHandler extends Handler {
         private static final String TAG = "ConnectivityManager.CallbackHandler";
         private static final boolean DBG = false;
 
@@ -4066,7 +4226,10 @@
         @Override
         public void handleMessage(Message message) {
             if (message.what == EXPIRE_LEGACY_REQUEST) {
-                expireRequest((NetworkCapabilities) message.obj, message.arg1);
+                // the sInstance can't be null because to send this message a ConnectivityManager
+                // instance must have been created prior to creating the thread on which this
+                // Handler is running.
+                sInstance.expireRequest((NetworkCapabilities) message.obj, message.arg1);
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -4270,7 +4433,7 @@
      * network, unless it becomes the best again at some later time. All callbacks are invoked
      * in order on the same thread, which by default is a thread created by the framework running
      * in the app.
-     * {@see #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback, Handler)} to change where the
+     * See {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback, Handler)} to change where the
      * callbacks are invoked.
      *
      * <p>This{@link NetworkRequest} will live until released via
@@ -4757,7 +4920,9 @@
     @SuppressLint({"ExecutorRegistration", "PairedRegistration"})
     @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
             NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
-            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS})
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD,
+            android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS})
     public void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull NetworkCallback networkCallback,
             @NonNull Handler handler) {
         CallbackHandler cbHandler = new CallbackHandler(handler);
@@ -4819,9 +4984,8 @@
      * Unregisters a {@code NetworkCallback} and possibly releases networks originating from
      * {@link #requestNetwork(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} and
      * {@link #registerNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback)} calls.
-     * If the given {@code NetworkCallback} had previously been used with
-     * {@code #requestNetwork}, any networks that had been connected to only to satisfy that request
-     * will be disconnected.
+     * If the given {@code NetworkCallback} had previously been used with {@code #requestNetwork},
+     * any networks that the device brought up only to satisfy that request will be disconnected.
      *
      * Notifications that would have triggered that {@code NetworkCallback} will immediately stop
      * triggering it as soon as this call returns.
@@ -4956,7 +5120,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Temporarily allow bad wifi to override {@code config_networkAvoidBadWifi} configuration.
+     * Temporarily allow bad Wi-Fi to override {@code config_networkAvoidBadWifi} configuration.
      *
      * @param timeMs The expired current time. The value should be set within a limited time from
      *               now.
@@ -5015,7 +5179,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Determine whether the device is configured to avoid bad wifi.
+     * Determine whether the device is configured to avoid bad Wi-Fi.
      * @hide
      */
     @SystemApi
@@ -5084,9 +5248,9 @@
      * each such operation.
      *
      * @param network The network on which the application desires to use multipath data.
-     *                If {@code null}, this method will return the a preference that will generally
+     *                If {@code null}, this method will return a preference that will generally
      *                apply to metered networks.
-     * @return a bitwise OR of zero or more of the  {@code MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_*} constants.
+     * @return a bitwise OR of zero or more of the {@code MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_*} constants.
      */
     @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE)
     public @MultipathPreference int getMultipathPreference(@Nullable Network network) {
@@ -5199,7 +5363,7 @@
      */
     @Nullable
     public Network getBoundNetworkForProcess() {
-        // Forcing callers to call thru non-static function ensures ConnectivityManager
+        // Forcing callers to call through non-static function ensures ConnectivityManager has been
         // instantiated.
         return getProcessDefaultNetwork();
     }
@@ -5350,9 +5514,9 @@
      * @return {@code uid} if the connection is found and the app has permission to observe it
      *     (e.g., if it is associated with the calling VPN app's VpnService tunnel) or {@link
      *     android.os.Process#INVALID_UID} if the connection is not found.
-     * @throws {@link SecurityException} if the caller is not the active VpnService for the current
+     * @throws SecurityException if the caller is not the active VpnService for the current
      *     user.
-     * @throws {@link IllegalArgumentException} if an unsupported protocol is requested.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an unsupported protocol is requested.
      */
     public int getConnectionOwnerUid(
             int protocol, @NonNull InetSocketAddress local, @NonNull InetSocketAddress remote) {
@@ -5844,7 +6008,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Removes the specified UID from the list of UIds that can use use background data on metered
+     * Removes the specified UID from the list of UIDs that can use background data on metered
      * networks if background data is not restricted. The deny list takes precedence over the
      * allow list.
      *
@@ -5892,10 +6056,35 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Get firewall rule of specified firewall chain on specified uid.
+     *
+     * @param chain target chain.
+     * @param uid   target uid
+     * @return either FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW or FIREWALL_RULE_DENY
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+            NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK
+    })
+    public int getUidFirewallRule(@FirewallChain final int chain, final int uid) {
+        try {
+            return mService.getUidFirewallRule(chain, uid);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Enables or disables the specified firewall chain.
      *
      * @param chain target chain.
      * @param enable whether the chain should be enabled.
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
      * @throws IllegalStateException if enabling or disabling the firewall chain failed.
      * @hide
      */
@@ -5914,11 +6103,34 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Get the specified firewall chain's status.
+     *
+     * @param chain target chain.
+     * @return {@code true} if chain is enabled, {@code false} if chain is disabled.
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+            NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK
+    })
+    public boolean getFirewallChainEnabled(@FirewallChain final int chain) {
+        try {
+            return mService.getFirewallChainEnabled(chain);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Replaces the contents of the specified UID-based firewall chain.
      *
      * @param chain target chain to replace.
      * @param uids The list of UIDs to be placed into chain.
-     * @throws IllegalStateException if replacing the firewall chain failed.
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code chain} is not a valid chain.
      * @hide
      */
@@ -5936,4 +6148,13 @@
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
     }
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public IBinder getCompanionDeviceManagerProxyService() {
+        try {
+            return mService.getCompanionDeviceManagerProxyService();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolver.java b/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolver.java
index 164160f..c6034f1 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolver.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolver.java
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
          * @param answer <T> answer to the query.
          * @param rcode The response code in the DNS response.
          *
-         * {@see android.net.DnsResolver#query query()}
+         * @see android.net.DnsResolver#query query()
          */
         void onAnswer(@NonNull T answer, int rcode);
         /**
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@
 
         DnsAddressAnswer(@NonNull byte[] data) throws ParseException {
             super(data);
-            if ((mHeader.flags & (1 << 15)) == 0) {
+            if ((mHeader.getFlags() & (1 << 15)) == 0) {
                 throw new ParseException("Not an answer packet");
             }
             if (mHeader.getRecordCount(QDSECTION) == 0) {
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolverServiceManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolverServiceManager.java
index 79009e8..e64d2ae 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolverServiceManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/DnsResolverServiceManager.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
     private final IBinder mResolver;
 
-    DnsResolverServiceManager(IBinder resolver) {
+    public DnsResolverServiceManager(IBinder resolver) {
         mResolver = resolver;
     }
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl b/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
index bc73769..ebe8bca 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
@@ -188,12 +188,14 @@
 
     void startNattKeepaliveWithFd(in Network network, in ParcelFileDescriptor pfd, int resourceId,
             int intervalSeconds, in ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb, String srcAddr,
-            String dstAddr);
+            String dstAddr, boolean automaticOnOffKeepalives, in Network underpinnedNetwork);
 
     void startTcpKeepalive(in Network network, in ParcelFileDescriptor pfd, int intervalSeconds,
             in ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb);
 
-    void stopKeepalive(in Network network, int slot);
+    void stopKeepalive(in ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb);
+
+    int[] getSupportedKeepalives();
 
     String getCaptivePortalServerUrl();
 
@@ -242,7 +244,17 @@
 
     void setUidFirewallRule(int chain, int uid, int rule);
 
+    int getUidFirewallRule(int chain, int uid);
+
     void setFirewallChainEnabled(int chain, boolean enable);
 
+    boolean getFirewallChainEnabled(int chain);
+
     void replaceFirewallChain(int chain, in int[] uids);
+
+    IBinder getCompanionDeviceManagerProxyService();
+
+    void setVpnNetworkPreference(String session, in UidRange[] ranges);
+
+    void setTestLowTcpPollingTimerForKeepalive(long timeMs);
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ISocketKeepaliveCallback.aidl b/framework/src/android/net/ISocketKeepaliveCallback.aidl
index 020fbca..0a1de6c 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ISocketKeepaliveCallback.aidl
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ISocketKeepaliveCallback.aidl
@@ -24,11 +24,15 @@
 oneway interface ISocketKeepaliveCallback
 {
     /** The keepalive was successfully started. */
-    void onStarted(int slot);
+    void onStarted();
     /** The keepalive was successfully stopped. */
     void onStopped();
     /** The keepalive was stopped because of an error. */
     void onError(int error);
     /** The keepalive on a TCP socket was stopped because the socket received data. */
     void onDataReceived();
+    /** The keepalive was paused by the system because it's not necessary right now. */
+    void onPaused();
+    /** The keepalive was resumed by the system after being suspended. */
+    void onResumed();
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ITestNetworkManager.aidl b/framework/src/android/net/ITestNetworkManager.aidl
index 27d13c1..9432acb 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ITestNetworkManager.aidl
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ITestNetworkManager.aidl
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
  */
 interface ITestNetworkManager
 {
-    TestNetworkInterface createInterface(boolean isTun, boolean bringUp, in LinkAddress[] addrs,
+    TestNetworkInterface createInterface(boolean isTun, boolean hasCarrier, boolean bringUp,
+            boolean disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay, in LinkAddress[] addrs,
             in @nullable String iface);
 
+    void setCarrierEnabled(in TestNetworkInterface iface, boolean enabled);
+
     void setupTestNetwork(in String iface, in LinkProperties lp, in boolean isMetered,
             in int[] administratorUids, in IBinder binder);
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java b/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
index d48b8c7..90f55b3 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/LinkAddress.java
@@ -487,17 +487,23 @@
      */
     @SystemApi
     public boolean isGlobalPreferred() {
-        /**
-         * Note that addresses flagged as IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC are
-         * simultaneously flagged as IFA_F_TENTATIVE (when the tentative
-         * state has cleared either DAD has succeeded or failed, and both
-         * flags are cleared regardless).
-         */
-        int flags = getFlags();
         return (scope == RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE
                 && !isIpv6ULA()
-                && (flags & (IFA_F_DADFAILED | IFA_F_DEPRECATED)) == 0L
-                && ((flags & IFA_F_TENTATIVE) == 0L || (flags & IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC) != 0L));
+                && isPreferred());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the address is a preferred address.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean isPreferred() {
+        //  Note that addresses flagged as IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC are simultaneously flagged as
+        //  IFA_F_TENTATIVE (when the tentative state has cleared either DAD has succeeded or
+        //  failed, and both flags are cleared regardless).
+        int flags = getFlags();
+        return (flags & (IFA_F_DADFAILED | IFA_F_DEPRECATED)) == 0L
+                && ((flags & IFA_F_TENTATIVE) == 0L || (flags & IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC) != 0L);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java b/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java
index a8f707e..e0926e9 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/LinkProperties.java
@@ -16,19 +16,20 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import static android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges.EXCLUDED_ROUTES;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.app.compat.CompatChanges;
-import android.compat.annotation.ChangeId;
-import android.compat.annotation.EnabledAfter;
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 
-import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils;
 
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
@@ -42,7 +43,6 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.StringJoiner;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 /**
  * Describes the properties of a network link.
@@ -57,17 +57,6 @@
  *
  */
 public final class LinkProperties implements Parcelable {
-    /**
-     * The {@link #getRoutes()} now can contain excluded as well as included routes. Use
-     * {@link RouteInfo#getType()} to determine route type.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    @ChangeId
-    @EnabledAfter(targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    public static final long EXCLUDED_ROUTES = 186082280;
-
     // The interface described by the network link.
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.P, trackingBug = 115609023)
     private String mIfaceName;
@@ -759,9 +748,15 @@
      * @return An unmodifiable {@link List} of {@link RouteInfo} for this link.
      */
     public @NonNull List<RouteInfo> getRoutes() {
-        if (CompatChanges.isChangeEnabled(EXCLUDED_ROUTES)) {
+        // Before T, there's no throw routes because VpnService is not updatable, so no need to
+        // filter them out.
+        if (CompatChanges.isChangeEnabled(EXCLUDED_ROUTES) || !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
             return Collections.unmodifiableList(mRoutes);
         } else {
+            // Apps that added a throw route themselves (not obtaining LinkProperties from the
+            // system) will not see it in getRoutes on T+ if they do not have the compat change
+            // enabled (target SDK < T); but this is expected to be rare and typically only affect
+            // tests creating LinkProperties themselves (like CTS v12, which is only running on S).
             return Collections.unmodifiableList(getUnicastRoutes());
         }
     }
@@ -770,9 +765,7 @@
      * Returns all the {@link RouteInfo} of type {@link RouteInfo#RTN_UNICAST} set on this link.
      */
     private @NonNull List<RouteInfo> getUnicastRoutes() {
-        return mRoutes.stream()
-                .filter(route -> route.getType() == RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST)
-                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+        return CollectionUtils.filter(mRoutes, route -> route.getType() == RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NattSocketKeepalive.java b/framework/src/android/net/NattSocketKeepalive.java
index a15d165..a83b5b4 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NattSocketKeepalive.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NattSocketKeepalive.java
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
     @NonNull private final InetAddress mDestination;
     private final int mResourceId;
 
-    NattSocketKeepalive(@NonNull IConnectivityManager service,
+    public NattSocketKeepalive(@NonNull IConnectivityManager service,
             @NonNull Network network,
             @NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor pfd,
             int resourceId,
@@ -47,13 +47,42 @@
         mResourceId = resourceId;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Request that keepalive be started with the given {@code intervalSec}.
+     *
+     * When a VPN is running with the network for this keepalive as its underlying network, the
+     * system can monitor the TCP connections on that VPN to determine whether this keepalive is
+     * necessary. To enable this behavior, pass {@link SocketKeepalive#FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF} into
+     * the flags. When this is enabled, the system will disable sending keepalive packets when
+     * there are no TCP connections over the VPN(s) running over this network to save battery, and
+     * restart sending them as soon as any TCP connection is opened over one of the VPN networks.
+     * When no VPN is running on top of this network, this flag has no effect, i.e. the keepalives
+     * are always sent with the specified interval.
+     *
+     * Also {@see SocketKeepalive}.
+     *
+     * @param intervalSec The target interval in seconds between keepalive packet transmissions.
+     *                    The interval should be between 10 seconds and 3600 seconds. Otherwise,
+     *                    the supplied {@link Callback} will see a call to
+     *                    {@link Callback#onError(int)} with {@link #ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL}.
+     * @param flags Flags to enable/disable available options on this keepalive.
+     * @param underpinnedNetwork The underpinned network of this keepalive.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
     @Override
-    void startImpl(int intervalSec) {
+    protected void startImpl(int intervalSec, int flags, Network underpinnedNetwork) {
+        if (0 != (flags & ~FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal flag value for "
+                    + this.getClass().getSimpleName() + " : " + flags);
+        }
+        final boolean automaticOnOffKeepalives = 0 != (flags & FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF);
         mExecutor.execute(() -> {
             try {
                 mService.startNattKeepaliveWithFd(mNetwork, mPfd, mResourceId,
-                        intervalSec, mCallback,
-                        mSource.getHostAddress(), mDestination.getHostAddress());
+                        intervalSec, mCallback, mSource.getHostAddress(),
+                        mDestination.getHostAddress(), automaticOnOffKeepalives,
+                        underpinnedNetwork);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 Log.e(TAG, "Error starting socket keepalive: ", e);
                 throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
@@ -62,12 +91,10 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    void stopImpl() {
+    protected void stopImpl() {
         mExecutor.execute(() -> {
             try {
-                if (mSlot != null) {
-                    mService.stopKeepalive(mNetwork, mSlot);
-                }
+                mService.stopKeepalive(mCallback);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping socket keepalive: ", e);
                 throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index 2c50c73..177f7e3 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
  * the correct packets. Devices typically have a small number of slots
  * per radio technology, and the specific number of slots for each
  * technology is specified in configuration files.
- * {@see SocketKeepalive} for details.
+ * See {@link SocketKeepalive} for details.
  *
  * @hide
  */
@@ -283,7 +283,6 @@
      *   arg2 = interval in seconds
      *   obj = KeepalivePacketData object describing the data to be sent
      *
-     * Also used internally by ConnectivityService / KeepaliveTracker, with different semantics.
      * @hide
      */
     public static final int CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 11;
@@ -291,7 +290,9 @@
     /**
      * Requests that the specified keepalive packet be stopped.
      *
-     * arg1 = hardware slot number of the keepalive to stop.
+     * arg1 = unused
+     * arg2 = error code (SUCCESS)
+     * obj = callback to identify the keepalive
      *
      * Also used internally by ConnectivityService / KeepaliveTracker, with different semantics.
      * @hide
@@ -434,6 +435,14 @@
     public static final int CMD_DSCP_POLICY_STATUS = BASE + 28;
 
     /**
+     * Sent by the NetworkAgent to ConnectivityService to notify that this network is expected to be
+     * replaced within the specified time by a similar network.
+     * arg1 = timeout in milliseconds
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_AFTER_REPLACEMENT = BASE + 29;
+
+    /**
      * DSCP policy was successfully added.
      */
     public static final int DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS = 0;
@@ -475,14 +484,6 @@
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     public @interface DscpPolicyStatus {}
 
-    /**
-     * Sent by the NetworkAgent to ConnectivityService to notify that this network is expected to be
-     * replaced within the specified time by a similar network.
-     * arg1 = timeout in milliseconds
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_AFTER_REPLACEMENT = BASE + 29;
-
     private static NetworkInfo getLegacyNetworkInfo(final NetworkAgentConfig config) {
         final NetworkInfo ni = new NetworkInfo(config.legacyType, config.legacySubType,
                 config.legacyTypeName, config.legacySubTypeName);
@@ -913,7 +914,7 @@
      * Must be called by the agent when the network's {@link LinkProperties} change.
      * @param linkProperties the new LinkProperties.
      */
-    public final void sendLinkProperties(@NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties) {
+    public void sendLinkProperties(@NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(linkProperties);
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(linkProperties);
         queueOrSendMessage(reg -> reg.sendLinkProperties(lp));
@@ -938,7 +939,7 @@
      * @param underlyingNetworks the new list of underlying networks.
      * @see {@link VpnService.Builder#setUnderlyingNetworks(Network[])}
      */
-    public final void setUnderlyingNetworks(
+    public void setUnderlyingNetworks(
             @SuppressLint("NullableCollection") @Nullable List<Network> underlyingNetworks) {
         final ArrayList<Network> underlyingArray = (underlyingNetworks != null)
                 ? new ArrayList<>(underlyingNetworks) : null;
@@ -1088,7 +1089,7 @@
      * Must be called by the agent when the network's {@link NetworkCapabilities} change.
      * @param networkCapabilities the new NetworkCapabilities.
      */
-    public final void sendNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+    public void sendNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(networkCapabilities);
         mBandwidthUpdatePending.set(false);
         mLastBwRefreshTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
@@ -1102,7 +1103,7 @@
      *
      * @param score the new score.
      */
-    public final void sendNetworkScore(@NonNull NetworkScore score) {
+    public void sendNetworkScore(@NonNull NetworkScore score) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(score);
         queueOrSendMessage(reg -> reg.sendScore(score));
     }
@@ -1113,7 +1114,7 @@
      * @param score the new score, between 0 and 99.
      * deprecated use sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore) TODO : remove in S.
      */
-    public final void sendNetworkScore(@IntRange(from = 0, to = 99) int score) {
+    public void sendNetworkScore(@IntRange(from = 0, to = 99) int score) {
         sendNetworkScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(score).build());
     }
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
index 0d2b620..da12a0a 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
@@ -188,7 +188,8 @@
      * Set to true if the PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN notification has shown for this network.
      * Reset this bit when private DNS mode is changed from strict mode to opportunistic/off mode.
      *
-     * This is not parceled, because it would not make sense.
+     * This is not parceled, because it would not make sense. It's also ignored by the
+     * equals() and hashcode() methods.
      *
      * @hide
      */
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@
 
     /**
      * Whether network validation should be performed for this VPN network.
-     * {@see #isVpnValidationRequired}
+     * @see #isVpnValidationRequired
      * @hide
      */
     private boolean mVpnRequiresValidation = false;
@@ -503,8 +504,10 @@
                 && provisioningNotificationDisabled == that.provisioningNotificationDisabled
                 && skip464xlat == that.skip464xlat
                 && legacyType == that.legacyType
+                && legacySubType == that.legacySubType
                 && Objects.equals(subscriberId, that.subscriberId)
                 && Objects.equals(legacyTypeName, that.legacyTypeName)
+                && Objects.equals(legacySubTypeName, that.legacySubTypeName)
                 && Objects.equals(mLegacyExtraInfo, that.mLegacyExtraInfo)
                 && excludeLocalRouteVpn == that.excludeLocalRouteVpn
                 && mVpnRequiresValidation == that.mVpnRequiresValidation;
@@ -514,8 +517,8 @@
     public int hashCode() {
         return Objects.hash(allowBypass, explicitlySelected, acceptUnvalidated,
                 acceptPartialConnectivity, provisioningNotificationDisabled, subscriberId,
-                skip464xlat, legacyType, legacyTypeName, mLegacyExtraInfo, excludeLocalRouteVpn,
-                mVpnRequiresValidation);
+                skip464xlat, legacyType, legacySubType, legacyTypeName, legacySubTypeName,
+                mLegacyExtraInfo, excludeLocalRouteVpn, mVpnRequiresValidation);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -529,8 +532,10 @@
                 + ", subscriberId = '" + subscriberId + '\''
                 + ", skip464xlat = " + skip464xlat
                 + ", legacyType = " + legacyType
+                + ", legacySubType = " + legacySubType
                 + ", hasShownBroken = " + hasShownBroken
                 + ", legacyTypeName = '" + legacyTypeName + '\''
+                + ", legacySubTypeName = '" + legacySubTypeName + '\''
                 + ", legacyExtraInfo = '" + mLegacyExtraInfo + '\''
                 + ", excludeLocalRouteVpn = '" + excludeLocalRouteVpn + '\''
                 + ", vpnRequiresValidation = '" + mVpnRequiresValidation + '\''
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index 97b1f32..92e9599 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import static com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility.PRIVATE;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.BitUtils.appendStringRepresentationOfBitMaskToStringBuilder;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.BitUtils.describeDifferences;
 
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.LongDef;
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 import android.util.Range;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BitUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkCapabilitiesUtils;
 
@@ -50,18 +53,70 @@
 import java.util.StringJoiner;
 
 /**
- * Representation of the capabilities of an active network. Instances are
- * typically obtained through
- * {@link NetworkCallback#onCapabilitiesChanged(Network, NetworkCapabilities)}
- * or {@link ConnectivityManager#getNetworkCapabilities(Network)}.
- * <p>
- * This replaces the old {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_MOBILE} method of
- * network selection. Rather than indicate a need for Wi-Fi because an
- * application needs high bandwidth and risk obsolescence when a new, fast
- * network appears (like LTE), the application should specify it needs high
- * bandwidth. Similarly if an application needs an unmetered network for a bulk
- * transfer it can specify that rather than assuming all cellular based
- * connections are metered and all Wi-Fi based connections are not.
+ * Representation of the capabilities of an active network.
+ *
+ * <p>@see <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/reading-network-state>
+ * this general guide</a> on how to use NetworkCapabilities and related classes.
+ *
+ * <p>NetworkCapabilities represent what a network can do and what its
+ * characteristics are like. The principal attribute of NetworkCapabilities
+ * is in the capabilities bits, which are checked with
+ * {@link #hasCapability(int)}. See the list of capabilities and each
+ * capability for a description of what it means.
+ *
+ * <p>Some prime examples include {@code NET_CAPABILITY_MMS}, which means that the
+ * network is capable of sending MMS. A network without this capability
+ * is not capable of sending MMS.
+ * <p>The {@code NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET} capability means that the network is
+ * configured to reach the general Internet. It may or may not actually
+ * provide connectivity ; the {@code NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED} bit indicates that
+ * the system found actual connectivity to the general Internet the last
+ * time it checked. Apps interested in actual connectivity should usually
+ * look at both these capabilities.
+ * <p>The {@code NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED} capability is set for networks that
+ * do not bill the user for consumption of bytes. Applications are
+ * encouraged to consult this to determine appropriate usage, and to
+ * limit usage of metered network where possible, including deferring
+ * big downloads until such a time that an unmetered network is connected.
+ * Also see {@link android.app.job.JobScheduler} to help with scheduling such
+ * downloads, in particular
+ * {@link android.app.job.JobInfo.Builder#setRequiredNetwork(NetworkRequest)}.
+ * <p>NetworkCapabilities contain a number of other capabilities that
+ * represent what modern networks can and can't do. Look up the individual
+ * capabilities in this class to learn about each of them.
+ *
+ * <p>NetworkCapabilities typically represent attributes that can apply to
+ * any network. The attributes that apply only to specific transports like
+ * cellular or Wi-Fi can be found in the specifier (for requestable attributes)
+ * or in the transport info (for non-requestable ones). See
+ * {@link #getNetworkSpecifier} and {@link #getTransportInfo}. An app would
+ * downcast these to the specific class for the transport they need if they
+ * are interested in transport-specific attributes. Also see
+ * {@link android.net.wifi.WifiNetworkSpecifier} or
+ * {@link android.net.wifi.WifiInfo} for some examples of each of these.
+ *
+ * <p>NetworkCapabilities also contains other attributes like the estimated
+ * upstream and downstream bandwidth and the specific transport of that
+ * network (e.g. {@link #TRANSPORT_CELLULAR}). Generally, apps should normally
+ * have little reason to check for the type of transport ; for example, to
+ * query whether a network costs money to the user, do not look at the
+ * transport, but instead look at the absence or presence of
+ * {@link #NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED} which will correctly account for
+ * metered Wi-Fis and free of charge cell connections.
+ *
+ * <p>The system communicates with apps about connected networks and uses
+ * NetworkCapabilities to express these capabilities about these networks.
+ * Apps should register callbacks with the {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork}
+ * or {@link ConnectivityManager#registerNetworkCallback} family of methods
+ * to learn about the capabilities of a network on a continuous basis
+ * and be able to react to changes to capabilities. For quick debugging Android also
+ * provides {@link ConnectivityManager#getNetworkCapabilities(Network)},
+ * but the dynamic nature of networking makes this ill-suited to production
+ * code since capabilities obtained in this way can go stale immediately.
+ *
+ * <p>Also see {@link NetworkRequest} which uses the same capabilities
+ * together with {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} for how to
+ * request the system brings up the kind of network your application needs.
  */
 public final class NetworkCapabilities implements Parcelable {
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkCapabilities";
@@ -185,14 +240,22 @@
             NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_4,
             NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5,
     })
-
     public @interface EnterpriseId {
     }
 
+    private static final int ALL_VALID_ENTERPRISE_IDS;
+    static {
+        int enterpriseIds = 0;
+        for (int i = NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1; i <= NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5; ++i) {
+            enterpriseIds |= 1 << i;
+        }
+        ALL_VALID_ENTERPRISE_IDS = enterpriseIds;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Bitfield representing the network's enterprise capability identifier.  If any are specified
      * they will be satisfied by any Network that matches all of them.
-     * {@see addEnterpriseId} for details on how masks are added
+     * See {@link #addEnterpriseId(int)} for details on how masks are added
      */
     private int mEnterpriseId;
 
@@ -209,7 +272,7 @@
         if (hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE) && mEnterpriseId == 0) {
             return new int[]{NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1};
         }
-        return NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(mEnterpriseId);
+        return BitUtils.unpackBits(mEnterpriseId);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -611,22 +674,39 @@
 
     /**
      * Indicates that this network should be able to prioritize latency for the internet.
+     *
+     * Starting with {@link Build.VERSION_CODES#UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE}, requesting this capability with
+     * {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} requires declaration in the self-certified
+     * network capabilities. See {@link NetworkRequest} for the self-certification documentation.
      */
     public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY = 34;
 
     /**
      * Indicates that this network should be able to prioritize bandwidth for the internet.
+     *
+     * Starting with {@link Build.VERSION_CODES#UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE}, requesting this capability with
+     * {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} requires declaration in the self-certified
+     * network capabilities. See {@link NetworkRequest} for the self-certification documentation.
      */
     public static final int NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH = 35;
 
     private static final int MIN_NET_CAPABILITY = NET_CAPABILITY_MMS;
     private static final int MAX_NET_CAPABILITY = NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH;
 
+    private static final int ALL_VALID_CAPABILITIES;
+    static {
+        int caps = 0;
+        for (int i = MIN_NET_CAPABILITY; i <= MAX_NET_CAPABILITY; ++i) {
+            caps |= 1 << i;
+        }
+        ALL_VALID_CAPABILITIES = caps;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Network capabilities that are expected to be mutable, i.e., can change while a particular
      * network is connected.
      */
-    private static final long MUTABLE_CAPABILITIES = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBitList(
+    private static final long MUTABLE_CAPABILITIES = BitUtils.packBitList(
             // TRUSTED can change when user explicitly connects to an untrusted network in Settings.
             // http://b/18206275
             NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED,
@@ -661,7 +741,7 @@
     /**
      * Capabilities that are set by default when the object is constructed.
      */
-    private static final long DEFAULT_CAPABILITIES = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBitList(
+    private static final long DEFAULT_CAPABILITIES = BitUtils.packBitList(
             NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED,
             NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED,
             NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
@@ -670,20 +750,20 @@
      * Capabilities that are managed by ConnectivityService.
      */
     private static final long CONNECTIVITY_MANAGED_CAPABILITIES =
-            NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBitList(
+            BitUtils.packBitList(
                     NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED,
                     NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL,
                     NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND,
                     NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
 
     /**
-     * Capabilities that are allowed for test networks. This list must be set so that it is safe
-     * for an unprivileged user to create a network with these capabilities via shell. As such,
-     * it must never contain capabilities that are generally useful to the system, such as
-     * INTERNET, IMS, SUPL, etc.
+     * Capabilities that are allowed for all test networks. This list must be set so that it is safe
+     * for an unprivileged user to create a network with these capabilities via shell. As such, it
+     * must never contain capabilities that are generally useful to the system, such as INTERNET,
+     * IMS, SUPL, etc.
      */
     private static final long TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_CAPABILITIES =
-            NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBitList(
+            BitUtils.packBitList(
             NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
             NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED,
             NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED,
@@ -694,6 +774,14 @@
             NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
 
     /**
+     * Extra allowed capabilities for test networks that do not have TRANSPORT_CELLULAR. Test
+     * networks with TRANSPORT_CELLULAR must not have those capabilities in order to mitigate
+     * the risk of being used by running apps.
+     */
+    private static final long TEST_NETWORKS_EXTRA_ALLOWED_CAPABILITIES_ON_NON_CELL =
+            BitUtils.packBitList(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS, NET_CAPABILITY_DUN, NET_CAPABILITY_RCS);
+
+    /**
      * Adds the given capability to this {@code NetworkCapability} instance.
      * Note that when searching for a network to satisfy a request, all capabilities
      * requested must be satisfied.
@@ -783,7 +871,7 @@
      * @return an array of capability values for this instance.
      */
     public @NonNull @NetCapability int[] getCapabilities() {
-        return NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(mNetworkCapabilities);
+        return BitUtils.unpackBits(mNetworkCapabilities);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -793,7 +881,7 @@
      * @hide
      */
     public @NetCapability int[] getForbiddenCapabilities() {
-        return NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities);
+        return BitUtils.unpackBits(mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities);
     }
 
 
@@ -805,8 +893,8 @@
      */
     public void setCapabilities(@NetCapability int[] capabilities,
             @NetCapability int[] forbiddenCapabilities) {
-        mNetworkCapabilities = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBits(capabilities);
-        mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBits(forbiddenCapabilities);
+        mNetworkCapabilities = BitUtils.packBits(capabilities);
+        mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities = BitUtils.packBits(forbiddenCapabilities);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -943,7 +1031,7 @@
                 & NON_REQUESTABLE_CAPABILITIES;
 
         if (nonRequestable != 0) {
-            return capabilityNameOf(NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(nonRequestable)[0]);
+            return capabilityNameOf(BitUtils.unpackBits(nonRequestable)[0]);
         }
         if (mLinkUpBandwidthKbps != 0 || mLinkDownBandwidthKbps != 0) return "link bandwidth";
         if (hasSignalStrength()) return "signalStrength";
@@ -1046,14 +1134,22 @@
             mTransportTypes =
                     (originalTransportTypes & UNRESTRICTED_TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS)
                             | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST);
-
-            // SubIds are only allowed for Test Networks that only declare TRANSPORT_TEST.
-            setSubscriptionIds(originalSubIds);
         } else {
             // If the test network is restricted, then it may declare any transport.
             mTransportTypes = (originalTransportTypes | (1 << TRANSPORT_TEST));
         }
+
+        if (hasSingleTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+            // SubIds are only allowed for Test Networks that only declare TRANSPORT_TEST.
+            setSubscriptionIds(originalSubIds);
+        }
+
         mNetworkCapabilities = originalCapabilities & TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_CAPABILITIES;
+        if (!hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
+            mNetworkCapabilities |=
+                    (originalCapabilities & TEST_NETWORKS_EXTRA_ALLOWED_CAPABILITIES_ON_NON_CELL);
+        }
+
         mNetworkSpecifier = originalSpecifier;
         mSignalStrength = originalSignalStrength;
         mTransportInfo = originalTransportInfo;
@@ -1090,6 +1186,7 @@
             TRANSPORT_LOWPAN,
             TRANSPORT_TEST,
             TRANSPORT_USB,
+            TRANSPORT_THREAD,
     })
     public @interface Transport { }
 
@@ -1141,10 +1238,24 @@
      */
     public static final int TRANSPORT_USB = 8;
 
+    /**
+     * Indicates this network uses a Thread transport.
+     */
+    public static final int TRANSPORT_THREAD = 9;
+
     /** @hide */
     public static final int MIN_TRANSPORT = TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int MAX_TRANSPORT = TRANSPORT_USB;
+    public static final int MAX_TRANSPORT = TRANSPORT_THREAD;
+
+    private static final int ALL_VALID_TRANSPORTS;
+    static {
+        int transports = 0;
+        for (int i = MIN_TRANSPORT; i <= MAX_TRANSPORT; ++i) {
+            transports |= 1 << i;
+        }
+        ALL_VALID_TRANSPORTS = transports;
+    }
 
     /** @hide */
     public static boolean isValidTransport(@Transport int transportType) {
@@ -1160,14 +1271,15 @@
         "WIFI_AWARE",
         "LOWPAN",
         "TEST",
-        "USB"
+        "USB",
+        "THREAD",
     };
 
     /**
      * Allowed transports on an unrestricted test network (in addition to TRANSPORT_TEST).
      */
     private static final long UNRESTRICTED_TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_TRANSPORTS =
-            NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBitList(
+            BitUtils.packBitList(
                     TRANSPORT_TEST,
                     // Test eth networks are created with EthernetManager#setIncludeTestInterfaces
                     TRANSPORT_ETHERNET,
@@ -1232,7 +1344,19 @@
      */
     @SystemApi
     @NonNull public @Transport int[] getTransportTypes() {
-        return NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(mTransportTypes);
+        return BitUtils.unpackBits(mTransportTypes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the transports as an int. Internal callers only.
+     *
+     * Prefer getTransportTypes/hasTransportType if not immediately collapsing back into a scalar.
+     *
+     * @return a long integer representing the transport types.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public long getTransportTypesInternal() {
+        return mTransportTypes;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1242,7 +1366,7 @@
      * @hide
      */
     public void setTransportTypes(@Transport int[] transportTypes) {
-        mTransportTypes = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBits(transportTypes);
+        mTransportTypes = BitUtils.packBits(transportTypes);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1460,7 +1584,7 @@
      * Sets the upstream bandwidth for this network in Kbps.  This always only refers to
      * the estimated first hop transport bandwidth.
      * <p>
-     * {@see Builder#setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps}
+     * @see Builder#setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps
      *
      * @param upKbps the estimated first hop upstream (device to network) bandwidth.
      * @hide
@@ -1484,7 +1608,7 @@
      * Sets the downstream bandwidth for this network in Kbps.  This always only refers to
      * the estimated first hop transport bandwidth.
      * <p>
-     * {@see Builder#setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps}
+     * @see Builder#setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps
      *
      * @param downKbps the estimated first hop downstream (network to device) bandwidth.
      * @hide
@@ -2015,9 +2139,9 @@
         long oldImmutableCapabilities = this.mNetworkCapabilities & mask;
         long newImmutableCapabilities = that.mNetworkCapabilities & mask;
         if (oldImmutableCapabilities != newImmutableCapabilities) {
-            String before = capabilityNamesOf(NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(
+            String before = capabilityNamesOf(BitUtils.unpackBits(
                     oldImmutableCapabilities));
-            String after = capabilityNamesOf(NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(
+            String after = capabilityNamesOf(BitUtils.unpackBits(
                     newImmutableCapabilities));
             joiner.add(String.format("immutable capabilities changed: %s -> %s", before, after));
         }
@@ -2038,6 +2162,20 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Returns a short but human-readable string of updates from an older set of capabilities.
+     * @param old the old capabilities to diff from
+     * @return a string fit for logging differences, or null if no differences.
+     *         this never returns the empty string. See BitUtils#describeDifferences.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public String describeCapsDifferencesFrom(@Nullable final NetworkCapabilities old) {
+        final long oldCaps = null == old ? 0 : old.mNetworkCapabilities;
+        return describeDifferences(oldCaps, mNetworkCapabilities,
+                NetworkCapabilities::capabilityNameOf);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Checks that our requestable capabilities are the same as those of the given
      * {@code NetworkCapabilities}.
      *
@@ -2114,9 +2252,9 @@
 
     @Override
     public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
-        dest.writeLong(mNetworkCapabilities);
-        dest.writeLong(mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities);
-        dest.writeLong(mTransportTypes);
+        dest.writeLong(mNetworkCapabilities & ALL_VALID_CAPABILITIES);
+        dest.writeLong(mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities & ALL_VALID_CAPABILITIES);
+        dest.writeLong(mTransportTypes & ALL_VALID_TRANSPORTS);
         dest.writeInt(mLinkUpBandwidthKbps);
         dest.writeInt(mLinkDownBandwidthKbps);
         dest.writeParcelable((Parcelable) mNetworkSpecifier, flags);
@@ -2132,7 +2270,7 @@
         dest.writeString(mRequestorPackageName);
         dest.writeIntArray(CollectionUtils.toIntArray(mSubIds));
         dest.writeTypedList(mUnderlyingNetworks);
-        dest.writeInt(mEnterpriseId);
+        dest.writeInt(mEnterpriseId & ALL_VALID_ENTERPRISE_IDS);
     }
 
     public static final @android.annotation.NonNull Creator<NetworkCapabilities> CREATOR =
@@ -2140,10 +2278,10 @@
             @Override
             public NetworkCapabilities createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
                 NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
-
-                netCap.mNetworkCapabilities = in.readLong();
-                netCap.mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities = in.readLong();
-                netCap.mTransportTypes = in.readLong();
+                // Validate the unparceled data, in case the parceling party was malicious.
+                netCap.mNetworkCapabilities = in.readLong() & ALL_VALID_CAPABILITIES;
+                netCap.mForbiddenNetworkCapabilities = in.readLong() & ALL_VALID_CAPABILITIES;
+                netCap.mTransportTypes = in.readLong() & ALL_VALID_TRANSPORTS;
                 netCap.mLinkUpBandwidthKbps = in.readInt();
                 netCap.mLinkDownBandwidthKbps = in.readInt();
                 netCap.mNetworkSpecifier = in.readParcelable(null);
@@ -2167,7 +2305,7 @@
                     netCap.mSubIds.add(subIdInts[i]);
                 }
                 netCap.setUnderlyingNetworks(in.createTypedArrayList(Network.CREATOR));
-                netCap.mEnterpriseId = in.readInt();
+                netCap.mEnterpriseId = in.readInt() & ALL_VALID_ENTERPRISE_IDS;
                 return netCap;
             }
             @Override
@@ -2287,32 +2425,6 @@
         return sb.toString();
     }
 
-
-    private interface NameOf {
-        String nameOf(int value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public static void appendStringRepresentationOfBitMaskToStringBuilder(@NonNull StringBuilder sb,
-            long bitMask, @NonNull NameOf nameFetcher, @NonNull String separator) {
-        int bitPos = 0;
-        boolean firstElementAdded = false;
-        while (bitMask != 0) {
-            if ((bitMask & 1) != 0) {
-                if (firstElementAdded) {
-                    sb.append(separator);
-                } else {
-                    firstElementAdded = true;
-                }
-                sb.append(nameFetcher.nameOf(bitPos));
-            }
-            bitMask >>= 1;
-            ++bitPos;
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * @hide
      */
@@ -2534,7 +2646,7 @@
     /**
      * Set the uid and package name of the app causing this network to exist.
      *
-     * {@see #setRequestorUid} and {@link #setRequestorPackageName}
+     * See {@link #setRequestorUid} and {@link #setRequestorPackageName}
      *
      * @param uid UID of the app.
      * @param packageName package name of the app.
@@ -2719,7 +2831,7 @@
         /**
          * Removes the given transport type.
          *
-         * {@see #addTransportType}.
+         * @see #addTransportType
          *
          * @param transportType the transport type to be added or removed.
          * @return this builder
@@ -3043,7 +3155,7 @@
          * <p>
          * This list cannot be null, but it can be empty to mean that no UID without the
          * {@link android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS} permission
-         * gets to access this network.
+         * can access this network.
          *
          * @param uids the list of UIDs that can always access this network
          * @return this builder
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkProvider.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
index 0665af5..7edcbae 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkProvider.java
@@ -319,6 +319,11 @@
      * if it could beat any of them, and may be advantageous to the provider's implementation that
      * can rely on no longer receiving callbacks for a network that they can't bring up anyways.
      *
+     * Warning: This method executes asynchronously. The NetworkOfferCallback object can continue
+     * receiving onNetworkNeeded and onNetworkUnneeded callbacks even after this method has
+     * returned. In this case, it is on the caller to take appropriate steps in order to prevent
+     * bringing up a network.
+     *
      * @hide
      */
     @SystemApi
@@ -326,7 +331,9 @@
     public void unregisterNetworkOffer(final @NonNull NetworkOfferCallback callback) {
         final NetworkOfferCallbackProxy proxy = findProxyForCallback(callback);
         if (null == proxy) return;
-        mProxies.remove(proxy);
+        synchronized (mProxies) {
+            mProxies.remove(proxy);
+        }
         mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class).unofferNetwork(proxy);
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
index 4f9d845..6c351d0 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
@@ -54,9 +54,92 @@
 import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
- * Defines a request for a network, made through {@link NetworkRequest.Builder} and used
- * to request a network via {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} or listen for changes
- * via {@link ConnectivityManager#registerNetworkCallback}.
+ * An object describing a network that the application is interested in.
+ *
+ * <p>@see <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/reading-network-state>
+ * this general guide</a> on how to use NetworkCapabilities and related classes.
+ *
+ * NetworkRequest defines a request for a network, made through
+ * {@link NetworkRequest.Builder} and used to request a network via
+ * {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} or to listen for changes
+ * via the {@link ConnectivityManager#registerNetworkCallback} family of
+ * functions.
+ *
+ * <p>{@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} will try to find a connected
+ * network matching the NetworkRequest, and return it if there is one.
+ * As long as the request is outstanding, the system will try to find the best
+ * possible network that matches the request. The request will keep up the
+ * currently best connected network, and if a better one is found (e.g. cheaper
+ * or faster) the system will bring up that better network to better serve the
+ * request. A request filed with {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} will
+ * only match one network at a time (the one the system thinks is best), even if
+ * other networks can match the request that are being kept up by other requests.
+ *
+ * For example, an application needing a network with
+ * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET} should use
+ * {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} to request the system keeps one up.
+ * A general cellular network can satisfy this request, but if the system finds
+ * a free Wi-Fi network which is expected to be faster, it will try and connect
+ * to that Wi-Fi network and switch the request over to it once it is connected.
+ * The cell network may stay connected if there are outstanding requests (from
+ * the same app or from other apps on the system) that match the cell network
+ * but not the Wi-Fi network, such as a request with {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_MMS}.
+ *
+ * When a network is no longer needed to serve any request, the system can
+ * tear it down at any time and usually does so immediately, so make sure to
+ * keep up requests for the networks your app needs.
+ *
+ * <p>By contrast, requests filed with {@link ConnectivityManager#registerNetworkCallback}
+ * will receive callbacks for all matching networks, and will not cause the system to
+ * keep up the networks they match. Use this to listen to networks that the device is
+ * connected to, but that you don't want the system to keep up for your use case.
+ *
+ * <p>Applications build a NetworkRequest and pass it to one of the
+ * {@link ConnectivityManager} methods above together with a
+ * {@link ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback} object. The callback
+ * will then start receiving method calls about networks that match
+ * the request.
+ *
+ * <p>Networks are brought up and/or matched according to the capabilities
+ * set in the builder. For example, a request with
+ * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_MMS} lets the system match
+ * and/or bring up a network that is capable to send MMS. A request with
+ * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED} matches a network
+ * that doesn't charge the user for usage. See
+ * {@link NetworkCapabilities} for a list of capabilities and their
+ * description.
+ *
+ * <p>While all capabilities can be matched with the
+ * {@link ConnectivityManager#registerNetworkCallback} family of methods,
+ * not all capabilities can be used to request that the system brings
+ * up a network with {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork}. For example,
+ * an application cannot use {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork} to
+ * ask the system to bring up a network with
+ * {@link NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL}, because the
+ * system won't know if a network has a captive portal before it connects
+ * to that network. Similarly, some capabilities may require a specific
+ * permission or privilege to be requested.
+ *
+ * Look up the specific capability and the {@link ConnectivityManager#requestNetwork}
+ * method for limitations applicable to each capability.
+ *
+ * <p>Also, starting with {@link Build.VERSION_CODES#UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE}, some capabilities
+ * require the application to self-certify by explicitly adding the
+ * {@link android.content.pm.PackageManager#PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES}
+ * property in the AndroidManifest.xml, which points to an XML resource file. In the
+ * XML resource file, the application declares what kind of network capabilities the application
+ * wants to have.
+ *
+ * Here is an example self-certification XML resource file :
+ * <pre>
+ *  {@code
+ *  <network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+ *     <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+ *     <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH"/>
+ * </network-capabilities-declaration>
+ *  }
+ *  </pre>
+ * Look up the specific capability to learn whether its usage requires this self-certification.
  */
 public class NetworkRequest implements Parcelable {
     /**
@@ -423,7 +506,6 @@
          *
          * @deprecated Use {@link #setNetworkSpecifier(NetworkSpecifier)} instead.
          */
-        @SuppressLint("NewApi") // TODO: b/193460475 remove once fixed
         @Deprecated
         public Builder setNetworkSpecifier(String networkSpecifier) {
             try {
@@ -440,15 +522,6 @@
                 } else if (mNetworkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
                     return setNetworkSpecifier(new TestNetworkSpecifier(networkSpecifier));
                 } else {
-                    // TODO: b/193460475 remove comment once fixed
-                    // @SuppressLint("NewApi") is due to EthernetNetworkSpecifier being changed
-                    // from @SystemApi to public. EthernetNetworkSpecifier was introduced in Android
-                    // 12 as @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES) and made public in Android 13.
-                    // b/193460475 means in the above situation the tools will think
-                    // EthernetNetworkSpecifier didn't exist in Android 12, causing the NewApi lint
-                    // to fail. In this case, this is actually safe because this code was
-                    // modularized in Android 12, so it can't run on SDKs before Android 12 and is
-                    // therefore guaranteed to always have this class available to it.
                     return setNetworkSpecifier(new EthernetNetworkSpecifier(networkSpecifier));
                 }
             }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java
index 7be7deb..815e2b0 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
-        return "Score(" + mLegacyInt + " ; Policies : " + mPolicies + ")";
+        return "Score(Policies : " + mPolicies + ")";
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ProfileNetworkPreference.java b/framework/src/android/net/ProfileNetworkPreference.java
index fdcab02..8b98721 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ProfileNetworkPreference.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ProfileNetworkPreference.java
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
      * if included is not empty, then only included UIDs are applied.
      * if excluded is not empty, then it is all uids in the user profile except these UIDs.
      * @return Array of uids included for the profile preference.
-     * {@see #getExcludedUids()}
+     * @see #getExcludedUids()
      */
     public @NonNull int[] getIncludedUids() {
         return mIncludedUids.clone();
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
      * <ul>If included is not empty, then only included UIDs are applied.</ul>
      * <ul>If excluded is not empty, then it is all uids in the user profile except these UIDs.</ul>
      * @return Array of uids not included for the profile preference.
-     * {@see #getIncludedUids()}
+     * @see #getIncludedUids()
      */
     public @NonNull int[] getExcludedUids() {
         return mExcludedUids.clone();
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
         /**
          * This is a array of uids for which profile perefence is set.
          * Empty would mean that this preference applies to all uids in the profile.
-         * {@see #setExcludedUids(int[])}
+         * @see #setExcludedUids(int[])
          * Included UIDs and Excluded UIDs can't both be non-empty.
          * if both are empty, it means this request applies to all uids in the user profile.
          * if included is not empty, then only included UIDs are applied.
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
 
         /**
          * This is a array of uids that are excluded for the profile perefence.
-         * {@see #setIncludedUids(int[])}
+         * @see #setIncludedUids(int[])
          * Included UIDs and Excluded UIDs can't both be non-empty.
          * if both are empty, it means this request applies to all uids in the user profile.
          * if included is not empty, then only included UIDs are applied.
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackConnection.java b/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackConnection.java
index de0fc24..cfceddd 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackConnection.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackConnection.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
  *
  * @hide
  */
-class QosCallbackConnection extends android.net.IQosCallback.Stub {
+public class QosCallbackConnection extends android.net.IQosCallback.Stub {
 
     @NonNull private final ConnectivityManager mConnectivityManager;
     @Nullable private volatile QosCallback mCallback;
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
      *                 {@link Executor} must run callback sequentially, otherwise the order of
      *                 callbacks cannot be guaranteed.
      */
-    QosCallbackConnection(@NonNull final ConnectivityManager connectivityManager,
+    public QosCallbackConnection(@NonNull final ConnectivityManager connectivityManager,
             @NonNull final QosCallback callback,
             @NonNull final Executor executor) {
         mConnectivityManager = Objects.requireNonNull(connectivityManager,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
      * There are no synchronization guarantees on exactly when the callback will stop receiving
      * messages.
      */
-    void stopReceivingMessages() {
+    public void stopReceivingMessages() {
         mCallback = null;
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackException.java b/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackException.java
index ed6eb15..7de3dd1 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackException.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/QosCallbackException.java
@@ -46,8 +46,10 @@
             EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE,
             EX_TYPE_FILTER_NETWORK_RELEASED,
             EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_BOUND,
+            EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_CONNECTED,
             EX_TYPE_FILTER_NOT_SUPPORTED,
             EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
+            EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED,
     })
     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
     public @interface ExceptionType {}
@@ -55,6 +57,9 @@
     private static final String TAG = "QosCallbackException";
 
     // Types of exceptions supported //
+    // The constants are used for the sendQosCallbackError system API, so they must not be changed
+    // as there may be callers relying on their historical values to call that API.
+    // TODO: mark the constants as @SystemApi, since they are necessary to call a system API.
     /** {@hide} */
     public static final int EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE = 0;
 
@@ -70,6 +75,12 @@
     /** {@hide} */
     public static final int EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED = 4;
 
+    /** {@hide} */
+    public static final int EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_CONNECTED = 5;
+
+    /** {@hide} */
+    public static final int EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED = 6;
+
     /**
      * Creates exception based off of a type and message.  Not all types of exceptions accept a
      * custom message.
@@ -77,18 +88,23 @@
      * {@hide}
      */
     @NonNull
-    static QosCallbackException createException(@ExceptionType final int type) {
+    public static QosCallbackException createException(@ExceptionType final int type) {
         switch (type) {
             case EX_TYPE_FILTER_NETWORK_RELEASED:
                 return new QosCallbackException(new NetworkReleasedException());
             case EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_BOUND:
                 return new QosCallbackException(new SocketNotBoundException());
+            case EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_CONNECTED:
+                return new QosCallbackException(new SocketNotConnectedException());
             case EX_TYPE_FILTER_NOT_SUPPORTED:
                 return new QosCallbackException(new UnsupportedOperationException(
                         "This device does not support the specified filter"));
             case EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED:
                 return new QosCallbackException(
                         new SocketLocalAddressChangedException());
+            case EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED:
+                return new QosCallbackException(
+                        new SocketRemoteAddressChangedException());
             default:
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "create: No case setup for exception type: '" + type + "'");
                 return new QosCallbackException(
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/QosFilter.java b/framework/src/android/net/QosFilter.java
index 5c1c3cc..a731b23 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/QosFilter.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/QosFilter.java
@@ -33,13 +33,15 @@
 @SystemApi
 public abstract class QosFilter {
 
-    /**
-     * The constructor is kept hidden from outside this package to ensure that all derived types
-     * are known and properly handled when being passed to and from {@link NetworkAgent}.
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    QosFilter() {
+    /** @hide */
+    protected QosFilter() {
+        // Ensure that all derived types are known, and known to be properly handled when being
+        // passed to and from NetworkAgent.
+        // For now the only known derived type is QosSocketFilter.
+        if (!(this instanceof QosSocketFilter)) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Unsupported QosFilter type: " + this.getClass().getName());
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -90,5 +92,20 @@
      */
     public abstract boolean matchesRemoteAddress(@NonNull InetAddress address,
             int startPort, int endPort);
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether or not the parameter will be matched with this filter.
+     *
+     * @param protocol the protocol such as TCP or UDP included in IP packet filter set of a QoS
+     *                 flow assigned on {@link Network}. Only {@code IPPROTO_TCP} and {@code
+     *                 IPPROTO_UDP} currently supported.
+     * @return whether the parameters match the socket type of the filter
+     */
+    // Since this method is added in U, it's required to be default method for binary compatibility
+    // with existing @SystemApi.
+    // IPPROTO_* are not compile-time constants, so they are not annotated with @IntDef.
+    public boolean matchesProtocol(int protocol) {
+        return false;
+    }
 }
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/QosFilterParcelable.java b/framework/src/android/net/QosFilterParcelable.java
index da3b2cf..6e71fa3 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/QosFilterParcelable.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/QosFilterParcelable.java
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
         if (mQosFilter instanceof QosSocketFilter) {
             dest.writeInt(QOS_SOCKET_FILTER);
             final QosSocketFilter qosSocketFilter = (QosSocketFilter) mQosFilter;
-            qosSocketFilter.getQosSocketInfo().writeToParcel(dest, 0);
+            qosSocketFilter.getQosSocketInfo().writeToParcelWithoutFd(dest, 0);
             return;
         }
         dest.writeInt(NO_FILTER_PRESENT);
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketFilter.java b/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketFilter.java
index 69da7f4..5ceeb67 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketFilter.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketFilter.java
@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@
 
 import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE;
 import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_BOUND;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_CONNECTED;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -74,19 +81,34 @@
      * 2. In the scenario that the socket is now bound to a different local address, which can
      *    happen in the case of UDP, then
      *    {@link QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED} is returned.
+     * 3. In the scenario that the UDP socket changed remote address, then
+     *    {@link QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED} is returned.
+     *
      * @return validation error code
      */
     @Override
     public int validate() {
-        final InetSocketAddress sa = getAddressFromFileDescriptor();
-        if (sa == null) {
-            return QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_BOUND;
+        final InetSocketAddress sa = getLocalAddressFromFileDescriptor();
+
+        if (sa == null || (sa.getAddress().isAnyLocalAddress() && sa.getPort() == 0)) {
+            return EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_BOUND;
         }
 
         if (!sa.equals(mQosSocketInfo.getLocalSocketAddress())) {
             return EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED;
         }
 
+        if (mQosSocketInfo.getRemoteSocketAddress() != null) {
+            final InetSocketAddress da = getRemoteAddressFromFileDescriptor();
+            if (da == null) {
+                return EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_CONNECTED;
+            }
+
+            if (!da.equals(mQosSocketInfo.getRemoteSocketAddress())) {
+                return EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED;
+            }
+        }
+
         return EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE;
     }
 
@@ -98,17 +120,14 @@
      * @return the local address
      */
     @Nullable
-    private InetSocketAddress getAddressFromFileDescriptor() {
+    private InetSocketAddress getLocalAddressFromFileDescriptor() {
         final ParcelFileDescriptor parcelFileDescriptor = mQosSocketInfo.getParcelFileDescriptor();
-        if (parcelFileDescriptor == null) return null;
-
         final FileDescriptor fd = parcelFileDescriptor.getFileDescriptor();
-        if (fd == null) return null;
 
         final SocketAddress address;
         try {
             address = Os.getsockname(fd);
-        } catch (final ErrnoException e) {
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "getAddressFromFileDescriptor: getLocalAddress exception", e);
             return null;
         }
@@ -119,6 +138,31 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * The remote address of the socket's connected.
+     *
+     * <p>Note: If the socket is no longer connected, null is returned.
+     *
+     * @return the remote address
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private InetSocketAddress getRemoteAddressFromFileDescriptor() {
+        final ParcelFileDescriptor parcelFileDescriptor = mQosSocketInfo.getParcelFileDescriptor();
+        final FileDescriptor fd = parcelFileDescriptor.getFileDescriptor();
+
+        final SocketAddress address;
+        try {
+            address = Os.getpeername(fd);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "getAddressFromFileDescriptor: getRemoteAddress exception", e);
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (address instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
+            return (InetSocketAddress) address;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
      * The network used with this filter.
      *
      * @return the registered {@link Network}
@@ -156,6 +200,18 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * @inheritDoc
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean matchesProtocol(final int protocol) {
+        if ((mQosSocketInfo.getSocketType() == SOCK_STREAM && protocol == IPPROTO_TCP)
+                || (mQosSocketInfo.getSocketType() == SOCK_DGRAM && protocol == IPPROTO_UDP)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Called from {@link QosSocketFilter#matchesLocalAddress(InetAddress, int, int)}
      * and {@link QosSocketFilter#matchesRemoteAddress(InetAddress, int, int)} with the
      * filterSocketAddress coming from {@link QosSocketInfo#getLocalSocketAddress()}.
@@ -174,6 +230,7 @@
             final int startPort, final int endPort) {
         return startPort <= filterSocketAddress.getPort()
                 && endPort >= filterSocketAddress.getPort()
-                && filterSocketAddress.getAddress().equals(address);
+                && (address.isAnyLocalAddress()
+                        || filterSocketAddress.getAddress().equals(address));
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketInfo.java b/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketInfo.java
index 39c2f33..1c3db23 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketInfo.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/QosSocketInfo.java
@@ -73,9 +73,10 @@
      * The parcel file descriptor wrapped around the socket's file descriptor.
      *
      * @return the parcel file descriptor of the socket
+     * @hide
      */
     @NonNull
-    ParcelFileDescriptor getParcelFileDescriptor() {
+    public ParcelFileDescriptor getParcelFileDescriptor() {
         return mParcelFileDescriptor;
     }
 
@@ -143,7 +144,6 @@
      *
      * @param network the network
      * @param socket the bound {@link DatagramSocket}
-     * @hide
      */
     public QosSocketInfo(@NonNull final Network network, @NonNull final DatagramSocket socket)
             throws IOException {
@@ -165,25 +165,28 @@
     /* Parcelable methods */
     private QosSocketInfo(final Parcel in) {
         mNetwork = Objects.requireNonNull(Network.CREATOR.createFromParcel(in));
-        mParcelFileDescriptor = ParcelFileDescriptor.CREATOR.createFromParcel(in);
+        final boolean withFd = in.readBoolean();
+        if (withFd) {
+            mParcelFileDescriptor = ParcelFileDescriptor.CREATOR.createFromParcel(in);
+        } else {
+            mParcelFileDescriptor = null;
+        }
 
-        final int localAddressLength = in.readInt();
-        mLocalSocketAddress = readSocketAddress(in, localAddressLength);
-
-        final int remoteAddressLength = in.readInt();
-        mRemoteSocketAddress = remoteAddressLength == 0 ? null
-                : readSocketAddress(in, remoteAddressLength);
+        mLocalSocketAddress = readSocketAddress(in);
+        mRemoteSocketAddress = readSocketAddress(in);
 
         mSocketType = in.readInt();
     }
 
-    private @NonNull InetSocketAddress readSocketAddress(final Parcel in, final int addressLength) {
-        final byte[] address = new byte[addressLength];
-        in.readByteArray(address);
+    private InetSocketAddress readSocketAddress(final Parcel in) {
+        final byte[] addrBytes = in.createByteArray();
+        if (addrBytes == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
         final int port = in.readInt();
 
         try {
-            return new InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getByAddress(address), port);
+            return new InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getByAddress(addrBytes), port);
         } catch (final UnknownHostException e) {
             /* This can never happen. UnknownHostException will never be thrown
                since the address provided is numeric and non-null. */
@@ -198,20 +201,35 @@
 
     @Override
     public void writeToParcel(@NonNull final Parcel dest, final int flags) {
-        mNetwork.writeToParcel(dest, 0);
-        mParcelFileDescriptor.writeToParcel(dest, 0);
+        writeToParcelInternal(dest, flags, /*includeFd=*/ true);
+    }
 
-        final byte[] localAddress = mLocalSocketAddress.getAddress().getAddress();
-        dest.writeInt(localAddress.length);
-        dest.writeByteArray(localAddress);
+    /**
+     * Used when sending QosSocketInfo to telephony, which does not need access to the socket FD.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public void writeToParcelWithoutFd(@NonNull final Parcel dest, final int flags) {
+        writeToParcelInternal(dest, flags, /*includeFd=*/ false);
+    }
+
+    private void writeToParcelInternal(
+            @NonNull final Parcel dest, final int flags, boolean includeFd) {
+        mNetwork.writeToParcel(dest, 0);
+
+        if (includeFd) {
+            dest.writeBoolean(true);
+            mParcelFileDescriptor.writeToParcel(dest, 0);
+        } else {
+            dest.writeBoolean(false);
+        }
+
+        dest.writeByteArray(mLocalSocketAddress.getAddress().getAddress());
         dest.writeInt(mLocalSocketAddress.getPort());
 
         if (mRemoteSocketAddress == null) {
-            dest.writeInt(0);
+            dest.writeByteArray(null);
         } else {
-            final byte[] remoteAddress = mRemoteSocketAddress.getAddress().getAddress();
-            dest.writeInt(remoteAddress.length);
-            dest.writeByteArray(remoteAddress);
+            dest.writeByteArray(mRemoteSocketAddress.getAddress().getAddress());
             dest.writeInt(mRemoteSocketAddress.getPort());
         }
         dest.writeInt(mSocketType);
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java b/framework/src/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java
index f6cae72..10daf17 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/SocketKeepalive.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import static android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.PRIVILEGED_APPS;
+
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.IntRange;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
@@ -52,7 +54,8 @@
  * request. If it does, it MUST support at least 3 concurrent keepalive slots.
  */
 public abstract class SocketKeepalive implements AutoCloseable {
-    static final String TAG = "SocketKeepalive";
+    /** @hide */
+    protected static final String TAG = "SocketKeepalive";
 
     /**
      * Success. It indicates there is no error.
@@ -62,6 +65,12 @@
     public static final int SUCCESS = 0;
 
     /**
+     * Success when trying to suspend.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int SUCCESS_PAUSED = 1;
+
+    /**
      * No keepalive. This should only be internally as it indicates There is no keepalive.
      * It should not propagate to applications.
      * @hide
@@ -173,6 +182,27 @@
     public @interface KeepaliveEvent {}
 
     /**
+     * Whether the system automatically toggles keepalive when no TCP connection is open on the VPN.
+     *
+     * If this flag is present, the system will monitor the VPN(s) running on top of the specified
+     * network for open TCP connections. When no such connections are open, it will turn off the
+     * keepalives to conserve battery power. When there is at least one such connection it will
+     * turn on the keepalives to make sure functionality is preserved.
+     *
+     * This only works with {@link NattSocketKeepalive}.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @SystemApi
+    public static final int FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF = 1 << 0;
+
+    /** @hide */
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+    @IntDef(prefix = { "FLAG_"}, flag = true, value = {
+            FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF
+    })
+    public @interface StartFlags {}
+
+    /**
      * The minimum interval in seconds between keepalive packet transmissions.
      *
      * @hide
@@ -215,15 +245,19 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @NonNull final IConnectivityManager mService;
-    @NonNull final Network mNetwork;
-    @NonNull final ParcelFileDescriptor mPfd;
-    @NonNull final Executor mExecutor;
-    @NonNull final ISocketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
-    // TODO: remove slot since mCallback could be used to identify which keepalive to stop.
-    @Nullable Integer mSlot;
+    /** @hide */
+    @NonNull protected final IConnectivityManager mService;
+    /** @hide */
+    @NonNull protected final Network mNetwork;
+    /** @hide */
+    @NonNull protected final ParcelFileDescriptor mPfd;
+    /** @hide */
+    @NonNull protected final Executor mExecutor;
+    /** @hide */
+    @NonNull protected final ISocketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
 
-    SocketKeepalive(@NonNull IConnectivityManager service, @NonNull Network network,
+    /** @hide */
+    public SocketKeepalive(@NonNull IConnectivityManager service, @NonNull Network network,
             @NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor pfd,
             @NonNull Executor executor, @NonNull Callback callback) {
         mService = service;
@@ -232,11 +266,10 @@
         mExecutor = executor;
         mCallback = new ISocketKeepaliveCallback.Stub() {
             @Override
-            public void onStarted(int slot) {
+            public void onStarted() {
                 final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                 try {
                     mExecutor.execute(() -> {
-                        mSlot = slot;
                         callback.onStarted();
                     });
                 } finally {
@@ -245,11 +278,22 @@
             }
 
             @Override
+            public void onResumed() {
+                final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+                try {
+                    mExecutor.execute(() -> {
+                        callback.onResumed();
+                    });
+                } finally {
+                    Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
             public void onStopped() {
                 final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                 try {
                     executor.execute(() -> {
-                        mSlot = null;
                         callback.onStopped();
                     });
                 } finally {
@@ -258,11 +302,22 @@
             }
 
             @Override
+            public void onPaused() {
+                final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+                try {
+                    executor.execute(() -> {
+                        callback.onPaused();
+                    });
+                } finally {
+                    Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
             public void onError(int error) {
                 final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                 try {
                     executor.execute(() -> {
-                        mSlot = null;
                         callback.onError(error);
                     });
                 } finally {
@@ -275,7 +330,6 @@
                 final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                 try {
                     executor.execute(() -> {
-                        mSlot = null;
                         callback.onDataReceived();
                     });
                 } finally {
@@ -286,13 +340,15 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Request that keepalive be started with the given {@code intervalSec}. See
-     * {@link SocketKeepalive}. If the remote binder dies, or the binder call throws an exception
-     * when invoking start or stop of the {@link SocketKeepalive}, a {@link RemoteException} will be
-     * thrown into the {@code executor}. This is typically not important to catch because the remote
-     * party is the system, so if it is not in shape to communicate through binder the system is
-     * probably going down anyway. If the caller cares regardless, it can use a custom
-     * {@link Executor} to catch the {@link RemoteException}.
+     * Request that keepalive be started with the given {@code intervalSec}.
+     *
+     * See {@link SocketKeepalive}. If the remote binder dies, or the binder call throws an
+     * exception when invoking start or stop of the {@link SocketKeepalive}, a
+     * {@link RuntimeException} caused by a {@link RemoteException} will be thrown into the
+     * {@link Executor}. This is typically not important to catch because the remote party is
+     * the system, so if it is not in shape to communicate through binder the system is going
+     * down anyway. If the caller still cares, it can use a custom {@link Executor} to catch the
+     * {@link RuntimeException}.
      *
      * @param intervalSec The target interval in seconds between keepalive packet transmissions.
      *                    The interval should be between 10 seconds and 3600 seconds, otherwise
@@ -300,10 +356,39 @@
      */
     public final void start(@IntRange(from = MIN_INTERVAL_SEC, to = MAX_INTERVAL_SEC)
             int intervalSec) {
-        startImpl(intervalSec);
+        startImpl(intervalSec, 0 /* flags */, null /* underpinnedNetwork */);
     }
 
-    abstract void startImpl(int intervalSec);
+    /**
+     * Request that keepalive be started with the given {@code intervalSec}.
+     *
+     * See {@link SocketKeepalive}. If the remote binder dies, or the binder call throws an
+     * exception when invoking start or stop of the {@link SocketKeepalive}, a
+     * {@link RuntimeException} caused by a {@link RemoteException} will be thrown into the
+     * {@link Executor}. This is typically not important to catch because the remote party is
+     * the system, so if it is not in shape to communicate through binder the system is going
+     * down anyway. If the caller still cares, it can use a custom {@link Executor} to catch the
+     * {@link RuntimeException}.
+     *
+     * @param intervalSec The target interval in seconds between keepalive packet transmissions.
+     *                    The interval should be between 10 seconds and 3600 seconds. Otherwise,
+     *                    the supplied {@link Callback} will see a call to
+     *                    {@link Callback#onError(int)} with {@link #ERROR_INVALID_INTERVAL}.
+     * @param flags Flags to enable/disable available options on this keepalive.
+     * @param underpinnedNetwork an optional network running over mNetwork that this
+     *                           keepalive is intended to keep up, e.g. an IPSec
+     *                           tunnel running over mNetwork.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @SystemApi(client = PRIVILEGED_APPS)
+    public final void start(@IntRange(from = MIN_INTERVAL_SEC, to = MAX_INTERVAL_SEC)
+            int intervalSec, @StartFlags int flags, @Nullable Network underpinnedNetwork) {
+        startImpl(intervalSec, flags, underpinnedNetwork);
+    }
+
+    /** @hide */
+    protected abstract void startImpl(int intervalSec, @StartFlags int flags,
+            Network underpinnedNetwork);
 
     /**
      * Requests that keepalive be stopped. The application must wait for {@link Callback#onStopped}
@@ -313,7 +398,8 @@
         stopImpl();
     }
 
-    abstract void stopImpl();
+    /** @hide */
+    protected abstract void stopImpl();
 
     /**
      * Deactivate this {@link SocketKeepalive} and free allocated resources. The instance won't be
@@ -336,8 +422,18 @@
     public static class Callback {
         /** The requested keepalive was successfully started. */
         public void onStarted() {}
+        /**
+         * The keepalive was resumed by the system after being suspended.
+         * @hide
+         **/
+        public void onResumed() {}
         /** The keepalive was successfully stopped. */
         public void onStopped() {}
+        /**
+         * The keepalive was paused by the system because it's not necessary right now.
+         * @hide
+         **/
+        public void onPaused() {}
         /** An error occurred. */
         public void onError(@ErrorCode int error) {}
         /** The keepalive on a TCP socket was stopped because the socket received data. This is
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java b/framework/src/android/net/SocketNotConnectedException.java
similarity index 60%
copy from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
copy to framework/src/android/net/SocketNotConnectedException.java
index 443e5b3..a6357c7 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/SocketNotConnectedException.java
@@ -14,20 +14,21 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
+package android.net;
 
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 
 /**
- * Key for cookie tag map.
+ * Thrown when a previously bound socket becomes unbound.
+ *
+ * @hide
  */
-public class CookieTagMapKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S64)
-    public final long socketCookie;
-
-    public CookieTagMapKey(final long socketCookie) {
-        this.socketCookie = socketCookie;
+@SystemApi
+public class SocketNotConnectedException extends Exception {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public SocketNotConnectedException() {
+        super("The socket is not connected");
     }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java b/framework/src/android/net/SocketRemoteAddressChangedException.java
similarity index 60%
copy from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
copy to framework/src/android/net/SocketRemoteAddressChangedException.java
index 443e5b3..e13d5ed 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/SocketRemoteAddressChangedException.java
@@ -14,20 +14,21 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
+package android.net;
 
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 
 /**
- * Key for cookie tag map.
+ * Thrown when the local address of the socket has changed.
+ *
+ * @hide
  */
-public class CookieTagMapKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S64)
-    public final long socketCookie;
-
-    public CookieTagMapKey(final long socketCookie) {
-        this.socketCookie = socketCookie;
+@SystemApi
+public class SocketRemoteAddressChangedException extends Exception {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public SocketRemoteAddressChangedException() {
+        super("The remote address of the socket changed");
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/TcpSocketKeepalive.java b/framework/src/android/net/TcpSocketKeepalive.java
index d89814d..696889f 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/TcpSocketKeepalive.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/TcpSocketKeepalive.java
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 
 /** @hide */
-final class TcpSocketKeepalive extends SocketKeepalive {
+public final class TcpSocketKeepalive extends SocketKeepalive {
 
-    TcpSocketKeepalive(@NonNull IConnectivityManager service,
+    public TcpSocketKeepalive(@NonNull IConnectivityManager service,
             @NonNull Network network,
             @NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor pfd,
             @NonNull Executor executor,
@@ -50,7 +50,17 @@
      *   acknowledgement.
      */
     @Override
-    void startImpl(int intervalSec) {
+    protected void startImpl(int intervalSec, int flags, Network underpinnedNetwork) {
+        if (0 != flags) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal flag value for "
+                    + this.getClass().getSimpleName() + " : " + flags);
+        }
+
+        if (underpinnedNetwork != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal underpinned network for "
+                    + this.getClass().getSimpleName() + " : " + underpinnedNetwork);
+        }
+
         mExecutor.execute(() -> {
             try {
                 mService.startTcpKeepalive(mNetwork, mPfd, intervalSec, mCallback);
@@ -62,12 +72,10 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    void stopImpl() {
+    protected void stopImpl() {
         mExecutor.execute(() -> {
             try {
-                if (mSlot != null) {
-                    mService.stopKeepalive(mNetwork, mSlot);
-                }
+                mService.stopKeepalive(mCallback);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 Log.e(TAG, "Error stopping packet keepalive: ", e);
                 throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkInterface.java b/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkInterface.java
index 4449ff8..4c4e2d9 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkInterface.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkInterface.java
@@ -16,22 +16,35 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
 
 /**
- * This class is used to return the interface name and fd of the test interface
+ * This class is used to return the interface name, fd, MAC, and MTU of the test interface
+ *
+ * TestNetworkInterfaces are created by TestNetworkService and provide a
+ * wrapper around a tun/tap interface that can be used in integration tests.
  *
  * @hide
  */
 @SystemApi(client = SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES)
 public final class TestNetworkInterface implements Parcelable {
+    private static final String TAG = "TestNetworkInterface";
+
     @NonNull
     private final ParcelFileDescriptor mFileDescriptor;
     @NonNull
     private final String mInterfaceName;
+    @Nullable
+    private final MacAddress mMacAddress;
+    private final int mMtu;
 
     @Override
     public int describeContents() {
@@ -40,18 +53,41 @@
 
     @Override
     public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel out, int flags) {
-        out.writeParcelable(mFileDescriptor, PARCELABLE_WRITE_RETURN_VALUE);
+        out.writeParcelable(mFileDescriptor, flags);
         out.writeString(mInterfaceName);
+        out.writeParcelable(mMacAddress, flags);
+        out.writeInt(mMtu);
     }
 
     public TestNetworkInterface(@NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor pfd, @NonNull String intf) {
         mFileDescriptor = pfd;
         mInterfaceName = intf;
+
+        MacAddress macAddress = null;
+        int mtu = 1500;
+        try {
+            // This constructor is called by TestNetworkManager which runs inside the system server,
+            // which has permission to read the MacAddress.
+            NetworkInterface nif = NetworkInterface.getByName(mInterfaceName);
+
+            // getHardwareAddress() returns null for tun interfaces.
+            byte[] hardwareAddress = nif.getHardwareAddress();
+            if (hardwareAddress != null) {
+                macAddress = MacAddress.fromBytes(nif.getHardwareAddress());
+            }
+            mtu = nif.getMTU();
+        } catch (SocketException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to fetch MacAddress or MTU size from NetworkInterface", e);
+        }
+        mMacAddress = macAddress;
+        mMtu = mtu;
     }
 
     private TestNetworkInterface(@NonNull Parcel in) {
         mFileDescriptor = in.readParcelable(ParcelFileDescriptor.class.getClassLoader());
         mInterfaceName = in.readString();
+        mMacAddress = in.readParcelable(MacAddress.class.getClassLoader());
+        mMtu = in.readInt();
     }
 
     @NonNull
@@ -64,6 +100,29 @@
         return mInterfaceName;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns the tap interface MacAddress.
+     *
+     * When TestNetworkInterface wraps a tun interface, the MAC address is null.
+     *
+     * @return the tap interface MAC address or null.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public MacAddress getMacAddress() {
+        return mMacAddress;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the interface MTU.
+     *
+     * MTU defaults to 1500 if an error occurs.
+     *
+     * @return MTU in bytes.
+     */
+    public int getMtu() {
+        return mMtu;
+    }
+
     @NonNull
     public static final Parcelable.Creator<TestNetworkInterface> CREATOR =
             new Parcelable.Creator<TestNetworkInterface>() {
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkManager.java
index 4e78823..416c6de 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/TestNetworkManager.java
@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@
     private static final boolean TAP = false;
     private static final boolean TUN = true;
     private static final boolean BRING_UP = true;
+    private static final boolean CARRIER_UP = true;
+    // sets disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay to false.
+    private static final boolean USE_IPV6_PROV_DELAY = false;
     private static final LinkAddress[] NO_ADDRS = new LinkAddress[0];
 
     /** @hide */
@@ -166,8 +169,8 @@
     public TestNetworkInterface createTunInterface(@NonNull Collection<LinkAddress> linkAddrs) {
         try {
             final LinkAddress[] arr = new LinkAddress[linkAddrs.size()];
-            return mService.createInterface(TUN, BRING_UP, linkAddrs.toArray(arr),
-                    null /* iface */);
+            return mService.createInterface(TUN, CARRIER_UP, BRING_UP, USE_IPV6_PROV_DELAY,
+                    linkAddrs.toArray(arr), null /* iface */);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -185,7 +188,27 @@
     @NonNull
     public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface() {
         try {
-            return mService.createInterface(TAP, BRING_UP, NO_ADDRS, null /* iface */);
+            return mService.createInterface(TAP, CARRIER_UP, BRING_UP, USE_IPV6_PROV_DELAY,
+                    NO_ADDRS, null /* iface */);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a tap interface for testing purposes
+     *
+     * @param linkAddrs an array of LinkAddresses to assign to the TAP interface
+     * @return A TestNetworkInterface representing the underlying TAP interface. Close the contained
+     *     ParcelFileDescriptor to tear down the TAP interface.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
+    @NonNull
+    public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface(@NonNull LinkAddress[] linkAddrs) {
+        try {
+            return mService.createInterface(TAP, CARRIER_UP, BRING_UP, USE_IPV6_PROV_DELAY,
+                    linkAddrs, null /* iface */);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -204,7 +227,8 @@
     @NonNull
     public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface(boolean bringUp) {
         try {
-            return mService.createInterface(TAP, bringUp, NO_ADDRS, null /* iface */);
+            return mService.createInterface(TAP, CARRIER_UP, bringUp, USE_IPV6_PROV_DELAY,
+                    NO_ADDRS, null /* iface */);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -226,7 +250,89 @@
     @NonNull
     public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface(boolean bringUp, @NonNull String iface) {
         try {
-            return mService.createInterface(TAP, bringUp, NO_ADDRS, iface);
+            return mService.createInterface(TAP, CARRIER_UP, bringUp, USE_IPV6_PROV_DELAY,
+                    NO_ADDRS, iface);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a tap interface with or without carrier for testing purposes.
+     *
+     * Note: setting carrierUp = false is not supported until kernel version 6.0.
+     *
+     * @param carrierUp whether the created interface has a carrier or not.
+     * @param bringUp whether to bring up the interface before returning it.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
+    @NonNull
+    public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface(boolean carrierUp, boolean bringUp) {
+        try {
+            return mService.createInterface(TAP, carrierUp, bringUp, USE_IPV6_PROV_DELAY, NO_ADDRS,
+                    null /* iface */);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a tap interface for testing purposes.
+     *
+     * Note: setting carrierUp = false is not supported until kernel version 6.0.
+     *
+     * @param carrierUp whether the created interface has a carrier or not.
+     * @param bringUp whether to bring up the interface before returning it.
+     * @param disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay whether to disable DAD and RS delay.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
+    @NonNull
+    public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface(boolean carrierUp, boolean bringUp,
+            boolean disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay) {
+        try {
+            return mService.createInterface(TAP, carrierUp, bringUp, disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay,
+                    NO_ADDRS, null /* iface */);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a tap interface for testing purposes.
+     *
+     * @param disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay whether to disable DAD and RS delay.
+     * @param linkAddrs an array of LinkAddresses to assign to the TAP interface
+     * @return A TestNetworkInterface representing the underlying TAP interface. Close the contained
+     *     ParcelFileDescriptor to tear down the TAP interface.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
+    @NonNull
+    public TestNetworkInterface createTapInterface(boolean disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay,
+            @NonNull LinkAddress[] linkAddrs) {
+        try {
+            return mService.createInterface(TAP, CARRIER_UP, BRING_UP, disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay,
+                    linkAddrs, null /* iface */);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enable / disable carrier on TestNetworkInterface
+     *
+     * Note: TUNSETCARRIER is not supported until kernel version 5.0.
+     *
+     * @param iface the interface to configure.
+     * @param enabled true to turn carrier on, false to turn carrier off.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
+    public void setCarrierEnabled(@NonNull TestNetworkInterface iface, boolean enabled) {
+        try {
+            mService.setCarrierEnabled(iface, enabled);
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/VpnTransportInfo.java b/framework/src/android/net/VpnTransportInfo.java
index 4071c9a..6bb00c8 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/VpnTransportInfo.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/VpnTransportInfo.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import static android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES;
+import static android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.PRIVILEGED_APPS;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
@@ -27,6 +28,10 @@
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
+
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
@@ -37,7 +42,7 @@
  *
  * @hide
  */
-@SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+@SystemApi(client = PRIVILEGED_APPS)
 public final class VpnTransportInfo implements TransportInfo, Parcelable {
     /** Type of this VPN. */
     private final int mType;
@@ -45,6 +50,15 @@
     @Nullable
     private final String mSessionId;
 
+    private final boolean mBypassable;
+
+    private final boolean mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive;
+
+    // TODO: Refer to Build.VERSION_CODES when it's available in every branch.
+    private static final int UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE = 34;
+
+    /** @hide */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     @Override
     public @RedactionType long getApplicableRedactions() {
         return REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
@@ -52,21 +66,95 @@
 
     /**
      * Create a copy of a {@link VpnTransportInfo} with the sessionId redacted if necessary.
+     * @hide
      */
     @NonNull
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public VpnTransportInfo makeCopy(@RedactionType long redactions) {
         return new VpnTransportInfo(mType,
-            ((redactions & REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS) != 0) ? null : mSessionId);
+            ((redactions & REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS) != 0) ? null : mSessionId,
+            mBypassable, mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @deprecated please use {@link VpnTransportInfo(int,String,boolean,boolean)}.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     public VpnTransportInfo(int type, @Nullable String sessionId) {
+        // When the module runs on older SDKs, |bypassable| will always be false since the old Vpn
+        // code will call this constructor. For Settings VPNs, this is always correct as they are
+        // never bypassable. For VpnManager and VpnService types, this may be wrong since both of
+        // them have a choice. However, on these SDKs VpnTransportInfo#isBypassable is not
+        // available anyway, so this should be harmless. False is a better choice than true here
+        // regardless because it is the default value for both VpnManager and VpnService if the app
+        // does not do anything about it.
+        this(type, sessionId, false /* bypassable */, false /* longLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new VpnTransportInfo object.
+     */
+    public VpnTransportInfo(int type, @Nullable String sessionId, boolean bypassable,
+            boolean longLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive) {
         this.mType = type;
         this.mSessionId = sessionId;
+        this.mBypassable = bypassable;
+        this.mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive = longLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the VPN is allowing bypass.
+     *
+     * This method is not supported in SDK below U, and will throw
+     * {@code UnsupportedOperationException} if called.
+     */
+    @RequiresApi(UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
+    public boolean isBypassable() {
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported before U");
+        }
+
+        return mBypassable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether long-lived TCP connections are expensive on the VPN network.
+     *
+     * If there are long-lived TCP connections over the VPN, over some networks the
+     * VPN needs to regularly send packets to keep the network alive to keep these
+     * connections working, which wakes up the device radio. On some networks, this
+     * can become extremely expensive in terms of battery. The system knows to send
+     * these keepalive packets only when necessary, i.e. when there are long-lived
+     * TCP connections opened over the VPN, meaning on these networks establishing
+     * a long-lived TCP connection will have a very noticeable impact on battery
+     * life.
+     *
+     * VPNs can be bypassable or not. When the VPN is not bypassable, the user has
+     * expressed explicit intent to have no connection outside of the VPN, so even
+     * privileged apps with permission to bypass non-bypassable VPNs should not do
+     * so. See {@link #isBypassable()}.
+     * For bypassable VPNs however, the user expects apps choose reasonable tradeoffs
+     * about whether they use the VPN.
+     *
+     * Components that establish long-lived, encrypted TCP connections are encouraged
+     * to look up this value to decide whether to open their connection over a VPN
+     * or to bypass it. While VPNs do not typically provide privacy or security
+     * benefits to encrypted connections, the user generally still expects the
+     * connections to choose to use the VPN by default, but also do not expect this
+     * comes at the price of drastically reduced battery life. This method provides
+     * a hint about whether the battery cost of opening such a connection is high.
+     */
+    public boolean areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive() {
+        return mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the session Id of this VpnTransportInfo.
+     * @hide
      */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
     @Nullable
     public String getSessionId() {
         return mSessionId;
@@ -84,17 +172,22 @@
         if (!(o instanceof VpnTransportInfo)) return false;
 
         VpnTransportInfo that = (VpnTransportInfo) o;
-        return (this.mType == that.mType) && TextUtils.equals(this.mSessionId, that.mSessionId);
+        return (this.mType == that.mType) && TextUtils.equals(this.mSessionId, that.mSessionId)
+                && (this.mBypassable == that.mBypassable)
+                && (this.mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive
+                == that.mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive);
     }
 
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
-        return Objects.hash(mType, mSessionId);
+        return Objects.hash(mType, mSessionId, mBypassable, mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive);
     }
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
-        return String.format("VpnTransportInfo{type=%d, sessionId=%s}", mType, mSessionId);
+        return String.format("VpnTransportInfo{type=%d, sessionId=%s, bypassable=%b "
+                        + "longLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive=%b}",
+                mType, mSessionId, mBypassable, mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -106,12 +199,15 @@
     public void writeToParcel(@NonNull Parcel dest, int flags) {
         dest.writeInt(mType);
         dest.writeString(mSessionId);
+        dest.writeBoolean(mBypassable);
+        dest.writeBoolean(mLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive);
     }
 
     public static final @NonNull Creator<VpnTransportInfo> CREATOR =
             new Creator<VpnTransportInfo>() {
         public VpnTransportInfo createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
-            return new VpnTransportInfo(in.readInt(), in.readString());
+            return new VpnTransportInfo(
+                    in.readInt(), in.readString(), in.readBoolean(), in.readBoolean());
         }
         public VpnTransportInfo[] newArray(int size) {
             return new VpnTransportInfo[size];
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java b/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java
index 663c1b3..fae2499 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 
@@ -36,8 +33,6 @@
  */
 @SystemApi
 public final class ApfCapabilities implements Parcelable {
-    private static ConnectivityResources sResources;
-
     /**
      * Version of APF instruction set supported for packet filtering. 0 indicates no support for
      * packet filtering using APF programs.
@@ -67,15 +62,6 @@
         apfPacketFormat = in.readInt();
     }
 
-    @NonNull
-    private static synchronized ConnectivityResources getResources(@NonNull Context ctx) {
-        if (sResources == null)  {
-            sResources = new ConnectivityResources(ctx);
-        }
-        return sResources;
-    }
-
-
     @Override
     public int describeContents() {
         return 0;
@@ -133,9 +119,7 @@
     public static boolean getApfDrop8023Frames() {
         // TODO: deprecate/remove this method (now unused in the platform), as the resource was
         // moved to NetworkStack.
-        final Resources systemRes = Resources.getSystem();
-        final int id = systemRes.getIdentifier("config_apfDrop802_3Frames", "bool", "android");
-        return systemRes.getBoolean(id);
+        return true;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -144,8 +128,6 @@
     public static @NonNull int[] getApfEtherTypeBlackList() {
         // TODO: deprecate/remove this method (now unused in the platform), as the resource was
         // moved to NetworkStack.
-        final Resources systemRes = Resources.getSystem();
-        final int id = systemRes.getIdentifier("config_apfEthTypeBlackList", "array", "android");
-        return systemRes.getIntArray(id);
+        return new int[] { 0x88a2, 0x88a4, 0x88b8, 0x88cd, 0x88e3 };
     }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/ConnectivityCompatChanges.java b/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/ConnectivityCompatChanges.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfe5867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/ConnectivityCompatChanges.java
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net.connectivity;
+
+import android.compat.annotation.ChangeId;
+import android.compat.annotation.EnabledAfter;
+import android.compat.annotation.EnabledSince;
+import android.os.Build;
+
+/**
+ * The class contains all CompatChanges for the Connectivity module.
+ *
+ * <p>This is the centralized place for the CompatChanges used in the Connectivity module.
+ * Putting all the CompatChanges in single place makes it possible to manage them under a single
+ * platform_compat_config.
+ * @hide
+ */
+public final class ConnectivityCompatChanges {
+
+    /**
+     * The {@link android.net.LinkProperties#getRoutes()} now can contain excluded as well as
+     * included routes. Use {@link android.net.RouteInfo#getType()} to determine route type.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @ChangeId
+    @EnabledAfter(targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public static final long EXCLUDED_ROUTES = 186082280;
+
+    /**
+     * When enabled, apps targeting < Android 12 are considered legacy for
+     * the NSD native daemon.
+     * The platform will only keep the daemon running as long as there are
+     * any legacy apps connected.
+     *
+     * After Android 12, direct communication with the native daemon might not work since the native
+     * daemon won't always stay alive. Using the NSD APIs from NsdManager as the replacement is
+     * recommended.
+     * Another alternative could be bundling your own mdns solutions instead of
+     * depending on the system mdns native daemon.
+     *
+     * This compatibility change applies to Android 13 and later only. To toggle behavior on
+     * Android 12 and Android 12L, use RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @ChangeId
+    @EnabledSince(targetSdkVersion = android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
+    // This was a platform change ID with value 191844585L before T
+    public static final long RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER = 235355681L;
+
+    /**
+     * The self certified capabilities check should be enabled after android 13.
+     *
+     * <p> See {@link android.net.NetworkCapabilities} for more details.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @ChangeId
+    @EnabledAfter(targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public static final long ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION = 266524688;
+
+    /**
+     * Apps targeting < Android 14 use a legacy NSD backend.
+     *
+     * The legacy apps use a legacy native daemon as NsdManager backend, but other apps use a
+     * platform-integrated mDNS implementation as backend.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @ChangeId
+    @EnabledAfter(targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public static final long ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND = 270306772L;
+    private ConnectivityCompatChanges() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/TiramisuConnectivityInternalApiUtil.java b/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/TiramisuConnectivityInternalApiUtil.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d65858f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/connectivity/TiramisuConnectivityInternalApiUtil.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.connectivity;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
+
+/**
+ * Utility providing limited access to module-internal APIs which are only available on Android T+,
+ * as this class is only in the bootclasspath on T+ as part of framework-connectivity.
+ *
+ * R+ module components like Tethering cannot depend on all hidden symbols from
+ * framework-connectivity. They only have access to stable API stubs where newer APIs can be
+ * accessed after an API level check (enforced by the linter), or to limited hidden symbols in this
+ * class which is also annotated with @RequiresApi (so API level checks are also enforced by the
+ * linter).
+ * @hide
+ */
+@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+public class TiramisuConnectivityInternalApiUtil {
+
+    /**
+     * Get a service binder token for
+     * {@link com.android.server.connectivity.wear.CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService}.
+     */
+    public static IBinder getCompanionDeviceManagerProxyService(Context ctx) {
+        final ConnectivityManager cm = ctx.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        return cm.getCompanionDeviceManagerProxyService();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtils.java b/framework/src/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtils.java
index 8d7a0b3..07b8c45 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtils.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtils.java
@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.text.TextUtils;
-import android.util.AndroidRuntimeException;
 
 /**
  * Collection of utilities for socket keepalive offload.
@@ -33,64 +30,20 @@
 
     public static final String TAG = "KeepaliveUtils";
 
-    public static class KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException extends AndroidRuntimeException {
-        public KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException(final String msg) {
-            super(msg);
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Read supported keepalive count for each transport type from overlay resource. This should be
      * used to create a local variable store of resource customization, and use it as the input for
-     * {@link getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities}.
+     * {@link #getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities}.
      *
      * @param context The context to read resource from.
      * @return An array of supported keepalive count for each transport type.
+     * @deprecated This is used by CTS 13, but can be removed after switching it to
+     * {@link ConnectivityManager#getSupportedKeepalives()}.
      */
     @NonNull
+    @Deprecated
     public static int[] getSupportedKeepalives(@NonNull Context context) {
-        String[] res = null;
-        try {
-            final ConnectivityResources connRes = new ConnectivityResources(context);
-            // TODO: use R.id.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount directly
-            final int id = connRes.get().getIdentifier("config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount",
-                    "array", connRes.getResourcesContext().getPackageName());
-            res = new ConnectivityResources(context).get().getStringArray(id);
-        } catch (Resources.NotFoundException unused) {
-        }
-        if (res == null) throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("invalid resource");
-
-        final int[] ret = new int[NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT + 1];
-        for (final String row : res) {
-            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(row)) {
-                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Empty string");
-            }
-            final String[] arr = row.split(",");
-            if (arr.length != 2) {
-                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid parameter length");
-            }
-
-            int transport;
-            int supported;
-            try {
-                transport = Integer.parseInt(arr[0]);
-                supported = Integer.parseInt(arr[1]);
-            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
-                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid number format");
-            }
-
-            if (!NetworkCapabilities.isValidTransport(transport)) {
-                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid transport " + transport);
-            }
-
-            if (supported < 0) {
-                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException(
-                        "Invalid supported count " + supported + " for "
-                                + NetworkCapabilities.transportNameOf(transport));
-            }
-            ret[transport] = supported;
-        }
-        return ret;
+        return context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class).getSupportedKeepalives();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java b/framework/src/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java
deleted file mode 100644
index c1790c9..0000000
--- a/framework/src/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,269 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package android.net.util;
-
-import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI;
-import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE;
-
-import android.annotation.NonNull;
-import android.annotation.TargetApi;
-import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
-import android.content.ContentResolver;
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.Intent;
-import android.content.IntentFilter;
-import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.database.ContentObserver;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
-import android.net.Uri;
-import android.os.Build;
-import android.os.Handler;
-import android.provider.Settings;
-import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
-import android.telephony.TelephonyCallback;
-import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
-import android.util.Log;
-
-import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
-import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
-
-/**
- * A class to encapsulate management of the "Smart Networking" capability of
- * avoiding bad Wi-Fi when, for example upstream connectivity is lost or
- * certain critical link failures occur.
- *
- * This enables the device to switch to another form of connectivity, like
- * mobile, if it's available and working.
- *
- * The Runnable |avoidBadWifiCallback|, if given, is posted to the supplied
- * Handler' whenever the computed "avoid bad wifi" value changes.
- *
- * Disabling this reverts the device to a level of networking sophistication
- * circa 2012-13 by disabling disparate code paths each of which contribute to
- * maintaining continuous, working Internet connectivity.
- *
- * @hide
- */
-public class MultinetworkPolicyTracker {
-    private static String TAG = MultinetworkPolicyTracker.class.getSimpleName();
-
-    private final Context mContext;
-    private final ConnectivityResources mResources;
-    private final Handler mHandler;
-    private final Runnable mAvoidBadWifiCallback;
-    private final List<Uri> mSettingsUris;
-    private final ContentResolver mResolver;
-    private final SettingObserver mSettingObserver;
-    private final BroadcastReceiver mBroadcastReceiver;
-
-    private volatile boolean mAvoidBadWifi = true;
-    private volatile int mMeteredMultipathPreference;
-    private int mActiveSubId = SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID;
-    private volatile long mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs = 0;
-
-    // Mainline module can't use internal HandlerExecutor, so add an identical executor here.
-    private static class HandlerExecutor implements Executor {
-        @NonNull
-        private final Handler mHandler;
-
-        HandlerExecutor(@NonNull Handler handler) {
-            mHandler = handler;
-        }
-        @Override
-        public void execute(Runnable command) {
-            if (!mHandler.post(command)) {
-                throw new RejectedExecutionException(mHandler + " is shutting down");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // TODO: Set the mini sdk to 31 and remove @TargetApi annotation when b/205923322 is addressed.
-    @VisibleForTesting @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
-    protected class ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener extends TelephonyCallback
-            implements TelephonyCallback.ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener {
-        @Override
-        public void onActiveDataSubscriptionIdChanged(int subId) {
-            mActiveSubId = subId;
-            reevaluateInternal();
-        }
-    }
-
-    public MultinetworkPolicyTracker(Context ctx, Handler handler) {
-        this(ctx, handler, null);
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Set the mini sdk to 31 and remove @TargetApi annotation when b/205923322 is addressed.
-    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
-    public MultinetworkPolicyTracker(Context ctx, Handler handler, Runnable avoidBadWifiCallback) {
-        mContext = ctx;
-        mResources = new ConnectivityResources(ctx);
-        mHandler = handler;
-        mAvoidBadWifiCallback = avoidBadWifiCallback;
-        mSettingsUris = Arrays.asList(
-                Settings.Global.getUriFor(NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI),
-                Settings.Global.getUriFor(NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE));
-        mResolver = mContext.getContentResolver();
-        mSettingObserver = new SettingObserver();
-        mBroadcastReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
-            @Override
-            public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
-                reevaluateInternal();
-            }
-        };
-
-        ctx.getSystemService(TelephonyManager.class).registerTelephonyCallback(
-                new HandlerExecutor(handler), new ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener());
-
-        updateAvoidBadWifi();
-        updateMeteredMultipathPreference();
-    }
-
-    public void start() {
-        for (Uri uri : mSettingsUris) {
-            mResolver.registerContentObserver(uri, false, mSettingObserver);
-        }
-
-        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();
-        intentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_CONFIGURATION_CHANGED);
-        mContext.registerReceiverForAllUsers(mBroadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
-                null /* broadcastPermission */, mHandler);
-
-        reevaluate();
-    }
-
-    public void shutdown() {
-        mResolver.unregisterContentObserver(mSettingObserver);
-
-        mContext.unregisterReceiver(mBroadcastReceiver);
-    }
-
-    public boolean getAvoidBadWifi() {
-        return mAvoidBadWifi;
-    }
-
-    // TODO: move this to MultipathPolicyTracker.
-    public int getMeteredMultipathPreference() {
-        return mMeteredMultipathPreference;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Whether the device or carrier configuration disables avoiding bad wifi by default.
-     */
-    public boolean configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi() {
-        final boolean allowBadWifi = mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs > 0
-                && mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs > System.currentTimeMillis();
-        // If the config returns true, then avoid bad wifi design can be controlled by the
-        // NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI setting.
-        if (allowBadWifi) return true;
-
-        // TODO: use R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi directly
-        final int id = mResources.get().getIdentifier("config_networkAvoidBadWifi",
-                "integer", mResources.getResourcesContext().getPackageName());
-        return (getResourcesForActiveSubId().getInteger(id) == 0);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Temporarily allow bad wifi to override {@code config_networkAvoidBadWifi} configuration.
-     * The value works when the time set is more than {@link System.currentTimeMillis()}.
-     */
-    public void setTestAllowBadWifiUntil(long timeMs) {
-        Log.d(TAG, "setTestAllowBadWifiUntil: " + timeMs);
-        mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs = timeMs;
-        reevaluateInternal();
-    }
-
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    @NonNull
-    protected Resources getResourcesForActiveSubId() {
-        return SubscriptionManager.getResourcesForSubId(
-                mResources.getResourcesContext(), mActiveSubId);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Whether we should display a notification when wifi becomes unvalidated.
-     */
-    public boolean shouldNotifyWifiUnvalidated() {
-        return configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi() && getAvoidBadWifiSetting() == null;
-    }
-
-    public String getAvoidBadWifiSetting() {
-        return Settings.Global.getString(mResolver, NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI);
-    }
-
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    public void reevaluate() {
-        mHandler.post(this::reevaluateInternal);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reevaluate the settings. Must be called on the handler thread.
-     */
-    private void reevaluateInternal() {
-        if (updateAvoidBadWifi() && mAvoidBadWifiCallback != null) {
-            mAvoidBadWifiCallback.run();
-        }
-        updateMeteredMultipathPreference();
-    }
-
-    public boolean updateAvoidBadWifi() {
-        final boolean settingAvoidBadWifi = "1".equals(getAvoidBadWifiSetting());
-        final boolean prev = mAvoidBadWifi;
-        mAvoidBadWifi = settingAvoidBadWifi || !configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi();
-        return mAvoidBadWifi != prev;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * The default (device and carrier-dependent) value for metered multipath preference.
-     */
-    public int configMeteredMultipathPreference() {
-        // TODO: use R.integer.config_networkMeteredMultipathPreference directly
-        final int id = mResources.get().getIdentifier("config_networkMeteredMultipathPreference",
-                "integer", mResources.getResourcesContext().getPackageName());
-        return mResources.get().getInteger(id);
-    }
-
-    public void updateMeteredMultipathPreference() {
-        String setting = Settings.Global.getString(mResolver, NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE);
-        try {
-            mMeteredMultipathPreference = Integer.parseInt(setting);
-        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
-            mMeteredMultipathPreference = configMeteredMultipathPreference();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private class SettingObserver extends ContentObserver {
-        public SettingObserver() {
-            super(null);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
-            Log.wtf(TAG, "Should never be reached.");
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onChange(boolean selfChange, Uri uri) {
-            if (!mSettingsUris.contains(uri)) {
-                Log.wtf(TAG, "Unexpected settings observation: " + uri);
-            }
-            reevaluate();
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/nearby/OWNERS b/nearby/OWNERS
index 980c221..844ef06 100644
--- a/nearby/OWNERS
+++ b/nearby/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+chenw@google.com
 chunzhang@google.com
 weiwa@google.com
 weiwu@google.com
+xinhe@google.com
 xlythe@google.com
diff --git a/nearby/framework/Android.bp b/nearby/framework/Android.bp
index e223b54..278f823 100644
--- a/nearby/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/framework/Android.bp
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@
 
 filegroup {
     name: "framework-nearby-sources",
+    defaults: ["framework-sources-module-defaults"],
     srcs: [
         ":framework-nearby-java-sources",
     ],
-    visibility: ["//frameworks/base"],
 }
 
 // Build of only framework-nearby (not as part of connectivity) for
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     srcs: [":framework-nearby-java-sources"],
     sdk_version: "module_current",
     libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
         "framework-annotations-lib",
         "framework-bluetooth",
     ],
diff --git a/nearby/halfsheet/Android.bp b/nearby/halfsheet/Android.bp
index 486a3ff..8011dc6 100644
--- a/nearby/halfsheet/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/halfsheet/Android.bp
@@ -23,12 +23,11 @@
     sdk_version: "module_current",
     // This is included in tethering apex, which uses min SDK 30
     min_sdk_version: "30",
-    target_sdk_version: "current",
     updatable: true,
     certificate: ":com.android.nearby.halfsheetcertificate",
     libs: [
         "framework-bluetooth",
-        "framework-connectivity-t",
+        "framework-connectivity-t.impl",
         "nearby-service-string",
     ],
     static_libs: [
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@
         "com.google.android.material_material",
         "fast-pair-lite-protos",
     ],
-    plugins: ["java_api_finder"],
     manifest: "AndroidManifest.xml",
     jarjar_rules: ":nearby-jarjar-rules",
     apex_available: ["com.android.tethering",],
diff --git a/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml b/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml
index 6094199..d4ed675 100644
--- a/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml
+++ b/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
-    <string name="fast_pair_setup_in_progress" msgid="4158762239172829807">"Starting Setup…"</string>
+    <string name="fast_pair_setup_in_progress" msgid="4158762239172829807">"Starting setup…"</string>
     <string name="fast_pair_title_setup" msgid="2894360355540593246">"Set up device"</string>
     <string name="fast_pair_device_ready" msgid="2903490346082833101">"Device connected"</string>
     <string name="fast_pair_title_fail" msgid="5677174346601290232">"Couldn\'t connect"</string>
diff --git a/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ky/strings.xml b/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ky/strings.xml
index b0dfe20..812e0e8 100644
--- a/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ky/strings.xml
+++ b/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ky/strings.xml
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@
     <string name="paring_action_save" msgid="6259357442067880136">"Сактоо"</string>
     <string name="paring_action_connect" msgid="4801102939608129181">"Туташуу"</string>
     <string name="paring_action_launch" msgid="8940808384126591230">"Жөндөө"</string>
-    <string name="paring_action_settings" msgid="424875657242864302">"Параметрлер"</string>
+    <string name="paring_action_settings" msgid="424875657242864302">"Жөндөөлөр"</string>
 </resources>
diff --git a/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ro/strings.xml b/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ro/strings.xml
index 189f698..5b50f15 100644
--- a/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ro/strings.xml
+++ b/nearby/halfsheet/res/values-ro/strings.xml
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
     <string name="fast_pair_setup_in_progress" msgid="4158762239172829807">"Începe configurarea…"</string>
-    <string name="fast_pair_title_setup" msgid="2894360355540593246">"Configurează dispozitivul"</string>
+    <string name="fast_pair_title_setup" msgid="2894360355540593246">"Configurați dispozitivul"</string>
     <string name="fast_pair_device_ready" msgid="2903490346082833101">"Dispozitivul s-a conectat"</string>
     <string name="fast_pair_title_fail" msgid="5677174346601290232">"Nu s-a putut conecta"</string>
     <string name="paring_action_done" msgid="6888875159174470731">"Gata"</string>
-    <string name="paring_action_save" msgid="6259357442067880136">"Salvează"</string>
-    <string name="paring_action_connect" msgid="4801102939608129181">"Conectează"</string>
-    <string name="paring_action_launch" msgid="8940808384126591230">"Configurează"</string>
+    <string name="paring_action_save" msgid="6259357442067880136">"Salvați"</string>
+    <string name="paring_action_connect" msgid="4801102939608129181">"Conectați"</string>
+    <string name="paring_action_launch" msgid="8940808384126591230">"Configurați"</string>
     <string name="paring_action_settings" msgid="424875657242864302">"Setări"</string>
 </resources>
diff --git a/nearby/service/Android.bp b/nearby/service/Android.bp
index d318a80..ef07bb9 100644
--- a/nearby/service/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/service/Android.bp
@@ -85,10 +85,11 @@
     ],
     libs: [
         "androidx.annotation_annotation",
-        "framework-bluetooth.stubs.module_lib", // TODO(b/215722418): Change to framework-bluetooth once fixed
+        "framework-bluetooth",
         "error_prone_annotations",
+        "framework-configinfrastructure",
         "framework-connectivity-t.impl",
-        "framework-statsd.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-statsd",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "androidx.core_core",
diff --git a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/Android.bp b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/Android.bp
index 845ed84..0410cd5 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/Android.bp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
     libs: [
         "android.test.base",
         "framework-bluetooth.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-configinfrastructure",
         "framework-connectivity-t.impl",
     ],
     srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],
diff --git a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/AndroidManifest.xml b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/AndroidManifest.xml
index 96e2783..9e1ec70 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -30,7 +30,5 @@
   <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
       android:targetPackage="android.nearby.cts"
       android:label="CTS tests for android.nearby Fast Pair">
-    <meta-data android:name="listener"
-        android:value="com.android.cts.runner.CtsTestRunListener"/>
   </instrumentation>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/DataElementTest.java b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/DataElementTest.java
index ec6e89a..3654d0d 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/DataElementTest.java
+++ b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/DataElementTest.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
 public class DataElementTest {
 
-    private static final int KEY = 1234;
+    private static final int KEY = 1;
     private static final byte[] VALUE = new byte[]{1, 1, 1, 1};
 
     @Test
diff --git a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/NearbyDeviceParcelableTest.java b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/NearbyDeviceParcelableTest.java
index dd9cbb0..654b852 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/NearbyDeviceParcelableTest.java
+++ b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/NearbyDeviceParcelableTest.java
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 import android.nearby.NearbyDevice;
 import android.nearby.NearbyDeviceParcelable;
-import android.nearby.PublicCredential;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 
@@ -60,32 +59,6 @@
                         .setData(SCAN_DATA);
     }
 
-    /** Verify toString returns expected string. */
-    @Test
-    @SdkSuppress(minSdkVersion = 33, codeName = "T")
-    public void testToString() {
-        PublicCredential publicCredential =
-                new PublicCredential.Builder(
-                                new byte[] {1},
-                                new byte[] {2},
-                                new byte[] {3},
-                                new byte[] {4},
-                                new byte[] {5})
-                        .build();
-        NearbyDeviceParcelable nearbyDeviceParcelable =
-                mBuilder.setFastPairModelId(null)
-                        .setData(null)
-                        .setPublicCredential(publicCredential)
-                        .build();
-
-        assertThat(nearbyDeviceParcelable.toString())
-                .isEqualTo(
-                        "NearbyDeviceParcelable[scanType=2, name=testDevice, medium=BLE, "
-                                + "txPower=0, rssi=-60, action=0, bluetoothAddress="
-                                + BLUETOOTH_ADDRESS
-                                + ", fastPairModelId=null, data=null, salt=null]");
-    }
-
     @Test
     @SdkSuppress(minSdkVersion = 33, codeName = "T")
     public void test_defaultNullFields() {
diff --git a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceBroadcastRequestTest.java b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceBroadcastRequestTest.java
index 1daa410..eaa5ca1 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceBroadcastRequestTest.java
+++ b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceBroadcastRequestTest.java
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
     private static final byte[] SECRETE_ID = new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4};
     private static final byte[] AUTHENTICITY_KEY = new byte[]{0, 1, 1, 1};
     private static final byte[] METADATA_ENCRYPTION_KEY = new byte[]{1, 1, 3, 4, 5};
-    private static final int KEY = 1234;
+    private static final int KEY = 3;
     private static final byte[] VALUE = new byte[]{1, 1, 1, 1};
     private static final String DEVICE_NAME = "test_device";
 
diff --git a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceDeviceTest.java b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceDeviceTest.java
index 5fefc68..94f8fe7 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceDeviceTest.java
+++ b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceDeviceTest.java
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
     private static final int RSSI = -40;
     private static final int MEDIUM = NearbyDevice.Medium.BLE;
     private static final String DEVICE_NAME = "testDevice";
-    private static final int KEY = 1234;
+    private static final int KEY = 3;
     private static final byte[] VALUE = new byte[]{1, 1, 1, 1};
     private static final byte[] SALT = new byte[]{2, 3};
     private static final byte[] SECRET_ID = new byte[]{11, 13};
diff --git a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceScanFilterTest.java b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceScanFilterTest.java
index b7fe40a..cecdfd2 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceScanFilterTest.java
+++ b/nearby/tests/cts/fastpair/src/android/nearby/cts/PresenceScanFilterTest.java
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     private static final byte[] PUBLIC_KEY = new byte[]{1, 1, 2, 2};
     private static final byte[] ENCRYPTED_METADATA = new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
     private static final byte[] METADATA_ENCRYPTION_KEY_TAG = new byte[]{1, 1, 3, 4, 5};
-    private static final int KEY = 1234;
+    private static final int KEY = 3;
     private static final byte[] VALUE = new byte[]{1, 1, 1, 1};
 
 
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/README.md b/nearby/tests/multidevices/README.md
index b64667c..9d086de 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/README.md
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/README.md
@@ -43,14 +43,24 @@
 *   Adjust Bluetooth profile configurations. \
     The Fast Pair provider simulator is an opposite role to the seeker. It needs
     to enable/disable the following Bluetooth profile:
-    *   Disable A2DP (profile_supported_a2dp)
-    *   Disable the AVRCP controller (profile_supported_avrcp_controller)
-    *   Enable A2DP sink (profile_supported_a2dp_sink)
-    *   Enable the HFP client connection service (profile_supported_hfpclient,
-        hfp_client_connection_service_enabled)
-    *   Enable the AVRCP target (profile_supported_avrcp_target)
-    *   Enable the automatic audio focus request
-        (a2dp_sink_automatically_request_audio_focus)
+    *   Disable A2DP source (bluetooth.profile.a2dp.source.enabled)
+    *   Enable A2DP sink (bluetooth.profile.a2dp.sink.enabled)
+    *   Disable the AVRCP controller (bluetooth.profile.avrcp.controller.enabled)
+    *   Enable the AVRCP target (bluetooth.profile.avrcp.target.enabled)
+    *   Enable the HFP service (bluetooth.profile.hfp.ag.enabled, bluetooth.profile.hfp.hf.enabled)
+
+```makefile
+# The Bluetooth profiles that Fast Pair provider simulator expect to have enabled.
+PRODUCT_PRODUCT_PROPERTIES += \
+    bluetooth.device.default_name=FastPairProviderSimulator \
+    bluetooth.profile.a2dp.source.enabled=false \
+    bluetooth.profile.a2dp.sink.enabled=true \
+    bluetooth.profile.avrcp.controller.enabled=false \
+    bluetooth.profile.avrcp.target.enabled=true \
+    bluetooth.profile.hfp.ag.enabled=true \
+    bluetooth.profile.hfp.hf.enabled=true
+```
+
 *   Adjust Bluetooth TX power limitation in Bluetooth module and disable the
     Fast Pair in Google Play service (aka GMS)
 
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_service/fastpair_seeker_data_provider/Android.bp b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_service/fastpair_seeker_data_provider/Android.bp
index 328751a..b406776 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_service/fastpair_seeker_data_provider/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_service/fastpair_seeker_data_provider/Android.bp
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
     static_libs: [
         // TODO(b/228406038): Remove "framework-nearby-static" once Fast Pair system APIs add back.
         "framework-nearby-static",
+        "gson",
         "guava",
-        "gson-prebuilt-jar",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/simulator_app/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/simulator/app/MainActivity.java b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/simulator_app/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/simulator/app/MainActivity.java
index e916c53..75fafb0 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/simulator_app/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/simulator/app/MainActivity.java
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/simulator_app/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/simulator/app/MainActivity.java
@@ -657,9 +657,7 @@
 
             int desiredIoCapability = getIoCapabilityFromModelId(modelId);
 
-            mBluetoothController.setIoCapability(
-                    /*ioCapabilityClassic=*/ desiredIoCapability,
-                    /*ioCapabilityBLE=*/ desiredIoCapability);
+            mBluetoothController.setIoCapability(desiredIoCapability);
 
             runOnUiThread(() -> {
                 updateStringStatusView(
@@ -950,9 +948,7 @@
         }
 
         // Recover the IO capability.
-        mBluetoothController.setIoCapability(
-                /*ioCapabilityClassic=*/ IO_CAPABILITY_IO, /*ioCapabilityBLE=*/
-                IO_CAPABILITY_KBDISP);
+        mBluetoothController.setIoCapability(IO_CAPABILITY_IO);
 
         super.onDestroy();
     }
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/bluetooth/BluetoothController.kt b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/bluetooth/BluetoothController.kt
index 0cc0c92..345e8d2 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/bluetooth/BluetoothController.kt
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/fastpair_provider/src/android/nearby/fastpair/provider/bluetooth/BluetoothController.kt
@@ -50,23 +50,16 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Sets the Input/Output capability of the device for both classic Bluetooth and BLE operations.
+     * Sets the Input/Output capability of the device for classic Bluetooth operations.
      * Note: In order to let changes take effect, this method will make sure the Bluetooth stack is
      * restarted by blocking calling thread.
      *
      * @param ioCapabilityClassic One of {@link #IO_CAPABILITY_IO}, {@link #IO_CAPABILITY_NONE},
      * ```
      *     {@link #IO_CAPABILITY_KBDISP} or more in {@link BluetoothAdapter}.
-     * @param ioCapabilityBLE
-     * ```
-     * One of {@link #IO_CAPABILITY_IO}, {@link #IO_CAPABILITY_NONE}, {@link
-     * ```
-     *     #IO_CAPABILITY_KBDISP} or more in {@link BluetoothAdapter}.
-     * ```
      */
-    fun setIoCapability(ioCapabilityClassic: Int, ioCapabilityBLE: Int) {
+    fun setIoCapability(ioCapabilityClassic: Int) {
         bluetoothAdapter.ioCapability = ioCapabilityClassic
-        bluetoothAdapter.leIoCapability = ioCapabilityBLE
 
         // Toggling airplane mode on/off to restart Bluetooth stack and reset the BLE.
         try {
@@ -273,4 +266,4 @@
         private const val TURN_AIRPLANE_MODE_OFF = 0
         private const val TURN_AIRPLANE_MODE_ON = 1
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/snippet_helper/tests/Android.bp b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/snippet_helper/tests/Android.bp
index 284d5c2..ec0392c 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/snippet_helper/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/clients/test_support/snippet_helper/tests/Android.bp
@@ -35,4 +35,5 @@
         // timeout in seconds.
         timeout: 36000,
     },
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    upstream: true,
+}
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/Android.bp b/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/Android.bp
index b81032d..b6c1c9d 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/Android.bp
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@
     name: "NearbyMultiDevicesTestSuite",
     main: "suite_main.py",
     srcs: ["*.py"],
-    libs: ["NearbyMultiDevicesHostHelper"],
+    libs: [
+        "NearbyMultiDevicesHostHelper",
+        "mobly",
+    ],
     test_suites: [
         "general-tests",
         "mts-tethering",
@@ -38,6 +41,11 @@
         // Package the JSON metadata with the Mobly test.
         "test_data/**/*",
     ],
+    version: {
+        py3: {
+            embedded_launcher: true,
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 python_library_host {
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/AndroidTest.xml b/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/AndroidTest.xml
index c1f6a70..fff0ed1 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -42,11 +42,6 @@
             <option name="run-command" value="input keyevent KEYCODE_WAKEUP" />
             <option name="run-command" value="wm dismiss-keyguard" />
         </target_preparer>
-        <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PythonVirtualenvPreparer">
-          <!-- Any python dependencies can be specified and will be installed with pip -->
-          <!-- TODO(b/225958696): Import python dependencies -->
-          <option name="dep-module" value="mobly" />
-        </target_preparer>
         <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.DeviceSetup">
             <option name="force-skip-system-props" value="true" /> <!-- avoid restarting device -->
             <option name="screen-always-on" value="on" />
diff --git a/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/suite_main.py b/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/suite_main.py
index 4f5d48c..9a580fb 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/suite_main.py
+++ b/nearby/tests/multidevices/host/suite_main.py
@@ -31,11 +31,9 @@
 ]
 
 
-def _valid_argument(arg: str) -> bool:
-    return arg.startswith(('--config', '-c', '--tests', '--test_case'))
-
-
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     logging.basicConfig(filename=_BOOTSTRAP_LOGGING_FILENAME, level=logging.INFO)
-    suite_runner.run_suite(argv=[arg for arg in sys.argv if _valid_argument(arg)],
-                           test_classes=_TEST_CLASSES_LIST)
+    if '--' in sys.argv:
+        index = sys.argv.index('--')
+        sys.argv = sys.argv[:1] + sys.argv[index + 1:]
+    suite_runner.run_suite(test_classes=_TEST_CLASSES_LIST)
diff --git a/nearby/tests/robotests/Android.bp b/nearby/tests/robotests/Android.bp
index 56c0107..70fa0c3 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/robotests/Android.bp
+++ b/nearby/tests/robotests/Android.bp
@@ -42,15 +42,14 @@
         "androidx.lifecycle_lifecycle-runtime",
         "androidx.mediarouter_mediarouter-nodeps",
         "error_prone_annotations",
-        "mockito-robolectric-prebuilt",
         "service-nearby-pre-jarjar",
         "truth-prebuilt",
         "robolectric_android-all-stub",
-        "Robolectric_all-target",
     ],
 
     test_options: {
         // timeout in seconds.
         timeout: 36000,
     },
+    upstream: true,
 }
diff --git a/nearby/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/nearby/fastpair/cache/FastPairCacheManagerTest.java b/nearby/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/nearby/fastpair/cache/FastPairCacheManagerTest.java
index adae97d..fdda6f7 100644
--- a/nearby/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/nearby/fastpair/cache/FastPairCacheManagerTest.java
+++ b/nearby/tests/unit/src/com/android/server/nearby/fastpair/cache/FastPairCacheManagerTest.java
@@ -81,30 +81,20 @@
         Context mContext = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
         when(mDiscoveryItem.getCopyOfStoredItem()).thenReturn(mStoredDiscoveryItem);
         when(mDiscoveryItem.getTriggerId()).thenReturn(MODEL_ID);
-
-        FastPairCacheManager fastPairCacheManager = new FastPairCacheManager(mContext);
-        fastPairCacheManager.saveDiscoveryItem(mDiscoveryItem);
-        assertThat(fastPairCacheManager.getStoredDiscoveryItem(MODEL_ID).getAppName())
-                .isEqualTo(APP_NAME);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    @SdkSuppress(minSdkVersion = 32, codeName = "T")
-    public void getAllInfo() {
-        Context mContext = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
-        when(mDiscoveryItem.getCopyOfStoredItem()).thenReturn(mStoredDiscoveryItem);
-        when(mDiscoveryItem.getTriggerId()).thenReturn(MODEL_ID);
         when(mDiscoveryItem2.getCopyOfStoredItem()).thenReturn(mStoredDiscoveryItem2);
         when(mDiscoveryItem2.getTriggerId()).thenReturn(MODEL_ID2);
 
         FastPairCacheManager fastPairCacheManager = new FastPairCacheManager(mContext);
         fastPairCacheManager.saveDiscoveryItem(mDiscoveryItem);
-
-        assertThat(fastPairCacheManager.getAllSavedStoreDiscoveryItem()).hasSize(2);
+        assertThat(fastPairCacheManager.getStoredDiscoveryItem(MODEL_ID).getAppName())
+                .isEqualTo(APP_NAME);
+        assertThat(fastPairCacheManager.getAllSavedStoreDiscoveryItem()).hasSize(1);
 
         fastPairCacheManager.saveDiscoveryItem(mDiscoveryItem2);
-
-        assertThat(fastPairCacheManager.getAllSavedStoreDiscoveryItem()).hasSize(3);
+        assertThat(fastPairCacheManager.getStoredDiscoveryItem(MODEL_ID2).getAppName())
+                .isEqualTo(APP_NAME);
+        assertThat(fastPairCacheManager.getAllSavedStoreDiscoveryItem()).hasSize(2);
+        fastPairCacheManager.cleanUp();
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/netd/Android.bp b/netd/Android.bp
index 5ac02d3..473460d 100644
--- a/netd/Android.bp
+++ b/netd/Android.bp
@@ -55,13 +55,15 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "netd_updatable_unit_test",
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     require_root: true,  // required by setrlimitForTest()
     header_libs: [
         "bpf_connectivity_headers",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "BpfHandlerTest.cpp",
+        "BpfBaseTest.cpp"
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libnetd_updatable",
@@ -71,7 +73,9 @@
         "libcutils",
         "liblog",
         "libnetdutils",
+        "libprocessgroup",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
     multilib: {
         lib32: {
             suffix: "32",
diff --git a/netd/BpfBaseTest.cpp b/netd/BpfBaseTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..624d216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/netd/BpfBaseTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <linux/inet_diag.h>
+#include <linux/sock_diag.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <cutils/qtaguid.h>
+#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <netdutils/NetNativeTestBase.h>
+
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
+#include "netd.h"
+
+using android::base::Result;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+
+// Use the upper limit of uid to avoid conflict with real app uids. We can't use UID_MAX because
+// it's -1, which is INVALID_UID.
+constexpr uid_t TEST_UID = UID_MAX - 1;
+constexpr uint32_t TEST_TAG = 42;
+
+class BpfBasicTest : public NetNativeTestBase {
+  protected:
+    BpfBasicTest() {}
+};
+
+TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestCgroupMounted) {
+    std::string cg2_path;
+    ASSERT_EQ(true, CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &cg2_path));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, access(cg2_path.c_str(), R_OK));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, access((cg2_path + "/cgroup.controllers").c_str(), R_OK));
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestTagSocket) {
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> cookieTagMap(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cookieTagMap.isValid());
+    int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    ASSERT_LE(0, sock);
+    uint64_t cookie = getSocketCookie(sock);
+    ASSERT_NE(NONEXISTENT_COOKIE, cookie);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_tagSocket(sock, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
+    Result<UidTagValue> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(tagResult);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, tagResult.value().uid);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG, tagResult.value().tag);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_untagSocket(sock));
+    tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(tagResult.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.error().code());
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestCloseSocketWithoutUntag) {
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> cookieTagMap(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cookieTagMap.isValid());
+    int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    ASSERT_LE(0, sock);
+    uint64_t cookie = getSocketCookie(sock);
+    ASSERT_NE(NONEXISTENT_COOKIE, cookie);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_tagSocket(sock, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
+    Result<UidTagValue> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(tagResult);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, tagResult.value().uid);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG, tagResult.value().tag);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, close(sock));
+    // Check map periodically until sk destroy handler have done its job.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        usleep(5000);  // 5ms
+        tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+        if (!tagResult.ok()) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.error().code());
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    FAIL() << "socket tag still exist after 50ms";
+}
+
+}
+}
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
index 6ae26c3..8081d12 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 namespace net {
 
 using base::unique_fd;
-using bpf::NONEXISTENT_COOKIE;
 using bpf::getSocketCookie;
 using bpf::retrieveProgram;
 using netdutils::Status;
@@ -64,6 +63,16 @@
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
+static Status checkProgramAccessible(const char* programPath) {
+    unique_fd prog(retrieveProgram(programPath));
+    if (prog == -1) {
+        int ret = errno;
+        ALOGE("Failed to get program from %s: %s", programPath, strerror(ret));
+        return statusFromErrno(ret, "program retrieve failed");
+    }
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
+}
+
 static Status initPrograms(const char* cg2_path) {
     unique_fd cg_fd(open(cg2_path, O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (cg_fd == -1) {
@@ -71,6 +80,10 @@
         ALOGE("Failed to open the cgroup directory: %s", strerror(ret));
         return statusFromErrno(ret, "Open the cgroup directory failed");
     }
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(checkProgramAccessible(XT_BPF_ALLOWLIST_PROG_PATH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(checkProgramAccessible(XT_BPF_DENYLIST_PROG_PATH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(checkProgramAccessible(XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(checkProgramAccessible(XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(attachProgramToCgroup(BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH, cg_fd, BPF_CGROUP_INET_EGRESS));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(attachProgramToCgroup(BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH, cg_fd, BPF_CGROUP_INET_INGRESS));
 
@@ -79,7 +92,7 @@
     // cgroup if the program is pinned properly.
     // TODO: delete the if statement once all devices should support cgroup
     // socket filter (ie. the minimum kernel version required is 4.14).
-    if (!access(CGROUP_SOCKET_PROG_PATH, F_OK)) {
+    if (bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(4, 14, 0)) {
         RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
                 attachProgramToCgroup(CGROUP_SOCKET_PROG_PATH, cg_fd, BPF_CGROUP_INET_SOCK_CREATE));
     }
@@ -105,12 +118,13 @@
 }
 
 Status BpfHandler::initMaps() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mCookieTagMap.init(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapA.init(STATS_MAP_A_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapB.init(STATS_MAP_B_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.init(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidPermissionMap.init(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH));
+    // initialized last so mCookieTagMap.isValid() implies everything else is valid too
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mCookieTagMap.init(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH));
+    ALOGI("%s successfully", __func__);
 
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
@@ -127,19 +141,16 @@
 }
 
 int BpfHandler::tagSocket(int sockFd, uint32_t tag, uid_t chargeUid, uid_t realUid) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    if (chargeUid != realUid && !hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(realUid)) {
-        return -EPERM;
-    }
+    if (!mCookieTagMap.isValid()) return -EPERM;
+
+    if (chargeUid != realUid && !hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(realUid)) return -EPERM;
 
     // Note that tagging the socket to AID_CLAT is only implemented in JNI ClatCoordinator.
     // The process is not allowed to tag socket to AID_CLAT via tagSocket() which would cause
     // process data usage accounting to be bypassed. Tagging AID_CLAT is used for avoiding counting
     // CLAT traffic data usage twice. See packages/modules/Connectivity/service/jni/
     // com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp
-    if (chargeUid == AID_CLAT) {
-        return -EPERM;
-    }
+    if (chargeUid == AID_CLAT) return -EPERM;
 
     // The socket destroy listener only monitors on the group {INET_TCP, INET_UDP, INET6_TCP,
     // INET6_UDP}. Tagging listener unsupported socket causes that the tag can't be removed from
@@ -173,16 +184,17 @@
     }
 
     uint64_t sock_cookie = getSocketCookie(sockFd);
-    if (sock_cookie == NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) return -errno;
+    if (!sock_cookie) return -errno;
+
     UidTagValue newKey = {.uid = (uint32_t)chargeUid, .tag = tag};
 
     uint32_t totalEntryCount = 0;
     uint32_t perUidEntryCount = 0;
     // Now we go through the stats map and count how many entries are associated
     // with chargeUid. If the uid entry hit the limit for each chargeUid, we block
-    // the request to prevent the map from overflow. It is safe here to iterate
-    // over the map since when mMutex is hold, system server cannot toggle
-    // the live stats map and clean it. So nobody can delete entries from the map.
+    // the request to prevent the map from overflow. Note though that it isn't really
+    // safe here to iterate over the map since it might be modified by the system server,
+    // which might toggle the live stats map and clean it.
     const auto countUidStatsEntries = [chargeUid, &totalEntryCount, &perUidEntryCount](
                                               const StatsKey& key,
                                               const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>&) {
@@ -222,9 +234,9 @@
     }
     // Update the tag information of a socket to the cookieUidMap. Use BPF_ANY
     // flag so it will insert a new entry to the map if that value doesn't exist
-    // yet. And update the tag if there is already a tag stored. Since the eBPF
+    // yet and update the tag if there is already a tag stored. Since the eBPF
     // program in kernel only read this map, and is protected by rcu read lock. It
-    // should be fine to cocurrently update the map while eBPF program is running.
+    // should be fine to concurrently update the map while eBPF program is running.
     res = mCookieTagMap.writeValue(sock_cookie, newKey, BPF_ANY);
     if (!res.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Failed to tag the socket: %s, fd: %d", strerror(res.error().code()),
@@ -235,13 +247,13 @@
 }
 
 int BpfHandler::untagSocket(int sockFd) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
     uint64_t sock_cookie = getSocketCookie(sockFd);
+    if (!sock_cookie) return -errno;
 
-    if (sock_cookie == NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) return -errno;
+    if (!mCookieTagMap.isValid()) return -EPERM;
     base::Result<void> res = mCookieTagMap.deleteValue(sock_cookie);
     if (!res.ok()) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s\n", strerror(res.error().code()));
+        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s", strerror(res.error().code()));
         return -res.error().code();
     }
     return 0;
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.h b/netd/BpfHandler.h
index 5ee04d1..a6da4eb 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.h
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.h
@@ -16,11 +16,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <mutex>
-
 #include <netdutils/Status.h>
 #include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
-#include "bpf_shared.h"
+#include "netd.h"
 
 using android::bpf::BpfMap;
 using android::bpf::BpfMapRO;
@@ -66,8 +64,6 @@
     BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> mConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mUidPermissionMap;
 
-    std::mutex mMutex;
-
     // The limit on the number of stats entries a uid can have in the per uid stats map. BpfHandler
     // will block that specific uid from tagging new sockets after the limit is reached.
     const uint32_t mPerUidStatsEntriesLimit;
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
index a031dbb..f5c9a68 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#define TEST_BPF_MAP
+#define BPF_MAP_MAKE_VISIBLE_FOR_TESTING
 #include "BpfHandler.h"
 
 using namespace android::bpf;  // NOLINT(google-build-using-namespace): exempted
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidPermissionMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mBh.mMutex);
         ASSERT_EQ(0, setrlimitForTest());
 
         mFakeCookieTagMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@
         mFakeConfigurationMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE);
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeConfigurationMap);
 
-        mFakeUidPermissionMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
+        mFakeUidPermissionMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeUidPermissionMap);
 
         mBh.mCookieTagMap = mFakeCookieTagMap;
diff --git a/netd/NetdUpdatable.cpp b/netd/NetdUpdatable.cpp
index f0997fc..41b1fdb 100644
--- a/netd/NetdUpdatable.cpp
+++ b/netd/NetdUpdatable.cpp
@@ -16,19 +16,20 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "NetdUpdatable"
 
-#include "NetdUpdatable.h"
+#include "BpfHandler.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <netdutils/Status.h>
 
 #include "NetdUpdatablePublic.h"
 
+static android::net::BpfHandler sBpfHandler;
+
 int libnetd_updatable_init(const char* cg2_path) {
     android::base::InitLogging(/*argv=*/nullptr);
     LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": Initializing";
 
-    android::net::gNetdUpdatable = android::net::NetdUpdatable::getInstance();
-    android::netdutils::Status ret = android::net::gNetdUpdatable->mBpfHandler.init(cg2_path);
+    android::netdutils::Status ret = sBpfHandler.init(cg2_path);
     if (!android::netdutils::isOk(ret)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": BPF handler init failed";
         return -ret.code();
@@ -37,25 +38,9 @@
 }
 
 int libnetd_updatable_tagSocket(int sockFd, uint32_t tag, uid_t chargeUid, uid_t realUid) {
-    if (android::net::gNetdUpdatable == nullptr) return -EPERM;
-    return android::net::gNetdUpdatable->mBpfHandler.tagSocket(sockFd, tag, chargeUid, realUid);
+    return sBpfHandler.tagSocket(sockFd, tag, chargeUid, realUid);
 }
 
 int libnetd_updatable_untagSocket(int sockFd) {
-    if (android::net::gNetdUpdatable == nullptr) return -EPERM;
-    return android::net::gNetdUpdatable->mBpfHandler.untagSocket(sockFd);
+    return sBpfHandler.untagSocket(sockFd);
 }
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-NetdUpdatable* gNetdUpdatable = nullptr;
-
-NetdUpdatable* NetdUpdatable::getInstance() {
-    // Instantiated on first use.
-    static NetdUpdatable instance;
-    return &instance;
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/netd/NetdUpdatable.h b/netd/NetdUpdatable.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 333037f..0000000
--- a/netd/NetdUpdatable.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2022, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "BpfHandler.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class NetdUpdatable {
-  public:
-    NetdUpdatable() = default;
-    NetdUpdatable(const NetdUpdatable&) = delete;
-    NetdUpdatable& operator=(const NetdUpdatable&) = delete;
-    static NetdUpdatable* getInstance();
-
-    BpfHandler mBpfHandler;
-};
-
-extern NetdUpdatable* gNetdUpdatable;
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/Android.bp b/service-t/Android.bp
index 1b9f2ec..7de749c 100644
--- a/service-t/Android.bp
+++ b/service-t/Android.bp
@@ -47,9 +47,12 @@
     ],
     libs: [
         "framework-annotations-lib",
+        "framework-configinfrastructure",
         "framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "framework-connectivity-t-pre-jarjar",
-        "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
+        // TODO: use framework-tethering-pre-jarjar when it is separated from framework-tethering
+        "framework-tethering.impl",
+        "framework-wifi",
         "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "service-nearby-pre-jarjar",
         "ServiceConnectivityResources",
@@ -72,3 +75,47 @@
         "//packages/modules/IPsec/tests/iketests",
     ],
 }
+
+// Test building mDNS as a standalone, so that it can be imported into other repositories as-is.
+// The mDNS code is platform code so it should use framework-annotations-lib, contrary to apps that
+// should use sdk_version: "system_current" and only androidx.annotation_annotation. But this build
+// rule verifies that the mDNS code can be built into apps, if code transformations are applied to
+// the annotations.
+// When using "system_current", framework annotations are not available; they would appear as
+// package-private as they are marked as such in the system_current stubs. So build against
+// core_platform and add the stubs manually in "libs". See http://b/147773144#comment7.
+java_library {
+    name: "service-connectivity-mdns-standalone-build-test",
+    sdk_version: "core_platform",
+    srcs: [
+        ":service-mdns-droidstubs",
+        "src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/**/*.java",
+    ],
+    exclude_srcs: [
+        "src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java",
+        "src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java"
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "net-utils-device-common-mdns-standalone-build-test",
+    ],
+    libs: [
+        "framework-annotations-lib",
+        "android_system_stubs_current",
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+    ],
+    visibility: [
+        "//visibility:private",
+    ],
+}
+
+droidstubs {
+    name: "service-mdns-droidstubs",
+    srcs: ["src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java"],
+    libs: [
+        "net-utils-device-common-mdns-standalone-build-test",
+        "service-connectivity-tiramisu-pre-jarjar"
+    ],
+    visibility: [
+        "//visibility:private",
+    ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory.cpp b/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory.cpp
index 8b6526f..a16757b 100644
--- a/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory.cpp
+++ b/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory.cpp
@@ -93,118 +93,6 @@
     return env->NewLongArray(size);
 }
 
-static int legacyReadNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
-                                        const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces,
-                                        int limitTag, int limitUid, const char* path) {
-    FILE* fp = fopen(path, "re");
-    if (fp == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    int lastIdx = 1;
-    int idx;
-    char buffer[384];
-    while (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), fp) != NULL) {
-        stats_line s;
-        int64_t rawTag;
-        char* pos = buffer;
-        char* endPos;
-        // First field is the index.
-        idx = (int)strtol(pos, &endPos, 10);
-        //ALOGI("Index #%d: %s", idx, buffer);
-        if (pos == endPos) {
-            // Skip lines that don't start with in index.  In particular,
-            // this will skip the initial header line.
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (idx != lastIdx + 1) {
-            ALOGE("inconsistent idx=%d after lastIdx=%d: %s", idx, lastIdx, buffer);
-            fclose(fp);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        lastIdx = idx;
-        pos = endPos;
-        // Skip whitespace.
-        while (*pos == ' ') {
-            pos++;
-        }
-        // Next field is iface.
-        int ifaceIdx = 0;
-        while (*pos != ' ' && *pos != 0 && ifaceIdx < (int)(sizeof(s.iface)-1)) {
-            s.iface[ifaceIdx] = *pos;
-            ifaceIdx++;
-            pos++;
-        }
-        if (*pos != ' ') {
-            ALOGE("bad iface: %s", buffer);
-            fclose(fp);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        s.iface[ifaceIdx] = 0;
-        if (limitIfaces.size() > 0) {
-            // Is this an iface the caller is interested in?
-            int i = 0;
-            while (i < (int)limitIfaces.size()) {
-                if (limitIfaces[i] == s.iface) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                i++;
-            }
-            if (i >= (int)limitIfaces.size()) {
-                // Nothing matched; skip this line.
-                //ALOGI("skipping due to iface: %s", buffer);
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Ignore whitespace
-        while (*pos == ' ') pos++;
-
-        // Find end of tag field
-        endPos = pos;
-        while (*endPos != ' ') endPos++;
-
-        // Three digit field is always 0x0, otherwise parse
-        if (endPos - pos == 3) {
-            rawTag = 0;
-        } else {
-            if (sscanf(pos, "%" PRIx64, &rawTag) != 1) {
-                ALOGE("bad tag: %s", pos);
-                fclose(fp);
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
-        s.tag = rawTag >> 32;
-        if (limitTag != -1 && s.tag != static_cast<uint32_t>(limitTag)) {
-            //ALOGI("skipping due to tag: %s", buffer);
-            continue;
-        }
-        pos = endPos;
-
-        // Ignore whitespace
-        while (*pos == ' ') pos++;
-
-        // Parse remaining fields.
-        if (sscanf(pos, "%u %u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64,
-                &s.uid, &s.set, &s.rxBytes, &s.rxPackets,
-                &s.txBytes, &s.txPackets) == 6) {
-            if (limitUid != -1 && static_cast<uint32_t>(limitUid) != s.uid) {
-                //ALOGI("skipping due to uid: %s", buffer);
-                continue;
-            }
-            lines->push_back(s);
-        } else {
-            //ALOGI("skipping due to bad remaining fields: %s", pos);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (fclose(fp) != 0) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to close netstats file");
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static int statsLinesToNetworkStats(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject stats,
                             std::vector<stats_line>& lines) {
     int size = lines.size();
@@ -282,37 +170,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int readNetworkStatsDetail(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject stats, jstring path,
-                                  jint limitUid, jobjectArray limitIfacesObj, jint limitTag,
-                                  jboolean useBpfStats) {
-
-    std::vector<std::string> limitIfaces;
-    if (limitIfacesObj != NULL && env->GetArrayLength(limitIfacesObj) > 0) {
-        int num = env->GetArrayLength(limitIfacesObj);
-        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-            jstring string = (jstring)env->GetObjectArrayElement(limitIfacesObj, i);
-            ScopedUtfChars string8(env, string);
-            if (string8.c_str() != NULL) {
-                limitIfaces.push_back(std::string(string8.c_str()));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+static int readNetworkStatsDetail(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject stats) {
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
 
-
-    if (useBpfStats) {
-        if (parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(&lines, limitIfaces, limitTag, limitUid) < 0)
-            return -1;
-    } else {
-        ScopedUtfChars path8(env, path);
-        if (path8.c_str() == NULL) {
-            ALOGE("the qtaguid legacy path is invalid: %s", path8.c_str());
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (legacyReadNetworkStatsDetail(&lines, limitIfaces, limitTag,
-                                         limitUid, path8.c_str()) < 0)
-            return -1;
-    }
+    if (parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(&lines) < 0)
+        return -1;
 
     return statsLinesToNetworkStats(env, clazz, stats, lines);
 }
@@ -327,15 +189,15 @@
 }
 
 static const JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
-        { "nativeReadNetworkStatsDetail",
-                "(Landroid/net/NetworkStats;Ljava/lang/String;I[Ljava/lang/String;IZ)I",
+        { "nativeReadNetworkStatsDetail", "(Landroid/net/NetworkStats;)I",
                 (void*) readNetworkStatsDetail },
         { "nativeReadNetworkStatsDev", "(Landroid/net/NetworkStats;)I",
                 (void*) readNetworkStatsDev },
 };
 
 int register_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory(JNIEnv* env) {
-    int err = jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactory", gMethods,
+    int err = jniRegisterNativeMethods(env,
+            "android/net/connectivity/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactory", gMethods,
             NELEM(gMethods));
     gStringClass = env->FindClass("java/lang/String");
     gStringClass = static_cast<jclass>(env->NewGlobalRef(gStringClass));
diff --git a/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsService.cpp b/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsService.cpp
index 39cbaf7..dab9d07 100644
--- a/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsService.cpp
+++ b/service-t/jni/com_android_server_net_NetworkStatsService.cpp
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@
 
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 #include "netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h"
+#include "netdbpf/NetworkTraceHandler.h"
 
 using android::bpf::bpfGetUidStats;
 using android::bpf::bpfGetIfaceStats;
+using android::bpf::NetworkTraceHandler;
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static jlong getTotalStat(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jint type) {
+static jlong nativeGetTotalStat(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jint type) {
     Stats stats = {};
 
     if (bpfGetIfaceStats(NULL, &stats) == 0) {
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static jlong getIfaceStat(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jstring iface, jint type) {
+static jlong nativeGetIfaceStat(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jstring iface, jint type) {
     ScopedUtfChars iface8(env, iface);
     if (iface8.c_str() == NULL) {
         return UNKNOWN;
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static jlong getUidStat(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jint uid, jint type) {
+static jlong nativeGetUidStat(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jint uid, jint type) {
     Stats stats = {};
 
     if (bpfGetUidStats(uid, &stats) == 0) {
@@ -102,15 +104,21 @@
     }
 }
 
+static void nativeInitNetworkTracing(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) {
+    NetworkTraceHandler::InitPerfettoTracing();
+}
+
 static const JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
-        {"nativeGetTotalStat", "(I)J", (void*)getTotalStat},
-        {"nativeGetIfaceStat", "(Ljava/lang/String;I)J", (void*)getIfaceStat},
-        {"nativeGetUidStat", "(II)J", (void*)getUidStat},
+        {"nativeGetTotalStat", "(I)J", (void*)nativeGetTotalStat},
+        {"nativeGetIfaceStat", "(Ljava/lang/String;I)J", (void*)nativeGetIfaceStat},
+        {"nativeGetUidStat", "(II)J", (void*)nativeGetUidStat},
+        {"nativeInitNetworkTracing", "()V", (void*)nativeInitNetworkTracing},
 };
 
 int register_android_server_net_NetworkStatsService(JNIEnv* env) {
-    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService", gMethods,
-                                    NELEM(gMethods));
+    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env,
+            "android/net/connectivity/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService", gMethods,
+            NELEM(gMethods));
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp
index bf56fd5..f40d388 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/Android.bp
@@ -24,12 +24,20 @@
     host_supported: false,
     header_libs: ["bpf_connectivity_headers"],
     srcs: [
-        "BpfNetworkStats.cpp"
+        "BpfNetworkStats.cpp",
+        "NetworkTraceHandler.cpp",
+        "NetworkTracePoller.cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
     ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libperfetto_client_experimental",
+    ],
+    export_static_lib_headers: [
+        "libperfetto_client_experimental",
+    ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -48,11 +56,14 @@
 
 cc_test {
     name: "libnetworkstats_test",
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     require_root: true,  // required by setrlimitForTest()
     header_libs: ["bpf_connectivity_headers"],
     srcs: [
         "BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp",
+        "NetworkTraceHandlerTest.cpp",
+        "NetworkTracePollerTest.cpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -63,9 +74,22 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libgmock",
         "libnetworkstats",
+        "libperfetto_client_experimental",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "perfetto_trace_protos",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
+        "libandroid_net",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+    multilib: {
+        lib32: {
+            suffix: "32",
+        },
+        lib64: {
+            suffix: "64",
+        },
+    },
 }
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
index 9ebef4d..1bc8ca5 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "android-base/strings.h"
 #include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
-#include "bpf_shared.h"
+#include "netd.h"
 #include "netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h"
 
 #ifdef LOG_TAG
@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@
 
 using base::Result;
 
-// The target map for stats reading should be the inactive map, which is opposite
-// from the config value.
-static constexpr char const* STATS_MAP_PATH[] = {STATS_MAP_B_PATH, STATS_MAP_A_PATH};
-
 int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, Stats* stats,
                            const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& appUidStatsMap) {
     auto statsEntry = appUidStatsMap.readValue(uid);
@@ -58,13 +54,7 @@
 }
 
 int bpfGetUidStats(uid_t uid, Stats* stats) {
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH);
-
-    if (!appUidStatsMap.isValid()) {
-        int ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Opening appUidStatsMap(%s) failed: %s", APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
+    static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH);
     return bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid, stats, appUidStatsMap);
 }
 
@@ -100,19 +90,8 @@
 }
 
 int bpfGetIfaceStats(const char* iface, Stats* stats) {
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
-    int ret;
-    if (!ifaceStatsMap.isValid()) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get ifaceStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
-    if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
+    static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
+    static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
     return bpfGetIfaceStatsInternal(iface, stats, ifaceStatsMap, ifaceIndexNameMap);
 }
 
@@ -130,13 +109,12 @@
     return newLine;
 }
 
-int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
-                                       const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
-                                       int limitUid, const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap,
+int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(std::vector<stats_line>& lines,
+                                       const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap,
                                        const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap) {
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
     const auto processDetailUidStats =
-            [lines, &limitIfaces, &limitTag, &limitUid, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMap](
+            [&lines, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMap](
                     const StatsKey& key,
                     const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap) -> Result<void> {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
@@ -144,23 +122,17 @@
                                 &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
             return Result<void>();
         }
-        std::string ifnameStr(ifname);
-        if (limitIfaces.size() > 0 &&
-            std::find(limitIfaces.begin(), limitIfaces.end(), ifnameStr) == limitIfaces.end()) {
-            // Nothing matched; skip this line.
-            return Result<void>();
-        }
-        if (limitTag != TAG_ALL && uint32_t(limitTag) != key.tag) {
-            return Result<void>();
-        }
-        if (limitUid != UID_ALL && uint32_t(limitUid) != key.uid) {
-            return Result<void>();
-        }
         Result<StatsValue> statsEntry = statsMap.readValue(key);
         if (!statsEntry.ok()) {
             return base::ResultError(statsEntry.error().message(), statsEntry.error().code());
         }
-        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(key, statsEntry.value(), ifname));
+        stats_line newLine = populateStatsEntry(key, statsEntry.value(), ifname);
+        lines.push_back(newLine);
+        if (newLine.tag) {
+            // account tagged traffic in the untagged stats (for historical reasons?)
+            newLine.tag = 0;
+            lines.push_back(newLine);
+        }
         return Result<void>();
     };
     Result<void> res = statsMap.iterate(processDetailUidStats);
@@ -183,46 +155,44 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
-                               const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
-                               int limitUid) {
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
-    if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
-        int ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> configurationMap(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH);
-    if (!configurationMap.isValid()) {
-        int ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get configuration map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
+int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines) {
+    static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
+    static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> configurationMap(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH);
+    static BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapA(STATS_MAP_A_PATH);
+    static BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapB(STATS_MAP_B_PATH);
     auto configuration = configurationMap.readValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
     if (!configuration.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot read the old configuration from map: %s",
               configuration.error().message().c_str());
         return -configuration.error().code();
     }
-    const char* statsMapPath = STATS_MAP_PATH[configuration.value()];
-    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMap(statsMapPath);
-    if (!statsMap.isValid()) {
-        int ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get stats map fd failed: %s, path: %s", strerror(errno), statsMapPath);
-        return ret;
+    // The target map for stats reading should be the inactive map, which is opposite
+    // from the config value.
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> *inactiveStatsMap;
+    switch (configuration.value()) {
+      case SELECT_MAP_A:
+        inactiveStatsMap = &statsMapB;
+        break;
+      case SELECT_MAP_B:
+        inactiveStatsMap = &statsMapA;
+        break;
+      default:
+        ALOGE("%s unknown configuration value: %d", __func__, configuration.value());
+        return -EINVAL;
     }
 
     // It is safe to read and clear the old map now since the
     // networkStatsFactory should call netd to swap the map in advance already.
-    int ret = parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, limitIfaces, limitTag, limitUid, statsMap,
-                                                 ifaceIndexNameMap);
+    // TODO: the above comment feels like it may be obsolete / out of date,
+    // since we no longer swap the map via netd binder rpc - though we do
+    // still swap it.
+    int ret = parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(*lines, *inactiveStatsMap, ifaceIndexNameMap);
     if (ret) {
         ALOGE("parse detail network stats failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
 
-    Result<void> res = statsMap.clear();
+    Result<void> res = inactiveStatsMap->clear();
     if (!res.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Clean up current stats map failed: %s", strerror(res.error().code()));
         return -res.error().code();
@@ -231,11 +201,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
+int parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(std::vector<stats_line>& lines,
                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& statsMap,
                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap) {
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
-    const auto processDetailIfaceStats = [lines, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMap, &statsMap](
+    const auto processDetailIfaceStats = [&lines, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMap, &statsMap](
                                              const uint32_t& key, const StatsValue& value,
                                              const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
@@ -247,7 +217,7 @@
                 .tag = (uint32_t)TAG_NONE,
                 .counterSet = (uint32_t)SET_ALL,
         };
-        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(fakeKey, value, ifname));
+        lines.push_back(populateStatsEntry(fakeKey, value, ifname));
         return Result<void>();
     };
     Result<void> res = statsMap.iterateWithValue(processDetailIfaceStats);
@@ -262,47 +232,30 @@
 }
 
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDev(std::vector<stats_line>* lines) {
-    int ret = 0;
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
-    if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
-    if (!ifaceStatsMap.isValid()) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get ifaceStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
-    return parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(lines, ifaceStatsMap, ifaceIndexNameMap);
+    static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
+    static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
+    return parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(*lines, ifaceStatsMap, ifaceIndexNameMap);
 }
 
-uint64_t combineUidTag(const uid_t uid, const uint32_t tag) {
-    return (uint64_t)uid << 32 | tag;
-}
-
-void groupNetworkStats(std::vector<stats_line>* lines) {
-    if (lines->size() <= 1) return;
-    std::sort(lines->begin(), lines->end());
+void groupNetworkStats(std::vector<stats_line>& lines) {
+    if (lines.size() <= 1) return;
+    std::sort(lines.begin(), lines.end());
 
     // Similar to std::unique(), but aggregates the duplicates rather than discarding them.
-    size_t nextOutput = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 1; i < lines->size(); i++) {
-        if (lines->at(nextOutput) == lines->at(i)) {
-            lines->at(nextOutput) += lines->at(i);
+    size_t currentOutput = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < lines.size(); i++) {
+        // note that == operator only compares the 'key' portion: iface/uid/tag/set
+        if (lines[currentOutput] == lines[i]) {
+            // while += operator only affects the 'data' portion: {rx,tx}{Bytes,Packets}
+            lines[currentOutput] += lines[i];
         } else {
-            nextOutput++;
-            if (nextOutput != i) {
-                lines->at(nextOutput) = lines->at(i);
-            }
+            // okay, we're done aggregating the current line, move to the next one
+            lines[++currentOutput] = lines[i];
         }
     }
 
-    if (lines->size() != nextOutput + 1) {
-        lines->resize(nextOutput + 1);
-    }
+    // possibly shrink the vector - currentOutput is the last line with valid data
+    lines.resize(currentOutput + 1);
 }
 
 // True if lhs equals to rhs, only compare iface, uid, tag and set.
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
index 4974b96..ccd3f5e 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
+#define BPF_MAP_MAKE_VISIBLE_FOR_TESTING
 #include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 #include "netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h"
@@ -80,19 +81,19 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(0, setrlimitForTest());
 
         mFakeCookieTagMap = BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeCookieTagMap.getMap());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFakeCookieTagMap.isValid());
 
         mFakeAppUidStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeAppUidStatsMap.getMap());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.isValid());
 
         mFakeStatsMap = BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeStatsMap.getMap());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFakeStatsMap.isValid());
 
         mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.getMap());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.isValid());
 
         mFakeIfaceStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceStatsMap.getMap());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.isValid());
     }
 
     void expectUidTag(uint64_t cookie, uid_t uid, uint32_t tag) {
@@ -224,18 +225,11 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetUidStatsInternal(TEST_UID2, &result2, mFakeAppUidStatsMap));
     expectStatsEqual(value2, result2);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
-    std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET1, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, 0, IFACE_INDEX3, TEST_COUNTERSET1, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID1,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)2, lines.size());
-    lines.clear();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID2,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)1, lines.size());
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME3, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET1, 0, lines.front());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)3, lines.size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestGetIfaceStatsInternal) {
@@ -296,24 +290,8 @@
                       mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
-    std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)4, lines.size());
-    lines.clear();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID1,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)3, lines.size());
-    lines.clear();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID1,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)2, lines.size());
-    lines.clear();
-    ifaces.push_back(std::string(IFACE_NAME1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID1,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)1, lines.size());
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines.front());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)7, lines.size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestGetStatsWithSkippedIface) {
@@ -325,30 +303,15 @@
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
             .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
-    populateFakeStats(0, 0, 0, OVERFLOW_COUNTERSET, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    // next stats entry will be ignored due to ifindex 0 not being present in mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap
+    populateFakeStats(0, 0, 0, TEST_COUNTERSET1, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
-    std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)4, lines.size());
-    lines.clear();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID1,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)3, lines.size());
-    lines.clear();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID2,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)1, lines.size());
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0, lines.front());
-    lines.clear();
-    ifaces.push_back(std::string(IFACE_NAME1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID1,
-                                                    mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)2, lines.size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestUnknownIfaceError) {
@@ -385,10 +348,8 @@
                                            ifname, curKey, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal));
     ASSERT_EQ(-1, unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
-    std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
     // TODO: find a way to test the total of unknown Iface Bytes go above limit.
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)1, lines.size());
     expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0, lines.front());
 }
@@ -420,7 +381,7 @@
     EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY));
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     ASSERT_EQ(0,
-              parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(&lines, mFakeIfaceStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+              parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(lines, mFakeIfaceStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)4, lines.size());
 
     expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, lines[0]);
@@ -448,28 +409,32 @@
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
             .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
     };
-    StatsValue value3 = {
+    StatsValue value3 = {  // value1 *2
             .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
             .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
             .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
     };
+    StatsValue value5 = {  // value2 + value3
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET1 + TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1 + TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0 + TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0 + TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
+    };
 
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
-    std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
 
     // Test empty stats.
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 0, lines.size());
     lines.clear();
 
     // Test 1 line stats.
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 1, lines.size());
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[0]);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 2, lines.size());  // TEST_TAG != 0 -> 1 entry becomes 2 lines
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0, lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[1]);
     lines.clear();
 
     // These items should not be grouped.
@@ -478,25 +443,27 @@
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG + 1, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value2,
                       mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 5, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 9, lines.size());
     lines.clear();
 
     // These items should be grouped.
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX3, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX3, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 5, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 9, lines.size());
 
     // Verify Sorted & Grouped.
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[0]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, TEST_TAG, lines[1]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG + 1, lines[2]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[3]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME2, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value5, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,            lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, 0,            lines[1]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG,     lines[2]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, TEST_TAG,     lines[3]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG + 1, lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,            lines[5]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG,     lines[6]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME2, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,            lines[7]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME2, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG,     lines[8]);
     lines.clear();
 
     // Perform test on IfaceStats.
@@ -510,7 +477,7 @@
     EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(0,
-              parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(&lines, mFakeIfaceStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+              parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(lines, mFakeIfaceStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 2, lines.size());
 
     expectStatsLineEqual(value3, IFACE_NAME1, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, lines[0]);
@@ -529,41 +496,48 @@
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
             .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
+    StatsValue value4 = {  // value1 * 4
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 4,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 4,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 4,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 4,
+    };
 
     // Mutate uid, 0 < TEST_UID1 < INT_MAX < INT_MIN < UINT_MAX.
-    populateFakeStats(0, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(UINT_MAX, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(INT_MIN, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(INT_MAX, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(0,         TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(UINT_MAX,  TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(INT_MIN,   TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(INT_MAX,   TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
 
     // Mutate tag, 0 < TEST_TAG < INT_MAX < INT_MIN < UINT_MAX.
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MAX, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MIN, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MAX,  IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, INT_MIN,  IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0,        IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, UINT_MAX, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
 
     // TODO: Mutate counterSet and enlarge TEST_MAP_SIZE if overflow on counterSet is possible.
 
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
-    std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeStatsMap,
-                                                    mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 8, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, mFakeStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t) 12, lines.size());
 
     // Uid 0 first
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, 0, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, 0,         TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[0]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, 0,         TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[1]);
 
     // Test uid, mutate tag.
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0, lines[1]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MAX, lines[2]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MIN, lines[3]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, UINT_MAX, lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value4, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[2]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MAX,  lines[3]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, INT_MIN,  lines[4]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, UINT_MAX, lines[5]);
 
     // Mutate uid.
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MAX, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[5]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MIN, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[6]);
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UINT_MAX, TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[7]);
-    lines.clear();
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MAX,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[6]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MAX,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[7]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MIN,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[8]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, INT_MIN,   TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[9]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UINT_MAX,  TEST_COUNTERSET0, 0,        lines[10]);
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UINT_MAX,  TEST_COUNTERSET0, TEST_TAG, lines[11]);
 }
 }  // namespace bpf
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTraceHandler.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTraceHandler.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6aa0fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTraceHandler.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "NetworkTrace"
+
+#include "netdbpf/NetworkTraceHandler.h"
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <bpf/BpfUtils.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <perfetto/config/android/network_trace_config.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/network_trace.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/profiling/profile_packet.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/tracing/platform.h>
+#include <perfetto/tracing/tracing.h>
+
+// Note: this is initializing state for a templated Perfetto type that resides
+// in the `perfetto` namespace. This must be defined in the global scope.
+PERFETTO_DEFINE_DATA_SOURCE_STATIC_MEMBERS(android::bpf::NetworkTraceHandler);
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+using ::android::bpf::internal::NetworkTracePoller;
+using ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::NetworkPacketBundle;
+using ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::NetworkPacketEvent;
+using ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::NetworkPacketTraceConfig;
+using ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::TracePacket;
+using ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::TrafficDirection;
+
+// Bundling takes groups of packets with similar contextual fields (generally,
+// all fields except timestamp and length) and summarises them in a single trace
+// packet. For example, rather than
+//
+//   {.timestampNs = 1, .uid = 1000, .tag = 123, .len = 72}
+//   {.timestampNs = 2, .uid = 1000, .tag = 123, .len = 100}
+//   {.timestampNs = 5, .uid = 1000, .tag = 123, .len = 456}
+//
+// The output will be something like
+//   {
+//     .timestamp = 1
+//     .ctx = {.uid = 1000, .tag = 123}
+//     .timestamp = [0, 1, 4], // delta encoded
+//     .length = [72, 100, 456], // should be zipped with timestamps
+//   }
+//
+// Most workloads have many packets from few contexts. Bundling greatly reduces
+// the amount of redundant information written, thus reducing the overall trace
+// size. Interning ids are similarly based on unique bundle contexts.
+
+// Based on boost::hash_combine
+template <typename T, typename... Rest>
+void HashCombine(std::size_t& seed, const T& val, const Rest&... rest) {
+  seed ^= std::hash<T>()(val) + 0x9e3779b9 + (seed << 6) + (seed >> 2);
+  (HashCombine(seed, rest), ...);
+}
+
+// Details summarises the timestamp and lengths of packets in a bundle.
+struct BundleDetails {
+  std::vector<std::pair<uint64_t, uint32_t>> time_and_len;
+  uint64_t minTs = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+  uint64_t maxTs = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::min();
+  uint32_t bytes = 0;
+};
+
+#define AGG_FIELDS(x)                                              \
+  (x).ifindex, (x).uid, (x).tag, (x).sport, (x).dport, (x).egress, \
+      (x).ipProto, (x).tcpFlags
+
+std::size_t BundleHash::operator()(const BundleKey& a) const {
+  std::size_t seed = 0;
+  HashCombine(seed, AGG_FIELDS(a));
+  return seed;
+}
+
+bool BundleEq::operator()(const BundleKey& a, const BundleKey& b) const {
+  return std::tie(AGG_FIELDS(a)) == std::tie(AGG_FIELDS(b));
+}
+
+// static
+void NetworkTraceHandler::RegisterDataSource() {
+  ALOGD("Registering Perfetto data source");
+  perfetto::DataSourceDescriptor dsd;
+  dsd.set_name("android.network_packets");
+  NetworkTraceHandler::Register(dsd);
+}
+
+// static
+void NetworkTraceHandler::InitPerfettoTracing() {
+  perfetto::TracingInitArgs args = {};
+  args.backends |= perfetto::kSystemBackend;
+  // The following line disables the Perfetto system consumer. Perfetto inlines
+  // the call to `Initialize` which allows the compiler to see that the branch
+  // with the SystemConsumerTracingBackend is not used. With LTO enabled, this
+  // strips the Perfetto consumer code and reduces the size of this binary by
+  // around 270KB total. Be careful when changing this value.
+  args.enable_system_consumer = false;
+  perfetto::Tracing::Initialize(args);
+  NetworkTraceHandler::RegisterDataSource();
+}
+
+// static
+NetworkTracePoller NetworkTraceHandler::sPoller(
+    [](const std::vector<PacketTrace>& packets) {
+      // Trace calls the provided callback for each active session. The context
+      // gets a reference to the NetworkTraceHandler instance associated with
+      // the session and delegates writing. The corresponding handler will write
+      // with the setting specified in the trace config.
+      NetworkTraceHandler::Trace([&](NetworkTraceHandler::TraceContext ctx) {
+        ctx.GetDataSourceLocked()->Write(packets, ctx);
+      });
+    });
+
+void NetworkTraceHandler::OnSetup(const SetupArgs& args) {
+  const std::string& raw = args.config->network_packet_trace_config_raw();
+  NetworkPacketTraceConfig::Decoder config(raw);
+
+  mPollMs = config.poll_ms();
+  if (mPollMs < 100) {
+    ALOGI("poll_ms is missing or below the 100ms minimum. Increasing to 100ms");
+    mPollMs = 100;
+  }
+
+  mInternLimit = config.intern_limit();
+  mAggregationThreshold = config.aggregation_threshold();
+  mDropLocalPort = config.drop_local_port();
+  mDropRemotePort = config.drop_remote_port();
+  mDropTcpFlags = config.drop_tcp_flags();
+}
+
+void NetworkTraceHandler::OnStart(const StartArgs&) {
+  if (mIsTest) return;  // Don't touch non-hermetic bpf in test.
+  mStarted = sPoller.Start(mPollMs);
+}
+
+void NetworkTraceHandler::OnStop(const StopArgs&) {
+  if (mIsTest) return;  // Don't touch non-hermetic bpf in test.
+  if (mStarted) sPoller.Stop();
+  mStarted = false;
+}
+
+void NetworkTraceHandler::Write(const std::vector<PacketTrace>& packets,
+                                NetworkTraceHandler::TraceContext& ctx) {
+  // TODO: remove this fallback once Perfetto stable has support for bundles.
+  if (!mInternLimit && !mAggregationThreshold) {
+    for (const PacketTrace& pkt : packets) {
+      auto dst = ctx.NewTracePacket();
+      dst->set_timestamp(pkt.timestampNs);
+      auto* event = dst->set_network_packet();
+      event->set_length(pkt.length);
+      Fill(pkt, event);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t minTs = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+  std::unordered_map<BundleKey, BundleDetails, BundleHash, BundleEq> bundles;
+  for (const PacketTrace& pkt : packets) {
+    BundleKey key = pkt;
+
+    // Dropping fields should remove them from the output and remove them from
+    // the aggregation key. In order to do the latter without changing the hash
+    // function, set the dropped fields to zero.
+    if (mDropTcpFlags) key.tcpFlags = 0;
+    if (mDropLocalPort) (key.egress ? key.sport : key.dport) = 0;
+    if (mDropRemotePort) (key.egress ? key.dport : key.sport) = 0;
+
+    minTs = std::min(minTs, pkt.timestampNs);
+
+    BundleDetails& bundle = bundles[key];
+    bundle.time_and_len.emplace_back(pkt.timestampNs, pkt.length);
+    bundle.minTs = std::min(bundle.minTs, pkt.timestampNs);
+    bundle.maxTs = std::max(bundle.maxTs, pkt.timestampNs);
+    bundle.bytes += pkt.length;
+  }
+
+  NetworkTraceState* incr_state = ctx.GetIncrementalState();
+  for (const auto& kv : bundles) {
+    const BundleKey& key = kv.first;
+    const BundleDetails& details = kv.second;
+
+    auto dst = ctx.NewTracePacket();
+    dst->set_timestamp(details.minTs);
+
+    // Incremental state is only used when interning. Set the flag based on
+    // whether state was cleared. Leave the flag empty in non-intern configs.
+    if (mInternLimit > 0) {
+      if (incr_state->cleared) {
+        dst->set_sequence_flags(TracePacket::SEQ_INCREMENTAL_STATE_CLEARED);
+        incr_state->cleared = false;
+      } else {
+        dst->set_sequence_flags(TracePacket::SEQ_NEEDS_INCREMENTAL_STATE);
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto* event = FillWithInterning(incr_state, key, dst.get());
+
+    int count = details.time_and_len.size();
+    if (!mAggregationThreshold || count < mAggregationThreshold) {
+      protozero::PackedVarInt offsets;
+      protozero::PackedVarInt lengths;
+      for (const auto& kv : details.time_and_len) {
+        offsets.Append(kv.first - details.minTs);
+        lengths.Append(kv.second);
+      }
+
+      event->set_packet_timestamps(offsets);
+      event->set_packet_lengths(lengths);
+    } else {
+      event->set_total_duration(details.maxTs - details.minTs);
+      event->set_total_length(details.bytes);
+      event->set_total_packets(count);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void NetworkTraceHandler::Fill(const PacketTrace& src,
+                               NetworkPacketEvent* event) {
+  event->set_direction(src.egress ? TrafficDirection::DIR_EGRESS
+                                  : TrafficDirection::DIR_INGRESS);
+  event->set_uid(src.uid);
+  event->set_tag(src.tag);
+
+  if (!mDropLocalPort) {
+    event->set_local_port(ntohs(src.egress ? src.sport : src.dport));
+  }
+  if (!mDropRemotePort) {
+    event->set_remote_port(ntohs(src.egress ? src.dport : src.sport));
+  }
+  if (!mDropTcpFlags) {
+    event->set_tcp_flags(src.tcpFlags);
+  }
+
+  event->set_ip_proto(src.ipProto);
+
+  char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = {};
+  if (if_indextoname(src.ifindex, ifname) == ifname) {
+    event->set_interface(std::string(ifname));
+  } else {
+    event->set_interface("error");
+  }
+}
+
+NetworkPacketBundle* NetworkTraceHandler::FillWithInterning(
+    NetworkTraceState* state, const BundleKey& key, TracePacket* dst) {
+  uint64_t iid = 0;
+  bool found = false;
+
+  if (state->iids.size() < mInternLimit) {
+    auto [iter, success] = state->iids.try_emplace(key, state->iids.size() + 1);
+    iid = iter->second;
+    found = true;
+
+    if (success) {
+      // If we successfully empaced, record the newly interned data.
+      auto* packet_context = dst->set_interned_data()->add_packet_context();
+      Fill(key, packet_context->set_ctx());
+      packet_context->set_iid(iid);
+    }
+  } else {
+    auto iter = state->iids.find(key);
+    if (iter != state->iids.end()) {
+      iid = iter->second;
+      found = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto* event = dst->set_network_packet_bundle();
+  if (found) {
+    event->set_iid(iid);
+  } else {
+    Fill(key, event->set_ctx());
+  }
+
+  return event;
+}
+
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTraceHandlerTest.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTraceHandlerTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2c1a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTraceHandlerTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "netdbpf/NetworkTraceHandler.h"
+#include "protos/perfetto/config/android/network_trace_config.gen.h"
+#include "protos/perfetto/trace/android/network_trace.pb.h"
+#include "protos/perfetto/trace/trace.pb.h"
+#include "protos/perfetto/trace/trace_packet.pb.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+using ::perfetto::protos::NetworkPacketEvent;
+using ::perfetto::protos::NetworkPacketTraceConfig;
+using ::perfetto::protos::Trace;
+using ::perfetto::protos::TracePacket;
+using ::perfetto::protos::TrafficDirection;
+
+class NetworkTraceHandlerTest : public testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  // Starts a tracing session with the handler under test.
+  std::unique_ptr<perfetto::TracingSession> StartTracing(
+      NetworkPacketTraceConfig settings) {
+    perfetto::TracingInitArgs args;
+    args.backends = perfetto::kInProcessBackend;
+    perfetto::Tracing::Initialize(args);
+
+    perfetto::DataSourceDescriptor dsd;
+    dsd.set_name("test.network_packets");
+    NetworkTraceHandler::Register(dsd, /*isTest=*/true);
+
+    perfetto::TraceConfig cfg;
+    cfg.add_buffers()->set_size_kb(1024);
+    auto* config = cfg.add_data_sources()->mutable_config();
+    config->set_name("test.network_packets");
+    config->set_network_packet_trace_config_raw(settings.SerializeAsString());
+
+    auto session = perfetto::Tracing::NewTrace(perfetto::kInProcessBackend);
+    session->Setup(cfg);
+    session->StartBlocking();
+    return session;
+  }
+
+  // Stops the trace session and reports all relevant trace packets.
+  bool StopTracing(perfetto::TracingSession* session,
+                   std::vector<TracePacket>* output) {
+    session->StopBlocking();
+
+    Trace trace;
+    std::vector<char> raw_trace = session->ReadTraceBlocking();
+    if (!trace.ParseFromArray(raw_trace.data(), raw_trace.size())) {
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "trace.ParseFromArray failed";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // This is a real trace and includes irrelevant trace packets such as trace
+    // metadata. The following strips the results to just the packets we want.
+    for (const auto& pkt : trace.packet()) {
+      if (pkt.has_network_packet() || pkt.has_network_packet_bundle()) {
+        output->emplace_back(pkt);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // This runs a trace with a single call to Write.
+  bool TraceAndSortPackets(const std::vector<PacketTrace>& input,
+                           std::vector<TracePacket>* output,
+                           NetworkPacketTraceConfig config = {}) {
+    auto session = StartTracing(config);
+    NetworkTraceHandler::Trace([&](NetworkTraceHandler::TraceContext ctx) {
+      ctx.GetDataSourceLocked()->Write(input, ctx);
+      ctx.Flush();
+    });
+
+    if (!StopTracing(session.get(), output)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Sort to provide deterministic ordering regardless of Perfetto internals
+    // or implementation-defined (e.g. hash map) reshuffling.
+    std::sort(output->begin(), output->end(),
+              [](const TracePacket& a, const TracePacket& b) {
+                return a.timestamp() < b.timestamp();
+              });
+
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, WriteBasicFields) {
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> input = {
+      PacketTrace{
+          .timestampNs = 1000,
+          .length = 100,
+          .uid = 10,
+          .tag = 123,
+          .ipProto = 6,
+          .tcpFlags = 1,
+      },
+  };
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(TraceAndSortPackets(input, &events));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 1);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].timestamp(), 1000);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().uid(), 10);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().tag(), 123);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().ip_proto(), 6);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().tcp_flags(), 1);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().length(), 100);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].has_sequence_flags(), false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, WriteDirectionAndPorts) {
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> input = {
+      PacketTrace{
+          .timestampNs = 1,
+          .sport = htons(8080),
+          .dport = htons(443),
+          .egress = true,
+      },
+      PacketTrace{
+          .timestampNs = 2,
+          .sport = htons(443),
+          .dport = htons(8080),
+          .egress = false,
+      },
+  };
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(TraceAndSortPackets(input, &events));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 2);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().local_port(), 8080);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().remote_port(), 443);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet().direction(),
+              TrafficDirection::DIR_EGRESS);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet().local_port(), 8080);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet().remote_port(), 443);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet().direction(),
+              TrafficDirection::DIR_INGRESS);
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, BasicBundling) {
+  // TODO: remove this once bundling becomes default. Until then, set arbitrary
+  // aggregation threshold to enable bundling.
+  NetworkPacketTraceConfig config;
+  config.set_aggregation_threshold(10);
+
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> input = {
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 123, .timestampNs = 2, .length = 200},
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 123, .timestampNs = 1, .length = 100},
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 123, .timestampNs = 4, .length = 300},
+
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 456, .timestampNs = 2, .length = 400},
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 456, .timestampNs = 4, .length = 100},
+  };
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(TraceAndSortPackets(input, &events, config));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 2);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].timestamp(), 1);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().uid(), 123);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(200, 100, 300));
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet_bundle().packet_timestamps(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(1, 0, 3));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].timestamp(), 2);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().uid(), 456);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(400, 100));
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().packet_timestamps(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(0, 2));
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, AggregationThreshold) {
+  // With an aggregation threshold of 3, the set of packets with uid=123 will
+  // be aggregated (3>=3) whereas packets with uid=456 get per-packet info.
+  NetworkPacketTraceConfig config;
+  config.set_aggregation_threshold(3);
+
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> input = {
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 123, .timestampNs = 2, .length = 200},
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 123, .timestampNs = 1, .length = 100},
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 123, .timestampNs = 4, .length = 300},
+
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 456, .timestampNs = 2, .length = 400},
+      PacketTrace{.uid = 456, .timestampNs = 4, .length = 100},
+  };
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(TraceAndSortPackets(input, &events, config));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 2);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].timestamp(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().uid(), 123);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().total_duration(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().total_packets(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().total_length(), 600);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].timestamp(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().uid(), 456);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(400, 100));
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().packet_timestamps(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(0, 2));
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, DropLocalPort) {
+  NetworkPacketTraceConfig config;
+  config.set_drop_local_port(true);
+  config.set_aggregation_threshold(10);
+
+  __be16 a = htons(10000);
+  __be16 b = htons(10001);
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> input = {
+      // Recall that local is `src` for egress and `dst` for ingress.
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 1, .length = 2, .egress = true, .sport = a},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 2, .length = 4, .egress = false, .dport = a},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 3, .length = 6, .egress = true, .sport = b},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 4, .length = 8, .egress = false, .dport = b},
+  };
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(TraceAndSortPackets(input, &events, config));
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 2);
+
+  // Despite having different local ports, drop and bundle by remaining fields.
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().direction(),
+            TrafficDirection::DIR_EGRESS);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(2, 6));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().direction(),
+            TrafficDirection::DIR_INGRESS);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(4, 8));
+
+  // Local port shouldn't be in output.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().has_local_port());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().has_local_port());
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, DropRemotePort) {
+  NetworkPacketTraceConfig config;
+  config.set_drop_remote_port(true);
+  config.set_aggregation_threshold(10);
+
+  __be16 a = htons(443);
+  __be16 b = htons(80);
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> input = {
+      // Recall that remote is `dst` for egress and `src` for ingress.
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 1, .length = 2, .egress = true, .dport = a},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 2, .length = 4, .egress = false, .sport = a},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 3, .length = 6, .egress = true, .dport = b},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 4, .length = 8, .egress = false, .sport = b},
+  };
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(TraceAndSortPackets(input, &events, config));
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 2);
+
+  // Despite having different remote ports, drop and bundle by remaining fields.
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().direction(),
+            TrafficDirection::DIR_EGRESS);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(2, 6));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().direction(),
+            TrafficDirection::DIR_INGRESS);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(4, 8));
+
+  // Remote port shouldn't be in output.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().has_remote_port());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().has_remote_port());
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, DropTcpFlags) {
+  NetworkPacketTraceConfig config;
+  config.set_drop_tcp_flags(true);
+  config.set_aggregation_threshold(10);
+
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> input = {
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 1, .uid = 123, .length = 1, .tcpFlags = 1},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 2, .uid = 123, .length = 2, .tcpFlags = 2},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 3, .uid = 456, .length = 3, .tcpFlags = 1},
+      PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 4, .uid = 456, .length = 4, .tcpFlags = 2},
+  };
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(TraceAndSortPackets(input, &events, config));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 2);
+
+  // Despite having different tcp flags, drop and bundle by remaining fields.
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().uid(), 123);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[0].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(1, 2));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().uid(), 456);
+  EXPECT_THAT(events[1].network_packet_bundle().packet_lengths(),
+              testing::ElementsAre(3, 4));
+
+  // Tcp flags shouldn't be in output.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(events[0].network_packet_bundle().ctx().has_tcp_flags());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(events[1].network_packet_bundle().ctx().has_tcp_flags());
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTraceHandlerTest, Interning) {
+  NetworkPacketTraceConfig config;
+  config.set_intern_limit(2);
+
+  // The test writes 4 packets coming from three sources (uids). With an intern
+  // limit of 2, the first two sources should be interned. This test splits this
+  // into individual writes since internally an unordered map is used and would
+  // otherwise non-deterministically choose what to intern (this is fine for
+  // real use, but not good for test assertions).
+  std::vector<std::vector<PacketTrace>> inputs = {
+      {PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 1, .uid = 123}},
+      {PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 2, .uid = 456}},
+      {PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 3, .uid = 789}},
+      {PacketTrace{.timestampNs = 4, .uid = 123}},
+  };
+
+  auto session = StartTracing(config);
+
+  NetworkTraceHandler::Trace([&](NetworkTraceHandler::TraceContext ctx) {
+    ctx.GetDataSourceLocked()->Write(inputs[0], ctx);
+    ctx.GetDataSourceLocked()->Write(inputs[1], ctx);
+    ctx.GetDataSourceLocked()->Write(inputs[2], ctx);
+    ctx.GetDataSourceLocked()->Write(inputs[3], ctx);
+    ctx.Flush();
+  });
+
+  std::vector<TracePacket> events;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(StopTracing(session.get(), &events));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 4);
+
+  // First time seen, emit new interned data, bundle uses iid instead of ctx.
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].network_packet_bundle().iid(), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(events[0].interned_data().packet_context().size(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].interned_data().packet_context(0).iid(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].interned_data().packet_context(0).ctx().uid(), 123);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[0].sequence_flags(),
+            TracePacket::SEQ_INCREMENTAL_STATE_CLEARED);
+
+  // First time seen, emit new interned data, bundle uses iid instead of ctx.
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].network_packet_bundle().iid(), 2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(events[1].interned_data().packet_context().size(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].interned_data().packet_context(0).iid(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].interned_data().packet_context(0).ctx().uid(), 456);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[1].sequence_flags(),
+            TracePacket::SEQ_NEEDS_INCREMENTAL_STATE);
+
+  // Not enough room in intern table (limit 2), inline the context.
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[2].network_packet_bundle().ctx().uid(), 789);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[2].interned_data().packet_context().size(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[2].sequence_flags(),
+            TracePacket::SEQ_NEEDS_INCREMENTAL_STATE);
+
+  // Second time seen, no need to re-emit interned data, only record iid.
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[3].network_packet_bundle().iid(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[3].interned_data().packet_context().size(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(events[3].sequence_flags(),
+            TracePacket::SEQ_NEEDS_INCREMENTAL_STATE);
+}
+
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTracePoller.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTracePoller.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3de9897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTracePoller.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "NetworkTrace"
+
+#include "netdbpf/NetworkTracePoller.h"
+
+#include <bpf/BpfUtils.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <perfetto/tracing/platform.h>
+#include <perfetto/tracing/tracing.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+namespace internal {
+
+void NetworkTracePoller::SchedulePolling() {
+  // Schedules another run of ourselves to recursively poll periodically.
+  mTaskRunner->PostDelayedTask(
+      [this]() {
+        mMutex.lock();
+        SchedulePolling();
+        ConsumeAllLocked();
+        mMutex.unlock();
+      },
+      mPollMs);
+}
+
+bool NetworkTracePoller::Start(uint32_t pollMs) {
+  ALOGD("Starting datasource");
+
+  std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+  if (mSessionCount > 0) {
+    if (mPollMs != pollMs) {
+      // Nothing technical prevents mPollMs from changing, it's just unclear
+      // what the right behavior is. Taking the min of active values could poll
+      // too frequently giving some sessions too much data. Taking the max could
+      // be too infrequent. For now, do nothing.
+      ALOGI("poll_ms can't be changed while running, ignoring poll_ms=%d",
+            pollMs);
+    }
+    mSessionCount++;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  auto status = mConfigurationMap.init(PACKET_TRACE_ENABLED_MAP_PATH);
+  if (!status.ok()) {
+    ALOGW("Failed to bind config map: %s", status.error().message().c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto rb = BpfRingbuf<PacketTrace>::Create(PACKET_TRACE_RINGBUF_PATH);
+  if (!rb.ok()) {
+    ALOGW("Failed to create ringbuf: %s", rb.error().message().c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  mRingBuffer = std::move(*rb);
+
+  auto res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(0, true, BPF_ANY);
+  if (!res.ok()) {
+    ALOGW("Failed to enable tracing: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Start a task runner to run ConsumeAll every mPollMs milliseconds.
+  mTaskRunner = perfetto::Platform::GetDefaultPlatform()->CreateTaskRunner({});
+  mPollMs = pollMs;
+  SchedulePolling();
+
+  mSessionCount++;
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool NetworkTracePoller::Stop() {
+  ALOGD("Stopping datasource");
+
+  std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+  if (mSessionCount == 0) return false;  // This should never happen
+
+  // If this isn't the last session, don't clean up yet.
+  if (--mSessionCount > 0) return true;
+
+  auto res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(0, false, BPF_ANY);
+  if (!res.ok()) {
+    ALOGW("Failed to disable tracing: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
+  }
+
+  // Make sure everything in the system has actually seen the 'false' we just
+  // wrote, things should now be well and truly disabled.
+  synchronizeKernelRCU();
+
+  // Drain remaining events from the ring buffer now that tracing is disabled.
+  // This prevents the next trace from seeing stale events and allows writing
+  // the last batch of events to Perfetto.
+  ConsumeAllLocked();
+
+  mTaskRunner.reset();
+  mRingBuffer.reset();
+
+  return res.ok();
+}
+
+bool NetworkTracePoller::ConsumeAll() {
+  std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+  return ConsumeAllLocked();
+}
+
+bool NetworkTracePoller::ConsumeAllLocked() {
+  if (mRingBuffer == nullptr) {
+    ALOGW("Tracing is not active");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> packets;
+  base::Result<int> ret = mRingBuffer->ConsumeAll(
+      [&](const PacketTrace& pkt) { packets.push_back(pkt); });
+  if (!ret.ok()) {
+    ALOGW("Failed to poll ringbuf: %s", ret.error().message().c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  mCallback(packets);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTracePollerTest.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTracePollerTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df07bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/NetworkTracePollerTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <android/multinetwork.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "netdbpf/NetworkTracePoller.h"
+
+using ::testing::AllOf;
+using ::testing::AnyOf;
+using ::testing::Each;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::Field;
+using ::testing::Test;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+namespace internal {
+// Use uint32 max to cause the handler to never Loop. Instead, the tests will
+// manually drive things by calling ConsumeAll explicitly.
+constexpr uint32_t kNeverPoll = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
+
+__be16 bindAndListen(int s) {
+  sockaddr_in sin = {.sin_family = AF_INET};
+  socklen_t len = sizeof(sin);
+  if (bind(s, (sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin))) return 0;
+  if (listen(s, 1)) return 0;
+  if (getsockname(s, (sockaddr*)&sin, &len)) return 0;
+  return sin.sin_port;
+}
+
+// This takes tcp flag constants from the standard library and makes them usable
+// with the flags we get from BPF. The standard library flags are big endian
+// whereas the BPF flags are reported in host byte order. BPF also trims the
+// flags down to the 8 single-bit flag bits (fin, syn, rst, etc).
+constexpr inline uint8_t FlagToHost(__be32 be_unix_flags) {
+  return ntohl(be_unix_flags) >> 16;
+}
+
+// Pretty prints all fields for a list of packets (useful for debugging).
+struct PacketPrinter {
+  const std::vector<PacketTrace>& data;
+  static constexpr char kTcpFlagNames[] = "FSRPAUEC";
+
+  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const PacketPrinter& d) {
+    os << "Packet count: " << d.data.size();
+    for (const PacketTrace& info : d.data) {
+      os << "\nifidx=" << info.ifindex;
+      os << ", len=" << info.length;
+      os << ", uid=" << info.uid;
+      os << ", tag=" << info.tag;
+      os << ", sport=" << info.sport;
+      os << ", dport=" << info.dport;
+      os << ", direction=" << (info.egress ? "egress" : "ingress");
+      os << ", proto=" << static_cast<int>(info.ipProto);
+      os << ", ip=" << static_cast<int>(info.ipVersion);
+      os << ", flags=";
+      for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+        os << ((info.tcpFlags & (1 << i)) ? kTcpFlagNames[i] : '.');
+      }
+    }
+    return os;
+  }
+};
+
+class NetworkTracePollerTest : public testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() {
+    if (access(PACKET_TRACE_RINGBUF_PATH, R_OK)) {
+      GTEST_SKIP() << "Network tracing is not enabled/loaded on this build.";
+    }
+    if (sizeof(void*) != 8) {
+      GTEST_SKIP() << "Network tracing requires 64-bit build.";
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTracePollerTest, PollWhileInactive) {
+  NetworkTracePoller handler([&](const std::vector<PacketTrace>& pkt) {});
+
+  // One succeed after start and before stop.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Start(kNeverPoll));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Stop());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTracePollerTest, ConcurrentSessions) {
+  // Simulate two concurrent sessions (two starts followed by two stops). Check
+  // that tracing is stopped only after both sessions finish.
+  NetworkTracePoller handler([&](const std::vector<PacketTrace>& pkt) {});
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Start(kNeverPoll));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Start(kNeverPoll));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Stop());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Stop());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetworkTracePollerTest, TraceTcpSession) {
+  __be16 server_port = 0;
+  std::vector<PacketTrace> packets, unmatched;
+
+  // Record all packets with the bound address and current uid. This callback is
+  // involked only within ConsumeAll, at which point the port should have
+  // already been filled in and all packets have been processed.
+  NetworkTracePoller handler([&](const std::vector<PacketTrace>& pkts) {
+    for (const PacketTrace& pkt : pkts) {
+      if ((pkt.sport == server_port || pkt.dport == server_port) &&
+          pkt.uid == getuid()) {
+        packets.push_back(pkt);
+      } else {
+        // There may be spurious packets not caused by the test. These are only
+        // captured so that we can report them to help debug certain errors.
+        unmatched.push_back(pkt);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Start(kNeverPoll));
+  const uint32_t kClientTag = 2468;
+  const uint32_t kServerTag = 1357;
+
+  // Go through a typical connection sequence between two v4 sockets using tcp.
+  // This covers connection handshake, shutdown, and one data packet.
+  {
+    android::base::unique_fd clientsocket(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0));
+    ASSERT_NE(-1, clientsocket) << "Failed to open client socket";
+    ASSERT_EQ(android_tag_socket(clientsocket, kClientTag), 0);
+
+    android::base::unique_fd serversocket(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0));
+    ASSERT_NE(-1, serversocket) << "Failed to open server socket";
+    ASSERT_EQ(android_tag_socket(serversocket, kServerTag), 0);
+
+    server_port = bindAndListen(serversocket);
+    ASSERT_NE(0, server_port) << "Can't bind to server port";
+
+    sockaddr_in addr = {.sin_family = AF_INET, .sin_port = server_port};
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, connect(clientsocket, (sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)))
+        << "connect to loopback failed: " << strerror(errno);
+
+    int accepted = accept(serversocket, nullptr, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_NE(-1, accepted) << "accept connection failed: " << strerror(errno);
+
+    const char data[] = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+    EXPECT_EQ(send(clientsocket, data, sizeof(data), 0), sizeof(data))
+        << "failed to send message: " << strerror(errno);
+
+    char buff[100] = {};
+    EXPECT_EQ(recv(accepted, buff, sizeof(buff), 0), sizeof(data))
+        << "failed to receive message: " << strerror(errno);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::string(data), std::string(buff));
+  }
+
+  // Poll until we get all the packets (typically we get it first try).
+  for (int attempt = 0; attempt < 10; attempt++) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handler.ConsumeAll());
+    if (packets.size() >= 12) break;
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(5));
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(handler.Stop());
+
+  // There are 12 packets in total (6 messages: each seen by client & server):
+  // 1. Client connects to server with syn
+  // 2. Server responds with syn ack
+  // 3. Client responds with ack
+  // 4. Client sends data with psh ack
+  // 5. Server acks the data packet
+  // 6. Client closes connection with fin ack
+  ASSERT_EQ(packets.size(), 12)
+      << PacketPrinter{packets}
+      << "\nUnmatched packets: " << PacketPrinter{unmatched};
+
+  // All packets should be TCP packets.
+  EXPECT_THAT(packets, Each(Field(&PacketTrace::ipProto, Eq(IPPROTO_TCP))));
+
+  // Packet 1: client requests connection with server.
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[0].egress, 1) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[0].dport, server_port) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[0].tag, kClientTag) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[0].tcpFlags, FlagToHost(TCP_FLAG_SYN))
+      << PacketPrinter{packets};
+
+  // Packet 2: server receives request from client.
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[1].egress, 0) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[1].dport, server_port) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[1].tag, kServerTag) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[1].tcpFlags, FlagToHost(TCP_FLAG_SYN))
+      << PacketPrinter{packets};
+
+  // Packet 3: server replies back with syn ack.
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[2].egress, 1) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[2].sport, server_port) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[2].tcpFlags, FlagToHost(TCP_FLAG_SYN | TCP_FLAG_ACK))
+      << PacketPrinter{packets};
+
+  // Packet 4: client receives the server's syn ack.
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[3].egress, 0) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[3].sport, server_port) << PacketPrinter{packets};
+  EXPECT_EQ(packets[3].tcpFlags, FlagToHost(TCP_FLAG_SYN | TCP_FLAG_ACK))
+      << PacketPrinter{packets};
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
index 8ab7e25..133009f 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #define _BPF_NETWORKSTATS_H
 
 #include <bpf/BpfMap.h>
-#include "bpf_shared.h"
+#include "netd.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 // TODO: set this to a proper value based on the map size;
 constexpr int TAG_STATS_MAP_SOFT_LIMIT = 3;
 constexpr int UID_ALL = -1;
-constexpr int TAG_ALL = -1;
+//constexpr int TAG_ALL = -1;
 constexpr int TAG_NONE = 0;
 constexpr int SET_ALL = -1;
 constexpr int SET_DEFAULT = 0;
@@ -63,9 +63,8 @@
                              const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& ifaceStatsMap,
                              const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceNameMap);
 // For test only
-int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
-                                       const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
-                                       int limitUid, const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap,
+int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(std::vector<stats_line>& lines,
+                                       const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap,
                                        const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap);
 // For test only
 int cleanStatsMapInternal(const base::unique_fd& cookieTagMap, const base::unique_fd& tagStatsMap);
@@ -107,18 +106,16 @@
 }
 
 // For test only
-int parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
+int parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(std::vector<stats_line>& lines,
                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& statsMap,
                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap);
 
 int bpfGetUidStats(uid_t uid, Stats* stats);
 int bpfGetIfaceStats(const char* iface, Stats* stats);
-int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
-                               const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
-                               int limitUid);
+int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines);
 
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDev(std::vector<stats_line>* lines);
-void groupNetworkStats(std::vector<stats_line>* lines);
+void groupNetworkStats(std::vector<stats_line>& lines);
 int cleanStatsMap();
 }  // namespace bpf
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/NetworkTraceHandler.h b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/NetworkTraceHandler.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc10e68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/NetworkTraceHandler.h
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <perfetto/base/task_runner.h>
+#include <perfetto/tracing.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "netdbpf/NetworkTracePoller.h"
+
+// For PacketTrace struct definition
+#include "netd.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+
+// BundleKeys are PacketTraces where timestamp and length are ignored.
+using BundleKey = PacketTrace;
+
+// BundleKeys are hashed using all fields except timestamp/length.
+struct BundleHash {
+  std::size_t operator()(const BundleKey& a) const;
+};
+
+// BundleKeys are equal if all fields except timestamp/length are equal.
+struct BundleEq {
+  bool operator()(const BundleKey& a, const BundleKey& b) const;
+};
+
+// Track the bundles we've interned and their corresponding intern id (iid). We
+// use IncrementalState (rather than state in the Handler) so that we stay in
+// sync with Perfetto's periodic state clearing (which helps recover from packet
+// loss). When state is cleared, the state object is replaced with a new default
+// constructed instance.
+struct NetworkTraceState {
+  bool cleared = true;
+  std::unordered_map<BundleKey, uint64_t, BundleHash, BundleEq> iids;
+};
+
+// Inject our custom incremental state type using type traits.
+struct NetworkTraceTraits : public perfetto::DefaultDataSourceTraits {
+  using IncrementalStateType = NetworkTraceState;
+};
+
+// NetworkTraceHandler implements the android.network_packets data source. This
+// class is registered with Perfetto and is instantiated when tracing starts and
+// destroyed when tracing ends. There is one instance per trace session.
+class NetworkTraceHandler
+    : public perfetto::DataSource<NetworkTraceHandler, NetworkTraceTraits> {
+ public:
+  // Registers this DataSource.
+  static void RegisterDataSource();
+
+  // Connects to the system Perfetto daemon and registers the trace handler.
+  static void InitPerfettoTracing();
+
+  // When isTest is true, skip non-hermetic code.
+  NetworkTraceHandler(bool isTest = false) : mIsTest(isTest) {}
+
+  // perfetto::DataSource overrides:
+  void OnSetup(const SetupArgs& args) override;
+  void OnStart(const StartArgs&) override;
+  void OnStop(const StopArgs&) override;
+
+  // Writes the packets as Perfetto TracePackets, creating packets as needed
+  // using the provided callback (which allows easy testing).
+  void Write(const std::vector<PacketTrace>& packets,
+             NetworkTraceHandler::TraceContext& ctx);
+
+ private:
+  // Convert a PacketTrace into a Perfetto trace packet.
+  void Fill(const PacketTrace& src,
+            ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::NetworkPacketEvent* event);
+
+  // Fills in contextual information either inline or via interning.
+  ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::NetworkPacketBundle* FillWithInterning(
+      NetworkTraceState* state, const BundleKey& key,
+      ::perfetto::protos::pbzero::TracePacket* dst);
+
+  static internal::NetworkTracePoller sPoller;
+  bool mStarted;
+  bool mIsTest;
+
+  // Values from config, see proto for details.
+  uint32_t mPollMs;
+  uint32_t mInternLimit;
+  uint32_t mAggregationThreshold;
+  bool mDropLocalPort;
+  bool mDropRemotePort;
+  bool mDropTcpFlags;
+};
+
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/NetworkTracePoller.h b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/NetworkTracePoller.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adde51e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/include/netdbpf/NetworkTracePoller.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <perfetto/base/task_runner.h>
+#include <perfetto/tracing.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "android-base/thread_annotations.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfRingbuf.h"
+
+// For PacketTrace struct definition
+#include "netd.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+namespace internal {
+
+// NetworkTracePoller is responsible for interactions with the BPF ring buffer
+// including polling. This class is an internal helper for NetworkTraceHandler,
+// it is not meant to be used elsewhere.
+class NetworkTracePoller {
+ public:
+  using EventSink = std::function<void(const std::vector<PacketTrace>&)>;
+
+  // Testonly: initialize with a callback capable of intercepting data.
+  NetworkTracePoller(EventSink callback) : mCallback(std::move(callback)) {}
+
+  // Starts tracing with the given poll interval.
+  bool Start(uint32_t pollMs) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+
+  // Stops tracing and release any held state.
+  bool Stop() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+
+  // Consumes all available events from the ringbuffer.
+  bool ConsumeAll() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+
+ private:
+  void SchedulePolling() REQUIRES(mMutex);
+  bool ConsumeAllLocked() REQUIRES(mMutex);
+
+  std::mutex mMutex;
+
+  // Records the number of successfully started active sessions so that only the
+  // first active session attempts setup and only the last cleans up. Note that
+  // the session count will remain zero if Start fails. It is expected that Stop
+  // will not be called for any trace session where Start fails.
+  int mSessionCount GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+  // How often to poll the ring buffer, defined by the trace config.
+  uint32_t mPollMs GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+  // The function to process PacketTrace, typically a Perfetto sink.
+  EventSink mCallback GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+  // The BPF ring buffer handle.
+  std::unique_ptr<BpfRingbuf<PacketTrace>> mRingBuffer GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+  // The packet tracing config map (really a 1-element array).
+  BpfMap<uint32_t, bool> mConfigurationMap GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+  // This must be the last member, causing it to be the first deleted. If it is
+  // not, members required for callbacks can be deleted before it's stopped.
+  std::unique_ptr<perfetto::base::TaskRunner> mTaskRunner GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+};
+
+}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java
index 4bc40ea..a884840 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/IpSecService.java
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 package com.android.server;
 
 import static android.Manifest.permission.DUMP;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.net.IpSecManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION;
 import static android.net.IpSecManager.INVALID_RESOURCE_ID;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
 import android.net.IpSecConfig;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecMigrateInfoParcel;
 import android.net.IpSecSpiResponse;
 import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.IpSecTransformResponse;
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.Preconditions;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BinderUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
@@ -100,6 +104,7 @@
 
     private static final int NETD_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000; // ms
     private static final InetAddress INADDR_ANY;
+    private static final InetAddress IN6ADDR_ANY;
 
     @VisibleForTesting static final int MAX_PORT_BIND_ATTEMPTS = 10;
 
@@ -108,6 +113,8 @@
     static {
         try {
             INADDR_ANY = InetAddress.getByAddress(new byte[] {0, 0, 0, 0});
+            IN6ADDR_ANY = InetAddress.getByAddress(
+                    new byte[] {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0});
         } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
             throw new RuntimeException(e);
         }
@@ -590,14 +597,19 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Tracks an SA in the kernel, and manages cleanup paths. Once a TransformRecord is
-     * created, the SpiRecord that originally tracked the SAs will reliquish the
-     * responsibility of freeing the underlying SA to this class via the mOwnedByTransform flag.
+     * Tracks an SA in the kernel, and manages cleanup paths. Once a TransformRecord is created, the
+     * SpiRecord that originally tracked the SAs will reliquish the responsibility of freeing the
+     * underlying SA to this class via the mOwnedByTransform flag.
+     *
+     * <p>This class is not thread-safe, and expects that that users of this class will ensure
+     * synchronization and thread safety by holding the IpSecService.this instance lock
      */
     private final class TransformRecord extends OwnedResourceRecord {
         private final IpSecConfig mConfig;
         private final SpiRecord mSpi;
         private final EncapSocketRecord mSocket;
+        private String mNewSourceAddress = null;
+        private String mNewDestinationAddress = null;
 
         TransformRecord(
                 int resourceId, IpSecConfig config, SpiRecord spi, EncapSocketRecord socket) {
@@ -621,6 +633,51 @@
             return mSocket;
         }
 
+        @GuardedBy("IpSecService.this")
+        public String getNewSourceAddress() {
+            return mNewSourceAddress;
+        }
+
+        @GuardedBy("IpSecService.this")
+        public String getNewDestinationAddress() {
+            return mNewDestinationAddress;
+        }
+
+        private void verifyTunnelModeOrThrow() {
+            if (mConfig.getMode() != IpSecTransform.MODE_TUNNEL) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                        "Migration requested/called on non-tunnel-mode transform");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** Start migrating this transform to new source and destination addresses */
+        @GuardedBy("IpSecService.this")
+        public void startMigration(String newSourceAddress, String newDestinationAddress) {
+            verifyTunnelModeOrThrow();
+            Objects.requireNonNull(newSourceAddress, "newSourceAddress was null");
+            Objects.requireNonNull(newDestinationAddress, "newDestinationAddress was null");
+            mNewSourceAddress = newSourceAddress;
+            mNewDestinationAddress = newDestinationAddress;
+        }
+
+        /** Finish migration and update addresses. */
+        @GuardedBy("IpSecService.this")
+        public void finishMigration() {
+            verifyTunnelModeOrThrow();
+            mConfig.setSourceAddress(mNewSourceAddress);
+            mConfig.setDestinationAddress(mNewDestinationAddress);
+            mNewSourceAddress = null;
+            mNewDestinationAddress = null;
+        }
+
+        /** Return if this transform is going to be migrated. */
+        @GuardedBy("IpSecService.this")
+        public boolean isMigrating() {
+            verifyTunnelModeOrThrow();
+
+            return mNewSourceAddress != null;
+        }
+
         /** always guarded by IpSecService#this */
         @Override
         public void freeUnderlyingResources() {
@@ -859,6 +916,13 @@
                             mIkey,
                             0xffffffff,
                             mIfId);
+                    mNetd.ipSecDeleteSecurityPolicy(
+                            mUid,
+                            selAddrFamily,
+                            IpSecManager.DIRECTION_FWD,
+                            mIkey,
+                            0xffffffff,
+                            mIfId);
                 }
             } catch (ServiceSpecificException | RemoteException e) {
                 Log.e(
@@ -954,11 +1018,13 @@
     private final class EncapSocketRecord extends OwnedResourceRecord {
         private FileDescriptor mSocket;
         private final int mPort;
+        private final int mFamily;  // TODO: what about IPV6_ADDRFORM?
 
-        EncapSocketRecord(int resourceId, FileDescriptor socket, int port) {
+        EncapSocketRecord(int resourceId, FileDescriptor socket, int port, int family) {
             super(resourceId);
             mSocket = socket;
             mPort = port;
+            mFamily = family;
         }
 
         /** always guarded by IpSecService#this */
@@ -979,6 +1045,10 @@
             return mSocket;
         }
 
+        public int getFamily() {
+            return mFamily;
+        }
+
         @Override
         protected ResourceTracker getResourceTracker() {
             return getUserRecord().mSocketQuotaTracker;
@@ -1151,15 +1221,16 @@
      * and re-binding, during which the system could *technically* hand that port out to someone
      * else.
      */
-    private int bindToRandomPort(FileDescriptor sockFd) throws IOException {
+    private int bindToRandomPort(FileDescriptor sockFd, int family, InetAddress localAddr)
+            throws IOException {
         for (int i = MAX_PORT_BIND_ATTEMPTS; i > 0; i--) {
             try {
-                FileDescriptor probeSocket = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
-                Os.bind(probeSocket, INADDR_ANY, 0);
+                FileDescriptor probeSocket = Os.socket(family, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
+                Os.bind(probeSocket, localAddr, 0);
                 int port = ((InetSocketAddress) Os.getsockname(probeSocket)).getPort();
                 Os.close(probeSocket);
                 Log.v(TAG, "Binding to port " + port);
-                Os.bind(sockFd, INADDR_ANY, port);
+                Os.bind(sockFd, localAddr, port);
                 return port;
             } catch (ErrnoException e) {
                 // Someone miraculously claimed the port just after we closed probeSocket.
@@ -1201,6 +1272,19 @@
     @Override
     public synchronized IpSecUdpEncapResponse openUdpEncapsulationSocket(int port, IBinder binder)
             throws RemoteException {
+        // Experimental support for IPv6 UDP encap.
+        final int family;
+        final InetAddress localAddr;
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() && port >= 65536) {
+            PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermissionOr(mContext, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+            port -= 65536;
+            family = AF_INET6;
+            localAddr = IN6ADDR_ANY;
+        } else {
+            family = AF_INET;
+            localAddr = INADDR_ANY;
+        }
+
         if (port != 0 && (port < FREE_PORT_MIN || port > PORT_MAX)) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "Specified port number must be a valid non-reserved UDP port");
@@ -1219,7 +1303,7 @@
 
             FileDescriptor sockFd = null;
             try {
-                sockFd = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
+                sockFd = Os.socket(family, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
                 pFd = ParcelFileDescriptor.dup(sockFd);
             } finally {
                 IoUtils.closeQuietly(sockFd);
@@ -1236,15 +1320,16 @@
             mNetd.ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner(pFd, callingUid);
             if (port != 0) {
                 Log.v(TAG, "Binding to port " + port);
-                Os.bind(pFd.getFileDescriptor(), INADDR_ANY, port);
+                Os.bind(pFd.getFileDescriptor(), localAddr, port);
             } else {
-                port = bindToRandomPort(pFd.getFileDescriptor());
+                port = bindToRandomPort(pFd.getFileDescriptor(), family, localAddr);
             }
 
             userRecord.mEncapSocketRecords.put(
                     resourceId,
                     new RefcountedResource<EncapSocketRecord>(
-                            new EncapSocketRecord(resourceId, pFd.getFileDescriptor(), port),
+                            new EncapSocketRecord(resourceId, pFd.getFileDescriptor(), port,
+                                    family),
                             binder));
             return new IpSecUdpEncapResponse(IpSecManager.Status.OK, resourceId, port,
                     pFd.getFileDescriptor());
@@ -1452,6 +1537,11 @@
         final ConnectivityManager connectivityManager =
                 mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
         final LinkProperties lp = connectivityManager.getLinkProperties(underlyingNetwork);
+        if (lp == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "LinkProperties is null. The underlyingNetwork may not be functional");
+        }
+
         if (tunnelInterfaceInfo.getInterfaceName().equals(lp.getInterfaceName())) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "Underlying network cannot be the network being exposed by this tunnel");
@@ -1516,6 +1606,7 @@
      */
     private void checkIpSecConfig(IpSecConfig config) {
         UserRecord userRecord = mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        EncapSocketRecord encapSocketRecord = null;
 
         switch (config.getEncapType()) {
             case IpSecTransform.ENCAP_NONE:
@@ -1523,7 +1614,7 @@
             case IpSecTransform.ENCAP_ESPINUDP:
             case IpSecTransform.ENCAP_ESPINUDP_NON_IKE:
                 // Retrieve encap socket record; will throw IllegalArgumentException if not found
-                userRecord.mEncapSocketRecords.getResourceOrThrow(
+                encapSocketRecord = userRecord.mEncapSocketRecords.getResourceOrThrow(
                         config.getEncapSocketResourceId());
 
                 int port = config.getEncapRemotePort();
@@ -1577,10 +1668,9 @@
                             + ") have different address families.");
         }
 
-        // Throw an error if UDP Encapsulation is not used in IPv4.
-        if (config.getEncapType() != IpSecTransform.ENCAP_NONE && sourceFamily != AF_INET) {
+        if (encapSocketRecord != null && encapSocketRecord.getFamily() != destinationFamily) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-                    "UDP Encapsulation is not supported for this address family");
+                    "UDP encapsulation socket and destination address families must match");
         }
 
         switch (config.getMode()) {
@@ -1618,6 +1708,14 @@
                 android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS, "IpSecService");
     }
 
+    private void enforceMigrateFeature() {
+        if (!mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION)) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "IPsec Tunnel migration requires"
+                            + " PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION");
+        }
+    }
+
     private void createOrUpdateTransform(
             IpSecConfig c, int resourceId, SpiRecord spiRecord, EncapSocketRecord socketRecord)
             throws RemoteException {
@@ -1714,6 +1812,45 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Migrate an active Tunnel Mode IPsec Transform to new source/destination addresses.
+     *
+     * <p>Begins the process of migrating a transform and cache the new addresses. To complete the
+     * migration once started, callers MUST apply the same transform to the appropriate tunnel using
+     * {@link #applyTunnelModeTransform}. Otherwise, the address update will not be committed and
+     * the transform will still only process traffic between the current source and destination
+     * address. One common use case is that the control plane will start the migration process and
+     * then hand off the transform to the IPsec caller to perform the actual migration when the
+     * tunnel is ready.
+     *
+     * <p>If this method is called multiple times before {@link #applyTunnelModeTransform} is
+     * called, when the transform is applied, it will be migrated to the addresses from the last
+     * call.
+     *
+     * <p>The provided source and destination addresses MUST share the same address family, but they
+     * can have a different family from the current addresses.
+     *
+     * <p>Transform migration is only supported for tunnel mode transforms. Calling this method on
+     * other types of transforms will throw an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void migrateTransform(
+            int transformId,
+            String newSourceAddress,
+            String newDestinationAddress,
+            String callingPackage) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(newSourceAddress, "newSourceAddress was null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(newDestinationAddress, "newDestinationAddress was null");
+
+        enforceTunnelFeatureAndPermissions(callingPackage);
+        enforceMigrateFeature();
+
+        UserRecord userRecord = mUserResourceTracker.getUserRecord(Binder.getCallingUid());
+        TransformRecord transformInfo =
+                userRecord.mTransformRecords.getResourceOrThrow(transformId);
+        transformInfo.startMigration(newSourceAddress, newDestinationAddress);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Delete a transport mode transform that was previously allocated by + registered with the
      * system server. If this is called on an inactive (or non-existent) transform, it will not
      * return an error. It's safe to de-allocate transforms that may have already been deleted for
@@ -1772,12 +1909,15 @@
 
     /**
      * Apply an active tunnel mode transform to a TunnelInterface, which will apply the IPsec
-     * security association as a correspondent policy to the provided interface
+     * security association as a correspondent policy to the provided interface.
+     *
+     * <p>If the transform is migrating, migrate the IPsec security association to new
+     * source/destination addresses, and mark the migration as finished.
      */
     @Override
     public synchronized void applyTunnelModeTransform(
-            int tunnelResourceId, int direction,
-            int transformResourceId, String callingPackage) throws RemoteException {
+            int tunnelResourceId, int direction, int transformResourceId, String callingPackage)
+            throws RemoteException {
         enforceTunnelFeatureAndPermissions(callingPackage);
         checkDirection(direction);
 
@@ -1856,6 +1996,32 @@
 
             // Update SA with tunnel mark (ikey or okey based on direction)
             createOrUpdateTransform(c, transformResourceId, spiRecord, socketRecord);
+
+            if (transformInfo.isMigrating()) {
+                if (!mContext.getPackageManager()
+                        .hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION)) {
+                    Log.wtf(
+                            TAG,
+                            "Attempted to migrate a transform without"
+                                    + " FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION");
+                }
+
+                for (int selAddrFamily : ADDRESS_FAMILIES) {
+                    final IpSecMigrateInfoParcel migrateInfo =
+                            new IpSecMigrateInfoParcel(
+                                    Binder.getCallingUid(),
+                                    selAddrFamily,
+                                    direction,
+                                    c.getSourceAddress(),
+                                    c.getDestinationAddress(),
+                                    transformInfo.getNewSourceAddress(),
+                                    transformInfo.getNewDestinationAddress(),
+                                    c.getXfrmInterfaceId());
+
+                    mNetd.ipSecMigrate(migrateInfo);
+                }
+                transformInfo.finishMigration();
+            }
         } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
             if (e.errorCode == EINVAL) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NetworkStatsServiceInitializer.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NetworkStatsServiceInitializer.java
index 0ea126a..82a4fbd 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NetworkStatsServiceInitializer.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NetworkStatsServiceInitializer.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
@@ -46,6 +47,15 @@
                     /* allowIsolated= */ false);
             TrafficStats.init(getContext());
         }
+
+        // The following code registers the Perfetto Network Trace Handler on non-user builds.
+        // The enhanced tracing is intended to be used for debugging and diagnosing issues. This
+        // is conditional on the build type rather than `isDebuggable` to match the system_server
+        // selinux rules which only allow the Perfetto connection under the same circumstances.
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() && !Build.TYPE.equals("user")) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Initializing network tracing hooks");
+            NetworkStatsService.nativeInitNetworkTracing();
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
index 95e6114..a62ee7f 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService.java
@@ -17,13 +17,20 @@
 package com.android.server;
 
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NETID_UNSET;
+import static android.net.nsd.NsdManager.MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT;
 import static android.net.nsd.NsdManager.MDNS_SERVICE_EVENT;
+import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_TETHERING;
 
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastU;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.mdns.aidl.DiscoveryInfo;
@@ -37,28 +44,54 @@
 import android.net.nsd.MDnsManager;
 import android.net.nsd.NsdManager;
 import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo;
+import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Message;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
-import android.util.Pair;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
-import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.internal.util.State;
 import com.android.internal.util.StateMachine;
+import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.InetAddressUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.ExecutorProvider;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAdvertiser;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsDiscoveryManager;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSearchOptions;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceBrowserListener;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketClientBase;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.NetworkInterface;
 import java.net.SocketException;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.CharBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 /**
  * Network Service Discovery Service handles remote service discovery operation requests by
@@ -69,8 +102,50 @@
 public class NsdService extends INsdManager.Stub {
     private static final String TAG = "NsdService";
     private static final String MDNS_TAG = "mDnsConnector";
+    /**
+     * Enable discovery using the Java DiscoveryManager, instead of the legacy mdnsresponder
+     * implementation.
+     */
+    private static final String MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_VERSION = "mdns_discovery_manager_version";
+    private static final String LOCAL_DOMAIN_NAME = "local";
+    // Max label length as per RFC 1034/1035
+    private static final int MAX_LABEL_LENGTH = 63;
 
-    private static final boolean DBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
+    /**
+     * Enable advertising using the Java MdnsAdvertiser, instead of the legacy mdnsresponder
+     * implementation.
+     */
+    private static final String MDNS_ADVERTISER_VERSION = "mdns_advertiser_version";
+
+    /**
+     * Comma-separated list of type:flag mappings indicating the flags to use to allowlist
+     * discovery/advertising using MdnsDiscoveryManager / MdnsAdvertiser for a given type.
+     *
+     * For example _mytype._tcp.local and _othertype._tcp.local would be configured with:
+     * _mytype._tcp:mytype,_othertype._tcp.local:othertype
+     *
+     * In which case the flags:
+     * "mdns_discovery_manager_allowlist_mytype_version",
+     * "mdns_advertiser_allowlist_mytype_version",
+     * "mdns_discovery_manager_allowlist_othertype_version",
+     * "mdns_advertiser_allowlist_othertype_version"
+     * would be used to toggle MdnsDiscoveryManager / MdnsAdvertiser for each type. The flags will
+     * be read with
+     * {@link DeviceConfigUtils#isFeatureEnabled(Context, String, String, String, boolean)}.
+     *
+     * @see #MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX
+     * @see #MDNS_ADVERTISER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX
+     * @see #MDNS_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_SUFFIX
+     */
+    private static final String MDNS_TYPE_ALLOWLIST_FLAGS = "mdns_type_allowlist_flags";
+
+    private static final String MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX =
+            "mdns_discovery_manager_allowlist_";
+    private static final String MDNS_ADVERTISER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX =
+            "mdns_advertiser_allowlist_";
+    private static final String MDNS_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_SUFFIX = "_version";
+
+    public static final boolean DBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
     private static final long CLEANUP_DELAY_MS = 10000;
     private static final int IFACE_IDX_ANY = 0;
 
@@ -78,10 +153,22 @@
     private final NsdStateMachine mNsdStateMachine;
     private final MDnsManager mMDnsManager;
     private final MDnsEventCallback mMDnsEventCallback;
-    // WARNING : Accessing this value in any thread is not safe, it must only be changed in the
+    @NonNull
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient mMdnsSocketClient;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsDiscoveryManager mMdnsDiscoveryManager;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsSocketProvider mMdnsSocketProvider;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsAdvertiser mAdvertiser;
+    private final SharedLog mServiceLogs = new SharedLog(TAG);
+    // WARNING : Accessing these values in any thread is not safe, it must only be changed in the
     // state machine thread. If change this outside state machine, it will need to introduce
     // synchronization.
     private boolean mIsDaemonStarted = false;
+    private boolean mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted = false;
 
     /**
      * Clients receiving asynchronous messages
@@ -97,11 +184,145 @@
     private int mUniqueId = 1;
     // The count of the connected legacy clients.
     private int mLegacyClientCount = 0;
+    // The number of client that ever connected.
+    private int mClientNumberId = 1;
+
+    private static class MdnsListener implements MdnsServiceBrowserListener {
+        protected final int mClientId;
+        protected final int mTransactionId;
+        @NonNull
+        protected final NsdServiceInfo mReqServiceInfo;
+        @NonNull
+        protected final String mListenedServiceType;
+
+        MdnsListener(int clientId, int transactionId, @NonNull NsdServiceInfo reqServiceInfo,
+                @NonNull String listenedServiceType) {
+            mClientId = clientId;
+            mTransactionId = transactionId;
+            mReqServiceInfo = reqServiceInfo;
+            mListenedServiceType = listenedServiceType;
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        public String getListenedServiceType() {
+            return mListenedServiceType;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceFound(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceUpdated(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceRemoved(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceNameDiscovered(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceNameRemoved(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onSearchStoppedWithError(int error) { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onSearchFailedToStart() { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDiscoveryQuerySent(@NonNull List<String> subtypes, int transactionId) { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(int receivedPacketNumber, int errorCode) { }
+    }
+
+    private class DiscoveryListener extends MdnsListener {
+
+        DiscoveryListener(int clientId, int transactionId, @NonNull NsdServiceInfo reqServiceInfo,
+                @NonNull String listenServiceType) {
+            super(clientId, transactionId, reqServiceInfo, listenServiceType);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceNameDiscovered(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, mTransactionId,
+                    NsdManager.SERVICE_FOUND,
+                    new MdnsEvent(mClientId, mReqServiceInfo.getServiceType(), serviceInfo));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceNameRemoved(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, mTransactionId,
+                    NsdManager.SERVICE_LOST,
+                    new MdnsEvent(mClientId, mReqServiceInfo.getServiceType(), serviceInfo));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ResolutionListener extends MdnsListener {
+
+        ResolutionListener(int clientId, int transactionId, @NonNull NsdServiceInfo reqServiceInfo,
+                @NonNull String listenServiceType) {
+            super(clientId, transactionId, reqServiceInfo, listenServiceType);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceFound(MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, mTransactionId,
+                    NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED,
+                    new MdnsEvent(mClientId, mReqServiceInfo.getServiceType(), serviceInfo));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ServiceInfoListener extends MdnsListener {
+
+        ServiceInfoListener(int clientId, int transactionId, @NonNull NsdServiceInfo reqServiceInfo,
+                @NonNull String listenServiceType) {
+            super(clientId, transactionId, reqServiceInfo, listenServiceType);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceFound(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, mTransactionId,
+                    NsdManager.SERVICE_UPDATED,
+                    new MdnsEvent(mClientId, mReqServiceInfo.getServiceType(), serviceInfo));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceUpdated(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, mTransactionId,
+                    NsdManager.SERVICE_UPDATED,
+                    new MdnsEvent(mClientId, mReqServiceInfo.getServiceType(), serviceInfo));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceRemoved(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT, mTransactionId,
+                    NsdManager.SERVICE_UPDATED_LOST,
+                    new MdnsEvent(mClientId, mReqServiceInfo.getServiceType(), serviceInfo));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Data class of mdns service callback information.
+     */
+    private static class MdnsEvent {
+        final int mClientId;
+        @NonNull
+        final String mRequestedServiceType;
+        @NonNull
+        final MdnsServiceInfo mMdnsServiceInfo;
+
+        MdnsEvent(int clientId, @NonNull String requestedServiceType,
+                @NonNull MdnsServiceInfo mdnsServiceInfo) {
+            mClientId = clientId;
+            mRequestedServiceType = requestedServiceType;
+            mMdnsServiceInfo = mdnsServiceInfo;
+        }
+    }
 
     private class NsdStateMachine extends StateMachine {
 
         private final DefaultState mDefaultState = new DefaultState();
-        private final DisabledState mDisabledState = new DisabledState();
         private final EnabledState mEnabledState = new EnabledState();
 
         @Override
@@ -118,6 +339,7 @@
             mMDnsManager.startDaemon();
             mIsDaemonStarted = true;
             maybeScheduleStop();
+            mServiceLogs.log("Start mdns_responder daemon");
         }
 
         private void maybeStopDaemon() {
@@ -128,6 +350,7 @@
             mMDnsManager.unregisterEventListener(mMDnsEventCallback);
             mMDnsManager.stopDaemon();
             mIsDaemonStarted = false;
+            mServiceLogs.log("Stop mdns_responder daemon");
         }
 
         private boolean isAnyRequestActive() {
@@ -149,10 +372,27 @@
             this.removeMessages(NsdManager.DAEMON_CLEANUP);
         }
 
+        private void maybeStartMonitoringSockets() {
+            if (mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted) {
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Socket monitoring is already started.");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mMdnsSocketProvider.startMonitoringSockets();
+            mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted = true;
+        }
+
+        private void maybeStopMonitoringSocketsIfNoActiveRequest() {
+            if (!mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted) return;
+            if (isAnyRequestActive()) return;
+
+            mMdnsSocketProvider.requestStopWhenInactive();
+            mIsMonitoringSocketsStarted = false;
+        }
+
         NsdStateMachine(String name, Handler handler) {
             super(name, handler);
             addState(mDefaultState);
-                addState(mDisabledState, mDefaultState);
                 addState(mEnabledState, mDefaultState);
             State initialState = mEnabledState;
             setInitialState(initialState);
@@ -166,13 +406,14 @@
                 final int clientId = msg.arg2;
                 switch (msg.what) {
                     case NsdManager.REGISTER_CLIENT:
-                        final Pair<NsdServiceConnector, INsdManagerCallback> arg =
-                                (Pair<NsdServiceConnector, INsdManagerCallback>) msg.obj;
-                        final INsdManagerCallback cb = arg.second;
+                        final ConnectorArgs arg = (ConnectorArgs) msg.obj;
+                        final INsdManagerCallback cb = arg.callback;
                         try {
-                            cb.asBinder().linkToDeath(arg.first, 0);
-                            cInfo = new ClientInfo(cb);
-                            mClients.put(arg.first, cInfo);
+                            cb.asBinder().linkToDeath(arg.connector, 0);
+                            final String tag = "Client" + arg.uid + "-" + mClientNumberId++;
+                            cInfo = new ClientInfo(cb, arg.useJavaBackend,
+                                    mServiceLogs.forSubComponent(tag));
+                            mClients.put(arg.connector, cInfo);
                         } catch (RemoteException e) {
                             Log.w(TAG, "Client " + clientId + " has already died");
                         }
@@ -182,10 +423,11 @@
                         cInfo = mClients.remove(connector);
                         if (cInfo != null) {
                             cInfo.expungeAllRequests();
-                            if (cInfo.isLegacy()) {
+                            if (cInfo.isPreSClient()) {
                                 mLegacyClientCount -= 1;
                             }
                         }
+                        maybeStopMonitoringSocketsIfNoActiveRequest();
                         maybeScheduleStop();
                         break;
                     case NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES:
@@ -223,6 +465,20 @@
                                     clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
                         }
                         break;
+                    case NsdManager.STOP_RESOLUTION:
+                        cInfo = getClientInfoForReply(msg);
+                        if (cInfo != null) {
+                            cInfo.onStopResolutionFailed(
+                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK:
+                        cInfo = getClientInfoForReply(msg);
+                        if (cInfo != null) {
+                            cInfo.onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(
+                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS);
+                        }
+                        break;
                     case NsdManager.DAEMON_CLEANUP:
                         maybeStopDaemon();
                         break;
@@ -232,7 +488,7 @@
                         cInfo = getClientInfoForReply(msg);
                         if (cInfo != null) {
                             cancelStop();
-                            cInfo.setLegacy();
+                            cInfo.setPreSClient();
                             mLegacyClientCount += 1;
                             maybeStartDaemon();
                         }
@@ -250,25 +506,6 @@
             }
         }
 
-        class DisabledState extends State {
-            @Override
-            public void enter() {
-                sendNsdStateChangeBroadcast(false);
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public boolean processMessage(Message msg) {
-                switch (msg.what) {
-                    case NsdManager.ENABLE:
-                        transitionTo(mEnabledState);
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        return NOT_HANDLED;
-                }
-                return HANDLED;
-            }
-        }
-
         class EnabledState extends State {
             @Override
             public void enter() {
@@ -283,26 +520,74 @@
             }
 
             private boolean requestLimitReached(ClientInfo clientInfo) {
-                if (clientInfo.mClientIds.size() >= ClientInfo.MAX_LIMIT) {
+                if (clientInfo.mClientRequests.size() >= ClientInfo.MAX_LIMIT) {
                     if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Exceeded max outstanding requests " + clientInfo);
                     return true;
                 }
                 return false;
             }
 
-            private void storeRequestMap(int clientId, int globalId, ClientInfo clientInfo, int what) {
-                clientInfo.mClientIds.put(clientId, globalId);
-                clientInfo.mClientRequests.put(clientId, what);
+            private void storeLegacyRequestMap(int clientId, int globalId, ClientInfo clientInfo,
+                    int what) {
+                clientInfo.mClientRequests.put(clientId, new LegacyClientRequest(globalId, what));
                 mIdToClientInfoMap.put(globalId, clientInfo);
                 // Remove the cleanup event because here comes a new request.
                 cancelStop();
             }
 
+            private void storeAdvertiserRequestMap(int clientId, int globalId,
+                    ClientInfo clientInfo) {
+                clientInfo.mClientRequests.put(clientId, new AdvertiserClientRequest(globalId));
+                mIdToClientInfoMap.put(globalId, clientInfo);
+            }
+
             private void removeRequestMap(int clientId, int globalId, ClientInfo clientInfo) {
-                clientInfo.mClientIds.delete(clientId);
-                clientInfo.mClientRequests.delete(clientId);
+                final ClientRequest existing = clientInfo.mClientRequests.get(clientId);
+                if (existing == null) return;
+                clientInfo.mClientRequests.remove(clientId);
                 mIdToClientInfoMap.remove(globalId);
-                maybeScheduleStop();
+
+                if (existing instanceof LegacyClientRequest) {
+                    maybeScheduleStop();
+                } else {
+                    maybeStopMonitoringSocketsIfNoActiveRequest();
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void storeDiscoveryManagerRequestMap(int clientId, int globalId,
+                    MdnsListener listener, ClientInfo clientInfo) {
+                clientInfo.mClientRequests.put(clientId,
+                        new DiscoveryManagerRequest(globalId, listener));
+                mIdToClientInfoMap.put(globalId, clientInfo);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Truncate a service name to up to 63 UTF-8 bytes.
+             *
+             * See RFC6763 4.1.1: service instance names are UTF-8 and up to 63 bytes. Truncating
+             * names used in registerService follows historical behavior (see mdnsresponder
+             * handle_regservice_request).
+             */
+            @NonNull
+            private String truncateServiceName(@NonNull String originalName) {
+                // UTF-8 is at most 4 bytes per character; return early in the common case where
+                // the name can't possibly be over the limit given its string length.
+                if (originalName.length() <= MAX_LABEL_LENGTH / 4) return originalName;
+
+                final Charset utf8 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+                final CharsetEncoder encoder = utf8.newEncoder();
+                final ByteBuffer out = ByteBuffer.allocate(MAX_LABEL_LENGTH);
+                // encode will write as many characters as possible to the out buffer, and just
+                // return an overflow code if there were too many characters (no need to check the
+                // return code here, this method truncates the name on purpose).
+                encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(originalName), out, true /* endOfInput */);
+                return new String(out.array(), 0, out.position(), utf8);
+            }
+
+            private void stopDiscoveryManagerRequest(ClientRequest request, int clientId, int id,
+                    ClientInfo clientInfo) {
+                clientInfo.unregisterMdnsListenerFromRequest(request);
+                removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -312,14 +597,17 @@
                 final int clientId = msg.arg2;
                 final ListenerArgs args;
                 switch (msg.what) {
-                    case NsdManager.DISABLE:
-                        //TODO: cleanup clients
-                        transitionTo(mDisabledState);
-                        break;
-                    case NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES:
+                    case NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES: {
                         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Discover services");
                         args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
                         clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
+                        if (clientInfo == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in discovery");
+                            break;
+                        }
 
                         if (requestLimitReached(clientInfo)) {
                             clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesFailed(
@@ -327,106 +615,340 @@
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        maybeStartDaemon();
+                        final NsdServiceInfo info = args.serviceInfo;
                         id = getUniqueId();
-                        if (discoverServices(id, args.serviceInfo)) {
-                            if (DBG) {
-                                Log.d(TAG, "Discover " + msg.arg2 + " " + id
-                                        + args.serviceInfo.getServiceType());
+                        final String serviceType = constructServiceType(info.getServiceType());
+                        if (clientInfo.mUseJavaBackend
+                                || mDeps.isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(mContext)
+                                || useDiscoveryManagerForType(serviceType)) {
+                            if (serviceType == null) {
+                                clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesFailed(clientId,
+                                        NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                                break;
                             }
-                            storeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo, msg.what);
-                            clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesStarted(clientId, args.serviceInfo);
+
+                            final String listenServiceType = serviceType + ".local";
+                            maybeStartMonitoringSockets();
+                            final MdnsListener listener =
+                                    new DiscoveryListener(clientId, id, info, listenServiceType);
+                            final MdnsSearchOptions options = MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                                    .setNetwork(info.getNetwork())
+                                    .setIsPassiveMode(true)
+                                    .build();
+                            mMdnsDiscoveryManager.registerListener(
+                                    listenServiceType, listener, options);
+                            storeDiscoveryManagerRequestMap(clientId, id, listener, clientInfo);
+                            clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesStarted(clientId, info);
+                            clientInfo.log("Register a DiscoveryListener " + id
+                                    + " for service type:" + listenServiceType);
                         } else {
-                            stopServiceDiscovery(id);
-                            clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesFailed(clientId,
-                                    NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            maybeStartDaemon();
+                            if (discoverServices(id, info)) {
+                                if (DBG) {
+                                    Log.d(TAG, "Discover " + msg.arg2 + " " + id
+                                            + info.getServiceType());
+                                }
+                                storeLegacyRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo, msg.what);
+                                clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesStarted(clientId, info);
+                            } else {
+                                stopServiceDiscovery(id);
+                                clientInfo.onDiscoverServicesFailed(clientId,
+                                        NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            }
                         }
                         break;
-                    case NsdManager.STOP_DISCOVERY:
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.STOP_DISCOVERY: {
                         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Stop service discovery");
                         args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
                         clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
-
-                        try {
-                            id = clientInfo.mClientIds.get(clientId);
-                        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
-                            clientInfo.onStopDiscoveryFailed(
-                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
+                        if (clientInfo == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in stop discovery");
                             break;
                         }
-                        removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
-                        if (stopServiceDiscovery(id)) {
+
+                        final ClientRequest request = clientInfo.mClientRequests.get(clientId);
+                        if (request == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown client request in STOP_DISCOVERY");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        id = request.mGlobalId;
+                        // Note isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled may have changed to false at this
+                        // point, so this needs to check the type of the original request to
+                        // unregister instead of looking at the flag value.
+                        if (request instanceof DiscoveryManagerRequest) {
+                            stopDiscoveryManagerRequest(request, clientId, id, clientInfo);
                             clientInfo.onStopDiscoverySucceeded(clientId);
+                            clientInfo.log("Unregister the DiscoveryListener " + id);
                         } else {
-                            clientInfo.onStopDiscoveryFailed(
-                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
+                            if (stopServiceDiscovery(id)) {
+                                clientInfo.onStopDiscoverySucceeded(clientId);
+                            } else {
+                                clientInfo.onStopDiscoveryFailed(
+                                        clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            }
                         }
                         break;
-                    case NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE:
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE: {
                         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Register service");
                         args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
                         clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
+                        if (clientInfo == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in registration");
+                            break;
+                        }
+
                         if (requestLimitReached(clientInfo)) {
                             clientInfo.onRegisterServiceFailed(
                                     clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_MAX_LIMIT);
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        maybeStartDaemon();
                         id = getUniqueId();
-                        if (registerService(id, args.serviceInfo)) {
-                            if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Register " + clientId + " " + id);
-                            storeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo, msg.what);
-                            // Return success after mDns reports success
+                        final NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo = args.serviceInfo;
+                        final String serviceType = serviceInfo.getServiceType();
+                        final String registerServiceType = constructServiceType(serviceType);
+                        if (clientInfo.mUseJavaBackend
+                                || mDeps.isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled(mContext)
+                                || useAdvertiserForType(registerServiceType)) {
+                            if (registerServiceType == null) {
+                                Log.e(TAG, "Invalid service type: " + serviceType);
+                                clientInfo.onRegisterServiceFailed(clientId,
+                                        NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            serviceInfo.setServiceType(registerServiceType);
+                            serviceInfo.setServiceName(truncateServiceName(
+                                    serviceInfo.getServiceName()));
+
+                            maybeStartMonitoringSockets();
+                            mAdvertiser.addService(id, serviceInfo);
+                            storeAdvertiserRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
                         } else {
-                            unregisterService(id);
-                            clientInfo.onRegisterServiceFailed(
-                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            maybeStartDaemon();
+                            if (registerService(id, serviceInfo)) {
+                                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Register " + clientId + " " + id);
+                                storeLegacyRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo, msg.what);
+                                // Return success after mDns reports success
+                            } else {
+                                unregisterService(id);
+                                clientInfo.onRegisterServiceFailed(
+                                        clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            }
+
                         }
                         break;
-                    case NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE:
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE: {
                         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "unregister service");
                         args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
                         clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
                         if (clientInfo == null) {
                             Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in unregistration");
                             break;
                         }
-                        id = clientInfo.mClientIds.get(clientId);
+                        final ClientRequest request = clientInfo.mClientRequests.get(clientId);
+                        if (request == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown client request in UNREGISTER_SERVICE");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        id = request.mGlobalId;
                         removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
-                        if (unregisterService(id)) {
+
+                        // Note isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled may have changed to false at this point,
+                        // so this needs to check the type of the original request to unregister
+                        // instead of looking at the flag value.
+                        if (request instanceof AdvertiserClientRequest) {
+                            mAdvertiser.removeService(id);
                             clientInfo.onUnregisterServiceSucceeded(clientId);
                         } else {
-                            clientInfo.onUnregisterServiceFailed(
-                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            if (unregisterService(id)) {
+                                clientInfo.onUnregisterServiceSucceeded(clientId);
+                            } else {
+                                clientInfo.onUnregisterServiceFailed(
+                                        clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            }
                         }
                         break;
-                    case NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE:
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE: {
                         if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Resolve service");
                         args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
                         clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
-
-                        if (clientInfo.mResolvedService != null) {
-                            clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
-                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_ALREADY_ACTIVE);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
+                        if (clientInfo == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in resolution");
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        maybeStartDaemon();
+                        final NsdServiceInfo info = args.serviceInfo;
                         id = getUniqueId();
-                        if (resolveService(id, args.serviceInfo)) {
-                            clientInfo.mResolvedService = new NsdServiceInfo();
-                            storeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo, msg.what);
+                        final String serviceType = constructServiceType(info.getServiceType());
+                        if (clientInfo.mUseJavaBackend
+                                ||  mDeps.isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(mContext)
+                                || useDiscoveryManagerForType(serviceType)) {
+                            if (serviceType == null) {
+                                clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(clientId,
+                                        NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            final String resolveServiceType = serviceType + ".local";
+
+                            maybeStartMonitoringSockets();
+                            final MdnsListener listener =
+                                    new ResolutionListener(clientId, id, info, resolveServiceType);
+                            final MdnsSearchOptions options = MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                                    .setNetwork(info.getNetwork())
+                                    .setIsPassiveMode(true)
+                                    .setResolveInstanceName(info.getServiceName())
+                                    .build();
+                            mMdnsDiscoveryManager.registerListener(
+                                    resolveServiceType, listener, options);
+                            storeDiscoveryManagerRequestMap(clientId, id, listener, clientInfo);
+                            clientInfo.log("Register a ResolutionListener " + id
+                                    + " for service type:" + resolveServiceType);
                         } else {
-                            clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
-                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            if (clientInfo.mResolvedService != null) {
+                                clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
+                                        clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_ALREADY_ACTIVE);
+                                break;
+                            }
+
+                            maybeStartDaemon();
+                            if (resolveService(id, info)) {
+                                clientInfo.mResolvedService = new NsdServiceInfo();
+                                storeLegacyRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo, msg.what);
+                            } else {
+                                clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
+                                        clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                            }
                         }
                         break;
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.STOP_RESOLUTION: {
+                        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Stop service resolution");
+                        args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
+                        clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
+                        if (clientInfo == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in stop resolution");
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        final ClientRequest request = clientInfo.mClientRequests.get(clientId);
+                        if (request == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown client request in STOP_RESOLUTION");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        id = request.mGlobalId;
+                        // Note isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled may have changed to false at this
+                        // point, so this needs to check the type of the original request to
+                        // unregister instead of looking at the flag value.
+                        if (request instanceof DiscoveryManagerRequest) {
+                            stopDiscoveryManagerRequest(request, clientId, id, clientInfo);
+                            clientInfo.onStopResolutionSucceeded(clientId);
+                            clientInfo.log("Unregister the ResolutionListener " + id);
+                        } else {
+                            removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
+                            if (stopResolveService(id)) {
+                                clientInfo.onStopResolutionSucceeded(clientId);
+                            } else {
+                                clientInfo.onStopResolutionFailed(
+                                        clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING);
+                            }
+                            clientInfo.mResolvedService = null;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK: {
+                        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Register a service callback");
+                        args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
+                        clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
+                        if (clientInfo == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in callback registration");
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        final NsdServiceInfo info = args.serviceInfo;
+                        id = getUniqueId();
+                        final String serviceType = constructServiceType(info.getServiceType());
+                        if (serviceType == null) {
+                            clientInfo.onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(clientId,
+                                    NsdManager.FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        final String resolveServiceType = serviceType + ".local";
+
+                        maybeStartMonitoringSockets();
+                        final MdnsListener listener =
+                                new ServiceInfoListener(clientId, id, info, resolveServiceType);
+                        final MdnsSearchOptions options = MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                                .setNetwork(info.getNetwork())
+                                .setIsPassiveMode(true)
+                                .setResolveInstanceName(info.getServiceName())
+                                .build();
+                        mMdnsDiscoveryManager.registerListener(
+                                resolveServiceType, listener, options);
+                        storeDiscoveryManagerRequestMap(clientId, id, listener, clientInfo);
+                        clientInfo.log("Register a ServiceInfoListener " + id
+                                + " for service type:" + resolveServiceType);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK: {
+                        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Unregister a service callback");
+                        args = (ListenerArgs) msg.obj;
+                        clientInfo = mClients.get(args.connector);
+                        // If the binder death notification for a INsdManagerCallback was received
+                        // before any calls are received by NsdService, the clientInfo would be
+                        // cleared and cause NPE. Add a null check here to prevent this corner case.
+                        if (clientInfo == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown connector in callback unregistration");
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        final ClientRequest request = clientInfo.mClientRequests.get(clientId);
+                        if (request == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown client request in UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        id = request.mGlobalId;
+                        if (request instanceof DiscoveryManagerRequest) {
+                            stopDiscoveryManagerRequest(request, clientId, id, clientInfo);
+                            clientInfo.onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered(clientId);
+                            clientInfo.log("Unregister the ServiceInfoListener " + id);
+                        } else {
+                            loge("Unregister failed with non-DiscoveryManagerRequest.");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
                     case MDNS_SERVICE_EVENT:
                         if (!handleMDnsServiceEvent(msg.arg1, msg.arg2, msg.obj)) {
                             return NOT_HANDLED;
                         }
                         break;
+                    case MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_EVENT:
+                        if (!handleMdnsDiscoveryManagerEvent(msg.arg1, msg.arg2, msg.obj)) {
+                            return NOT_HANDLED;
+                        }
+                        break;
                     default:
                         return NOT_HANDLED;
                 }
@@ -467,6 +989,12 @@
                             // interfaces that do not have an associated Network.
                             break;
                         }
+                        if (foundNetId == INetd.DUMMY_NET_ID) {
+                            // Ignore services on the dummy0 interface: they are only seen when
+                            // discovering locally advertised services, and are not reachable
+                            // through that interface.
+                            break;
+                        }
                         setServiceNetworkForCallback(servInfo, info.netId, info.interfaceIdx);
                         clientInfo.onServiceFound(clientId, servInfo);
                         break;
@@ -519,10 +1047,11 @@
                         String rest = fullName.substring(index);
                         String type = rest.replace(".local.", "");
 
-                        clientInfo.mResolvedService.setServiceName(name);
-                        clientInfo.mResolvedService.setServiceType(type);
-                        clientInfo.mResolvedService.setPort(info.port);
-                        clientInfo.mResolvedService.setTxtRecords(info.txtRecord);
+                        final NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo = clientInfo.mResolvedService;
+                        serviceInfo.setServiceName(name);
+                        serviceInfo.setServiceType(type);
+                        serviceInfo.setPort(info.port);
+                        serviceInfo.setTxtRecords(info.txtRecord);
                         // Network will be added after SERVICE_GET_ADDR_SUCCESS
 
                         stopResolveService(id);
@@ -530,7 +1059,8 @@
 
                         final int id2 = getUniqueId();
                         if (getAddrInfo(id2, info.hostname, info.interfaceIdx)) {
-                            storeRequestMap(clientId, id2, clientInfo, NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE);
+                            storeLegacyRequestMap(clientId, id2, clientInfo,
+                                    NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE);
                         } else {
                             clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
                                     clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
@@ -542,17 +1072,17 @@
                         /* NNN resolveId errorCode */
                         stopResolveService(id);
                         removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
-                        clientInfo.mResolvedService = null;
                         clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
                                 clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                        clientInfo.mResolvedService = null;
                         break;
                     case IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_GET_ADDR_FAILED:
                         /* NNN resolveId errorCode */
                         stopGetAddrInfo(id);
                         removeRequestMap(clientId, id, clientInfo);
-                        clientInfo.mResolvedService = null;
                         clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
                                 clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                        clientInfo.mResolvedService = null;
                         break;
                     case IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_GET_ADDR_SUCCESS: {
                         /* NNN resolveId hostname ttl addr interfaceIdx netId */
@@ -589,9 +1119,138 @@
                 }
                 return true;
             }
+
+            private NsdServiceInfo buildNsdServiceInfoFromMdnsEvent(final MdnsEvent event) {
+                final MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo = event.mMdnsServiceInfo;
+                final String serviceType = event.mRequestedServiceType;
+                final String serviceName = serviceInfo.getServiceInstanceName();
+                final NsdServiceInfo servInfo = new NsdServiceInfo(serviceName, serviceType);
+                final Network network = serviceInfo.getNetwork();
+                // In MdnsDiscoveryManagerEvent, the Network can be null which means it is a
+                // network for Tethering interface. In other words, the network == null means the
+                // network has netId = INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID.
+                setServiceNetworkForCallback(
+                        servInfo,
+                        network == null ? INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID : network.netId,
+                        serviceInfo.getInterfaceIndex());
+                return servInfo;
+            }
+
+            private boolean handleMdnsDiscoveryManagerEvent(
+                    int transactionId, int code, Object obj) {
+                final ClientInfo clientInfo = mIdToClientInfoMap.get(transactionId);
+                if (clientInfo == null) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, String.format(
+                            "id %d for %d has no client mapping", transactionId, code));
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                final MdnsEvent event = (MdnsEvent) obj;
+                final int clientId = event.mClientId;
+                final NsdServiceInfo info = buildNsdServiceInfoFromMdnsEvent(event);
+                if (DBG) {
+                    Log.d(TAG, String.format("MdnsDiscoveryManager event code=%s transactionId=%d",
+                            NsdManager.nameOf(code), transactionId));
+                }
+                switch (code) {
+                    case NsdManager.SERVICE_FOUND:
+                        clientInfo.onServiceFound(clientId, info);
+                        break;
+                    case NsdManager.SERVICE_LOST:
+                        clientInfo.onServiceLost(clientId, info);
+                        break;
+                    case NsdManager.RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED: {
+                        final ClientRequest request = clientInfo.mClientRequests.get(clientId);
+                        if (request == null) {
+                            Log.e(TAG, "Unknown client request in RESOLVE_SERVICE_SUCCEEDED");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        final MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo = event.mMdnsServiceInfo;
+                        // Add '.' in front of the service type that aligns with historical behavior
+                        info.setServiceType("." + event.mRequestedServiceType);
+                        info.setPort(serviceInfo.getPort());
+
+                        Map<String, String> attrs = serviceInfo.getAttributes();
+                        for (Map.Entry<String, String> kv : attrs.entrySet()) {
+                            final String key = kv.getKey();
+                            try {
+                                info.setAttribute(key, serviceInfo.getAttributeAsBytes(key));
+                            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                                Log.e(TAG, "Invalid attribute", e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        final List<InetAddress> addresses = getInetAddresses(serviceInfo);
+                        if (addresses.size() != 0) {
+                            info.setHostAddresses(addresses);
+                            clientInfo.onResolveServiceSucceeded(clientId, info);
+                        } else {
+                            // No address. Notify resolution failure.
+                            clientInfo.onResolveServiceFailed(
+                                    clientId, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+                        }
+
+                        // Unregister the listener immediately like IMDnsEventListener design
+                        if (!(request instanceof DiscoveryManagerRequest)) {
+                            Log.wtf(TAG, "non-DiscoveryManager request in DiscoveryManager event");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        stopDiscoveryManagerRequest(request, clientId, transactionId, clientInfo);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.SERVICE_UPDATED: {
+                        final MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo = event.mMdnsServiceInfo;
+                        info.setPort(serviceInfo.getPort());
+
+                        Map<String, String> attrs = serviceInfo.getAttributes();
+                        for (Map.Entry<String, String> kv : attrs.entrySet()) {
+                            final String key = kv.getKey();
+                            try {
+                                info.setAttribute(key, serviceInfo.getAttributeAsBytes(key));
+                            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                                Log.e(TAG, "Invalid attribute", e);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        final List<InetAddress> addresses = getInetAddresses(serviceInfo);
+                        info.setHostAddresses(addresses);
+                        clientInfo.onServiceUpdated(clientId, info);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case NsdManager.SERVICE_UPDATED_LOST:
+                        clientInfo.onServiceUpdatedLost(clientId);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
        }
     }
 
+    @NonNull
+    private static List<InetAddress> getInetAddresses(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+        final List<String> v4Addrs = serviceInfo.getIpv4Addresses();
+        final List<String> v6Addrs = serviceInfo.getIpv6Addresses();
+        final List<InetAddress> addresses = new ArrayList<>(v4Addrs.size() + v6Addrs.size());
+        for (String ipv4Address : v4Addrs) {
+            try {
+                addresses.add(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(ipv4Address));
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid ipv4 address", e);
+            }
+        }
+        for (String ipv6Address : v6Addrs) {
+            try {
+                final Inet6Address addr = (Inet6Address) InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(
+                        ipv6Address);
+                addresses.add(InetAddressUtils.withScopeId(addr, serviceInfo.getInterfaceIndex()));
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Invalid ipv6 address", e);
+            }
+        }
+        return addresses;
+    }
+
     private static void setServiceNetworkForCallback(NsdServiceInfo info, int netId, int ifaceIdx) {
         switch (netId) {
             case NETID_UNSET:
@@ -641,14 +1300,166 @@
         return sb.toString();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Check the given service type is valid and construct it to a service type
+     * which can use for discovery / resolution service.
+     *
+     * <p> The valid service type should be 2 labels, or 3 labels if the query is for a
+     * subtype (see RFC6763 7.1). Each label is up to 63 characters and must start with an
+     * underscore; they are alphanumerical characters or dashes or underscore, except the
+     * last one that is just alphanumerical. The last label must be _tcp or _udp.
+     *
+     * @param serviceType the request service type for discovery / resolution service
+     * @return constructed service type or null if the given service type is invalid.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public static String constructServiceType(String serviceType) {
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(serviceType)) return null;
+
+        final Pattern serviceTypePattern = Pattern.compile(
+                "^(_[a-zA-Z0-9-_]{1,61}[a-zA-Z0-9]\\.)?"
+                        + "(_[a-zA-Z0-9-_]{1,61}[a-zA-Z0-9]\\._(?:tcp|udp))"
+                        // Drop '.' at the end of service type that is compatible with old backend.
+                        + "\\.?$");
+        final Matcher matcher = serviceTypePattern.matcher(serviceType);
+        if (!matcher.matches()) return null;
+        return matcher.group(1) == null
+                ? matcher.group(2)
+                : matcher.group(1) + "_sub." + matcher.group(2);
+    }
+
     @VisibleForTesting
     NsdService(Context ctx, Handler handler, long cleanupDelayMs) {
+        this(ctx, handler, cleanupDelayMs, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    NsdService(Context ctx, Handler handler, long cleanupDelayMs, Dependencies deps) {
         mCleanupDelayMs = cleanupDelayMs;
         mContext = ctx;
         mNsdStateMachine = new NsdStateMachine(TAG, handler);
         mNsdStateMachine.start();
         mMDnsManager = ctx.getSystemService(MDnsManager.class);
         mMDnsEventCallback = new MDnsEventCallback(mNsdStateMachine);
+        mDeps = deps;
+
+        mMdnsSocketProvider = deps.makeMdnsSocketProvider(ctx, handler.getLooper());
+        // Netlink monitor starts on boot, and intentionally never stopped, to ensure that all
+        // address events are received.
+        handler.post(mMdnsSocketProvider::startNetLinkMonitor);
+        mMdnsSocketClient =
+                new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider);
+        mMdnsDiscoveryManager =
+                deps.makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(new ExecutorProvider(), mMdnsSocketClient);
+        handler.post(() -> mMdnsSocketClient.setCallback(mMdnsDiscoveryManager));
+        mAdvertiser = deps.makeMdnsAdvertiser(handler.getLooper(), mMdnsSocketProvider,
+                new AdvertiserCallback());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies of NsdService, for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * Check whether the MdnsDiscoveryManager feature is enabled.
+         *
+         * @param context The global context information about an app environment.
+         * @return true if the MdnsDiscoveryManager feature is enabled.
+         */
+        public boolean isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(Context context) {
+            return isAtLeastU() || DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(context,
+                    NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_VERSION,
+                    false /* defaultEnabled */);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Check whether the MdnsAdvertiser feature is enabled.
+         *
+         * @param context The global context information about an app environment.
+         * @return true if the MdnsAdvertiser feature is enabled.
+         */
+        public boolean isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled(Context context) {
+            return isAtLeastU() || DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(context,
+                    NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, MDNS_ADVERTISER_VERSION, false /* defaultEnabled */);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the type allowlist flag value.
+         * @see #MDNS_TYPE_ALLOWLIST_FLAGS
+         */
+        @Nullable
+        public String getTypeAllowlistFlags() {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.getDeviceConfigProperty(NAMESPACE_TETHERING,
+                    MDNS_TYPE_ALLOWLIST_FLAGS, null);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see DeviceConfigUtils#isFeatureEnabled(Context, String, String, String, boolean)
+         */
+        public boolean isFeatureEnabled(Context context, String feature) {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(context, NAMESPACE_TETHERING,
+                    feature, DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME, false /* defaultEnabled */);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see MdnsDiscoveryManager
+         */
+        public MdnsDiscoveryManager makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(
+                ExecutorProvider executorProvider, MdnsSocketClientBase socketClient) {
+            return new MdnsDiscoveryManager(executorProvider, socketClient);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see MdnsAdvertiser
+         */
+        public MdnsAdvertiser makeMdnsAdvertiser(
+                @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider socketProvider,
+                @NonNull MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback cb) {
+            return new MdnsAdvertiser(looper, socketProvider, cb);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see MdnsSocketProvider
+         */
+        public MdnsSocketProvider makeMdnsSocketProvider(Context context, Looper looper) {
+            return new MdnsSocketProvider(context, looper);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return whether a type is allowlisted to use the Java backend.
+     * @param type The service type
+     * @param flagPrefix One of {@link #MDNS_ADVERTISER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX} or
+     *                   {@link #MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX}.
+     */
+    private boolean isTypeAllowlistedForJavaBackend(@Nullable String type,
+            @NonNull String flagPrefix) {
+        if (type == null) return false;
+        final String typesConfig = mDeps.getTypeAllowlistFlags();
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(typesConfig)) return false;
+
+        final String mappingPrefix = type + ":";
+        String mappedFlag = null;
+        for (String mapping : TextUtils.split(typesConfig, ",")) {
+            if (mapping.startsWith(mappingPrefix)) {
+                mappedFlag = mapping.substring(mappingPrefix.length());
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (mappedFlag == null) return false;
+
+        return mDeps.isFeatureEnabled(mContext,
+                flagPrefix + mappedFlag + MDNS_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_SUFFIX);
+    }
+
+    private boolean useDiscoveryManagerForType(@Nullable String type) {
+        return isTypeAllowlistedForJavaBackend(type, MDNS_DISCOVERY_MANAGER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX);
+    }
+
+    private boolean useAdvertiserForType(@Nullable String type) {
+        return isTypeAllowlistedForJavaBackend(type, MDNS_ADVERTISER_ALLOWLIST_FLAG_PREFIX);
     }
 
     public static NsdService create(Context context) {
@@ -701,12 +1512,72 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private class AdvertiserCallback implements MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback {
+        @Override
+        public void onRegisterServiceSucceeded(int serviceId, NsdServiceInfo registeredInfo) {
+            final ClientInfo clientInfo = getClientInfoOrLog(serviceId);
+            if (clientInfo == null) return;
+
+            final int clientId = getClientIdOrLog(clientInfo, serviceId);
+            if (clientId < 0) return;
+
+            // onRegisterServiceSucceeded only has the service name in its info. This aligns with
+            // historical behavior.
+            final NsdServiceInfo cbInfo = new NsdServiceInfo(registeredInfo.getServiceName(), null);
+            clientInfo.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(clientId, cbInfo);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onRegisterServiceFailed(int serviceId, int errorCode) {
+            final ClientInfo clientInfo = getClientInfoOrLog(serviceId);
+            if (clientInfo == null) return;
+
+            final int clientId = getClientIdOrLog(clientInfo, serviceId);
+            if (clientId < 0) return;
+
+            clientInfo.onRegisterServiceFailed(clientId, errorCode);
+        }
+
+        private ClientInfo getClientInfoOrLog(int serviceId) {
+            final ClientInfo clientInfo = mIdToClientInfoMap.get(serviceId);
+            if (clientInfo == null) {
+                Log.e(TAG, String.format("Callback for service %d has no client", serviceId));
+            }
+            return clientInfo;
+        }
+
+        private int getClientIdOrLog(@NonNull ClientInfo info, int serviceId) {
+            final int clientId = info.getClientId(serviceId);
+            if (clientId < 0) {
+                Log.e(TAG, String.format("Client ID not found for service %d", serviceId));
+            }
+            return clientId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class ConnectorArgs {
+        @NonNull public final NsdServiceConnector connector;
+        @NonNull public final INsdManagerCallback callback;
+        public final boolean useJavaBackend;
+        public final int uid;
+
+        ConnectorArgs(@NonNull NsdServiceConnector connector, @NonNull INsdManagerCallback callback,
+                boolean useJavaBackend, int uid) {
+            this.connector = connector;
+            this.callback = callback;
+            this.useJavaBackend = useJavaBackend;
+            this.uid = uid;
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
-    public INsdServiceConnector connect(INsdManagerCallback cb) {
+    public INsdServiceConnector connect(INsdManagerCallback cb, boolean useJavaBackend) {
         mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(android.Manifest.permission.INTERNET, "NsdService");
+        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "New client connect. useJavaBackend=" + useJavaBackend);
         final INsdServiceConnector connector = new NsdServiceConnector();
-        mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(mNsdStateMachine.obtainMessage(
-                NsdManager.REGISTER_CLIENT, new Pair<>(connector, cb)));
+        mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(mNsdStateMachine.obtainMessage(NsdManager.REGISTER_CLIENT,
+                new ConnectorArgs((NsdServiceConnector) connector, cb, useJavaBackend,
+                        Binder.getCallingUid())));
         return connector;
     }
 
@@ -756,6 +1627,26 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public void stopResolution(int listenerKey) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(mNsdStateMachine.obtainMessage(
+                    NsdManager.STOP_RESOLUTION, 0, listenerKey, new ListenerArgs(this, null)));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void registerServiceInfoCallback(int listenerKey, NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(mNsdStateMachine.obtainMessage(
+                    NsdManager.REGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK, 0, listenerKey,
+                    new ListenerArgs(this, serviceInfo)));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void unregisterServiceInfoCallback(int listenerKey) {
+            mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(mNsdStateMachine.obtainMessage(
+                    NsdManager.UNREGISTER_SERVICE_CALLBACK, 0, listenerKey,
+                    new ListenerArgs(this, null)));
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public void startDaemon() {
             mNsdStateMachine.sendMessage(mNsdStateMachine.obtainMessage(
                     NsdManager.DAEMON_STARTUP, new ListenerArgs(this, null)));
@@ -885,20 +1776,72 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void dump(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter pw, String[] args) {
-        if (mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(android.Manifest.permission.DUMP)
-                != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-            pw.println("Permission Denial: can't dump " + TAG
-                    + " due to missing android.permission.DUMP permission");
-            return;
-        }
+    public void dump(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter writer, String[] args) {
+        if (!PermissionUtils.checkDumpPermission(mContext, TAG, writer)) return;
 
-        for (ClientInfo client : mClients.values()) {
-            pw.println("Client Info");
-            pw.println(client);
-        }
-
+        final IndentingPrintWriter pw = new IndentingPrintWriter(writer, "  ");
+        // Dump state machine logs
         mNsdStateMachine.dump(fd, pw, args);
+
+        // Dump service and clients logs
+        pw.println();
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        mServiceLogs.reverseDump(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        // Dump advertiser related logs
+        pw.println();
+        pw.println("Advertiser:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        mAdvertiser.dump(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        // Dump discoverymanager related logs
+        pw.println();
+        pw.println("DiscoveryManager:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        mMdnsDiscoveryManager.dump(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        // Dump socketprovider related logs
+        pw.println();
+        pw.println("SocketProvider:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        mMdnsSocketProvider.dump(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    private abstract static class ClientRequest {
+        private final int mGlobalId;
+
+        private ClientRequest(int globalId) {
+            mGlobalId = globalId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class LegacyClientRequest extends ClientRequest {
+        private final int mRequestCode;
+
+        private LegacyClientRequest(int globalId, int requestCode) {
+            super(globalId);
+            mRequestCode = requestCode;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class AdvertiserClientRequest extends ClientRequest {
+        private AdvertiserClientRequest(int globalId) {
+            super(globalId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class DiscoveryManagerRequest extends ClientRequest {
+        @NonNull
+        private final MdnsListener mListener;
+
+        private DiscoveryManagerRequest(int globalId, @NonNull MdnsListener listener) {
+            super(globalId);
+            mListener = listener;
+        }
     }
 
     /* Information tracked per client */
@@ -909,56 +1852,85 @@
         /* Remembers a resolved service until getaddrinfo completes */
         private NsdServiceInfo mResolvedService;
 
-        /* A map from client id to unique id sent to mDns */
-        private final SparseIntArray mClientIds = new SparseIntArray();
-
-        /* A map from client id to the type of the request we had received */
-        private final SparseIntArray mClientRequests = new SparseIntArray();
+        /* A map from client-side ID (listenerKey) to the request */
+        private final SparseArray<ClientRequest> mClientRequests = new SparseArray<>();
 
         // The target SDK of this client < Build.VERSION_CODES.S
-        private boolean mIsLegacy = false;
+        private boolean mIsPreSClient = false;
+        // The flag of using java backend if the client's target SDK >= U
+        private final boolean mUseJavaBackend;
+        // Store client logs
+        private final SharedLog mClientLogs;
 
-        private ClientInfo(INsdManagerCallback cb) {
+        private ClientInfo(INsdManagerCallback cb, boolean useJavaBackend, SharedLog sharedLog) {
             mCb = cb;
-            if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "New client");
+            mUseJavaBackend = useJavaBackend;
+            mClientLogs = sharedLog;
+            mClientLogs.log("New client. useJavaBackend=" + useJavaBackend);
         }
 
         @Override
         public String toString() {
             StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
             sb.append("mResolvedService ").append(mResolvedService).append("\n");
-            sb.append("mIsLegacy ").append(mIsLegacy).append("\n");
-            for(int i = 0; i< mClientIds.size(); i++) {
-                int clientID = mClientIds.keyAt(i);
-                sb.append("clientId ").append(clientID).
-                    append(" mDnsId ").append(mClientIds.valueAt(i)).
-                    append(" type ").append(mClientRequests.get(clientID)).append("\n");
+            sb.append("mIsLegacy ").append(mIsPreSClient).append("\n");
+            for (int i = 0; i < mClientRequests.size(); i++) {
+                int clientID = mClientRequests.keyAt(i);
+                sb.append("clientId ")
+                        .append(clientID)
+                        .append(" mDnsId ").append(mClientRequests.valueAt(i).mGlobalId)
+                        .append(" type ").append(
+                                mClientRequests.valueAt(i).getClass().getSimpleName())
+                        .append("\n");
             }
             return sb.toString();
         }
 
-        private boolean isLegacy() {
-            return mIsLegacy;
+        private boolean isPreSClient() {
+            return mIsPreSClient;
         }
 
-        private void setLegacy() {
-            mIsLegacy = true;
+        private void setPreSClient() {
+            mIsPreSClient = true;
+        }
+
+        private void unregisterMdnsListenerFromRequest(ClientRequest request) {
+            final MdnsListener listener =
+                    ((DiscoveryManagerRequest) request).mListener;
+            mMdnsDiscoveryManager.unregisterListener(
+                    listener.getListenedServiceType(), listener);
         }
 
         // Remove any pending requests from the global map when we get rid of a client,
         // and send cancellations to the daemon.
         private void expungeAllRequests() {
-            int globalId, clientId, i;
+            mClientLogs.log("Client unregistered. expungeAllRequests!");
             // TODO: to keep handler responsive, do not clean all requests for that client at once.
-            for (i = 0; i < mClientIds.size(); i++) {
-                clientId = mClientIds.keyAt(i);
-                globalId = mClientIds.valueAt(i);
+            for (int i = 0; i < mClientRequests.size(); i++) {
+                final int clientId = mClientRequests.keyAt(i);
+                final ClientRequest request = mClientRequests.valueAt(i);
+                final int globalId = request.mGlobalId;
                 mIdToClientInfoMap.remove(globalId);
                 if (DBG) {
                     Log.d(TAG, "Terminating client-ID " + clientId
                             + " global-ID " + globalId + " type " + mClientRequests.get(clientId));
                 }
-                switch (mClientRequests.get(clientId)) {
+
+                if (request instanceof DiscoveryManagerRequest) {
+                    unregisterMdnsListenerFromRequest(request);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (request instanceof AdvertiserClientRequest) {
+                    mAdvertiser.removeService(globalId);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!(request instanceof LegacyClientRequest)) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown request type: " + request.getClass());
+                }
+
+                switch (((LegacyClientRequest) request).mRequestCode) {
                     case NsdManager.DISCOVER_SERVICES:
                         stopServiceDiscovery(globalId);
                         break;
@@ -972,18 +1944,23 @@
                         break;
                 }
             }
-            mClientIds.clear();
             mClientRequests.clear();
         }
 
-        // mClientIds is a sparse array of listener id -> mDnsClient id.  For a given mDnsClient id,
-        // return the corresponding listener id.  mDnsClient id is also called a global id.
+        // mClientRequests is a sparse array of listener id -> ClientRequest.  For a given
+        // mDnsClient id, return the corresponding listener id.  mDnsClient id is also called a
+        // global id.
         private int getClientId(final int globalId) {
-            int idx = mClientIds.indexOfValue(globalId);
-            if (idx < 0) {
-                return idx;
+            for (int i = 0; i < mClientRequests.size(); i++) {
+                if (mClientRequests.valueAt(i).mGlobalId == globalId) {
+                    return mClientRequests.keyAt(i);
+                }
             }
-            return mClientIds.keyAt(idx);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        private void log(String message) {
+            mClientLogs.log(message);
         }
 
         void onDiscoverServicesStarted(int listenerKey, NsdServiceInfo info) {
@@ -1081,5 +2058,53 @@
                 Log.e(TAG, "Error calling onResolveServiceSucceeded", e);
             }
         }
+
+        void onStopResolutionFailed(int listenerKey, int error) {
+            try {
+                mCb.onStopResolutionFailed(listenerKey, error);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error calling onStopResolutionFailed", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onStopResolutionSucceeded(int listenerKey) {
+            try {
+                mCb.onStopResolutionSucceeded(listenerKey);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error calling onStopResolutionSucceeded", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(int listenerKey, int error) {
+            try {
+                mCb.onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(listenerKey, error);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error calling onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onServiceUpdated(int listenerKey, NsdServiceInfo info) {
+            try {
+                mCb.onServiceUpdated(listenerKey, info);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error calling onServiceUpdated", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onServiceUpdatedLost(int listenerKey) {
+            try {
+                mCb.onServiceUpdatedLost(listenerKey);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error calling onServiceUpdatedLost", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered(int listenerKey) {
+            try {
+                mCb.onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered(listenerKey);
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error calling onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered", e);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/AbstractSocketNetlink.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/AbstractSocketNetlink.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b792e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/AbstractSocketNetlink.java
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+/**
+ * The interface for netlink monitor.
+ */
+public interface AbstractSocketNetlink {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns if the netlink monitor is supported or not. By default, it is not supported.
+     */
+    default boolean isSupported() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the monitor.
+     */
+    default void startMonitoring() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stops the monitor.
+     */
+    default void stopMonitoring() {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitor.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1623669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.net.Network;
+
+/** Interface for monitoring connectivity changes. */
+public interface ConnectivityMonitor {
+    /**
+     * Starts monitoring changes of connectivity of this device, which may indicate that the list of
+     * network interfaces available for multi-cast messaging has changed.
+     */
+    void startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+    /** Stops monitoring changes of connectivity. */
+    void stopWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+    void notifyConnectivityChange();
+
+    /** Get available network which is received from connectivity change. */
+    Network getAvailableNetwork();
+
+    /** Listener interface for receiving connectivity changes. */
+    interface Listener {
+        void onConnectivityChanged();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..551e3db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.TargetApi;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsLogger;
+
+/** Class for monitoring connectivity changes using {@link ConnectivityManager}. */
+public class ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager implements ConnectivityMonitor {
+    private static final String TAG = "ConnMntrWConnMgr";
+    private static final MdnsLogger LOGGER = new MdnsLogger(TAG);
+
+    private final Listener listener;
+    private final ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback networkCallback;
+    private final ConnectivityManager connectivityManager;
+    // TODO(b/71901993): Ideally we shouldn't need this flag. However we still don't have clues why
+    // the receiver is unregistered twice yet.
+    private boolean isCallbackRegistered = false;
+    private Network lastAvailableNetwork = null;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"nullness:assignment", "nullness:method.invocation"})
+    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
+    public ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager(Context context, Listener listener) {
+        this.listener = listener;
+
+        connectivityManager =
+                (ConnectivityManager) context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        networkCallback =
+                new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void onAvailable(Network network) {
+                        LOGGER.log("network available.");
+                        lastAvailableNetwork = network;
+                        notifyConnectivityChange();
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void onLost(Network network) {
+                        LOGGER.log("network lost.");
+                        notifyConnectivityChange();
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void onUnavailable() {
+                        LOGGER.log("network unavailable.");
+                        notifyConnectivityChange();
+                    }
+                };
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void notifyConnectivityChange() {
+        listener.onConnectivityChanged();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts monitoring changes of connectivity of this device, which may indicate that the list of
+     * network interfaces available for multi-cast messaging has changed.
+     */
+    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
+    @Override
+    public void startWatchingConnectivityChanges() {
+        LOGGER.log("Start watching connectivity changes");
+        if (isCallbackRegistered) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        connectivityManager.registerNetworkCallback(
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(
+                        NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI).build(),
+                networkCallback);
+        isCallbackRegistered = true;
+    }
+
+    /** Stops monitoring changes of connectivity. */
+    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
+    @Override
+    public void stopWatchingConnectivityChanges() {
+        LOGGER.log("Stop watching connectivity changes");
+        if (!isCallbackRegistered) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        connectivityManager.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
+        isCallbackRegistered = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Nullable
+    public Network getAvailableNetwork() {
+        return lastAvailableNetwork;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a67007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsLogger;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link Callable} that builds and enqueues a mDNS query to send over the multicast socket. If a
+ * query is built and enqueued successfully, then call to {@link #call()} returns the transaction ID
+ * and the list of the subtypes in the query as a {@link Pair}. If a query is failed to build, or if
+ * it can not be enqueued, then call to {@link #call()} returns {@code null}.
+ */
+public class EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable implements Callable<Pair<Integer, List<String>>> {
+
+    private static final String TAG = "MdnsQueryCallable";
+    private static final MdnsLogger LOGGER = new MdnsLogger(TAG);
+    private static final List<Integer> castShellEmulatorMdnsPorts;
+
+    static {
+        castShellEmulatorMdnsPorts = new ArrayList<>();
+        String[] stringPorts = MdnsConfigs.castShellEmulatorMdnsPorts();
+
+        for (String port : stringPorts) {
+            try {
+                castShellEmulatorMdnsPorts.add(Integer.parseInt(port));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                // Ignore.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final WeakReference<MdnsSocketClientBase> weakRequestSender;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsPacketWriter packetWriter;
+    @NonNull
+    private final String[] serviceTypeLabels;
+    @NonNull
+    private final List<String> subtypes;
+    private final boolean expectUnicastResponse;
+    private final int transactionId;
+    @Nullable
+    private final Network network;
+    private final boolean sendDiscoveryQueries;
+    @NonNull
+    private final List<MdnsResponse> servicesToResolve;
+
+    EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable(
+            @NonNull MdnsSocketClientBase requestSender,
+            @NonNull MdnsPacketWriter packetWriter,
+            @NonNull String serviceType,
+            @NonNull Collection<String> subtypes,
+            boolean expectUnicastResponse,
+            int transactionId,
+            @Nullable Network network,
+            boolean sendDiscoveryQueries,
+            @NonNull Collection<MdnsResponse> servicesToResolve) {
+        weakRequestSender = new WeakReference<>(requestSender);
+        this.packetWriter = packetWriter;
+        serviceTypeLabels = TextUtils.split(serviceType, "\\.");
+        this.subtypes = new ArrayList<>(subtypes);
+        this.expectUnicastResponse = expectUnicastResponse;
+        this.transactionId = transactionId;
+        this.network = network;
+        this.sendDiscoveryQueries = sendDiscoveryQueries;
+        this.servicesToResolve = new ArrayList<>(servicesToResolve);
+    }
+
+    // Incompatible return type for override of Callable#call().
+    @SuppressWarnings("nullness:override.return.invalid")
+    @Override
+    @Nullable
+    public Pair<Integer, List<String>> call() {
+        try {
+            MdnsSocketClientBase requestSender = weakRequestSender.get();
+            if (requestSender == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            int numQuestions = 0;
+
+            if (sendDiscoveryQueries) {
+                numQuestions++; // Base service type
+                if (!subtypes.isEmpty()) {
+                    numQuestions += subtypes.size();
+                }
+            }
+
+            // List of (name, type) to query
+            final ArrayList<Pair<String[], Integer>> missingKnownAnswerRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (MdnsResponse response : servicesToResolve) {
+                // TODO: also send queries to renew record TTL (as per RFC6762 7.1 no need to query
+                // if remaining TTL is more than half the original one, so send the queries if half
+                // the TTL has passed).
+                if (response.isComplete()) continue;
+                final String[] serviceName = response.getServiceName();
+                if (serviceName == null) continue;
+                if (!response.hasTextRecord()) {
+                    missingKnownAnswerRecords.add(new Pair<>(serviceName, MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT));
+                }
+                if (!response.hasServiceRecord()) {
+                    missingKnownAnswerRecords.add(new Pair<>(serviceName, MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV));
+                    // The hostname is not yet known, so queries for address records will be sent
+                    // the next time the EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable is enqueued if the reply does not
+                    // contain them. In practice, advertisers should include the address records
+                    // when queried for SRV, although it's not a MUST requirement (RFC6763 12.2).
+                } else if (!response.hasInet4AddressRecord() && !response.hasInet6AddressRecord()) {
+                    final String[] host = response.getServiceRecord().getServiceHost();
+                    missingKnownAnswerRecords.add(new Pair<>(host, MdnsRecord.TYPE_A));
+                    missingKnownAnswerRecords.add(new Pair<>(host, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA));
+                }
+            }
+            numQuestions += missingKnownAnswerRecords.size();
+
+            if (numQuestions == 0) {
+                // No query to send
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // Header.
+            packetWriter.writeUInt16(transactionId); // transaction ID
+            packetWriter.writeUInt16(MdnsConstants.FLAGS_QUERY); // flags
+            packetWriter.writeUInt16(numQuestions); // number of questions
+            packetWriter.writeUInt16(0); // number of answers (not yet known; will be written later)
+            packetWriter.writeUInt16(0); // number of authority entries
+            packetWriter.writeUInt16(0); // number of additional records
+
+            // Question(s) for missing records on known answers
+            for (Pair<String[], Integer> question : missingKnownAnswerRecords) {
+                writeQuestion(question.first, question.second);
+            }
+
+            // Question(s) for discovering other services with the type. There will be one question
+            // for each (fqdn+subtype, recordType) combination, as well as one for each (fqdn,
+            // recordType) combination.
+            if (sendDiscoveryQueries) {
+                for (String subtype : subtypes) {
+                    String[] labels = new String[serviceTypeLabels.length + 2];
+                    labels[0] = MdnsConstants.SUBTYPE_PREFIX + subtype;
+                    labels[1] = MdnsConstants.SUBTYPE_LABEL;
+                    System.arraycopy(serviceTypeLabels, 0, labels, 2, serviceTypeLabels.length);
+
+                    writeQuestion(labels, MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR);
+                }
+                writeQuestion(serviceTypeLabels, MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR);
+            }
+
+            if (requestSender instanceof MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient) {
+                sendPacketToIpv4AndIpv6(requestSender, MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT, network);
+                for (Integer emulatorPort : castShellEmulatorMdnsPorts) {
+                    sendPacketToIpv4AndIpv6(requestSender, emulatorPort, network);
+                }
+            } else if (requestSender instanceof MdnsSocketClient) {
+                final MdnsSocketClient client = (MdnsSocketClient) requestSender;
+                InetAddress mdnsAddress = MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address();
+                if (client.isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork()) {
+                    mdnsAddress = MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address();
+                }
+
+                sendPacketTo(client, new InetSocketAddress(mdnsAddress, MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT));
+                for (Integer emulatorPort : castShellEmulatorMdnsPorts) {
+                    sendPacketTo(client, new InetSocketAddress(mdnsAddress, emulatorPort));
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new IOException("Unknown socket client type: " + requestSender.getClass());
+            }
+            return Pair.create(transactionId, subtypes);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.e(String.format("Failed to create mDNS packet for subtype: %s.",
+                    TextUtils.join(",", subtypes)), e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeQuestion(String[] labels, int type) throws IOException {
+        packetWriter.writeLabels(labels);
+        packetWriter.writeUInt16(type);
+        packetWriter.writeUInt16(
+                MdnsConstants.QCLASS_INTERNET
+                        | (expectUnicastResponse ? MdnsConstants.QCLASS_UNICAST : 0));
+    }
+
+    private void sendPacketTo(MdnsSocketClientBase requestSender, InetSocketAddress address)
+            throws IOException {
+        DatagramPacket packet = packetWriter.getPacket(address);
+        if (expectUnicastResponse) {
+            requestSender.sendUnicastPacket(packet);
+        } else {
+            requestSender.sendMulticastPacket(packet);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendPacketFromNetwork(MdnsSocketClientBase requestSender,
+            InetSocketAddress address, Network network)
+            throws IOException {
+        DatagramPacket packet = packetWriter.getPacket(address);
+        if (expectUnicastResponse) {
+            requestSender.sendUnicastPacket(packet, network);
+        } else {
+            requestSender.sendMulticastPacket(packet, network);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendPacketToIpv4AndIpv6(MdnsSocketClientBase requestSender, int port,
+            Network network) {
+        try {
+            sendPacketFromNetwork(requestSender,
+                    new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), port), network);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Can't send packet to IPv4", e);
+        }
+        try {
+            sendPacketFromNetwork(requestSender,
+                    new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), port), network);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Can't send packet to IPv6", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ExecutorProvider.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ExecutorProvider.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72b65e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ExecutorProvider.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides {@link ScheduledExecutorService} instances to {@link MdnsServiceTypeClient}
+ * instances, and provides method to shutdown all the created executors.
+ */
+public class ExecutorProvider {
+
+    private final Set<ScheduledExecutorService> serviceTypeClientSchedulerExecutors =
+            new ArraySet<>();
+
+    /** Returns a new {@link ScheduledExecutorService} instance. */
+    public ScheduledExecutorService newServiceTypeClientSchedulerExecutor() {
+        // TODO: actually use a pool ?
+        ScheduledExecutorService executor = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1);
+        serviceTypeClientSchedulerExecutors.add(executor);
+        return executor;
+    }
+
+    /** Shuts down all the created {@link ScheduledExecutorService} instances. */
+    public void shutdownAll() {
+        for (ScheduledExecutorService executor : serviceTypeClientSchedulerExecutors) {
+            executor.shutdownNow();
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiser.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiser.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33fef9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiser.java
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdManager;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.BiPredicate;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+/**
+ * MdnsAdvertiser manages advertising services per {@link com.android.server.NsdService} requests.
+ *
+ * All methods except the constructor must be called on the looper thread.
+ */
+public class MdnsAdvertiser {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsAdvertiser.class.getSimpleName();
+    static final boolean DBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
+
+    // Top-level domain for link-local queries, as per RFC6762 3.
+    private static final String LOCAL_TLD = "local";
+    private static final SharedLog LOGGER = new SharedLog(TAG);
+
+    private final Looper mLooper;
+    private final AdvertiserCallback mCb;
+
+    // Max-sized buffers to be used as temporary buffer to read/build packets. May be used by
+    // multiple components, but only for self-contained operations in the looper thread, so not
+    // concurrently.
+    // TODO: set according to MTU. 1300 should fit for ethernet MTU 1500 with some overhead.
+    private final byte[] mPacketCreationBuffer = new byte[1300];
+
+    private final MdnsSocketProvider mSocketProvider;
+    private final ArrayMap<Network, InterfaceAdvertiserRequest> mAdvertiserRequests =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final ArrayMap<MdnsInterfaceSocket, MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser> mAllAdvertisers =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final SparseArray<Registration> mRegistrations = new SparseArray<>();
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+
+    private String[] mDeviceHostName;
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies for {@link MdnsAdvertiser}, useful for testing.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * @see MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser
+         */
+        public MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser makeAdvertiser(@NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
+                @NonNull List<LinkAddress> initialAddresses,
+                @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull byte[] packetCreationBuffer,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback cb,
+                @NonNull String[] deviceHostName) {
+            // Note NetworkInterface is final and not mockable
+            final String logTag = socket.getInterface().getName();
+            return new MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser(logTag, socket, initialAddresses, looper,
+                    packetCreationBuffer, cb, deviceHostName, LOGGER.forSubComponent(logTag));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Generates a unique hostname to be used by the device.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public String[] generateHostname() {
+            // Generate a very-probably-unique hostname. This allows minimizing possible conflicts
+            // to the point that probing for it is no longer necessary (as per RFC6762 8.1 last
+            // paragraph), and does not leak more information than what could already be obtained by
+            // looking at the mDNS packets source address.
+            // This differs from historical behavior that just used "Android.local" for many
+            // devices, creating a lot of conflicts.
+            // Having a different hostname per interface is an acceptable option as per RFC6762 14.
+            // This hostname will change every time the interface is reconnected, so this does not
+            // allow tracking the device.
+            // TODO: consider deriving a hostname from other sources, such as the IPv6 addresses
+            // (reusing the same privacy-protecting mechanics).
+            return new String[] {
+                    "Android_" + UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-", ""), LOCAL_TLD };
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback mInterfaceAdvertiserCb =
+            new MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback() {
+        @Override
+        public void onRegisterServiceSucceeded(
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser advertiser, int serviceId) {
+            // Wait for all current interfaces to be done probing before notifying of success.
+            if (any(mAllAdvertisers, (k, a) -> a.isProbing(serviceId))) return;
+            // The service may still be unregistered/renamed if a conflict is found on a later added
+            // interface, or if a conflicting announcement/reply is detected (RFC6762 9.)
+
+            final Registration registration = mRegistrations.get(serviceId);
+            if (registration == null) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Register succeeded for unknown registration");
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!registration.mNotifiedRegistrationSuccess) {
+                mCb.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(serviceId, registration.getServiceInfo());
+                registration.mNotifiedRegistrationSuccess = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onServiceConflict(@NonNull MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser advertiser, int serviceId) {
+            LOGGER.i("Found conflict, restarted probing for service " + serviceId);
+
+            final Registration registration = mRegistrations.get(serviceId);
+            if (registration == null) return;
+            if (registration.mNotifiedRegistrationSuccess) {
+                // TODO: consider notifying clients that the service is no longer registered with
+                // the old name (back to probing). The legacy implementation did not send any
+                // callback though; it only sent onServiceRegistered after re-probing finishes
+                // (with the old, conflicting, actually not used name as argument... The new
+                // implementation will send callbacks with the new name).
+                registration.mNotifiedRegistrationSuccess = false;
+
+                // The service was done probing, just reset it to probing state (RFC6762 9.)
+                forAllAdvertisers(a -> a.restartProbingForConflict(serviceId));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Conflict was found during probing; rename once to find a name that has no conflict
+            registration.updateForConflict(
+                    registration.makeNewServiceInfoForConflict(1 /* renameCount */),
+                    1 /* renameCount */);
+
+            // Keep renaming if the new name conflicts in local registrations
+            updateRegistrationUntilNoConflict((net, adv) -> adv.hasRegistration(registration),
+                    registration);
+
+            // Update advertisers to use the new name
+            forAllAdvertisers(a -> a.renameServiceForConflict(
+                    serviceId, registration.getServiceInfo()));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDestroyed(@NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket) {
+            for (int i = mAdvertiserRequests.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (mAdvertiserRequests.valueAt(i).onAdvertiserDestroyed(socket)) {
+                    mAdvertiserRequests.removeAt(i);
+                }
+            }
+            mAllAdvertisers.remove(socket);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private boolean hasAnyConflict(
+            @NonNull BiPredicate<Network, InterfaceAdvertiserRequest> applicableAdvertiserFilter,
+            @NonNull NsdServiceInfo newInfo) {
+        return any(mAdvertiserRequests, (network, adv) ->
+                applicableAdvertiserFilter.test(network, adv) && adv.hasConflict(newInfo));
+    }
+
+    private void updateRegistrationUntilNoConflict(
+            @NonNull BiPredicate<Network, InterfaceAdvertiserRequest> applicableAdvertiserFilter,
+            @NonNull Registration registration) {
+        int renameCount = 0;
+        NsdServiceInfo newInfo = registration.getServiceInfo();
+        while (hasAnyConflict(applicableAdvertiserFilter, newInfo)) {
+            renameCount++;
+            newInfo = registration.makeNewServiceInfoForConflict(renameCount);
+        }
+        registration.updateForConflict(newInfo, renameCount);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A request for a {@link MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser}.
+     *
+     * This class tracks services to be advertised on all sockets provided via a registered
+     * {@link MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback}.
+     */
+    private class InterfaceAdvertiserRequest implements MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback {
+        /** Registrations to add to newer MdnsInterfaceAdvertisers when sockets are created. */
+        @NonNull
+        private final SparseArray<Registration> mPendingRegistrations = new SparseArray<>();
+        @NonNull
+        private final ArrayMap<MdnsInterfaceSocket, MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser> mAdvertisers =
+                new ArrayMap<>();
+
+        InterfaceAdvertiserRequest(@Nullable Network requestedNetwork) {
+            mSocketProvider.requestSocket(requestedNetwork, this);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Called when an advertiser was destroyed, after all services were unregistered and it sent
+         * exit announcements, or the interface is gone.
+         *
+         * @return true if this {@link InterfaceAdvertiserRequest} should now be deleted.
+         */
+        boolean onAdvertiserDestroyed(@NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket) {
+            mAdvertisers.remove(socket);
+            if (mAdvertisers.size() == 0 && mPendingRegistrations.size() == 0) {
+                // No advertiser is using sockets from this request anymore (in particular for exit
+                // announcements), and there is no registration so newer sockets will not be
+                // necessary, so the request can be unregistered.
+                mSocketProvider.unrequestSocket(this);
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Return whether this {@link InterfaceAdvertiserRequest} has the given registration.
+         */
+        boolean hasRegistration(@NonNull Registration registration) {
+            return mPendingRegistrations.indexOfValue(registration) >= 0;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Return whether using the proposed new {@link NsdServiceInfo} to add a registration would
+         * cause a conflict in this {@link InterfaceAdvertiserRequest}.
+         */
+        boolean hasConflict(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo newInfo) {
+            return getConflictingService(newInfo) >= 0;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the ID of a conflicting service, or -1 if none.
+         */
+        int getConflictingService(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo info) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < mPendingRegistrations.size(); i++) {
+                final NsdServiceInfo other = mPendingRegistrations.valueAt(i).getServiceInfo();
+                if (info.getServiceName().equals(other.getServiceName())
+                        && info.getServiceType().equals(other.getServiceType())) {
+                    return mPendingRegistrations.keyAt(i);
+                }
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Add a service.
+         *
+         * Conflicts must be checked via {@link #getConflictingService} before attempting to add.
+         */
+        void addService(int id, Registration registration) {
+            mPendingRegistrations.put(id, registration);
+            for (int i = 0; i < mAdvertisers.size(); i++) {
+                try {
+                    mAdvertisers.valueAt(i).addService(id, registration.getServiceInfo());
+                } catch (NameConflictException e) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Name conflict adding services that should have unique names", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void removeService(int id) {
+            mPendingRegistrations.remove(id);
+            for (int i = 0; i < mAdvertisers.size(); i++) {
+                mAdvertisers.valueAt(i).removeService(id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onSocketCreated(@NonNull Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
+                @NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser advertiser = mAllAdvertisers.get(socket);
+            if (advertiser == null) {
+                advertiser = mDeps.makeAdvertiser(socket, addresses, mLooper, mPacketCreationBuffer,
+                        mInterfaceAdvertiserCb, mDeviceHostName);
+                mAllAdvertisers.put(socket, advertiser);
+                advertiser.start();
+            }
+            mAdvertisers.put(socket, advertiser);
+            for (int i = 0; i < mPendingRegistrations.size(); i++) {
+                try {
+                    advertiser.addService(mPendingRegistrations.keyAt(i),
+                            mPendingRegistrations.valueAt(i).getServiceInfo());
+                } catch (NameConflictException e) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Name conflict adding services that should have unique names", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onInterfaceDestroyed(@NonNull Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket) {
+            final MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser advertiser = mAdvertisers.get(socket);
+            if (advertiser != null) advertiser.destroyNow();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onAddressesChanged(@NonNull Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, @NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            final MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser advertiser = mAdvertisers.get(socket);
+            if (advertiser != null) advertiser.updateAddresses(addresses);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class Registration {
+        @NonNull
+        final String mOriginalName;
+        boolean mNotifiedRegistrationSuccess;
+        private int mConflictCount;
+        @NonNull
+        private NsdServiceInfo mServiceInfo;
+
+        private Registration(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            this.mOriginalName = serviceInfo.getServiceName();
+            this.mServiceInfo = serviceInfo;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Update the registration to use a different service name, after a conflict was found.
+         *
+         * @param newInfo New service info to use.
+         * @param renameCount How many renames were done before reaching the current name.
+         */
+        private void updateForConflict(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo newInfo, int renameCount) {
+            mConflictCount += renameCount;
+            mServiceInfo = newInfo;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Make a new service name for the registration, after a conflict was found.
+         *
+         * If a name conflict was found during probing or because different advertising requests
+         * used the same name, the registration is attempted again with a new name (here using
+         * a number suffix, (1), (2) etc). Registration success is notified once probing succeeds
+         * with a new name. This matches legacy behavior based on mdnsresponder, and appendix D of
+         * RFC6763.
+         *
+         * @param renameCount How much to increase the number suffix for this conflict.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public NsdServiceInfo makeNewServiceInfoForConflict(int renameCount) {
+            // In case of conflict choose a different service name. After the first conflict use
+            // "Name (2)", then "Name (3)" etc.
+            // TODO: use a hidden method in NsdServiceInfo once MdnsAdvertiser is moved to service-t
+            final NsdServiceInfo newInfo = new NsdServiceInfo();
+            newInfo.setServiceName(mOriginalName + " (" + (mConflictCount + renameCount + 1) + ")");
+            newInfo.setServiceType(mServiceInfo.getServiceType());
+            for (Map.Entry<String, byte[]> attr : mServiceInfo.getAttributes().entrySet()) {
+                newInfo.setAttribute(attr.getKey(),
+                        attr.getValue() == null ? null : new String(attr.getValue()));
+            }
+            newInfo.setHost(mServiceInfo.getHost());
+            newInfo.setPort(mServiceInfo.getPort());
+            newInfo.setNetwork(mServiceInfo.getNetwork());
+            // interfaceIndex is not set when registering
+            return newInfo;
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        public NsdServiceInfo getServiceInfo() {
+            return mServiceInfo;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks for advertising services.
+     *
+     * Every method is called on the MdnsAdvertiser looper thread.
+     */
+    public interface AdvertiserCallback {
+        /**
+         * Called when a service was successfully registered, after probing.
+         *
+         * @param serviceId ID of the service provided when registering.
+         * @param registeredInfo Registered info, which may be different from the requested info,
+         *                       after probing and possibly choosing alternative service names.
+         */
+        void onRegisterServiceSucceeded(int serviceId, NsdServiceInfo registeredInfo);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when service registration failed.
+         *
+         * @param serviceId ID of the service provided when registering.
+         * @param errorCode One of {@code NsdManager.FAILURE_*}
+         */
+        void onRegisterServiceFailed(int serviceId, int errorCode);
+
+        // Unregistration is notified immediately as success in NsdService so no callback is needed
+        // here.
+    }
+
+    public MdnsAdvertiser(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider socketProvider,
+            @NonNull AdvertiserCallback cb) {
+        this(looper, socketProvider, cb, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    MdnsAdvertiser(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider socketProvider,
+            @NonNull AdvertiserCallback cb, @NonNull Dependencies deps) {
+        mLooper = looper;
+        mCb = cb;
+        mSocketProvider = socketProvider;
+        mDeps = deps;
+        mDeviceHostName = deps.generateHostname();
+    }
+
+    private void checkThread() {
+        if (Thread.currentThread() != mLooper.getThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("This must be called on the looper thread");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a service to advertise.
+     * @param id A unique ID for the service.
+     * @param service The service info to advertise.
+     */
+    public void addService(int id, NsdServiceInfo service) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (mRegistrations.get(id) != null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Adding duplicate registration for " + service);
+            // TODO (b/264986328): add a more specific error code
+            mCb.onRegisterServiceFailed(id, NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LOGGER.i("Adding service " + service + " with ID " + id);
+
+        final Network network = service.getNetwork();
+        final Registration registration = new Registration(service);
+        final BiPredicate<Network, InterfaceAdvertiserRequest> checkConflictFilter;
+        if (network == null) {
+            // If registering on all networks, no advertiser must have conflicts
+            checkConflictFilter = (net, adv) -> true;
+        } else {
+            // If registering on one network, the matching network advertiser and the one for all
+            // networks must not have conflicts
+            checkConflictFilter = (net, adv) -> net == null || network.equals(net);
+        }
+
+        updateRegistrationUntilNoConflict(checkConflictFilter, registration);
+
+        InterfaceAdvertiserRequest advertiser = mAdvertiserRequests.get(network);
+        if (advertiser == null) {
+            advertiser = new InterfaceAdvertiserRequest(network);
+            mAdvertiserRequests.put(network, advertiser);
+        }
+        advertiser.addService(id, registration);
+        mRegistrations.put(id, registration);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a previously added service.
+     * @param id ID used when registering.
+     */
+    public void removeService(int id) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (!mRegistrations.contains(id)) return;
+        LOGGER.i("Removing service with ID " + id);
+        for (int i = mAdvertiserRequests.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            final InterfaceAdvertiserRequest advertiser = mAdvertiserRequests.valueAt(i);
+            advertiser.removeService(id);
+        }
+        mRegistrations.remove(id);
+        // Regenerates host name when registrations removed.
+        if (mRegistrations.size() == 0) {
+            mDeviceHostName = mDeps.generateHostname();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Dump info to dumpsys */
+    public void dump(PrintWriter pw) {
+        LOGGER.reverseDump(pw);
+    }
+    private static <K, V> boolean any(@NonNull ArrayMap<K, V> map,
+            @NonNull BiPredicate<K, V> predicate) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < map.size(); i++) {
+            if (predicate.test(map.keyAt(i), map.valueAt(i))) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void forAllAdvertisers(@NonNull Consumer<MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser> consumer) {
+        any(mAllAdvertisers, (socket, advertiser) -> {
+            consumer.accept(advertiser);
+            return false;
+        });
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnnouncer.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnnouncer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27fc945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnnouncer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.os.Looper;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Sends mDns announcements when a service registration changes and at regular intervals.
+ *
+ * This allows maintaining other hosts' caches up-to-date. See RFC6762 8.3.
+ */
+public class MdnsAnnouncer extends MdnsPacketRepeater<MdnsAnnouncer.BaseAnnouncementInfo> {
+    private static final long ANNOUNCEMENT_INITIAL_DELAY_MS = 1000L;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int ANNOUNCEMENT_COUNT = 8;
+
+    // Matches delay and GoodbyeCount used by the legacy implementation
+    private static final long EXIT_DELAY_MS = 2000L;
+    private static final int EXIT_COUNT = 3;
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final String mLogTag;
+
+    /** Base class for announcement requests to send with {@link MdnsAnnouncer}. */
+    public abstract static class BaseAnnouncementInfo implements MdnsPacketRepeater.Request {
+        private final int mServiceId;
+        @NonNull
+        private final MdnsPacket mPacket;
+
+        protected BaseAnnouncementInfo(int serviceId, @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> announcedRecords,
+                @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> additionalRecords) {
+            mServiceId = serviceId;
+            final int flags = 0x8400; // Response, authoritative (rfc6762 18.4)
+            mPacket = new MdnsPacket(flags,
+                    Collections.emptyList() /* questions */,
+                    announcedRecords,
+                    Collections.emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                    additionalRecords);
+        }
+
+        public int getServiceId() {
+            return mServiceId;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public MdnsPacket getPacket(int index) {
+            return mPacket;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Announcement request to send with {@link MdnsAnnouncer}. */
+    public static class AnnouncementInfo extends BaseAnnouncementInfo {
+        AnnouncementInfo(int serviceId, List<MdnsRecord> announcedRecords,
+                List<MdnsRecord> additionalRecords) {
+            super(serviceId, announcedRecords, additionalRecords);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public long getDelayMs(int nextIndex) {
+            // Delay is doubled for each announcement
+            return ANNOUNCEMENT_INITIAL_DELAY_MS << (nextIndex - 1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getNumSends() {
+            return ANNOUNCEMENT_COUNT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Service exit announcement request to send with {@link MdnsAnnouncer}. */
+    public static class ExitAnnouncementInfo extends BaseAnnouncementInfo {
+        ExitAnnouncementInfo(int serviceId, List<MdnsRecord> announcedRecords) {
+            super(serviceId, announcedRecords, Collections.emptyList() /* additionalRecords */);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public long getDelayMs(int nextIndex) {
+            return EXIT_DELAY_MS;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getNumSends() {
+            return EXIT_COUNT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MdnsAnnouncer(@NonNull String interfaceTag, @NonNull Looper looper,
+            @NonNull MdnsReplySender replySender,
+            @Nullable PacketRepeaterCallback<BaseAnnouncementInfo> cb) {
+        super(looper, replySender, cb);
+        mLogTag = MdnsAnnouncer.class.getSimpleName() + "/" + interfaceTag;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTag() {
+        return mLogTag;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Notify MdnsRecordRepository that the records were announced for that service ID,
+    // so it can update the last advertised timestamp of the associated records.
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnyRecord.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnyRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcfe9f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnyRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.net.DnsResolver;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * A mDNS "ANY" record, used in mDNS questions to query for any record type.
+ */
+public class MdnsAnyRecord extends MdnsRecord {
+
+    protected MdnsAnyRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        super(name, TYPE_ANY, reader, true /* isQuestion */);
+    }
+
+    protected MdnsAnyRecord(String[] name, boolean unicast) {
+        super(name, TYPE_ANY, DnsResolver.CLASS_IN /* cls */,
+                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, unicast /* cacheFlush */, 0L /* ttlMillis */);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void readData(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        // No data to read
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void writeData(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        // No data to write
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsConfigs.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsConfigs.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75c7e6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsConfigs.java
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+/**
+ * mDNS configuration values.
+ *
+ * TODO: consider making some of these adjustable via flags.
+ */
+public class MdnsConfigs {
+    public static String[] castShellEmulatorMdnsPorts() {
+        return new String[0];
+    }
+
+    public static long initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs() {
+        return 5000L;
+    }
+
+    public static long timeBetweenBurstsMs() {
+        return 20_000L;
+    }
+
+    public static int queriesPerBurst() {
+        return 3;
+    }
+
+    public static long timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs() {
+        return 1000L;
+    }
+
+    public static int queriesPerBurstPassive() {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean alwaysAskForUnicastResponseInEachBurst() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean useSessionIdToScheduleMdnsTask() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean shouldCancelScanTaskWhenFutureIsNull() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static long sleepTimeForSocketThreadMs() {
+        return 20_000L;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkMulticastResponse() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean useSeparateSocketToSendUnicastQuery() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static long checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs() {
+        return 10_000L;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean clearMdnsPacketQueueAfterDiscoveryStops() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean allowAddMdnsPacketAfterDiscoveryStops() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static int mdnsPacketQueueMaxSize() {
+        return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean preferIpv6() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean removeServiceAfterTtlExpires() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean allowSearchOptionsToRemoveExpiredService() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean allowNetworkInterfaceIndexPropagation() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean allowMultipleSrvRecordsPerHost() {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsConstants.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsConstants.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0e1717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsConstants.java
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+/** mDNS-related constants. */
+@VisibleForTesting
+public final class MdnsConstants {
+    public static final int MDNS_PORT = 5353;
+    // Flags word format is:
+    // 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
+    // QR [ Opcode  ] AA TC RD RA  Z AD CD [  Rcode  ]
+    // See http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/dns.htm
+    // For responses, QR bit should be 1, AA - CD bits should be ignored, and all other bits
+    // should be 0.
+    public static final int FLAGS_QUERY = 0x0000;
+    public static final int FLAGS_RESPONSE_MASK = 0xF80F;
+    public static final int FLAGS_RESPONSE = 0x8000;
+    public static final int FLAG_TRUNCATED = 0x0200;
+    public static final int QCLASS_INTERNET = 0x0001;
+    public static final int QCLASS_UNICAST = 0x8000;
+    public static final String SUBTYPE_LABEL = "_sub";
+    public static final String SUBTYPE_PREFIX = "_";
+    private static final String MDNS_IPV4_HOST_ADDRESS = "224.0.0.251";
+    private static final String MDNS_IPV6_HOST_ADDRESS = "FF02::FB";
+    private static InetAddress mdnsAddress;
+    private MdnsConstants() {
+    }
+
+    public static InetAddress getMdnsIPv4Address() {
+        synchronized (MdnsConstants.class) {
+            InetAddress addr = null;
+            try {
+                addr = InetAddress.getByName(MDNS_IPV4_HOST_ADDRESS);
+            } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+                /* won't happen */
+            }
+            mdnsAddress = addr;
+            return mdnsAddress;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static InetAddress getMdnsIPv6Address() {
+        synchronized (MdnsConstants.class) {
+            InetAddress addr = null;
+            try {
+                addr = InetAddress.getByName(MDNS_IPV6_HOST_ADDRESS);
+            } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+                /* won't happen */
+            }
+            mdnsAddress = addr;
+            return mdnsAddress;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Charset getUtf8Charset() {
+        return UTF_8;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManager.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64985ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.isNetworkMatched;
+
+import android.Manifest.permission;
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * This class keeps tracking the set of registered {@link MdnsServiceBrowserListener} instances, and
+ * notify them when a mDNS service instance is found, updated, or removed?
+ */
+public class MdnsDiscoveryManager implements MdnsSocketClientBase.Callback {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsDiscoveryManager.class.getSimpleName();
+    public static final boolean DBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
+    private static final SharedLog LOGGER = new SharedLog(TAG);
+
+    private final ExecutorProvider executorProvider;
+    private final MdnsSocketClientBase socketClient;
+
+    @GuardedBy("this")
+    @NonNull private final PerNetworkServiceTypeClients perNetworkServiceTypeClients;
+
+    private static class PerNetworkServiceTypeClients {
+        private final ArrayMap<Pair<String, Network>, MdnsServiceTypeClient> clients =
+                new ArrayMap<>();
+
+        public void put(@NonNull String serviceType, @Nullable Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsServiceTypeClient client) {
+            final Pair<String, Network> perNetworkServiceType = new Pair<>(serviceType, network);
+            clients.put(perNetworkServiceType, client);
+        }
+
+        @Nullable
+        public MdnsServiceTypeClient get(@NonNull String serviceType, @Nullable Network network) {
+            final Pair<String, Network> perNetworkServiceType = new Pair<>(serviceType, network);
+            return clients.getOrDefault(perNetworkServiceType, null);
+        }
+
+        public List<MdnsServiceTypeClient> getByServiceType(@NonNull String serviceType) {
+            final List<MdnsServiceTypeClient> list = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < clients.size(); i++) {
+                final Pair<String, Network> perNetworkServiceType = clients.keyAt(i);
+                if (serviceType.equals(perNetworkServiceType.first)) {
+                    list.add(clients.valueAt(i));
+                }
+            }
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        public List<MdnsServiceTypeClient> getByMatchingNetwork(@Nullable Network network) {
+            final List<MdnsServiceTypeClient> list = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < clients.size(); i++) {
+                final Pair<String, Network> perNetworkServiceType = clients.keyAt(i);
+                if (isNetworkMatched(network, perNetworkServiceType.second)) {
+                    list.add(clients.valueAt(i));
+                }
+            }
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        public void remove(@NonNull MdnsServiceTypeClient client) {
+            final int index = clients.indexOfValue(client);
+            clients.removeAt(index);
+        }
+
+        public boolean isEmpty() {
+            return clients.isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MdnsDiscoveryManager(@NonNull ExecutorProvider executorProvider,
+            @NonNull MdnsSocketClientBase socketClient) {
+        this.executorProvider = executorProvider;
+        this.socketClient = socketClient;
+        perNetworkServiceTypeClients = new PerNetworkServiceTypeClients();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts (or continue) to discovery mDNS services with given {@code serviceType}, and registers
+     * {@code listener} for receiving mDNS service discovery responses.
+     *
+     * @param serviceType   The type of the service to discover.
+     * @param listener      The {@link MdnsServiceBrowserListener} listener.
+     * @param searchOptions The {@link MdnsSearchOptions} to be used for discovering {@code
+     *                      serviceType}.
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE)
+    public synchronized void registerListener(
+            @NonNull String serviceType,
+            @NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener,
+            @NonNull MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions) {
+        LOGGER.i("Registering listener for serviceType: " + serviceType);
+        if (perNetworkServiceTypeClients.isEmpty()) {
+            // First listener. Starts the socket client.
+            try {
+                socketClient.startDiscovery();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.e("Failed to start discover.", e);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        // Request the network for discovery.
+        socketClient.notifyNetworkRequested(listener, searchOptions.getNetwork(), network -> {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                // All listeners of the same service types shares the same MdnsServiceTypeClient.
+                MdnsServiceTypeClient serviceTypeClient =
+                        perNetworkServiceTypeClients.get(serviceType, network);
+                if (serviceTypeClient == null) {
+                    serviceTypeClient = createServiceTypeClient(serviceType, network);
+                    perNetworkServiceTypeClients.put(serviceType, network, serviceTypeClient);
+                }
+                serviceTypeClient.startSendAndReceive(listener, searchOptions);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister {@code listener} for receiving mDNS service discovery responses. IF no listener is
+     * registered for the given service type, stops discovery for the service type.
+     *
+     * @param serviceType The type of the service to discover.
+     * @param listener    The {@link MdnsServiceBrowserListener} listener.
+     */
+    @RequiresPermission(permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE)
+    public synchronized void unregisterListener(
+            @NonNull String serviceType, @NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener) {
+        LOGGER.i("Unregistering listener for serviceType:" + serviceType);
+        final List<MdnsServiceTypeClient> serviceTypeClients =
+                perNetworkServiceTypeClients.getByServiceType(serviceType);
+        if (serviceTypeClients.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < serviceTypeClients.size(); i++) {
+            final MdnsServiceTypeClient serviceTypeClient = serviceTypeClients.get(i);
+            if (serviceTypeClient.stopSendAndReceive(listener)) {
+                // No listener is registered for the service type anymore, remove it from the list
+                // of the service type clients.
+                perNetworkServiceTypeClients.remove(serviceTypeClient);
+                if (perNetworkServiceTypeClients.isEmpty()) {
+                    // No discovery request. Stops the socket client.
+                    socketClient.stopDiscovery();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Unrequested the network.
+        socketClient.notifyNetworkUnrequested(listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void onResponseReceived(@NonNull MdnsPacket packet,
+            int interfaceIndex, Network network) {
+        for (MdnsServiceTypeClient serviceTypeClient
+                : perNetworkServiceTypeClients.getByMatchingNetwork(network)) {
+            serviceTypeClient.processResponse(packet, interfaceIndex, network);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(int receivedPacketNumber, int errorCode,
+            Network network) {
+        for (MdnsServiceTypeClient serviceTypeClient
+                : perNetworkServiceTypeClients.getByMatchingNetwork(network)) {
+            serviceTypeClient.onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(receivedPacketNumber, errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Dump info to dumpsys */
+    public void dump(PrintWriter pw) {
+        LOGGER.reverseDump(pw);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    MdnsServiceTypeClient createServiceTypeClient(@NonNull String serviceType,
+            @Nullable Network network) {
+        LOGGER.log("createServiceTypeClient for serviceType:" + serviceType
+                + " network:" + network);
+        return new MdnsServiceTypeClient(
+                serviceType, socketClient,
+                executorProvider.newServiceTypeClientSchedulerExecutor(), network,
+                LOGGER.forSubComponent(serviceType + "-" + network));
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInetAddressRecord.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInetAddressRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd8a526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInetAddressRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** An mDNS "AAAA" or "A" record, which holds an IPv6 or IPv4 address. */
+@VisibleForTesting
+public class MdnsInetAddressRecord extends MdnsRecord {
+    @Nullable private Inet6Address inet6Address;
+    @Nullable private Inet4Address inet4Address;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs the {@link MdnsRecord}
+     *
+     * @param name   the service host name
+     * @param type   the type of record (either Type 'AAAA' or Type 'A')
+     * @param reader the reader to read the record from.
+     */
+    public MdnsInetAddressRecord(String[] name, int type, MdnsPacketReader reader)
+            throws IOException {
+        this(name, type, reader, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs the {@link MdnsRecord}
+     *
+     * @param name       the service host name
+     * @param type       the type of record (either Type 'AAAA' or Type 'A')
+     * @param reader     the reader to read the record from.
+     * @param isQuestion whether the record is in the question section
+     */
+    public MdnsInetAddressRecord(String[] name, int type, MdnsPacketReader reader,
+            boolean isQuestion)
+            throws IOException {
+        super(name, type, reader, isQuestion);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsInetAddressRecord(String[] name, long receiptTimeMillis, boolean cacheFlush,
+                    long ttlMillis, InetAddress address) {
+        super(name, address instanceof Inet4Address ? TYPE_A : TYPE_AAAA,
+                MdnsConstants.QCLASS_INTERNET, receiptTimeMillis, cacheFlush, ttlMillis);
+        if (address instanceof Inet4Address) {
+            inet4Address = (Inet4Address) address;
+        } else {
+            inet6Address = (Inet6Address) address;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the IPv6 address. */
+    @Nullable
+    public Inet6Address getInet6Address() {
+        return inet6Address;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the IPv4 address. */
+    @Nullable
+    public Inet4Address getInet4Address() {
+        return inet4Address;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void readData(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        int size = 4;
+        if (super.getType() == MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA) {
+            size = 16;
+        }
+        byte[] buf = new byte[size];
+        reader.readBytes(buf);
+        try {
+            InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByAddress(buf);
+            if (address instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                inet4Address = (Inet4Address) address;
+                inet6Address = null;
+            } else if (address instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                inet4Address = null;
+                inet6Address = (Inet6Address) address;
+            } else {
+                inet4Address = null;
+                inet6Address = null;
+            }
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+            // Ignore exception
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void writeData(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        byte[] buf = null;
+        if (inet4Address != null) {
+            buf = inet4Address.getAddress();
+        } else if (inet6Address != null) {
+            buf = inet6Address.getAddress();
+        }
+        if (buf != null) {
+            writer.writeBytes(buf);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        String type = "AAAA";
+        if (super.getType() == MdnsRecord.TYPE_A) {
+            type = "A";
+        }
+        return String.format(
+                Locale.ROOT, "%s: Inet4Address: %s Inet6Address: %s", type, inet4Address,
+                inet6Address);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return (super.hashCode() * 31)
+                + Objects.hashCode(inet4Address)
+                + Objects.hashCode(inet6Address);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+        if (this == other) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (!(other instanceof MdnsInetAddressRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return super.equals(other)
+                && Objects.equals(inet4Address, ((MdnsInetAddressRecord) other).inet4Address)
+                && Objects.equals(inet6Address, ((MdnsInetAddressRecord) other).inet6Address);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eaa580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.java
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAnnouncer.BaseAnnouncementInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsPacketRepeater.PacketRepeaterCallback;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A class that handles advertising services on a {@link MdnsInterfaceSocket} tied to an interface.
+ */
+public class MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser implements MulticastPacketReader.PacketHandler {
+    private static final boolean DBG = MdnsAdvertiser.DBG;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static final long EXIT_ANNOUNCEMENT_DELAY_MS = 100L;
+    @NonNull
+    private final String mTag;
+    @NonNull
+    private final ProbingCallback mProbingCallback = new ProbingCallback();
+    @NonNull
+    private final AnnouncingCallback mAnnouncingCallback = new AnnouncingCallback();
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsRecordRepository mRecordRepository;
+    @NonNull
+    private final Callback mCb;
+    // Callbacks are on the same looper thread, but posted to the next handler loop
+    @NonNull
+    private final Handler mCbHandler;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsInterfaceSocket mSocket;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsAnnouncer mAnnouncer;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsProber mProber;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsReplySender mReplySender;
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final SharedLog mSharedLog;
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks called by {@link MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser} to report status updates.
+     */
+    interface Callback {
+        /**
+         * Called by the advertiser after it successfully registered a service, after probing.
+         */
+        void onRegisterServiceSucceeded(@NonNull MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser advertiser, int serviceId);
+
+        /**
+         * Called by the advertiser when a conflict was found, during or after probing.
+         *
+         * If a conflict is found during probing, the {@link #renameServiceForConflict} must be
+         * called to restart probing and attempt registration with a different name.
+         */
+        void onServiceConflict(@NonNull MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser advertiser, int serviceId);
+
+        /**
+         * Called by the advertiser when it destroyed itself.
+         *
+         * This can happen after a call to {@link #destroyNow()}, or after all services were
+         * unregistered and the advertiser finished sending exit announcements.
+         */
+        void onDestroyed(@NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks from {@link MdnsProber}.
+     */
+    private class ProbingCallback implements
+            PacketRepeaterCallback<MdnsProber.ProbingInfo> {
+        @Override
+        public void onFinished(MdnsProber.ProbingInfo info) {
+            final MdnsAnnouncer.AnnouncementInfo announcementInfo;
+            mSharedLog.i("Probing finished for service " + info.getServiceId());
+            mCbHandler.post(() -> mCb.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(
+                    MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.this, info.getServiceId()));
+            try {
+                announcementInfo = mRecordRepository.onProbingSucceeded(info);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                mSharedLog.e("Error building announcements", e);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mAnnouncer.startSending(info.getServiceId(), announcementInfo,
+                    0L /* initialDelayMs */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callbacks from {@link MdnsAnnouncer}.
+     */
+    private class AnnouncingCallback implements PacketRepeaterCallback<BaseAnnouncementInfo> {
+        @Override
+        public void onSent(int index, @NonNull BaseAnnouncementInfo info) {
+            mRecordRepository.onAdvertisementSent(info.getServiceId());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onFinished(@NonNull BaseAnnouncementInfo info) {
+            if (info instanceof MdnsAnnouncer.ExitAnnouncementInfo) {
+                mRecordRepository.removeService(info.getServiceId());
+
+                if (mRecordRepository.getServicesCount() == 0) {
+                    destroyNow();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies for {@link MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser}, useful for testing.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /** @see MdnsRecordRepository */
+        @NonNull
+        public MdnsRecordRepository makeRecordRepository(@NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull String[] deviceHostName) {
+            return new MdnsRecordRepository(looper, deviceHostName);
+        }
+
+        /** @see MdnsReplySender */
+        @NonNull
+        public MdnsReplySender makeReplySender(@NonNull String interfaceTag, @NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, @NonNull byte[] packetCreationBuffer) {
+            return new MdnsReplySender(interfaceTag, looper, socket, packetCreationBuffer);
+        }
+
+        /** @see MdnsAnnouncer */
+        public MdnsAnnouncer makeMdnsAnnouncer(@NonNull String interfaceTag, @NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull MdnsReplySender replySender,
+                @Nullable PacketRepeaterCallback<MdnsAnnouncer.BaseAnnouncementInfo> cb) {
+            return new MdnsAnnouncer(interfaceTag, looper, replySender, cb);
+        }
+
+        /** @see MdnsProber */
+        public MdnsProber makeMdnsProber(@NonNull String interfaceTag, @NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull MdnsReplySender replySender,
+                @NonNull PacketRepeaterCallback<MdnsProber.ProbingInfo> cb) {
+            return new MdnsProber(interfaceTag, looper, replySender, cb);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser(@NonNull String logTag,
+            @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, @NonNull List<LinkAddress> initialAddresses,
+            @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull byte[] packetCreationBuffer, @NonNull Callback cb,
+            @NonNull String[] deviceHostName, @NonNull SharedLog sharedLog) {
+        this(logTag, socket, initialAddresses, looper, packetCreationBuffer, cb,
+                new Dependencies(), deviceHostName, sharedLog);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser(@NonNull String logTag,
+            @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, @NonNull List<LinkAddress> initialAddresses,
+            @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull byte[] packetCreationBuffer, @NonNull Callback cb,
+            @NonNull Dependencies deps, @NonNull String[] deviceHostName,
+            @NonNull SharedLog sharedLog) {
+        mTag = MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.class.getSimpleName() + "/" + logTag;
+        mRecordRepository = deps.makeRecordRepository(looper, deviceHostName);
+        mRecordRepository.updateAddresses(initialAddresses);
+        mSocket = socket;
+        mCb = cb;
+        mCbHandler = new Handler(looper);
+        mReplySender = deps.makeReplySender(logTag, looper, socket, packetCreationBuffer);
+        mAnnouncer = deps.makeMdnsAnnouncer(logTag, looper, mReplySender,
+                mAnnouncingCallback);
+        mProber = deps.makeMdnsProber(logTag, looper, mReplySender, mProbingCallback);
+        mSharedLog = sharedLog;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start the advertiser.
+     *
+     * The advertiser will stop itself when all services are removed and exit announcements sent,
+     * notifying via {@link Callback#onDestroyed}. This can also be triggered manually via
+     * {@link #destroyNow()}.
+     */
+    public void start() {
+        mSocket.addPacketHandler(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start advertising a service.
+     *
+     * @throws NameConflictException There is already a service being advertised with that name.
+     */
+    public void addService(int id, NsdServiceInfo service) throws NameConflictException {
+        final int replacedExitingService = mRecordRepository.addService(id, service);
+        // Cancel announcements for the existing service. This only happens for exiting services
+        // (so cancelling exiting announcements), as per RecordRepository.addService.
+        if (replacedExitingService >= 0) {
+            mSharedLog.i("Service " + replacedExitingService
+                    + " getting re-added, cancelling exit announcements");
+            mAnnouncer.stop(replacedExitingService);
+        }
+        mProber.startProbing(mRecordRepository.setServiceProbing(id));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop advertising a service.
+     *
+     * This will trigger exit announcements for the service.
+     */
+    public void removeService(int id) {
+        if (!mRecordRepository.hasActiveService(id)) return;
+        mProber.stop(id);
+        mAnnouncer.stop(id);
+        final MdnsAnnouncer.ExitAnnouncementInfo exitInfo = mRecordRepository.exitService(id);
+        if (exitInfo != null) {
+            // This effectively schedules destroyNow(), as it is to be called when the exit
+            // announcement finishes if there is no service left.
+            // A non-zero exit announcement delay follows legacy mdnsresponder behavior, and is
+            // also useful to ensure that when a host receives the exit announcement, the service
+            // has been unregistered on all interfaces; so an announcement sent from interface A
+            // that was already in-flight while unregistering won't be received after the exit on
+            // interface B.
+            mAnnouncer.startSending(id, exitInfo, EXIT_ANNOUNCEMENT_DELAY_MS);
+        } else {
+            // No exit announcement necessary: remove the service immediately.
+            mRecordRepository.removeService(id);
+            if (mRecordRepository.getServicesCount() == 0) {
+                destroyNow();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update interface addresses used to advertise.
+     *
+     * This causes new address records to be announced.
+     */
+    public void updateAddresses(@NonNull List<LinkAddress> newAddresses) {
+        mRecordRepository.updateAddresses(newAddresses);
+        // TODO: restart advertising, but figure out what exit messages need to be sent for the
+        // previous addresses
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroy the advertiser immediately, not sending any exit announcement.
+     *
+     * <p>Useful when the underlying network went away. This will trigger an onDestroyed callback.
+     */
+    public void destroyNow() {
+        for (int serviceId : mRecordRepository.clearServices()) {
+            mProber.stop(serviceId);
+            mAnnouncer.stop(serviceId);
+        }
+        mReplySender.cancelAll();
+        mSocket.removePacketHandler(this);
+        mCbHandler.post(() -> mCb.onDestroyed(mSocket));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset a service to the probing state due to a conflict found on the network.
+     */
+    public void restartProbingForConflict(int serviceId) {
+        final MdnsProber.ProbingInfo probingInfo = mRecordRepository.setServiceProbing(serviceId);
+        if (probingInfo == null) return;
+
+        mProber.restartForConflict(probingInfo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rename a service following a conflict found on the network, and restart probing.
+     *
+     * If the service was not registered on this {@link MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser}, this is a no-op.
+     */
+    public void renameServiceForConflict(int serviceId, NsdServiceInfo newInfo) {
+        final MdnsProber.ProbingInfo probingInfo = mRecordRepository.renameServiceForConflict(
+                serviceId, newInfo);
+        if (probingInfo == null) return;
+
+        mProber.restartForConflict(probingInfo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates whether probing is in progress for the given service on this interface.
+     *
+     * Also returns false if the specified service is not registered.
+     */
+    public boolean isProbing(int serviceId) {
+        return mRecordRepository.isProbing(serviceId);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handlePacket(byte[] recvbuf, int length, InetSocketAddress src) {
+        final MdnsPacket packet;
+        try {
+            packet = MdnsPacket.parse(new MdnsPacketReader(recvbuf, length));
+        } catch (MdnsPacket.ParseException e) {
+            Log.e(mTag, "Error parsing mDNS packet", e);
+            if (DBG) {
+                Log.v(
+                        mTag, "Packet: " + HexDump.toHexString(recvbuf, 0, length));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.v(mTag,
+                    "Parsed packet with " + packet.questions.size() + " questions, "
+                            + packet.answers.size() + " answers, "
+                            + packet.authorityRecords.size() + " authority, "
+                            + packet.additionalRecords.size() + " additional from " + src);
+        }
+
+        for (int conflictServiceId : mRecordRepository.getConflictingServices(packet)) {
+            mCbHandler.post(() -> mCb.onServiceConflict(this, conflictServiceId));
+        }
+
+        // Even in case of conflict, add replies for other services. But in general conflicts would
+        // happen when the incoming packet has answer records (not a question), so there will be no
+        // answer. One exception is simultaneous probe tiebreaking (rfc6762 8.2), in which case the
+        // conflicting service is still probing and won't reply either.
+        final MdnsRecordRepository.ReplyInfo answers = mRecordRepository.getReply(packet, src);
+
+        if (answers == null) return;
+        mReplySender.queueReply(answers);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceSocket.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceSocket.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..119c7a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceSocket.java
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocket.MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocket.MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.util.SocketUtils;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.MulticastSocket;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * {@link MdnsInterfaceSocket} provides a similar interface to {@link MulticastSocket} and binds to
+ * an available multicast network interfaces.
+ *
+ * <p>This isn't thread safe and should be always called on the same thread unless specified
+ * otherwise.
+ *
+ * @see MulticastSocket for javadoc of each public method.
+ * @see MulticastSocket for javadoc of each public method.
+ */
+public class MdnsInterfaceSocket {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsInterfaceSocket.class.getSimpleName();
+    @NonNull private final MulticastSocket mMulticastSocket;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkInterface mNetworkInterface;
+    @NonNull private final MulticastPacketReader mPacketReader;
+    @NonNull private final ParcelFileDescriptor mFileDescriptor;
+    private boolean mJoinedIpv4 = false;
+    private boolean mJoinedIpv6 = false;
+
+    public MdnsInterfaceSocket(@NonNull NetworkInterface networkInterface, int port,
+            @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull byte[] packetReadBuffer)
+            throws IOException {
+        mNetworkInterface = networkInterface;
+        mMulticastSocket = new MulticastSocket(port);
+        // RFC Spec: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6762. Time to live is set 255
+        mMulticastSocket.setTimeToLive(255);
+        mMulticastSocket.setNetworkInterface(networkInterface);
+
+        // Bind socket to the interface for receiving from that interface only.
+        mFileDescriptor = ParcelFileDescriptor.fromDatagramSocket(mMulticastSocket);
+        try {
+            final FileDescriptor fd = mFileDescriptor.getFileDescriptor();
+            final int flags = Os.fcntlInt(fd, OsConstants.F_GETFL, 0);
+            Os.fcntlInt(fd, OsConstants.F_SETFL, flags | OsConstants.SOCK_NONBLOCK);
+            SocketUtils.bindSocketToInterface(fd, mNetworkInterface.getName());
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IOException("Error setting socket options", e);
+        }
+
+        mPacketReader = new MulticastPacketReader(networkInterface.getName(), mFileDescriptor,
+                new Handler(looper), packetReadBuffer);
+        mPacketReader.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a datagram packet from this socket.
+     *
+     * <p>This method could be used on any thread.
+     */
+    public void send(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet) throws IOException {
+        mMulticastSocket.send(packet);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasIpv4Address(@NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        for (LinkAddress address : addresses) {
+            if (address.isIpv4()) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasIpv6Address(@NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        for (LinkAddress address : addresses) {
+            if (address.isIpv6()) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /*** Joins both IPv4 and IPv6 multicast groups. */
+    public void joinGroup(@NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        maybeJoinIpv4(addresses);
+        maybeJoinIpv6(addresses);
+    }
+
+    private boolean joinGroup(@NonNull InetSocketAddress multicastAddress) {
+        try {
+            mMulticastSocket.joinGroup(multicastAddress, mNetworkInterface);
+            return true;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // The address may have just been removed
+            Log.e(TAG, "Error joining multicast group for " + mNetworkInterface, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeJoinIpv4(@NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        final boolean hasAddr = hasIpv4Address(addresses);
+        if (!mJoinedIpv4 && hasAddr) {
+            mJoinedIpv4 = joinGroup(MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS);
+        } else if (!hasAddr) {
+            // Lost IPv4 address
+            mJoinedIpv4 = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeJoinIpv6(@NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        final boolean hasAddr = hasIpv6Address(addresses);
+        if (!mJoinedIpv6 && hasAddr) {
+            mJoinedIpv6 = joinGroup(MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS);
+        } else if (!hasAddr) {
+            // Lost IPv6 address
+            mJoinedIpv6 = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*** Destroy the socket */
+    public void destroy() {
+        mPacketReader.stop();
+        try {
+            mFileDescriptor.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Close file descriptor failed.");
+        }
+        mMulticastSocket.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a handler to receive callbacks when reads the packet from socket. If the handler is
+     * already set, this is a no-op.
+     */
+    public void addPacketHandler(@NonNull MulticastPacketReader.PacketHandler handler) {
+        mPacketReader.addPacketHandler(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a handler added via {@link #addPacketHandler}. If the handler is not present, this is
+     * a no-op.
+     */
+    public void removePacketHandler(@NonNull MulticastPacketReader.PacketHandler handler) {
+        mPacketReader.removePacketHandler(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the network interface that this socket is bound to.
+     *
+     * <p>This method could be used on any thread.
+     */
+    public NetworkInterface getInterface() {
+        return mNetworkInterface;
+    }
+
+    /*** Returns whether this socket has joined IPv4 group */
+    public boolean hasJoinedIpv4() {
+        return mJoinedIpv4;
+    }
+
+    /*** Returns whether this socket has joined IPv6 group */
+    public boolean hasJoinedIpv6() {
+        return mJoinedIpv6;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4504bb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.java
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.isNetworkMatched;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * The {@link MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient} manages the multinetwork socket for mDns
+ *
+ *  * <p>This class is not thread safe.
+ */
+public class MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient implements MdnsSocketClientBase {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean DBG = MdnsDiscoveryManager.DBG;
+
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull private final MdnsSocketProvider mSocketProvider;
+
+    private final Map<MdnsServiceBrowserListener, InterfaceSocketCallback> mRequestedNetworks =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final ArrayMap<MdnsInterfaceSocket, Network> mActiveNetworkSockets = new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final ArrayMap<MdnsInterfaceSocket, ReadPacketHandler> mSocketPacketHandlers =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+    private MdnsSocketClientBase.Callback mCallback = null;
+    private int mReceivedPacketNumber = 0;
+
+    public MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(@NonNull Looper looper,
+            @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider provider) {
+        mHandler = new Handler(looper);
+        mSocketProvider = provider;
+    }
+
+    private class InterfaceSocketCallback implements MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback {
+        private final SocketCreationCallback mSocketCreationCallback;
+
+        InterfaceSocketCallback(SocketCreationCallback socketCreationCallback) {
+            mSocketCreationCallback = socketCreationCallback;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onSocketCreated(@Nullable Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, @NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            // The socket may be already created by other request before, try to get the stored
+            // ReadPacketHandler.
+            ReadPacketHandler handler = mSocketPacketHandlers.get(socket);
+            if (handler == null) {
+                // First request to create this socket. Initial a ReadPacketHandler for this socket.
+                handler = new ReadPacketHandler(network, socket.getInterface().getIndex());
+                mSocketPacketHandlers.put(socket, handler);
+            }
+            socket.addPacketHandler(handler);
+            mActiveNetworkSockets.put(socket, network);
+            mSocketCreationCallback.onSocketCreated(network);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onInterfaceDestroyed(@Nullable Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket) {
+            mSocketPacketHandlers.remove(socket);
+            mActiveNetworkSockets.remove(socket);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ReadPacketHandler implements MulticastPacketReader.PacketHandler {
+        private final Network mNetwork;
+        private final int mInterfaceIndex;
+
+        ReadPacketHandler(@NonNull Network network, int interfaceIndex) {
+            mNetwork = network;
+            mInterfaceIndex = interfaceIndex;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handlePacket(byte[] recvbuf, int length, InetSocketAddress src) {
+            processResponsePacket(recvbuf, length, mInterfaceIndex, mNetwork);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*** Set callback for receiving mDns response */
+    @Override
+    public void setCallback(@Nullable MdnsSocketClientBase.Callback callback) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        mCallback = callback;
+    }
+
+    /***
+     * Notify that the given network is requested for mdns discovery / resolution
+     *
+     * @param listener the listener for discovery.
+     * @param network the target network for discovery. Null means discovery on all possible
+     *                interfaces.
+     * @param socketCreationCallback the callback to notify socket creation.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void notifyNetworkRequested(@NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener,
+            @Nullable Network network, @NonNull SocketCreationCallback socketCreationCallback) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        InterfaceSocketCallback callback = mRequestedNetworks.get(listener);
+        if (callback != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can not register duplicated listener");
+        }
+
+        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "notifyNetworkRequested: network=" + network);
+        callback = new InterfaceSocketCallback(socketCreationCallback);
+        mRequestedNetworks.put(listener, callback);
+        mSocketProvider.requestSocket(network, callback);
+    }
+
+    /*** Notify that the network is unrequested */
+    @Override
+    public void notifyNetworkUnrequested(@NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        final InterfaceSocketCallback callback = mRequestedNetworks.remove(listener);
+        if (callback == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Can not be unrequested with unknown listener=" + listener);
+            return;
+        }
+        mSocketProvider.unrequestSocket(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void sendMdnsPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet, @Nullable Network targetNetwork) {
+        final boolean isIpv6 = ((InetSocketAddress) packet.getSocketAddress()).getAddress()
+                instanceof Inet6Address;
+        final boolean isIpv4 = ((InetSocketAddress) packet.getSocketAddress()).getAddress()
+                instanceof Inet4Address;
+        for (int i = 0; i < mActiveNetworkSockets.size(); i++) {
+            final MdnsInterfaceSocket socket = mActiveNetworkSockets.keyAt(i);
+            final Network network = mActiveNetworkSockets.valueAt(i);
+            // Check ip capability and network before sending packet
+            if (((isIpv6 && socket.hasJoinedIpv6()) || (isIpv4 && socket.hasJoinedIpv4()))
+                    && isNetworkMatched(targetNetwork, network)) {
+                try {
+                    socket.send(packet);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Failed to send a mDNS packet.", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processResponsePacket(byte[] recvbuf, int length, int interfaceIndex,
+            @NonNull Network network) {
+        int packetNumber = ++mReceivedPacketNumber;
+
+        final MdnsPacket response;
+        try {
+            response = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(recvbuf, length);
+        } catch (MdnsPacket.ParseException e) {
+            if (e.code != MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_NOT_RESPONSE_MESSAGE) {
+                Log.e(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
+                if (mCallback != null) {
+                    mCallback.onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(packetNumber, e.code, network);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (mCallback != null) {
+            mCallback.onResponseReceived(response, interfaceIndex, network);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Sends a mDNS request packet that asks for multicast response. */
+    @Override
+    public void sendMulticastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet) {
+        sendMulticastPacket(packet, null /* network */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a mDNS request packet via given network that asks for multicast response. Null network
+     * means sending packet via all networks.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void sendMulticastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet, @Nullable Network network) {
+        mHandler.post(() -> sendMdnsPacket(packet, network));
+    }
+
+    /** Sends a mDNS request packet that asks for unicast response. */
+    @Override
+    public void sendUnicastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet) {
+        sendUnicastPacket(packet, null /* network */);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a mDNS request packet via given network that asks for unicast response. Null network
+     * means sending packet via all networks.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void sendUnicastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet, @Nullable Network network) {
+        // TODO: Separate unicast packet.
+        mHandler.post(() -> sendMdnsPacket(packet, network));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsNsecRecord.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsNsecRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ec2f99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsNsecRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.net.DnsResolver;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * A mDNS "NSEC" record, used in particular for negative responses (RFC6762 6.1).
+ */
+public class MdnsNsecRecord extends MdnsRecord {
+    private String[] mNextDomain;
+    private int[] mTypes;
+
+    public MdnsNsecRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        this(name, reader, false);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsNsecRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader, boolean isQuestion)
+            throws IOException {
+        super(name, TYPE_NSEC, reader, isQuestion);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsNsecRecord(String[] name, long receiptTimeMillis, boolean cacheFlush, long ttlMillis,
+            String[] nextDomain, int[] types) {
+        super(name, TYPE_NSEC, DnsResolver.CLASS_IN, receiptTimeMillis, cacheFlush, ttlMillis);
+        mNextDomain = nextDomain;
+        final int[] sortedTypes = Arrays.copyOf(types, types.length);
+        Arrays.sort(sortedTypes);
+        mTypes = sortedTypes;
+    }
+
+    public String[] getNextDomain() {
+        return mNextDomain;
+    }
+
+    public int[] getTypes() {
+        return mTypes;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void readData(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        mNextDomain = reader.readLabels();
+        mTypes = readTypes(reader);
+    }
+
+    private int[] readTypes(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        // See RFC3845 #2.1.2
+        final ArrayList<Integer> types = new ArrayList<>();
+        int prevBlockNumber = -1;
+        while (reader.getRemaining() > 0) {
+            final int blockNumber = reader.readUInt8();
+            if (blockNumber <= prevBlockNumber) {
+                throw new IOException(
+                        "Unordered block number: " + blockNumber + " after " + prevBlockNumber);
+            }
+            prevBlockNumber = blockNumber;
+            final int bitmapLength = reader.readUInt8();
+            if (bitmapLength > 32 || bitmapLength <= 0) {
+                throw new IOException("Invalid bitmap length: " + bitmapLength);
+            }
+            final byte[] bitmap = new byte[bitmapLength];
+            reader.readBytes(bitmap);
+
+            for (int bitmapIndex = 0; bitmapIndex < bitmap.length; bitmapIndex++) {
+                final byte bitmapByte = bitmap[bitmapIndex];
+                for (int bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++) {
+                    if ((bitmapByte & (1 << (7 - bit))) != 0) {
+                        types.add(blockNumber * 256 + bitmapIndex * 8 + bit);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return CollectionUtils.toIntArray(types);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void writeData(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        // Standard NSEC records should use no compression for the Next Domain Name field as per
+        // RFC3845 2.1.1, but for mDNS RFC6762 18.14 specifies that compression should be used.
+        writer.writeLabels(mNextDomain);
+
+        // type bitmaps: RFC3845 2.1.2
+        int typesBlockStart = 0;
+        int pendingBlockNumber = -1;
+        int blockLength = 0;
+        // Loop on types (which are sorted in increasing order) to find each block and determine
+        // their length; use writeTypeBlock once the length of each block has been found.
+        for (int i = 0; i < mTypes.length; i++) {
+            final int blockNumber = mTypes[i] / 256;
+            final int typeLowOrder = mTypes[i] % 256;
+            // If the low-order 8 bits are e.g. 0x10, bit number 16 (=0x10) will be set in the
+            // bitmap; this is the first bit of byte 2 (byte 0 is 0-7, 1 is 8-15, etc.)
+            final int byteIndex = typeLowOrder / 8;
+
+            if (pendingBlockNumber >= 0 && blockNumber != pendingBlockNumber) {
+                // Just reached a new block; write the previous one
+                writeTypeBlock(writer, typesBlockStart, i - 1, blockLength);
+                typesBlockStart = i;
+                blockLength = 0;
+            }
+            blockLength = Math.max(blockLength, byteIndex + 1);
+            pendingBlockNumber = blockNumber;
+        }
+
+        if (pendingBlockNumber >= 0) {
+            writeTypeBlock(writer, typesBlockStart, mTypes.length - 1, blockLength);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeTypeBlock(MdnsPacketWriter writer,
+            int typesStart, int typesEnd, int bytesInBlock) throws IOException {
+        final int blockNumber = mTypes[typesStart] / 256;
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[bytesInBlock];
+        for (int i = typesStart; i <= typesEnd; i++) {
+            final int typeLowOrder = mTypes[i] % 256;
+            bytes[typeLowOrder / 8] |= 1 << (7 - (typeLowOrder % 8));
+        }
+        writer.writeUInt8(blockNumber);
+        writer.writeUInt8(bytesInBlock);
+        writer.writeBytes(bytes);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "NSEC: NextDomain: " + TextUtils.join(".", mNextDomain)
+                + " Types " + Arrays.toString(mTypes);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(super.hashCode(),
+                Arrays.hashCode(mNextDomain), Arrays.hashCode(mTypes));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (!(other instanceof MdnsNsecRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return super.equals(other)
+                && Arrays.equals(mNextDomain, ((MdnsNsecRecord) other).mNextDomain)
+                && Arrays.equals(mTypes, ((MdnsNsecRecord) other).mTypes);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacket.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacket.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27002b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacket.java
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A class holding data that can be included in a mDNS packet.
+ */
+public class MdnsPacket {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsPacket.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    public final int flags;
+    @NonNull
+    public final List<MdnsRecord> questions;
+    @NonNull
+    public final List<MdnsRecord> answers;
+    @NonNull
+    public final List<MdnsRecord> authorityRecords;
+    @NonNull
+    public final List<MdnsRecord> additionalRecords;
+
+    MdnsPacket(int flags,
+            @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> questions,
+            @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> answers,
+            @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> authorityRecords,
+            @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> additionalRecords) {
+        this.flags = flags;
+        this.questions = Collections.unmodifiableList(questions);
+        this.answers = Collections.unmodifiableList(answers);
+        this.authorityRecords = Collections.unmodifiableList(authorityRecords);
+        this.additionalRecords = Collections.unmodifiableList(additionalRecords);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exception thrown on parse errors.
+     */
+    public static class ParseException extends IOException {
+        public final int code;
+
+        public ParseException(int code, @NonNull String message, @Nullable Throwable cause) {
+            super(message, cause);
+            this.code = code;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the packet in the provided {@link MdnsPacketReader}.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static MdnsPacket parse(@NonNull MdnsPacketReader reader) throws ParseException {
+        final int flags;
+        try {
+            reader.readUInt16(); // transaction ID (not used)
+            flags = reader.readUInt16();
+        } catch (EOFException e) {
+            throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_END_OF_FILE,
+                    "Reached the end of the mDNS response unexpectedly.", e);
+        }
+        return parseRecordsSection(reader, flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the records section of a mDNS packet in the provided {@link MdnsPacketReader}.
+     *
+     * The records section starts with the questions count, just after the packet flags.
+     */
+    public static MdnsPacket parseRecordsSection(@NonNull MdnsPacketReader reader, int flags)
+            throws ParseException {
+        try {
+            final int numQuestions = reader.readUInt16();
+            final int numAnswers = reader.readUInt16();
+            final int numAuthority = reader.readUInt16();
+            final int numAdditional = reader.readUInt16();
+
+            final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> questions = parseRecords(reader, numQuestions, true);
+            final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> answers = parseRecords(reader, numAnswers, false);
+            final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> authority = parseRecords(reader, numAuthority, false);
+            final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> additional = parseRecords(reader, numAdditional, false);
+
+            return new MdnsPacket(flags, questions, answers, authority, additional);
+        } catch (EOFException e) {
+            throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_END_OF_FILE,
+                    "Reached the end of the mDNS response unexpectedly.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ArrayList<MdnsRecord> parseRecords(@NonNull MdnsPacketReader reader, int count,
+            boolean isQuestion)
+            throws ParseException {
+        final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> records = new ArrayList<>(count);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+            final MdnsRecord record = parseRecord(reader, isQuestion);
+            if (record != null) {
+                records.add(record);
+            }
+        }
+        return records;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private static MdnsRecord parseRecord(@NonNull MdnsPacketReader reader, boolean isQuestion)
+            throws ParseException {
+        String[] name;
+        try {
+            name = reader.readLabels();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_RECORD_NAME,
+                    "Failed to read labels from mDNS response.", e);
+        }
+
+        final int type;
+        try {
+            type = reader.readUInt16();
+        } catch (EOFException e) {
+            throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_END_OF_FILE,
+                    "Reached the end of the mDNS response unexpectedly.", e);
+        }
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case MdnsRecord.TYPE_A: {
+                try {
+                    return new MdnsInetAddressRecord(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, reader, isQuestion);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_A_RDATA,
+                            "Failed to read A record from mDNS response.", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            case MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA: {
+                try {
+                    return new MdnsInetAddressRecord(name,
+                            MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA, reader, isQuestion);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_AAAA_RDATA,
+                            "Failed to read AAAA record from mDNS response.", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            case MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR: {
+                try {
+                    return new MdnsPointerRecord(name, reader, isQuestion);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_PTR_RDATA,
+                            "Failed to read PTR record from mDNS response.", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            case MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV: {
+                try {
+                    return new MdnsServiceRecord(name, reader, isQuestion);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_SRV_RDATA,
+                            "Failed to read SRV record from mDNS response.", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            case MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT: {
+                try {
+                    return new MdnsTextRecord(name, reader, isQuestion);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_TXT_RDATA,
+                            "Failed to read TXT record from mDNS response.", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            case MdnsRecord.TYPE_NSEC: {
+                try {
+                    return new MdnsNsecRecord(name, reader, isQuestion);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_NSEC_RDATA,
+                            "Failed to read NSEC record from mDNS response.", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            case MdnsRecord.TYPE_ANY: {
+                try {
+                    return new MdnsAnyRecord(name, reader);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_READING_ANY_RDATA,
+                            "Failed to read TYPE_ANY record from mDNS response.", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            default: {
+                try {
+                    if (MdnsAdvertiser.DBG) {
+                        Log.i(TAG, "Skipping parsing of record of unhandled type " + type);
+                    }
+                    skipMdnsRecord(reader, isQuestion);
+                    return null;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_SKIPPING_UNKNOWN_RECORD,
+                            "Failed to skip mDNS record.", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void skipMdnsRecord(@NonNull MdnsPacketReader reader, boolean isQuestion)
+            throws IOException {
+        reader.skip(2); // Skip the class
+        if (isQuestion) return;
+        // Skip TTL and data
+        reader.skip(4);
+        int dataLength = reader.readUInt16();
+        reader.skip(dataLength);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReader.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReader.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa38844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReader.java
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry;
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+/** Simple decoder for mDNS packets. */
+public class MdnsPacketReader {
+    private final byte[] buf;
+    private final int count;
+    private final SparseArray<LabelEntry> labelDictionary;
+    private int pos;
+    private int limit;
+
+    /** Constructs a reader for the given packet. */
+    public MdnsPacketReader(DatagramPacket packet) {
+        this(packet.getData(), packet.getLength());
+    }
+
+    /** Constructs a reader for the given packet. */
+    public MdnsPacketReader(byte[] buffer, int length) {
+        buf = buffer;
+        count = length;
+        pos = 0;
+        limit = -1;
+        labelDictionary = new SparseArray<>(16);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a temporary limit (from the current read position) for subsequent reads. Any attempt to
+     * read past this limit will result in an EOFException.
+     *
+     * @param limit The new limit.
+     * @throws IOException If there is insufficient data for the new limit.
+     */
+    public void setLimit(int limit) throws IOException {
+        if (limit >= 0) {
+            if (pos + limit <= count) {
+                this.limit = pos + limit;
+            } else {
+                throw new IOException(
+                        String.format(
+                                Locale.ROOT,
+                                "attempt to set limit beyond available data: %d exceeds %d",
+                                pos + limit,
+                                count));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Clears the limit set by {@link #setLimit}. */
+    public void clearLimit() {
+        limit = -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of bytes left to read, between the current read position and either the
+     * limit (if set) or the end of the packet.
+     */
+    public int getRemaining() {
+        return (limit >= 0 ? limit : count) - pos;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads an unsigned 8-bit integer.
+     *
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     */
+    public int readUInt8() throws EOFException {
+        checkRemaining(1);
+        byte val = buf[pos++];
+        return val & 0xFF;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads an unsigned 16-bit integer.
+     *
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     */
+    public int readUInt16() throws EOFException {
+        checkRemaining(2);
+        int val = (buf[pos++] & 0xFF) << 8;
+        val |= (buf[pos++]) & 0xFF;
+        return val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads an unsigned 32-bit integer.
+     *
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     */
+    public long readUInt32() throws EOFException {
+        checkRemaining(4);
+        long val = (long) (buf[pos++] & 0xFF) << 24;
+        val |= (long) (buf[pos++] & 0xFF) << 16;
+        val |= (long) (buf[pos++] & 0xFF) << 8;
+        val |= buf[pos++] & 0xFF;
+        return val;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a sequence of labels and returns them as an array of strings. A sequence of labels is
+     * either a sequence of strings terminated by a NUL byte, a sequence of strings terminated by a
+     * pointer, or a pointer.
+     *
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     * @throws IOException  If invalid data is read.
+     */
+    public String[] readLabels() throws IOException {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>(5);
+        LabelEntry previousEntry = null;
+
+        while (getRemaining() > 0) {
+            byte nextByte = peekByte();
+
+            if (nextByte == 0) {
+                // A NUL byte terminates a sequence of labels.
+                skip(1);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            int currentOffset = pos;
+
+            boolean isLabelPointer = (nextByte & 0xC0) == 0xC0;
+            if (isLabelPointer) {
+                // A pointer terminates a sequence of labels. Store the pointer value in the
+                // previous label entry.
+                int labelOffset = ((readUInt8() & 0x3F) << 8) | (readUInt8() & 0xFF);
+                if (previousEntry != null) {
+                    previousEntry.nextOffset = labelOffset;
+                }
+
+                // Follow the chain of labels starting at this pointer, adding all of them onto the
+                // result.
+                while (labelOffset != 0) {
+                    LabelEntry entry = labelDictionary.get(labelOffset);
+                    if (entry == null) {
+                        throw new IOException(
+                                String.format(Locale.ROOT, "Invalid label pointer: %04X",
+                                        labelOffset));
+                    }
+                    result.add(entry.label);
+                    labelOffset = entry.nextOffset;
+                }
+                break;
+            } else {
+                // It's an ordinary label. Chain it onto the previous label entry (if any), and add
+                // it onto the result.
+                String val = readString();
+                LabelEntry newEntry = new LabelEntry(val);
+                labelDictionary.put(currentOffset, newEntry);
+
+                if (previousEntry != null) {
+                    previousEntry.nextOffset = currentOffset;
+                }
+                previousEntry = newEntry;
+                result.add(val);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result.toArray(new String[result.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a length-prefixed string.
+     *
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     */
+    public String readString() throws EOFException {
+        int len = readUInt8();
+        checkRemaining(len);
+        String val = new String(buf, pos, len, MdnsConstants.getUtf8Charset());
+        pos += len;
+        return val;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public TextEntry readTextEntry() throws EOFException {
+        int len = readUInt8();
+        checkRemaining(len);
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[len];
+        System.arraycopy(buf, pos, bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+        pos += len;
+        return TextEntry.fromBytes(bytes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a specific number of bytes.
+     *
+     * @param bytes The array to fill.
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     */
+    public void readBytes(byte[] bytes) throws EOFException {
+        checkRemaining(bytes.length);
+        System.arraycopy(buf, pos, bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+        pos += bytes.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Skips over the given number of bytes.
+     *
+     * @param count The number of bytes to read and discard.
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     */
+    public void skip(int count) throws EOFException {
+        checkRemaining(count);
+        pos += count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Peeks at and returns the next byte in the packet, without advancing the read position.
+     *
+     * @throws EOFException If there are not enough bytes remaining in the packet to satisfy the
+     *                      read.
+     */
+    public byte peekByte() throws EOFException {
+        checkRemaining(1);
+        return buf[pos];
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the current byte position of the reader for the data packet. */
+    public int getPosition() {
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    // Checks if the number of remaining bytes to be read in the packet is at least |count|.
+    private void checkRemaining(int count) throws EOFException {
+        if (getRemaining() < count) {
+            throw new EOFException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class LabelEntry {
+        public final String label;
+        public int nextOffset = 0;
+
+        public LabelEntry(String label) {
+            this.label = label;
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketRepeater.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketRepeater.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c385da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketRepeater.java
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsRecordRepository.IPV4_ADDR;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsRecordRepository.IPV6_ADDR;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+
+/**
+ * A class used to send several packets at given time intervals.
+ * @param <T> The type of the request providing packet repeating parameters.
+ */
+public abstract class MdnsPacketRepeater<T extends MdnsPacketRepeater.Request> {
+    private static final boolean DBG = MdnsAdvertiser.DBG;
+    private static final InetSocketAddress[] ALL_ADDRS = new InetSocketAddress[] {
+            IPV4_ADDR, IPV6_ADDR
+    };
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsReplySender mReplySender;
+    @NonNull
+    protected final Handler mHandler;
+    @Nullable
+    private final PacketRepeaterCallback<T> mCb;
+
+    /**
+     * Status callback from {@link MdnsPacketRepeater}.
+     *
+     * Callbacks are called on the {@link MdnsPacketRepeater} handler thread.
+     * @param <T> The type of the request providing packet repeating parameters.
+     */
+    public interface PacketRepeaterCallback<T extends MdnsPacketRepeater.Request> {
+        /**
+         * Called when a packet was sent.
+         */
+        default void onSent(int index, @NonNull T info) {}
+
+        /**
+         * Called when the {@link MdnsPacketRepeater} is done sending packets.
+         */
+        default void onFinished(@NonNull T info) {}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A request to repeat packets.
+     *
+     * All methods are called in the looper thread.
+     */
+    public interface Request {
+        /**
+         * Get a packet to send for one iteration.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        MdnsPacket getPacket(int index);
+
+        /**
+         * Get the delay in milliseconds until the next packet transmission.
+         */
+        long getDelayMs(int nextIndex);
+
+        /**
+         * Get the number of packets that should be sent.
+         */
+        int getNumSends();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the logging tag to use.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    protected abstract String getTag();
+
+    private final class ProbeHandler extends Handler {
+        ProbeHandler(@NonNull Looper looper) {
+            super(looper);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
+            final int index = msg.arg1;
+            final T request = (T) msg.obj;
+
+            if (index >= request.getNumSends()) {
+                if (mCb != null) {
+                    mCb.onFinished(request);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            final MdnsPacket packet = request.getPacket(index);
+            if (DBG) {
+                Log.v(getTag(), "Sending packets for iteration " + index + " out of "
+                        + request.getNumSends() + " for ID " + msg.what);
+            }
+            // Send to both v4 and v6 addresses; the reply sender will take care of ignoring the
+            // send when the socket has not joined the relevant group.
+            for (InetSocketAddress destination : ALL_ADDRS) {
+                try {
+                    mReplySender.sendNow(packet, destination);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    Log.e(getTag(), "Error sending packet to " + destination, e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            int nextIndex = index + 1;
+            // No need to go through the last handler loop if there's no callback to call
+            if (nextIndex < request.getNumSends() || mCb != null) {
+                // TODO: consider using AlarmManager / WakeupMessage to avoid missing sending during
+                // deep sleep; but this would affect battery life, and discovered services are
+                // likely not to be available since the device is in deep sleep anyway.
+                final long delay = request.getDelayMs(nextIndex);
+                sendMessageDelayed(obtainMessage(msg.what, nextIndex, 0, request), delay);
+                if (DBG) Log.v(getTag(), "Scheduled next packet in " + delay + "ms");
+            }
+
+            // Call onSent after scheduling the next run, to allow the callback to cancel it
+            if (mCb != null) {
+                mCb.onSent(index, request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected MdnsPacketRepeater(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull MdnsReplySender replySender,
+            @Nullable PacketRepeaterCallback<T> cb) {
+        mHandler = new ProbeHandler(looper);
+        mReplySender = replySender;
+        mCb = cb;
+    }
+
+    protected void startSending(int id, @NonNull T request, long initialDelayMs) {
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.v(getTag(), "Starting send with id " + id + ", request "
+                    + request.getClass().getSimpleName() + ", delay " + initialDelayMs);
+        }
+        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(mHandler.obtainMessage(id, 0, 0, request), initialDelayMs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop sending the packets for the specified ID
+     * @return true if probing was in progress, false if this was a no-op
+     */
+    public boolean stop(int id) {
+        if (mHandler.getLooper().getThread() != Thread.currentThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("stop can only be called from the looper thread");
+        }
+        // Since this is run on the looper thread, messages cannot be currently processing and are
+        // all in the handler queue; unless this method is called from a message, but the current
+        // message cannot be cancelled.
+        if (mHandler.hasMessages(id)) {
+            if (DBG) {
+                Log.v(getTag(), "Stopping send on id " + id);
+            }
+            mHandler.removeMessages(id);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketWriter.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketWriter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f9b8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketWriter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/** Simple encoder for mDNS packets. */
+public class MdnsPacketWriter {
+    private static final int MDNS_POINTER_MASK = 0xC000;
+    private final byte[] data;
+    private final Map<Integer, String[]> labelDictionary = new HashMap<>();
+    private int pos = 0;
+    private int savedWritePos = -1;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a writer for a new packet.
+     *
+     * @param maxSize The maximum size of a packet.
+     */
+    public MdnsPacketWriter(int maxSize) {
+        if (maxSize <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid size");
+        }
+
+        data = new byte[maxSize];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a writer for a new packet.
+     *
+     * @param buffer The buffer to write to.
+     */
+    public MdnsPacketWriter(byte[] buffer) {
+        data = buffer;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the current write position. */
+    public int getWritePosition() {
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves the current write position and then rewinds the write position by the given number of
+     * bytes. This is useful for updating length fields earlier in the packet. Rewinds cannot be
+     * nested.
+     *
+     * @param position The position to rewind to.
+     * @throws IOException If the count would go beyond the beginning of the packet, or if there is
+     *                     already a rewind in effect.
+     */
+    public void rewind(int position) throws IOException {
+        if ((savedWritePos != -1) || (position > pos) || (position < 0)) {
+            throw new IOException("invalid rewind");
+        }
+
+        savedWritePos = pos;
+        pos = position;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the current write position to what it was prior to the last rewind.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException If there was no rewind in effect.
+     */
+    public void unrewind() throws IOException {
+        if (savedWritePos == -1) {
+            throw new IOException("no rewind is in effect");
+        }
+        pos = savedWritePos;
+        savedWritePos = -1;
+    }
+
+    /** Clears any rewind state. */
+    public void clearRewind() {
+        savedWritePos = -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes an unsigned 8-bit integer.
+     *
+     * @param value The value to write.
+     * @throws IOException If there is not enough space remaining in the packet.
+     */
+    public void writeUInt8(int value) throws IOException {
+        checkRemaining(1);
+        data[pos++] = (byte) (value & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes an unsigned 16-bit integer.
+     *
+     * @param value The value to write.
+     * @throws IOException If there is not enough space remaining in the packet.
+     */
+    public void writeUInt16(int value) throws IOException {
+        checkRemaining(2);
+        data[pos++] = (byte) ((value >>> 8) & 0xFF);
+        data[pos++] = (byte) (value & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes an unsigned 32-bit integer.
+     *
+     * @param value The value to write.
+     * @throws IOException If there is not enough space remaining in the packet.
+     */
+    public void writeUInt32(long value) throws IOException {
+        checkRemaining(4);
+        data[pos++] = (byte) ((value >>> 24) & 0xFF);
+        data[pos++] = (byte) ((value >>> 16) & 0xFF);
+        data[pos++] = (byte) ((value >>> 8) & 0xFF);
+        data[pos++] = (byte) (value & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a specific number of bytes.
+     *
+     * @param data The array to write.
+     * @throws IOException If there is not enough space remaining in the packet.
+     */
+    public void writeBytes(byte[] data) throws IOException {
+        checkRemaining(data.length);
+        System.arraycopy(data, 0, this.data, pos, data.length);
+        pos += data.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a string.
+     *
+     * @param value The string to write.
+     * @throws IOException If there is not enough space remaining in the packet.
+     */
+    public void writeString(String value) throws IOException {
+        byte[] utf8 = value.getBytes(MdnsConstants.getUtf8Charset());
+        writeUInt8(utf8.length);
+        writeBytes(utf8);
+    }
+
+    public void writeTextEntry(TextEntry textEntry) throws IOException {
+        byte[] bytes = textEntry.toBytes();
+        writeUInt8(bytes.length);
+        writeBytes(bytes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes a series of labels. Uses name compression.
+     *
+     * @param labels The labels to write.
+     * @throws IOException If there is not enough space remaining in the packet.
+     */
+    public void writeLabels(String[] labels) throws IOException {
+        // See section 4.1.4 of RFC 1035 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035) for a description
+        // of the name compression method used here.
+
+        int suffixLength = 0;
+        int suffixPointer = 0;
+
+        for (Map.Entry<Integer, String[]> entry : labelDictionary.entrySet()) {
+            int existingOffset = entry.getKey();
+            String[] existingLabels = entry.getValue();
+
+            if (Arrays.equals(existingLabels, labels)) {
+                writePointer(existingOffset);
+                return;
+            } else if (MdnsRecord.labelsAreSuffix(existingLabels, labels)) {
+                // Keep track of the longest matching suffix so far.
+                if (existingLabels.length > suffixLength) {
+                    suffixLength = existingLabels.length;
+                    suffixPointer = existingOffset;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        final int[] offsets;
+        if (suffixLength > 0) {
+            offsets = writePartialLabelsNoCompression(labels, labels.length - suffixLength);
+            writePointer(suffixPointer);
+        } else {
+            offsets = writeLabelsNoCompression(labels);
+        }
+
+        // Add entries to the label dictionary for each suffix of the label list, including
+        // the whole list itself.
+        // Do not replace the last suffixLength suffixes that already have dictionary entries.
+        for (int i = 0, len = labels.length; i < labels.length - suffixLength; ++i, --len) {
+            String[] value = new String[len];
+            System.arraycopy(labels, i, value, 0, len);
+            labelDictionary.put(offsets[i], value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int[] writePartialLabelsNoCompression(String[] labels, int count) throws IOException {
+        int[] offsets = new int[count];
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+            offsets[i] = getWritePosition();
+            writeString(labels[i]);
+        }
+        return offsets;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write a series a labels, without using name compression.
+     *
+     * @return The offsets where each label was written to.
+     */
+    public int[] writeLabelsNoCompression(String[] labels) throws IOException {
+        final int[] offsets = writePartialLabelsNoCompression(labels, labels.length);
+        writeUInt8(0); // NUL terminator
+        return offsets;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the number of bytes that can still be written. */
+    public int getRemaining() {
+        return data.length - pos;
+    }
+
+    // Writes a pointer to a label.
+    private void writePointer(int offset) throws IOException {
+        writeUInt16(MDNS_POINTER_MASK | offset);
+    }
+
+    // Checks if the remaining space in the packet is at least |count|.
+    private void checkRemaining(int count) throws IOException {
+        if (getRemaining() < count) {
+            throw new IOException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Builds and returns the packet. */
+    public DatagramPacket getPacket(SocketAddress destAddress) throws IOException {
+        return new DatagramPacket(data, pos, destAddress);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPointerRecord.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPointerRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c7b26b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPointerRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/** An mDNS "PTR" record, which holds a name (the "pointer"). */
+@VisibleForTesting
+public class MdnsPointerRecord extends MdnsRecord {
+    private String[] pointer;
+
+    public MdnsPointerRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        this(name, reader, false);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsPointerRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader, boolean isQuestion)
+            throws IOException {
+        super(name, TYPE_PTR, reader, isQuestion);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsPointerRecord(String[] name, long receiptTimeMillis, boolean cacheFlush,
+                    long ttlMillis, String[] pointer) {
+        super(name, TYPE_PTR, MdnsConstants.QCLASS_INTERNET, receiptTimeMillis, cacheFlush,
+                ttlMillis);
+        this.pointer = pointer;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the pointer as an array of labels. */
+    public String[] getPointer() {
+        return pointer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void readData(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        pointer = reader.readLabels();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void writeData(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeLabels(pointer);
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasSubtype() {
+        return (name != null) && (name.length > 2) && name[1].equals(MdnsConstants.SUBTYPE_LABEL);
+    }
+
+    public String getSubtype() {
+        return hasSubtype() ? name[0] : null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "PTR: " + labelsToString(name) + " -> " + labelsToString(pointer);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return (super.hashCode() * 31) + Arrays.hashCode(pointer);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+        if (this == other) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (!(other instanceof MdnsPointerRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return super.equals(other) && Arrays.equals(pointer, ((MdnsPointerRecord) other).pointer);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsProber.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsProber.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..669b323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsProber.java
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.os.Looper;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Sends mDns probe requests to verify service records are unique on the network.
+ *
+ * TODO: implement receiving replies and handling conflicts.
+ */
+public class MdnsProber extends MdnsPacketRepeater<MdnsProber.ProbingInfo> {
+    private static final long CONFLICT_RETRY_DELAY_MS = 5_000L;
+    @NonNull
+    private final String mLogTag;
+
+    public MdnsProber(@NonNull String interfaceTag, @NonNull Looper looper,
+            @NonNull MdnsReplySender replySender,
+            @NonNull PacketRepeaterCallback<ProbingInfo> cb) {
+        super(looper, replySender, cb);
+        mLogTag = MdnsProber.class.getSimpleName() + "/" + interfaceTag;
+    }
+
+    /** Probing request to send with {@link MdnsProber}. */
+    public static class ProbingInfo implements Request {
+
+        private final int mServiceId;
+        @NonNull
+        private final MdnsPacket mPacket;
+
+        /**
+         * Create a new ProbingInfo
+         * @param serviceId Service to probe for.
+         * @param probeRecords Records to be probed for uniqueness.
+         */
+        ProbingInfo(int serviceId, @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> probeRecords) {
+            mServiceId = serviceId;
+            mPacket = makePacket(probeRecords);
+        }
+
+        public int getServiceId() {
+            return mServiceId;
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        @Override
+        public MdnsPacket getPacket(int index) {
+            return mPacket;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public long getDelayMs(int nextIndex) {
+            // As per https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6762#section-8.1
+            return 250L;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getNumSends() {
+            // 3 packets as per https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6762#section-8.1
+            return 3;
+        }
+
+        private static MdnsPacket makePacket(@NonNull List<MdnsRecord> records) {
+            final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> questions = new ArrayList<>(records.size());
+            for (final MdnsRecord record : records) {
+                if (containsName(questions, record.getName())) {
+                    // Already added this name
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // TODO: legacy Android mDNS used to send the first probe (only) as unicast, even
+                //  though https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6762#section-8.1 says they
+                // SHOULD all be. rfc6762 15.1 says that if the port is shared with another
+                // responder unicast questions should not be used, and the legacy mdnsresponder may
+                // be running, so not using unicast at all may be better. Consider using legacy
+                // behavior if this causes problems.
+                questions.add(new MdnsAnyRecord(record.getName(), false /* unicast */));
+            }
+
+            return new MdnsPacket(
+                    MdnsConstants.FLAGS_QUERY,
+                    questions,
+                    Collections.emptyList() /* answers */,
+                    records /* authorityRecords */,
+                    Collections.emptyList() /* additionalRecords */);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Return whether the specified name is present in the list of records.
+         */
+        private static boolean containsName(@NonNull List<MdnsRecord> records,
+                @NonNull String[] name) {
+            return CollectionUtils.any(records, r -> Arrays.equals(name, r.getName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    @Override
+    protected String getTag() {
+        return mLogTag;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected long getInitialDelay() {
+        // First wait for a random time in 0-250ms
+        // as per https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6762#section-8.1
+        return (long) (Math.random() * 250);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start sending packets for probing.
+     */
+    public void startProbing(@NonNull ProbingInfo info) {
+        startProbing(info, getInitialDelay());
+    }
+
+    private void startProbing(@NonNull ProbingInfo info, long delay) {
+        startSending(info.getServiceId(), info, delay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Restart probing with new service info as a conflict was found.
+     */
+    public void restartForConflict(@NonNull ProbingInfo newInfo) {
+        stop(newInfo.getServiceId());
+
+        /* RFC 6762 8.1: "If fifteen conflicts occur within any ten-second period, then the host
+        MUST wait at least five seconds before each successive additional probe attempt. [...]
+        For very simple devices, a valid way to comply with this requirement is to always wait
+        five seconds after any failed probe attempt before trying again. */
+        // TODO: count 15 conflicts in 10s instead of waiting for 5s every time
+        startProbing(newInfo, CONFLICT_RETRY_DELAY_MS);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecord.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcee9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Abstract base class for mDNS records. Stores the header fields and provides methods for reading
+ * the record from and writing it to a packet.
+ */
+public abstract class MdnsRecord {
+    public static final int TYPE_A = 0x0001;
+    public static final int TYPE_AAAA = 0x001C;
+    public static final int TYPE_PTR = 0x000C;
+    public static final int TYPE_SRV = 0x0021;
+    public static final int TYPE_TXT = 0x0010;
+    public static final int TYPE_NSEC = 0x002f;
+    public static final int TYPE_ANY = 0x00ff;
+
+    private static final int FLAG_CACHE_FLUSH = 0x8000;
+
+    public static final long RECEIPT_TIME_NOT_SENT = 0L;
+    public static final int CLASS_ANY = 0x00ff;
+
+    /** Status indicating that the record is current. */
+    public static final int STATUS_OK = 0;
+    /** Status indicating that the record has expired (TTL reached 0). */
+    public static final int STATUS_EXPIRED = 1;
+    /** Status indicating that the record should be refreshed (Less than half of TTL remains.) */
+    public static final int STATUS_NEEDS_REFRESH = 2;
+
+    protected final String[] name;
+    private final int type;
+    private final int cls;
+    private final long receiptTimeMillis;
+    private final long ttlMillis;
+    private Object key;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new record with the given name and type.
+     *
+     * @param reader The reader to read the record from.
+     * @param isQuestion Whether the record was included in the questions part of the message.
+     * @throws IOException If an error occurs while reading the packet.
+     */
+    protected MdnsRecord(String[] name, int type, MdnsPacketReader reader, boolean isQuestion)
+            throws IOException {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.type = type;
+        cls = reader.readUInt16();
+        receiptTimeMillis = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+
+        if (isQuestion) {
+            // Questions do not have TTL or data
+            ttlMillis = 0L;
+        } else {
+            ttlMillis = SECONDS.toMillis(reader.readUInt32());
+            int dataLength = reader.readUInt16();
+
+            reader.setLimit(dataLength);
+            readData(reader);
+            reader.clearLimit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new record with the given name and type.
+     *
+     * @param reader The reader to read the record from.
+     * @throws IOException If an error occurs while reading the packet.
+     */
+    // call to readData(com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsPacketReader) not allowed on given
+    // receiver.
+    @SuppressWarnings("nullness:method.invocation.invalid")
+    protected MdnsRecord(String[] name, int type, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        this(name, type, reader, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new record with the given properties.
+     */
+    protected MdnsRecord(String[] name, int type, int cls, long receiptTimeMillis,
+            boolean cacheFlush, long ttlMillis) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.type = type;
+        this.cls = cls | (cacheFlush ? FLAG_CACHE_FLUSH : 0);
+        this.receiptTimeMillis = receiptTimeMillis;
+        this.ttlMillis = ttlMillis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an array of labels into their dot-separated string representation. This method
+     * should
+     * be used for logging purposes only.
+     */
+    public static String labelsToString(String[] labels) {
+        if (labels == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return TextUtils.join(".", labels);
+    }
+
+    /** Tests if |list1| is a suffix of |list2|. */
+    public static boolean labelsAreSuffix(String[] list1, String[] list2) {
+        int offset = list2.length - list1.length;
+
+        if (offset < 1) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < list1.length; ++i) {
+            if (!list1[i].equals(list2[i + offset])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the record's receipt (creation) time. */
+    public final long getReceiptTime() {
+        return receiptTimeMillis;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the record's name. */
+    public String[] getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the record's original TTL, in milliseconds. */
+    public final long getTtl() {
+        return ttlMillis;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the record's type. */
+    public final int getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    /** Return the record's class. */
+    public final int getRecordClass() {
+        return cls & ~FLAG_CACHE_FLUSH;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether the cache flush flag is set. */
+    public final boolean getCacheFlush() {
+        return (cls & FLAG_CACHE_FLUSH) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the record's remaining TTL.
+     *
+     * If the record was not sent yet (receipt time {@link #RECEIPT_TIME_NOT_SENT}), this is the
+     * original TTL of the record.
+     * @param now The current system time.
+     * @return The remaning TTL, in milliseconds.
+     */
+    public long getRemainingTTL(final long now) {
+        if (receiptTimeMillis == RECEIPT_TIME_NOT_SENT) {
+            return ttlMillis;
+        }
+
+        long age = now - receiptTimeMillis;
+        if (age > ttlMillis) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        return ttlMillis - age;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the record's payload from a packet.
+     *
+     * @param reader The reader to use.
+     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurs.
+     */
+    protected abstract void readData(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException;
+
+    /**
+     * Write the first fields of the record, which are common fields for questions and answers.
+     *
+     * @param writer The writer to use.
+     */
+    public final void writeHeaderFields(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeLabels(name);
+        writer.writeUInt16(type);
+        writer.writeUInt16(cls);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the record to a packet.
+     *
+     * @param writer The writer to use.
+     * @param now    The current system time. This is used when writing the updated TTL.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public final void write(MdnsPacketWriter writer, long now) throws IOException {
+        writeHeaderFields(writer);
+
+        writer.writeUInt32(MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(getRemainingTTL(now)));
+
+        int dataLengthPos = writer.getWritePosition();
+        writer.writeUInt16(0); // data length
+        int dataPos = writer.getWritePosition();
+
+        writeData(writer);
+
+        // Calculate amount of data written, and overwrite the data field earlier in the packet.
+        int endPos = writer.getWritePosition();
+        int dataLength = endPos - dataPos;
+        writer.rewind(dataLengthPos);
+        writer.writeUInt16(dataLength);
+        writer.unrewind();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the record's payload to a packet.
+     *
+     * @param writer The writer to use.
+     * @throws IOException If an I/O error occurs.
+     */
+    protected abstract void writeData(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException;
+
+    /** Gets the status of the record. */
+    public int getStatus(final long now) {
+        if (receiptTimeMillis == RECEIPT_TIME_NOT_SENT) {
+            return STATUS_OK;
+        }
+        final long age = now - receiptTimeMillis;
+        if (age > ttlMillis) {
+            return STATUS_EXPIRED;
+        }
+        if (age > (ttlMillis / 2)) {
+            return STATUS_NEEDS_REFRESH;
+        }
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+        if (!(other instanceof MdnsRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        MdnsRecord otherRecord = (MdnsRecord) other;
+
+        return Arrays.equals(name, otherRecord.name) && (type == otherRecord.type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(Arrays.hashCode(name), type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an opaque object that uniquely identifies this record through a combination of its
+     * type
+     * and name. Suitable for use as a key in caches.
+     */
+    public final Object getKey() {
+        if (key == null) {
+            key = new Key(type, name);
+        }
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    private static final class Key {
+        private final int recordType;
+        private final String[] recordName;
+
+        public Key(int recordType, String[] recordName) {
+            this.recordType = recordType;
+            this.recordName = recordName;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+            if (this == other) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (!(other instanceof Key)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Key otherKey = (Key) other;
+
+            return (recordType == otherKey.recordType) && Arrays.equals(recordName,
+                    otherKey.recordName);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return (recordType * 31) + Arrays.hashCode(recordName);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepository.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepository.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1329172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepository.java
@@ -0,0 +1,866 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.TargetApi;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * A repository of records advertised through {@link MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser}.
+ *
+ * Must be used on a consistent looper thread.
+ */
+@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) // Allow calling T+ APIs; this is only loaded on T+
+public class MdnsRecordRepository {
+    // RFC6762 p.15
+    private static final long MIN_MULTICAST_REPLY_INTERVAL_MS = 1_000L;
+
+    // TTLs as per RFC6762 10.
+    // TTL for records with a host name as the resource record's name (e.g., A, AAAA, HINFO) or a
+    // host name contained within the resource record's rdata (e.g., SRV, reverse mapping PTR
+    // record)
+    private static final long NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(120);
+    // TTL for other records
+    private static final long NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(75);
+
+    // Top-level domain for link-local queries, as per RFC6762 3.
+    private static final String LOCAL_TLD = "local";
+
+    // Service type for service enumeration (RFC6763 9.)
+    private static final String[] DNS_SD_SERVICE_TYPE =
+            new String[] { "_services", "_dns-sd", "_udp", LOCAL_TLD };
+
+    public static final InetSocketAddress IPV6_ADDR = new InetSocketAddress(
+            MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+    public static final InetSocketAddress IPV4_ADDR = new InetSocketAddress(
+            MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final Random mDelayGenerator = new Random();
+    // Map of service unique ID -> records for service
+    @NonNull
+    private final SparseArray<ServiceRegistration> mServices = new SparseArray<>();
+    @NonNull
+    private final List<RecordInfo<?>> mGeneralRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+    @NonNull
+    private final Looper mLooper;
+    @NonNull
+    private final String[] mDeviceHostname;
+
+    public MdnsRecordRepository(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull String[] deviceHostname) {
+        this(looper, new Dependencies(), deviceHostname);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public MdnsRecordRepository(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull Dependencies deps,
+            @NonNull String[] deviceHostname) {
+        mDeviceHostname = deviceHostname;
+        mLooper = looper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies to use with {@link MdnsRecordRepository}, useful for testing.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+
+        /**
+         * @see NetworkInterface#getInetAddresses().
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public Enumeration<InetAddress> getInterfaceInetAddresses(@NonNull NetworkInterface iface) {
+            return iface.getInetAddresses();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class RecordInfo<T extends MdnsRecord> {
+        public final T record;
+        public final NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo;
+
+        /**
+         * Whether the name of this record is expected to be fully owned by the service or may be
+         * advertised by other hosts as well (shared).
+         */
+        public final boolean isSharedName;
+
+        /**
+         * Whether probing is still in progress for the record.
+         */
+        public boolean isProbing;
+
+        /**
+         * Last time (as per SystemClock.elapsedRealtime) when advertised via multicast, 0 if never
+         */
+        public long lastAdvertisedTimeMs;
+
+        /**
+         * Last time (as per SystemClock.elapsedRealtime) when sent via unicast or multicast,
+         * 0 if never
+         */
+        public long lastSentTimeMs;
+
+        RecordInfo(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, T record, boolean sharedName,
+                 boolean probing) {
+            this.serviceInfo = serviceInfo;
+            this.record = record;
+            this.isSharedName = sharedName;
+            this.isProbing = probing;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class ServiceRegistration {
+        @NonNull
+        public final List<RecordInfo<?>> allRecords;
+        @NonNull
+        public final RecordInfo<MdnsPointerRecord> ptrRecord;
+        @NonNull
+        public final RecordInfo<MdnsServiceRecord> srvRecord;
+        @NonNull
+        public final RecordInfo<MdnsTextRecord> txtRecord;
+        @NonNull
+        public final NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo;
+
+        /**
+         * Whether the service is sending exit announcements and will be destroyed soon.
+         */
+        public boolean exiting = false;
+
+        /**
+         * Create a ServiceRegistration for dns-sd service registration (RFC6763).
+         *
+         * @param deviceHostname Hostname of the device (for the interface used)
+         * @param serviceInfo Service to advertise
+         */
+        ServiceRegistration(@NonNull String[] deviceHostname, @NonNull NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo) {
+            this.serviceInfo = serviceInfo;
+
+            final String[] serviceType = splitServiceType(serviceInfo);
+            final String[] serviceName = splitFullyQualifiedName(serviceInfo, serviceType);
+
+            // Service PTR record
+            ptrRecord = new RecordInfo<>(
+                    serviceInfo,
+                    new MdnsPointerRecord(
+                            serviceType,
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                            false /* cacheFlush */,
+                            NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
+                            serviceName),
+                    true /* sharedName */, true /* probing */);
+
+            srvRecord = new RecordInfo<>(
+                    serviceInfo,
+                    new MdnsServiceRecord(serviceName,
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                            true /* cacheFlush */,
+                            NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS, 0 /* servicePriority */, 0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                            serviceInfo.getPort(),
+                            deviceHostname),
+                    false /* sharedName */, true /* probing */);
+
+            txtRecord = new RecordInfo<>(
+                    serviceInfo,
+                    new MdnsTextRecord(serviceName,
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                            true /* cacheFlush */, // Service name is verified unique after probing
+                            NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
+                            attrsToTextEntries(serviceInfo.getAttributes())),
+                    false /* sharedName */, true /* probing */);
+
+            final ArrayList<RecordInfo<?>> allRecords = new ArrayList<>(4);
+            allRecords.add(ptrRecord);
+            allRecords.add(srvRecord);
+            allRecords.add(txtRecord);
+            // Service type enumeration record (RFC6763 9.)
+            allRecords.add(new RecordInfo<>(
+                    serviceInfo,
+                    new MdnsPointerRecord(
+                            DNS_SD_SERVICE_TYPE,
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                            false /* cacheFlush */,
+                            NON_NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
+                            serviceType),
+                    true /* sharedName */, true /* probing */));
+
+            this.allRecords = Collections.unmodifiableList(allRecords);
+        }
+
+        void setProbing(boolean probing) {
+            for (RecordInfo<?> info : allRecords) {
+                info.isProbing = probing;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inform the repository of the latest interface addresses.
+     */
+    public void updateAddresses(@NonNull List<LinkAddress> newAddresses) {
+        mGeneralRecords.clear();
+        for (LinkAddress addr : newAddresses) {
+            final String[] revDnsAddr = getReverseDnsAddress(addr.getAddress());
+            mGeneralRecords.add(new RecordInfo<>(
+                    null /* serviceInfo */,
+                    new MdnsPointerRecord(
+                            revDnsAddr,
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                            true /* cacheFlush */,
+                            NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
+                            mDeviceHostname),
+                    false /* sharedName */, false /* probing */));
+
+            mGeneralRecords.add(new RecordInfo<>(
+                    null /* serviceInfo */,
+                    new MdnsInetAddressRecord(
+                            mDeviceHostname,
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                            true /* cacheFlush */,
+                            NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
+                            addr.getAddress()),
+                    false /* sharedName */, false /* probing */));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a service to the repository.
+     *
+     * This may remove/replace any existing service that used the name added but is exiting.
+     * @param serviceId A unique service ID.
+     * @param serviceInfo Service info to add.
+     * @return If the added service replaced another with a matching name (which was exiting), the
+     *         ID of the replaced service.
+     * @throws NameConflictException There is already a (non-exiting) service using the name.
+     */
+    public int addService(int serviceId, NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo) throws NameConflictException {
+        if (mServices.contains(serviceId)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Service ID must not be reused across registrations: " + serviceId);
+        }
+
+        final int existing = getServiceByName(serviceInfo.getServiceName());
+        // It's OK to re-add a service that is exiting
+        if (existing >= 0 && !mServices.get(existing).exiting) {
+            throw new NameConflictException(existing);
+        }
+
+        final ServiceRegistration registration = new ServiceRegistration(
+                mDeviceHostname, serviceInfo);
+        mServices.put(serviceId, registration);
+
+        // Remove existing exiting service
+        mServices.remove(existing);
+        return existing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The ID of the service identified by its name, or -1 if none.
+     */
+    private int getServiceByName(@NonNull String serviceName) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mServices.size(); i++) {
+            final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.valueAt(i);
+            if (serviceName.equals(registration.serviceInfo.getServiceName())) {
+                return mServices.keyAt(i);
+            }
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private MdnsProber.ProbingInfo makeProbingInfo(int serviceId,
+            @NonNull MdnsServiceRecord srvRecord) {
+        final List<MdnsRecord> probingRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+        // Probe with cacheFlush cleared; it is set when announcing, as it was verified unique:
+        // RFC6762 10.2
+        probingRecords.add(new MdnsServiceRecord(srvRecord.getName(),
+                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                srvRecord.getTtl(),
+                srvRecord.getServicePriority(), srvRecord.getServiceWeight(),
+                srvRecord.getServicePort(),
+                srvRecord.getServiceHost()));
+
+        return new MdnsProber.ProbingInfo(serviceId, probingRecords);
+    }
+
+    private static List<MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry> attrsToTextEntries(Map<String, byte[]> attrs) {
+        final List<MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry> out = new ArrayList<>(attrs.size());
+        for (Map.Entry<String, byte[]> attr : attrs.entrySet()) {
+            out.add(new MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry(attr.getKey(), attr.getValue()));
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mark a service in the repository as exiting.
+     * @param id ID of the service, used at registration time.
+     * @return The exit announcement to indicate the service was removed, or null if not necessary.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public MdnsAnnouncer.ExitAnnouncementInfo exitService(int id) {
+        final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.get(id);
+        if (registration == null) return null;
+        if (registration.exiting) return null;
+
+        // Send exit (TTL 0) for the PTR record, if the record was sent (in particular don't send
+        // if still probing)
+        if (registration.ptrRecord.lastSentTimeMs == 0L) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        registration.exiting = true;
+        final MdnsPointerRecord expiredRecord = new MdnsPointerRecord(
+                registration.ptrRecord.record.getName(),
+                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                true /* cacheFlush */,
+                0L /* ttlMillis */,
+                registration.ptrRecord.record.getPointer());
+
+        // Exit should be skipped if the record is still advertised by another service, but that
+        // would be a conflict (2 service registrations with the same service name), so it would
+        // not have been allowed by the repository.
+        return new MdnsAnnouncer.ExitAnnouncementInfo(id, Collections.singletonList(expiredRecord));
+    }
+
+    public void removeService(int id) {
+        mServices.remove(id);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The number of services currently held in the repository, including exiting services.
+     */
+    public int getServicesCount() {
+        return mServices.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove all services from the repository
+     * @return IDs of the removed services
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public int[] clearServices() {
+        final int[] ret = new int[mServices.size()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < mServices.size(); i++) {
+            ret[i] = mServices.keyAt(i);
+        }
+        mServices.clear();
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Info about a reply to be sent.
+     */
+    public static class ReplyInfo {
+        @NonNull
+        public final List<MdnsRecord> answers;
+        @NonNull
+        public final List<MdnsRecord> additionalAnswers;
+        public final long sendDelayMs;
+        @NonNull
+        public final InetSocketAddress destination;
+
+        public ReplyInfo(
+                @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> answers,
+                @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> additionalAnswers,
+                long sendDelayMs,
+                @NonNull InetSocketAddress destination) {
+            this.answers = answers;
+            this.additionalAnswers = additionalAnswers;
+            this.sendDelayMs = sendDelayMs;
+            this.destination = destination;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "{ReplyInfo to " + destination + ", answers: " + answers.size()
+                    + ", additionalAnswers: " + additionalAnswers.size()
+                    + ", sendDelayMs " + sendDelayMs + "}";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the reply to send to an incoming packet.
+     *
+     * @param packet The incoming packet.
+     * @param src The source address of the incoming packet.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public ReplyInfo getReply(MdnsPacket packet, InetSocketAddress src) {
+        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        final boolean replyUnicast = (packet.flags & MdnsConstants.QCLASS_UNICAST) != 0;
+        final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> additionalAnswerRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+        final ArrayList<RecordInfo<?>> answerInfo = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (MdnsRecord question : packet.questions) {
+            // Add answers from general records
+            addReplyFromService(question, mGeneralRecords, null /* servicePtrRecord */,
+                    null /* serviceSrvRecord */, null /* serviceTxtRecord */, replyUnicast, now,
+                    answerInfo, additionalAnswerRecords);
+
+            // Add answers from each service
+            for (int i = 0; i < mServices.size(); i++) {
+                final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.valueAt(i);
+                if (registration.exiting) continue;
+                addReplyFromService(question, registration.allRecords, registration.ptrRecord,
+                        registration.srvRecord, registration.txtRecord, replyUnicast, now,
+                        answerInfo, additionalAnswerRecords);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (answerInfo.size() == 0 && additionalAnswerRecords.size() == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Determine the send delay
+        final long delayMs;
+        if ((packet.flags & MdnsConstants.FLAG_TRUNCATED) != 0) {
+            // RFC 6762 6.: 400-500ms delay if TC bit is set
+            delayMs = 400L + mDelayGenerator.nextInt(100);
+        } else if (packet.questions.size() > 1
+                || CollectionUtils.any(answerInfo, a -> a.isSharedName)) {
+            // 20-120ms if there may be responses from other hosts (not a fully owned
+            // name) (RFC 6762 6.), or if there are multiple questions (6.3).
+            // TODO: this should be 0 if this is a probe query ("can be distinguished from a
+            // normal query by the fact that a probe query contains a proposed record in the
+            // Authority Section that answers the question" in 6.), and the reply is for a fully
+            // owned record.
+            delayMs = 20L + mDelayGenerator.nextInt(100);
+        } else {
+            delayMs = 0L;
+        }
+
+        // Determine the send destination
+        final InetSocketAddress dest;
+        if (replyUnicast) {
+            dest = src;
+        } else if (src.getAddress() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+            dest = IPV4_ADDR;
+        } else {
+            dest = IPV6_ADDR;
+        }
+
+        // Build the list of answer records from their RecordInfo
+        final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> answerRecords = new ArrayList<>(answerInfo.size());
+        for (RecordInfo<?> info : answerInfo) {
+            // TODO: consider actual packet send delay after response aggregation
+            info.lastSentTimeMs = now + delayMs;
+            if (!replyUnicast) {
+                info.lastAdvertisedTimeMs = info.lastSentTimeMs;
+            }
+            answerRecords.add(info.record);
+        }
+
+        return new ReplyInfo(answerRecords, additionalAnswerRecords, delayMs, dest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add answers and additional answers for a question, from a ServiceRegistration.
+     */
+    private void addReplyFromService(@NonNull MdnsRecord question,
+            @NonNull List<RecordInfo<?>> serviceRecords,
+            @Nullable RecordInfo<MdnsPointerRecord> servicePtrRecord,
+            @Nullable RecordInfo<MdnsServiceRecord> serviceSrvRecord,
+            @Nullable RecordInfo<MdnsTextRecord> serviceTxtRecord,
+            boolean replyUnicast, long now, @NonNull List<RecordInfo<?>> answerInfo,
+            @NonNull List<MdnsRecord> additionalAnswerRecords) {
+        boolean hasDnsSdPtrRecordAnswer = false;
+        boolean hasDnsSdSrvRecordAnswer = false;
+        boolean hasFullyOwnedNameMatch = false;
+        boolean hasKnownAnswer = false;
+
+        final int answersStartIndex = answerInfo.size();
+        for (RecordInfo<?> info : serviceRecords) {
+            if (info.isProbing) continue;
+
+             /* RFC6762 6.: the record name must match the question name, the record rrtype
+             must match the question qtype unless the qtype is "ANY" (255) or the rrtype is
+             "CNAME" (5), and the record rrclass must match the question qclass unless the
+             qclass is "ANY" (255) */
+            if (!Arrays.equals(info.record.getName(), question.getName())) continue;
+            hasFullyOwnedNameMatch |= !info.isSharedName;
+
+            // The repository does not store CNAME records
+            if (question.getType() != MdnsRecord.TYPE_ANY
+                    && question.getType() != info.record.getType()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (question.getRecordClass() != MdnsRecord.CLASS_ANY
+                    && question.getRecordClass() != info.record.getRecordClass()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            hasKnownAnswer = true;
+            hasDnsSdPtrRecordAnswer |= (info == servicePtrRecord);
+            hasDnsSdSrvRecordAnswer |= (info == serviceSrvRecord);
+
+            // TODO: responses to probe queries should bypass this check and only ensure the
+            // reply is sent 250ms after the last sent time (RFC 6762 p.15)
+            if (!replyUnicast && info.lastAdvertisedTimeMs > 0L
+                    && now - info.lastAdvertisedTimeMs < MIN_MULTICAST_REPLY_INTERVAL_MS) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Don't reply if in known answers of the querier (7.1) if TTL is > half
+
+            answerInfo.add(info);
+        }
+
+        // RFC6762 6.1:
+        // "Any time a responder receives a query for a name for which it has verified exclusive
+        // ownership, for a type for which that name has no records, the responder MUST [...]
+        // respond asserting the nonexistence of that record"
+        if (hasFullyOwnedNameMatch && !hasKnownAnswer) {
+            additionalAnswerRecords.add(new MdnsNsecRecord(
+                    question.getName(),
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    // TODO: RFC6762 6.1: "In general, the TTL given for an NSEC record SHOULD
+                    // be the same as the TTL that the record would have had, had it existed."
+                    NAME_RECORDS_TTL_MILLIS,
+                    question.getName(),
+                    new int[] { question.getType() }));
+        }
+
+        // No more records to add if no answer
+        if (answerInfo.size() == answersStartIndex) return;
+
+        final List<RecordInfo<?>> additionalAnswerInfo = new ArrayList<>();
+        // RFC6763 12.1: if including PTR record, include the SRV and TXT records it names
+        if (hasDnsSdPtrRecordAnswer) {
+            if (serviceTxtRecord != null) {
+                additionalAnswerInfo.add(serviceTxtRecord);
+            }
+            if (serviceSrvRecord != null) {
+                additionalAnswerInfo.add(serviceSrvRecord);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // RFC6763 12.1&.2: if including PTR or SRV record, include the address records it names
+        if (hasDnsSdPtrRecordAnswer || hasDnsSdSrvRecordAnswer) {
+            for (RecordInfo<?> record : mGeneralRecords) {
+                if (record.record instanceof MdnsInetAddressRecord) {
+                    additionalAnswerInfo.add(record);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (RecordInfo<?> info : additionalAnswerInfo) {
+            additionalAnswerRecords.add(info.record);
+        }
+
+        // RFC6762 6.1: negative responses
+        addNsecRecordsForUniqueNames(additionalAnswerRecords,
+                answerInfo.listIterator(answersStartIndex),
+                additionalAnswerInfo.listIterator());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add NSEC records indicating that the response records are unique.
+     *
+     * Following RFC6762 6.1:
+     * "On receipt of a question for a particular name, rrtype, and rrclass, for which a responder
+     * does have one or more unique answers, the responder MAY also include an NSEC record in the
+     * Additional Record Section indicating the nonexistence of other rrtypes for that name and
+     * rrclass."
+     * @param destinationList List to add the NSEC records to.
+     * @param answerRecords Lists of answered records based on which to add NSEC records (typically
+     *                      answer and additionalAnswer sections)
+     */
+    @SafeVarargs
+    private static void addNsecRecordsForUniqueNames(
+            List<MdnsRecord> destinationList,
+            Iterator<RecordInfo<?>>... answerRecords) {
+        // Group unique records by name. Use a TreeMap with comparator as arrays don't implement
+        // equals / hashCode.
+        final Map<String[], List<MdnsRecord>> nsecByName = new TreeMap<>(Arrays::compare);
+        // But keep the list of names in added order, otherwise records would be sorted in
+        // alphabetical order instead of the order of the original records, which would look like
+        // inconsistent behavior depending on service name.
+        final List<String[]> namesInAddedOrder = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Iterator<RecordInfo<?>> answers : answerRecords) {
+            addNonSharedRecordsToMap(answers, nsecByName, namesInAddedOrder);
+        }
+
+        for (String[] nsecName : namesInAddedOrder) {
+            final List<MdnsRecord> entryRecords = nsecByName.get(nsecName);
+            long minTtl = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+            final Set<Integer> types = new ArraySet<>(entryRecords.size());
+            for (MdnsRecord record : entryRecords) {
+                if (minTtl > record.getTtl()) minTtl = record.getTtl();
+                types.add(record.getType());
+            }
+
+            destinationList.add(new MdnsNsecRecord(
+                    nsecName,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    minTtl,
+                    nsecName,
+                    CollectionUtils.toIntArray(types)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add non-shared records to a map listing them by record name, and to a list of names that
+     * remembers the adding order.
+     *
+     * In the destination map records are grouped by name; so the map has one key per record name,
+     * and the values are the lists of different records that share the same name.
+     * @param records Records to scan.
+     * @param dest Map to add the records to.
+     * @param namesInAddedOrder List of names to add the names in order, keeping the first
+     *                          occurrence of each name.
+     */
+    private static void addNonSharedRecordsToMap(
+            Iterator<RecordInfo<?>> records,
+            Map<String[], List<MdnsRecord>> dest,
+            List<String[]> namesInAddedOrder) {
+        while (records.hasNext()) {
+            final RecordInfo<?> record = records.next();
+            if (record.isSharedName) continue;
+            final List<MdnsRecord> recordsForName = dest.computeIfAbsent(record.record.name,
+                    key -> {
+                        namesInAddedOrder.add(key);
+                        return new ArrayList<>();
+                    });
+            recordsForName.add(record.record);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called to indicate that probing succeeded for a service.
+     * @param probeSuccessInfo The successful probing info.
+     * @return The {@link MdnsAnnouncer.AnnouncementInfo} to send, now that probing has succeeded.
+     */
+    public MdnsAnnouncer.AnnouncementInfo onProbingSucceeded(
+            MdnsProber.ProbingInfo probeSuccessInfo)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.get(probeSuccessInfo.getServiceId());
+        if (registration == null) throw new IOException(
+                "Service is not registered: " + probeSuccessInfo.getServiceId());
+        registration.setProbing(false);
+
+        final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> answers = new ArrayList<>();
+        final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> additionalAnswers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        // Interface address records in general records
+        for (RecordInfo<?> record : mGeneralRecords) {
+            answers.add(record.record);
+        }
+
+        // All service records
+        for (RecordInfo<?> info : registration.allRecords) {
+            answers.add(info.record);
+        }
+
+        addNsecRecordsForUniqueNames(additionalAnswers,
+                mGeneralRecords.iterator(), registration.allRecords.iterator());
+
+        return new MdnsAnnouncer.AnnouncementInfo(probeSuccessInfo.getServiceId(),
+                answers, additionalAnswers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the service IDs of services conflicting with a received packet.
+     */
+    public Set<Integer> getConflictingServices(MdnsPacket packet) {
+        // Avoid allocating a new set for each incoming packet: use an empty set by default.
+        Set<Integer> conflicting = Collections.emptySet();
+        for (MdnsRecord record : packet.answers) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < mServices.size(); i++) {
+                final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.valueAt(i);
+                if (registration.exiting) continue;
+
+                // Only look for conflicts in service name, as a different service name can be used
+                // if there is a conflict, but there is nothing actionable if any other conflict
+                // happens. In fact probing is only done for the service name in the SRV record.
+                // This means only SRV and TXT records need to be checked.
+                final RecordInfo<MdnsServiceRecord> srvRecord = registration.srvRecord;
+                if (!Arrays.equals(record.getName(), srvRecord.record.getName())) continue;
+
+                // As per RFC6762 9., it's fine if the "conflict" is an identical record with same
+                // data.
+                if (record instanceof MdnsServiceRecord) {
+                    final MdnsServiceRecord local = srvRecord.record;
+                    final MdnsServiceRecord other = (MdnsServiceRecord) record;
+                    // Note "equals" does not consider TTL or receipt time, as intended here
+                    if (Objects.equals(local, other)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (record instanceof MdnsTextRecord) {
+                    final MdnsTextRecord local = registration.txtRecord.record;
+                    final MdnsTextRecord other = (MdnsTextRecord) record;
+                    if (Objects.equals(local, other)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (conflicting.size() == 0) {
+                    // Conflict was found: use a mutable set
+                    conflicting = new ArraySet<>();
+                }
+                final int serviceId = mServices.keyAt(i);
+                conflicting.add(serviceId);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return conflicting;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * (Re)set a service to the probing state.
+     * @return The {@link MdnsProber.ProbingInfo} to send for probing.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public MdnsProber.ProbingInfo setServiceProbing(int serviceId) {
+        final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.get(serviceId);
+        if (registration == null) return null;
+
+        registration.setProbing(true);
+        return makeProbingInfo(serviceId, registration.srvRecord.record);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates whether a given service is in probing state.
+     */
+    public boolean isProbing(int serviceId) {
+        final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.get(serviceId);
+        if (registration == null) return false;
+
+        return registration.srvRecord.isProbing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return whether the repository has an active (non-exiting) service for the given ID.
+     */
+    public boolean hasActiveService(int serviceId) {
+        final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.get(serviceId);
+        if (registration == null) return false;
+
+        return !registration.exiting;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rename a service to the newly provided info, following a conflict.
+     *
+     * If the specified service does not exist, this returns null.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public MdnsProber.ProbingInfo renameServiceForConflict(int serviceId, NsdServiceInfo newInfo) {
+        if (!mServices.contains(serviceId)) return null;
+
+        final ServiceRegistration newService = new ServiceRegistration(
+                mDeviceHostname, newInfo);
+        mServices.put(serviceId, newService);
+        return makeProbingInfo(serviceId, newService.srvRecord.record);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when {@link MdnsAdvertiser} sent an advertisement for the given service.
+     */
+    public void onAdvertisementSent(int serviceId) {
+        final ServiceRegistration registration = mServices.get(serviceId);
+        if (registration == null) return;
+
+        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        for (RecordInfo<?> record : registration.allRecords) {
+            record.lastSentTimeMs = now;
+            record.lastAdvertisedTimeMs = now;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute:
+     * 2001:db8::1 --> 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa
+     *
+     * Or:
+     * 192.0.2.123 --> 123.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static String[] getReverseDnsAddress(@NonNull InetAddress addr) {
+        // xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.in-addr.arpa (up to 28 characters)
+        // or 32 hex characters separated by dots + .ip6.arpa
+        final byte[] addrBytes = addr.getAddress();
+        final List<String> out = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (addr instanceof Inet4Address) {
+            for (int i = addrBytes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                out.add(String.valueOf(Byte.toUnsignedInt(addrBytes[i])));
+            }
+            out.add("in-addr");
+        } else {
+            final String hexAddr = HexDump.toHexString(addrBytes);
+
+            for (int i = hexAddr.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                out.add(String.valueOf(hexAddr.charAt(i)));
+            }
+            out.add("ip6");
+        }
+        out.add("arpa");
+
+        return out.toArray(new String[0]);
+    }
+
+    private static String[] splitFullyQualifiedName(
+            @NonNull NsdServiceInfo info, @NonNull String[] serviceType) {
+        final String[] split = new String[serviceType.length + 1];
+        split[0] = info.getServiceName();
+        System.arraycopy(serviceType, 0, split, 1, serviceType.length);
+
+        return split;
+    }
+
+    private static String[] splitServiceType(@NonNull NsdServiceInfo info) {
+        // String.split(pattern, 0) removes trailing empty strings, which would appear when
+        // splitting "domain.name." (with a dot a the end), so this is what is needed here.
+        final String[] split = info.getServiceType().split("\\.", 0);
+        final String[] type = new String[split.length + 1];
+        System.arraycopy(split, 0, type, 0, split.length);
+        type[split.length] = LOCAL_TLD;
+
+        return type;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsReplySender.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsReplySender.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bc598d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsReplySender.java
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsRecordRepository.ReplyInfo;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.MulticastSocket;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+/**
+ * A class that handles sending mDNS replies to a {@link MulticastSocket}, possibly queueing them
+ * to be sent after some delay.
+ *
+ * TODO: implement sending after a delay, combining queued replies and duplicate answer suppression
+ */
+public class MdnsReplySender {
+    private static final boolean DBG = MdnsAdvertiser.DBG;
+    private static final int MSG_SEND = 1;
+
+    private final String mLogTag;
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsInterfaceSocket mSocket;
+    @NonNull
+    private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull
+    private final byte[] mPacketCreationBuffer;
+
+    public MdnsReplySender(@NonNull String interfaceTag, @NonNull Looper looper,
+            @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, @NonNull byte[] packetCreationBuffer) {
+        mHandler = new SendHandler(looper);
+        mLogTag = MdnsReplySender.class.getSimpleName() + "/" +  interfaceTag;
+        mSocket = socket;
+        mPacketCreationBuffer = packetCreationBuffer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queue a reply to be sent when its send delay expires.
+     */
+    public void queueReply(@NonNull ReplyInfo reply) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        // TODO: implement response aggregation (RFC 6762 6.4)
+        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(mHandler.obtainMessage(MSG_SEND, reply), reply.sendDelayMs);
+
+        if (DBG) {
+            Log.v(mLogTag, "Scheduling " + reply);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a packet immediately.
+     *
+     * Must be called on the looper thread used by the {@link MdnsReplySender}.
+     */
+    public void sendNow(@NonNull MdnsPacket packet, @NonNull InetSocketAddress destination)
+            throws IOException {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        if (!((destination.getAddress() instanceof Inet6Address && mSocket.hasJoinedIpv6())
+                || (destination.getAddress() instanceof Inet4Address && mSocket.hasJoinedIpv4()))) {
+            // Skip sending if the socket has not joined the v4/v6 group (there was no address)
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // TODO: support packets over size (send in multiple packets with TC bit set)
+        final MdnsPacketWriter writer = new MdnsPacketWriter(mPacketCreationBuffer);
+
+        writer.writeUInt16(0); // Transaction ID (advertisement: 0)
+        writer.writeUInt16(packet.flags); // Response, authoritative (rfc6762 18.4)
+        writer.writeUInt16(packet.questions.size()); // questions count
+        writer.writeUInt16(packet.answers.size()); // answers count
+        writer.writeUInt16(packet.authorityRecords.size()); // authority entries count
+        writer.writeUInt16(packet.additionalRecords.size()); // additional records count
+
+        for (MdnsRecord record : packet.questions) {
+            // Questions do not have TTL or data
+            record.writeHeaderFields(writer);
+        }
+        for (MdnsRecord record : packet.answers) {
+            record.write(writer, 0L);
+        }
+        for (MdnsRecord record : packet.authorityRecords) {
+            record.write(writer, 0L);
+        }
+        for (MdnsRecord record : packet.additionalRecords) {
+            record.write(writer, 0L);
+        }
+
+        final int len = writer.getWritePosition();
+        final byte[] outBuffer = new byte[len];
+        System.arraycopy(mPacketCreationBuffer, 0, outBuffer, 0, len);
+
+        mSocket.send(new DatagramPacket(outBuffer, 0, len, destination));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cancel all pending sends.
+     */
+    public void cancelAll() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        mHandler.removeMessages(MSG_SEND);
+    }
+
+    private class SendHandler extends Handler {
+        SendHandler(@NonNull Looper looper) {
+            super(looper);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
+            final ReplyInfo replyInfo = (ReplyInfo) msg.obj;
+            if (DBG) Log.v(mLogTag, "Sending " + replyInfo);
+
+            final int flags = 0x8400; // Response, authoritative (rfc6762 18.4)
+            final MdnsPacket packet = new MdnsPacket(flags,
+                    Collections.emptyList() /* questions */,
+                    replyInfo.answers,
+                    Collections.emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                    replyInfo.additionalAnswers);
+
+            try {
+                sendNow(packet, replyInfo.destination);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                Log.e(mLogTag, "Error sending MDNS response", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponse.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponse.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0100f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponse.java
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** An mDNS response. */
+public class MdnsResponse {
+    private final List<MdnsRecord> records;
+    private final List<MdnsPointerRecord> pointerRecords;
+    private MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord;
+    private MdnsTextRecord textRecord;
+    @NonNull private List<MdnsInetAddressRecord> inet4AddressRecords;
+    @NonNull private List<MdnsInetAddressRecord> inet6AddressRecords;
+    private long lastUpdateTime;
+    private final int interfaceIndex;
+    @Nullable private final Network network;
+    @NonNull private final String[] serviceName;
+
+    /** Constructs a new, empty response. */
+    public MdnsResponse(long now, @NonNull String[] serviceName, int interfaceIndex,
+            @Nullable Network network) {
+        lastUpdateTime = now;
+        records = new LinkedList<>();
+        pointerRecords = new LinkedList<>();
+        inet4AddressRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+        inet6AddressRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.interfaceIndex = interfaceIndex;
+        this.network = network;
+        this.serviceName = serviceName;
+    }
+
+    public MdnsResponse(@NonNull MdnsResponse base) {
+        records = new ArrayList<>(base.records);
+        pointerRecords = new ArrayList<>(base.pointerRecords);
+        serviceRecord = base.serviceRecord;
+        textRecord = base.textRecord;
+        inet4AddressRecords = new ArrayList<>(base.inet4AddressRecords);
+        inet6AddressRecords = new ArrayList<>(base.inet6AddressRecords);
+        lastUpdateTime = base.lastUpdateTime;
+        serviceName = base.serviceName;
+        interfaceIndex = base.interfaceIndex;
+        network = base.network;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare records for equality, including their TTL.
+     *
+     * MdnsRecord#equals ignores TTL and receiptTimeMillis, but methods in this class need to update
+     * records when the TTL changes (especially for goodbye announcements).
+     */
+    private boolean recordsAreSame(MdnsRecord a, MdnsRecord b) {
+        if (!Objects.equals(a, b)) return false;
+        return a == null || a.getTtl() == b.getTtl();
+    }
+
+    private <T extends MdnsRecord> boolean addOrReplaceRecord(@NonNull T record,
+            @NonNull List<T> recordsList) {
+        final int existing = recordsList.indexOf(record);
+        if (existing >= 0) {
+            if (recordsAreSame(record, recordsList.get(existing))) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            final MdnsRecord existedRecord = recordsList.remove(existing);
+            records.remove(existedRecord);
+        }
+        recordsList.add(record);
+        records.add(record);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a pointer record.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the record was added, or <code>false</code> if a matching
+     * pointer record is already present in the response with the same TTL.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean addPointerRecord(MdnsPointerRecord pointerRecord) {
+        if (!Arrays.equals(serviceName, pointerRecord.getPointer())) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Pointer records for different service names cannot be added");
+        }
+        return addOrReplaceRecord(pointerRecord, pointerRecords);
+    }
+
+    /** Gets the pointer records. */
+    public synchronized List<MdnsPointerRecord> getPointerRecords() {
+        // Returns a shallow copy.
+        return new LinkedList<>(pointerRecords);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean hasPointerRecords() {
+        return !pointerRecords.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    synchronized void clearPointerRecords() {
+        pointerRecords.clear();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean hasSubtypes() {
+        for (MdnsPointerRecord pointerRecord : pointerRecords) {
+            if (pointerRecord.hasSubtype()) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public synchronized List<String> getSubtypes() {
+        List<String> subtypes = null;
+        for (MdnsPointerRecord pointerRecord : pointerRecords) {
+            String pointerRecordSubtype = pointerRecord.getSubtype();
+            if (pointerRecordSubtype != null) {
+                if (subtypes == null) {
+                    subtypes = new LinkedList<>();
+                }
+                subtypes.add(pointerRecordSubtype);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return subtypes;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public synchronized void removeSubtypes() {
+        Iterator<MdnsPointerRecord> iter = pointerRecords.iterator();
+        while (iter.hasNext()) {
+            MdnsPointerRecord pointerRecord = iter.next();
+            if (pointerRecord.hasSubtype()) {
+                iter.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Sets the service record. */
+    public synchronized boolean setServiceRecord(MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord) {
+        if (recordsAreSame(this.serviceRecord, serviceRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (this.serviceRecord != null) {
+            records.remove(this.serviceRecord);
+        }
+        this.serviceRecord = serviceRecord;
+        if (this.serviceRecord != null) {
+            records.add(this.serviceRecord);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Gets the service record. */
+    public synchronized MdnsServiceRecord getServiceRecord() {
+        return serviceRecord;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean hasServiceRecord() {
+        return serviceRecord != null;
+    }
+
+    /** Sets the text record. */
+    public synchronized boolean setTextRecord(MdnsTextRecord textRecord) {
+        if (recordsAreSame(this.textRecord, textRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (this.textRecord != null) {
+            records.remove(this.textRecord);
+        }
+        this.textRecord = textRecord;
+        if (this.textRecord != null) {
+            records.add(this.textRecord);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** Gets the text record. */
+    public synchronized MdnsTextRecord getTextRecord() {
+        return textRecord;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean hasTextRecord() {
+        return textRecord != null;
+    }
+
+    /** Add the IPv4 address record. */
+    public synchronized boolean addInet4AddressRecord(
+            @NonNull MdnsInetAddressRecord newInet4AddressRecord) {
+        return addOrReplaceRecord(newInet4AddressRecord, inet4AddressRecords);
+    }
+
+    /** Gets the IPv4 address records. */
+    @NonNull
+    public synchronized List<MdnsInetAddressRecord> getInet4AddressRecords() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(inet4AddressRecords);
+    }
+
+    /** Return the first IPv4 address record or null if no record. */
+    @Nullable
+    public synchronized MdnsInetAddressRecord getInet4AddressRecord() {
+        return inet4AddressRecords.isEmpty() ? null : inet4AddressRecords.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /** Check whether response has IPv4 address record */
+    public synchronized boolean hasInet4AddressRecord() {
+        return !inet4AddressRecords.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    /** Clear all IPv4 address records */
+    synchronized void clearInet4AddressRecords() {
+        for (MdnsInetAddressRecord record : inet4AddressRecords) {
+            records.remove(record);
+        }
+        inet4AddressRecords.clear();
+    }
+
+    /** Sets the IPv6 address records. */
+    public synchronized boolean addInet6AddressRecord(
+            @NonNull MdnsInetAddressRecord newInet6AddressRecord) {
+        return addOrReplaceRecord(newInet6AddressRecord, inet6AddressRecords);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the index of the network interface at which this response was received. Can be set to
+     * {@link MdnsSocket#INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED} if unset.
+     */
+    public int getInterfaceIndex() {
+        return interfaceIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the network at which this response was received, or null if the network is unknown.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Network getNetwork() {
+        return network;
+    }
+
+    /** Gets all IPv6 address records. */
+    public synchronized List<MdnsInetAddressRecord> getInet6AddressRecords() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(inet6AddressRecords);
+    }
+
+    /** Return the first IPv6 address record or null if no record. */
+    @Nullable
+    public synchronized MdnsInetAddressRecord getInet6AddressRecord() {
+        return inet6AddressRecords.isEmpty() ? null : inet6AddressRecords.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /** Check whether response has IPv6 address record */
+    public synchronized boolean hasInet6AddressRecord() {
+        return !inet6AddressRecords.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    /** Clear all IPv6 address records */
+    synchronized void clearInet6AddressRecords() {
+        for (MdnsInetAddressRecord record : inet6AddressRecords) {
+            records.remove(record);
+        }
+        inet6AddressRecords.clear();
+    }
+
+    /** Gets all of the records. */
+    public synchronized List<MdnsRecord> getRecords() {
+        return new LinkedList<>(records);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drop address records if they are for a hostname that does not match the service record.
+     *
+     * @return True if the records were dropped.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean dropUnmatchedAddressRecords() {
+        if (this.serviceRecord == null) return false;
+        boolean dropAddressRecords = false;
+
+        for (MdnsInetAddressRecord inetAddressRecord : getInet4AddressRecords()) {
+            if (!Arrays.equals(
+                    this.serviceRecord.getServiceHost(), inetAddressRecord.getName())) {
+                dropAddressRecords = true;
+            }
+        }
+        for (MdnsInetAddressRecord inetAddressRecord : getInet6AddressRecords()) {
+            if (!Arrays.equals(
+                    this.serviceRecord.getServiceHost(), inetAddressRecord.getName())) {
+                dropAddressRecords = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (dropAddressRecords) {
+            clearInet4AddressRecords();
+            clearInet6AddressRecords();
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if the response is complete. A response is considered complete if it contains SRV,
+     * TXT, and A (for IPv4) or AAAA (for IPv6) records. The service type->name mapping is always
+     * known when constructing a MdnsResponse, so this may return true when there is no PTR record.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean isComplete() {
+        return (serviceRecord != null)
+                && (textRecord != null)
+                && (!inet4AddressRecords.isEmpty() || !inet6AddressRecords.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the key for this response. The key uniquely identifies the response by its service
+     * name.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public String getServiceInstanceName() {
+        return serviceName.length > 0 ? serviceName[0] : null;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    public String[] getServiceName() {
+        return serviceName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if this response is a goodbye message. This will be true if a service record is present
+     * and any of the records have a TTL of 0.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean isGoodbye() {
+        if (getServiceInstanceName() != null) {
+            for (MdnsRecord record : records) {
+                // Expiring PTR records with subtypes just signal a change in known supported
+                // criteria, not the device itself going offline, so ignore those.
+                if ((record instanceof MdnsPointerRecord)
+                        && ((MdnsPointerRecord) record).hasSubtype()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (record.getTtl() == 0) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the response to a packet.
+     *
+     * @param writer The writer to use.
+     * @param now    The current time. This is used to write updated TTLs that reflect the remaining
+     *               TTL
+     *               since the response was received.
+     * @return The number of records that were written.
+     * @throws IOException If an error occurred while writing (typically indicating overflow).
+     */
+    public synchronized int write(MdnsPacketWriter writer, long now) throws IOException {
+        int count = 0;
+        for (MdnsPointerRecord pointerRecord : pointerRecords) {
+            pointerRecord.write(writer, now);
+            ++count;
+        }
+
+        if (serviceRecord != null) {
+            serviceRecord.write(writer, now);
+            ++count;
+        }
+
+        if (textRecord != null) {
+            textRecord.write(writer, now);
+            ++count;
+        }
+
+        for (MdnsInetAddressRecord inetAddressRecord : inet4AddressRecords) {
+            inetAddressRecord.write(writer, now);
+            ++count;
+        }
+
+        for (MdnsInetAddressRecord inetAddressRecord : inet6AddressRecords) {
+            inetAddressRecord.write(writer, now);
+            ++count;
+        }
+
+        return count;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoder.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..129db7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsLogger;
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/** A class that decodes mDNS responses from UDP packets. */
+public class MdnsResponseDecoder {
+    public static final int SUCCESS = 0;
+    private static final String TAG = "MdnsResponseDecoder";
+    private static final MdnsLogger LOGGER = new MdnsLogger(TAG);
+    private final boolean allowMultipleSrvRecordsPerHost =
+            MdnsConfigs.allowMultipleSrvRecordsPerHost();
+    @Nullable private final String[] serviceType;
+    private final Clock clock;
+
+    /** Constructs a new decoder that will extract responses for the given service type. */
+    public MdnsResponseDecoder(@NonNull Clock clock, @Nullable String[] serviceType) {
+        this.clock = clock;
+        this.serviceType = serviceType;
+    }
+
+    private static MdnsResponse findResponseWithPointer(
+            List<MdnsResponse> responses, String[] pointer) {
+        if (responses != null) {
+            for (MdnsResponse response : responses) {
+                if (Arrays.equals(response.getServiceName(), pointer)) {
+                    return response;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static MdnsResponse findResponseWithHostName(
+            List<MdnsResponse> responses, String[] hostName) {
+        if (responses != null) {
+            for (MdnsResponse response : responses) {
+                MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord = response.getServiceRecord();
+                if (serviceRecord == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (Arrays.equals(serviceRecord.getServiceHost(), hostName)) {
+                    return response;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes all mDNS responses for the desired service type from a packet. The class does not
+     * check the responses for completeness; the caller should do that.
+     *
+     * @param recvbuf The received data buffer to read from.
+     * @param length The length of received data buffer.
+     * @return A decoded {@link MdnsPacket}.
+     * @throws MdnsPacket.ParseException if a response packet could not be parsed.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static MdnsPacket parseResponse(@NonNull byte[] recvbuf, int length)
+            throws MdnsPacket.ParseException {
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(recvbuf, length);
+
+        final MdnsPacket mdnsPacket;
+        try {
+            reader.readUInt16(); // transaction ID (not used)
+            int flags = reader.readUInt16();
+            if ((flags & MdnsConstants.FLAGS_RESPONSE_MASK) != MdnsConstants.FLAGS_RESPONSE) {
+                throw new MdnsPacket.ParseException(
+                        MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_NOT_RESPONSE_MESSAGE, "Not a response", null);
+            }
+
+            mdnsPacket = MdnsPacket.parseRecordsSection(reader, flags);
+            if (mdnsPacket.answers.size() < 1) {
+                throw new MdnsPacket.ParseException(
+                        MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_NO_ANSWERS, "Response has no answers",
+                        null);
+            }
+            return mdnsPacket;
+        } catch (EOFException e) {
+            throw new MdnsPacket.ParseException(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_END_OF_FILE,
+                    "Reached the end of the mDNS response unexpectedly.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Augments a list of {@link MdnsResponse} with records from a packet. The class does not check
+     * the resulting responses for completeness; the caller should do that.
+     *
+     * @param mdnsPacket the response packet with the new records
+     * @param existingResponses list of existing responses. Will not be modified.
+     * @param interfaceIndex the network interface index (or
+     * {@link MdnsSocket#INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED} if not known) at which the packet was received
+     * @param network the network at which the packet was received, or null if it is unknown.
+     * @return The set of response instances that were modified or newly added.
+     */
+    public ArraySet<MdnsResponse> augmentResponses(@NonNull MdnsPacket mdnsPacket,
+            @NonNull Collection<MdnsResponse> existingResponses, int interfaceIndex,
+            @Nullable Network network) {
+        final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> records = new ArrayList<>(
+                mdnsPacket.questions.size() + mdnsPacket.answers.size()
+                        + mdnsPacket.authorityRecords.size() + mdnsPacket.additionalRecords.size());
+        records.addAll(mdnsPacket.answers);
+        records.addAll(mdnsPacket.authorityRecords);
+        records.addAll(mdnsPacket.additionalRecords);
+
+        final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> modified = new ArraySet<>();
+        final ArrayList<MdnsResponse> responses = new ArrayList<>(existingResponses.size());
+        for (MdnsResponse existing : existingResponses) {
+            responses.add(new MdnsResponse(existing));
+        }
+        // The response records are structured in a hierarchy, where some records reference
+        // others, as follows:
+        //
+        //        PTR
+        //        / \
+        //       /   \
+        //      TXT  SRV
+        //           / \
+        //          /   \
+        //         A   AAAA
+        //
+        // But the order in which these records appear in the response packet is completely
+        // arbitrary. This means that we need to rescan the record list to construct each level of
+        // this hierarchy.
+        //
+        // PTR: service type -> service instance name
+        //
+        // SRV: service instance name -> host name (priority, weight)
+        //
+        // TXT: service instance name -> machine readable txt entries.
+        //
+        // A: host name -> IP address
+
+        // Loop 1: find PTR records, which identify distinct service instances.
+        long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        for (MdnsRecord record : records) {
+            if (record instanceof MdnsPointerRecord) {
+                String[] name = record.getName();
+                if ((serviceType == null)
+                        || Arrays.equals(name, serviceType)
+                        || ((name.length == (serviceType.length + 2))
+                        && name[1].equals(MdnsConstants.SUBTYPE_LABEL)
+                        && MdnsRecord.labelsAreSuffix(serviceType, name))) {
+                    MdnsPointerRecord pointerRecord = (MdnsPointerRecord) record;
+                    // Group PTR records that refer to the same service instance name into a single
+                    // response.
+                    MdnsResponse response = findResponseWithPointer(responses,
+                            pointerRecord.getPointer());
+                    if (response == null) {
+                        response = new MdnsResponse(now, pointerRecord.getPointer(), interfaceIndex,
+                                network);
+                        responses.add(response);
+                    }
+
+                    if (response.addPointerRecord((MdnsPointerRecord) record)) {
+                        modified.add(response);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Loop 2: find SRV and TXT records, which reference the pointer in the PTR record.
+        for (MdnsRecord record : records) {
+            if (record instanceof MdnsServiceRecord) {
+                MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord = (MdnsServiceRecord) record;
+                MdnsResponse response = findResponseWithPointer(responses, serviceRecord.getName());
+                if (response != null && response.setServiceRecord(serviceRecord)) {
+                    response.dropUnmatchedAddressRecords();
+                    modified.add(response);
+                }
+            } else if (record instanceof MdnsTextRecord) {
+                MdnsTextRecord textRecord = (MdnsTextRecord) record;
+                MdnsResponse response = findResponseWithPointer(responses, textRecord.getName());
+                if (response != null && response.setTextRecord(textRecord)) {
+                    modified.add(response);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Loop 3-1: find A and AAAA records and clear addresses if the cache-flush bit set, which
+        //           reference the host name in the SRV record.
+        final List<MdnsInetAddressRecord> inetRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (MdnsRecord record : records) {
+            if (record instanceof MdnsInetAddressRecord) {
+                MdnsInetAddressRecord inetRecord = (MdnsInetAddressRecord) record;
+                inetRecords.add(inetRecord);
+                if (allowMultipleSrvRecordsPerHost) {
+                    List<MdnsResponse> matchingResponses =
+                            findResponsesWithHostName(responses, inetRecord.getName());
+                    for (MdnsResponse response : matchingResponses) {
+                        // Per RFC6762 10.2, clear all address records if the cache-flush bit set.
+                        // This bit, the cache-flush bit, tells neighboring hosts
+                        // that this is not a shared record type.  Instead of merging this new
+                        // record additively into the cache in addition to any previous records with
+                        // the same name, rrtype, and rrclass.
+                        // TODO: All old records with that name, rrtype, and rrclass that were
+                        //       received more than one second ago are declared invalid, and marked
+                        //       to expire from the cache in one second.
+                        if (inetRecord.getCacheFlush()) {
+                            response.clearInet4AddressRecords();
+                            response.clearInet6AddressRecords();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    MdnsResponse response =
+                            findResponseWithHostName(responses, inetRecord.getName());
+                    if (response != null) {
+                        // Per RFC6762 10.2, clear all address records if the cache-flush bit set.
+                        // This bit, the cache-flush bit, tells neighboring hosts
+                        // that this is not a shared record type.  Instead of merging this new
+                        // record additively into the cache in addition to any previous records with
+                        // the same name, rrtype, and rrclass.
+                        // TODO: All old records with that name, rrtype, and rrclass that were
+                        //       received more than one second ago are declared invalid, and marked
+                        //       to expire from the cache in one second.
+                        if (inetRecord.getCacheFlush()) {
+                            response.clearInet4AddressRecords();
+                            response.clearInet6AddressRecords();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Loop 3-2: Assign addresses, which reference the host name in the SRV record.
+        for (MdnsInetAddressRecord inetRecord : inetRecords) {
+            if (allowMultipleSrvRecordsPerHost) {
+                List<MdnsResponse> matchingResponses =
+                        findResponsesWithHostName(responses, inetRecord.getName());
+                for (MdnsResponse response : matchingResponses) {
+                    if (assignInetRecord(response, inetRecord)) {
+                        modified.add(response);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                MdnsResponse response =
+                        findResponseWithHostName(responses, inetRecord.getName());
+                if (response != null) {
+                    if (assignInetRecord(response, inetRecord)) {
+                        modified.add(response);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return modified;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean assignInetRecord(
+            MdnsResponse response, MdnsInetAddressRecord inetRecord) {
+        if (inetRecord.getInet4Address() != null) {
+            return response.addInet4AddressRecord(inetRecord);
+        } else if (inetRecord.getInet6Address() != null) {
+            return response.addInet6AddressRecord(inetRecord);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static List<MdnsResponse> findResponsesWithHostName(
+            @Nullable List<MdnsResponse> responses, String[] hostName) {
+        if (responses == null || responses.isEmpty()) {
+            return List.of();
+        }
+
+        List<MdnsResponse> result = null;
+        for (MdnsResponse response : responses) {
+            MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord = response.getServiceRecord();
+            if (serviceRecord == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (Arrays.equals(serviceRecord.getServiceHost(), hostName)) {
+                if (result == null) {
+                    result = new ArrayList<>(/* initialCapacity= */ responses.size());
+                }
+                result.add(response);
+            }
+        }
+        return result == null ? List.of() : result;
+    }
+
+    public static class Clock {
+        public long elapsedRealtime() {
+            return SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseErrorCode.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseErrorCode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73a7e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseErrorCode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+/**
+ * The list of error code for parsing mDNS response.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class MdnsResponseErrorCode {
+    public static final int SUCCESS = 0;
+    public static final int ERROR_NOT_RESPONSE_MESSAGE = 1;
+    public static final int ERROR_NO_ANSWERS = 2;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_RECORD_NAME = 3;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_A_RDATA = 4;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_AAAA_RDATA = 5;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_PTR_RDATA = 6;
+    public static final int ERROR_SKIPPING_PTR_RDATA = 7;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_SRV_RDATA = 8;
+    public static final int ERROR_SKIPPING_SRV_RDATA = 9;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_TXT_RDATA = 10;
+    public static final int ERROR_SKIPPING_UNKNOWN_RECORD = 11;
+    public static final int ERROR_END_OF_FILE = 12;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_NSEC_RDATA = 13;
+    public static final int ERROR_READING_ANY_RDATA = 14;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSearchOptions.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSearchOptions.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3da6bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSearchOptions.java
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * API configuration parameters for searching the mDNS service.
+ *
+ * <p>Use {@link MdnsSearchOptions.Builder} to create {@link MdnsSearchOptions}.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class MdnsSearchOptions implements Parcelable {
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final Parcelable.Creator<MdnsSearchOptions> CREATOR =
+            new Parcelable.Creator<MdnsSearchOptions>() {
+                @Override
+                public MdnsSearchOptions createFromParcel(Parcel source) {
+                    return new MdnsSearchOptions(source.createStringArrayList(),
+                            source.readBoolean(), source.readBoolean(),
+                            source.readParcelable(null),
+                            source.readString());
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public MdnsSearchOptions[] newArray(int size) {
+                    return new MdnsSearchOptions[size];
+                }
+            };
+    private static MdnsSearchOptions defaultOptions;
+    private final List<String> subtypes;
+    @Nullable
+    private final String resolveInstanceName;
+
+    private final boolean isPassiveMode;
+    private final boolean removeExpiredService;
+    // The target network for searching. Null network means search on all possible interfaces.
+    @Nullable private final Network mNetwork;
+
+    /** Parcelable constructs for a {@link MdnsSearchOptions}. */
+    MdnsSearchOptions(List<String> subtypes, boolean isPassiveMode, boolean removeExpiredService,
+            @Nullable Network network, @Nullable String resolveInstanceName) {
+        this.subtypes = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (subtypes != null) {
+            this.subtypes.addAll(subtypes);
+        }
+        this.isPassiveMode = isPassiveMode;
+        this.removeExpiredService = removeExpiredService;
+        mNetwork = network;
+        this.resolveInstanceName = resolveInstanceName;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns a {@link Builder} for {@link MdnsSearchOptions}. */
+    public static Builder newBuilder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    /** Returns a default search options. */
+    public static synchronized MdnsSearchOptions getDefaultOptions() {
+        if (defaultOptions == null) {
+            defaultOptions = newBuilder().build();
+        }
+        return defaultOptions;
+    }
+
+    /** @return the list of subtypes to search. */
+    public List<String> getSubtypes() {
+        return subtypes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return {@code true} if the passive mode is used. The passive mode scans less frequently in
+     * order to conserve battery and produce less network traffic.
+     */
+    public boolean isPassiveMode() {
+        return isPassiveMode;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns {@code true} if service will be removed after its TTL expires. */
+    public boolean removeExpiredService() {
+        return removeExpiredService;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the network which the mdns query should target on.
+     *
+     * @return the target network or null if search on all possible interfaces.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Network getNetwork() {
+        return mNetwork;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If non-null, queries should try to resolve all records of this specific service, rather than
+     * discovering all services.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public String getResolveInstanceName() {
+        return resolveInstanceName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int describeContents() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeToParcel(Parcel out, int flags) {
+        out.writeStringList(subtypes);
+        out.writeBoolean(isPassiveMode);
+        out.writeBoolean(removeExpiredService);
+        out.writeParcelable(mNetwork, 0);
+        out.writeString(resolveInstanceName);
+    }
+
+    /** A builder to create {@link MdnsSearchOptions}. */
+    public static final class Builder {
+        private final Set<String> subtypes;
+        private boolean isPassiveMode = true;
+        private boolean removeExpiredService;
+        private Network mNetwork;
+        private String resolveInstanceName;
+
+        private Builder() {
+            subtypes = new ArraySet<>();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Adds a subtype to search.
+         *
+         * @param subtype the subtype to add.
+         */
+        public Builder addSubtype(@NonNull String subtype) {
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(subtype)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty subtype");
+            }
+            subtypes.add(subtype);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Adds a set of subtypes to search.
+         *
+         * @param subtypes The list of subtypes to add.
+         */
+        public Builder addSubtypes(@NonNull Collection<String> subtypes) {
+            this.subtypes.addAll(Objects.requireNonNull(subtypes));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets if the passive mode scan should be used. The passive mode scans less frequently in
+         * order to conserve battery and produce less network traffic.
+         *
+         * @param isPassiveMode If set to {@code true}, passive mode will be used. If set to {@code
+         *                      false}, active mode will be used.
+         */
+        public Builder setIsPassiveMode(boolean isPassiveMode) {
+            this.isPassiveMode = isPassiveMode;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets if the service should be removed after TTL.
+         *
+         * @param removeExpiredService If set to {@code true}, the service will be removed after TTL
+         */
+        public Builder setRemoveExpiredService(boolean removeExpiredService) {
+            this.removeExpiredService = removeExpiredService;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets if the mdns query should target on specific network.
+         *
+         * @param network the mdns query will target on given network.
+         */
+        public Builder setNetwork(Network network) {
+            mNetwork = network;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Set the instance name to resolve.
+         *
+         * If non-null, queries should try to resolve all records of this specific service,
+         * rather than discovering all services.
+         * @param name The instance name.
+         */
+        public Builder setResolveInstanceName(String name) {
+            resolveInstanceName = name;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /** Builds a {@link MdnsSearchOptions} with the arguments supplied to this builder. */
+        public MdnsSearchOptions build() {
+            return new MdnsSearchOptions(new ArrayList<>(subtypes), isPassiveMode,
+                    removeExpiredService, mNetwork, resolveInstanceName);
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceBrowserListener.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceBrowserListener.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c19359
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceBrowserListener.java
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Listener interface for mDNS service instance discovery events.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public interface MdnsServiceBrowserListener {
+
+    /**
+     * Called when an mDNS service instance is found. This method would be called only if all
+     * service records (PTR, SRV, TXT, A or AAAA) are received .
+     *
+     * @param serviceInfo The found mDNS service instance.
+     */
+    void onServiceFound(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+
+    /**
+     * Called when an mDNS service instance is updated. This method would be called only if all
+     * service records (PTR, SRV, TXT, A or AAAA) are received before.
+     *
+     * @param serviceInfo The updated mDNS service instance.
+     */
+    void onServiceUpdated(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a mDNS service instance is no longer valid and removed. This method would be
+     * called only if all service records (PTR, SRV, TXT, A or AAAA) are received before.
+     *
+     * @param serviceInfo The service instance of the removed mDNS service.
+     */
+    void onServiceRemoved(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+
+    /**
+     * Called when searching for mDNS service has stopped because of an error.
+     *
+     * TODO (changed when importing code): define error constants
+     *
+     * @param error The error code of the stop reason.
+     */
+    void onSearchStoppedWithError(int error);
+
+    /** Called when it failed to start an mDNS service discovery process. */
+    void onSearchFailedToStart();
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a mDNS service discovery query has been sent.
+     *
+     * @param subtypes      The list of subtypes in the discovery query.
+     * @param transactionId The transaction ID of the query.
+     */
+    void onDiscoveryQuerySent(@NonNull List<String> subtypes, int transactionId);
+
+    /**
+     * Called when an error has happened when parsing a received mDNS response packet.
+     *
+     * @param receivedPacketNumber The packet sequence number of the received packet.
+     * @param errorCode            The error code, defined in {@link MdnsResponseErrorCode}.
+     */
+    void onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(int receivedPacketNumber, int errorCode);
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a mDNS service instance is discovered. This method would be called if the PTR
+     * record has been received.
+     *
+     * @param serviceInfo The discovered mDNS service instance.
+     */
+    void onServiceNameDiscovered(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a discovered mDNS service instance is no longer valid and removed.
+     *
+     * @param serviceInfo The service instance of the removed mDNS service.
+     */
+    void onServiceNameRemoved(@NonNull MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCache.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCache.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd0be67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCache.java
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.equalsIgnoreDnsCase;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.toDnsLowerCase;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * The {@link MdnsServiceCache} manages the service which discovers from each socket and cache these
+ * services to reduce duplicated queries.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is not thread safe, it is intended to be used only from the looper thread.
+ *  However, the constructor is an exception, as it is called on another thread;
+ *  therefore for thread safety all members of this class MUST either be final or initialized
+ *  to their default value (0, false or null).
+ */
+public class MdnsServiceCache {
+    private static class CacheKey {
+        @NonNull final String mLowercaseServiceType;
+        @Nullable final Network mNetwork;
+
+        CacheKey(@NonNull String serviceType, @Nullable Network network) {
+            mLowercaseServiceType = toDnsLowerCase(serviceType);
+            mNetwork = network;
+        }
+
+        @Override public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(mLowercaseServiceType, mNetwork);
+        }
+
+        @Override public boolean equals(Object other) {
+            if (this == other) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (!(other instanceof CacheKey)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return Objects.equals(mLowercaseServiceType, ((CacheKey) other).mLowercaseServiceType)
+                    && Objects.equals(mNetwork, ((CacheKey) other).mNetwork);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * A map of cached services. Key is composed of service name, type and network. Value is the
+     * service which use the service type to discover from each socket.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private final ArrayMap<CacheKey, List<MdnsResponse>> mCachedServices = new ArrayMap<>();
+    @NonNull
+    private final Handler mHandler;
+
+    public MdnsServiceCache(@NonNull Looper looper) {
+        mHandler = new Handler(looper);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the cache services which are queried from given service type and network.
+     *
+     * @param serviceType the target service type.
+     * @param network the target network
+     * @return the set of services which matches the given service type.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public List<MdnsResponse> getCachedServices(@NonNull String serviceType,
+            @Nullable Network network) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        final CacheKey key = new CacheKey(serviceType, network);
+        return mCachedServices.containsKey(key)
+                ? Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(mCachedServices.get(key)))
+                : Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
+    private MdnsResponse findMatchedResponse(@NonNull List<MdnsResponse> responses,
+            @NonNull String serviceName) {
+        for (MdnsResponse response : responses) {
+            if (equalsIgnoreDnsCase(serviceName, response.getServiceInstanceName())) {
+                return response;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the cache service.
+     *
+     * @param serviceName the target service name.
+     * @param serviceType the target service type.
+     * @param network the target network
+     * @return the service which matches given conditions.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public MdnsResponse getCachedService(@NonNull String serviceName,
+            @NonNull String serviceType, @Nullable Network network) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        final List<MdnsResponse> responses =
+                mCachedServices.get(new CacheKey(serviceType, network));
+        if (responses == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final MdnsResponse response = findMatchedResponse(responses, serviceName);
+        return response != null ? new MdnsResponse(response) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add or update a service.
+     *
+     * @param serviceType the service type.
+     * @param network the target network
+     * @param response the response of the discovered service.
+     */
+    public void addOrUpdateService(@NonNull String serviceType, @Nullable Network network,
+            @NonNull MdnsResponse response) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        final List<MdnsResponse> responses = mCachedServices.computeIfAbsent(
+                new CacheKey(serviceType, network), key -> new ArrayList<>());
+        // Remove existing service if present.
+        final MdnsResponse existing =
+                findMatchedResponse(responses, response.getServiceInstanceName());
+        responses.remove(existing);
+        responses.add(response);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a service which matches the given service name, type and network.
+     *
+     * @param serviceName the target service name.
+     * @param serviceType the target service type.
+     * @param network the target network.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public MdnsResponse removeService(@NonNull String serviceName, @NonNull String serviceType,
+            @Nullable Network network) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        final List<MdnsResponse> responses =
+                mCachedServices.get(new CacheKey(serviceType, network));
+        if (responses == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final Iterator<MdnsResponse> iterator = responses.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            final MdnsResponse response = iterator.next();
+            if (equalsIgnoreDnsCase(serviceName, response.getServiceInstanceName())) {
+                iterator.remove();
+                return response;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: check ttl expiration for each service and notify to the clients.
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceInfo.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78df6df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocket.INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.ByteUtils;
+
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+/**
+ * A class representing a discovered mDNS service instance.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class MdnsServiceInfo implements Parcelable {
+    private static final Charset US_ASCII = Charset.forName("us-ascii");
+    private static final Charset UTF_8 = Charset.forName("utf-8");
+
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final Parcelable.Creator<MdnsServiceInfo> CREATOR =
+            new Parcelable.Creator<MdnsServiceInfo>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public MdnsServiceInfo createFromParcel(Parcel source) {
+                    return new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                            source.readString(),
+                            source.createStringArray(),
+                            source.createStringArrayList(),
+                            source.createStringArray(),
+                            source.readInt(),
+                            source.createStringArrayList(),
+                            source.createStringArrayList(),
+                            source.createStringArrayList(),
+                            source.createTypedArrayList(TextEntry.CREATOR),
+                            source.readInt(),
+                            source.readParcelable(null));
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public MdnsServiceInfo[] newArray(int size) {
+                    return new MdnsServiceInfo[size];
+                }
+            };
+
+    private final String serviceInstanceName;
+    private final String[] serviceType;
+    private final List<String> subtypes;
+    private final String[] hostName;
+    private final int port;
+    @NonNull
+    private final List<String> ipv4Addresses;
+    @NonNull
+    private final List<String> ipv6Addresses;
+    final List<String> textStrings;
+    @Nullable
+    final List<TextEntry> textEntries;
+    private final int interfaceIndex;
+
+    private final Map<String, byte[]> attributes;
+    @Nullable
+    private final Network network;
+
+    /** Constructs a {@link MdnsServiceInfo} object with default values. */
+    public MdnsServiceInfo(
+            String serviceInstanceName,
+            String[] serviceType,
+            @Nullable List<String> subtypes,
+            String[] hostName,
+            int port,
+            @Nullable String ipv4Address,
+            @Nullable String ipv6Address,
+            @Nullable List<String> textStrings) {
+        this(
+                serviceInstanceName,
+                serviceType,
+                subtypes,
+                hostName,
+                port,
+                List.of(ipv4Address),
+                List.of(ipv6Address),
+                textStrings,
+                /* textEntries= */ null,
+                /* interfaceIndex= */ INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED,
+                /* network= */ null);
+    }
+
+    /** Constructs a {@link MdnsServiceInfo} object with default values. */
+    public MdnsServiceInfo(
+            String serviceInstanceName,
+            String[] serviceType,
+            List<String> subtypes,
+            String[] hostName,
+            int port,
+            @Nullable String ipv4Address,
+            @Nullable String ipv6Address,
+            @Nullable List<String> textStrings,
+            @Nullable List<TextEntry> textEntries) {
+        this(
+                serviceInstanceName,
+                serviceType,
+                subtypes,
+                hostName,
+                port,
+                List.of(ipv4Address),
+                List.of(ipv6Address),
+                textStrings,
+                textEntries,
+                /* interfaceIndex= */ INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED,
+                /* network= */ null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@link MdnsServiceInfo} object with default values.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public MdnsServiceInfo(
+            String serviceInstanceName,
+            String[] serviceType,
+            @Nullable List<String> subtypes,
+            String[] hostName,
+            int port,
+            @Nullable String ipv4Address,
+            @Nullable String ipv6Address,
+            @Nullable List<String> textStrings,
+            @Nullable List<TextEntry> textEntries,
+            int interfaceIndex) {
+        this(
+                serviceInstanceName,
+                serviceType,
+                subtypes,
+                hostName,
+                port,
+                List.of(ipv4Address),
+                List.of(ipv6Address),
+                textStrings,
+                textEntries,
+                interfaceIndex,
+                /* network= */ null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@link MdnsServiceInfo} object with default values.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public MdnsServiceInfo(
+            String serviceInstanceName,
+            String[] serviceType,
+            @Nullable List<String> subtypes,
+            String[] hostName,
+            int port,
+            @NonNull List<String> ipv4Addresses,
+            @NonNull List<String> ipv6Addresses,
+            @Nullable List<String> textStrings,
+            @Nullable List<TextEntry> textEntries,
+            int interfaceIndex,
+            @Nullable Network network) {
+        this.serviceInstanceName = serviceInstanceName;
+        this.serviceType = serviceType;
+        this.subtypes = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (subtypes != null) {
+            this.subtypes.addAll(subtypes);
+        }
+        this.hostName = hostName;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.ipv4Addresses = new ArrayList<>(ipv4Addresses);
+        this.ipv6Addresses = new ArrayList<>(ipv6Addresses);
+        this.textStrings = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (textStrings != null) {
+            this.textStrings.addAll(textStrings);
+        }
+        this.textEntries = (textEntries == null) ? null : new ArrayList<>(textEntries);
+
+        // The module side sends both {@code textStrings} and {@code textEntries} for backward
+        // compatibility. We should prefer only {@code textEntries} if it's not null.
+        List<TextEntry> entries =
+                (this.textEntries != null) ? this.textEntries : parseTextStrings(this.textStrings);
+        // The map of attributes is case-insensitive.
+        final Map<String, byte[]> attributes = new TreeMap<>(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);
+        for (TextEntry entry : entries) {
+            // Per https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6763#section-6.4, only the first entry
+            // of the same key should be accepted:
+            // If a client receives a TXT record containing the same key more than once, then the
+            // client MUST silently ignore all but the first occurrence of that attribute.
+            attributes.putIfAbsent(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+        this.attributes = Collections.unmodifiableMap(attributes);
+        this.interfaceIndex = interfaceIndex;
+        this.network = network;
+    }
+
+    private static List<TextEntry> parseTextStrings(List<String> textStrings) {
+        List<TextEntry> list = new ArrayList(textStrings.size());
+        for (String textString : textStrings) {
+            TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromString(textString);
+            if (entry != null) {
+                list.add(entry);
+            }
+        }
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(list);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the name of this service instance. */
+    public String getServiceInstanceName() {
+        return serviceInstanceName;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the type of this service instance. */
+    public String[] getServiceType() {
+        return serviceType;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the list of subtypes supported by this service instance. */
+    public List<String> getSubtypes() {
+        return new ArrayList<>(subtypes);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns {@code true} if this service instance supports any subtypes. */
+    public boolean hasSubtypes() {
+        return !subtypes.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the host name of this service instance. */
+    public String[] getHostName() {
+        return hostName;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the port number of this service instance. */
+    public int getPort() {
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the IPV4 addresses of this service instance. */
+    @NonNull
+    public List<String> getIpv4Addresses() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(ipv4Addresses);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first IPV4 address of this service instance.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link #getIpv4Addresses()} to get the entire list of IPV4
+     * addresses for
+     * the host.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    @Deprecated
+    public String getIpv4Address() {
+        return ipv4Addresses.isEmpty() ? null : ipv4Addresses.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the IPV6 address of this service instance. */
+    @NonNull
+    public List<String> getIpv6Addresses() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(ipv6Addresses);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first IPV6 address of this service instance.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use {@link #getIpv6Addresses()} to get the entire list of IPV6 addresses for
+     * the host.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    @Deprecated
+    public String getIpv6Address() {
+        return ipv6Addresses.isEmpty() ? null : ipv6Addresses.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the index of the network interface at which this response was received, or -1 if the
+     * index is not known.
+     */
+    public int getInterfaceIndex() {
+        return interfaceIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the network at which this response was received, or null if the network is unknown.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Network getNetwork() {
+        return network;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns attribute value for {@code key} as a UTF-8 string. It's the caller who must make sure
+     * that the value of {@code key} is indeed a UTF-8 string. {@code null} will be returned if no
+     * attribute value exists for {@code key}.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public String getAttributeByKey(@NonNull String key) {
+        byte[] value = getAttributeAsBytes(key);
+        if (value == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return new String(value, UTF_8);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the attribute value for {@code key} as a byte array. {@code null} will be returned if
+     * no attribute value exists for {@code key}.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public byte[] getAttributeAsBytes(@NonNull String key) {
+        return attributes.get(key);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns an immutable map of all attributes. */
+    public Map<String, String> getAttributes() {
+        Map<String, String> map = new TreeMap<>(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);
+        for (Map.Entry<String, byte[]> kv : attributes.entrySet()) {
+            final byte[] value = kv.getValue();
+            map.put(kv.getKey(), value == null ? null : new String(value, UTF_8));
+        }
+        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int describeContents() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeToParcel(Parcel out, int flags) {
+        out.writeString(serviceInstanceName);
+        out.writeStringArray(serviceType);
+        out.writeStringList(subtypes);
+        out.writeStringArray(hostName);
+        out.writeInt(port);
+        out.writeStringList(ipv4Addresses);
+        out.writeStringList(ipv6Addresses);
+        out.writeStringList(textStrings);
+        out.writeTypedList(textEntries);
+        out.writeInt(interfaceIndex);
+        out.writeParcelable(network, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Name: " + serviceInstanceName
+                + ", type: " + TextUtils.join(".", serviceType)
+                + ", subtypes: " + TextUtils.join(",", subtypes)
+                + ", ip: " + ipv4Addresses
+                + ", ipv6: " + ipv6Addresses
+                + ", port: " + port
+                + ", interfaceIndex: " + interfaceIndex
+                + ", network: " + network
+                + ", textStrings: " + textStrings
+                + ", textEntries: " + textEntries;
+    }
+
+
+    /** Represents a DNS TXT key-value pair defined by RFC 6763. */
+    public static final class TextEntry implements Parcelable {
+        public static final Parcelable.Creator<TextEntry> CREATOR =
+                new Parcelable.Creator<TextEntry>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public TextEntry createFromParcel(Parcel source) {
+                        return new TextEntry(source);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public TextEntry[] newArray(int size) {
+                        return new TextEntry[size];
+                    }
+                };
+
+        private final String key;
+        private final byte[] value;
+
+        /** Creates a new {@link TextEntry} instance from a '=' separated string. */
+        @Nullable
+        public static TextEntry fromString(String textString) {
+            return fromBytes(textString.getBytes(UTF_8));
+        }
+
+        /** Creates a new {@link TextEntry} instance from a '=' separated byte array. */
+        @Nullable
+        public static TextEntry fromBytes(byte[] textBytes) {
+            int delimitPos = ByteUtils.indexOf(textBytes, (byte) '=');
+
+            // Per https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6763#section-6.4:
+            // 1. The key MUST be at least one character.  DNS-SD TXT record strings
+            // beginning with an '=' character (i.e., the key is missing) MUST be
+            // silently ignored.
+            // 2. If there is no '=' in a DNS-SD TXT record string, then it is a
+            // boolean attribute, simply identified as being present, with no value.
+            if (delimitPos < 0) {
+                return new TextEntry(new String(textBytes, US_ASCII), (byte[]) null);
+            } else if (delimitPos == 0) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return new TextEntry(
+                    new String(Arrays.copyOf(textBytes, delimitPos), US_ASCII),
+                    Arrays.copyOfRange(textBytes, delimitPos + 1, textBytes.length));
+        }
+
+        /** Creates a new {@link TextEntry} with given key and value of a UTF-8 string. */
+        public TextEntry(String key, String value) {
+            this(key, value == null ? null : value.getBytes(UTF_8));
+        }
+
+        /** Creates a new {@link TextEntry} with given key and value of a byte array. */
+        public TextEntry(String key, byte[] value) {
+            this.key = key;
+            this.value = value == null ? null : value.clone();
+        }
+
+        private TextEntry(Parcel in) {
+            key = in.readString();
+            value = in.createByteArray();
+        }
+
+        public String getKey() {
+            return key;
+        }
+
+        public byte[] getValue() {
+            return value == null ? null : value.clone();
+        }
+
+        /** Converts this {@link TextEntry} instance to '=' separated byte array. */
+        public byte[] toBytes() {
+            final byte[] keyBytes = key.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+            if (value == null) {
+                return keyBytes;
+            }
+            return ByteUtils.concat(keyBytes, new byte[]{'='}, value);
+        }
+
+        /** Converts this {@link TextEntry} instance to '=' separated string. */
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            if (value == null) {
+                return key;
+            }
+            return key + "=" + new String(value, UTF_8);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+            if (this == other) {
+                return true;
+            } else if (!(other instanceof TextEntry)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            TextEntry otherEntry = (TextEntry) other;
+
+            return key.equals(otherEntry.key) && Arrays.equals(value, otherEntry.value);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return 31 * key.hashCode() + Arrays.hashCode(value);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int describeContents() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeToParcel(Parcel out, int flags) {
+            out.writeString(key);
+            out.writeByteArray(value);
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceRecord.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebd8b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** An mDNS "SRV" record, which contains service information. */
+@VisibleForTesting
+public class MdnsServiceRecord extends MdnsRecord {
+    public static final int PROTO_NONE = 0;
+    public static final int PROTO_TCP = 1;
+    public static final int PROTO_UDP = 2;
+    private static final String PROTO_TOKEN_TCP = "_tcp";
+    private static final String PROTO_TOKEN_UDP = "_udp";
+    private int servicePriority;
+    private int serviceWeight;
+    private int servicePort;
+    private String[] serviceHost;
+
+    public MdnsServiceRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        this(name, reader, false);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsServiceRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader, boolean isQuestion)
+            throws IOException {
+        super(name, TYPE_SRV, reader, isQuestion);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsServiceRecord(String[] name, long receiptTimeMillis, boolean cacheFlush,
+                    long ttlMillis, int servicePriority, int serviceWeight, int servicePort,
+                    String[] serviceHost) {
+        super(name, TYPE_SRV, MdnsConstants.QCLASS_INTERNET, receiptTimeMillis, cacheFlush,
+                ttlMillis);
+        this.servicePriority = servicePriority;
+        this.serviceWeight = serviceWeight;
+        this.servicePort = servicePort;
+        this.serviceHost = serviceHost;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the service's port number. */
+    public int getServicePort() {
+        return servicePort;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the service's host name. */
+    public String[] getServiceHost() {
+        return serviceHost;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the service's priority. */
+    public int getServicePriority() {
+        return servicePriority;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the service's weight. */
+    public int getServiceWeight() {
+        return serviceWeight;
+    }
+
+    // Format of name is <instance-name>.<service-name>.<protocol>.<domain>
+
+    /** Returns the service's instance name, which uniquely identifies the service instance. */
+    public String getServiceInstanceName() {
+        if (name.length < 1) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return name[0];
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the service's name. */
+    public String getServiceName() {
+        if (name.length < 2) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return name[1];
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the service's protocol. */
+    public int getServiceProtocol() {
+        if (name.length < 3) {
+            return PROTO_NONE;
+        }
+
+        String protocol = name[2];
+        if (protocol.equals(PROTO_TOKEN_TCP)) {
+            return PROTO_TCP;
+        }
+        if (protocol.equals(PROTO_TOKEN_UDP)) {
+            return PROTO_UDP;
+        }
+        return PROTO_NONE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void readData(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        servicePriority = reader.readUInt16();
+        serviceWeight = reader.readUInt16();
+        servicePort = reader.readUInt16();
+        serviceHost = reader.readLabels();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void writeData(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        writer.writeUInt16(servicePriority);
+        writer.writeUInt16(serviceWeight);
+        writer.writeUInt16(servicePort);
+        writer.writeLabels(serviceHost);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format(
+                Locale.ROOT,
+                "SRV: %s:%d (prio=%d, weight=%d)",
+                labelsToString(serviceHost),
+                servicePort,
+                servicePriority,
+                serviceWeight);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return (super.hashCode() * 31)
+                + Objects.hash(servicePriority, serviceWeight, Arrays.hashCode(serviceHost),
+                servicePort);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+        if (this == other) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (!(other instanceof MdnsServiceRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        MdnsServiceRecord otherRecord = (MdnsServiceRecord) other;
+
+        return super.equals(other)
+                && (servicePriority == otherRecord.servicePriority)
+                && (serviceWeight == otherRecord.serviceWeight)
+                && Arrays.equals(serviceHost, otherRecord.serviceHost)
+                && (servicePort == otherRecord.servicePort);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72b931d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClient.java
@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+
+/**
+ * Instance of this class sends and receives mDNS packets of a given service type and invoke
+ * registered {@link MdnsServiceBrowserListener} instances.
+ */
+public class MdnsServiceTypeClient {
+
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MTU = 1500;
+
+    private final String serviceType;
+    private final String[] serviceTypeLabels;
+    private final MdnsSocketClientBase socketClient;
+    private final MdnsResponseDecoder responseDecoder;
+    private final ScheduledExecutorService executor;
+    @Nullable private final Network network;
+    @NonNull private final SharedLog sharedLog;
+    private final Object lock = new Object();
+    private final ArrayMap<MdnsServiceBrowserListener, MdnsSearchOptions> listeners =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, MdnsResponse> instanceNameToResponse = new HashMap<>();
+    private final boolean removeServiceAfterTtlExpires =
+            MdnsConfigs.removeServiceAfterTtlExpires();
+    private final boolean allowSearchOptionsToRemoveExpiredService =
+            MdnsConfigs.allowSearchOptionsToRemoveExpiredService();
+
+    private final MdnsResponseDecoder.Clock clock;
+
+    @Nullable private MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions;
+
+    // The session ID increases when startSendAndReceive() is called where we schedule a
+    // QueryTask for
+    // new subtypes. It stays the same between packets for same subtypes.
+    private long currentSessionId = 0;
+
+    @GuardedBy("lock")
+    @Nullable
+    private Future<?> requestTaskFuture;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor of {@link MdnsServiceTypeClient}.
+     *
+     * @param socketClient Sends and receives mDNS packet.
+     * @param executor         A {@link ScheduledExecutorService} used to schedule query tasks.
+     */
+    public MdnsServiceTypeClient(
+            @NonNull String serviceType,
+            @NonNull MdnsSocketClientBase socketClient,
+            @NonNull ScheduledExecutorService executor,
+            @Nullable Network network,
+            @NonNull SharedLog sharedLog) {
+        this(serviceType, socketClient, executor, new MdnsResponseDecoder.Clock(), network,
+                sharedLog);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public MdnsServiceTypeClient(
+            @NonNull String serviceType,
+            @NonNull MdnsSocketClientBase socketClient,
+            @NonNull ScheduledExecutorService executor,
+            @NonNull MdnsResponseDecoder.Clock clock,
+            @Nullable Network network,
+            @NonNull SharedLog sharedLog) {
+        this.serviceType = serviceType;
+        this.socketClient = socketClient;
+        this.executor = executor;
+        this.serviceTypeLabels = TextUtils.split(serviceType, "\\.");
+        this.responseDecoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(clock, serviceTypeLabels);
+        this.clock = clock;
+        this.network = network;
+        this.sharedLog = sharedLog;
+    }
+
+    private static MdnsServiceInfo buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(
+            @NonNull MdnsResponse response, @NonNull String[] serviceTypeLabels) {
+        String[] hostName = null;
+        int port = 0;
+        if (response.hasServiceRecord()) {
+            hostName = response.getServiceRecord().getServiceHost();
+            port = response.getServiceRecord().getServicePort();
+        }
+
+        final List<String> ipv4Addresses = new ArrayList<>();
+        final List<String> ipv6Addresses = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (response.hasInet4AddressRecord()) {
+            for (MdnsInetAddressRecord inetAddressRecord : response.getInet4AddressRecords()) {
+                final Inet4Address inet4Address = inetAddressRecord.getInet4Address();
+                ipv4Addresses.add((inet4Address == null) ? null : inet4Address.getHostAddress());
+            }
+        }
+        if (response.hasInet6AddressRecord()) {
+            for (MdnsInetAddressRecord inetAddressRecord : response.getInet6AddressRecords()) {
+                final Inet6Address inet6Address = inetAddressRecord.getInet6Address();
+                ipv6Addresses.add((inet6Address == null) ? null : inet6Address.getHostAddress());
+            }
+        }
+        String serviceInstanceName = response.getServiceInstanceName();
+        if (serviceInstanceName == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "mDNS response must have non-null service instance name");
+        }
+        List<String> textStrings = null;
+        List<MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry> textEntries = null;
+        if (response.hasTextRecord()) {
+            textStrings = response.getTextRecord().getStrings();
+            textEntries = response.getTextRecord().getEntries();
+        }
+        // TODO: Throw an error message if response doesn't have Inet6 or Inet4 address.
+        return new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                serviceInstanceName,
+                serviceTypeLabels,
+                response.getSubtypes(),
+                hostName,
+                port,
+                ipv4Addresses,
+                ipv6Addresses,
+                textStrings,
+                textEntries,
+                response.getInterfaceIndex(),
+                response.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers {@code listener} for receiving discovery event of mDNS service instances, and
+     * starts
+     * (or continue) to send mDNS queries periodically.
+     *
+     * @param listener      The {@link MdnsServiceBrowserListener} to register.
+     * @param searchOptions {@link MdnsSearchOptions} contains the list of subtypes to discover.
+     */
+    public void startSendAndReceive(
+            @NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener,
+            @NonNull MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            this.searchOptions = searchOptions;
+            if (listeners.put(listener, searchOptions) == null) {
+                for (MdnsResponse existingResponse : instanceNameToResponse.values()) {
+                    if (!responseMatchesOptions(existingResponse, searchOptions)) continue;
+                    final MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                            buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(existingResponse, serviceTypeLabels);
+                    listener.onServiceNameDiscovered(info);
+                    if (existingResponse.isComplete()) {
+                        listener.onServiceFound(info);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Cancel the next scheduled periodical task.
+            if (requestTaskFuture != null) {
+                requestTaskFuture.cancel(true);
+            }
+            // Keep tracking the ScheduledFuture for the task so we can cancel it if caller is not
+            // interested anymore.
+            requestTaskFuture =
+                    executor.submit(
+                            new QueryTask(
+                                    new QueryTaskConfig(
+                                            searchOptions.getSubtypes(),
+                                            searchOptions.isPassiveMode(),
+                                            ++currentSessionId,
+                                            searchOptions.getNetwork())));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean responseMatchesOptions(@NonNull MdnsResponse response,
+            @NonNull MdnsSearchOptions options) {
+        if (options.getResolveInstanceName() == null) return true;
+        // DNS is case-insensitive, so ignore case in the comparison
+        return options.getResolveInstanceName().equalsIgnoreCase(response.getServiceInstanceName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregisters {@code listener} from receiving discovery event of mDNS service instances.
+     *
+     * @param listener The {@link MdnsServiceBrowserListener} to unregister.
+     * @return {@code true} if no listener is registered with this client after unregistering {@code
+     * listener}. Otherwise returns {@code false}.
+     */
+    public boolean stopSendAndReceive(@NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (listeners.remove(listener) == null) {
+                return listeners.isEmpty();
+            }
+            if (listeners.isEmpty() && requestTaskFuture != null) {
+                requestTaskFuture.cancel(true);
+                requestTaskFuture = null;
+            }
+            return listeners.isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String[] getServiceTypeLabels() {
+        return serviceTypeLabels;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process an incoming response packet.
+     */
+    public synchronized void processResponse(@NonNull MdnsPacket packet, int interfaceIndex,
+            Network network) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            // Augment the list of current known responses, and generated responses for resolve
+            // requests if there is no known response
+            final List<MdnsResponse> currentList = new ArrayList<>(instanceNameToResponse.values());
+            currentList.addAll(makeResponsesForResolveIfUnknown(interfaceIndex, network));
+            final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> modifiedResponses = responseDecoder.augmentResponses(
+                    packet, currentList, interfaceIndex, network);
+
+            for (MdnsResponse modified : modifiedResponses) {
+                if (modified.isGoodbye()) {
+                    onGoodbyeReceived(modified.getServiceInstanceName());
+                } else {
+                    onResponseModified(modified);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(int receivedPacketNumber, int errorCode) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+            listeners.keyAt(i).onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(receivedPacketNumber, errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onResponseModified(@NonNull MdnsResponse response) {
+        final String serviceInstanceName = response.getServiceInstanceName();
+        final MdnsResponse currentResponse =
+                instanceNameToResponse.get(serviceInstanceName);
+
+        boolean newServiceFound = false;
+        boolean serviceBecomesComplete = false;
+        if (currentResponse == null) {
+            newServiceFound = true;
+            if (serviceInstanceName != null) {
+                instanceNameToResponse.put(serviceInstanceName, response);
+            }
+        } else {
+            boolean before = currentResponse.isComplete();
+            instanceNameToResponse.put(serviceInstanceName, response);
+            boolean after = response.isComplete();
+            serviceBecomesComplete = !before && after;
+        }
+        MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo =
+                buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(response, serviceTypeLabels);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+            if (!responseMatchesOptions(response, listeners.valueAt(i))) continue;
+            final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listeners.keyAt(i);
+            if (newServiceFound) {
+                sharedLog.log("onServiceNameDiscovered: " + serviceInstanceName);
+                listener.onServiceNameDiscovered(serviceInfo);
+            }
+
+            if (response.isComplete()) {
+                if (newServiceFound || serviceBecomesComplete) {
+                    sharedLog.log("onServiceFound: " + serviceInstanceName);
+                    listener.onServiceFound(serviceInfo);
+                } else {
+                    sharedLog.log("onServiceUpdated: " + serviceInstanceName);
+                    listener.onServiceUpdated(serviceInfo);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onGoodbyeReceived(@Nullable String serviceInstanceName) {
+        final MdnsResponse response = instanceNameToResponse.remove(serviceInstanceName);
+        if (response == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+            if (!responseMatchesOptions(response, listeners.valueAt(i))) continue;
+            final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listeners.keyAt(i);
+            final MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo =
+                    buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(response, serviceTypeLabels);
+            if (response.isComplete()) {
+                sharedLog.log("onServiceRemoved: " + serviceInstanceName);
+                listener.onServiceRemoved(serviceInfo);
+            }
+            sharedLog.log("onServiceNameRemoved: " + serviceInstanceName);
+            listener.onServiceNameRemoved(serviceInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean shouldRemoveServiceAfterTtlExpires() {
+        if (removeServiceAfterTtlExpires) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return allowSearchOptionsToRemoveExpiredService
+                && searchOptions != null
+                && searchOptions.removeExpiredService();
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    MdnsPacketWriter createMdnsPacketWriter() {
+        return new MdnsPacketWriter(DEFAULT_MTU);
+    }
+
+    // A configuration for the PeriodicalQueryTask that contains parameters to build a query packet.
+    // Call to getConfigForNextRun returns a config that can be used to build the next query task.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static class QueryTaskConfig {
+
+        private static final int INITIAL_TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS =
+                (int) MdnsConfigs.initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs();
+        private static final int TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS = (int) MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenBurstsMs();
+        private static final int QUERIES_PER_BURST = (int) MdnsConfigs.queriesPerBurst();
+        private static final int TIME_BETWEEN_QUERIES_IN_BURST_MS =
+                (int) MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs();
+        private static final int QUERIES_PER_BURST_PASSIVE_MODE =
+                (int) MdnsConfigs.queriesPerBurstPassive();
+        private static final int UNSIGNED_SHORT_MAX_VALUE = 65536;
+        // The following fields are used by QueryTask so we need to test them.
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        final List<String> subtypes;
+        private final boolean alwaysAskForUnicastResponse =
+                MdnsConfigs.alwaysAskForUnicastResponseInEachBurst();
+        private final boolean usePassiveMode;
+        private final long sessionId;
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        int transactionId;
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        boolean expectUnicastResponse;
+        private int queriesPerBurst;
+        private int timeBetweenBurstsInMs;
+        private int burstCounter;
+        private int timeToRunNextTaskInMs;
+        private boolean isFirstBurst;
+        @Nullable private final Network network;
+
+        QueryTaskConfig(@NonNull Collection<String> subtypes, boolean usePassiveMode,
+                long sessionId, @Nullable Network network) {
+            this.usePassiveMode = usePassiveMode;
+            this.subtypes = new ArrayList<>(subtypes);
+            this.queriesPerBurst = QUERIES_PER_BURST;
+            this.burstCounter = 0;
+            this.transactionId = 1;
+            this.expectUnicastResponse = true;
+            this.isFirstBurst = true;
+            this.sessionId = sessionId;
+            // Config the scan frequency based on the scan mode.
+            if (this.usePassiveMode) {
+                // In passive scan mode, sends a single burst of QUERIES_PER_BURST queries, and then
+                // in each TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS interval, sends QUERIES_PER_BURST_PASSIVE_MODE
+                // queries.
+                this.timeBetweenBurstsInMs = TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS;
+            } else {
+                // In active scan mode, sends a burst of QUERIES_PER_BURST queries,
+                // TIME_BETWEEN_QUERIES_IN_BURST_MS apart, then waits for the scan interval, and
+                // then repeats. The scan interval starts as INITIAL_TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS and
+                // doubles until it maxes out at TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS.
+                this.timeBetweenBurstsInMs = INITIAL_TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS;
+            }
+            this.network = network;
+        }
+
+        QueryTaskConfig getConfigForNextRun() {
+            if (++transactionId > UNSIGNED_SHORT_MAX_VALUE) {
+                transactionId = 1;
+            }
+            // Only the first query expects uni-cast response.
+            expectUnicastResponse = false;
+            if (++burstCounter == queriesPerBurst) {
+                burstCounter = 0;
+
+                if (alwaysAskForUnicastResponse) {
+                    expectUnicastResponse = true;
+                }
+                // In passive scan mode, sends a single burst of QUERIES_PER_BURST queries, and
+                // then in each TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS interval, sends QUERIES_PER_BURST_PASSIVE_MODE
+                // queries.
+                if (isFirstBurst) {
+                    isFirstBurst = false;
+                    if (usePassiveMode) {
+                        queriesPerBurst = QUERIES_PER_BURST_PASSIVE_MODE;
+                    }
+                }
+                // In active scan mode, sends a burst of QUERIES_PER_BURST queries,
+                // TIME_BETWEEN_QUERIES_IN_BURST_MS apart, then waits for the scan interval, and
+                // then repeats. The scan interval starts as INITIAL_TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS and
+                // doubles until it maxes out at TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS.
+                timeToRunNextTaskInMs = timeBetweenBurstsInMs;
+                if (timeBetweenBurstsInMs < TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS) {
+                    timeBetweenBurstsInMs = Math.min(timeBetweenBurstsInMs * 2,
+                            TIME_BETWEEN_BURSTS_MS);
+                }
+            } else {
+                timeToRunNextTaskInMs = TIME_BETWEEN_QUERIES_IN_BURST_MS;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<MdnsResponse> makeResponsesForResolveIfUnknown(int interfaceIndex,
+            @NonNull Network network) {
+        final List<MdnsResponse> resolveResponses = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+            final String resolveName = listeners.valueAt(i).getResolveInstanceName();
+            if (resolveName == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            MdnsResponse knownResponse = instanceNameToResponse.get(resolveName);
+            if (knownResponse == null) {
+                final ArrayList<String> instanceFullName = new ArrayList<>(
+                        serviceTypeLabels.length + 1);
+                instanceFullName.add(resolveName);
+                instanceFullName.addAll(Arrays.asList(serviceTypeLabels));
+                knownResponse = new MdnsResponse(
+                        0L /* lastUpdateTime */, instanceFullName.toArray(new String[0]),
+                        interfaceIndex, network);
+            }
+            resolveResponses.add(knownResponse);
+        }
+        return resolveResponses;
+    }
+
+    // A FutureTask that enqueues a single query, and schedule a new FutureTask for the next task.
+    private class QueryTask implements Runnable {
+
+        private final QueryTaskConfig config;
+
+        QueryTask(@NonNull QueryTaskConfig config) {
+            this.config = config;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            final List<MdnsResponse> servicesToResolve;
+            final boolean sendDiscoveryQueries;
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                // The listener is requesting to resolve a service that has no info in
+                // cache. Use the provided name to generate a minimal response, so other records are
+                // queried to complete it.
+                // Only the names are used to know which queries to send, other parameters like
+                // interfaceIndex do not matter.
+                servicesToResolve = makeResponsesForResolveIfUnknown(
+                        0 /* interfaceIndex */, config.network);
+                sendDiscoveryQueries = servicesToResolve.size() < listeners.size();
+            }
+            Pair<Integer, List<String>> result;
+            try {
+                result =
+                        new EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable(
+                                socketClient,
+                                createMdnsPacketWriter(),
+                                serviceType,
+                                config.subtypes,
+                                config.expectUnicastResponse,
+                                config.transactionId,
+                                config.network,
+                                sendDiscoveryQueries,
+                                servicesToResolve)
+                                .call();
+            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+                sharedLog.e(String.format("Failed to run EnqueueMdnsQueryCallable for subtype: %s",
+                        TextUtils.join(",", config.subtypes)), e);
+                result = null;
+            }
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                if (MdnsConfigs.useSessionIdToScheduleMdnsTask()) {
+                    // In case that the task is not canceled successfully, use session ID to check
+                    // if this task should continue to schedule more.
+                    if (config.sessionId != currentSessionId) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (MdnsConfigs.shouldCancelScanTaskWhenFutureIsNull()) {
+                    if (requestTaskFuture == null) {
+                        // If requestTaskFuture is set to null, the task is cancelled. We can't use
+                        // isCancelled() here because this QueryTask is different from the future
+                        // that is returned from executor.schedule(). See b/71646910.
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ((result != null)) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+                        listeners.keyAt(i).onDiscoveryQuerySent(result.second, result.first);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (shouldRemoveServiceAfterTtlExpires()) {
+                    Iterator<MdnsResponse> iter = instanceNameToResponse.values().iterator();
+                    while (iter.hasNext()) {
+                        MdnsResponse existingResponse = iter.next();
+                        if (existingResponse.hasServiceRecord()
+                                && existingResponse
+                                .getServiceRecord()
+                                .getRemainingTTL(clock.elapsedRealtime())
+                                == 0) {
+                            iter.remove();
+                            for (int i = 0; i < listeners.size(); i++) {
+                                if (!responseMatchesOptions(existingResponse,
+                                        listeners.valueAt(i)))  {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listeners.keyAt(i);
+                                String serviceInstanceName =
+                                        existingResponse.getServiceInstanceName();
+                                if (serviceInstanceName != null) {
+                                    final MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo =
+                                            buildMdnsServiceInfoFromResponse(
+                                                    existingResponse, serviceTypeLabels);
+                                    if (existingResponse.isComplete()) {
+                                        sharedLog.log("TTL expired. onServiceRemoved: "
+                                                + serviceInstanceName);
+                                        listener.onServiceRemoved(serviceInfo);
+                                    }
+                                    sharedLog.log("TTL expired. onServiceNameRemoved: "
+                                            + serviceInstanceName);
+                                    listener.onServiceNameRemoved(serviceInfo);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                QueryTaskConfig config = this.config.getConfigForNextRun();
+                requestTaskFuture =
+                        executor.schedule(
+                                new QueryTask(config), config.timeToRunNextTaskInMs, MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocket.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocket.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd1354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocket.java
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsLogger;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.MulticastSocket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * {@link MdnsSocket} provides a similar interface to {@link MulticastSocket} and binds to all
+ * available multi-cast network interfaces.
+ *
+ * @see MulticastSocket for javadoc of each public method.
+ */
+public class MdnsSocket {
+    private static final MdnsLogger LOGGER = new MdnsLogger("MdnsSocket");
+
+    static final int INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED = -1;
+    public static final InetSocketAddress MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS =
+            new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+    public static final InetSocketAddress MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS =
+            new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+    private final MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider;
+    private final MulticastSocket multicastSocket;
+    private boolean isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork;
+
+    public MdnsSocket(
+            @NonNull MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider, int port)
+            throws IOException {
+        this(multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider, new MulticastSocket(port));
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    MdnsSocket(@NonNull MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider,
+            MulticastSocket multicastSocket) throws IOException {
+        this.multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider = multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider;
+        this.multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+        this.multicastSocket = multicastSocket;
+        // RFC Spec: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6762
+        // Time to live is set 255, which is similar to the jMDNS implementation.
+        multicastSocket.setTimeToLive(255);
+
+        // TODO (changed when importing code): consider tagging the socket for data usage
+        isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork = false;
+    }
+
+    public void send(DatagramPacket packet) throws IOException {
+        List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> networkInterfaces =
+                multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces();
+        for (NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterface : networkInterfaces) {
+            multicastSocket.setNetworkInterface(networkInterface.getNetworkInterface());
+            multicastSocket.send(packet);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void receive(DatagramPacket packet) throws IOException {
+        multicastSocket.receive(packet);
+    }
+
+    public void joinGroup() throws IOException {
+        List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> networkInterfaces =
+                multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces();
+        InetSocketAddress multicastAddress = MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS;
+        if (multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(networkInterfaces)) {
+            isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork = true;
+            multicastAddress = MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS;
+        } else {
+            isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork = false;
+        }
+        for (NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterface : networkInterfaces) {
+            multicastSocket.joinGroup(multicastAddress, networkInterface.getNetworkInterface());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void leaveGroup() throws IOException {
+        List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> networkInterfaces =
+                multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces();
+        InetSocketAddress multicastAddress = MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS;
+        if (multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(networkInterfaces)) {
+            multicastAddress = MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS;
+        }
+        for (NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterface : networkInterfaces) {
+            multicastSocket.leaveGroup(multicastAddress, networkInterface.getNetworkInterface());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        // This is a race with the use of the file descriptor (b/27403984).
+        multicastSocket.close();
+        multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.stopWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the index of the network interface that this socket is bound to. If the interface
+     * cannot be determined, returns -1.
+     */
+    public int getInterfaceIndex() {
+        try {
+            return multicastSocket.getNetworkInterface().getIndex();
+        } catch (SocketException e) {
+            LOGGER.e("Failed to retrieve interface index for socket.", e);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the available network that this socket is used to, or null if the network is unknown.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Network getNetwork() {
+        return multicastNetworkInterfaceProvider.getAvailableNetwork();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork() {
+        return isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClient.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClient.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..783b18a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClient.java
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.Manifest.permission;
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.wifi.WifiManager.MulticastLock;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.text.format.DateUtils;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsLogger;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * The {@link MdnsSocketClient} maintains separate threads to send and receive mDNS packets for all
+ * the requested service types.
+ *
+ * <p>See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6763 (namely sections 4 and 5).
+ */
+public class MdnsSocketClient implements MdnsSocketClientBase {
+
+    private static final String TAG = "MdnsClient";
+    // TODO: The following values are copied from cast module. We need to think about the
+    // better way to share those.
+    private static final String CAST_SENDER_LOG_SOURCE = "CAST_SENDER_SDK";
+    private static final String CAST_PREFS_NAME = "google_cast";
+    private static final String PREF_CAST_SENDER_ID = "PREF_CAST_SENDER_ID";
+    private static final MdnsLogger LOGGER = new MdnsLogger(TAG);
+    private static final String MULTICAST_TYPE = "multicast";
+    private static final String UNICAST_TYPE = "unicast";
+
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_FOR_SOCKET_THREAD_MS =
+            MdnsConfigs.sleepTimeForSocketThreadMs();
+    // A value of 0 leads to an infinite wait.
+    private static final long THREAD_JOIN_TIMEOUT_MS = DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS;
+    private static final int RECEIVER_BUFFER_SIZE = 2048;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final Queue<DatagramPacket> multicastPacketQueue = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final Queue<DatagramPacket> unicastPacketQueue = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    private final Context context;
+    private final byte[] multicastReceiverBuffer = new byte[RECEIVER_BUFFER_SIZE];
+    @Nullable private final byte[] unicastReceiverBuffer;
+    private final MulticastLock multicastLock;
+    private final boolean useSeparateSocketForUnicast =
+            MdnsConfigs.useSeparateSocketToSendUnicastQuery();
+    private final boolean checkMulticastResponse = MdnsConfigs.checkMulticastResponse();
+    private final long checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs =
+            MdnsConfigs.checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs();
+    private final boolean propagateInterfaceIndex =
+            MdnsConfigs.allowNetworkInterfaceIndexPropagation();
+    private final Object socketLock = new Object();
+    private final Object timerObject = new Object();
+    // If multicast response was received in the current session. The value is reset in the
+    // beginning of each session.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean receivedMulticastResponse;
+    // If unicast response was received in the current session. The value is reset in the beginning
+    // of each session.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean receivedUnicastResponse;
+    // If the phone is the bad state where it can't receive any multicast response.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    AtomicBoolean cannotReceiveMulticastResponse = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    @VisibleForTesting @Nullable volatile Thread sendThread;
+    @VisibleForTesting @Nullable Thread multicastReceiveThread;
+    @VisibleForTesting @Nullable Thread unicastReceiveThread;
+    private volatile boolean shouldStopSocketLoop;
+    @Nullable private Callback callback;
+    @Nullable private MdnsSocket multicastSocket;
+    @Nullable private MdnsSocket unicastSocket;
+    private int receivedPacketNumber = 0;
+    @Nullable private Timer logMdnsPacketTimer;
+    private AtomicInteger packetsCount;
+    @Nullable private Timer checkMulticastResponseTimer;
+
+    public MdnsSocketClient(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull MulticastLock multicastLock) {
+        this.context = context;
+        this.multicastLock = multicastLock;
+        if (useSeparateSocketForUnicast) {
+            unicastReceiverBuffer = new byte[RECEIVER_BUFFER_SIZE];
+        } else {
+            unicastReceiverBuffer = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void setCallback(@Nullable Callback callback) {
+        this.callback = callback;
+    }
+
+    @RequiresPermission(permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE)
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void startDiscovery() throws IOException {
+        if (multicastSocket != null) {
+            LOGGER.w("Discovery is already in progress.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        receivedMulticastResponse = false;
+        receivedUnicastResponse = false;
+        cannotReceiveMulticastResponse.set(false);
+
+        shouldStopSocketLoop = false;
+        try {
+            // TODO (changed when importing code): consider setting thread stats tag
+            multicastSocket = createMdnsSocket(MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+            multicastSocket.joinGroup();
+            if (useSeparateSocketForUnicast) {
+                // For unicast, use port 0 and the system will assign it with any available port.
+                unicastSocket = createMdnsSocket(0);
+            }
+            multicastLock.acquire();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            multicastLock.release();
+            if (multicastSocket != null) {
+                multicastSocket.close();
+                multicastSocket = null;
+            }
+            if (unicastSocket != null) {
+                unicastSocket.close();
+                unicastSocket = null;
+            }
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            // TODO (changed when importing code): consider resetting thread stats tag
+        }
+        createAndStartSendThread();
+        createAndStartReceiverThreads();
+    }
+
+    @RequiresPermission(permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE)
+    @Override
+    public void stopDiscovery() {
+        LOGGER.log("Stop discovery.");
+        if (multicastSocket == null && unicastSocket == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (MdnsConfigs.clearMdnsPacketQueueAfterDiscoveryStops()) {
+            synchronized (multicastPacketQueue) {
+                multicastPacketQueue.clear();
+            }
+            synchronized (unicastPacketQueue) {
+                unicastPacketQueue.clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        multicastLock.release();
+
+        shouldStopSocketLoop = true;
+        waitForSendThreadToStop();
+        waitForReceiverThreadsToStop();
+
+        synchronized (socketLock) {
+            multicastSocket = null;
+            unicastSocket = null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (timerObject) {
+            if (checkMulticastResponseTimer != null) {
+                checkMulticastResponseTimer.cancel();
+                checkMulticastResponseTimer = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Sends a mDNS request packet that asks for multicast response. */
+    @Override
+    public void sendMulticastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet) {
+        sendMdnsPacket(packet, multicastPacketQueue);
+    }
+
+    /** Sends a mDNS request packet that asks for unicast response. */
+    @Override
+    public void sendUnicastPacket(DatagramPacket packet) {
+        if (useSeparateSocketForUnicast) {
+            sendMdnsPacket(packet, unicastPacketQueue);
+        } else {
+            sendMdnsPacket(packet, multicastPacketQueue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendMdnsPacket(DatagramPacket packet, Queue<DatagramPacket> packetQueueToUse) {
+        if (shouldStopSocketLoop && !MdnsConfigs.allowAddMdnsPacketAfterDiscoveryStops()) {
+            LOGGER.w("sendMdnsPacket() is called after discovery already stopped");
+            return;
+        }
+        synchronized (packetQueueToUse) {
+            while (packetQueueToUse.size() >= MdnsConfigs.mdnsPacketQueueMaxSize()) {
+                packetQueueToUse.remove();
+            }
+            packetQueueToUse.add(packet);
+        }
+        triggerSendThread();
+    }
+
+    private void createAndStartSendThread() {
+        if (sendThread != null) {
+            LOGGER.w("A socket thread already exists.");
+            return;
+        }
+        sendThread = new Thread(this::sendThreadMain);
+        sendThread.setName("mdns-send");
+        sendThread.start();
+    }
+
+    private void createAndStartReceiverThreads() {
+        if (multicastReceiveThread != null) {
+            LOGGER.w("A multicast receiver thread already exists.");
+            return;
+        }
+        multicastReceiveThread =
+                new Thread(() -> receiveThreadMain(multicastReceiverBuffer, multicastSocket));
+        multicastReceiveThread.setName("mdns-multicast-receive");
+        multicastReceiveThread.start();
+
+        if (useSeparateSocketForUnicast) {
+            unicastReceiveThread =
+                    new Thread(
+                            () -> {
+                                if (unicastReceiverBuffer != null) {
+                                    receiveThreadMain(unicastReceiverBuffer, unicastSocket);
+                                }
+                            });
+            unicastReceiveThread.setName("mdns-unicast-receive");
+            unicastReceiveThread.start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void triggerSendThread() {
+        LOGGER.log("Trigger send thread.");
+        Thread sendThread = this.sendThread;
+        if (sendThread != null) {
+            sendThread.interrupt();
+        } else {
+            LOGGER.w("Socket thread is null");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForReceiverThreadsToStop() {
+        if (multicastReceiveThread != null) {
+            waitForThread(multicastReceiveThread);
+            multicastReceiveThread = null;
+        }
+
+        if (unicastReceiveThread != null) {
+            waitForThread(unicastReceiveThread);
+            unicastReceiveThread = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForSendThreadToStop() {
+        LOGGER.log("wait For Send Thread To Stop");
+        if (sendThread == null) {
+            LOGGER.w("socket thread is already dead.");
+            return;
+        }
+        waitForThread(sendThread);
+        sendThread = null;
+    }
+
+    private void waitForThread(Thread thread) {
+        long startMs = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        long waitMs = THREAD_JOIN_TIMEOUT_MS;
+        while (thread.isAlive() && (waitMs > 0)) {
+            try {
+                thread.interrupt();
+                thread.join(waitMs);
+                if (thread.isAlive()) {
+                    LOGGER.w("Failed to join thread: " + thread);
+                }
+                break;
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                // Compute remaining time after at least a single join call, in case the clock
+                // resolution is poor.
+                waitMs = THREAD_JOIN_TIMEOUT_MS - (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - startMs);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendThreadMain() {
+        List<DatagramPacket> multicastPacketsToSend = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<DatagramPacket> unicastPacketsToSend = new ArrayList<>();
+        boolean shouldThreadSleep;
+        try {
+            while (!shouldStopSocketLoop) {
+                try {
+                    // Make a local copy of all packets, and clear the queue.
+                    // Send packets that ask for multicast response.
+                    multicastPacketsToSend.clear();
+                    synchronized (multicastPacketQueue) {
+                        multicastPacketsToSend.addAll(multicastPacketQueue);
+                        multicastPacketQueue.clear();
+                    }
+
+                    // Send packets that ask for unicast response.
+                    if (useSeparateSocketForUnicast) {
+                        unicastPacketsToSend.clear();
+                        synchronized (unicastPacketQueue) {
+                            unicastPacketsToSend.addAll(unicastPacketQueue);
+                            unicastPacketQueue.clear();
+                        }
+                        if (unicastSocket != null) {
+                            sendPackets(unicastPacketsToSend, unicastSocket);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Send multicast packets.
+                    if (multicastSocket != null) {
+                        sendPackets(multicastPacketsToSend, multicastSocket);
+                    }
+
+                    // Sleep ONLY if no more packets have been added to the queue, while packets
+                    // were being sent.
+                    synchronized (multicastPacketQueue) {
+                        synchronized (unicastPacketQueue) {
+                            shouldThreadSleep =
+                                    multicastPacketQueue.isEmpty() && unicastPacketQueue.isEmpty();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (shouldThreadSleep) {
+                        Thread.sleep(SLEEP_TIME_FOR_SOCKET_THREAD_MS);
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    // Don't log the interruption as it's expected.
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            LOGGER.log("Send thread stopped.");
+            try {
+                if (multicastSocket != null) {
+                    multicastSocket.leaveGroup();
+                }
+            } catch (Exception t) {
+                LOGGER.e("Failed to leave the group.", t);
+            }
+
+            // Close the socket first. This is the only way to interrupt a blocking receive.
+            try {
+                // This is a race with the use of the file descriptor (b/27403984).
+                if (multicastSocket != null) {
+                    multicastSocket.close();
+                }
+                if (unicastSocket != null) {
+                    unicastSocket.close();
+                }
+            } catch (RuntimeException t) {
+                LOGGER.e("Failed to close the mdns socket.", t);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void receiveThreadMain(byte[] receiverBuffer, @Nullable MdnsSocket socket) {
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(receiverBuffer, receiverBuffer.length);
+
+        while (!shouldStopSocketLoop) {
+            try {
+                // This is a race with the use of the file descriptor (b/27403984).
+                synchronized (socketLock) {
+                    // This checks is to make sure the socket was not set to null.
+                    if (socket != null && (socket == multicastSocket || socket == unicastSocket)) {
+                        socket.receive(packet);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!shouldStopSocketLoop) {
+                    String responseType = socket == multicastSocket ? MULTICAST_TYPE : UNICAST_TYPE;
+                    processResponsePacket(
+                            packet,
+                            responseType,
+                            /* interfaceIndex= */ (socket == null || !propagateInterfaceIndex)
+                                    ? MdnsSocket.INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED
+                                    : socket.getInterfaceIndex(),
+                            /* network= */ socket.getNetwork());
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                if (!shouldStopSocketLoop) {
+                    LOGGER.e("Failed to receive mDNS packets.", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        LOGGER.log("Receive thread stopped.");
+    }
+
+    private int processResponsePacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet, String responseType,
+            int interfaceIndex, @Nullable Network network) {
+        int packetNumber = ++receivedPacketNumber;
+
+        final MdnsPacket response;
+        try {
+            response = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(packet.getData(), packet.getLength());
+        } catch (MdnsPacket.ParseException e) {
+            LOGGER.w(String.format("Error while decoding %s packet (%d): %d",
+                    responseType, packetNumber, e.code));
+            if (callback != null) {
+                callback.onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(packetNumber, e.code, network);
+            }
+            return e.code;
+        }
+
+        if (response == null) {
+            return MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_NOT_RESPONSE_MESSAGE;
+        }
+
+        if (callback != null) {
+            callback.onResponseReceived(response, interfaceIndex, network);
+        }
+
+        return MdnsResponseErrorCode.SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    MdnsSocket createMdnsSocket(int port) throws IOException {
+        return new MdnsSocket(new MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider(context), port);
+    }
+
+    private void sendPackets(List<DatagramPacket> packets, MdnsSocket socket) {
+        String requestType = socket == multicastSocket ? "multicast" : "unicast";
+        for (DatagramPacket packet : packets) {
+            if (shouldStopSocketLoop) {
+                break;
+            }
+            try {
+                LOGGER.log("Sending a %s mDNS packet...", requestType);
+                socket.send(packet);
+
+                // Start the timer task to monitor the response.
+                synchronized (timerObject) {
+                    if (socket == multicastSocket) {
+                        if (cannotReceiveMulticastResponse.get()) {
+                            // Don't schedule the timer task if we are already in the bad state.
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        if (checkMulticastResponseTimer != null) {
+                            // Don't schedule the timer task if it's already scheduled.
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        if (checkMulticastResponse && useSeparateSocketForUnicast) {
+                            // Only when useSeparateSocketForUnicast is true, we can tell if we
+                            // received a multicast or unicast response.
+                            checkMulticastResponseTimer = new Timer();
+                            checkMulticastResponseTimer.schedule(
+                                    new TimerTask() {
+                                        @Override
+                                        public void run() {
+                                            synchronized (timerObject) {
+                                                if (checkMulticastResponseTimer == null) {
+                                                    // Discovery already stopped.
+                                                    return;
+                                                }
+                                                if ((!receivedMulticastResponse)
+                                                        && receivedUnicastResponse) {
+                                                    LOGGER.e(String.format(
+                                                            "Haven't received multicast response"
+                                                                    + " in the last %d ms.",
+                                                            checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs));
+                                                    cannotReceiveMulticastResponse.set(true);
+                                                }
+                                                checkMulticastResponseTimer = null;
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    },
+                                    checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.e(String.format("Failed to send a %s mDNS packet.", requestType), e);
+            }
+        }
+        packets.clear();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork() {
+        return multicastSocket != null && multicastSocket.isOnIPv6OnlyNetwork();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientBase.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebafc49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for multicast socket client.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public interface MdnsSocketClientBase {
+    /*** Start mDns discovery on given network. */
+    default void startDiscovery() throws IOException { }
+
+    /*** Stop mDns discovery. */
+    default void stopDiscovery() { }
+
+    /*** Set callback for receiving mDns response */
+    void setCallback(@Nullable Callback callback);
+
+    /*** Sends a mDNS request packet that asks for multicast response. */
+    void sendMulticastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet);
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a mDNS request packet via given network that asks for multicast response. Null network
+     * means sending packet via all networks.
+     */
+    default void sendMulticastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet, @Nullable Network network) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                "This socket client doesn't support per-network sending");
+    }
+
+    /*** Sends a mDNS request packet that asks for unicast response. */
+    void sendUnicastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet);
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a mDNS request packet via given network that asks for unicast response. Null network
+     * means sending packet via all networks.
+     */
+    default void sendUnicastPacket(@NonNull DatagramPacket packet, @Nullable Network network) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                "This socket client doesn't support per-network sending");
+    }
+
+    /*** Notify that the given network is requested for mdns discovery / resolution */
+    default void notifyNetworkRequested(@NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener,
+            @Nullable Network network, @NonNull SocketCreationCallback socketCreationCallback) {
+        socketCreationCallback.onSocketCreated(network);
+    }
+
+    /*** Notify that the network is unrequested */
+    default void notifyNetworkUnrequested(@NonNull MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener) { }
+
+    /*** Callback for mdns response  */
+    interface Callback {
+        /*** Receive a mdns response */
+        void onResponseReceived(@NonNull MdnsPacket packet, int interfaceIndex,
+                @Nullable Network network);
+
+        /*** Parse a mdns response failed */
+        void onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(int receivedPacketNumber, int errorCode,
+                @Nullable Network network);
+    }
+
+    /*** Callback for requested socket creation  */
+    interface SocketCreationCallback {
+        /*** Notify requested socket is created */
+        void onSocketCreated(@Nullable Network network);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProvider.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProvider.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d090a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProvider.java
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.isNetworkMatched;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.net.TetheringManager;
+import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringEventCallback;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareResult;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * The {@link MdnsSocketProvider} manages the multiple sockets for mDns.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is not thread safe, it is intended to be used only from the looper thread.
+ * However, the constructor is an exception, as it is called on another thread;
+ * therefore for thread safety all members of this class MUST either be final or initialized
+ * to their default value (0, false or null).
+ *
+ */
+public class MdnsSocketProvider {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsSocketProvider.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final boolean DBG = MdnsDiscoveryManager.DBG;
+    // This buffer size matches what MdnsSocketClient uses currently.
+    // But 1440 should generally be enough because of standard Ethernet.
+    // Note: mdnsresponder mDNSEmbeddedAPI.h uses 8940 for Ethernet jumbo frames.
+    private static final int READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 2048;
+    private static final SharedLog LOGGER = new SharedLog(TAG);
+    private static final int IFACE_IDX_NOT_EXIST = -1;
+    @NonNull private final Context mContext;
+    @NonNull private final Looper mLooper;
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull private final Dependencies mDependencies;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkCallback mNetworkCallback;
+    @NonNull private final TetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
+    @NonNull private final AbstractSocketNetlink mSocketNetlinkMonitor;
+    private final ArrayMap<Network, SocketInfo> mNetworkSockets = new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final ArrayMap<String, SocketInfo> mTetherInterfaceSockets = new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final ArrayMap<Network, LinkProperties> mActiveNetworksLinkProperties =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final ArrayMap<Network, int[]> mActiveNetworksTransports = new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final ArrayMap<SocketCallback, Network> mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+    private final List<String> mLocalOnlyInterfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final List<String> mTetheredInterfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+    // mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties should not be cleared in maybeStopMonitoringSockets() because
+    // the netlink monitor is never stop and the old states must be kept.
+    private final SparseArray<LinkProperties> mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties = new SparseArray<>();
+    private final byte[] mPacketReadBuffer = new byte[READ_BUFFER_SIZE];
+    private boolean mMonitoringSockets = false;
+    private boolean mRequestStop = false;
+
+    public MdnsSocketProvider(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Looper looper) {
+        this(context, looper, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    MdnsSocketProvider(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Looper looper,
+            @NonNull Dependencies deps) {
+        mContext = context;
+        mLooper = looper;
+        mHandler = new Handler(looper);
+        mDependencies = deps;
+        mNetworkCallback = new NetworkCallback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onLost(Network network) {
+                mActiveNetworksLinkProperties.remove(network);
+                mActiveNetworksTransports.remove(network);
+                removeNetworkSocket(network);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onCapabilitiesChanged(@NonNull Network network,
+                    @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+                mActiveNetworksTransports.put(network, networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes());
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(Network network, LinkProperties lp) {
+                handleLinkPropertiesChanged(network, lp);
+            }
+        };
+        mTetheringEventCallback = new TetheringEventCallback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onLocalOnlyInterfacesChanged(@NonNull List<String> interfaces) {
+                handleTetherInterfacesChanged(mLocalOnlyInterfaces, interfaces);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onTetheredInterfacesChanged(@NonNull List<String> interfaces) {
+                handleTetherInterfacesChanged(mTetheredInterfaces, interfaces);
+            }
+        };
+
+        mSocketNetlinkMonitor = mDependencies.createSocketNetlinkMonitor(mHandler, LOGGER,
+                new NetLinkMessageProcessor());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies of MdnsSocketProvider, for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /*** Get network interface by given interface name */
+        public NetworkInterfaceWrapper getNetworkInterfaceByName(@NonNull String interfaceName)
+                throws SocketException {
+            final NetworkInterface ni = NetworkInterface.getByName(interfaceName);
+            return ni == null ? null : new NetworkInterfaceWrapper(ni);
+        }
+
+        /*** Create a MdnsInterfaceSocket */
+        public MdnsInterfaceSocket createMdnsInterfaceSocket(
+                @NonNull NetworkInterface networkInterface, int port, @NonNull Looper looper,
+                @NonNull byte[] packetReadBuffer) throws IOException {
+            return new MdnsInterfaceSocket(networkInterface, port, looper, packetReadBuffer);
+        }
+
+        /*** Get network interface by given interface name */
+        public int getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(@NonNull final String ifaceName) {
+            final NetworkInterface iface;
+            try {
+                iface = NetworkInterface.getByName(ifaceName);
+            } catch (SocketException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Error querying interface", e);
+                return IFACE_IDX_NOT_EXIST;
+            }
+            if (iface == null) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Interface not found: " + ifaceName);
+                return IFACE_IDX_NOT_EXIST;
+            }
+            return iface.getIndex();
+        }
+        /*** Creates a SocketNetlinkMonitor */
+        public AbstractSocketNetlink createSocketNetlinkMonitor(@NonNull final Handler handler,
+                @NonNull final SharedLog log,
+                @NonNull final NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+            return SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.createNetLinkMonitor(handler, log, cb);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * The callback interface for the netlink monitor messages.
+     */
+    public interface NetLinkMonitorCallBack {
+        /**
+         * Handles the interface address add or update.
+         */
+        void addOrUpdateInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx, @NonNull LinkAddress newAddress);
+
+
+        /**
+         * Handles the interface address delete.
+         */
+        void deleteInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx, @NonNull LinkAddress deleteAddress);
+    }
+    private class NetLinkMessageProcessor implements NetLinkMonitorCallBack {
+
+        @Override
+        public void addOrUpdateInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx,
+                @NonNull final LinkAddress newAddress) {
+
+            LinkProperties linkProperties;
+            linkProperties = mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.get(ifaceIdx);
+            if (linkProperties == null) {
+                linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+                mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.put(ifaceIdx, linkProperties);
+            }
+            boolean updated = linkProperties.addLinkAddress(newAddress);
+
+            if (!updated) {
+                return;
+            }
+            maybeUpdateTetheringSocketAddress(ifaceIdx, linkProperties.getLinkAddresses());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void deleteInterfaceAddress(int ifaceIdx, @NonNull LinkAddress deleteAddress) {
+            LinkProperties linkProperties;
+            boolean updated = false;
+            linkProperties = mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.get(ifaceIdx);
+            if (linkProperties != null) {
+                updated = linkProperties.removeLinkAddress(deleteAddress);
+                if (linkProperties.getLinkAddresses().isEmpty()) {
+                    mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.remove(ifaceIdx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (linkProperties == null || !updated) {
+                return;
+            }
+            maybeUpdateTetheringSocketAddress(ifaceIdx, linkProperties.getLinkAddresses());
+
+        }
+    }
+    /*** Data class for storing socket related info  */
+    private static class SocketInfo {
+        final MdnsInterfaceSocket mSocket;
+        final List<LinkAddress> mAddresses;
+
+        SocketInfo(MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            mSocket = socket;
+            mAddresses = new ArrayList<>(addresses);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*** Start monitoring sockets by listening callbacks for sockets creation or removal */
+    public void startMonitoringSockets() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        mRequestStop = false; // Reset stop request flag.
+        if (mMonitoringSockets) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Already monitoring sockets.");
+            return;
+        }
+        LOGGER.i("Start monitoring sockets.");
+        mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class).registerNetworkCallback(
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build(),
+                mNetworkCallback, mHandler);
+
+        final TetheringManager tetheringManager = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
+        tetheringManager.registerTetheringEventCallback(mHandler::post, mTetheringEventCallback);
+
+        if (mSocketNetlinkMonitor.isSupported()) {
+            mHandler.post(mSocketNetlinkMonitor::startMonitoring);
+        }
+        mMonitoringSockets = true;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Start netlink monitor.
+     */
+    public void startNetLinkMonitor() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        if (mSocketNetlinkMonitor.isSupported()) {
+            mSocketNetlinkMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeStopMonitoringSockets() {
+        if (!mMonitoringSockets) return; // Already unregistered.
+        if (!mRequestStop) return; // No stop request.
+
+        // Only unregister the network callback if there is no socket request.
+        if (mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.isEmpty()) {
+            LOGGER.i("Stop monitoring sockets.");
+            mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class)
+                    .unregisterNetworkCallback(mNetworkCallback);
+
+            final TetheringManager tetheringManager = mContext.getSystemService(
+                    TetheringManager.class);
+            tetheringManager.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(mTetheringEventCallback);
+            // Clear all saved status.
+            mActiveNetworksLinkProperties.clear();
+            mNetworkSockets.clear();
+            mTetherInterfaceSockets.clear();
+            mLocalOnlyInterfaces.clear();
+            mTetheredInterfaces.clear();
+            mMonitoringSockets = false;
+        }
+        // The netlink monitor is not stopped here because the MdnsSocketProvider need to listen
+        // to all the netlink updates when the system is up and running.
+    }
+
+    /*** Request to stop monitoring sockets and unregister callbacks */
+    public void requestStopWhenInactive() {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        if (!mMonitoringSockets) {
+            Log.d(TAG, "Monitoring sockets hasn't been started.");
+            return;
+        }
+        mRequestStop = true;
+        maybeStopMonitoringSockets();
+    }
+
+    private boolean matchRequestedNetwork(Network network) {
+        return hasAllNetworksRequest()
+                || mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.containsValue(network);
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasAllNetworksRequest() {
+        return mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.containsValue(null);
+    }
+
+    private void handleLinkPropertiesChanged(Network network, LinkProperties lp) {
+        mActiveNetworksLinkProperties.put(network, lp);
+        if (!matchRequestedNetwork(network)) {
+            if (DBG) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Ignore LinkProperties change. There is no request for the"
+                        + " Network:" + network);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final NetworkAsKey networkKey = new NetworkAsKey(network);
+        final SocketInfo socketInfo = mNetworkSockets.get(network);
+        if (socketInfo == null) {
+            createSocket(networkKey, lp);
+        } else {
+            updateSocketInfoAddress(network, socketInfo, lp.getLinkAddresses());
+        }
+    }
+    private void maybeUpdateTetheringSocketAddress(int ifaceIndex,
+            @NonNull final List<LinkAddress> updatedAddresses) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mTetherInterfaceSockets.size(); ++i) {
+            String tetheringInterfaceName = mTetherInterfaceSockets.keyAt(i);
+            if (mDependencies.getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(tetheringInterfaceName)
+                    == ifaceIndex) {
+                updateSocketInfoAddress(null /* network */,
+                        mTetherInterfaceSockets.valueAt(i), updatedAddresses);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateSocketInfoAddress(@Nullable final Network network,
+            @NonNull final SocketInfo socketInfo,
+            @NonNull final List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        // Update the addresses of this socket.
+        socketInfo.mAddresses.clear();
+        socketInfo.mAddresses.addAll(addresses);
+        // Try to join the group again.
+        socketInfo.mSocket.joinGroup(addresses);
+
+        notifyAddressesChanged(network, socketInfo.mSocket, addresses);
+    }
+    private LinkProperties createLPForTetheredInterface(@NonNull final String interfaceName,
+            int ifaceIndex) {
+        final LinkProperties linkProperties =
+                new LinkProperties(mIfaceIdxToLinkProperties.get(ifaceIndex));
+        linkProperties.setInterfaceName(interfaceName);
+        return linkProperties;
+    }
+
+    private void handleTetherInterfacesChanged(List<String> current, List<String> updated) {
+        if (!hasAllNetworksRequest()) {
+            // Currently, the network for tethering can not be requested, so the sockets for
+            // tethering are only created if there is a request for all networks (interfaces).
+            // Therefore, this change can skip if there is no such request.
+            if (DBG) {
+                Log.d(TAG, "Ignore tether interfaces change. There is no request for all"
+                        + " networks.");
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final CompareResult<String> interfaceDiff = new CompareResult<>(
+                current, updated);
+        for (String name : interfaceDiff.added) {
+            int ifaceIndex = mDependencies.getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(name);
+            createSocket(LOCAL_NET, createLPForTetheredInterface(name, ifaceIndex));
+        }
+        for (String name : interfaceDiff.removed) {
+            removeTetherInterfaceSocket(name);
+        }
+        current.clear();
+        current.addAll(updated);
+    }
+
+    private void createSocket(NetworkKey networkKey, LinkProperties lp) {
+        final String interfaceName = lp.getInterfaceName();
+        if (interfaceName == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Can not create socket with null interface name.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            final NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterface =
+                    mDependencies.getNetworkInterfaceByName(interfaceName);
+            // There are no transports for tethered interfaces. Other interfaces should always
+            // have transports since LinkProperties updates are always sent after
+            // NetworkCapabilities updates.
+            final int[] transports;
+            if (networkKey == LOCAL_NET) {
+                transports = new int[0];
+            } else {
+                transports = mActiveNetworksTransports.getOrDefault(
+                        ((NetworkAsKey) networkKey).mNetwork, new int[0]);
+            }
+            if (networkInterface == null || !isMdnsCapableInterface(networkInterface, transports)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            LOGGER.log("Create socket on net:" + networkKey + ", ifName:" + interfaceName);
+            final MdnsInterfaceSocket socket = mDependencies.createMdnsInterfaceSocket(
+                    networkInterface.getNetworkInterface(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT, mLooper,
+                    mPacketReadBuffer);
+            final List<LinkAddress> addresses = lp.getLinkAddresses();
+            if (networkKey == LOCAL_NET) {
+                mTetherInterfaceSockets.put(interfaceName, new SocketInfo(socket, addresses));
+            } else {
+                mNetworkSockets.put(((NetworkAsKey) networkKey).mNetwork,
+                        new SocketInfo(socket, addresses));
+            }
+            // Try to join IPv4/IPv6 group.
+            socket.joinGroup(addresses);
+
+            // Notify the listeners which need this socket.
+            if (networkKey == LOCAL_NET) {
+                notifySocketCreated(null /* network */, socket, addresses);
+            } else {
+                notifySocketCreated(((NetworkAsKey) networkKey).mNetwork, socket, addresses);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.e("Create socket failed ifName:" + interfaceName, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isMdnsCapableInterface(
+            @NonNull NetworkInterfaceWrapper iface, @NonNull int[] transports) {
+        try {
+            // Never try mDNS on cellular, or on interfaces with incompatible flags
+            if (CollectionUtils.contains(transports, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                    || iface.isLoopback()
+                    || iface.isPointToPoint()
+                    || iface.isVirtual()
+                    || !iface.isUp()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise, always try mDNS on non-VPN Wifi.
+            if (!CollectionUtils.contains(transports, TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                    && CollectionUtils.contains(transports, TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // For other transports, or no transports (tethering downstreams), do mDNS based on the
+            // interface flags. This is not always reliable (for example some Wifi interfaces may
+            // not have the MULTICAST flag even though they can do mDNS, and some cellular
+            // interfaces may have the BROADCAST or MULTICAST flags), so checks are done based on
+            // transports above in priority.
+            return iface.supportsMulticast();
+        } catch (SocketException e) {
+            LOGGER.e("Error checking interface flags", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void removeNetworkSocket(Network network) {
+        final SocketInfo socketInfo = mNetworkSockets.remove(network);
+        if (socketInfo == null) return;
+
+        socketInfo.mSocket.destroy();
+        notifyInterfaceDestroyed(network, socketInfo.mSocket);
+        LOGGER.log("Remove socket on net:" + network);
+    }
+
+    private void removeTetherInterfaceSocket(String interfaceName) {
+        final SocketInfo socketInfo = mTetherInterfaceSockets.remove(interfaceName);
+        if (socketInfo == null) return;
+        socketInfo.mSocket.destroy();
+        notifyInterfaceDestroyed(null /* network */, socketInfo.mSocket);
+        LOGGER.log("Remove socket on ifName:" + interfaceName);
+    }
+
+    private void notifySocketCreated(Network network, MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
+            List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.size(); i++) {
+            final Network requestedNetwork = mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.valueAt(i);
+            if (isNetworkMatched(requestedNetwork, network)) {
+                mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.keyAt(i).onSocketCreated(network, socket, addresses);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyInterfaceDestroyed(Network network, MdnsInterfaceSocket socket) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.size(); i++) {
+            final Network requestedNetwork = mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.valueAt(i);
+            if (isNetworkMatched(requestedNetwork, network)) {
+                mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.keyAt(i).onInterfaceDestroyed(network, socket);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyAddressesChanged(Network network, MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
+            List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.size(); i++) {
+            final Network requestedNetwork = mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.valueAt(i);
+            if (isNetworkMatched(requestedNetwork, network)) {
+                mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.keyAt(i)
+                        .onAddressesChanged(network, socket, addresses);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void retrieveAndNotifySocketFromNetwork(Network network, SocketCallback cb) {
+        final SocketInfo socketInfo = mNetworkSockets.get(network);
+        if (socketInfo == null) {
+            final LinkProperties lp = mActiveNetworksLinkProperties.get(network);
+            if (lp == null) {
+                // The requested network is not existed. Maybe wait for LinkProperties change later.
+                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "There is no LinkProperties for this network:" + network);
+                return;
+            }
+            createSocket(new NetworkAsKey(network), lp);
+        } else {
+            // Notify the socket for requested network.
+            cb.onSocketCreated(network, socketInfo.mSocket, socketInfo.mAddresses);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void retrieveAndNotifySocketFromInterface(String interfaceName, SocketCallback cb) {
+        final SocketInfo socketInfo = mTetherInterfaceSockets.get(interfaceName);
+        if (socketInfo == null) {
+            int ifaceIndex = mDependencies.getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(interfaceName);
+            createSocket(
+                    LOCAL_NET,
+                    createLPForTetheredInterface(interfaceName, ifaceIndex));
+        } else {
+            // Notify the socket for requested network.
+            cb.onSocketCreated(
+                    null /* network */, socketInfo.mSocket, socketInfo.mAddresses);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Request a socket for given network.
+     *
+     * @param network the required network for a socket. Null means create sockets on all possible
+     *                networks (interfaces).
+     * @param cb the callback to listen the socket creation.
+     */
+    public void requestSocket(@Nullable Network network, @NonNull SocketCallback cb) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.put(cb, network);
+        if (network == null) {
+            // Does not specify a required network, create sockets for all possible
+            // networks (interfaces).
+            for (int i = 0; i < mActiveNetworksLinkProperties.size(); i++) {
+                retrieveAndNotifySocketFromNetwork(mActiveNetworksLinkProperties.keyAt(i), cb);
+            }
+
+            for (String localInterface : mLocalOnlyInterfaces) {
+                retrieveAndNotifySocketFromInterface(localInterface, cb);
+            }
+
+            for (String tetheredInterface : mTetheredInterfaces) {
+                retrieveAndNotifySocketFromInterface(tetheredInterface, cb);
+            }
+        } else {
+            retrieveAndNotifySocketFromNetwork(network, cb);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*** Unrequest the socket */
+    public void unrequestSocket(@NonNull SocketCallback cb) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        mCallbacksToRequestedNetworks.remove(cb);
+        if (hasAllNetworksRequest()) {
+            // Still has a request for all networks (interfaces).
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Check if remaining requests are matched any of sockets.
+        for (int i = mNetworkSockets.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            final Network network = mNetworkSockets.keyAt(i);
+            if (matchRequestedNetwork(network)) continue;
+            final SocketInfo info = mNetworkSockets.removeAt(i);
+            info.mSocket.destroy();
+            // Still notify to unrequester for socket destroy.
+            cb.onInterfaceDestroyed(network, info.mSocket);
+            LOGGER.log("Remove socket on net:" + network + " after unrequestSocket");
+        }
+
+        // Remove all sockets for tethering interface because these sockets do not have associated
+        // networks, and they should invoke by a request for all networks (interfaces). If there is
+        // no such request, the sockets for tethering interface should be removed.
+        for (int i = mTetherInterfaceSockets.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            final SocketInfo info = mTetherInterfaceSockets.valueAt(i);
+            info.mSocket.destroy();
+            // Still notify to unrequester for socket destroy.
+            cb.onInterfaceDestroyed(null /* network */, info.mSocket);
+            LOGGER.log("Remove socket on ifName:" + mTetherInterfaceSockets.keyAt(i)
+                    + " after unrequestSocket");
+        }
+        mTetherInterfaceSockets.clear();
+
+        // Try to unregister network callback.
+        maybeStopMonitoringSockets();
+    }
+
+    /** Dump info to dumpsys */
+    public void dump(PrintWriter pw) {
+        LOGGER.reverseDump(pw);
+    }
+
+    /*** Callbacks for listening socket changes */
+    public interface SocketCallback {
+        /*** Notify the socket is created */
+        default void onSocketCreated(@Nullable Network network, @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
+                @NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {}
+        /*** Notify the interface is destroyed */
+        default void onInterfaceDestroyed(@Nullable Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket) {}
+        /*** Notify the addresses is changed on the network */
+        default void onAddressesChanged(@Nullable Network network,
+                @NonNull MdnsInterfaceSocket socket, @NonNull List<LinkAddress> addresses) {}
+    }
+
+    private interface NetworkKey {
+    }
+
+    private static final NetworkKey LOCAL_NET = new NetworkKey() {
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "NetworkKey:LOCAL_NET";
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static class NetworkAsKey implements NetworkKey {
+        private final Network mNetwork;
+
+        NetworkAsKey(Network network) {
+            this.mNetwork = network;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return mNetwork.hashCode();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+            if (!(other instanceof NetworkAsKey)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return mNetwork.equals(((NetworkAsKey) other).mNetwork);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "NetworkAsKey{ network=" + mNetwork + " }";
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsTextRecord.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsTextRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4149dbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsTextRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/** An mDNS "TXT" record, which contains a list of {@link TextEntry}. */
+@VisibleForTesting
+public class MdnsTextRecord extends MdnsRecord {
+    private List<TextEntry> entries;
+
+    public MdnsTextRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        this(name, reader, false);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsTextRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader, boolean isQuestion)
+            throws IOException {
+        super(name, TYPE_TXT, reader, isQuestion);
+    }
+
+    public MdnsTextRecord(String[] name, long receiptTimeMillis, boolean cacheFlush, long ttlMillis,
+            List<TextEntry> entries) {
+        super(name, TYPE_TXT, MdnsConstants.QCLASS_INTERNET, receiptTimeMillis, cacheFlush,
+                ttlMillis);
+        this.entries = entries;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the list of strings. */
+    public List<String> getStrings() {
+        final List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(entries.size());
+        for (TextEntry entry : entries) {
+            list.add(entry.toString());
+        }
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(list);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the list of TXT key-value pairs. */
+    public List<TextEntry> getEntries() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(entries);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void readData(MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+        entries = new ArrayList<>();
+        while (reader.getRemaining() > 0) {
+            TextEntry entry = reader.readTextEntry();
+            if (entry != null) {
+                entries.add(entry);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void writeData(MdnsPacketWriter writer) throws IOException {
+        if (entries != null) {
+            for (TextEntry entry : entries) {
+                writer.writeTextEntry(entry);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("TXT: {");
+        if (entries != null) {
+            for (TextEntry entry : entries) {
+                sb.append(' ').append(entry);
+            }
+        }
+        sb.append("}");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return (super.hashCode() * 31) + Objects.hash(entries);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
+        if (this == other) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (!(other instanceof MdnsTextRecord)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return super.equals(other) && Objects.equals(entries, ((MdnsTextRecord) other).entries);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f248c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.java
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.Network;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsLogger;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InterfaceAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * This class is used by the {@link MdnsSocket} to monitor the list of {@link NetworkInterface}
+ * instances that are currently available for multi-cast messaging.
+ */
+public class MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider {
+
+    private static final String TAG = "MdnsNIProvider";
+    private static final MdnsLogger LOGGER = new MdnsLogger(TAG);
+    private static final boolean PREFER_IPV6 = MdnsConfigs.preferIpv6();
+
+    private final List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> multicastNetworkInterfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+    // Only modifiable from tests.
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    ConnectivityMonitor connectivityMonitor;
+    private volatile boolean connectivityChanged = true;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("nullness:methodref.receiver.bound")
+    public MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider(@NonNull Context context) {
+        // IMPORT CHANGED
+        this.connectivityMonitor = new ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager(
+                context, this::onConnectivityChanged);
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void onConnectivityChanged() {
+        connectivityChanged = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts monitoring changes of connectivity of this device, which may indicate that the list of
+     * network interfaces available for multi-cast messaging has changed.
+     */
+    public void startWatchingConnectivityChanges() {
+        connectivityMonitor.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+    }
+
+    /** Stops monitoring changes of connectivity. */
+    public void stopWatchingConnectivityChanges() {
+        connectivityMonitor.stopWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the list of {@link NetworkInterfaceWrapper} instances available for multi-cast
+     * messaging.
+     */
+    public synchronized List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> getMulticastNetworkInterfaces() {
+        if (connectivityChanged) {
+            connectivityChanged = false;
+            updateMulticastNetworkInterfaces();
+            if (multicastNetworkInterfaces.isEmpty()) {
+                LOGGER.log("No network interface available for mDNS scanning.");
+            }
+        }
+        return new ArrayList<>(multicastNetworkInterfaces);
+    }
+
+    private void updateMulticastNetworkInterfaces() {
+        multicastNetworkInterfaces.clear();
+        List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> networkInterfaceWrappers = getNetworkInterfaces();
+        for (NetworkInterfaceWrapper interfaceWrapper : networkInterfaceWrappers) {
+            if (canScanOnInterface(interfaceWrapper)) {
+                multicastNetworkInterfaces.add(interfaceWrapper);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> networkInterfaces) {
+        if (networkInterfaces.isEmpty()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // TODO(b/79866499): Remove this when the bug is resolved.
+        if (PREFER_IPV6) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        boolean hasAtleastOneIPv6Address = false;
+        for (NetworkInterfaceWrapper interfaceWrapper : networkInterfaces) {
+            for (InterfaceAddress ifAddr : interfaceWrapper.getInterfaceAddresses()) {
+                if (!(ifAddr.getAddress() instanceof Inet6Address)) {
+                    return false;
+                } else {
+                    hasAtleastOneIPv6Address = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return hasAtleastOneIPv6Address;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> getNetworkInterfaces() {
+        List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> networkInterfaceWrappers = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            Enumeration<NetworkInterface> interfaces = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces();
+            if (interfaces != null) {
+                while (interfaces.hasMoreElements()) {
+                    networkInterfaceWrappers.add(
+                            new NetworkInterfaceWrapper(interfaces.nextElement()));
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (SocketException e) {
+            LOGGER.e("Failed to get network interfaces.", e);
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Android R has a bug that could lead to a NPE. See b/159277702.
+            LOGGER.e("Failed to call getNetworkInterfaces API", e);
+        }
+
+        return networkInterfaceWrappers;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public Network getAvailableNetwork() {
+        return connectivityMonitor.getAvailableNetwork();
+    }
+
+    /*** Check whether given network interface can support mdns */
+    private static boolean canScanOnInterface(@Nullable NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterface) {
+        try {
+            if ((networkInterface == null)
+                    || networkInterface.isLoopback()
+                    || networkInterface.isPointToPoint()
+                    || networkInterface.isVirtual()
+                    || !networkInterface.isUp()
+                    || !networkInterface.supportsMulticast()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return hasInet4Address(networkInterface) || hasInet6Address(networkInterface);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.e(String.format("Failed to check interface %s.",
+                    networkInterface.getNetworkInterface().getDisplayName()), e);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasInet4Address(@NonNull NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterface) {
+        for (InterfaceAddress ifAddr : networkInterface.getInterfaceAddresses()) {
+            if (ifAddr.getAddress() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasInet6Address(@NonNull NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterface) {
+        for (InterfaceAddress ifAddr : networkInterface.getInterfaceAddresses()) {
+            if (ifAddr.getAddress() instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastPacketReader.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastPacketReader.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63119ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastPacketReader.java
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.ensureRunningOnHandlerThread;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.FdEventsReader;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/** Simple reader for mDNS packets. */
+public class MulticastPacketReader extends FdEventsReader<MulticastPacketReader.RecvBuffer> {
+    @NonNull
+    private final String mLogTag;
+    @NonNull
+    private final ParcelFileDescriptor mSocket;
+    @NonNull
+    private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull
+    private final Set<PacketHandler> mPacketHandlers = new ArraySet<>();
+
+    interface PacketHandler {
+        void handlePacket(byte[] recvbuf, int length, InetSocketAddress src);
+    }
+
+    public static final class RecvBuffer {
+        final byte[] data;
+        final InetSocketAddress src;
+
+        private RecvBuffer(byte[] data, InetSocketAddress src) {
+            this.data = data;
+            this.src = src;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new {@link MulticastPacketReader}.
+     * @param socket Socket to read from. This will *not* be closed when the reader terminates.
+     * @param buffer Buffer to read packets into. Will only be used from the handler thread.
+     * @param port the port number for the socket
+     */
+    protected MulticastPacketReader(@NonNull String interfaceTag,
+            @NonNull ParcelFileDescriptor socket, @NonNull Handler handler,
+            @NonNull byte[] buffer) {
+        // Set the port to zero as placeholder as the recvfrom() call will fill the actual port
+        // value later.
+        super(handler, new RecvBuffer(buffer, new InetSocketAddress(0 /* port */)));
+        mLogTag = MulticastPacketReader.class.getSimpleName() + "/" + interfaceTag;
+        mSocket = socket;
+        mHandler = handler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int recvBufSize(@NonNull RecvBuffer buffer) {
+        return buffer.data.length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected FileDescriptor createFd() {
+        // Keep a reference to the PFD as it would close the fd in its finalizer otherwise
+        return mSocket.getFileDescriptor();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onStop() {
+        // Do nothing (do not close the FD)
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int readPacket(@NonNull FileDescriptor fd, @NonNull RecvBuffer buffer)
+            throws Exception {
+        return Os.recvfrom(
+                fd, buffer.data, 0, buffer.data.length, 0 /* flags */, buffer.src);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void handlePacket(@NonNull RecvBuffer recvbuf, int length) {
+        for (PacketHandler handler : mPacketHandlers) {
+            handler.handlePacket(recvbuf.data, length, recvbuf.src);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a packet handler to deal with received packets. If the handler is already set,
+     * this is a no-op.
+     */
+    public void addPacketHandler(@NonNull PacketHandler handler) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        mPacketHandlers.add(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a packet handler added via {@link #addPacketHandler}. If the handler was not set,
+     * this is a no-op.
+     */
+    public void removePacketHandler(@NonNull PacketHandler handler) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(mHandler);
+        mPacketHandlers.remove(handler);
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/NameConflictException.java
similarity index 60%
copy from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
copy to service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/NameConflictException.java
index 443e5b3..c123d02 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapKey.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/NameConflictException.java
@@ -14,20 +14,17 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
-
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
 
 /**
- * Key for cookie tag map.
+ * An exception thrown when a service name conflicts with an existing service.
  */
-public class CookieTagMapKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S64)
-    public final long socketCookie;
-
-    public CookieTagMapKey(final long socketCookie) {
-        this.socketCookie = socketCookie;
+public class NameConflictException extends Exception {
+    /**
+     * ID of the existing service that conflicted.
+     */
+    public final int conflictingServiceId;
+    public NameConflictException(int conflictingServiceId) {
+        this.conflictingServiceId = conflictingServiceId;
     }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/NetworkInterfaceWrapper.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/NetworkInterfaceWrapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ecae48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/NetworkInterfaceWrapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import java.net.InterfaceAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/** A wrapper class of {@link NetworkInterface} to be mocked in unit tests. */
+public class NetworkInterfaceWrapper {
+    private final NetworkInterface networkInterface;
+
+    public NetworkInterfaceWrapper(NetworkInterface networkInterface) {
+        this.networkInterface = networkInterface;
+    }
+
+    public NetworkInterface getNetworkInterface() {
+        return networkInterface;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isUp() throws SocketException {
+        return networkInterface.isUp();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isLoopback() throws SocketException {
+        return networkInterface.isLoopback();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isPointToPoint() throws SocketException {
+        return networkInterface.isPointToPoint();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isVirtual() {
+        return networkInterface.isVirtual();
+    }
+
+    public boolean supportsMulticast() throws SocketException {
+        return networkInterface.supportsMulticast();
+    }
+
+    public List<InterfaceAddress> getInterfaceAddresses() {
+        return networkInterface.getInterfaceAddresses();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return networkInterface.toString();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bc7941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.os.Handler;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.internal.SocketNetlinkMonitor;
+
+/**
+ * The factory class for creating the netlink monitor.
+ */
+public class SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory {
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new netlink monitor.
+     */
+    public static AbstractSocketNetlink createNetLinkMonitor(@NonNull final Handler handler,
+            @NonNull SharedLog log, @NonNull MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+        return new SocketNetlinkMonitor(handler, log, cb);
+    }
+
+    private SocketNetLinkMonitorFactory() {
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40191cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/internal/SocketNetlinkMonitor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.internal;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.NetlinkMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.RtNetlinkAddressMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructIfaddrMsg;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.AbstractSocketNetlink;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider;
+
+/**
+ * The netlink monitor for MdnsSocketProvider.
+ */
+public class SocketNetlinkMonitor extends NetlinkMonitor implements AbstractSocketNetlink {
+
+    public static final String TAG = SocketNetlinkMonitor.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack mCb;
+    public SocketNetlinkMonitor(@NonNull final Handler handler,
+            @NonNull SharedLog log,
+            @NonNull final MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+        super(handler, log, TAG, OsConstants.NETLINK_ROUTE,
+                NetlinkConstants.RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR | NetlinkConstants.RTMGRP_IPV6_IFADDR);
+        mCb = cb;
+    }
+    @Override
+    public void processNetlinkMessage(NetlinkMessage nlMsg, long whenMs) {
+        if (nlMsg instanceof RtNetlinkAddressMessage) {
+            processRtNetlinkAddressMessage((RtNetlinkAddressMessage) nlMsg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the RTM_NEWADDR and RTM_DELADDR netlink message.
+     */
+    private void processRtNetlinkAddressMessage(RtNetlinkAddressMessage msg) {
+        final StructIfaddrMsg ifaddrMsg = msg.getIfaddrHeader();
+        final LinkAddress la = new LinkAddress(msg.getIpAddress(), ifaddrMsg.prefixLen,
+                msg.getFlags(), ifaddrMsg.scope);
+        if (!la.isPreferred()) {
+            // Skip the unusable ip address.
+            return;
+        }
+        switch (msg.getHeader().nlmsg_type) {
+            case NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR:
+                mCb.addOrUpdateInterfaceAddress(ifaddrMsg.index, la);
+                break;
+            case NetlinkConstants.RTM_DELADDR:
+                mCb.deleteInterfaceAddress(ifaddrMsg.index, la);
+                break;
+            default:
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unknown rtnetlink address msg type " + msg.getHeader().nlmsg_type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isSupported() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startMonitoring() {
+        this.start();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stopMonitoring() {
+        this.stop();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsLogger.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsLogger.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63107e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsLogger.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util;
+
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+
+/**
+ * The logger used in mDNS.
+ */
+public class MdnsLogger {
+    // Make this logger public for other level logging than dogfood.
+    public final SharedLog mLog;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@link MdnsLogger} with the given logging tag.
+     *
+     * @param tag The log tag that will be used by this logger
+     */
+    public MdnsLogger(String tag) {
+        mLog = new SharedLog(tag);
+    }
+
+    public void log(String message) {
+        mLog.log(message);
+    }
+
+    public void log(String message, @Nullable Object... args) {
+        mLog.log(message + " ; " + TextUtils.join(" ; ", args));
+    }
+
+    public void d(String message) {
+        mLog.log(message);
+    }
+
+    public void e(String message) {
+        mLog.e(message);
+    }
+
+    public void e(String message, Throwable e) {
+        mLog.e(message, e);
+    }
+
+    public void w(String message) {
+        mLog.w(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsUtils.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b9759d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Handler;
+
+/**
+ * Mdns utility functions.
+ */
+public class MdnsUtils {
+
+    private MdnsUtils() { }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert the string to DNS case-insensitive lowercase
+     *
+     * Per rfc6762#page-46, accented characters are not defined to be automatically equivalent to
+     * their unaccented counterparts. So the "DNS lowercase" should be if character is A-Z then they
+     * transform into a-z. Otherwise, they are kept as-is.
+     */
+    public static String toDnsLowerCase(@NonNull String string) {
+        final char[] outChars = new char[string.length()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++) {
+            outChars[i] = toDnsLowerCase(string.charAt(i));
+        }
+        return new String(outChars);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare two strings by DNS case-insensitive lowercase.
+     */
+    public static boolean equalsIgnoreDnsCase(@NonNull String a, @NonNull String b) {
+        if (a.length() != b.length()) return false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < a.length(); i++) {
+            if (toDnsLowerCase(a.charAt(i)) != toDnsLowerCase(b.charAt(i))) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static char toDnsLowerCase(char a) {
+        return a >= 'A' && a <= 'Z' ? (char) (a + ('a' - 'A')) : a;
+    }
+
+    /*** Ensure that current running thread is same as given handler thread */
+    public static void ensureRunningOnHandlerThread(@NonNull Handler handler) {
+        if (handler.getLooper().getThread() != Thread.currentThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Not running on Handler thread: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*** Check whether the target network is matched current network */
+    public static boolean isNetworkMatched(@Nullable Network targetNetwork,
+            @Nullable Network currentNetwork) {
+        return targetNetwork == null || targetNetwork.equals(currentNetwork);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetCallback.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetCallback.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5461156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetCallback.java
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.ethernet;
+
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkManagementException;
+import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+/** Convenience wrapper for INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver */
+@VisibleForTesting
+public class EthernetCallback {
+    private static final String TAG = EthernetCallback.class.getSimpleName();
+    private final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver mReceiver;
+
+    public EthernetCallback(INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver receiver) {
+        mReceiver = receiver;
+    }
+
+    /** Calls INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver#onResult */
+    public void onResult(String ifname) {
+        try {
+            if (mReceiver != null) {
+                mReceiver.onResult(ifname);
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to report error to OutcomeReceiver", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Calls INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver#onError */
+    public void onError(String msg) {
+        try {
+            if (mReceiver != null) {
+                mReceiver.onError(new EthernetNetworkManagementException(msg));
+            }
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to report error to OutcomeReceiver", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java
index 6006539..156b526 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetConfigStore.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME;
 
-import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.ApexEnvironment;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.os.Environment;
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@
 
     private IpConfigStore mStore = new IpConfigStore();
     private final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> mIpConfigurations;
-    private IpConfiguration mIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface;
     private final Object mSync = new Object();
 
     public EthernetConfigStore() {
@@ -107,12 +105,21 @@
     }
 
     private void loadConfigFileLocked(final String filepath) {
+        // readIpConfigurations can return null when the version is invalid.
         final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> configs =
                 IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(filepath);
+        if (configs == null) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "IpConfigStore#readIpConfigurations() returned null");
+            return;
+        }
         mIpConfigurations.putAll(configs);
     }
 
     public void write(String iface, IpConfiguration config) {
+        final File directory = new File(APEX_IP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH);
+        if (!directory.exists()) {
+            directory.mkdirs();
+        }
         write(iface, config, APEX_IP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH + CONFIG_FILE);
     }
 
@@ -139,9 +146,4 @@
             return new ArrayMap<>(mIpConfigurations);
         }
     }
-
-    @Nullable
-    public IpConfiguration getIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface() {
-        return null;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
index 81f4c94..6776920 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactory.java
@@ -20,11 +20,8 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.EthernetManager;
-import android.net.EthernetNetworkManagementException;
 import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier;
-import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings;
@@ -42,7 +39,6 @@
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Looper;
-import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.AndroidRuntimeException;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
@@ -53,6 +49,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.util.Objects;
@@ -60,7 +57,9 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 
 /**
- * {@link NetworkProvider} that manages NetworkOffers for Ethernet networks.
+ * Class that manages NetworkOffers for Ethernet networks.
+ *
+ * TODO: this class should be merged into EthernetTracker.
  */
 public class EthernetNetworkFactory {
     private final static String TAG = EthernetNetworkFactory.class.getSimpleName();
@@ -188,22 +187,19 @@
      *                     {@code null} is passed, then the network's current
      *                     {@link NetworkCapabilities} will be used in support of existing APIs as
      *                     the public API does not allow this.
-     * @param listener an optional {@link INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver} to notify callers of
-     *                 completion.
      */
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = VisibleForTesting.Visibility.PACKAGE)
     protected void updateInterface(@NonNull final String ifaceName,
             @Nullable final IpConfiguration ipConfig,
-            @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+            @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities) {
         if (!hasInterface(ifaceName)) {
-            maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForUntracked(ifaceName, listener);
             return;
         }
 
         final NetworkInterfaceState iface = mTrackingInterfaces.get(ifaceName);
-        iface.updateInterface(ipConfig, capabilities, listener);
+        iface.updateInterface(ipConfig, capabilities);
         mTrackingInterfaces.put(ifaceName, iface);
+        return;
     }
 
     private static NetworkCapabilities mixInCapabilities(NetworkCapabilities nc,
@@ -221,19 +217,23 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = VisibleForTesting.Visibility.PACKAGE)
-    protected void removeInterface(String interfaceName) {
+    protected boolean removeInterface(String interfaceName) {
         NetworkInterfaceState iface = mTrackingInterfaces.remove(interfaceName);
         if (iface != null) {
-            iface.destroy();
+            iface.unregisterNetworkOfferAndStop();
+            return true;
         }
+        // TODO(b/236892130): if an interface is currently in server mode, it may not be properly
+        // removed.
+        // TODO: when false is returned, do not send a STATE_ABSENT callback.
+        Log.w(TAG, interfaceName + " is not tracked and cannot be removed");
+        return false;
     }
 
     /** Returns true if state has been modified */
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = VisibleForTesting.Visibility.PACKAGE)
-    protected boolean updateInterfaceLinkState(@NonNull final String ifaceName, final boolean up,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+    protected boolean updateInterfaceLinkState(@NonNull final String ifaceName, final boolean up) {
         if (!hasInterface(ifaceName)) {
-            maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForUntracked(ifaceName, listener);
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -242,14 +242,7 @@
         }
 
         NetworkInterfaceState iface = mTrackingInterfaces.get(ifaceName);
-        return iface.updateLinkState(up, listener);
-    }
-
-    private void maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForUntracked(
-            String ifaceName, INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-        maybeSendNetworkManagementCallback(listener, null,
-                new EthernetNetworkManagementException(
-                        ifaceName + " can't be updated as it is not available."));
+        return iface.updateLinkState(up);
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -257,25 +250,6 @@
         return mTrackingInterfaces.containsKey(ifaceName);
     }
 
-    private static void maybeSendNetworkManagementCallback(
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener,
-            @Nullable final String iface,
-            @Nullable final EthernetNetworkManagementException e) {
-        if (null == listener) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        try {
-            if (iface != null) {
-                listener.onResult(iface);
-            } else {
-                listener.onError(e);
-            }
-        } catch (RemoteException re) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Can't send onComplete for network management callback", re);
-        }
-    }
-
     @VisibleForTesting
     static class NetworkInterfaceState {
         final String name;
@@ -285,20 +259,20 @@
         private final Context mContext;
         private final NetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
         private final Dependencies mDeps;
-        private final NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback mNetworkOfferCallback;
+        private NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback mNetworkOfferCallback;
 
         private static String sTcpBufferSizes = null;  // Lazy initialized.
 
         private boolean mLinkUp;
         private int mLegacyType;
         private LinkProperties mLinkProperties = new LinkProperties();
-        private Set<NetworkRequest> mRequests = new ArraySet<>();
+        private final Set<Integer> mRequestIds = new ArraySet<>();
 
         private volatile @Nullable IpClientManager mIpClient;
-        private @NonNull NetworkCapabilities mCapabilities;
+        private NetworkCapabilities mCapabilities;
         private @Nullable EthernetIpClientCallback mIpClientCallback;
         private @Nullable EthernetNetworkAgent mNetworkAgent;
-        private @Nullable IpConfiguration mIpConfig;
+        private IpConfiguration mIpConfig;
 
         /**
          * A map of TRANSPORT_* types to legacy transport types available for each type an ethernet
@@ -324,11 +298,6 @@
         private class EthernetIpClientCallback extends IpClientCallbacks {
             private final ConditionVariable mIpClientStartCv = new ConditionVariable(false);
             private final ConditionVariable mIpClientShutdownCv = new ConditionVariable(false);
-            @Nullable INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver mNetworkManagementListener;
-
-            EthernetIpClientCallback(@Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-                mNetworkManagementListener = listener;
-            }
 
             @Override
             public void onIpClientCreated(IIpClient ipClient) {
@@ -364,14 +333,14 @@
 
             @Override
             public void onProvisioningSuccess(LinkProperties newLp) {
-                handleIpEvent(() -> onIpLayerStarted(newLp, mNetworkManagementListener));
+                handleIpEvent(() -> onIpLayerStarted(newLp));
             }
 
             @Override
             public void onProvisioningFailure(LinkProperties newLp) {
                 // This cannot happen due to provisioning timeout, because our timeout is 0. It can
                 // happen due to errors while provisioning or on provisioning loss.
-                handleIpEvent(() -> onIpLayerStopped(mNetworkManagementListener));
+                handleIpEvent(() -> onIpLayerStopped());
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -392,8 +361,15 @@
         }
 
         private class EthernetNetworkOfferCallback implements NetworkProvider.NetworkOfferCallback {
+            private boolean isStale() {
+                return this != mNetworkOfferCallback;
+            }
+
             @Override
             public void onNetworkNeeded(@NonNull NetworkRequest request) {
+                if (isStale()) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 if (DBG) {
                     Log.d(TAG, String.format("%s: onNetworkNeeded for request: %s", name, request));
                 }
@@ -401,19 +377,26 @@
                 // existing requests.
                 // ConnectivityService filters requests for us based on the NetworkCapabilities
                 // passed in the registerNetworkOffer() call.
-                mRequests.add(request);
+                mRequestIds.add(request.requestId);
                 // if the network is already started, this is a no-op.
                 start();
             }
 
             @Override
             public void onNetworkUnneeded(@NonNull NetworkRequest request) {
+                if (isStale()) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 if (DBG) {
                     Log.d(TAG,
                             String.format("%s: onNetworkUnneeded for request: %s", name, request));
                 }
-                mRequests.remove(request);
-                if (mRequests.isEmpty()) {
+                if (!mRequestIds.remove(request.requestId)) {
+                    // This can only happen if onNetworkNeeded was not called for a request or if
+                    // the requestId changed. Both should *never* happen.
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "onNetworkUnneeded called for unknown request");
+                }
+                if (mRequestIds.isEmpty()) {
                     // not currently serving any requests, stop the network.
                     stop();
                 }
@@ -431,7 +414,6 @@
             mContext = context;
             mNetworkProvider = networkProvider;
             mDeps = deps;
-            mNetworkOfferCallback = new EthernetNetworkOfferCallback();
             mHwAddress = hwAddress;
         }
 
@@ -454,7 +436,7 @@
                     + "transport type.");
         }
 
-        private static NetworkScore getBestNetworkScore() {
+        private static NetworkScore getNetworkScore() {
             return new NetworkScore.Builder().build();
         }
 
@@ -465,20 +447,16 @@
             if (mLinkUp) {
                 // registering a new network offer will update the existing one, not install a
                 // new one.
-                mNetworkProvider.registerNetworkOffer(getBestNetworkScore(),
-                        new NetworkCapabilities(capabilities), cmd -> mHandler.post(cmd),
-                        mNetworkOfferCallback);
+                registerNetworkOffer();
             }
         }
 
         void updateInterface(@Nullable final IpConfiguration ipConfig,
-                @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities,
-                @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+                @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities) {
             if (DBG) {
                 Log.d(TAG, "updateInterface, iface: " + name
                         + ", ipConfig: " + ipConfig + ", old ipConfig: " + mIpConfig
                         + ", capabilities: " + capabilities + ", old capabilities: " + mCapabilities
-                        + ", listener: " + listener
                 );
             }
 
@@ -491,7 +469,7 @@
             // TODO: Update this logic to only do a restart if required. Although a restart may
             //  be required due to the capabilities or ipConfiguration values, not all
             //  capabilities changes require a restart.
-            restart(listener);
+            maybeRestart();
         }
 
         boolean isRestricted() {
@@ -499,10 +477,6 @@
         }
 
         private void start() {
-            start(null);
-        }
-
-        private void start(@Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
             if (mIpClient != null) {
                 if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "IpClient already started");
                 return;
@@ -511,18 +485,26 @@
                 Log.d(TAG, String.format("Starting Ethernet IpClient(%s)", name));
             }
 
-            mIpClientCallback = new EthernetIpClientCallback(listener);
+            mIpClientCallback = new EthernetIpClientCallback();
             mDeps.makeIpClient(mContext, name, mIpClientCallback);
             mIpClientCallback.awaitIpClientStart();
 
+            if (mIpConfig.getProxySettings() == ProxySettings.STATIC
+                    || mIpConfig.getProxySettings() == ProxySettings.PAC) {
+                mIpClient.setHttpProxy(mIpConfig.getHttpProxy());
+            }
+
             if (sTcpBufferSizes == null) {
                 sTcpBufferSizes = mDeps.getTcpBufferSizesFromResource(mContext);
             }
-            provisionIpClient(mIpClient, mIpConfig, sTcpBufferSizes);
+            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(sTcpBufferSizes)) {
+                mIpClient.setTcpBufferSizes(sTcpBufferSizes);
+            }
+
+            mIpClient.startProvisioning(createProvisioningConfiguration(mIpConfig));
         }
 
-        void onIpLayerStarted(@NonNull final LinkProperties linkProperties,
-                @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+        void onIpLayerStarted(@NonNull final LinkProperties linkProperties) {
             if (mNetworkAgent != null) {
                 Log.e(TAG, "Already have a NetworkAgent - aborting new request");
                 stop();
@@ -554,40 +536,18 @@
                     });
             mNetworkAgent.register();
             mNetworkAgent.markConnected();
-            realizeNetworkManagementCallback(name, null);
         }
 
-        void onIpLayerStopped(@Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+        void onIpLayerStopped() {
             // There is no point in continuing if the interface is gone as stop() will be triggered
             // by removeInterface() when processed on the handler thread and start() won't
             // work for a non-existent interface.
             if (null == mDeps.getNetworkInterfaceByName(name)) {
                 if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, name + " is no longer available.");
                 // Send a callback in case a provisioning request was in progress.
-                maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
                 return;
             }
-            restart(listener);
-        }
-
-        private void maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort() {
-            realizeNetworkManagementCallback(null,
-                    new EthernetNetworkManagementException(
-                            "The IP provisioning request has been aborted."));
-        }
-
-        // Must be called on the handler thread
-        private void realizeNetworkManagementCallback(@Nullable final String iface,
-                @Nullable final EthernetNetworkManagementException e) {
-            ensureRunningOnEthernetHandlerThread();
-            if (null == mIpClientCallback) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            EthernetNetworkFactory.maybeSendNetworkManagementCallback(
-                    mIpClientCallback.mNetworkManagementListener, iface, e);
-            // Only send a single callback per listener.
-            mIpClientCallback.mNetworkManagementListener = null;
+            maybeRestart();
         }
 
         private void ensureRunningOnEthernetHandlerThread() {
@@ -607,76 +567,79 @@
 
         void updateNeighborLostEvent(String logMsg) {
             Log.i(TAG, "updateNeighborLostEvent " + logMsg);
+            if (mIpConfig.getIpAssignment() == IpAssignment.STATIC) {
+                // Ignore NUD failures for static IP configurations, where restarting the IpClient
+                // will not fix connectivity.
+                // In this scenario, NetworkMonitor will not verify the network, so it will
+                // eventually be torn down.
+                return;
+            }
             // Reachability lost will be seen only if the gateway is not reachable.
             // Since ethernet FW doesn't have the mechanism to scan for new networks
             // like WiFi, simply restart.
             // If there is a better network, that will become default and apps
             // will be able to use internet. If ethernet gets connected again,
             // and has backhaul connectivity, it will become default.
-            restart();
+            maybeRestart();
         }
 
         /** Returns true if state has been modified */
-        boolean updateLinkState(final boolean up,
-                @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+        boolean updateLinkState(final boolean up) {
             if (mLinkUp == up)  {
-                EthernetNetworkFactory.maybeSendNetworkManagementCallback(listener, null,
-                        new EthernetNetworkManagementException(
-                                "No changes with requested link state " + up + " for " + name));
                 return false;
             }
             mLinkUp = up;
 
             if (!up) { // was up, goes down
                 // retract network offer and stop IpClient.
-                destroy();
+                unregisterNetworkOfferAndStop();
             } else { // was down, goes up
                 // register network offer
-                mNetworkProvider.registerNetworkOffer(getBestNetworkScore(),
-                        new NetworkCapabilities(mCapabilities), (cmd) -> mHandler.post(cmd),
-                        mNetworkOfferCallback);
+                registerNetworkOffer();
             }
 
-            EthernetNetworkFactory.maybeSendNetworkManagementCallback(listener, name, null);
             return true;
         }
 
         private void stop() {
+            // Unregister NetworkAgent before stopping IpClient, so destroyNativeNetwork (which
+            // deletes routes) hopefully happens before stop() finishes execution. Otherwise, it may
+            // delete the new routes when IpClient gets restarted.
+            if (mNetworkAgent != null) {
+                mNetworkAgent.unregister();
+                mNetworkAgent = null;
+            }
+
             // Invalidate all previous start requests
             if (mIpClient != null) {
                 mIpClient.shutdown();
                 mIpClientCallback.awaitIpClientShutdown();
                 mIpClient = null;
             }
-            // Send an abort callback if an updateInterface request was in progress.
-            maybeSendNetworkManagementCallbackForAbort();
+
             mIpClientCallback = null;
 
-            if (mNetworkAgent != null) {
-                mNetworkAgent.unregister();
-                mNetworkAgent = null;
-            }
             mLinkProperties.clear();
         }
 
-        public void destroy() {
-            mNetworkProvider.unregisterNetworkOffer(mNetworkOfferCallback);
-            stop();
-            mRequests.clear();
+        private void registerNetworkOffer() {
+            // If mNetworkOfferCallback is already set, it should be reused to update the existing
+            // offer.
+            if (mNetworkOfferCallback == null) {
+                mNetworkOfferCallback = new EthernetNetworkOfferCallback();
+            }
+            mNetworkProvider.registerNetworkOffer(getNetworkScore(),
+                    new NetworkCapabilities(mCapabilities), cmd -> mHandler.post(cmd),
+                    mNetworkOfferCallback);
         }
 
-        private static void provisionIpClient(@NonNull final IpClientManager ipClient,
-                @NonNull final IpConfiguration config, @NonNull final String tcpBufferSizes) {
-            if (config.getProxySettings() == ProxySettings.STATIC ||
-                    config.getProxySettings() == ProxySettings.PAC) {
-                ipClient.setHttpProxy(config.getHttpProxy());
-            }
-
-            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(tcpBufferSizes)) {
-                ipClient.setTcpBufferSizes(tcpBufferSizes);
-            }
-
-            ipClient.startProvisioning(createProvisioningConfiguration(config));
+        private void unregisterNetworkOfferAndStop() {
+            mNetworkProvider.unregisterNetworkOffer(mNetworkOfferCallback);
+            // Setting mNetworkOfferCallback to null allows the callback object to be identified
+            // as stale.
+            mNetworkOfferCallback = null;
+            stop();
+            mRequestIds.clear();
         }
 
         private static ProvisioningConfiguration createProvisioningConfiguration(
@@ -691,14 +654,18 @@
                         .build();
         }
 
-        void restart() {
-            restart(null);
-        }
-
-        void restart(@Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-            if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "reconnecting Ethernet");
+        void maybeRestart() {
+            if (mIpClient == null) {
+                // If maybeRestart() is called from a provisioning failure, it is
+                // possible that link disappeared in the meantime. In that
+                // case, stop() has already been called and IpClient should not
+                // get restarted to prevent a provisioning failure loop.
+                Log.i(TAG, String.format("maybeRestart() called on stopped interface %s", name));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "restart IpClient");
             stop();
-            start(listener);
+            start();
         }
 
         @Override
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java
index 5e830ad..e7af569 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImpl.java
@@ -16,20 +16,22 @@
 
 package com.android.server.ethernet;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest;
 import android.net.IEthernetManager;
 import android.net.IEthernetServiceListener;
 import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.ITetheredInterfaceCallback;
-import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.os.Binder;
+import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.util.Log;
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@
     @Override
     public String[] getAvailableInterfaces() throws RemoteException {
         PermissionUtils.enforceAccessNetworkStatePermission(mContext, TAG);
-        return mTracker.getInterfaces(checkUseRestrictedNetworksPermission());
+        return mTracker.getClientModeInterfaces(checkUseRestrictedNetworksPermission());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -185,13 +187,7 @@
     @Override
     protected void dump(FileDescriptor fd, PrintWriter writer, String[] args) {
         final IndentingPrintWriter pw = new IndentingPrintWriter(writer, "  ");
-        if (mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(android.Manifest.permission.DUMP)
-                != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-            pw.println("Permission Denial: can't dump EthernetService from pid="
-                    + Binder.getCallingPid()
-                    + ", uid=" + Binder.getCallingUid());
-            return;
-        }
+        if (!PermissionUtils.checkDumpPermission(mContext, TAG, pw)) return;
 
         pw.println("Current Ethernet state: ");
         pw.increaseIndent();
@@ -216,19 +212,39 @@
                 "EthernetServiceImpl");
     }
 
-    private void maybeValidateTestCapabilities(final String iface,
-            @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+    private void validateOrSetNetworkSpecifier(String iface, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        final NetworkSpecifier spec = nc.getNetworkSpecifier();
+        if (spec == null) {
+            nc.setNetworkSpecifier(new EthernetNetworkSpecifier(iface));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!(spec instanceof EthernetNetworkSpecifier)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid specifier type for request.");
+        }
+        if (!((EthernetNetworkSpecifier) spec).getInterfaceName().matches(iface)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid interface name set on specifier.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeValidateTestCapabilities(String iface, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
         if (!mTracker.isValidTestInterface(iface)) {
             return;
         }
-        // For test interfaces, only null or capabilities that include TRANSPORT_TEST are
-        // allowed.
-        if (nc != null && !nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+        if (!nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "Updates to test interfaces must have NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST.");
         }
     }
 
+    private void maybeValidateEthernetTransport(String iface, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        if (mTracker.isValidTestInterface(iface)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!nc.hasSingleTransport(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid transport type for request.");
+        }
+    }
+
     private void enforceAdminPermission(final String iface, boolean enforceAutomotive,
             final String logMessage) {
         if (mTracker.isValidTestInterface(iface)) {
@@ -244,43 +260,48 @@
     @Override
     public void updateConfiguration(@NonNull final String iface,
             @NonNull final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest request,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver cb) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(iface);
         Objects.requireNonNull(request);
         throwIfEthernetNotStarted();
 
         // TODO: validate that iface is listed in overlay config_ethernet_interfaces
         // only automotive devices are allowed to set the NetworkCapabilities using this API
-        enforceAdminPermission(iface, request.getNetworkCapabilities() != null,
-                "updateConfiguration() with non-null capabilities");
-        maybeValidateTestCapabilities(iface, request.getNetworkCapabilities());
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = request.getNetworkCapabilities();
+        enforceAdminPermission(
+                iface, nc != null, "updateConfiguration() with non-null capabilities");
+        if (nc != null) {
+            validateOrSetNetworkSpecifier(iface, nc);
+            maybeValidateTestCapabilities(iface, nc);
+            maybeValidateEthernetTransport(iface, nc);
+        }
 
         mTracker.updateConfiguration(
-                iface, request.getIpConfiguration(), request.getNetworkCapabilities(), listener);
+                iface, request.getIpConfiguration(), nc, new EthernetCallback(cb));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void connectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-        Log.i(TAG, "connectNetwork called with: iface=" + iface + ", listener=" + listener);
+    public void enableInterface(@NonNull final String iface,
+            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver cb) {
+        Log.i(TAG, "enableInterface called with: iface=" + iface + ", cb=" + cb);
         Objects.requireNonNull(iface);
         throwIfEthernetNotStarted();
 
-        enforceAdminPermission(iface, true, "connectNetwork()");
+        enforceAdminPermission(iface, false, "enableInterface()");
 
-        mTracker.connectNetwork(iface, listener);
+        mTracker.setInterfaceEnabled(iface, true /* enabled */, new EthernetCallback(cb));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void disconnectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-        Log.i(TAG, "disconnectNetwork called with: iface=" + iface + ", listener=" + listener);
+    public void disableInterface(@NonNull final String iface,
+            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver cb) {
+        Log.i(TAG, "disableInterface called with: iface=" + iface + ", cb=" + cb);
         Objects.requireNonNull(iface);
         throwIfEthernetNotStarted();
 
-        enforceAdminPermission(iface, true, "connectNetwork()");
+        enforceAdminPermission(iface, false, "disableInterface()");
 
-        mTracker.disconnectNetwork(iface, listener);
+        mTracker.setInterfaceEnabled(iface, false /* enabled */, new EthernetCallback(cb));
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
index 1ab7515..1f22b02 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTracker.java
@@ -25,11 +25,9 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.EthernetManager;
 import android.net.IEthernetServiceListener;
 import android.net.INetd;
-import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.ITetheredInterfaceCallback;
 import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
@@ -43,15 +41,22 @@
 import android.os.RemoteCallbackList;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
-import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.NetlinkMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.RtNetlinkLinkMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructIfinfoMsg;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
@@ -86,16 +91,21 @@
 
     private static final String TEST_IFACE_REGEXP = TEST_TAP_PREFIX + "\\d+";
 
+    // TODO: consider using SharedLog consistently across ethernet service.
+    private static final SharedLog sLog = new SharedLog(TAG);
+
     /**
-     * Interface names we track. This is a product-dependent regular expression, plus,
-     * if setIncludeTestInterfaces is true, any test interfaces.
+     * Interface names we track. This is a product-dependent regular expression.
+     * Use isValidEthernetInterface to check if a interface name is a valid ethernet interface (this
+     * includes test interfaces if setIncludeTestInterfaces is set to true).
      */
-    private volatile String mIfaceMatch;
+    private final String mIfaceMatch;
 
     /**
      * Track test interfaces if true, don't track otherwise.
+     * Volatile is needed as getInterfaceList() does not run on the handler thread.
      */
-    private boolean mIncludeTestInterfaces = false;
+    private volatile boolean mIncludeTestInterfaces = false;
 
     /** Mapping between {iface name | mac address} -> {NetworkCapabilities} */
     private final ConcurrentHashMap<String, NetworkCapabilities> mNetworkCapabilities =
@@ -108,6 +118,7 @@
     private final Handler mHandler;
     private final EthernetNetworkFactory mFactory;
     private final EthernetConfigStore mConfigStore;
+    private final NetlinkMonitor mNetlinkMonitor;
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
 
     private final RemoteCallbackList<IEthernetServiceListener> mListeners =
@@ -115,12 +126,13 @@
     private final TetheredInterfaceRequestList mTetheredInterfaceRequests =
             new TetheredInterfaceRequestList();
 
-    // Used only on the handler thread
-    private String mDefaultInterface;
-    private int mDefaultInterfaceMode = INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT;
+    // The first interface discovered is set as the mTetheringInterface. It is the interface that is
+    // returned when a tethered interface is requested; until then, it remains in client mode. Its
+    // current mode is reflected in mTetheringInterfaceMode.
+    private String mTetheringInterface;
+    private int mTetheringInterfaceMode = INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT;
     // Tracks whether clients were notified that the tethered interface is available
     private boolean mTetheredInterfaceWasAvailable = false;
-    private volatile IpConfiguration mIpConfigForDefaultInterface;
 
     private int mEthernetState = ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED;
 
@@ -128,7 +140,7 @@
             RemoteCallbackList<ITetheredInterfaceCallback> {
         @Override
         public void onCallbackDied(ITetheredInterfaceCallback cb, Object cookie) {
-            mHandler.post(EthernetTracker.this::maybeUntetherDefaultInterface);
+            mHandler.post(EthernetTracker.this::maybeUntetherInterface);
         }
     }
 
@@ -146,6 +158,69 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private class EthernetNetlinkMonitor extends NetlinkMonitor {
+        EthernetNetlinkMonitor(Handler handler) {
+            super(handler, sLog, EthernetNetlinkMonitor.class.getSimpleName(),
+                    OsConstants.NETLINK_ROUTE, NetlinkConstants.RTMGRP_LINK);
+        }
+
+        private void onNewLink(String ifname, boolean linkUp) {
+            if (!mFactory.hasInterface(ifname) && !ifname.equals(mTetheringInterface)) {
+                Log.i(TAG, "onInterfaceAdded, iface: " + ifname);
+                maybeTrackInterface(ifname);
+            }
+            Log.i(TAG, "interfaceLinkStateChanged, iface: " + ifname + ", up: " + linkUp);
+            updateInterfaceState(ifname, linkUp);
+        }
+
+        private void onDelLink(String ifname) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "onInterfaceRemoved, iface: " + ifname);
+            stopTrackingInterface(ifname);
+        }
+
+        private void processRtNetlinkLinkMessage(RtNetlinkLinkMessage msg) {
+            final StructIfinfoMsg ifinfomsg = msg.getIfinfoHeader();
+            // check if the message is valid
+            if (ifinfomsg.family != OsConstants.AF_UNSPEC) return;
+
+            // ignore messages for the loopback interface
+            if ((ifinfomsg.flags & OsConstants.IFF_LOOPBACK) != 0) return;
+
+            // check if the received message applies to an ethernet interface.
+            final String ifname = msg.getInterfaceName();
+            if (!isValidEthernetInterface(ifname)) return;
+
+            switch (msg.getHeader().nlmsg_type) {
+                case NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWLINK:
+                    final boolean linkUp = (ifinfomsg.flags & NetlinkConstants.IFF_LOWER_UP) != 0;
+                    onNewLink(ifname, linkUp);
+                    break;
+
+                case NetlinkConstants.RTM_DELLINK:
+                    onDelLink(ifname);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Unknown rtnetlink link msg type: " + msg);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Note: processNetlinkMessage is called on the handler thread.
+        @Override
+        protected void processNetlinkMessage(NetlinkMessage nlMsg, long whenMs) {
+            // ignore all updates when ethernet is disabled.
+            if (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED) return;
+
+            if (nlMsg instanceof RtNetlinkLinkMessage) {
+                processRtNetlinkLinkMessage((RtNetlinkLinkMessage) nlMsg);
+            } else {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unknown netlink message: " + nlMsg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
     EthernetTracker(@NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final Handler handler,
             @NonNull final EthernetNetworkFactory factory, @NonNull final INetd netd) {
         this(context, handler, factory, netd, new Dependencies());
@@ -162,7 +237,7 @@
         mDeps = deps;
 
         // Interface match regex.
-        updateIfaceMatchRegexp();
+        mIfaceMatch = mDeps.getInterfaceRegexFromResource(mContext);
 
         // Read default Ethernet interface configuration from resources
         final String[] interfaceConfigs = mDeps.getInterfaceConfigFromResource(context);
@@ -171,27 +246,22 @@
         }
 
         mConfigStore = new EthernetConfigStore();
+        mNetlinkMonitor = new EthernetNetlinkMonitor(mHandler);
     }
 
     void start() {
         mFactory.register();
         mConfigStore.read();
 
-        // Default interface is just the first one we want to track.
-        mIpConfigForDefaultInterface = mConfigStore.getIpConfigurationForDefaultInterface();
         final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> configs = mConfigStore.getIpConfigurations();
         for (int i = 0; i < configs.size(); i++) {
             mIpConfigurations.put(configs.keyAt(i), configs.valueAt(i));
         }
 
-        try {
-            PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
-            mNetd.registerUnsolicitedEventListener(new InterfaceObserver());
-        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Could not register InterfaceObserver " + e);
-        }
-
-        mHandler.post(this::trackAvailableInterfaces);
+        mHandler.post(() -> {
+            mNetlinkMonitor.start();
+            trackAvailableInterfaces();
+        });
     }
 
     void updateIpConfiguration(String iface, IpConfiguration ipConfiguration) {
@@ -200,7 +270,7 @@
         }
         writeIpConfiguration(iface, ipConfiguration);
         mHandler.post(() -> {
-            mFactory.updateInterface(iface, ipConfiguration, null, null);
+            mFactory.updateInterface(iface, ipConfiguration, null);
             broadcastInterfaceStateChange(iface);
         });
     }
@@ -232,9 +302,14 @@
         final int state = getInterfaceState(iface);
         final int role = getInterfaceRole(iface);
         final IpConfiguration config = getIpConfigurationForCallback(iface, state);
+        final boolean isRestricted = isRestrictedInterface(iface);
         final int n = mListeners.beginBroadcast();
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             try {
+                if (isRestricted) {
+                    final ListenerInfo info = (ListenerInfo) mListeners.getBroadcastCookie(i);
+                    if (!info.canUseRestrictedNetworks) continue;
+                }
                 mListeners.getBroadcastItem(i).onInterfaceStateChanged(iface, state, role, config);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 // Do nothing here.
@@ -264,12 +339,14 @@
     protected void updateConfiguration(@NonNull final String iface,
             @Nullable final IpConfiguration ipConfig,
             @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+            @Nullable final EthernetCallback cb) {
         if (DBG) {
             Log.i(TAG, "updateConfiguration, iface: " + iface + ", capabilities: " + capabilities
                     + ", ipConfig: " + ipConfig);
         }
 
+        // TODO: do the right thing if the interface was in server mode: either fail this operation,
+        // or take the interface out of server mode.
         final IpConfiguration localIpConfig = ipConfig == null
                 ? null : new IpConfiguration(ipConfig);
         if (ipConfig != null) {
@@ -280,21 +357,23 @@
             mNetworkCapabilities.put(iface, capabilities);
         }
         mHandler.post(() -> {
-            mFactory.updateInterface(iface, localIpConfig, capabilities, listener);
-            broadcastInterfaceStateChange(iface);
+            mFactory.updateInterface(iface, localIpConfig, capabilities);
+
+            // only broadcast state change when the ip configuration is updated.
+            if (ipConfig != null) {
+                broadcastInterfaceStateChange(iface);
+            }
+            // Always return success. Even if the interface does not currently exist, the
+            // IpConfiguration and NetworkCapabilities were saved and will be applied if an
+            // interface with the given name is ever added.
+            cb.onResult(iface);
         });
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = PACKAGE)
-    protected void connectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-        mHandler.post(() -> updateInterfaceState(iface, true, listener));
-    }
-
-    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = PACKAGE)
-    protected void disconnectNetwork(@NonNull final String iface,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
-        mHandler.post(() -> updateInterfaceState(iface, false, listener));
+    protected void setInterfaceEnabled(@NonNull final String iface, boolean enabled,
+            @Nullable final EthernetCallback cb) {
+        mHandler.post(() -> updateInterfaceState(iface, enabled, cb));
     }
 
     IpConfiguration getIpConfiguration(String iface) {
@@ -306,7 +385,7 @@
         return mFactory.hasInterface(iface);
     }
 
-    String[] getInterfaces(boolean includeRestricted) {
+    String[] getClientModeInterfaces(boolean includeRestricted) {
         return mFactory.getAvailableInterfaces(includeRestricted);
     }
 
@@ -319,9 +398,17 @@
             Log.e(TAG, "Could not get list of interfaces " + e);
             return interfaceList;
         }
-        final String ifaceMatch = mIfaceMatch;
+
+        // There is a possible race with setIncludeTestInterfaces() which can affect
+        // isValidEthernetInterface (it returns true for test interfaces if setIncludeTestInterfaces
+        // is set to true).
+        // setIncludeTestInterfaces() is only used in tests, and since getInterfaceList() does not
+        // run on the handler thread, the behavior around setIncludeTestInterfaces() is
+        // indeterminate either way. This can easily be circumvented by waiting on a callback from
+        // a test interface after calling setIncludeTestInterfaces() before calling this function.
+        // In production code, this has no effect.
         for (String iface : ifaces) {
-            if (iface.matches(ifaceMatch)) interfaceList.add(iface);
+            if (isValidEthernetInterface(iface)) interfaceList.add(iface);
         }
         return interfaceList;
     }
@@ -341,9 +428,12 @@
                 // Remote process has already died
                 return;
             }
-            for (String iface : getInterfaces(canUseRestrictedNetworks)) {
+            for (String iface : getClientModeInterfaces(canUseRestrictedNetworks)) {
                 unicastInterfaceStateChange(listener, iface);
             }
+            if (mTetheringInterfaceMode == INTERFACE_MODE_SERVER) {
+                unicastInterfaceStateChange(listener, mTetheringInterface);
+            }
 
             unicastEthernetStateChange(listener, mEthernetState);
         });
@@ -356,7 +446,6 @@
     public void setIncludeTestInterfaces(boolean include) {
         mHandler.post(() -> {
             mIncludeTestInterfaces = include;
-            updateIfaceMatchRegexp();
             if (!include) {
                 removeTestData();
             }
@@ -390,21 +479,21 @@
                 // Remote process has already died
                 return;
             }
-            if (mDefaultInterfaceMode == INTERFACE_MODE_SERVER) {
+            if (mTetheringInterfaceMode == INTERFACE_MODE_SERVER) {
                 if (mTetheredInterfaceWasAvailable) {
-                    notifyTetheredInterfaceAvailable(callback, mDefaultInterface);
+                    notifyTetheredInterfaceAvailable(callback, mTetheringInterface);
                 }
                 return;
             }
 
-            setDefaultInterfaceMode(INTERFACE_MODE_SERVER);
+            setTetheringInterfaceMode(INTERFACE_MODE_SERVER);
         });
     }
 
     public void releaseTetheredInterface(ITetheredInterfaceCallback callback) {
         mHandler.post(() -> {
             mTetheredInterfaceRequests.unregister(callback);
-            maybeUntetherDefaultInterface();
+            maybeUntetherInterface();
         });
     }
 
@@ -424,21 +513,21 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void maybeUntetherDefaultInterface() {
+    private void maybeUntetherInterface() {
         if (mTetheredInterfaceRequests.getRegisteredCallbackCount() > 0) return;
-        if (mDefaultInterfaceMode == INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT) return;
-        setDefaultInterfaceMode(INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT);
+        if (mTetheringInterfaceMode == INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT) return;
+        setTetheringInterfaceMode(INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT);
     }
 
-    private void setDefaultInterfaceMode(int mode) {
-        Log.d(TAG, "Setting default interface mode to " + mode);
-        mDefaultInterfaceMode = mode;
-        if (mDefaultInterface != null) {
-            removeInterface(mDefaultInterface);
-            addInterface(mDefaultInterface);
+    private void setTetheringInterfaceMode(int mode) {
+        Log.d(TAG, "Setting tethering interface mode to " + mode);
+        mTetheringInterfaceMode = mode;
+        if (mTetheringInterface != null) {
+            removeInterface(mTetheringInterface);
+            addInterface(mTetheringInterface);
             // when this broadcast is sent, any calls to notifyTetheredInterfaceAvailable or
             // notifyTetheredInterfaceUnavailable have already happened
-            broadcastInterfaceStateChange(mDefaultInterface);
+            broadcastInterfaceStateChange(mTetheringInterface);
         }
     }
 
@@ -467,8 +556,8 @@
     }
 
     private int getInterfaceMode(final String iface) {
-        if (iface.equals(mDefaultInterface)) {
-            return mDefaultInterfaceMode;
+        if (iface.equals(mTetheringInterface)) {
+            return mTetheringInterfaceMode;
         }
         return INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT;
     }
@@ -480,8 +569,8 @@
 
     private void stopTrackingInterface(String iface) {
         removeInterface(iface);
-        if (iface.equals(mDefaultInterface)) {
-            mDefaultInterface = null;
+        if (iface.equals(mTetheringInterface)) {
+            mTetheringInterface = null;
         }
         broadcastInterfaceStateChange(iface);
     }
@@ -491,8 +580,14 @@
         // Bring up the interface so we get link status indications.
         try {
             PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
-            NetdUtils.setInterfaceUp(mNetd, iface);
+            // Read the flags before attempting to bring up the interface. If the interface is
+            // already running an UP event is created after adding the interface.
             config = NetdUtils.getInterfaceConfigParcel(mNetd, iface);
+            if (NetdUtils.hasFlag(config, INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN)) {
+                // As a side-effect, NetdUtils#setInterfaceUp() also clears the interface's IPv4
+                // address and readds it which *could* lead to unexpected behavior in the future.
+                NetdUtils.setInterfaceUp(mNetd, iface);
+            }
         } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
             // Either the system is crashing or the interface has disappeared. Just ignore the
             // error; we haven't modified any state because we only do that if our calls succeed.
@@ -504,6 +599,11 @@
             return;
         }
 
+        if (getInterfaceMode(iface) == INTERFACE_MODE_SERVER) {
+            maybeUpdateServerModeInterfaceState(iface, true);
+            return;
+        }
+
         final String hwAddress = config.hwAddr;
 
         NetworkCapabilities nc = mNetworkCapabilities.get(iface);
@@ -516,40 +616,46 @@
             }
         }
 
-        final int mode = getInterfaceMode(iface);
-        if (mode == INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT) {
-            IpConfiguration ipConfiguration = getOrCreateIpConfiguration(iface);
-            Log.d(TAG, "Tracking interface in client mode: " + iface);
-            mFactory.addInterface(iface, hwAddress, ipConfiguration, nc);
-        } else {
-            maybeUpdateServerModeInterfaceState(iface, true);
-        }
+        IpConfiguration ipConfiguration = getOrCreateIpConfiguration(iface);
+        Log.d(TAG, "Tracking interface in client mode: " + iface);
+        mFactory.addInterface(iface, hwAddress, ipConfiguration, nc);
 
         // Note: if the interface already has link (e.g., if we crashed and got
         // restarted while it was running), we need to fake a link up notification so we
         // start configuring it.
-        if (NetdUtils.hasFlag(config, "running")) {
-            updateInterfaceState(iface, true);
+        if (NetdUtils.hasFlag(config, INetd.IF_FLAG_RUNNING)) {
+            // no need to send an interface state change as this is not a true "state change". The
+            // callers (maybeTrackInterface() and setTetheringInterfaceMode()) already broadcast the
+            // state change.
+            mFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, true);
         }
     }
 
     private void updateInterfaceState(String iface, boolean up) {
-        updateInterfaceState(iface, up, null /* listener */);
+        updateInterfaceState(iface, up, new EthernetCallback(null /* cb */));
     }
 
-    private void updateInterfaceState(@NonNull final String iface, final boolean up,
-            @Nullable final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener) {
+    // TODO(b/225315248): enable/disableInterface() should not affect link state.
+    private void updateInterfaceState(String iface, boolean up, EthernetCallback cb) {
         final int mode = getInterfaceMode(iface);
-        final boolean factoryLinkStateUpdated = (mode == INTERFACE_MODE_CLIENT)
-                && mFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, up, listener);
+        if (mode == INTERFACE_MODE_SERVER || !mFactory.hasInterface(iface)) {
+            // The interface is in server mode or is not tracked.
+            cb.onError("Failed to set link state " + (up ? "up" : "down") + " for " + iface);
+            return;
+        }
 
-        if (factoryLinkStateUpdated) {
+        if (mFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, up)) {
             broadcastInterfaceStateChange(iface);
         }
+        // If updateInterfaceLinkState returns false, the interface is already in the correct state.
+        // Always return success.
+        cb.onResult(iface);
     }
 
     private void maybeUpdateServerModeInterfaceState(String iface, boolean available) {
-        if (available == mTetheredInterfaceWasAvailable || !iface.equals(mDefaultInterface)) return;
+        if (available == mTetheredInterfaceWasAvailable || !iface.equals(mTetheringInterface)) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         Log.d(TAG, (available ? "Tracking" : "No longer tracking")
                 + " interface in server mode: " + iface);
@@ -568,26 +674,21 @@
     }
 
     private void maybeTrackInterface(String iface) {
-        if (!iface.matches(mIfaceMatch)) {
+        if (!isValidEthernetInterface(iface)) {
             return;
         }
 
         // If we don't already track this interface, and if this interface matches
         // our regex, start tracking it.
-        if (mFactory.hasInterface(iface) || iface.equals(mDefaultInterface)) {
+        if (mFactory.hasInterface(iface) || iface.equals(mTetheringInterface)) {
             if (DBG) Log.w(TAG, "Ignoring already-tracked interface " + iface);
             return;
         }
         if (DBG) Log.i(TAG, "maybeTrackInterface: " + iface);
 
-        // TODO: avoid making an interface default if it has configured NetworkCapabilities.
-        if (mDefaultInterface == null) {
-            mDefaultInterface = iface;
-        }
-
-        if (mIpConfigForDefaultInterface != null) {
-            updateIpConfiguration(iface, mIpConfigForDefaultInterface);
-            mIpConfigForDefaultInterface = null;
+        // Do not use an interface for tethering if it has configured NetworkCapabilities.
+        if (mTetheringInterface == null && !mNetworkCapabilities.containsKey(iface)) {
+            mTetheringInterface = iface;
         }
 
         addInterface(iface);
@@ -606,43 +707,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    class InterfaceObserver extends BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
-
-        @Override
-        public void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(String iface, boolean up) {
-            if (DBG) {
-                Log.i(TAG, "interfaceLinkStateChanged, iface: " + iface + ", up: " + up);
-            }
-            mHandler.post(() -> {
-                if (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED) return;
-                updateInterfaceState(iface, up);
-            });
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onInterfaceAdded(String iface) {
-            if (DBG) {
-                Log.i(TAG, "onInterfaceAdded, iface: " + iface);
-            }
-            mHandler.post(() -> {
-                if (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED) return;
-                maybeTrackInterface(iface);
-            });
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onInterfaceRemoved(String iface) {
-            if (DBG) {
-                Log.i(TAG, "onInterfaceRemoved, iface: " + iface);
-            }
-            mHandler.post(() -> {
-                if (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED) return;
-                stopTrackingInterface(iface);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
     private static class ListenerInfo {
 
         boolean canUseRestrictedNetworks = false;
@@ -839,12 +903,8 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    private void updateIfaceMatchRegexp() {
-        final String match = mDeps.getInterfaceRegexFromResource(mContext);
-        mIfaceMatch = mIncludeTestInterfaces
-                ? "(" + match + "|" + TEST_IFACE_REGEXP + ")"
-                : match;
-        Log.d(TAG, "Interface match regexp set to '" + mIfaceMatch + "'");
+    private boolean isValidEthernetInterface(String iface) {
+        return iface.matches(mIfaceMatch) || isValidTestInterface(iface);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -921,8 +981,8 @@
             pw.println("Ethernet State: "
                     + (mEthernetState == ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED ? "enabled" : "disabled"));
             pw.println("Ethernet interface name filter: " + mIfaceMatch);
-            pw.println("Default interface: " + mDefaultInterface);
-            pw.println("Default interface mode: " + mDefaultInterfaceMode);
+            pw.println("Interface used for tethering: " + mTetheringInterface);
+            pw.println("Tethering interface mode: " + mTetheringInterfaceMode);
             pw.println("Tethered interface requests: "
                     + mTetheredInterfaceRequests.getRegisteredCallbackCount());
             pw.println("Listeners: " + mListeners.getRegisteredCallbackCount());
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java
index 3b44d81..ceae9ba 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.java
@@ -22,14 +22,16 @@
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
 
 /**
  * Monitor interface added (without removed) and right interface name and its index to bpf map.
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@
     // This is current path but may be changed soon.
     private static final String IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH =
             "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_iface_index_name_map";
-    private final IBpfMap<U32, InterfaceMapValue> mBpfMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, InterfaceMapValue> mBpfMap;
     private final INetd mNetd;
     private final Handler mHandler;
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
@@ -62,10 +64,10 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     public static class Dependencies {
         /** Create BpfMap for updating interface and index mapping. */
-        public IBpfMap<U32, InterfaceMapValue> getInterfaceMap() {
+        public IBpfMap<S32, InterfaceMapValue> getInterfaceMap() {
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
-                    U32.class, InterfaceMapValue.class);
+                    S32.class, InterfaceMapValue.class);
             } catch (ErrnoException e) {
                 Log.e(TAG, "Cannot create interface map: " + e);
                 return null;
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@
         }
 
         try {
-            mBpfMap.updateEntry(new U32(iface.index), new InterfaceMapValue(ifaceName));
+            mBpfMap.updateEntry(new S32(iface.index), new InterfaceMapValue(ifaceName));
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Unable to update entry for " + ifaceName + ", " + e);
         }
@@ -136,4 +138,37 @@
             mHandler.post(() -> addInterface(ifName));
         }
     }
+
+    /** get interface name by interface index from bpf map */
+    public String getIfNameByIndex(final int index) {
+        try {
+            final InterfaceMapValue value = mBpfMap.getValue(new S32(index));
+            if (value == null) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "No if name entry for index " + index);
+                return null;
+            }
+            return value.getInterfaceNameString();
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to get entry for index " + index + ": " + e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dump BPF map
+     *
+     * @param pw print writer
+     */
+    public void dump(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("BPF map status:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(mBpfMap, pw, "IfaceIndexNameMap", IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        pw.println("BPF map content:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mBpfMap, pw, "IfaceIndexNameMap",
+                (key, value) -> "ifaceIndex=" + key.val
+                        + " ifaceName=" + value.getInterfaceNameString());
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/InterfaceMapValue.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/InterfaceMapValue.java
index 42c0044..95da981 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/InterfaceMapValue.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/InterfaceMapValue.java
@@ -16,20 +16,45 @@
 package com.android.server.net;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
 
 /**
  * The value of bpf interface index map which is used for NetworkStatsService.
  */
 public class InterfaceMapValue extends Struct {
+    private static final int IF_NAME_SIZE = 16;
+
     @Field(order = 0, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
     public final byte[] interfaceName;
 
     public InterfaceMapValue(String iface) {
-        final byte[] ifaceArray = iface.getBytes();
-        interfaceName = new byte[16];
         // All array bytes after the interface name, if any, must be 0.
-        System.arraycopy(ifaceArray, 0, interfaceName, 0, ifaceArray.length);
+        interfaceName = Arrays.copyOf(iface.getBytes(), IF_NAME_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor for Struct#parse. Build this struct from byte array of interface name.
+     *
+     * @param ifName Byte array of interface name, length is expected to be IF_NAME_SIZE(16).
+     *               If longer or shorter, interface name will be truncated or padded with zeros.
+     *               All array bytes after the interface name, if any, must be 0.
+     */
+    public InterfaceMapValue(final byte[] ifName) {
+        interfaceName = Arrays.copyOf(ifName, IF_NAME_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the length of the null-terminated string. */
+    private int strlen(byte[] str) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < str.length; ++i) {
+            if (str[i] == '\0') {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+        return str.length;
+    }
+
+    public String getInterfaceNameString() {
+        return new String(interfaceName, 0 /* offset */,  strlen(interfaceName));
     }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactory.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactory.java
index 3b93f1a..5f66f47 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactory.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactory.java
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 package com.android.server.net;
 
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.INTERFACES_ALL;
-import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_ALL;
-import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
@@ -28,23 +26,14 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
-import android.os.StrictMode;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.android.internal.util.ProcFileReader;
-import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps;
 
-import libcore.io.IoUtils;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.FileInputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.ProtocolException;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 
@@ -61,18 +50,6 @@
 
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsFactory";
 
-    private static final boolean USE_NATIVE_PARSING = true;
-    private static final boolean VALIDATE_NATIVE_STATS = false;
-
-    /** Path to {@code /proc/net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_all}. */
-    private final File mStatsXtIfaceAll;
-    /** Path to {@code /proc/net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_fmt}. */
-    private final File mStatsXtIfaceFmt;
-    /** Path to {@code /proc/net/xt_qtaguid/stats}. */
-    private final File mStatsXtUid;
-
-    private final boolean mUseBpfStats;
-
     private final Context mContext;
 
     private final BpfNetMaps mBpfNetMaps;
@@ -96,6 +73,45 @@
     @GuardedBy("mPersistentDataLock")
     private NetworkStats mTunAnd464xlatAdjustedStats;
 
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+    /**
+     * Dependencies of NetworkStatsFactory, for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * Parse detailed statistics from bpf into given {@link NetworkStats} object. Values
+         * are expected to monotonically increase since device boot.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public NetworkStats getNetworkStatsDetail() throws IOException {
+            final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 0);
+            final int ret = nativeReadNetworkStatsDetail(stats);
+            if (ret != 0) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to parse network stats");
+            }
+            return stats;
+        }
+        /**
+         * Parse device summary statistics from bpf into given {@link NetworkStats} object. Values
+         * are expected to monotonically increase since device boot.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public NetworkStats getNetworkStatsDev() throws IOException {
+            final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 6);
+            final int ret = nativeReadNetworkStatsDev(stats);
+            if (ret != 0) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to parse bpf iface stats");
+            }
+            return stats;
+        }
+
+        /** Create a new {@link BpfNetMaps}. */
+        public BpfNetMaps createBpfNetMaps(@NonNull Context ctx) {
+            return new BpfNetMaps(ctx);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * (Stacked interface) -> (base interface) association for all connected ifaces since boot.
      *
@@ -126,36 +142,6 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get a set of interfaces containing specified ifaces and stacked interfaces.
-     *
-     * <p>The added stacked interfaces are ifaces stacked on top of the specified ones, or ifaces
-     * on which the specified ones are stacked. Stacked interfaces are those noted with
-     * {@link #noteStackedIface(String, String)}, but only interfaces noted before this method
-     * is called are guaranteed to be included.
-     */
-    public String[] augmentWithStackedInterfaces(@Nullable String[] requiredIfaces) {
-        if (requiredIfaces == NetworkStats.INTERFACES_ALL) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        HashSet<String> relatedIfaces = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(requiredIfaces));
-        // ConcurrentHashMap's EntrySet iterators are "guaranteed to traverse
-        // elements as they existed upon construction exactly once, and may
-        // (but are not guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to construction".
-        // This is enough here.
-        for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : mStackedIfaces.entrySet()) {
-            if (relatedIfaces.contains(entry.getKey())) {
-                relatedIfaces.add(entry.getValue());
-            } else if (relatedIfaces.contains(entry.getValue())) {
-                relatedIfaces.add(entry.getKey());
-            }
-        }
-
-        String[] outArray = new String[relatedIfaces.size()];
-        return relatedIfaces.toArray(outArray);
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Applies 464xlat adjustments with ifaces noted with {@link #noteStackedIface(String, String)}.
      * @see NetworkStats#apply464xlatAdjustments(NetworkStats, NetworkStats, Map)
      */
@@ -164,136 +150,27 @@
     }
 
     public NetworkStatsFactory(@NonNull Context ctx) {
-        this(ctx, new File("/proc/"), true);
+        this(ctx, new Dependencies());
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public NetworkStatsFactory(@NonNull Context ctx, File procRoot, boolean useBpfStats) {
-        mStatsXtIfaceAll = new File(procRoot, "net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_all");
-        mStatsXtIfaceFmt = new File(procRoot, "net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_fmt");
-        mStatsXtUid = new File(procRoot, "net/xt_qtaguid/stats");
-        mUseBpfStats = useBpfStats;
-        mBpfNetMaps = new BpfNetMaps();
+    public NetworkStatsFactory(@NonNull Context ctx, Dependencies deps) {
+        mBpfNetMaps = deps.createBpfNetMaps(ctx);
         synchronized (mPersistentDataLock) {
             mPersistSnapshot = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), -1);
             mTunAnd464xlatAdjustedStats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), -1);
         }
         mContext = ctx;
-    }
-
-    public NetworkStats readBpfNetworkStatsDev() throws IOException {
-        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 6);
-        if (nativeReadNetworkStatsDev(stats) != 0) {
-            throw new IOException("Failed to parse bpf iface stats");
-        }
-        return stats;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Parse and return interface-level summary {@link NetworkStats} measured
-     * using {@code /proc/net/dev} style hooks, which may include non IP layer
-     * traffic. Values monotonically increase since device boot, and may include
-     * details about inactive interfaces.
-     *
-     * @throws IllegalStateException when problem parsing stats.
-     */
-    public NetworkStats readNetworkStatsSummaryDev() throws IOException {
-
-        // Return xt_bpf stats if switched to bpf module.
-        if (mUseBpfStats)
-            return readBpfNetworkStatsDev();
-
-        final StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskReads();
-
-        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 6);
-        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
-
-        ProcFileReader reader = null;
-        try {
-            reader = new ProcFileReader(new FileInputStream(mStatsXtIfaceAll));
-
-            while (reader.hasMoreData()) {
-                entry.iface = reader.nextString();
-                entry.uid = UID_ALL;
-                entry.set = SET_ALL;
-                entry.tag = TAG_NONE;
-
-                final boolean active = reader.nextInt() != 0;
-
-                // always include snapshot values
-                entry.rxBytes = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.rxPackets = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.txBytes = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.txPackets = reader.nextLong();
-
-                // fold in active numbers, but only when active
-                if (active) {
-                    entry.rxBytes += reader.nextLong();
-                    entry.rxPackets += reader.nextLong();
-                    entry.txBytes += reader.nextLong();
-                    entry.txPackets += reader.nextLong();
-                }
-
-                stats.insertEntry(entry);
-                reader.finishLine();
-            }
-        } catch (NullPointerException|NumberFormatException e) {
-            throw protocolExceptionWithCause("problem parsing stats", e);
-        } finally {
-            IoUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
-            StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
-        }
-        return stats;
+        mDeps = deps;
     }
 
     /**
      * Parse and return interface-level summary {@link NetworkStats}. Designed
      * to return only IP layer traffic. Values monotonically increase since
      * device boot, and may include details about inactive interfaces.
-     *
-     * @throws IllegalStateException when problem parsing stats.
      */
     public NetworkStats readNetworkStatsSummaryXt() throws IOException {
-
-        // Return xt_bpf stats if qtaguid  module is replaced.
-        if (mUseBpfStats)
-            return readBpfNetworkStatsDev();
-
-        final StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskReads();
-
-        // return null when kernel doesn't support
-        if (!mStatsXtIfaceFmt.exists()) return null;
-
-        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 6);
-        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
-
-        ProcFileReader reader = null;
-        try {
-            // open and consume header line
-            reader = new ProcFileReader(new FileInputStream(mStatsXtIfaceFmt));
-            reader.finishLine();
-
-            while (reader.hasMoreData()) {
-                entry.iface = reader.nextString();
-                entry.uid = UID_ALL;
-                entry.set = SET_ALL;
-                entry.tag = TAG_NONE;
-
-                entry.rxBytes = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.rxPackets = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.txBytes = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.txPackets = reader.nextLong();
-
-                stats.insertEntry(entry);
-                reader.finishLine();
-            }
-        } catch (NullPointerException|NumberFormatException e) {
-            throw protocolExceptionWithCause("problem parsing stats", e);
-        } finally {
-            IoUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
-            StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
-        }
-        return stats;
+        return mDeps.getNetworkStatsDev();
     }
 
     public NetworkStats readNetworkStatsDetail() throws IOException {
@@ -330,38 +207,13 @@
             // Take a defensive copy. mPersistSnapshot is mutated in some cases below
             final NetworkStats prev = mPersistSnapshot.clone();
 
-            if (USE_NATIVE_PARSING) {
-                final NetworkStats stats =
-                        new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 0 /* initialSize */);
-                if (mUseBpfStats) {
-                    requestSwapActiveStatsMapLocked();
-                    // Stats are always read from the inactive map, so they must be read after the
-                    // swap
-                    if (nativeReadNetworkStatsDetail(stats, mStatsXtUid.getAbsolutePath(), UID_ALL,
-                            INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL, mUseBpfStats) != 0) {
-                        throw new IOException("Failed to parse network stats");
-                    }
-
-                    // BPF stats are incremental; fold into mPersistSnapshot.
-                    mPersistSnapshot.setElapsedRealtime(stats.getElapsedRealtime());
-                    mPersistSnapshot.combineAllValues(stats);
-                } else {
-                    if (nativeReadNetworkStatsDetail(stats, mStatsXtUid.getAbsolutePath(), UID_ALL,
-                            INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL, mUseBpfStats) != 0) {
-                        throw new IOException("Failed to parse network stats");
-                    }
-                    if (VALIDATE_NATIVE_STATS) {
-                        final NetworkStats javaStats = javaReadNetworkStatsDetail(mStatsXtUid,
-                                UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL);
-                        assertEquals(javaStats, stats);
-                    }
-
-                    mPersistSnapshot = stats;
-                }
-            } else {
-                mPersistSnapshot = javaReadNetworkStatsDetail(mStatsXtUid, UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL,
-                        TAG_ALL);
-            }
+            requestSwapActiveStatsMapLocked();
+            // Stats are always read from the inactive map, so they must be read after the
+            // swap
+            final NetworkStats stats = mDeps.getNetworkStatsDetail();
+            // BPF stats are incremental; fold into mPersistSnapshot.
+            mPersistSnapshot.setElapsedRealtime(stats.getElapsedRealtime());
+            mPersistSnapshot.combineAllValues(stats);
 
             NetworkStats adjustedStats = adjustForTunAnd464Xlat(mPersistSnapshot, prev, vpnArray);
 
@@ -399,60 +251,14 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Parse and return {@link NetworkStats} with UID-level details. Values are
-     * expected to monotonically increase since device boot.
+     * Remove stats from {@code mPersistSnapshot} and {@code mTunAnd464xlatAdjustedStats} for the
+     * given uids.
      */
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    public static NetworkStats javaReadNetworkStatsDetail(File detailPath, int limitUid,
-            String[] limitIfaces, int limitTag)
-            throws IOException {
-        final StrictMode.ThreadPolicy savedPolicy = StrictMode.allowThreadDiskReads();
-
-        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 24);
-        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
-
-        int idx = 1;
-        int lastIdx = 1;
-
-        ProcFileReader reader = null;
-        try {
-            // open and consume header line
-            reader = new ProcFileReader(new FileInputStream(detailPath));
-            reader.finishLine();
-
-            while (reader.hasMoreData()) {
-                idx = reader.nextInt();
-                if (idx != lastIdx + 1) {
-                    throw new ProtocolException(
-                            "inconsistent idx=" + idx + " after lastIdx=" + lastIdx);
-                }
-                lastIdx = idx;
-
-                entry.iface = reader.nextString();
-                entry.tag = kernelToTag(reader.nextString());
-                entry.uid = reader.nextInt();
-                entry.set = reader.nextInt();
-                entry.rxBytes = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.rxPackets = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.txBytes = reader.nextLong();
-                entry.txPackets = reader.nextLong();
-
-                if ((limitIfaces == null || CollectionUtils.contains(limitIfaces, entry.iface))
-                        && (limitUid == UID_ALL || limitUid == entry.uid)
-                        && (limitTag == TAG_ALL || limitTag == entry.tag)) {
-                    stats.insertEntry(entry);
-                }
-
-                reader.finishLine();
-            }
-        } catch (NullPointerException|NumberFormatException e) {
-            throw protocolExceptionWithCause("problem parsing idx " + idx, e);
-        } finally {
-            IoUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
-            StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
+    public void removeUidsLocked(int[] uids) {
+        synchronized (mPersistentDataLock) {
+            mPersistSnapshot.removeUids(uids);
+            mTunAnd464xlatAdjustedStats.removeUids(uids);
         }
-
-        return stats;
     }
 
     public void assertEquals(NetworkStats expected, NetworkStats actual) {
@@ -491,8 +297,7 @@
      * are expected to monotonically increase since device boot.
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public static native int nativeReadNetworkStatsDetail(NetworkStats stats, String path,
-        int limitUid, String[] limitIfaces, int limitTag, boolean useBpfStats);
+    public static native int nativeReadNetworkStatsDetail(NetworkStats stats);
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     public static native int nativeReadNetworkStatsDev(NetworkStats stats);
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java
index 768f3eb..3da1585 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsRecorder.java
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
-import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
@@ -427,46 +426,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public void importLegacyNetworkLocked(File file) throws IOException {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(mRotator, "missing FileRotator");
-
-        // legacy file still exists; start empty to avoid double importing
-        mRotator.deleteAll();
-
-        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(mBucketDuration);
-        collection.readLegacyNetwork(file);
-
-        final long startMillis = collection.getStartMillis();
-        final long endMillis = collection.getEndMillis();
-
-        if (!collection.isEmpty()) {
-            // process legacy data, creating active file at starting time, then
-            // using end time to possibly trigger rotation.
-            mRotator.rewriteActive(new CombiningRewriter(collection), startMillis);
-            mRotator.maybeRotate(endMillis);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void importLegacyUidLocked(File file) throws IOException {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(mRotator, "missing FileRotator");
-
-        // legacy file still exists; start empty to avoid double importing
-        mRotator.deleteAll();
-
-        final NetworkStatsCollection collection = new NetworkStatsCollection(mBucketDuration);
-        collection.readLegacyUid(file, mOnlyTags);
-
-        final long startMillis = collection.getStartMillis();
-        final long endMillis = collection.getEndMillis();
-
-        if (!collection.isEmpty()) {
-            // process legacy data, creating active file at starting time, then
-            // using end time to possibly trigger rotation.
-            mRotator.rewriteActive(new CombiningRewriter(collection), startMillis);
-            mRotator.maybeRotate(endMillis);
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Import a specified {@link NetworkStatsCollection} instance into this recorder,
      * and write it into a standalone file.
@@ -582,7 +541,8 @@
 
     /**
      * Recover from {@link FileRotator} failure by dumping state to
-     * {@link DropBoxManager} and deleting contents.
+     * {@link DropBoxManager} and deleting contents if this recorder
+     * sets {@code mWipeOnError} to true, otherwise keep the contents.
      */
     void recoverAndDeleteData() {
         if (DUMP_BEFORE_DELETE) {
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
index 4f0f341..f977a27 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
@@ -24,15 +24,18 @@
 import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED;
 import static android.content.Intent.EXTRA_UID;
-import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_VT;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.INTERFACES_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND;
@@ -42,8 +45,8 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.KB_IN_BYTES;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_TETHERING;
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.annotation.TargetApi;
 import android.app.AlarmManager;
+import android.app.BroadcastOptions;
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.content.ApexEnvironment;
@@ -79,7 +83,6 @@
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.database.ContentObserver;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsService;
@@ -102,6 +105,7 @@
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
 import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
+import android.net.TransportInfo;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.netstats.IUsageCallback;
@@ -109,8 +113,10 @@
 import android.net.netstats.provider.INetworkStatsProvider;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.INetworkStatsProviderCallback;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider;
+import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.DropBoxManager;
 import android.os.Environment;
 import android.os.Handler;
@@ -146,9 +152,11 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.FileRotator;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BestClock;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BinderUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
@@ -156,8 +164,17 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.BroadcastOptionsShimImpl;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
+import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
@@ -243,6 +260,8 @@
             "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_stats_map_A";
     private static final String STATS_MAP_B_PATH =
             "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_stats_map_B";
+    private static final String IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH =
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_iface_stats_map";
 
     /**
      * DeviceConfig flag used to indicate whether the files should be stored in the apex data
@@ -304,7 +323,7 @@
         /**
          * When enabled, all mobile data is reported under {@link NetworkTemplate#NETWORK_TYPE_ALL}.
          * When disabled, mobile data is broken down by a granular ratType representative of the
-         * actual ratType. {@see android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager#getCollapsedRatType}.
+         * actual ratType. See {@link android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager#getCollapsedRatType}.
          * Enabling this decreases the level of detail but saves performance, disk space and
          * amount of data logged.
          */
@@ -322,13 +341,11 @@
             }
         }
 
-        Config getDevConfig();
         Config getXtConfig();
         Config getUidConfig();
         Config getUidTagConfig();
 
         long getGlobalAlertBytes(long def);
-        long getDevPersistBytes(long def);
         long getXtPersistBytes(long def);
         long getUidPersistBytes(long def);
         long getUidTagPersistBytes(long def);
@@ -378,8 +395,6 @@
     private final Semaphore mStatsProviderSem = new Semaphore(0, true);
 
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
-    private NetworkStatsRecorder mDevRecorder;
-    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     private NetworkStatsRecorder mXtRecorder;
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     private NetworkStatsRecorder mUidRecorder;
@@ -397,11 +412,12 @@
      * mActiveUidCounterSet to avoid accessing kernel too frequently.
      */
     private SparseIntArray mActiveUidCounterSet = new SparseIntArray();
-    private final IBpfMap<U32, U8> mUidCounterSetMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, U8> mUidCounterSetMap;
     private final IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> mCookieTagMap;
     private final IBpfMap<StatsMapKey, StatsMapValue> mStatsMapA;
     private final IBpfMap<StatsMapKey, StatsMapValue> mStatsMapB;
     private final IBpfMap<UidStatsMapKey, StatsMapValue> mAppUidStatsMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, StatsMapValue> mIfaceStatsMap;
 
     /** Data layer operation counters for splicing into other structures. */
     private NetworkStats mUidOperations = new NetworkStats(0L, 10);
@@ -418,12 +434,7 @@
     private long mLastStatsSessionPoll;
 
     private final Object mOpenSessionCallsLock = new Object();
-    /**
-     * Map from UID to number of opened sessions. This is used for rate-limt an app to open
-     * session frequently
-     */
-    @GuardedBy("mOpenSessionCallsLock")
-    private final SparseIntArray mOpenSessionCallsPerUid = new SparseIntArray();
+
     /**
      * Map from key {@code OpenSessionKey} to count of opened sessions. This is for recording
      * the caller of open session and it is only for debugging.
@@ -445,6 +456,9 @@
     @NonNull
     private final BpfInterfaceMapUpdater mInterfaceMapUpdater;
 
+    @Nullable
+    private final SkDestroyListener mSkDestroyListener;
+
     private static @NonNull Clock getDefaultClock() {
         return new BestClock(ZoneOffset.UTC, SystemClock.currentNetworkTimeClock(),
                 Clock.systemUTC());
@@ -516,8 +530,24 @@
                 case MSG_BROADCAST_NETWORK_STATS_UPDATED: {
                     final Intent updatedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_UPDATED);
                     updatedIntent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_REGISTERED_ONLY);
+                    Bundle opts = null;
+                    if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+                        try {
+                            // This allows us to discard older broadcasts still waiting to
+                            // be delivered.
+                            opts = BroadcastOptionsShimImpl.newInstance(
+                                    BroadcastOptions.makeBasic())
+                                    .setDeliveryGroupPolicy(
+                                            ConstantsShim.DELIVERY_GROUP_POLICY_MOST_RECENT)
+                                    .setDeferralPolicy(
+                                            ConstantsShim.DEFERRAL_POLICY_UNTIL_ACTIVE)
+                                    .toBundle();
+                        } catch (UnsupportedApiLevelException e) {
+                            Log.wtf(TAG, "Using unsupported API" + e);
+                        }
+                    }
                     mContext.sendBroadcastAsUser(updatedIntent, UserHandle.ALL,
-                            READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY);
+                            READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY, opts);
                     break;
                 }
             }
@@ -578,6 +608,19 @@
         mStatsMapA = mDeps.getStatsMapA();
         mStatsMapB = mDeps.getStatsMapB();
         mAppUidStatsMap = mDeps.getAppUidStatsMap();
+        mIfaceStatsMap = mDeps.getIfaceStatsMap();
+
+        // TODO: Remove bpfNetMaps creation and always start SkDestroyListener
+        // Following code is for the experiment to verify the SkDestroyListener refactoring. Based
+        // on the experiment flag, BpfNetMaps starts C SkDestroyListener (existing code) or
+        // NetworkStatsService starts Java SkDestroyListener (new code).
+        final BpfNetMaps bpfNetMaps = mDeps.makeBpfNetMaps(mContext);
+        if (bpfNetMaps.isSkDestroyListenerRunning()) {
+            mSkDestroyListener = null;
+        } else {
+            mSkDestroyListener = mDeps.makeSkDestroyListener(mCookieTagMap, mHandler);
+            mHandler.post(mSkDestroyListener::start);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -715,10 +758,10 @@
         }
 
         /** Get counter sets map for each UID. */
-        public IBpfMap<U32, U8> getUidCounterSetMap() {
+        public IBpfMap<S32, U8> getUidCounterSetMap() {
             try {
-                return new BpfMap<U32, U8>(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
-                        U32.class, U8.class);
+                return new BpfMap<S32, U8>(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
+                        S32.class, U8.class);
             } catch (ErrnoException e) {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "Cannot open uid counter set map: " + e);
                 return null;
@@ -769,10 +812,31 @@
             }
         }
 
+        /** Gets interface stats map */
+        public IBpfMap<S32, StatsMapValue> getIfaceStatsMap() {
+            try {
+                return new BpfMap<S32, StatsMapValue>(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH,
+                        BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, S32.class, StatsMapValue.class);
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to open interface stats map", e);
+            }
+        }
+
         /** Gets whether the build is userdebug. */
         public boolean isDebuggable() {
             return Build.isDebuggable();
         }
+
+        /** Create a new BpfNetMaps. */
+        public BpfNetMaps makeBpfNetMaps(Context ctx) {
+            return new BpfNetMaps(ctx);
+        }
+
+        /** Create a new SkDestroyListener. */
+        public SkDestroyListener makeSkDestroyListener(
+                IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> cookieTagMap, Handler handler) {
+            return new SkDestroyListener(cookieTagMap, handler, new SharedLog(TAG));
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -800,8 +864,6 @@
             mSystemReady = true;
 
             // create data recorders along with historical rotators
-            mDevRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, mSettings.getDevConfig(), false, mStatsDir,
-                    true /* wipeOnError */);
             mXtRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_XT, mSettings.getXtConfig(), false, mStatsDir,
                     true /* wipeOnError */);
             mUidRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID, mSettings.getUidConfig(), false, mStatsDir,
@@ -884,7 +946,11 @@
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     private void shutdownLocked() {
         final TetheringManager tetheringManager = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
-        tetheringManager.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(mTetherListener);
+        try {
+            tetheringManager.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(mTetherListener);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "shutdownLocked: error when unregister tethering, ignored. e=" + e);
+        }
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mPollReceiver);
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mRemovedReceiver);
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mUserReceiver);
@@ -899,7 +965,6 @@
         final long currentTime = mClock.millis();
 
         // persist any pending stats
-        mDevRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
         mXtRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
         mUidRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
         mUidTagRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
@@ -966,8 +1031,17 @@
             Log.i(TAG, "Starting import : attempts " + attempts + "/" + targetAttempts);
         }
 
+        // Still create a legacy dev recorder locally but the service doesn't really use it.
+        // This is for backward compatibility where the OEMs might call readPlatformCollection to
+        // perform proprietary operations and relying on the side-effects to complete the follow-up
+        // import process.
+        final NetworkStatsSettings.Config devConfig =
+                new NetworkStatsSettings.Config(HOUR_IN_MILLIS,
+                15 * DAY_IN_MILLIS, 90 * DAY_IN_MILLIS);
+        final NetworkStatsRecorder devRecorder = buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, devConfig,
+                false, mStatsDir, true /* wipeOnError */);
         final MigrationInfo[] migrations = new MigrationInfo[]{
-                new MigrationInfo(mDevRecorder), new MigrationInfo(mXtRecorder),
+                new MigrationInfo(devRecorder), new MigrationInfo(mXtRecorder),
                 new MigrationInfo(mUidRecorder), new MigrationInfo(mUidTagRecorder)
         };
 
@@ -977,9 +1051,10 @@
             final File legacyBaseDir = mDeps.getLegacyStatsDir();
             // Set wipeOnError flag false so the recorder won't damage persistent data if reads
             // failed and calling deleteAll.
+            // Set DEV legacy recorder as null since the DEV recorder has been removed.
+            // Thus it doesn't need to build DEV legacy recorder for comparing with imported data.
             legacyRecorders = new NetworkStatsRecorder[]{
-                buildRecorder(PREFIX_DEV, mSettings.getDevConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir,
-                        false /* wipeOnError */),
+                null /* dev Recorder */,
                 buildRecorder(PREFIX_XT, mSettings.getXtConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir,
                         false /* wipeOnError */),
                 buildRecorder(PREFIX_UID, mSettings.getUidConfig(), false, legacyBaseDir,
@@ -996,7 +1071,6 @@
             // commit any data to disk until all are read.
             for (int i = 0; i < migrations.length; i++) {
                 final MigrationInfo migration = migrations[i];
-
                 // Read the collection from platform code, and set fallbacks counter if throws
                 // for better debugging.
                 try {
@@ -1030,6 +1104,7 @@
 
             // Find the latest end time.
             for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
+                if (PREFIX_DEV.equals(migration.recorder.getCookie())) continue;
                 final long migrationEnd = migration.collection.getEndMillis();
                 if (migrationEnd > migrationEndTime) migrationEndTime = migrationEnd;
             }
@@ -1046,7 +1121,8 @@
             for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
                 migration.imported = true;
                 migration.recorder.removeDataBefore(migrationEndTime);
-                if (migration.collection.isEmpty()) continue;
+                if (migration.collection.isEmpty()
+                        || PREFIX_DEV.equals(migration.recorder.getCookie())) continue;
                 migration.recorder.importCollectionLocked(migration.collection);
             }
 
@@ -1069,6 +1145,7 @@
             if (migrationEndTime > Long.MIN_VALUE) {
                 try {
                     for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
+                        if (PREFIX_DEV.equals(migration.recorder.getCookie())) continue;
                         if (migration.imported) {
                             migration.recorder.removeDataBefore(migrationEndTime);
                         }
@@ -1079,6 +1156,7 @@
                     // framework will reboot, and if there are remaining tries, the migration
                     // process will retry, which is fine because it's idempotent.
                     for (final MigrationInfo migration : migrations) {
+                        if (PREFIX_DEV.equals(migration.recorder.getCookie())) continue;
                         migration.recorder.recoverAndDeleteData();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1132,11 +1210,14 @@
     /**
      * Compare imported data with the data returned by legacy recorders.
      *
-     * @return true if the data matches, false if the data does not match or throw with exceptions.
+     * @return true if the data matches or if {@code legacyRecorder} is null, false if the data
+     * does not match or throw with exceptions.
      */
     private boolean compareImportedToLegacyStats(@NonNull MigrationInfo migration,
-            @NonNull NetworkStatsRecorder legacyRecorder) {
+            @Nullable NetworkStatsRecorder legacyRecorder) {
         final NetworkStatsCollection legacyStats;
+        // Skip the recorder that doesn't need to be compared.
+        if (legacyRecorder == null) return true;
         try {
             legacyStats = legacyRecorder.getOrLoadCompleteLocked();
         } catch (Throwable e) {
@@ -1284,7 +1365,7 @@
             mNetd.bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(mGlobalAlertBytes);
         } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
             Log.w(TAG, "problem registering for global alert: " + e);
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+        } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
             // ignored; service lives in system_server
         }
         invokeForAllStatsProviderCallbacks((cb) -> cb.mProvider.onSetAlert(mGlobalAlertBytes));
@@ -1312,9 +1393,6 @@
                 mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller.put(key, Integer.sum(callsPerCaller, 1));
             }
 
-            int callsPerUid = mOpenSessionCallsPerUid.get(key.uid, 0);
-            mOpenSessionCallsPerUid.put(key.uid, callsPerUid + 1);
-
             if (key.uid == android.os.Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -1658,11 +1736,7 @@
         PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         try {
             final String[] ifaceArray = getAllIfacesSinceBoot(transport);
-            // TODO(b/215633405) : mMobileIfaces and mWifiIfaces already contain the stacked
-            // interfaces, so this is not useful, remove it.
-            final String[] ifacesToQuery =
-                    mStatsFactory.augmentWithStackedInterfaces(ifaceArray);
-            final NetworkStats stats = getNetworkStatsUidDetail(ifacesToQuery);
+            final NetworkStats stats = getNetworkStatsUidDetail(ifaceArray);
             // Clear the interfaces of the stats before returning, so callers won't get this
             // information. This is because no caller needs this information for now, and it
             // makes it easier to change the implementation later by using the histories in the
@@ -1677,11 +1751,6 @@
 
     @Override
     public String[] getMobileIfaces() {
-        // TODO (b/192758557): Remove debug log.
-        if (CollectionUtils.contains(mMobileIfaces, null)) {
-            throw new NullPointerException(
-                    "null element in mMobileIfaces: " + Arrays.toString(mMobileIfaces));
-        }
         return mMobileIfaces.clone();
     }
 
@@ -1715,7 +1784,7 @@
 
         if (set == SET_DEFAULT) {
             try {
-                mUidCounterSetMap.deleteEntry(new U32(uid));
+                mUidCounterSetMap.deleteEntry(new S32(uid));
             } catch (ErrnoException e) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "UidCounterSetMap.deleteEntry(" + uid + ") failed with errno: " + e);
             }
@@ -1723,7 +1792,7 @@
         }
 
         try {
-            mUidCounterSetMap.updateEntry(new U32(uid), new U8((short) set));
+            mUidCounterSetMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid), new U8((short) set));
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             Log.w(TAG, "UidCounterSetMap.updateEntry(" + uid + ", " + set
                     + ") failed with errno: " + e);
@@ -1798,7 +1867,6 @@
 
             updatePersistThresholdsLocked();
 
-            mDevRecorder.maybePersistLocked(currentTime);
             mXtRecorder.maybePersistLocked(currentTime);
             mUidRecorder.maybePersistLocked(currentTime);
             mUidTagRecorder.maybePersistLocked(currentTime);
@@ -1914,7 +1982,6 @@
      */
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     private void updatePersistThresholdsLocked() {
-        mDevRecorder.setPersistThreshold(mSettings.getDevPersistBytes(mPersistThreshold));
         mXtRecorder.setPersistThreshold(mSettings.getXtPersistBytes(mPersistThreshold));
         mUidRecorder.setPersistThreshold(mSettings.getUidPersistBytes(mPersistThreshold));
         mUidTagRecorder.setPersistThreshold(mSettings.getUidTagPersistBytes(mPersistThreshold));
@@ -2061,6 +2128,14 @@
             final NetworkIdentity ident = NetworkIdentity.buildNetworkIdentity(mContext, snapshot,
                     isDefault, ratType);
 
+            // If WifiInfo contains a null network key then this identity should not be added into
+            // the network identity set. See b/266598304.
+            final TransportInfo transportInfo = snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities()
+                    .getTransportInfo();
+            if (transportInfo instanceof WifiInfo) {
+                final WifiInfo info = (WifiInfo) transportInfo;
+                if (info.getNetworkKey() == null) continue;
+            }
             // Traffic occurring on the base interface is always counted for
             // both total usage and UID details.
             final String baseIface = snapshot.getLinkProperties().getInterfaceName();
@@ -2152,11 +2227,6 @@
         }
 
         mMobileIfaces = mobileIfaces.toArray(new String[0]);
-        // TODO (b/192758557): Remove debug log.
-        if (CollectionUtils.contains(mMobileIfaces, null)) {
-            throw new NullPointerException(
-                    "null element in mMobileIfaces: " + Arrays.toString(mMobileIfaces));
-        }
     }
 
     private static int getSubIdForMobile(@NonNull NetworkStateSnapshot state) {
@@ -2199,30 +2269,23 @@
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     private void recordSnapshotLocked(long currentTime) throws RemoteException {
         // snapshot and record current counters; read UID stats first to
-        // avoid over counting dev stats.
+        // avoid over counting xt stats.
         Trace.traceBegin(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "snapshotUid");
         final NetworkStats uidSnapshot = getNetworkStatsUidDetail(INTERFACES_ALL);
         Trace.traceEnd(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
         Trace.traceBegin(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "snapshotXt");
         final NetworkStats xtSnapshot = readNetworkStatsSummaryXt();
         Trace.traceEnd(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
-        Trace.traceBegin(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "snapshotDev");
-        final NetworkStats devSnapshot = readNetworkStatsSummaryDev();
-        Trace.traceEnd(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
 
-        // Snapshot for dev/xt stats from all custom stats providers. Counts per-interface data
-        // from stats providers that isn't already counted by dev and XT stats.
+        // Snapshot for xt stats from all custom stats providers. Counts per-interface data
+        // from stats providers that isn't already counted by XT stats.
         Trace.traceBegin(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "snapshotStatsProvider");
         final NetworkStats providersnapshot = getNetworkStatsFromProviders(STATS_PER_IFACE);
         Trace.traceEnd(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
         xtSnapshot.combineAllValues(providersnapshot);
-        devSnapshot.combineAllValues(providersnapshot);
 
-        // For xt/dev, we pass a null VPN array because usage is aggregated by UID, so VPN traffic
+        // For xt, we pass a null VPN array because usage is aggregated by UID, so VPN traffic
         // can't be reattributed to responsible apps.
-        Trace.traceBegin(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "recordDev");
-        mDevRecorder.recordSnapshotLocked(devSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, currentTime);
-        Trace.traceEnd(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
         Trace.traceBegin(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "recordXt");
         mXtRecorder.recordSnapshotLocked(xtSnapshot, mActiveIfaces, currentTime);
         Trace.traceEnd(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
@@ -2302,13 +2365,11 @@
         // persist any pending data depending on requested flags
         Trace.traceBegin(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "[persisting]");
         if (persistForce) {
-            mDevRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
             mXtRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
             mUidRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
             mUidTagRecorder.forcePersistLocked(currentTime);
         } else {
             if (persistNetwork) {
-                mDevRecorder.maybePersistLocked(currentTime);
                 mXtRecorder.maybePersistLocked(currentTime);
             }
             if (persistUid) {
@@ -2365,33 +2426,49 @@
         final long currentTime = mClock.millis();
 
         NetworkTemplate template;
-        NetworkStats.Entry devTotal;
         NetworkStats.Entry xtTotal;
         NetworkStats.Entry uidTotal;
 
         // collect mobile sample
-        template = buildTemplateMobileWildcard();
-        devTotal = mDevRecorder.getTotalSinceBootLocked(template);
+        template = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
         xtTotal = mXtRecorder.getTotalSinceBootLocked(template);
         uidTotal = mUidRecorder.getTotalSinceBootLocked(template);
 
-        EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_TAG_NETSTATS_MOBILE_SAMPLE,
-                devTotal.rxBytes, devTotal.rxPackets, devTotal.txBytes, devTotal.txPackets,
-                xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.txPackets,
-                uidTotal.rxBytes, uidTotal.rxPackets, uidTotal.txBytes, uidTotal.txPackets,
-                currentTime);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_TAG_NETSTATS_MOBILE_SAMPLE,
+                    xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txPackets,
+                    uidTotal.rxBytes, uidTotal.txBytes, uidTotal.rxPackets, uidTotal.txPackets,
+                    currentTime);
+        } else {
+            // To keep the format of event log, here replaces the value of DevRecorder with the
+            // value of XtRecorder because they have the same content in old design.
+            EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_TAG_NETSTATS_MOBILE_SAMPLE,
+                    xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.txPackets,
+                    xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.txPackets,
+                    uidTotal.rxBytes, uidTotal.rxPackets, uidTotal.txBytes, uidTotal.txPackets,
+                    currentTime);
+        }
 
         // collect wifi sample
-        template = buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
-        devTotal = mDevRecorder.getTotalSinceBootLocked(template);
+        template = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build();
         xtTotal = mXtRecorder.getTotalSinceBootLocked(template);
         uidTotal = mUidRecorder.getTotalSinceBootLocked(template);
 
-        EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_TAG_NETSTATS_WIFI_SAMPLE,
-                devTotal.rxBytes, devTotal.rxPackets, devTotal.txBytes, devTotal.txPackets,
-                xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.txPackets,
-                uidTotal.rxBytes, uidTotal.rxPackets, uidTotal.txBytes, uidTotal.txPackets,
-                currentTime);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_TAG_NETSTATS_WIFI_SAMPLE,
+                    xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txPackets,
+                    uidTotal.rxBytes, uidTotal.txBytes, uidTotal.rxPackets, uidTotal.txPackets,
+                    currentTime);
+        } else {
+            // To keep the format of event log, here replaces the value of DevRecorder with the
+            // value of XtRecorder because they have the same content in old design.
+            EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_TAG_NETSTATS_WIFI_SAMPLE,
+                    xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.txPackets,
+                    xtTotal.rxBytes, xtTotal.rxPackets, xtTotal.txBytes, xtTotal.txPackets,
+                    uidTotal.rxBytes, uidTotal.rxPackets, uidTotal.txBytes, uidTotal.txPackets,
+                    currentTime);
+
+        }
     }
 
     // deleteKernelTagData can ignore ENOENT; otherwise we should log an error
@@ -2445,7 +2522,7 @@
         deleteStatsMapTagData(mStatsMapB, uid);
 
         try {
-            mUidCounterSetMap.deleteEntry(new U32(uid));
+            mUidCounterSetMap.deleteEntry(new S32(uid));
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             logErrorIfNotErrNoent(e, "Failed to delete tag data from uid counter set map");
         }
@@ -2470,13 +2547,12 @@
         mUidRecorder.removeUidsLocked(uids);
         mUidTagRecorder.removeUidsLocked(uids);
 
+        mStatsFactory.removeUidsLocked(uids);
         // Clear kernel stats associated with UID
         for (int uid : uids) {
             deleteKernelTagData(uid);
         }
-
-       // TODO: Remove the UID's entries from mOpenSessionCallsPerUid and
-       // mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller
+        // TODO: Remove the UID's entries from mOpenSessionCallsPerCaller.
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2534,6 +2610,7 @@
         // usage: dumpsys netstats --full --uid --tag --poll --checkin
         final boolean poll = argSet.contains("--poll") || argSet.contains("poll");
         final boolean checkin = argSet.contains("--checkin");
+        final boolean bpfRawMap = argSet.contains("--bpfRawMap");
         final boolean fullHistory = argSet.contains("--full") || argSet.contains("full");
         final boolean includeUid = argSet.contains("--uid") || argSet.contains("detail");
         final boolean includeTag = argSet.contains("--tag") || argSet.contains("detail");
@@ -2575,6 +2652,11 @@
                 return;
             }
 
+            if (bpfRawMap) {
+                dumpRawMapLocked(pw, args);
+                return;
+            }
+
             pw.println("Directory:");
             pw.increaseIndent();
             pw.println(mStatsDir);
@@ -2685,7 +2767,12 @@
 
             pw.println("Dev stats:");
             pw.increaseIndent();
-            mDevRecorder.dumpLocked(pw, fullHistory);
+            pw.println("Pending bytes: ");
+            if (fullHistory) {
+                pw.println("Complete history:");
+            } else {
+                pw.println("History since boot:");
+            }
             pw.decreaseIndent();
 
             pw.println("Xt stats:");
@@ -2706,6 +2793,32 @@
                 mUidTagRecorder.dumpLocked(pw, fullHistory);
                 pw.decreaseIndent();
             }
+
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("InterfaceMapUpdater:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            mInterfaceMapUpdater.dump(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("BPF map status:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            dumpMapStatus(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+            pw.println();
+
+            // Following BPF map content dump contains uid and tag regardless of the flags because
+            // following dumps are moved from TrafficController and bug report already contains this
+            // information.
+            pw.println("BPF map content:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            dumpCookieTagMapLocked(pw);
+            dumpUidCounterSetMapLocked(pw);
+            dumpAppUidStatsMapLocked(pw);
+            dumpStatsMapLocked(mStatsMapA, pw, "mStatsMapA");
+            dumpStatsMapLocked(mStatsMapB, pw, "mStatsMapB");
+            dumpIfaceStatsMapLocked(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
         }
     }
 
@@ -2719,7 +2832,6 @@
                 mActiveIfaces);
         dumpInterfaces(proto, NetworkStatsServiceDumpProto.ACTIVE_UID_INTERFACES,
                 mActiveUidIfaces);
-        mDevRecorder.dumpDebugLocked(proto, NetworkStatsServiceDumpProto.DEV_STATS);
         mXtRecorder.dumpDebugLocked(proto, NetworkStatsServiceDumpProto.XT_STATS);
         mUidRecorder.dumpDebugLocked(proto, NetworkStatsServiceDumpProto.UID_STATS);
         mUidTagRecorder.dumpDebugLocked(proto,
@@ -2728,6 +2840,38 @@
         proto.flush();
     }
 
+    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpRawMap(IBpfMap<K, V> map,
+            IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
+        if (map == null) {
+            pw.println("Map is null");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (map.isEmpty()) {
+            pw.println("");
+            return;
+        }
+        // If there is a concurrent entry deletion, value could be null. http://b/220084230.
+        // Also, map.forEach could restart iteration from the beginning and dump could contain
+        // duplicated entries. User of this dump needs to take care of the duplicated entries.
+        map.forEach((k, v) -> {
+            if (v != null) {
+                pw.println(BpfDump.toBase64EncodedString(k, v));
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
+    private void dumpRawMapLocked(final IndentingPrintWriter pw, final String[] args) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, "--cookieTagMap")) {
+            try {
+                dumpRawMap(mCookieTagMap, pw);
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                pw.println("Error dumping cookieTag map: " + e);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
     private static void dumpInterfaces(ProtoOutputStream proto, long tag,
             ArrayMap<String, NetworkIdentitySet> ifaces) {
         for (int i = 0; i < ifaces.size(); i++) {
@@ -2740,12 +2884,86 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private NetworkStats readNetworkStatsSummaryDev() {
-        try {
-            return mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryDev();
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
+    private void dumpMapStatus(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(mCookieTagMap, pw, "mCookieTagMap", COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
+        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(mUidCounterSetMap, pw, "mUidCounterSetMap", UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH);
+        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(mAppUidStatsMap, pw, "mAppUidStatsMap", APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH);
+        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(mStatsMapA, pw, "mStatsMapA", STATS_MAP_A_PATH);
+        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(mStatsMapB, pw, "mStatsMapB", STATS_MAP_B_PATH);
+        // mIfaceStatsMap is always not null but dump status to be consistent with other maps.
+        BpfDump.dumpMapStatus(mIfaceStatsMap, pw, "mIfaceStatsMap", IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
+    }
+
+    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
+    private void dumpCookieTagMapLocked(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        if (mCookieTagMap == null) {
+            return;
         }
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mCookieTagMap, pw, "mCookieTagMap",
+                (key, value) -> "cookie=" + key.socketCookie
+                        + " tag=0x" + Long.toHexString(value.tag)
+                        + " uid=" + value.uid);
+    }
+
+    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
+    private void dumpUidCounterSetMapLocked(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        if (mUidCounterSetMap == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mUidCounterSetMap, pw, "mUidCounterSetMap",
+                (uid, set) -> "uid=" + uid.val + " set=" + set.val);
+    }
+
+    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
+    private void dumpAppUidStatsMapLocked(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        if (mAppUidStatsMap == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mAppUidStatsMap, pw, "mAppUidStatsMap",
+                "uid rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets",
+                (key, value) -> key.uid + " "
+                        + value.rxBytes + " "
+                        + value.rxPackets + " "
+                        + value.txBytes + " "
+                        + value.txPackets);
+    }
+
+    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
+    private void dumpStatsMapLocked(final IBpfMap<StatsMapKey, StatsMapValue> statsMap,
+            final IndentingPrintWriter pw, final String mapName) {
+        if (statsMap == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(statsMap, pw, mapName,
+                "ifaceIndex ifaceName tag_hex uid_int cnt_set rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets",
+                (key, value) -> {
+                    final String ifName = mInterfaceMapUpdater.getIfNameByIndex(key.ifaceIndex);
+                    return key.ifaceIndex + " "
+                            + (ifName != null ? ifName : "unknown") + " "
+                            + "0x" + Long.toHexString(key.tag) + " "
+                            + key.uid + " "
+                            + key.counterSet + " "
+                            + value.rxBytes + " "
+                            + value.rxPackets + " "
+                            + value.txBytes + " "
+                            + value.txPackets;
+                });
+    }
+
+    @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
+    private void dumpIfaceStatsMapLocked(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mIfaceStatsMap, pw, "mIfaceStatsMap",
+                "ifaceIndex ifaceName rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets",
+                (key, value) -> {
+                    final String ifName = mInterfaceMapUpdater.getIfNameByIndex(key.val);
+                    return key.val + " "
+                            + (ifName != null ? ifName : "unknown") + " "
+                            + value.rxBytes + " "
+                            + value.rxPackets + " "
+                            + value.txBytes + " "
+                            + value.txPackets;
+                });
     }
 
     private NetworkStats readNetworkStatsSummaryXt() {
@@ -2774,7 +2992,7 @@
      */
     private NetworkStats getNetworkStatsUidDetail(String[] ifaces)
             throws RemoteException {
-        final NetworkStats uidSnapshot = readNetworkStatsUidDetail(UID_ALL,  ifaces, TAG_ALL);
+        final NetworkStats uidSnapshot = readNetworkStatsUidDetail(UID_ALL, ifaces, TAG_ALL);
 
         // fold tethering stats and operations into uid snapshot
         final NetworkStats tetherSnapshot = getNetworkStatsTethering(STATS_PER_UID);
@@ -2789,6 +3007,7 @@
         uidSnapshot.combineAllValues(providerStats);
 
         uidSnapshot.combineAllValues(mUidOperations);
+        uidSnapshot.filter(UID_ALL, ifaces, TAG_ALL);
 
         return uidSnapshot;
     }
@@ -2814,36 +3033,19 @@
             for (TetherStatsParcel tetherStats : tetherStatsParcels) {
                 try {
                     stats.combineValues(new NetworkStats.Entry(tetherStats.iface, UID_TETHERING,
-                            SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, tetherStats.rxBytes, tetherStats.rxPackets,
+                            SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
+                            tetherStats.rxBytes, tetherStats.rxPackets,
                             tetherStats.txBytes, tetherStats.txPackets, 0L));
                 } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                     throw new IllegalStateException("invalid tethering stats " + e);
                 }
             }
-        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+        } catch (IllegalStateException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
             Log.wtf(TAG, "problem reading network stats", e);
         }
         return stats;
     }
 
-    // TODO: It is copied from ConnectivityService, consider refactor these check permission
-    //  functions to a proper util.
-    private boolean checkAnyPermissionOf(String... permissions) {
-        for (String permission : permissions) {
-            if (mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private void enforceAnyPermissionOf(String... permissions) {
-        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(permissions)) {
-            throw new SecurityException("Requires one of the following permissions: "
-                    + String.join(", ", permissions) + ".");
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Registers a custom provider of {@link android.net.NetworkStats} to combine the network
      * statistics that cannot be seen by the kernel to system. To unregister, invoke the
@@ -2858,7 +3060,7 @@
      */
     public @NonNull INetworkStatsProviderCallback registerNetworkStatsProvider(
             @NonNull String tag, @NonNull INetworkStatsProvider provider) {
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(NETWORK_STATS_PROVIDER,
+        PermissionUtils.enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext, NETWORK_STATS_PROVIDER,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
         Objects.requireNonNull(provider, "provider is null");
         Objects.requireNonNull(tag, "tag is null");
@@ -3072,12 +3274,8 @@
             return false;
         }
         @Override
-        public Config getDevConfig() {
-            return new Config(HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 15 * DAY_IN_MILLIS, 90 * DAY_IN_MILLIS);
-        }
-        @Override
         public Config getXtConfig() {
-            return getDevConfig();
+            return new Config(HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 15 * DAY_IN_MILLIS, 90 * DAY_IN_MILLIS);
         }
         @Override
         public Config getUidConfig() {
@@ -3088,10 +3286,6 @@
             return new Config(2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS, 5 * DAY_IN_MILLIS, 15 * DAY_IN_MILLIS);
         }
         @Override
-        public long getDevPersistBytes(long def) {
-            return def;
-        }
-        @Override
         public long getXtPersistBytes(long def) {
             return def;
         }
@@ -3108,4 +3302,7 @@
     private static native long nativeGetTotalStat(int type);
     private static native long nativeGetIfaceStat(String iface, int type);
     private static native long nativeGetUidStat(int uid, int type);
+
+    /** Initializes and registers the Perfetto Network Trace data source */
+    public static native void nativeInitNetworkTracing();
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/SkDestroyListener.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/SkDestroyListener.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b68f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/SkDestroyListener.java
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.NETLINK_INET_DIAG;
+
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ip.NetlinkMonitor;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.InetDiagMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructInetDiagSockId;
+
+/**
+ * Monitor socket destroy and delete entry from cookie tag bpf map.
+ */
+public class SkDestroyListener extends NetlinkMonitor {
+    private static final int SKNLGRP_INET_TCP_DESTROY = 1;
+    private static final int SKNLGRP_INET_UDP_DESTROY = 2;
+    private static final int SKNLGRP_INET6_TCP_DESTROY = 3;
+    private static final int SKNLGRP_INET6_UDP_DESTROY = 4;
+
+    // TODO: if too many sockets are closed too quickly, this can overflow the socket buffer, and
+    // some entries in mCookieTagMap will not be freed. In order to fix this it would be needed to
+    // periodically dump all sockets and remove the tag entries for sockets that have been closed.
+    // For now, set a large-enough buffer that hundreds of sockets can be closed without getting
+    // ENOBUFS and leaking mCookieTagMap entries.
+    private static final int SOCK_RCV_BUF_SIZE = 512 * 1024;
+
+    private final IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> mCookieTagMap;
+
+    SkDestroyListener(final IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> cookieTagMap,
+            final Handler handler, final SharedLog log) {
+        super(handler, log, "SkDestroyListener", NETLINK_INET_DIAG,
+                1 << (SKNLGRP_INET_TCP_DESTROY - 1)
+                        | 1 << (SKNLGRP_INET_UDP_DESTROY - 1)
+                        | 1 << (SKNLGRP_INET6_TCP_DESTROY - 1)
+                        | 1 << (SKNLGRP_INET6_UDP_DESTROY - 1),
+                SOCK_RCV_BUF_SIZE);
+        mCookieTagMap = cookieTagMap;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void processNetlinkMessage(final NetlinkMessage nlMsg, final long whenMs) {
+        if (!(nlMsg instanceof InetDiagMessage)) {
+            mLog.e("Received non InetDiagMessage");
+            return;
+        }
+        final StructInetDiagSockId sockId = ((InetDiagMessage) nlMsg).inetDiagMsg.id;
+        try {
+            mCookieTagMap.deleteEntry(new CookieTagMapKey(sockId.cookie));
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            mLog.e("Failed to delete CookieTagMap entry for " + sockId.cookie  + ": " + e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/StatsMapKey.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/StatsMapKey.java
index ea8d836..44269b3 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/StatsMapKey.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/StatsMapKey.java
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
  * Key for both stats maps.
  */
 public class StatsMapKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long uid;
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int uid;
 
     @Field(order = 1, type = Type.U32)
     public final long tag;
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@
     @Field(order = 2, type = Type.U32)
     public final long counterSet;
 
-    @Field(order = 3, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long ifaceIndex;
+    @Field(order = 3, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int ifaceIndex;
 
-    public StatsMapKey(final long uid, final long tag, final long counterSet,
-            final long ifaceIndex) {
+    public StatsMapKey(final int uid, final long tag, final long counterSet,
+            final int ifaceIndex) {
         this.uid = uid;
         this.tag = tag;
         this.counterSet = counterSet;
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/UidStatsMapKey.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/UidStatsMapKey.java
index 2849f94..59025fd 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/UidStatsMapKey.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/UidStatsMapKey.java
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@
  * Key for uid stats map.
  */
 public class UidStatsMapKey extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long uid;
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int uid;
 
-    public UidStatsMapKey(final long uid) {
+    public UidStatsMapKey(final int uid) {
         this.uid = uid;
     }
 }
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 45e43bc..e1376a1 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 aidl_interface {
     name: "connectivity_native_aidl_interface",
     local_include_dir: "binder",
-    vendor_available: true,
     srcs: [
         "binder/android/net/connectivity/aidl/*.aidl",
     ],
@@ -139,37 +138,59 @@
     name: "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
     sdk_version: "system_server_current",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
+    // NetworkStackApiShimSettingsForCurrentBranch provides the latest available shims depending on
+    // the branch to "service-connectivity".
+    // There are Tethering.apk and TetheringNext.apk variants for the tethering APEX,
+    // which use NetworkStackApiStableShims and NetworkStackApiCurrentShims respectively.
+    // Note that there can be no service-connectivity-next because it would need to be configured in
+    // default_art_config.mk which doesn't support conditionals, hence this scheme of using a
+    // variable here.
+    defaults: ["NetworkStackApiShimSettingsForCurrentBranch"],
     srcs: [
         "src/**/*.java",
         ":framework-connectivity-shared-srcs",
         ":services-connectivity-shared-srcs",
-        // TODO: move to net-utils-device-common
-        ":connectivity-module-utils-srcs",
+        ":statslog-connectivity-java-gen",
     ],
     libs: [
         "framework-annotations-lib",
+        "framework-configinfrastructure",
         "framework-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
+        // The framework-connectivity-t library is only available on T+ platforms
+        // so any calls to it must be protected with a check to ensure that it is
+        // available. The linter will detect any unprotected calls through an API
+        // but not direct calls to the implementation. So, this depends on the
+        // module lib stubs directly to ensure the linter will work correctly
+        // as depending on framework-connectivity-t would cause it to be compiled
+        // against the implementation because the two libraries are in the same
+        // APEX.
         "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib",
-        "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
-        "framework-wifi.stubs.module_lib",
+        // TODO: figure out why just using "framework-tethering" uses the stubs, even though both
+        // service-connectivity and framework-tethering are in the same APEX.
+        "framework-tethering.impl",
+        "framework-wifi",
         "unsupportedappusage",
         "ServiceConnectivityResources",
+        "framework-statsd",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         // Do not add libs here if they are already included
         // in framework-connectivity
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+        "connectivity-net-module-utils-bpf",
         "connectivity_native_aidl_interface-lateststable-java",
-        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-V9-java",
+        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-V11-java",
         "modules-utils-shell-command-handler",
         "net-utils-device-common",
         "net-utils-device-common-bpf",
+        "net-utils-device-common-ip",
         "net-utils-device-common-netlink",
         "net-utils-services-common",
         "netd-client",
         "networkstack-client",
         "PlatformProperties",
         "service-connectivity-protos",
-        "NetworkStackApiStableShims",
+        "service-connectivity-stats-protos",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.tethering",
@@ -195,32 +216,52 @@
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.tethering",
     ],
-    lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
+    lint: {
+        strict_updatability_linting: true,
+    },
 }
 
 java_defaults {
     name: "service-connectivity-defaults",
     sdk_version: "system_server_current",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
+    defaults: [
+        "standalone-system-server-module-optimize-defaults",
+    ],
     // This library combines system server jars that have access to different bootclasspath jars.
     // Lower SDK service jars must not depend on higher SDK jars as that would let them
     // transitively depend on the wrong bootclasspath jars. Sources also cannot be added here as
-    // they would transitively depend on bootclasspath jars that may not be available.
+    // they would depend on bootclasspath jars that may not be available.
     static_libs: [
         "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "service-connectivity-tiramisu-pre-jarjar",
         "service-nearby-pre-jarjar",
     ],
+    // The below libraries are not actually needed to build since no source is compiled
+    // (only combining prebuilt static_libs), but they are necessary so that R8 has the right
+    // references to optimize the code. Without these, there will be missing class warnings and
+    // code may be wrongly optimized.
+    // R8 runs after jarjar, so the framework-X libraries need to be the post-jarjar artifacts
+    // (.impl), if they are not just stubs, so that the name of jarjared classes match.
+    libs: [
+        "androidx.annotation_annotation",
+        "framework-annotations-lib",
+        "framework-connectivity.impl",
+        "framework-connectivity-t.impl",
+        "framework-tethering.impl",
+        "framework-wifi",
+        "libprotobuf-java-nano",
+    ],
     jarjar_rules: ":connectivity-jarjar-rules",
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.tethering",
     ],
     optimize: {
-        enabled: true,
-        shrink: true,
         proguard_flags_files: ["proguard.flags"],
     },
-    lint: { strict_updatability_linting: true },
+    lint: {
+        strict_updatability_linting: true,
+    },
 }
 
 // A special library created strictly for use by the tests as they need the
@@ -241,9 +282,29 @@
     installable: true,
 }
 
-filegroup {
+java_library_static {
+    name: "service-connectivity-stats-protos",
+    sdk_version: "system_current",
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    proto: {
+        type: "lite",
+    },
+    srcs: [
+        "src/com/android/metrics/stats.proto",
+    ],
+    static_libs: ["ConnectivityServiceprotos"],
+    apex_available: ["com.android.tethering"],
+}
+
+genrule {
     name: "connectivity-jarjar-rules",
-    srcs: ["jarjar-rules.txt"],
+    defaults: ["jarjar-rules-combine-defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        ":framework-connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+        ":service-connectivity-jarjar-gen",
+        ":service-nearby-jarjar-gen",
+    ],
+    out: ["connectivity-jarjar-rules.txt"],
     visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
 }
 
@@ -254,3 +315,48 @@
     srcs: ["src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java"],
     visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
 }
+
+java_genrule {
+    name: "service-connectivity-jarjar-gen",
+    tool_files: [
+        ":service-connectivity-pre-jarjar{.jar}",
+        ":service-connectivity-tiramisu-pre-jarjar{.jar}",
+        "jarjar-excludes.txt",
+    ],
+    tools: [
+        "jarjar-rules-generator",
+    ],
+    out: ["service_connectivity_jarjar_rules.txt"],
+    cmd: "$(location jarjar-rules-generator) " +
+        "$(location :service-connectivity-pre-jarjar{.jar}) " +
+        "$(location :service-connectivity-tiramisu-pre-jarjar{.jar}) " +
+        "--prefix android.net.connectivity " +
+        "--excludes $(location jarjar-excludes.txt) " +
+        "--output $(out)",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
+java_genrule {
+    name: "service-nearby-jarjar-gen",
+    tool_files: [
+        ":service-nearby-pre-jarjar{.jar}",
+        "jarjar-excludes.txt",
+    ],
+    tools: [
+        "jarjar-rules-generator",
+    ],
+    out: ["service_nearby_jarjar_rules.txt"],
+    cmd: "$(location jarjar-rules-generator) " +
+        "$(location :service-nearby-pre-jarjar{.jar}) " +
+        "--prefix com.android.server.nearby " +
+        "--excludes $(location jarjar-excludes.txt) " +
+        "--output $(out)",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
+genrule {
+    name: "statslog-connectivity-java-gen",
+    tools: ["stats-log-api-gen"],
+    cmd: "$(location stats-log-api-gen) --java $(out) --module connectivity --javaPackage com.android.server --javaClass ConnectivityStatsLog",
+    out: ["com/android/server/ConnectivityStatsLog.java"],
+}
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/Android.bp b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/Android.bp
index 02b2875..2260596 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/Android.bp
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/Android.bp
@@ -21,9 +21,8 @@
 
 android_app {
     name: "ServiceConnectivityResources",
-    sdk_version: "module_30",
+    sdk_version: "module_current",
     min_sdk_version: "30",
-    target_sdk_version: "33",
     resource_dirs: [
         "res",
     ],
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml
index 9827f4e..c490cf8 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-en-rCA/strings.xml
@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@
 
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
-    <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"System Connectivity Resources"</string>
-    <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"Sign in to Wi-Fi network"</string>
+    <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"System connectivity resources"</string>
+    <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"Sign in to a Wi-Fi network"</string>
     <string name="network_available_sign_in" msgid="2622520134876355561">"Sign in to network"</string>
     <!-- no translation found for network_available_sign_in_detailed (8439369644697866359) -->
     <skip />
-    <string name="wifi_no_internet" msgid="1326348603404555475">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> has no internet access"</string>
+    <string name="wifi_no_internet" msgid="1326348603404555475">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> has no Internet access"</string>
     <string name="wifi_no_internet_detailed" msgid="1746921096565304090">"Tap for options"</string>
-    <string name="mobile_no_internet" msgid="4087718456753201450">"Mobile network has no internet access"</string>
-    <string name="other_networks_no_internet" msgid="5693932964749676542">"Network has no internet access"</string>
+    <string name="mobile_no_internet" msgid="4087718456753201450">"Mobile network has no Internet access"</string>
+    <string name="other_networks_no_internet" msgid="5693932964749676542">"Network has no Internet access"</string>
     <string name="private_dns_broken_detailed" msgid="2677123850463207823">"Private DNS server cannot be accessed"</string>
     <string name="network_partial_connectivity" msgid="5549503845834993258">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> has limited connectivity"</string>
     <string name="network_partial_connectivity_detailed" msgid="4732435946300249845">"Tap to connect anyway"</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered" msgid="5016937523571166319">"Switched to <xliff:g id="NETWORK_TYPE">%1$s</xliff:g>"</string>
-    <string name="network_switch_metered_detail" msgid="1257300152739542096">"Device uses <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> when <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> has no internet access. Charges may apply."</string>
+    <string name="network_switch_metered_detail" msgid="1257300152739542096">"Device uses <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> when <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> has no Internet access. Charges may apply."</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered_toast" msgid="70691146054130335">"Switched from <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> to <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g>"</string>
   <string-array name="network_switch_type_name">
     <item msgid="3004933964374161223">"mobile data"</item>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-es-rUS/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-es-rUS/strings.xml
index b24dee0..fdca468 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-es-rUS/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-es-rUS/strings.xml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     <string name="network_available_sign_in" msgid="2622520134876355561">"Acceder a la red"</string>
     <!-- no translation found for network_available_sign_in_detailed (8439369644697866359) -->
     <skip />
-    <string name="wifi_no_internet" msgid="1326348603404555475">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> no tiene acceso a Internet"</string>
+    <string name="wifi_no_internet" msgid="1326348603404555475">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g>no tiene acceso a Internet"</string>
     <string name="wifi_no_internet_detailed" msgid="1746921096565304090">"Presiona para ver opciones"</string>
     <string name="mobile_no_internet" msgid="4087718456753201450">"La red móvil no tiene acceso a Internet"</string>
     <string name="other_networks_no_internet" msgid="5693932964749676542">"La red no tiene acceso a Internet"</string>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-eu/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-eu/strings.xml
index 13f9eb4..2c4e431 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-eu/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-eu/strings.xml
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@
   <string-array name="network_switch_type_name">
     <item msgid="3004933964374161223">"datu-konexioa"</item>
     <item msgid="5624324321165953608">"Wifia"</item>
-    <item msgid="5667906231066981731">"Bluetootha"</item>
-    <item msgid="346574747471703768">"Etherneta"</item>
+    <item msgid="5667906231066981731">"Bluetooth-a"</item>
+    <item msgid="346574747471703768">"Ethernet-a"</item>
     <item msgid="5734728378097476003">"VPNa"</item>
   </string-array>
     <string name="network_switch_type_name_unknown" msgid="5116448402191972082">"sare mota ezezaguna"</string>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kk/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kk/strings.xml
index efe23b6..00c0f39 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kk/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kk/strings.xml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
     <string name="network_switch_metered_detail" msgid="1257300152739542096">"Құрылғы <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> желісінде интернетпен байланыс жоғалған жағдайда <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> желісін пайдаланады. Деректер ақысы алынуы мүмкін."</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered_toast" msgid="70691146054130335">"<xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> желісінен <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> желісіне ауысты"</string>
   <string-array name="network_switch_type_name">
-    <item msgid="3004933964374161223">"мобильдік интернет"</item>
+    <item msgid="3004933964374161223">"мобильдік деректер"</item>
     <item msgid="5624324321165953608">"Wi-Fi"</item>
     <item msgid="5667906231066981731">"Bluetooth"</item>
     <item msgid="346574747471703768">"Ethernet"</item>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kn/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kn/strings.xml
index 8046d0e..cde8fac 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kn/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-kn/strings.xml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
-    <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"ಸಿಸ್ಟಂ ಕನೆಕ್ಟಿವಿಟಿ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯ ಮೂಲಗಳು"</string>
+    <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"ಸಿಸ್ಟಂ ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸುವಿಕೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯ ಮೂಲಗಳು"</string>
     <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"ವೈ-ಫೈ ನೆಟ್‍ವರ್ಕ್‌ಗೆ ಸೈನ್ ಇನ್ ಮಾಡಿ"</string>
     <string name="network_available_sign_in" msgid="2622520134876355561">"ನೆಟ್‌ವರ್ಕ್‌ಗೆ ಸೈನ್ ಇನ್ ಮಾಡಿ"</string>
     <!-- no translation found for network_available_sign_in_detailed (8439369644697866359) -->
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     <string name="network_partial_connectivity" msgid="5549503845834993258">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> ಸೀಮಿತ ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸುವಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ"</string>
     <string name="network_partial_connectivity_detailed" msgid="4732435946300249845">"ಹೇಗಾದರೂ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಿಸಲು ಟ್ಯಾಪ್ ಮಾಡಿ"</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered" msgid="5016937523571166319">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_TYPE">%1$s</xliff:g> ಗೆ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ"</string>
-    <string name="network_switch_metered_detail" msgid="1257300152739542096">"<xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಆ್ಯಕ್ಸೆಸ್ ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲದಿರುವಾಗ, ಸಾಧನವು <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> ಬಳಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಶುಲ್ಕಗಳು ಅನ್ವಯವಾಗಬಹುದು."</string>
+    <string name="network_switch_metered_detail" msgid="1257300152739542096">"<xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಪ್ರವೇಶ ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲದಿರುವಾಗ, ಸಾಧನವು <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> ಬಳಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಶುಲ್ಕಗಳು ಅನ್ವಯವಾಗಬಹುದು."</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered_toast" msgid="70691146054130335">"<xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> ರಿಂದ <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> ಗೆ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ"</string>
   <string-array name="network_switch_type_name">
     <item msgid="3004933964374161223">"ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಡೇಟಾ"</item>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc310-mnc590/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc310-mnc590/config.xml
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..2b8e406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc310-mnc590/config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../values-mcc310-mnc004/config.xml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc310-mnc599/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc310-mnc599/config.xml
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..2b8e406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc310-mnc599/config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../values-mcc310-mnc004/config.xml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc270/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc270/config.xml
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..2b8e406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc270/config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../values-mcc310-mnc004/config.xml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc280/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc280/config.xml
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..2b8e406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc280/config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../values-mcc310-mnc004/config.xml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc480/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc480/config.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e7025f..0000000
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc480/config.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!--
-  ~ Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
-  ~
-  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
-  ~
-  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-  ~
-  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-  ~ limitations under the License.
-  -->
-
-<!-- Configuration values for ConnectivityService
-     DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE for specific device configuration; instead, use a Runtime Resources
-     Overlay package following the overlayable.xml configuration in the same directory:
-     https://source.android.com/devices/architecture/rros -->
-<resources>
-    <!-- Whether the device should automatically switch away from Wi-Fi networks that lose
-         Internet access. Actual device behaviour is controlled by
-         Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI. This is the default value of that setting. -->
-    <integer translatable="false" name="config_networkAvoidBadWifi">0</integer>
-</resources>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc480/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc480/config.xml
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..2b8e406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-mcc311-mnc480/config.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../values-mcc310-mnc004/config.xml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-nb/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-nb/strings.xml
index fff6530..00a0728 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-nb/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-nb/strings.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
     <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"Ressurser for systemtilkobling"</string>
-    <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"Logg på Wifi-nettverket"</string>
+    <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"Logg på Wi-Fi-nettverket"</string>
     <string name="network_available_sign_in" msgid="2622520134876355561">"Logg på nettverk"</string>
     <!-- no translation found for network_available_sign_in_detailed (8439369644697866359) -->
     <skip />
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
     <string name="network_switch_metered_toast" msgid="70691146054130335">"Byttet fra <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> til <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g>"</string>
   <string-array name="network_switch_type_name">
     <item msgid="3004933964374161223">"mobildata"</item>
-    <item msgid="5624324321165953608">"Wifi"</item>
+    <item msgid="5624324321165953608">"Wi-Fi"</item>
     <item msgid="5667906231066981731">"Bluetooth"</item>
     <item msgid="346574747471703768">"Ethernet"</item>
     <item msgid="5734728378097476003">"VPN"</item>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-or/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-or/strings.xml
index 49a773a..8b85884 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-or/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-or/strings.xml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
-    <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"ସିଷ୍ଟମ କନେକ୍ଟିଭିଟୀ ରିସୋର୍ସ"</string>
+    <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"ସିଷ୍ଟମର ସଂଯୋଗ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ ରିସୋର୍ସଗୁଡ଼ିକ"</string>
     <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"ୱାଇ-ଫାଇ ନେଟୱର୍କରେ ସାଇନ୍‍-ଇନ୍‍ କରନ୍ତୁ"</string>
     <string name="network_available_sign_in" msgid="2622520134876355561">"ନେଟ୍‌ୱର୍କରେ ସାଇନ୍‍ ଇନ୍‍ କରନ୍ତୁ"</string>
     <!-- no translation found for network_available_sign_in_detailed (8439369644697866359) -->
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-ro/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-ro/strings.xml
index bf4479a..fa5848f 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-ro/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-ro/strings.xml
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@
 <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2">
     <string name="connectivityResourcesAppLabel" msgid="2476261877900882974">"Resurse pentru conectivitatea sistemului"</string>
-    <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"Conectează-te la rețeaua Wi-Fi"</string>
-    <string name="network_available_sign_in" msgid="2622520134876355561">"Conectează-te la rețea"</string>
+    <string name="wifi_available_sign_in" msgid="8041178343789805553">"Conectați-vă la rețeaua Wi-Fi"</string>
+    <string name="network_available_sign_in" msgid="2622520134876355561">"Conectați-vă la rețea"</string>
     <!-- no translation found for network_available_sign_in_detailed (8439369644697866359) -->
     <skip />
     <string name="wifi_no_internet" msgid="1326348603404555475">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> nu are acces la internet"</string>
-    <string name="wifi_no_internet_detailed" msgid="1746921096565304090">"Atinge pentru opțiuni"</string>
+    <string name="wifi_no_internet_detailed" msgid="1746921096565304090">"Atingeți pentru opțiuni"</string>
     <string name="mobile_no_internet" msgid="4087718456753201450">"Rețeaua mobilă nu are acces la internet"</string>
     <string name="other_networks_no_internet" msgid="5693932964749676542">"Rețeaua nu are acces la internet"</string>
     <string name="private_dns_broken_detailed" msgid="2677123850463207823">"Serverul DNS privat nu poate fi accesat"</string>
     <string name="network_partial_connectivity" msgid="5549503845834993258">"<xliff:g id="NETWORK_SSID">%1$s</xliff:g> are conectivitate limitată"</string>
-    <string name="network_partial_connectivity_detailed" msgid="4732435946300249845">"Atinge pentru a te conecta oricum"</string>
+    <string name="network_partial_connectivity_detailed" msgid="4732435946300249845">"Atingeți pentru a vă conecta oricum"</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered" msgid="5016937523571166319">"S-a comutat la <xliff:g id="NETWORK_TYPE">%1$s</xliff:g>"</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered_detail" msgid="1257300152739542096">"Dispozitivul folosește <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> când <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g> nu are acces la internet. Se pot aplica taxe."</string>
     <string name="network_switch_metered_toast" msgid="70691146054130335">"S-a comutat de la <xliff:g id="PREVIOUS_NETWORK">%1$s</xliff:g> la <xliff:g id="NEW_NETWORK">%2$s</xliff:g>"</string>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-sq/strings.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-sq/strings.xml
index 85bd84f..385c75c 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-sq/strings.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values-sq/strings.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
   <string-array name="network_switch_type_name">
     <item msgid="3004933964374161223">"të dhënat celulare"</item>
     <item msgid="5624324321165953608">"Wi-Fi"</item>
-    <item msgid="5667906231066981731">"Bluetooth-i"</item>
+    <item msgid="5667906231066981731">"Bluetooth"</item>
     <item msgid="346574747471703768">"Eternet"</item>
     <item msgid="5734728378097476003">"VPN"</item>
   </string-array>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
index bff6953..22d9b01 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
@@ -78,6 +78,27 @@
          Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI. This is the default value of that setting. -->
     <integer translatable="false" name="config_networkAvoidBadWifi">1</integer>
 
+    <!-- Whether the device should actively prefer bad wifi to good cell on Android 12/13.
+
+         This setting only makes sense if the system is configured not to avoid bad wifis
+         (config_networkAvoidBadWifi=0 and Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI=IGNORE
+         or PROMPT), otherwise it's not used.
+
+         On Android 12 and 13, if this is 0, when ranking a bad wifi that never validated against
+         validated mobile data, the system will prefer mobile data. It will prefer wifi if wifi
+         loses validation later. This is the default behavior up to Android 13.
+         This behavior avoids the device losing internet access when walking past a wifi network
+         with no internet access.
+
+         If this is 1, then in the same scenario, the system will prefer mobile data until the wifi
+         completes its first validation attempt (or the attempt times out), and after that it
+         will prefer the wifi even if it doesn't provide internet access, unless there is a captive
+         portal on that wifi.
+
+         On Android 14 and above, the behavior is always like 1, regardless of the value of this
+         setting. -->
+    <integer translatable="false" name="config_activelyPreferBadWifi">0</integer>
+
     <!-- Array of ConnectivityManager.TYPE_xxxx constants for networks that may only
          be controlled by systemOrSignature apps.  -->
     <integer-array translatable="false" name="config_protectedNetworks">
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
index 3389d63..4c85e8c 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
             <item type="integer" name="config_networkMeteredMultipathPreference"/>
             <item type="array" name="config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount"/>
             <item type="integer" name="config_networkAvoidBadWifi"/>
+            <item type="integer" name="config_activelyPreferBadWifi"/>
             <item type="array" name="config_protectedNetworks"/>
             <item type="bool" name="config_vehicleInternalNetworkAlwaysRequested"/>
             <item type="integer" name="config_networkWakeupPacketMark"/>
diff --git a/service/jarjar-excludes.txt b/service/jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bd3862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Classes loaded by SystemServer via their hardcoded name, so they can't be jarjared
+com\.android\.server\.ConnectivityServiceInitializer(\$.+)?
+com\.android\.server\.NetworkStatsServiceInitializer(\$.+)?
diff --git a/service/jarjar-rules.txt b/service/jarjar-rules.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 4013d2e..0000000
--- a/service/jarjar-rules.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-# Classes in framework-connectivity are restricted to the android.net package.
-# This cannot be changed because it is harcoded in ART in S.
-# Any missing jarjar rule for framework-connectivity would be caught by the
-# build as an unexpected class outside of the android.net package.
-rule com.android.net.module.util.** android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule com.android.modules.utils.** android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.NetworkFactory* android.net.connectivity.@0
-
-# From modules-utils-preconditions
-rule com.android.internal.util.Preconditions* android.net.connectivity.@0
-
-# From framework-connectivity-shared-srcs
-rule android.util.LocalLog* android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule android.util.IndentingPrintWriter* android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter* android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils* android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule com.android.internal.util.WakeupMessage* android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule com.android.internal.util.FileRotator* android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule com.android.internal.util.ProcFileReader* android.net.connectivity.@0
-
-# From framework-connectivity-protos
-rule com.google.protobuf.** android.net.connectivity.@0
-rule android.service.** android.net.connectivity.@0
-
-rule android.sysprop.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-rule com.android.internal.messages.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From dnsresolver_aidl_interface (newer AIDLs should go to android.net.resolv.aidl)
-rule android.net.resolv.aidl.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.IDnsResolver* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ResolverHostsParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ResolverOptionsParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ResolverParamsParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ResolverParamsParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-# Also includes netd event listener AIDL, but this is handled by netd-client rules
-
-# From netd-client (newer AIDLs should go to android.net.netd.aidl)
-rule android.net.netd.aidl.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-# Avoid including android.net.INetdEventCallback, used in tests but not part of the module
-rule android.net.INetd com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.INetd$* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.MarkMaskParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.NativeNetworkConfig* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.NativeNetworkType* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.NativeVpnType* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.RouteInfoParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.TetherConfigParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.TetherStatsParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.UidRangeParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener* com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From netlink-client
-rule android.net.netlink.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From networkstack-client (newer AIDLs should go to android.net.[networkstack|ipmemorystore].aidl)
-rule android.net.networkstack.aidl.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ipmemorystore.aidl.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ipmemorystore.aidl.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.DataStallReportParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.DhcpResultsParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.IIpMemoryStore* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.INetworkMonitor* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.INetworkStackConnector* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.INetworkStackStatusCallback* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.InformationElementParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.InitialConfigurationParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.IpMemoryStore* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.Layer2InformationParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.Layer2PacketParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.NattKeepalivePacketDataParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.NetworkMonitorManager* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.PrivateDnsConfigParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ProvisioningConfigurationParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ScanResultInfoParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.TcpKeepalivePacketDataParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.dhcp.DhcpLeaseParcelable* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.dhcp.DhcpServingParamsParcel* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.dhcp.IDhcpEventCallbacks* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.dhcp.IDhcpServer* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ip.IIpClient* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ip.IpClientCallbacks* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ip.IpClientManager* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ip.IpClientUtil* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.ipmemorystore.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.networkstack.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.shared.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.util.KeepalivePacketDataUtil* com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From connectivity-module-utils
-rule android.net.util.SharedLog* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule android.net.shared.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From services-connectivity-shared-srcs
-rule android.net.util.NetworkConstants* com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From modules-utils-statemachine
-rule com.android.internal.util.IState* com.android.connectivity.@0
-rule com.android.internal.util.State* com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From the API shims
-rule com.android.networkstack.apishim.** com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From filegroup framework-connectivity-protos
-rule android.service.*Proto com.android.connectivity.@0
-
-# From mdns-aidl-interface
-rule android.net.mdns.aidl.** android.net.connectivity.@0
-
-# From nearby-service, including proto
-rule service.proto.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
-rule androidx.annotation.Keep* com.android.server.nearby.@0
-rule androidx.collection.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
-rule androidx.core.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
-rule androidx.versionedparcelable.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
-rule com.google.common.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
-rule android.support.v4.** com.android.server.nearby.@0
-
-# Remaining are connectivity sources in com.android.server and com.android.server.connectivity:
-# TODO: move to a subpackage of com.android.connectivity (such as com.android.connectivity.server)
diff --git a/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp b/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp
index 7b1f59c..9ced44e 100644
--- a/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp
+++ b/service/jni/com_android_server_BpfNetMaps.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 
 #include "TrafficController.h"
 
-#include <bpf_shared.h>
+#include "netd.h"
+
 #include <jni.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
@@ -26,6 +27,8 @@
 #include <nativehelper/ScopedPrimitiveArray.h>
 #include <netjniutils/netjniutils.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 #include <vector>
 
 
@@ -39,152 +42,142 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-static void native_init(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz) {
-  Status status = mTc.start();
-   if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
+#define CHECK_LOG(status) \
+  do { \
+    if (!isOk(status)) \
+      ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code()); \
+  } while (0)
+
+static void native_init(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jboolean startSkDestroyListener) {
+  Status status = mTc.start(startSkDestroyListener);
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
+  if (!isOk(status)) {
+    uid_t uid = getuid();
+    ALOGE("BpfNetMaps jni init failure as uid=%d", uid);
+    // We probably only ever get called from system_server (ie. AID_SYSTEM)
+    // or from tests, and never from network_stack (ie. AID_NETWORK_STACK).
+    // However, if we ever do add calls from production network_stack code
+    // we do want to make sure this initializes correctly.
+    // TODO: Fix tests to not use this jni lib, so we can unconditionally abort()
+    if (uid == AID_SYSTEM || uid == AID_NETWORK_STACK) abort();
   }
 }
 
-static jint native_addNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_addNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpInsert);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_removeNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_removeNaughtyApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpDelete);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_addNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_addNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpInsert);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_removeNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint uid) {
+static jint native_removeNiceApp(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid) {
   const uint32_t appUids = static_cast<uint32_t>(abs(uid));
   Status status = mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appUids, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH,
       TrafficController::IptOp::IptOpDelete);
-  if (!isOk(status)) {
-    ALOGD("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-  }
+  CHECK_LOG(status);
   return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_setChildChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint childChain, jboolean enable) {
+static jint native_setChildChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint childChain, jboolean enable) {
   auto chain = static_cast<ChildChain>(childChain);
   int res = mTc.toggleUidOwnerMap(chain, enable);
-  if (res) {
-    ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
-  }
+  if (res) ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
   return (jint)res;
 }
 
-static jint native_replaceUidChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jstring name, jboolean isAllowlist,
-                                jintArray jUids) {
+static jint native_replaceUidChain(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jstring name, jboolean isAllowlist,
+                                   jintArray jUids) {
     const ScopedUtfChars chainNameUtf8(env, name);
-    if (chainNameUtf8.c_str() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (chainNameUtf8.c_str() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
     const std::string chainName(chainNameUtf8.c_str());
 
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
-    if (uids.get() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (uids.get() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
 
     size_t size = uids.size();
     static_assert(sizeof(*(uids.get())) == sizeof(int32_t));
     std::vector<int32_t> data ((int32_t *)&uids[0], (int32_t*)&uids[size]);
     int res = mTc.replaceUidOwnerMap(chainName, isAllowlist, data);
-    if (res) {
-      ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
-    }
+    if (res) ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
     return (jint)res;
 }
 
-static jint native_setUidRule(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint childChain, jint uid,
-                          jint firewallRule) {
+static jint native_setUidRule(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint childChain, jint uid,
+                              jint firewallRule) {
     auto chain = static_cast<ChildChain>(childChain);
     auto rule = static_cast<FirewallRule>(firewallRule);
     FirewallType fType = mTc.getFirewallType(chain);
 
     int res = mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, rule, fType);
-    if (res) {
-      ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
-    }
+    if (res) ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, res);
     return (jint)res;
 }
 
-static jint native_addUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jstring ifName,
-                                    jintArray jUids) {
+static jint native_addUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jstring ifName,
+                                        jintArray jUids) {
     // Null ifName is a wildcard to allow apps to receive packets on all interfaces and ifIndex is
     // set to 0.
-    int ifIndex;
+    int ifIndex = 0;
     if (ifName != nullptr) {
         const ScopedUtfChars ifNameUtf8(env, ifName);
         const std::string interfaceName(ifNameUtf8.c_str());
         ifIndex = if_nametoindex(interfaceName.c_str());
-    } else {
-        ifIndex = 0;
     }
 
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
-    if (uids.get() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (uids.get() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
 
     size_t size = uids.size();
     static_assert(sizeof(*(uids.get())) == sizeof(int32_t));
     std::vector<int32_t> data ((int32_t *)&uids[0], (int32_t*)&uids[size]);
     Status status = mTc.addUidInterfaceRules(ifIndex, data);
-    if (!isOk(status)) {
-        ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-    }
+    CHECK_LOG(status);
     return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_removeUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jintArray jUids) {
+static jint native_removeUidInterfaceRules(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jintArray jUids) {
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
-    if (uids.get() == nullptr) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    if (uids.get() == nullptr) return -EINVAL;
 
     size_t size = uids.size();
     static_assert(sizeof(*(uids.get())) == sizeof(int32_t));
     std::vector<int32_t> data ((int32_t *)&uids[0], (int32_t*)&uids[size]);
     Status status = mTc.removeUidInterfaceRules(data);
-    if (!isOk(status)) {
-        ALOGE("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-    }
+    CHECK_LOG(status);
     return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static jint native_swapActiveStatsMap(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz) {
+static jint native_updateUidLockdownRule(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint uid, jboolean add) {
+    Status status = mTc.updateUidLockdownRule(uid, add);
+    CHECK_LOG(status);
+    return (jint)status.code();
+}
+
+static jint native_swapActiveStatsMap(JNIEnv* env, jobject self) {
     Status status = mTc.swapActiveStatsMap();
-    if (!isOk(status)) {
-        ALOGD("%s failed, error code = %d", __func__, status.code());
-    }
+    CHECK_LOG(status);
     return (jint)status.code();
 }
 
-static void native_setPermissionForUids(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jint permission,
-                                      jintArray jUids) {
+static void native_setPermissionForUids(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jint permission,
+                                        jintArray jUids) {
     ScopedIntArrayRO uids(env, jUids);
     if (uids.get() == nullptr) return;
 
@@ -194,7 +187,7 @@
     mTc.setPermissionForUids(permission, data);
 }
 
-static void native_dump(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject javaFd, jboolean verbose) {
+static void native_dump(JNIEnv* env, jobject self, jobject javaFd, jboolean verbose) {
     int fd = netjniutils::GetNativeFileDescriptor(env, javaFd);
     if (fd < 0) {
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Invalid file descriptor");
@@ -203,13 +196,17 @@
     mTc.dump(fd, verbose);
 }
 
+static jint native_synchronizeKernelRCU(JNIEnv* env, jobject self) {
+    return -bpf::synchronizeKernelRCU();
+}
+
 /*
  * JNI registration.
  */
 // clang-format off
 static const JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
     /* name, signature, funcPtr */
-    {"native_init", "()V",
+    {"native_init", "(Z)V",
     (void*)native_init},
     {"native_addNaughtyApp", "(I)I",
     (void*)native_addNaughtyApp},
@@ -229,19 +226,22 @@
     (void*)native_addUidInterfaceRules},
     {"native_removeUidInterfaceRules", "([I)I",
     (void*)native_removeUidInterfaceRules},
+    {"native_updateUidLockdownRule", "(IZ)I",
+    (void*)native_updateUidLockdownRule},
     {"native_swapActiveStatsMap", "()I",
     (void*)native_swapActiveStatsMap},
     {"native_setPermissionForUids", "(I[I)V",
     (void*)native_setPermissionForUids},
     {"native_dump", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;Z)V",
     (void*)native_dump},
+    {"native_synchronizeKernelRCU", "()I",
+    (void*)native_synchronizeKernelRCU},
 };
 // clang-format on
 
 int register_com_android_server_BpfNetMaps(JNIEnv* env) {
-    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env,
-    "com/android/server/BpfNetMaps",
-    gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
+    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "android/net/connectivity/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps",
+                                    gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
 }
 
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/service/jni/com_android_server_TestNetworkService.cpp b/service/jni/com_android_server_TestNetworkService.cpp
index 4efd0e1..3e4c4de 100644
--- a/service/jni/com_android_server_TestNetworkService.cpp
+++ b/service/jni/com_android_server_TestNetworkService.cpp
@@ -38,9 +38,14 @@
 #include "jni.h"
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <bpf/KernelVersion.h>
 #include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
 #include <nativehelper/ScopedUtfChars.h>
 
+#ifndef IFF_NO_CARRIER
+#define IFF_NO_CARRIER 0x0040
+#endif
+
 namespace android {
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -51,56 +56,113 @@
     jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/IllegalStateException", msg.c_str());
 }
 
-static int createTunTapInterface(JNIEnv* env, bool isTun, const char* iface) {
+// enable or disable  carrier on tun / tap interface.
+static void setTunTapCarrierEnabledImpl(JNIEnv* env, const char* iface, int tunFd, bool enabled) {
+    uint32_t carrierOn = enabled;
+    if (ioctl(tunFd, TUNSETCARRIER, &carrierOn)) {
+        throwException(env, errno, "set carrier", iface);
+    }
+}
+
+static int createTunTapImpl(JNIEnv* env, bool isTun, bool hasCarrier, bool setIffMulticast,
+                            const char* iface) {
     base::unique_fd tun(open("/dev/tun", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK));
     ifreq ifr{};
 
     // Allocate interface.
     ifr.ifr_flags = (isTun ? IFF_TUN : IFF_TAP) | IFF_NO_PI;
+    if (!hasCarrier) {
+        // Using IFF_NO_CARRIER is supported starting in kernel version >= 6.0
+        // Up until then, unsupported flags are ignored.
+        if (!bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(6, 0, 0)) {
+            throwException(env, EOPNOTSUPP, "IFF_NO_CARRIER not supported", ifr.ifr_name);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_NO_CARRIER;
+    }
     strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, iface, IFNAMSIZ);
     if (ioctl(tun.get(), TUNSETIFF, &ifr)) {
         throwException(env, errno, "allocating", ifr.ifr_name);
         return -1;
     }
 
-    // Activate interface using an unconnected datagram socket.
-    base::unique_fd inet6CtrlSock(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0));
-    ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_UP;
-    // Mark TAP interfaces as supporting multicast
-    if (!isTun) ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_MULTICAST;
+    // Mark some TAP interfaces as supporting multicast
+    if (setIffMulticast && !isTun) {
+        base::unique_fd inet6CtrlSock(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0));
+        ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_MULTICAST;
 
-    if (ioctl(inet6CtrlSock.get(), SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr)) {
-        throwException(env, errno, "activating", ifr.ifr_name);
-        return -1;
+        if (ioctl(inet6CtrlSock.get(), SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr)) {
+            throwException(env, errno, "set IFF_MULTICAST", ifr.ifr_name);
+            return -1;
+        }
     }
 
     return tun.release();
 }
 
+static void bringUpInterfaceImpl(JNIEnv* env, const char* iface) {
+    // Activate interface using an unconnected datagram socket.
+    base::unique_fd inet6CtrlSock(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0));
+
+    ifreq ifr{};
+    strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, iface, IFNAMSIZ);
+    if (ioctl(inet6CtrlSock.get(), SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr)) {
+        throwException(env, errno, "read flags", iface);
+        return;
+    }
+    ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP;
+    if (ioctl(inet6CtrlSock.get(), SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr)) {
+        throwException(env, errno, "set IFF_UP", iface);
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-static jint create(JNIEnv* env, jobject /* thiz */, jboolean isTun, jstring jIface) {
+
+
+static void setTunTapCarrierEnabled(JNIEnv* env, jclass /* clazz */, jstring
+                                    jIface, jint tunFd, jboolean enabled) {
+    ScopedUtfChars iface(env, jIface);
+    if (!iface.c_str()) {
+        jniThrowNullPointerException(env, "iface");
+        return;
+    }
+    setTunTapCarrierEnabledImpl(env, iface.c_str(), tunFd, enabled);
+}
+
+static jint createTunTap(JNIEnv* env, jclass /* clazz */, jboolean isTun,
+                             jboolean hasCarrier, jboolean setIffMulticast, jstring jIface) {
     ScopedUtfChars iface(env, jIface);
     if (!iface.c_str()) {
         jniThrowNullPointerException(env, "iface");
         return -1;
     }
 
-    int tun = createTunTapInterface(env, isTun, iface.c_str());
+    return createTunTapImpl(env, isTun, hasCarrier, setIffMulticast, iface.c_str());
+}
 
-    // Any exceptions will be thrown from the createTunTapInterface call
-    return tun;
+static void bringUpInterface(JNIEnv* env, jclass /* clazz */, jstring jIface) {
+    ScopedUtfChars iface(env, jIface);
+    if (!iface.c_str()) {
+        jniThrowNullPointerException(env, "iface");
+        return;
+    }
+    bringUpInterfaceImpl(env, iface.c_str());
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 static const JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
-    {"jniCreateTunTap", "(ZLjava/lang/String;)I", (void*)create},
+    {"nativeSetTunTapCarrierEnabled", "(Ljava/lang/String;IZ)V", (void*)setTunTapCarrierEnabled},
+    {"nativeCreateTunTap", "(ZZZLjava/lang/String;)I", (void*)createTunTap},
+    {"nativeBringUpInterface", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V", (void*)bringUpInterface},
 };
 
 int register_com_android_server_TestNetworkService(JNIEnv* env) {
-    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/TestNetworkService", gMethods,
-                                    NELEM(gMethods));
+    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env,
+            "android/net/connectivity/com/android/server/TestNetworkService", gMethods,
+            NELEM(gMethods));
 }
 
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp b/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp
index ba836b2..8d909ed 100644
--- a/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp
+++ b/service/jni/com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator.cpp
@@ -19,27 +19,29 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <linux/if_packet.h>
 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
 #include <linux/ioctl.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
 #include <spawn.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/xattr.h>
 #include <string>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <android-modules-utils/sdk_level.h>
 #include <bpf/BpfMap.h>
 #include <bpf/BpfUtils.h>
-#include <bpf_shared.h>
 #include <netjniutils/netjniutils.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
 #include "libclat/clatutils.h"
 #include "nativehelper/scoped_utf_chars.h"
 
-// Sync from system/netd/include/netid_client.h
-#define MARK_UNSET 0u
-
 // Sync from system/netd/server/NetdConstants.h
 #define __INT_STRLEN(i) sizeof(#i)
 #define _INT_STRLEN(i) __INT_STRLEN(i)
@@ -48,14 +50,110 @@
 #define DEVICEPREFIX "v4-"
 
 namespace android {
-static const char* kClatdPath = "/apex/com.android.tethering/bin/for-system/clatd";
+
+static bool fatal = false;
+
+#define ALOGF(s ...) do { ALOGE(s); fatal = true; } while(0)
+
+enum verify { VERIFY_DIR, VERIFY_BIN, VERIFY_PROG, VERIFY_MAP_RO, VERIFY_MAP_RW };
+
+static void verifyPerms(const char * const path,
+                        const mode_t mode, const uid_t uid, const gid_t gid,
+                        const char * const ctxt,
+                        const verify vtype) {
+    struct stat s = {};
+
+    if (lstat(path, &s)) ALOGF("lstat '%s' errno=%d", path, errno);
+    if (s.st_mode != mode) ALOGF("'%s' mode is 0%o != 0%o", path, s.st_mode, mode);
+    if (s.st_uid != uid) ALOGF("'%s' uid is %d != %d", path, s.st_uid, uid);
+    if (s.st_gid != gid) ALOGF("'%s' gid is %d != %d", path, s.st_gid, gid);
+
+    char b[255] = {};
+    int v = lgetxattr(path, "security.selinux", &b, sizeof(b));
+    if (v < 0) ALOGF("lgetxattr '%s' errno=%d", path, errno);
+    if (strncmp(ctxt, b, sizeof(b))) ALOGF("context of '%s' is '%s' != '%s'", path, b, ctxt);
+
+    int fd = -1;
+
+    switch (vtype) {
+      case VERIFY_DIR: return;
+      case VERIFY_BIN: return;
+      case VERIFY_PROG:   fd = bpf::retrieveProgram(path); break;
+      case VERIFY_MAP_RO: fd = bpf::mapRetrieveRO(path); break;
+      case VERIFY_MAP_RW: fd = bpf::mapRetrieveRW(path); break;
+    }
+
+    if (fd < 0) ALOGF("bpf_obj_get '%s' failed, errno=%d", path, errno);
+
+    if (fd >= 0) close(fd);
+}
+
+#undef ALOGF
+
+bool isGsiImage() {
+    // this implementation matches 2 other places in the codebase (same function name too)
+    return !access("/system/system_ext/etc/init/init.gsi.rc", F_OK);
+}
+
+static const char* kClatdDir = "/apex/com.android.tethering/bin/for-system";
+static const char* kClatdBin = "/apex/com.android.tethering/bin/for-system/clatd";
+
+#define V(path, md, uid, gid, ctx, vtype) \
+    verifyPerms((path), (md), AID_ ## uid, AID_ ## gid, "u:object_r:" ctx ":s0", VERIFY_ ## vtype)
+
+static void verifyClatPerms() {
+    // We might run as part of tests instead of as part of system server
+    if (getuid() != AID_SYSTEM) return;
+
+    // First verify the clatd directory and binary,
+    // since this is built into the apex file system image,
+    // failures here are 99% likely to be build problems.
+    V(kClatdDir, S_IFDIR|0750, ROOT, SYSTEM, "system_file", DIR);
+    V(kClatdBin, S_IFREG|S_ISUID|S_ISGID|0755, CLAT, CLAT, "clatd_exec", BIN);
+
+    // Move on to verifying that the bpf programs and maps are as expected.
+    // This relies on the kernel and bpfloader.
+
+    // Clat BPF was only mainlined during T.
+    if (!modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) return;
+
+    V("/sys/fs/bpf", S_IFDIR|S_ISVTX|0777, ROOT, ROOT, "fs_bpf", DIR);
+    V("/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared", S_IFDIR|S_ISVTX|0777, ROOT, ROOT, "fs_bpf_net_shared", DIR);
+
+    // pre-U we do not have selinux privs to getattr on bpf maps/progs
+    // so while the below *should* be as listed, we have no way to actually verify
+    if (!modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastU()) return;
+
+#define V2(path, md, vtype) \
+    V("/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/" path, (md), ROOT, SYSTEM, "fs_bpf_net_shared", vtype)
+
+    V2("prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_rawip",  S_IFREG|0440, PROG);
+    V2("prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_rawip", S_IFREG|0440, PROG);
+    V2("prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_ether", S_IFREG|0440, PROG);
+    V2("map_clatd_clat_egress4_map",              S_IFREG|0660, MAP_RW);
+    V2("map_clatd_clat_ingress6_map",             S_IFREG|0660, MAP_RW);
+
+#undef V2
+
+    // HACK: Some old vendor kernels lack ~5.10 backport of 'bpffs selinux genfscon' support.
+    // This is *NOT* supported, but let's allow, at least for now, U+ GSI to boot on them.
+    // (without this hack pixel5 R vendor + U gsi breaks)
+    if (isGsiImage() && !bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 10, 0)) {
+        ALOGE("GSI with *BAD* pre-5.10 kernel lacking bpffs selinux genfscon support.");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (fatal) abort();
+}
+
+#undef V
 
 static void throwIOException(JNIEnv* env, const char* msg, int error) {
     jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "%s: %s", msg, strerror(error));
 }
 
 jstring com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_selectIpv4Address(JNIEnv* env,
-                                                                          jobject clazz,
+                                                                          jclass clazz,
                                                                           jstring v4addr,
                                                                           jint prefixlen) {
     ScopedUtfChars address(env, v4addr);
@@ -87,7 +185,8 @@
 
 // Picks a random interface ID that is checksum neutral with the IPv4 address and the NAT64 prefix.
 jstring com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_generateIpv6Address(
-        JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jstring ifaceStr, jstring v4Str, jstring prefix64Str) {
+        JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jstring ifaceStr, jstring v4Str, jstring prefix64Str,
+        jint mark) {
     ScopedUtfChars iface(env, ifaceStr);
     ScopedUtfChars addr4(env, v4Str);
     ScopedUtfChars prefix64(env, prefix64Str);
@@ -111,7 +210,7 @@
     }
 
     in6_addr v6;
-    if (net::clat::generateIpv6Address(iface.c_str(), v4, nat64Prefix, &v6)) {
+    if (net::clat::generateIpv6Address(iface.c_str(), v4, nat64Prefix, &v6, mark)) {
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException",
                              "Unable to find global source address on %s for %s", iface.c_str(),
                              prefix64.c_str());
@@ -127,7 +226,7 @@
 }
 
 static jint com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_createTunInterface(JNIEnv* env,
-                                                                               jobject clazz,
+                                                                               jclass clazz,
                                                                                jstring tuniface) {
     ScopedUtfChars v4interface(env, tuniface);
 
@@ -140,7 +239,7 @@
     }
 
     struct ifreq ifr = {
-            .ifr_flags = IFF_TUN,
+            .ifr_flags = static_cast<short>(IFF_TUN | IFF_TUN_EXCL),
     };
     strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, v4interface.c_str(), sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
 
@@ -154,7 +253,7 @@
     return fd;
 }
 
-static jint com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_detectMtu(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz,
+static jint com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_detectMtu(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz,
                                                                       jstring platSubnet,
                                                                       jint plat_suffix, jint mark) {
     ScopedUtfChars platSubnetStr(env, platSubnet);
@@ -176,19 +275,32 @@
 }
 
 static jint com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_openPacketSocket(JNIEnv* env,
-                                                                              jobject clazz) {
+                                                                              jclass clazz) {
     // Will eventually be bound to htons(ETH_P_IPV6) protocol,
     // but only after appropriate bpf filter is attached.
-    int sock = socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    const int sock = socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
     if (sock < 0) {
         throwIOException(env, "packet socket failed", errno);
         return -1;
     }
+    const int on = 1;
+    // enable tpacket_auxdata cmsg delivery, which includes L2 header length
+    if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_AUXDATA, &on, sizeof(on))) {
+        throwIOException(env, "packet socket auxdata enablement failed", errno);
+        close(sock);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    // needed for virtio_net_hdr prepending, which includes checksum metadata
+    if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_VNET_HDR, &on, sizeof(on))) {
+        throwIOException(env, "packet socket vnet_hdr enablement failed", errno);
+        close(sock);
+        return -1;
+    }
     return sock;
 }
 
 static jint com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_openRawSocket6(JNIEnv* env,
-                                                                           jobject clazz,
+                                                                           jclass clazz,
                                                                            jint mark) {
     int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_NONBLOCK | SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_RAW);
     if (sock < 0) {
@@ -197,7 +309,7 @@
     }
 
     // TODO: check the mark validation
-    if (mark != MARK_UNSET && setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &mark, sizeof(mark)) < 0) {
+    if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &mark, sizeof(mark)) < 0) {
         throwIOException(env, "could not set mark on raw socket", errno);
         close(sock);
         return -1;
@@ -207,7 +319,7 @@
 }
 
 static void com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_addAnycastSetsockopt(
-        JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject javaFd, jstring addr6, jint ifindex) {
+        JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd, jstring addr6, jint ifindex) {
     int sock = netjniutils::GetNativeFileDescriptor(env, javaFd);
     if (sock < 0) {
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Invalid file descriptor");
@@ -233,7 +345,7 @@
 }
 
 static void com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_configurePacketSocket(
-        JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject javaFd, jstring addr6, jint ifindex) {
+        JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject javaFd, jstring addr6, jint ifindex) {
     ScopedUtfChars addrStr(env, addr6);
 
     int sock = netjniutils::GetNativeFileDescriptor(env, javaFd);
@@ -257,7 +369,7 @@
 }
 
 static jint com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_startClatd(
-        JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject tunJavaFd, jobject readSockJavaFd,
+        JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject tunJavaFd, jobject readSockJavaFd,
         jobject writeSockJavaFd, jstring iface, jstring pfx96, jstring v4, jstring v6) {
     ScopedUtfChars ifaceStr(env, iface);
     ScopedUtfChars pfx96Str(env, pfx96);
@@ -315,10 +427,7 @@
 
     // TODO: use android::base::ScopeGuard.
     if (int ret = posix_spawnattr_setflags(&attr, POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK
-#ifdef POSIX_SPAWN_CLOEXEC_DEFAULT
-                                           | POSIX_SPAWN_CLOEXEC_DEFAULT
-#endif
-                                           )) {
+                                           | POSIX_SPAWN_CLOEXEC_DEFAULT)) {
         posix_spawnattr_destroy(&attr);
         throwIOException(env, "posix_spawnattr_setflags failed", ret);
         return -1;
@@ -357,7 +466,7 @@
 
     // 5. actually perform vfork/dup2/execve
     pid_t pid;
-    if (int ret = posix_spawn(&pid, kClatdPath, &fa, &attr, (char* const*)args, nullptr)) {
+    if (int ret = posix_spawn(&pid, kClatdBin, &fa, &attr, (char* const*)args, nullptr)) {
         posix_spawnattr_destroy(&attr);
         posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(&fa);
         throwIOException(env, "posix_spawn failed", ret);
@@ -376,11 +485,15 @@
 static constexpr int WAITPID_ATTEMPTS = 50;
 static constexpr int WAITPID_RETRY_INTERVAL_US = 100000;
 
-static void stopClatdProcess(int pid) {
-    int err = kill(pid, SIGTERM);
-    if (err) {
-        err = errno;
+static void com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_stopClatd(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz,
+                                                                      jint pid) {
+    if (pid <= 0) {
+        jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Invalid pid");
+        return;
     }
+
+    int err = kill(pid, SIGTERM);
+    if (err) err = errno;
     if (err == ESRCH) {
         ALOGE("clatd child process %d unexpectedly disappeared", pid);
         return;
@@ -397,7 +510,9 @@
     if (ret == 0) {
         ALOGE("Failed to SIGTERM clatd pid=%d, try SIGKILL", pid);
         // TODO: fix that kill failed or waitpid doesn't return.
-        kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+        if (kill(pid, SIGKILL)) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to SIGKILL clatd pid=%d: %s", pid, strerror(errno));
+        }
         ret = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
     }
     if (ret == -1) {
@@ -407,25 +522,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_stopClatd(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz,
-                                                                      jstring iface, jstring pfx96,
-                                                                      jstring v4, jstring v6,
-                                                                      jint pid) {
-    ScopedUtfChars ifaceStr(env, iface);
-    ScopedUtfChars pfx96Str(env, pfx96);
-    ScopedUtfChars v4Str(env, v4);
-    ScopedUtfChars v6Str(env, v6);
-
-    if (pid <= 0) {
-        jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Invalid pid");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    stopClatdProcess(pid);
-}
-
-static jlong com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_tagSocketAsClat(
-        JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject sockJavaFd) {
+static jlong com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_getSocketCookie(
+        JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jobject sockJavaFd) {
     int sockFd = netjniutils::GetNativeFileDescriptor(env, sockJavaFd);
     if (sockFd < 0) {
         jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Invalid socket file descriptor");
@@ -433,63 +531,15 @@
     }
 
     uint64_t sock_cookie = bpf::getSocketCookie(sockFd);
-    if (sock_cookie == bpf::NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) {
+    if (!sock_cookie) {
         throwIOException(env, "get socket cookie failed", errno);
         return -1;
     }
 
-    bpf::BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> cookieTagMap;
-    auto res = cookieTagMap.init(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        throwIOException(env, "failed to init the cookieTagMap", res.error().code());
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    // Tag raw socket with uid AID_CLAT and set tag as zero because tag is unused in bpf
-    // program for counting data usage in netd.c. Tagging socket is used to avoid counting
-    // duplicated clat traffic in bpf stat.
-    UidTagValue newKey = {.uid = (uint32_t)AID_CLAT, .tag = 0 /* unused */};
-    res = cookieTagMap.writeValue(sock_cookie, newKey, BPF_ANY);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Failed to tag the socket: %s, fd: %d",
-                             strerror(res.error().code()), cookieTagMap.getMap().get());
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    ALOGI("tag uid AID_CLAT to socket fd %d, cookie %" PRIu64 "", sockFd, sock_cookie);
+    ALOGI("Get cookie %" PRIu64 " for socket fd %d", sock_cookie, sockFd);
     return static_cast<jlong>(sock_cookie);
 }
 
-static void com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_untagSocket(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz,
-                                                                        jlong cookie) {
-    uint64_t sock_cookie = static_cast<uint64_t>(cookie);
-    if (sock_cookie == bpf::NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) {
-        jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Invalid socket cookie");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // The reason that deleting entry from cookie tag map directly is that the tag socket destroy
-    // listener only monitors on group INET_TCP, INET_UDP, INET6_TCP, INET6_UDP. The other socket
-    // types, ex: raw, are not able to be removed automatically by the listener.
-    // See TrafficController::makeSkDestroyListener.
-    bpf::BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> cookieTagMap;
-    auto res = cookieTagMap.init(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        throwIOException(env, "failed to init the cookieTagMap", res.error().code());
-        return;
-    }
-
-    res = cookieTagMap.deleteValue(sock_cookie);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException", "Failed to untag the socket: %s",
-                             strerror(res.error().code()));
-        return;
-    }
-
-    ALOGI("untag socket cookie %" PRIu64 "", sock_cookie);
-    return;
-}
-
 /*
  * JNI registration.
  */
@@ -498,7 +548,7 @@
         {"native_selectIpv4Address", "(Ljava/lang/String;I)Ljava/lang/String;",
          (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_selectIpv4Address},
         {"native_generateIpv6Address",
-         "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;",
+         "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;I)Ljava/lang/String;",
          (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_generateIpv6Address},
         {"native_createTunInterface", "(Ljava/lang/String;)I",
          (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_createTunInterface},
@@ -516,18 +566,17 @@
          "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;Ljava/lang/"
          "String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)I",
          (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_startClatd},
-        {"native_stopClatd",
-         "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;I)V",
+        {"native_stopClatd", "(I)V",
          (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_stopClatd},
-        {"native_tagSocketAsClat", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)J",
-         (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_tagSocketAsClat},
-        {"native_untagSocket", "(J)V",
-         (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_untagSocket},
+        {"native_getSocketCookie", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)J",
+         (void*)com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator_getSocketCookie},
 };
 
 int register_com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator(JNIEnv* env) {
-    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator",
-                                    gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
+    verifyClatPerms();
+    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env,
+            "android/net/connectivity/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator",
+            gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
 }
 
 };  // namespace android
diff --git a/service/jni/onload.cpp b/service/jni/onload.cpp
index 3d15d43..ed74430 100644
--- a/service/jni/onload.cpp
+++ b/service/jni/onload.cpp
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 namespace android {
 
 int register_com_android_server_TestNetworkService(JNIEnv* env);
-int register_com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_com_android_server_BpfNetMaps(JNIEnv* env);
+int register_com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_net_NetworkStatsService(JNIEnv* env);
 
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@
         return JNI_ERR;
     }
 
-    if (register_com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator(env) < 0) {
-        return JNI_ERR;
-    }
-
-    if (register_com_android_server_BpfNetMaps(env) < 0) {
-        return JNI_ERR;
-    }
-
     if (android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) {
+        if (register_com_android_server_BpfNetMaps(env) < 0) {
+            return JNI_ERR;
+        }
+
+        if (register_com_android_server_connectivity_ClatCoordinator(env) < 0) {
+            return JNI_ERR;
+        }
+
         if (register_android_server_net_NetworkStatsFactory(env) < 0) {
             return JNI_ERR;
         }
diff --git a/service/libconnectivity/Android.bp b/service/libconnectivity/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..391ceac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/libconnectivity/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "libcom.android.tethering.connectivity_native",
+    srcs: [
+        "src/**/*.cpp",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    static_libs: [
+        "connectivity_native_aidl_interface-V1-ndk",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-Wno-error=deprecated-declarations",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+    ],
+    llndk: {
+        symbol_file: "libconnectivity_native.map.txt",
+    },
+    stubs: {
+        symbol_file: "libconnectivity_native.map.txt",
+        versions: [
+            "current",
+        ],
+    },
+    header_abi_checker: {
+        enabled: true,
+        symbol_file: "libconnectivity_native.map.txt",
+    },
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.tethering",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/service/libconnectivity/include/connectivity_native.h b/service/libconnectivity/include/connectivity_native.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a2509a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/libconnectivity/include/connectivity_native.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef LIBCONNECTIVITY_CONNECTIVITY_NATIVE_H_
+#define LIBCONNECTIVITY_CONNECTIVITY_NATIVE_H_
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+// For branches that do not yet have __ANDROID_API_U__ defined, like module
+// release branches.
+#ifndef __ANDROID_API_U__
+#define __ANDROID_API_U__ 34
+#endif
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+/**
+ * Blocks a port from being assigned during bind(). The caller is responsible for updating
+ * /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range with the port being blocked so that calls to connect()
+ * will not automatically assign one of the blocked ports.
+ * Will return success even if port was already blocked.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a POSIX error code (see errno.h) on failure:
+ *  - EINVAL for invalid port number
+ *  - EPERM if the UID of the client doesn't have network stack permission
+ *  - Other errors as per https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/bpf.2.html
+ *
+ * @param port Int corresponding to port number.
+ */
+int AConnectivityNative_blockPortForBind(in_port_t port) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
+/**
+ * Unblocks a port that has previously been blocked.
+ * Will return success even if port was already unblocked.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a POSIX error code (see errno.h) on failure:
+ *  - EINVAL for invalid port number
+ *  - EPERM if the UID of the client doesn't have network stack permission
+ *  - Other errors as per https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/bpf.2.html
+ *
+ * @param port Int corresponding to port number.
+ */
+int AConnectivityNative_unblockPortForBind(in_port_t port) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
+/**
+ * Unblocks all ports that have previously been blocked.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a POSIX error code (see errno.h) on failure:
+ *  - EINVAL for invalid port number
+ *  - EPERM if the UID of the client doesn't have network stack permission
+ *  - Other errors as per https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/bpf.2.html
+ */
+int AConnectivityNative_unblockAllPortsForBind() __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
+/**
+ * Gets the list of ports that have been blocked.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a POSIX error code (see errno.h) on failure:
+ *  - EINVAL for invalid port number
+ *  - EPERM if the UID of the client doesn't have network stack permission
+ *  - Other errors as per https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/bpf.2.html
+ *
+ * @param ports Array of ports that will be filled with the port numbers.
+ * @param count Pointer to the size of the ports array; the value will be set to the total number of
+ *              blocked ports, which may be larger than the ports array that was filled.
+ */
+int AConnectivityNative_getPortsBlockedForBind(in_port_t *ports, size_t *count)
+    __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+
+#endif
diff --git a/service/libconnectivity/libconnectivity_native.map.txt b/service/libconnectivity/libconnectivity_native.map.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19b1074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/libconnectivity/libconnectivity_native.map.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+LIBCONNECTIVITY_NATIVE {
+  global:
+    AConnectivityNative_blockPortForBind; # apex llndk
+    AConnectivityNative_getPortsBlockedForBind; # apex llndk
+    AConnectivityNative_unblockPortForBind; # apex llndk
+    AConnectivityNative_unblockAllPortsForBind; # apex llndk
+  local:
+    *;
+};
diff --git a/service/libconnectivity/src/connectivity_native.cpp b/service/libconnectivity/src/connectivity_native.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a476498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/libconnectivity/src/connectivity_native.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "connectivity_native.h"
+
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <aidl/android/net/connectivity/aidl/ConnectivityNative.h>
+
+using aidl::android::net::connectivity::aidl::IConnectivityNative;
+
+
+static std::shared_ptr<IConnectivityNative> getBinder() {
+    ndk::SpAIBinder sBinder = ndk::SpAIBinder(reinterpret_cast<AIBinder*>(
+        AServiceManager_checkService("connectivity_native")));
+    return aidl::android::net::connectivity::aidl::IConnectivityNative::fromBinder(sBinder);
+}
+
+static int getErrno(const ::ndk::ScopedAStatus& status) {
+    switch (status.getExceptionCode()) {
+        case EX_NONE:
+            return 0;
+        case EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT:
+            return EINVAL;
+        case EX_SECURITY:
+            return EPERM;
+        case EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC:
+            return status.getServiceSpecificError();
+        default:
+            return EPROTO;
+    }
+}
+
+int AConnectivityNative_blockPortForBind(in_port_t port) {
+    std::shared_ptr<IConnectivityNative> c = getBinder();
+    if (!c) {
+        return EAGAIN;
+    }
+    return getErrno(c->blockPortForBind(port));
+}
+
+int AConnectivityNative_unblockPortForBind(in_port_t port) {
+    std::shared_ptr<IConnectivityNative> c = getBinder();
+    if (!c) {
+        return EAGAIN;
+    }
+    return getErrno(c->unblockPortForBind(port));
+}
+
+int AConnectivityNative_unblockAllPortsForBind() {
+    std::shared_ptr<IConnectivityNative> c = getBinder();
+    if (!c) {
+        return EAGAIN;
+    }
+    return getErrno(c->unblockAllPortsForBind());
+}
+
+int AConnectivityNative_getPortsBlockedForBind(in_port_t *ports, size_t *count) {
+    std::shared_ptr<IConnectivityNative> c = getBinder();
+    if (!c) {
+        return EAGAIN;
+    }
+    std::vector<int32_t> actualBlockedPorts;
+    int err = getErrno(c->getPortsBlockedForBind(&actualBlockedPorts));
+    if (err) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < *count && i < actualBlockedPorts.size(); i++) {
+        ports[i] = actualBlockedPorts[i];
+    }
+    *count = actualBlockedPorts.size();
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/service/native/Android.bp b/service/native/Android.bp
index cb26bc3..697fcbd 100644
--- a/service/native/Android.bp
+++ b/service/native/Android.bp
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@
 
 cc_test {
     name: "traffic_controller_unit_test",
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     require_root: true,
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
     header_libs: [
@@ -71,4 +72,13 @@
         "libnetd_updatable",
         "netd_aidl_interface-lateststable-ndk",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+    multilib: {
+        lib32: {
+            suffix: "32",
+        },
+        lib64: {
+            suffix: "64",
+        },
+    },
 }
diff --git a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
index 4923b00..8f6df21 100644
--- a/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
+++ b/service/native/TrafficController.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@
 using bpf::BpfMap;
 using bpf::synchronizeKernelRCU;
 using netdutils::DumpWriter;
-using netdutils::getIfaceList;
 using netdutils::NetlinkListener;
 using netdutils::NetlinkListenerInterface;
 using netdutils::ScopedIndent;
@@ -111,14 +110,6 @@
     return matchType;
 }
 
-bool TrafficController::hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(uid_t uid) {
-    // This implementation is the same logic as method ActivityManager#checkComponentPermission.
-    // It implies that the calling uid can never be the same as PER_USER_RANGE.
-    uint32_t appId = uid % PER_USER_RANGE;
-    return ((appId == AID_ROOT) || (appId == AID_SYSTEM) ||
-            mPrivilegedUser.find(appId) != mPrivilegedUser.end());
-}
-
 const std::string UidPermissionTypeToString(int permission) {
     if (permission == INetd::PERMISSION_NONE) {
         return "PERMISSION_NONE";
@@ -182,29 +173,19 @@
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mIfaceStatsMap.init(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH));
 
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.init(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
-            mConfigurationMap.writeValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, DEFAULT_CONFIG, BPF_ANY));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, SELECT_MAP_A,
-                                                  BPF_ANY));
 
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.init(UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.clear());
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidPermissionMap.init(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH));
+    ALOGI("%s successfully", __func__);
 
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
-Status TrafficController::start() {
+Status TrafficController::start(bool startSkDestroyListener) {
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initMaps());
 
-    // Fetch the list of currently-existing interfaces. At this point NetlinkHandler is
-    // already running, so it will call addInterface() when any new interface appears.
-    // TODO: Clean-up addInterface() after interface monitoring is in
-    // NetworkStatsService.
-    std::map<std::string, uint32_t> ifacePairs;
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(ifacePairs, getIfaceList());
-    for (const auto& ifacePair:ifacePairs) {
-        addInterface(ifacePair.first.c_str(), ifacePair.second);
+    if (!startSkDestroyListener) {
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     }
 
     auto result = makeSkDestroyListener();
@@ -244,22 +225,6 @@
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
-int TrafficController::addInterface(const char* name, uint32_t ifaceIndex) {
-    IfaceValue iface;
-    if (ifaceIndex == 0) {
-        ALOGE("Unknown interface %s(%d)", name, ifaceIndex);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    strlcpy(iface.name, name, sizeof(IfaceValue));
-    Status res = mIfaceIndexNameMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to add iface %s(%d): %s", name, ifaceIndex, strerror(res.code()));
-        return -res.code();
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 Status TrafficController::updateOwnerMapEntry(UidOwnerMatchType match, uid_t uid, FirewallRule rule,
                                               FirewallType type) {
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
@@ -339,8 +304,6 @@
             return ALLOWLIST;
         case LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
             return ALLOWLIST;
-        case LOCKDOWN:
-            return DENYLIST;
         case OEM_DENY_1:
             return DENYLIST;
         case OEM_DENY_2:
@@ -372,9 +335,6 @@
         case LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
             res = updateOwnerMapEntry(LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH, uid, rule, type);
             break;
-        case LOCKDOWN:
-            res = updateOwnerMapEntry(LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, uid, rule, type);
-            break;
         case OEM_DENY_1:
             res = updateOwnerMapEntry(OEM_DENY_1_MATCH, uid, rule, type);
             break;
@@ -446,6 +406,18 @@
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
+Status TrafficController::updateUidLockdownRule(const uid_t uid, const bool add) {
+    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
+
+    netdutils::Status result = add ? addRule(uid, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH)
+                               : removeRule(uid, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH);
+    if (!isOk(result)) {
+        ALOGW("%s Lockdown rule failed(%d): uid=%d",
+              (add ? "add": "remove"), result.code(), uid);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 int TrafficController::replaceUidOwnerMap(const std::string& name, bool isAllowlist __unused,
                                           const std::vector<int32_t>& uids) {
     // FirewallRule rule = isAllowlist ? ALLOW : DENY;
@@ -487,8 +459,6 @@
               oldConfigure.error().message().c_str());
         return -oldConfigure.error().code();
     }
-    Status res;
-    BpfConfig newConfiguration;
     uint32_t match;
     switch (chain) {
         case DOZABLE:
@@ -518,9 +488,9 @@
         default:
             return -EINVAL;
     }
-    newConfiguration =
-            enable ? (oldConfigure.value() | match) : (oldConfigure.value() & (~match));
-    res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(key, newConfiguration, BPF_EXIST);
+    BpfConfig newConfiguration =
+            enable ? (oldConfigure.value() | match) : (oldConfigure.value() & ~match);
+    Status res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(key, newConfiguration, BPF_EXIST);
     if (!isOk(res)) {
         ALOGE("Failed to toggleUidOwnerMap(%d): %s", chain, res.msg().c_str());
     }
@@ -606,17 +576,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-std::string getProgramStatus(const char *path) {
-    int ret = access(path, R_OK);
-    if (ret == 0) {
-        return StringPrintf("OK");
-    }
-    if (ret != 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
-        return StringPrintf("program is missing at: %s", path);
-    }
-    return StringPrintf("check Program %s error: %s", path, strerror(errno));
-}
-
 std::string getMapStatus(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, const char* path) {
     if (map_fd.get() < 0) {
         return StringPrintf("map fd lost");
@@ -636,7 +595,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void TrafficController::dump(int fd, bool verbose) {
+void TrafficController::dump(int fd, bool verbose __unused) {
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
     DumpWriter dw(fd);
 
@@ -664,193 +623,6 @@
                getMapStatus(mConfigurationMap.getMap(), CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH).c_str());
     dw.println("mUidOwnerMap status: %s",
                getMapStatus(mUidOwnerMap.getMap(), UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH).c_str());
-
-    dw.blankline();
-    dw.println("Cgroup ingress program status: %s",
-               getProgramStatus(BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH).c_str());
-    dw.println("Cgroup egress program status: %s", getProgramStatus(BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH).c_str());
-    dw.println("xt_bpf ingress program status: %s",
-               getProgramStatus(XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH).c_str());
-    dw.println("xt_bpf egress program status: %s",
-               getProgramStatus(XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH).c_str());
-    dw.println("xt_bpf bandwidth allowlist program status: %s",
-               getProgramStatus(XT_BPF_ALLOWLIST_PROG_PATH).c_str());
-    dw.println("xt_bpf bandwidth denylist program status: %s",
-               getProgramStatus(XT_BPF_DENYLIST_PROG_PATH).c_str());
-
-    if (!verbose) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    dw.blankline();
-    dw.println("BPF map content:");
-
-    ScopedIndent indentForMapContent(dw);
-
-    // Print CookieTagMap content.
-    dumpBpfMap("mCookieTagMap", dw, "");
-    const auto printCookieTagInfo = [&dw](const uint64_t& key, const UidTagValue& value,
-                                          const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>&) {
-        dw.println("cookie=%" PRIu64 " tag=0x%x uid=%u", key, value.tag, value.uid);
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    base::Result<void> res = mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(printCookieTagInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mCookieTagMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Print UidCounterSetMap content.
-    dumpBpfMap("mUidCounterSetMap", dw, "");
-    const auto printUidInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const uint8_t& value,
-                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>&) {
-        dw.println("%u %u", key, value);
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    res = mUidCounterSetMap.iterateWithValue(printUidInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mUidCounterSetMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Print AppUidStatsMap content.
-    std::string appUidStatsHeader = StringPrintf("uid rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
-    dumpBpfMap("mAppUidStatsMap:", dw, appUidStatsHeader);
-    auto printAppUidStatsInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const StatsValue& value,
-                                      const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
-        dw.println("%u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, key, value.rxBytes,
-                   value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    res = mAppUidStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printAppUidStatsInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mAppUidStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Print uidStatsMap content.
-    std::string statsHeader = StringPrintf("ifaceIndex ifaceName tag_hex uid_int cnt_set rxBytes"
-                                           " rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
-    dumpBpfMap("mStatsMapA", dw, statsHeader);
-    const auto printStatsInfo = [&dw, this](const StatsKey& key, const StatsValue& value,
-                                            const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>&) {
-        uint32_t ifIndex = key.ifaceIndex;
-        auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(ifIndex);
-        if (!ifname.ok()) {
-            ifname = IfaceValue{"unknown"};
-        }
-        dw.println("%u %s 0x%x %u %u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, ifIndex,
-                   ifname.value().name, key.tag, key.uid, key.counterSet, value.rxBytes,
-                   value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    res = mStatsMapA.iterateWithValue(printStatsInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mStatsMapA print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Print TagStatsMap content.
-    dumpBpfMap("mStatsMapB", dw, statsHeader);
-    res = mStatsMapB.iterateWithValue(printStatsInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mStatsMapB print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Print ifaceIndexToNameMap content.
-    dumpBpfMap("mIfaceIndexNameMap", dw, "");
-    const auto printIfaceNameInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const IfaceValue& value,
-                                          const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>&) {
-        const char* ifname = value.name;
-        dw.println("ifaceIndex=%u ifaceName=%s", key, ifname);
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    res = mIfaceIndexNameMap.iterateWithValue(printIfaceNameInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mIfaceIndexNameMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Print ifaceStatsMap content
-    std::string ifaceStatsHeader = StringPrintf("ifaceIndex ifaceName rxBytes rxPackets txBytes"
-                                                " txPackets");
-    dumpBpfMap("mIfaceStatsMap:", dw, ifaceStatsHeader);
-    const auto printIfaceStatsInfo = [&dw, this](const uint32_t& key, const StatsValue& value,
-                                                 const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
-        auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(key);
-        if (!ifname.ok()) {
-            ifname = IfaceValue{"unknown"};
-        }
-        dw.println("%u %s %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, key, ifname.value().name,
-                   value.rxBytes, value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    res = mIfaceStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printIfaceStatsInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mIfaceStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    dw.blankline();
-
-    uint32_t key = UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
-    auto configuration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (configuration.ok()) {
-        dw.println("current ownerMatch configuration: %d%s", configuration.value(),
-                   uidMatchTypeToString(configuration.value()).c_str());
-    } else {
-        dw.println("mConfigurationMap read ownerMatch configure failed with error: %s",
-                   configuration.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    key = CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
-    configuration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (configuration.ok()) {
-        const char* statsMapDescription = "???";
-        switch (configuration.value()) {
-            case SELECT_MAP_A:
-                statsMapDescription = "SELECT_MAP_A";
-                break;
-            case SELECT_MAP_B:
-                statsMapDescription = "SELECT_MAP_B";
-                break;
-                // No default clause, so if we ever add a third map, this code will fail to build.
-        }
-        dw.println("current statsMap configuration: %d %s", configuration.value(),
-                   statsMapDescription);
-    } else {
-        dw.println("mConfigurationMap read stats map configure failed with error: %s",
-                   configuration.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-    dumpBpfMap("mUidOwnerMap", dw, "");
-    const auto printUidMatchInfo = [&dw, this](const uint32_t& key, const UidOwnerValue& value,
-                                               const BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue>&) {
-        if (value.rule & IIF_MATCH) {
-            auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(value.iif);
-            if (ifname.ok()) {
-                dw.println("%u %s %s", key, uidMatchTypeToString(value.rule).c_str(),
-                           ifname.value().name);
-            } else {
-                dw.println("%u %s %u", key, uidMatchTypeToString(value.rule).c_str(), value.iif);
-            }
-        } else {
-            dw.println("%u %s", key, uidMatchTypeToString(value.rule).c_str());
-        }
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    res = mUidOwnerMap.iterateWithValue(printUidMatchInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mUidOwnerMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-    dumpBpfMap("mUidPermissionMap", dw, "");
-    const auto printUidPermissionInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const int& value,
-                                              const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>&) {
-        dw.println("%u %s", key, UidPermissionTypeToString(value).c_str());
-        return base::Result<void>();
-    };
-    res = mUidPermissionMap.iterateWithValue(printUidPermissionInfo);
-    if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mUidPermissionMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
-    }
-
-    dumpBpfMap("mPrivilegedUser", dw, "");
-    for (uid_t uid : mPrivilegedUser) {
-        dw.println("%u ALLOW_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS", (uint32_t)uid);
-    }
 }
 
 }  // namespace net
diff --git a/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp b/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
index 9e53f11..57f32af 100644
--- a/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/service/native/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
@@ -30,13 +30,15 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <binder/Status.h>
 
 #include <netdutils/MockSyscalls.h>
 
-#define TEST_BPF_MAP
+#define BPF_MAP_MAKE_VISIBLE_FOR_TESTING
 #include "TrafficController.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 #include "NetdUpdatablePublic.h"
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@
 using android::netdutils::Status;
 using base::Result;
 using netdutils::isOk;
+using netdutils::statusFromErrno;
 
 constexpr int TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10;
 constexpr uid_t TEST_UID = 10086;
@@ -56,8 +59,14 @@
 constexpr uid_t TEST_UID3 = 98765;
 constexpr uint32_t TEST_TAG = 42;
 constexpr uint32_t TEST_COUNTERSET = 1;
+constexpr int TEST_IFINDEX = 999;
+constexpr int RXPACKETS = 1;
+constexpr int RXBYTES = 100;
+constexpr int TXPACKETS = 0;
+constexpr int TXBYTES = 0;
 
 #define ASSERT_VALID(x) ASSERT_TRUE((x).isValid())
+#define ASSERT_INVALID(x) ASSERT_FALSE((x).isValid())
 
 class TrafficControllerTest : public ::testing::Test {
   protected:
@@ -66,9 +75,13 @@
     BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mFakeCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeStatsMapA;
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeStatsMapB;  // makeTrafficControllerMapsInvalid only
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeIfaceStatsMap; ;  // makeTrafficControllerMapsInvalid only
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mFakeConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue> mFakeUidOwnerMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidPermissionMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidCounterSetMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
         std::lock_guard guard(mTc.mMutex);
@@ -91,6 +104,12 @@
         mFakeUidPermissionMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeUidPermissionMap);
 
+        mFakeUidCounterSetMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
+        ASSERT_VALID(mFakeUidCounterSetMap);
+
+        mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
+        ASSERT_VALID(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap);
+
         mTc.mCookieTagMap = mFakeCookieTagMap;
         ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mCookieTagMap);
         mTc.mAppUidStatsMap = mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
@@ -108,21 +127,38 @@
         mTc.mUidPermissionMap = mFakeUidPermissionMap;
         ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mUidPermissionMap);
         mTc.mPrivilegedUser.clear();
+
+        mTc.mUidCounterSetMap = mFakeUidCounterSetMap;
+        ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mUidCounterSetMap);
+
+        mTc.mIfaceIndexNameMap = mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap;
+        ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mIfaceIndexNameMap);
     }
 
     void populateFakeStats(uint64_t cookie, uint32_t uid, uint32_t tag, StatsKey* key) {
         UidTagValue cookieMapkey = {.uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag};
         EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, cookieMapkey, BPF_ANY));
-        *key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET, .ifaceIndex = 1};
-        StatsValue statsMapValue = {.rxPackets = 1, .rxBytes = 100};
-        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeStatsMapA.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
-        key->tag = 0;
+        *key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET, .ifaceIndex = TEST_IFINDEX};
+        StatsValue statsMapValue = {.rxPackets = RXPACKETS, .rxBytes = RXBYTES,
+                                    .txPackets = TXPACKETS, .txBytes = TXBYTES};
         EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeStatsMapA.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
         EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(uid, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
         // put tag information back to statsKey
         key->tag = tag;
     }
 
+    void populateFakeCounterSet(uint32_t uid, uint32_t counterSet) {
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.writeValue(uid, counterSet, BPF_ANY));
+    }
+
+    void populateFakeIfaceIndexName(const char* name, uint32_t ifaceIndex) {
+        if (name == nullptr || ifaceIndex <= 0) return;
+
+        IfaceValue iface;
+        strlcpy(iface.name, name, sizeof(IfaceValue));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY));
+    }
+
     void checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(ChildChain chain, UidOwnerMatchType match) {
         uint32_t uid = TEST_UID;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, DENY, DENYLIST));
@@ -180,7 +216,7 @@
         checkEachUidValue(uids, match);
     }
 
-    void expectUidOwnerMapValues(const std::vector<uint32_t>& appUids, uint8_t expectedRule,
+    void expectUidOwnerMapValues(const std::vector<uint32_t>& appUids, uint32_t expectedRule,
                                  uint32_t expectedIif) {
         for (uint32_t uid : appUids) {
             Result<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
@@ -224,37 +260,6 @@
         EXPECT_TRUE(mTc.mPrivilegedUser.empty());
     }
 
-    void addPrivilegedUid(uid_t uid) {
-        std::vector privilegedUid = {uid};
-        mTc.setPermissionForUids(INetd::PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, privilegedUid);
-    }
-
-    void removePrivilegedUid(uid_t uid) {
-        std::vector privilegedUid = {uid};
-        mTc.setPermissionForUids(INetd::PERMISSION_NONE, privilegedUid);
-    }
-
-    void expectFakeStatsUnchanged(uint64_t cookie, uint32_t tag, uint32_t uid,
-                                  StatsKey tagStatsMapKey) {
-        Result<UidTagValue> cookieMapResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(cookieMapResult);
-        EXPECT_EQ(uid, cookieMapResult.value().uid);
-        EXPECT_EQ(tag, cookieMapResult.value().tag);
-        Result<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
-        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(statsMapResult);
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
-        tagStatsMapKey.tag = 0;
-        statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
-        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(statsMapResult);
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
-        auto appStatsResult = mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(appStatsResult);
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)1, appStatsResult.value().rxPackets);
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)100, appStatsResult.value().rxBytes);
-    }
-
     Status updateUidOwnerMaps(const std::vector<uint32_t>& appUids,
                               UidOwnerMatchType matchType, TrafficController::IptOp op) {
         Status ret(0);
@@ -265,6 +270,108 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
+    Status dump(bool verbose, std::vector<std::string>& outputLines) {
+      if (!outputLines.empty()) return statusFromErrno(EUCLEAN, "Output buffer is not empty");
+
+      android::base::unique_fd localFd, remoteFd;
+      if (!Pipe(&localFd, &remoteFd)) return statusFromErrno(errno, "Failed on pipe");
+
+      // dump() blocks until another thread has consumed all its output.
+      std::thread dumpThread =
+          std::thread([this, remoteFd{std::move(remoteFd)}, verbose]() {
+            mTc.dump(remoteFd, verbose);
+          });
+
+      std::string dumpContent;
+      if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(localFd.get(), &dumpContent)) {
+        return statusFromErrno(errno, "Failed to read dump results from fd");
+      }
+      dumpThread.join();
+
+      std::stringstream dumpStream(std::move(dumpContent));
+      std::string line;
+      while (std::getline(dumpStream, line)) {
+        outputLines.push_back(line);
+      }
+
+      return netdutils::status::ok;
+    }
+
+    // Strings in the |expect| must exist in dump results in order. But no need to be consecutive.
+    bool expectDumpsysContains(std::vector<std::string>& expect) {
+        if (expect.empty()) return false;
+
+        std::vector<std::string> output;
+        Status result = dump(true, output);
+        if (!isOk(result)) {
+            GTEST_LOG_(ERROR) << "TrafficController dump failed: " << netdutils::toString(result);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        int matched = 0;
+        auto it = expect.begin();
+        for (const auto& line : output) {
+            if (it == expect.end()) break;
+            if (std::string::npos != line.find(*it)) {
+                matched++;
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (matched != expect.size()) {
+            // dump results for debugging
+            for (const auto& o : output) LOG(INFO) << "output: " << o;
+            for (const auto& e : expect) LOG(INFO) << "expect: " << e;
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Once called, the maps of TrafficController can't recover to valid maps which initialized
+    // in SetUp().
+    void makeTrafficControllerMapsInvalid() {
+        constexpr char INVALID_PATH[] = "invalid";
+
+        mFakeCookieTagMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mCookieTagMap = mFakeCookieTagMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mCookieTagMap);
+
+        mFakeAppUidStatsMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mAppUidStatsMap = mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mAppUidStatsMap);
+
+        mFakeStatsMapA.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mStatsMapA = mFakeStatsMapA;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mStatsMapA);
+
+        mFakeStatsMapB.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mStatsMapB = mFakeStatsMapB;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mStatsMapB);
+
+        mFakeIfaceStatsMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mIfaceStatsMap = mFakeIfaceStatsMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mIfaceStatsMap);
+
+        mFakeConfigurationMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mConfigurationMap = mFakeConfigurationMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mConfigurationMap);
+
+        mFakeUidOwnerMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mUidOwnerMap = mFakeUidOwnerMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mUidOwnerMap);
+
+        mFakeUidPermissionMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mUidPermissionMap = mFakeUidPermissionMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mUidPermissionMap);
+
+        mFakeUidCounterSetMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mUidCounterSetMap = mFakeUidCounterSetMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mUidCounterSetMap);
+
+        mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.init(INVALID_PATH);
+        mTc.mIfaceIndexNameMap = mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap;
+        ASSERT_INVALID(mTc.mIfaceIndexNameMap);
+    }
 };
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestUpdateOwnerMapEntry) {
@@ -298,7 +405,6 @@
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(POWERSAVE, POWERSAVE_MATCH);
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(RESTRICTED, RESTRICTED_MATCH);
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(LOW_POWER_STANDBY, LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH);
-    checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(LOCKDOWN, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH);
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(OEM_DENY_1, OEM_DENY_1_MATCH);
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(OEM_DENY_2, OEM_DENY_2_MATCH);
     checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(OEM_DENY_3, OEM_DENY_3_MATCH);
@@ -430,6 +536,21 @@
     expectMapEmpty(mFakeUidOwnerMap);
 }
 
+TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestUpdateUidLockdownRule) {
+    // Add Lockdown rules
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateUidLockdownRule(1000, true /* add */)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateUidLockdownRule(1001, true /* add */)));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1000, 1001}, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, 0);
+
+    // Remove one of Lockdown rules
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateUidLockdownRule(1000, false /* add */)));
+    expectUidOwnerMapValues({1001}, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, 0);
+
+    // Remove remaining Lockdown rule
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateUidLockdownRule(1001, false /* add */)));
+    expectMapEmpty(mFakeUidOwnerMap);
+}
+
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestUidInterfaceFilteringRulesCoexistWithExistingMatches) {
     // Set up existing PENALTY_BOX_MATCH rules
     ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(updateUidOwnerMaps({1000, 1001, 10012}, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH,
@@ -647,6 +768,31 @@
     expectPrivilegedUserSetEmpty();
 }
 
+TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, getFirewallType) {
+    static const struct TestConfig {
+        ChildChain childChain;
+        FirewallType firewallType;
+    } testConfigs[] = {
+            // clang-format off
+            {NONE, DENYLIST},
+            {DOZABLE, ALLOWLIST},
+            {STANDBY, DENYLIST},
+            {POWERSAVE, ALLOWLIST},
+            {RESTRICTED, ALLOWLIST},
+            {LOW_POWER_STANDBY, ALLOWLIST},
+            {OEM_DENY_1, DENYLIST},
+            {OEM_DENY_2, DENYLIST},
+            {OEM_DENY_3, DENYLIST},
+            {INVALID_CHAIN, DENYLIST},
+            // clang-format on
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(fmt::format("testConfig: [{}, {}]", config.childChain, config.firewallType));
+        EXPECT_EQ(config.firewallType, mTc.getFirewallType(config.childChain));
+    }
+}
+
 constexpr uint32_t SOCK_CLOSE_WAIT_US = 30 * 1000;
 constexpr uint32_t ENOBUFS_POLL_WAIT_US = 10 * 1000;
 
@@ -682,7 +828,7 @@
                 if (res.ok() || (res.error().code() == ENOENT)) {
                     return Result<void>();
                 }
-                ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s\n", key,
+                ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s", key,
                       strerror(res.error().code()));
             }
             // Move forward to next cookie in the map.
diff --git a/service/native/include/Common.h b/service/native/include/Common.h
index c9653ad..03f449a 100644
--- a/service/native/include/Common.h
+++ b/service/native/include/Common.h
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
     POWERSAVE = 3,
     RESTRICTED = 4,
     LOW_POWER_STANDBY = 5,
-    LOCKDOWN = 6,
     OEM_DENY_1 = 7,
     OEM_DENY_2 = 8,
     OEM_DENY_3 = 9,
diff --git a/service/native/include/TrafficController.h b/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
index c019ce7..cb6c836 100644
--- a/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
+++ b/service/native/include/TrafficController.h
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "android-base/thread_annotations.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
-#include "bpf_shared.h"
+#include "netd.h"
 #include "netdutils/DumpWriter.h"
 #include "netdutils/NetlinkListener.h"
 #include "netdutils/StatusOr.h"
@@ -38,18 +38,13 @@
     /*
      * Initialize the whole controller
      */
-    netdutils::Status start();
+    netdutils::Status start(bool startSkDestroyListener);
 
     /*
      * Swap the stats map config from current active stats map to the idle one.
      */
     netdutils::Status swapActiveStatsMap() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
-    /*
-     * Add the interface name and index pair into the eBPF map.
-     */
-    int addInterface(const char* name, uint32_t ifaceIndex);
-
     int changeUidOwnerRule(ChildChain chain, const uid_t uid, FirewallRule rule, FirewallType type);
 
     int removeUidOwnerRule(const uid_t uid);
@@ -71,6 +66,8 @@
             EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     netdutils::Status removeUidInterfaceRules(const std::vector<int32_t>& uids) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
+    netdutils::Status updateUidLockdownRule(const uid_t uid, const bool add) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+
     netdutils::Status updateUidOwnerMap(const uint32_t uid,
                                         UidOwnerMatchType matchType, IptOp op) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
@@ -185,8 +182,6 @@
     // need to call back to system server for permission check.
     std::set<uid_t> mPrivilegedUser GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
-    bool hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(uid_t uid) REQUIRES(mMutex);
-
     // For testing
     friend class TrafficControllerTest;
 };
diff --git a/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp b/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp
index 68e4dc4..996706e 100644
--- a/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp
+++ b/service/native/libs/libclat/Android.bp
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
         "clatutils.cpp",
     ],
     stl: "libc++_static",
+    header_libs: [
+        "bpf_headers",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
         "libip_checksum",
     ],
@@ -35,7 +38,8 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "libclat_test",
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
+    test_config_template: ":net_native_test_config_template",
     srcs: [
         "clatutils_test.cpp",
     ],
@@ -49,5 +53,14 @@
         "liblog",
         "libnetutils",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "both",
+    multilib: {
+        lib32: {
+            suffix: "32",
+        },
+        lib64: {
+            suffix: "64",
+        },
+    },
     require_root: true,
 }
diff --git a/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils.cpp b/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils.cpp
index 4a125ba..6c5c9e3 100644
--- a/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils.cpp
+++ b/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils.cpp
@@ -25,26 +25,19 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <bpf/BpfClassic.h>
+
 extern "C" {
 #include "checksum.h"
 }
 
-// Sync from external/android-clat/clatd.h
-#define MAXMTU 65536
-#define PACKETLEN (MAXMTU + sizeof(struct tun_pi))
-
-// Sync from system/netd/include/netid_client.h.
-#define MARK_UNSET 0u
-
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
 namespace clat {
 
-bool isIpv4AddressFree(in_addr_t addr) {
-    int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
-    if (s == -1) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+bool isIpv4AddressFree(const in_addr_t addr) {
+    const int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    if (s == -1) return 0;
 
     // Attempt to connect to the address. If the connection succeeds and getsockname returns the
     // same then the address is already assigned to the system and we can't use it.
@@ -54,9 +47,10 @@
             .sin_addr = {addr},
     };
     socklen_t len = sizeof(sin);
-    bool inuse = connect(s, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin)) == 0 &&
-                 getsockname(s, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, &len) == 0 && (size_t)len >= sizeof(sin) &&
-                 sin.sin_addr.s_addr == addr;
+    const bool inuse = !connect(s, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin)) &&
+                       !getsockname(s, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, &len) &&
+                       len == (socklen_t)sizeof(sin) &&
+                       sin.sin_addr.s_addr == addr;
 
     close(s);
     return !inuse;
@@ -66,36 +60,30 @@
 //   ip        - the IP address from the configuration file
 //   prefixlen - the length of the prefix from which addresses may be selected.
 //   returns: the IPv4 address, or INADDR_NONE if no addresses were available
-in_addr_t selectIpv4Address(const in_addr ip, int16_t prefixlen) {
+in_addr_t selectIpv4Address(const in_addr ip, const int16_t prefixlen) {
     return selectIpv4AddressInternal(ip, prefixlen, isIpv4AddressFree);
 }
 
 // Only allow testing to use this function directly. Otherwise call selectIpv4Address(ip, pfxlen)
 // which has applied valid isIpv4AddressFree function pointer.
-in_addr_t selectIpv4AddressInternal(const in_addr ip, int16_t prefixlen,
-                                    isIpv4AddrFreeFn isIpv4AddressFreeFunc) {
+in_addr_t selectIpv4AddressInternal(const in_addr ip, const int16_t prefixlen,
+                                    const isIpv4AddrFreeFn isIpv4AddressFreeFunc) {
     // Impossible! Only test allows to apply fn.
-    if (isIpv4AddressFreeFunc == nullptr) {
-        return INADDR_NONE;
-    }
+    if (isIpv4AddressFreeFunc == nullptr) return INADDR_NONE;
 
     // Don't accept prefixes that are too large because we scan addresses one by one.
-    if (prefixlen < 16 || prefixlen > 32) {
-        return INADDR_NONE;
-    }
+    if (prefixlen < 16 || prefixlen > 32) return INADDR_NONE;
 
     // All these are in host byte order.
-    in_addr_t mask = 0xffffffff >> (32 - prefixlen) << (32 - prefixlen);
-    in_addr_t ipv4 = ntohl(ip.s_addr);
-    in_addr_t first_ipv4 = ipv4;
-    in_addr_t prefix = ipv4 & mask;
+    const uint32_t mask = 0xffffffff >> (32 - prefixlen) << (32 - prefixlen);
+    uint32_t ipv4 = ntohl(ip.s_addr);
+    const uint32_t first_ipv4 = ipv4;
+    const uint32_t prefix = ipv4 & mask;
 
     // Pick the first IPv4 address in the pool, wrapping around if necessary.
     // So, for example, 192.0.0.4 -> 192.0.0.5 -> 192.0.0.6 -> 192.0.0.7 -> 192.0.0.0.
     do {
-        if (isIpv4AddressFreeFunc(htonl(ipv4))) {
-            return htonl(ipv4);
-        }
+        if (isIpv4AddressFreeFunc(htonl(ipv4))) return htonl(ipv4);
         ipv4 = prefix | ((ipv4 + 1) & ~mask);
     } while (ipv4 != first_ipv4);
 
@@ -103,7 +91,7 @@
 }
 
 // Alters the bits in the IPv6 address to make them checksum neutral with v4 and nat64Prefix.
-void makeChecksumNeutral(in6_addr* v6, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix) {
+void makeChecksumNeutral(in6_addr* const v6, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix) {
     // Fill last 8 bytes of IPv6 address with random bits.
     arc4random_buf(&v6->s6_addr[8], 8);
 
@@ -125,24 +113,35 @@
 }
 
 // Picks a random interface ID that is checksum neutral with the IPv4 address and the NAT64 prefix.
-int generateIpv6Address(const char* iface, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix,
-                        in6_addr* v6) {
-    int s = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+int generateIpv6Address(const char* const iface, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix,
+                        in6_addr* const v6, const uint32_t mark) {
+    const int s = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
     if (s == -1) return -errno;
 
-    if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, iface, strlen(iface) + 1) == -1) {
+    // Socket's mark affects routing decisions (network selection)
+    // An fwmark is necessary for clat to bypass the VPN during initialization.
+    if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &mark, sizeof(mark))) {
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK) failed: %s", strerror(err));
         close(s);
-        return -errno;
+        return -err;
+    }
+
+    if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, iface, strlen(iface) + 1)) {
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, '%s') failed: %s", iface, strerror(err));
+        close(s);
+        return -err;
     }
 
     sockaddr_in6 sin6 = {.sin6_family = AF_INET6, .sin6_addr = nat64Prefix};
-    if (connect(s, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&sin6), sizeof(sin6)) == -1) {
+    if (connect(s, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&sin6), sizeof(sin6))) {
         close(s);
         return -errno;
     }
 
     socklen_t len = sizeof(sin6);
-    if (getsockname(s, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&sin6), &len) == -1) {
+    if (getsockname(s, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&sin6), &len)) {
         close(s);
         return -errno;
     }
@@ -161,21 +160,22 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int detect_mtu(const struct in6_addr* plat_subnet, uint32_t plat_suffix, uint32_t mark) {
+int detect_mtu(const struct in6_addr* const plat_subnet, const uint32_t plat_suffix,
+               const uint32_t mark) {
     // Create an IPv6 UDP socket.
-    int s = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    const int s = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
     if (s < 0) {
-        int ret = errno;
-        ALOGE("socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return -ret;
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) failed: %s", strerror(err));
+        return -err;
     }
 
     // Socket's mark affects routing decisions (network selection)
-    if ((mark != MARK_UNSET) && setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &mark, sizeof(mark))) {
-        int ret = errno;
-        ALOGE("setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK) failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+    if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &mark, sizeof(mark))) {
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK) failed: %s", strerror(err));
         close(s);
-        return -ret;
+        return -err;
     }
 
     // Try to connect udp socket to plat_subnet(96 bits):plat_suffix(32 bits)
@@ -185,20 +185,20 @@
     };
     dst.sin6_addr.s6_addr32[3] = plat_suffix;
     if (connect(s, (struct sockaddr*)&dst, sizeof(dst))) {
-        int ret = errno;
-        ALOGE("connect() failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("connect() failed: %s", strerror(err));
         close(s);
-        return -ret;
+        return -err;
     }
 
     // Fetch the socket's IPv6 mtu - this is effectively fetching mtu from routing table
     int mtu;
     socklen_t sz_mtu = sizeof(mtu);
     if (getsockopt(s, SOL_IPV6, IPV6_MTU, &mtu, &sz_mtu)) {
-        int ret = errno;
-        ALOGE("getsockopt(SOL_IPV6, IPV6_MTU) failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("getsockopt(SOL_IPV6, IPV6_MTU) failed: %s", strerror(err));
         close(s);
-        return -ret;
+        return -err;
     }
     if (sz_mtu != sizeof(mtu)) {
         ALOGE("getsockopt(SOL_IPV6, IPV6_MTU) returned unexpected size: %d", sz_mtu);
@@ -217,34 +217,26 @@
  *   ifindex - index of interface to add the filter to
  * returns: 0 on success, -errno on failure
  */
-int configure_packet_socket(int sock, in6_addr* addr, int ifindex) {
-    uint32_t* ipv6 = addr->s6_addr32;
-
+int configure_packet_socket(const int sock, const in6_addr* const addr, const int ifindex) {
     // clang-format off
     struct sock_filter filter_code[] = {
-    // Load the first four bytes of the IPv6 destination address (starts 24 bytes in).
-    // Compare it against the first four bytes of our IPv6 address, in host byte order (BPF loads
-    // are always in host byte order). If it matches, continue with next instruction (JMP 0). If it
-    // doesn't match, jump ahead to statement that returns 0 (ignore packet). Repeat for the other
-    // three words of the IPv6 address, and if they all match, return PACKETLEN (accept packet).
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_LD  | BPF_W   | BPF_ABS,  24),
-        BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K,    htonl(ipv6[0]), 0, 7),
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_LD  | BPF_W   | BPF_ABS,  28),
-        BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K,    htonl(ipv6[1]), 0, 5),
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_LD  | BPF_W   | BPF_ABS,  32),
-        BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K,    htonl(ipv6[2]), 0, 3),
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_LD  | BPF_W   | BPF_ABS,  36),
-        BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K,    htonl(ipv6[3]), 0, 1),
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K,              PACKETLEN),
-        BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K,              0),
+        BPF_LOAD_IPV6_BE32(daddr.s6_addr32[0]),
+        BPF2_REJECT_IF_NOT_EQUAL(ntohl(addr->s6_addr32[0])),
+        BPF_LOAD_IPV6_BE32(daddr.s6_addr32[1]),
+        BPF2_REJECT_IF_NOT_EQUAL(ntohl(addr->s6_addr32[1])),
+        BPF_LOAD_IPV6_BE32(daddr.s6_addr32[2]),
+        BPF2_REJECT_IF_NOT_EQUAL(ntohl(addr->s6_addr32[2])),
+        BPF_LOAD_IPV6_BE32(daddr.s6_addr32[3]),
+        BPF2_REJECT_IF_NOT_EQUAL(ntohl(addr->s6_addr32[3])),
+        BPF_ACCEPT,
     };
     // clang-format on
     struct sock_fprog filter = {sizeof(filter_code) / sizeof(filter_code[0]), filter_code};
 
     if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_FILTER, &filter, sizeof(filter))) {
-        int res = errno;
-        ALOGE("attach packet filter failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return -res;
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("attach packet filter failed: %s", strerror(err));
+        return -err;
     }
 
     struct sockaddr_ll sll = {
@@ -255,9 +247,9 @@
                     PACKET_OTHERHOST,  // The 464xlat IPv6 address is not assigned to the kernel.
     };
     if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*)&sll, sizeof(sll))) {
-        int res = errno;
-        ALOGE("binding packet socket: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return -res;
+        const int err = errno;
+        ALOGE("binding packet socket: %s", strerror(err));
+        return -err;
     }
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils_test.cpp b/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils_test.cpp
index 4153e19..f4f97db 100644
--- a/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils_test.cpp
+++ b/service/native/libs/libclat/clatutils_test.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <linux/if_packet.h>
 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
 #include "tun_interface.h"
 
 extern "C" {
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@
     TunInterface v6Iface;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, v6Iface.init());
 
-    int s = socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, htons(ETH_P_IPV6));
+    const int s = socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_CLOEXEC, htons(ETH_P_IPV6));
     EXPECT_LE(0, s);
     struct in6_addr addr6;
     EXPECT_EQ(1, inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2001:db8::f00", &addr6));
@@ -182,6 +183,32 @@
     v6Iface.destroy();
 }
 
+// This is not a realistic test because we can't test generateIPv6Address here since it requires
+// manipulating routing, which we can't do without talking to the real netd on the system.
+// See test MakeChecksumNeutral.
+// TODO: remove this test once EthernetTetheringTest can test on mainline test coverage branch.
+TEST_F(ClatUtils, GenerateIpv6AddressFailWithUlaSocketAddress) {
+    // Create an interface for generateIpv6Address to connect to.
+    TunInterface tun;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, tun.init());
+
+    // Unused because v6 address is ULA and makeChecksumNeutral has never called.
+    in_addr v4 = {inet_addr(kIPv4LocalAddr)};
+    // Not a NAT64 prefix because test can't connect to in generateIpv6Address.
+    // Used to be a fake address from the tun interface for generating an IPv6 socket address.
+    // nat64Prefix won't be used in MakeChecksumNeutral because MakeChecksumNeutral has never
+    // be called.
+    in6_addr nat64Prefix = tun.dstAddr();  // not realistic
+    in6_addr v6;
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::", &v6));  // initialize as zero
+
+    // 0u is MARK_UNSET
+    EXPECT_EQ(-ENETUNREACH, generateIpv6Address(tun.name().c_str(), v4, nat64Prefix, &v6, 0u));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(IN6_IS_ADDR_ULA(&v6));
+
+    tun.destroy();
+}
+
 }  // namespace clat
 }  // namespace net
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/service/native/libs/libclat/include/libclat/clatutils.h b/service/native/libs/libclat/include/libclat/clatutils.h
index 812c86e..6e17e67 100644
--- a/service/native/libs/libclat/include/libclat/clatutils.h
+++ b/service/native/libs/libclat/include/libclat/clatutils.h
@@ -20,17 +20,19 @@
 namespace net {
 namespace clat {
 
-bool isIpv4AddressFree(in_addr_t addr);
-in_addr_t selectIpv4Address(const in_addr ip, int16_t prefixlen);
-void makeChecksumNeutral(in6_addr* v6, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix);
-int generateIpv6Address(const char* iface, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix,
-                        in6_addr* v6);
-int detect_mtu(const struct in6_addr* plat_subnet, uint32_t plat_suffix, uint32_t mark);
-int configure_packet_socket(int sock, in6_addr* addr, int ifindex);
+bool isIpv4AddressFree(const in_addr_t addr);
+in_addr_t selectIpv4Address(const in_addr ip, const int16_t prefixlen);
+void makeChecksumNeutral(in6_addr* const v6, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix);
+int generateIpv6Address(const char* const iface, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix,
+                        in6_addr* const v6, const uint32_t mark);
+int detect_mtu(const struct in6_addr* const plat_subnet, const uint32_t plat_suffix,
+               const uint32_t mark);
+int configure_packet_socket(const int sock, const in6_addr* const addr, const int ifindex);
 
 // For testing
-typedef bool (*isIpv4AddrFreeFn)(in_addr_t);
-in_addr_t selectIpv4AddressInternal(const in_addr ip, int16_t prefixlen, isIpv4AddrFreeFn fn);
+typedef bool (*isIpv4AddrFreeFn)(const in_addr_t);
+in_addr_t selectIpv4AddressInternal(const in_addr ip, const int16_t prefixlen,
+                                    const isIpv4AddrFreeFn fn);
 
 }  // namespace clat
 }  // namespace net
diff --git a/service/proguard.flags b/service/proguard.flags
index cffa490..cf25f05 100644
--- a/service/proguard.flags
+++ b/service/proguard.flags
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-# Make sure proguard keeps all connectivity classes
-# TODO: instead of keeping everything, consider listing only "entry points"
-# (service loader, JNI registered methods, etc) and letting the optimizer do its job
--keep class android.net.** { *; }
--keep class com.android.connectivity.** { *; }
--keep class com.android.net.** { *; }
--keep class !com.android.server.nearby.**,com.android.server.** { *; }
 
-# Prevent proguard from stripping out any nearby-service and fast-pair-lite-protos fields.
--keep class com.android.server.nearby.NearbyService { *; }
+# Keep JNI registered methods
+-keepclasseswithmembers,includedescriptorclasses class * { native <methods>; }
 
-# The lite proto runtime uses reflection to access fields based on the names in
-# the schema, keep all the fields.
-# This replicates the base proguard rule used by the build by default
-# (proguard_basic_keeps.flags), but needs to be specified here because the
-# com.google.protobuf package is jarjared to the below package.
--keepclassmembers class * extends android.net.connectivity.com.google.protobuf.MessageLite { <fields>; }
+# Keep classes extending structured message.
+-keepclassmembers public class * extends **.com.android.net.module.util.Struct {
+    *;
+}
+
+-keepclassmembers class android.net.**,com.android.networkstack.** {
+    static final % POLICY_*;
+    static final % NOTIFY_TYPE_*;
+    static final % TRANSPORT_*;
+    static final % CMD_*;
+    static final % EVENT_*;
+}
+
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/metrics/stats.proto b/service/src/com/android/metrics/stats.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..006d20a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/metrics/stats.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+syntax = "proto2";
+option java_multiple_files = true;
+
+package com.android.metrics;
+
+import "frameworks/proto_logging/stats/enums/stats/connectivity/connectivity_service.proto";
+
+/**
+ * Logs NSD(Network service discovery) client session
+ *
+ * Log from:
+ *     packages/modules/Connectivity/service-t/src/com/android/server/NsdService
+ */
+message NetworkNsdReported {
+  // Indicate if the device is using the legacy or the new implementation
+  optional bool is_legacy = 1;
+
+  // It is a random number to represent different clients. Each client is an app on the device.
+  optional int32 client_id = 2;
+
+  // It is a increment_number to represent different transactions.
+  // Each transaction is a request from an app client.
+  optional int32 transaction_id = 3;
+
+  // Indicate the service in resolution is a known service in the discovered services cache
+  optional bool is_known_service = 4;
+
+  // Record each NSD session type
+  optional .android.stats.connectivity.NsdEventType type = 5;
+
+  // The process duration of the event in milli-second
+  optional int64 event_duration_millisec = 6;
+
+  // Record each mdns query result
+  optional .android.stats.connectivity.MdnsQueryResult query_result = 7;
+
+  // Count of services in cache at the end of discovery
+  optional int32 found_service_count = 8;
+
+  // Count of found callback when discovery is stopped
+  optional int32 found_callback_count = 9;
+
+  // Count of lost callback when discovery is stopped
+  optional int32 lost_callback_count = 10;
+
+  // Record query service count before unregistered service
+  optional int32 replied_requests_count = 11;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs the number of network count on each list of transports
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NetworkCountPerTransports {
+    // the number of network count on each list of transports
+    repeated NetworkCountForTransports network_count_for_transports = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs the number of network count and transport type
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NetworkCountForTransports {
+    // Transport types of the network
+    optional int32 transport_types = 1;
+
+    // Number of networks for one list of transport types
+    optional int32 network_count = 2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs a list of networks
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NetworkList {
+    repeated NetworkDescription network_description = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs connection duration in seconds and list of transports
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message ConnectionDurationForTransports {
+    // Transport types of the network
+    optional int32 transport_types = 1;
+
+    // Time duration that the device stays connected to the network
+    optional int32 duration_sec = 2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs connection duration on each list of transports, in seconds
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message ConnectionDurationPerTransports {
+    repeated ConnectionDurationForTransports connection_duration_for_transports = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs network request count & request type
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message RequestCountForType {
+    // The type of network request
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.RequestType request_type = 1;
+
+    // Number of network requests
+    optional int32 request_count = 2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs network request count
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NetworkRequestCount {
+    // Network request count for request type
+    repeated RequestCountForType request_count_for_type = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs information about a network
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NetworkDescription {
+    // The transport types of the network. A network may include multiple transport types.
+    // Each transfer type is represented by a different bit, defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int32 transport_types = 1;
+
+    // Indicates the network is metered, non-metered or temporarily-unmetered
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.MeteredState metered_state = 2;
+
+    // Indicates the network is validated, non-validated, partial or portal
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.ValidatedState validated_state = 3;
+
+    // Record the bitmask of all the policies applied to this score of network.
+    // Each policy is represented by a different bit, defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java
+    optional int64 score_policies = 4;
+
+    // The capabilities of the network. A network may include multiple network capabilities.
+    // Each capability is represented by a different bit, defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int64 capabilities = 5;
+
+    // Bitfield representing the network's enterprise capability identifier, defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int32 enterprise_id = 6;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pulls a list of NumberOfRematchesPerReason.
+ *
+ * Pulled from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NumberOfRematchesPerReason {
+    // Number of network rematches for each rematch reason
+    repeated NumberOfRematchesForReason number_of_rematches_per_reason= 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs number of network rematches for rematch reason
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NumberOfRematchesForReason {
+    // The reason of network rematch
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.RematchReason rematch_reason = 1;
+
+    // Number of network rematches
+    optional int32 rematch_count = 2;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Pulls information for connectivity stats.
+ *
+ * Pulled from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message ConnectivityStateSample {
+    // Number of networks per list of transports
+    optional NetworkCountPerTransports network_count_per_transports = 1;
+
+    // This is a list of networks with their transports and the duration
+    optional ConnectionDurationPerTransports connection_duration_per_transports = 2;
+
+    // Number of requests per category
+    optional NetworkRequestCount network_request_count  = 3;
+
+    // Full list of network details (slice by transport / meteredness / internet+validated)
+    optional NetworkList networks = 4;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Pulls information for network selection rematch info.
+ *
+ * Pulled from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NetworkSelectionRematchReasonsInfo {
+    // Number of rematch per rematch reason
+    optional NumberOfRematchesPerReason number_of_rematches_per_reason = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs rematch information for the default network
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message DefaultNetworkRematchInfo {
+    // The session id comes from each reboot, this is used to correlate the statistics of the
+    // networkselect on the same boot
+    optional int64 session_id = 1;
+
+    // The information of old device default network
+    optional NetworkDescription old_network = 2;
+
+    // The information of new device default network
+    optional NetworkDescription new_network = 3;
+
+    // The reason of network rematch
+    optional .android.stats.connectivity.RematchReason rematch_reason = 4;
+
+    // The time duration the device kept the old network as the default in seconds
+    optional int32 time_duration_on_old_network_sec = 5;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs network selection performance
+ *
+ * Logs from:
+ *   packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+ */
+message NetworkSelectionPerformance {
+    // Number of network requests
+    optional int32 number_of_network_requests = 1;
+
+    // List of networks right now
+    // (slice by transport / meteredness / internet+validated)
+    optional NetworkList networks = 2;
+
+    // The latency of selection computed in milli-second
+    optional int32 selection_computed_latency_milli = 3;
+
+    // The latency of selection applied in milli-second
+    optional int32 selection_applied_latency_milli = 4;
+
+    // The latency of selection issued in milli-second
+    optional int32 selection_issued_latency_milli = 5;
+}
+
+message NetworkSliceRequestCountSample {
+    // Bitfield representing the network's capability(e.g. NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY),
+    // defined in packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int64 slice_id = 1;
+
+    // Bitfield representing the network's enterprise capability identifier
+    // (e.g. NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1), defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int32 enterprise_id = 2;
+
+    // number of request for this slice
+    optional int32 request_count = 3;
+
+    // number of apps with outstanding request(s) for this slice
+    optional int32 distinct_app_count = 4;
+}
+
+message NetworkSliceSessionEnded {
+    // Bitfield representing the network's capability(e.g. NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY),
+    // defined in packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int64 slice_id = 1;
+
+    // Bitfield representing the network's enterprise capability identifier
+    // (e.g. NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1), defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int32 enterprise_id = 2;
+
+    // Number of bytes received at the device on this slice id
+    optional int64 rx_bytes = 3;
+
+    // Number of bytes transmitted by the device on this slice id
+    optional int64 tx_bytes = 4;
+
+    // Number of apps that have used this slice
+    optional int32 number_of_apps = 5;
+
+    // How long(in seconds) this slice has been connected
+    optional int32 slice_connection_duration_sec = 6;
+}
+
+message NetworkSliceDailyDataUsageReported {
+    // Bitfield representing the network's capability(e.g. NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY),
+    // defined in packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int64 slice_id = 1;
+
+    // Bitfield representing the network's enterprise capability identifier
+    // (e.g. NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1), defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int32 enterprise_id = 2;
+
+    // Number of bytes received at the device on this slice id
+    optional int64 rx_bytes = 3;
+
+    // Number of bytes transmitted by the device on this slice id
+    optional int64 tx_bytes = 4;
+
+    // Number of apps that have used this slice
+    optional int32 number_of_apps = 5;
+
+    // How long(in seconds) this slice has been connected
+    optional int32 slice_connection_duration_sec = 6;
+}
+
+/**
+ *  Logs DailykeepaliveInfoReported
+ *
+ * Logs from: packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/
+ *            server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.
+ */
+message DailykeepaliveInfoReported{
+    // Daily duration per number of concurrent keepalive
+    optional DurationPerNumOfKeepalive duration_per_num_of_keepalive = 1;
+
+    // Daily keepalive registered/active duration on each list of keepalive session, in
+    // milli-seconds
+    optional KeepaliveLifetimePerCarrier keepalive_lifetime_per_carrier = 2;
+
+    // Daily number of keepalive requests
+    optional int32 keepalive_requests = 3;
+
+    // Daily number of automatic keepalive requests
+    optional int32 automatic_keepalive_requests = 4;
+
+    // Daily number of distinct apps that requested keepalives
+    optional int32 distinct_user_count = 5;
+
+    // Daily distinct apps uid list that requested keepalives
+    repeated int32 uid = 6;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Daily duration per number of concurrent keepalive
+ *
+ * Logs from: packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/
+ *            server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.
+ */
+message DurationPerNumOfKeepalive {
+    repeated DurationForNumOfKeepalive duration_for_num_of_keepalive = 1;
+}
+
+message DurationForNumOfKeepalive {
+    // The number of concurrent keepalives is in the device
+    optional int32 num_of_keepalive = 1;
+
+    // How many milliseconds the device has keepalive registration number is num_of_keepalive
+    optional int32 keepalive_registered_durations_msec = 2;
+
+    // How many milliseconds the device has keepalive active(not paused) number is num_of_keepalive
+    optional int32 keepalive_active_durations_msec = 3;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Daily keepalive registered/active duration on each list of Keepalive session, in milli-seconds
+ *
+ * Logs from: packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/
+ *            server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.
+ */
+message KeepaliveLifetimePerCarrier {
+    // The number of network count on each list of carriers
+    repeated KeepaliveLifetimeForCarrier keepalive_lifetime_for_carrier = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Logs the keepalive registered/active duration in milli-seconds and carrier
+ * info(carrier id, transport, keepalive interval).
+ *
+ * Logs from: packages/modules/Connectivity/service/src/com/android/
+ *            server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.
+ */
+message KeepaliveLifetimeForCarrier {
+    // The carrier ID for each keepalive, or TelephonyManager.UNKNOWN_CARRIER_ID(-1) if not cell
+    optional int32 carrier_id = 1;
+
+    // The transport types of the underlying network for each keepalive. A network may include
+    // multiple transport types. Each transfer type is represented by a different bit, defined in
+    // packages/modules/Connectivity/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+    optional int32 transport_types = 2;
+
+    // The keepalive interval for each keepalive
+    optional int32 intervals_msec = 3;
+
+    // The lifetime of the keepalive registered today
+    optional int32 lifetime_msec = 4;
+
+    // The duration for which the keepalive was active (not suspended)
+    optional int32 active_lifetime_msec = 5;
+}
+
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
index c006bc6..b4fce37 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
@@ -16,18 +16,61 @@
 
 package com.android.server;
 
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NONE;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EINVAL;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.ENODEV;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.ENOENT;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.EOPNOTSUPP;
 
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityStatsLog.NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO;
+
+import android.app.StatsManager;
+import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Pair;
+import android.util.StatsEvent;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.BackgroundThread;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
+import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.StringJoiner;
 
 /**
  * BpfNetMaps is responsible for providing traffic controller relevant functionality.
@@ -35,35 +78,328 @@
  * {@hide}
  */
 public class BpfNetMaps {
+    private static final boolean PRE_T = !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT();
+    static {
+        if (!PRE_T) {
+            System.loadLibrary("service-connectivity");
+        }
+    }
+
     private static final String TAG = "BpfNetMaps";
     private final INetd mNetd;
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
     // Use legacy netd for releases before T.
-    private static final boolean USE_NETD = !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT();
     private static boolean sInitialized = false;
 
+    private static Boolean sEnableJavaBpfMap = null;
+    private static final String BPF_NET_MAPS_ENABLE_JAVA_BPF_MAP =
+            "bpf_net_maps_enable_java_bpf_map";
+
+    // Lock for sConfigurationMap entry for UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY.
+    // This entry is not accessed by others.
+    // BpfNetMaps acquires this lock while sequence of read, modify, and write.
+    private static final Object sUidRulesConfigBpfMapLock = new Object();
+
+    // Lock for sConfigurationMap entry for CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY.
+    // BpfNetMaps acquires this lock while sequence of read, modify, and write.
+    // BpfNetMaps is an only writer of this entry.
+    private static final Object sCurrentStatsMapConfigLock = new Object();
+
+    private static final String CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH =
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_configuration_map";
+    private static final String UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH =
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_uid_owner_map";
+    private static final String UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH =
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_uid_permission_map";
+    private static final String COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH =
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_cookie_tag_map";
+    private static final S32 UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY = new S32(0);
+    private static final S32 CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY = new S32(1);
+    private static final long UID_RULES_DEFAULT_CONFIGURATION = 0;
+    private static final long STATS_SELECT_MAP_A = 0;
+    private static final long STATS_SELECT_MAP_B = 1;
+
+    private static IBpfMap<S32, U32> sConfigurationMap = null;
+    // BpfMap for UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH. This map is not accessed by others.
+    private static IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue> sUidOwnerMap = null;
+    private static IBpfMap<S32, U8> sUidPermissionMap = null;
+    private static IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> sCookieTagMap = null;
+
+    // LINT.IfChange(match_type)
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long NO_MATCH = 0;
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long HAPPY_BOX_MATCH = (1 << 0);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long PENALTY_BOX_MATCH = (1 << 1);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long DOZABLE_MATCH = (1 << 2);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long STANDBY_MATCH = (1 << 3);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long POWERSAVE_MATCH = (1 << 4);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long RESTRICTED_MATCH = (1 << 5);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH = (1 << 6);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long IIF_MATCH = (1 << 7);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH = (1 << 8);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long OEM_DENY_1_MATCH = (1 << 9);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long OEM_DENY_2_MATCH = (1 << 10);
+    @VisibleForTesting public static final long OEM_DENY_3_MATCH = (1 << 11);
+    // LINT.ThenChange(packages/modules/Connectivity/bpf_progs/netd.h)
+
+    private static final List<Pair<Integer, String>> PERMISSION_LIST = Arrays.asList(
+            Pair.create(PERMISSION_INTERNET, "PERMISSION_INTERNET"),
+            Pair.create(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, "PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS")
+    );
+    private static final List<Pair<Long, String>> MATCH_LIST = Arrays.asList(
+            Pair.create(HAPPY_BOX_MATCH, "HAPPY_BOX_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(PENALTY_BOX_MATCH, "PENALTY_BOX_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(DOZABLE_MATCH, "DOZABLE_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(STANDBY_MATCH, "STANDBY_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(POWERSAVE_MATCH, "POWERSAVE_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(RESTRICTED_MATCH, "RESTRICTED_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH, "LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(IIF_MATCH, "IIF_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, "LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(OEM_DENY_1_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_1_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(OEM_DENY_2_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_2_MATCH"),
+            Pair.create(OEM_DENY_3_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_3_MATCH")
+    );
+
+    /**
+     * Set sEnableJavaBpfMap for test.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static void setEnableJavaBpfMapForTest(boolean enable) {
+        sEnableJavaBpfMap = enable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set configurationMap for test.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static void setConfigurationMapForTest(IBpfMap<S32, U32> configurationMap) {
+        sConfigurationMap = configurationMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set uidOwnerMap for test.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static void setUidOwnerMapForTest(IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue> uidOwnerMap) {
+        sUidOwnerMap = uidOwnerMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set uidPermissionMap for test.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static void setUidPermissionMapForTest(IBpfMap<S32, U8> uidPermissionMap) {
+        sUidPermissionMap = uidPermissionMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set cookieTagMap for test.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static void setCookieTagMapForTest(
+            IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> cookieTagMap) {
+        sCookieTagMap = cookieTagMap;
+    }
+
+    private static IBpfMap<S32, U32> getConfigurationMap() {
+        try {
+            return new BpfMap<>(
+                    CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, S32.class, U32.class);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot open netd configuration map", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue> getUidOwnerMap() {
+        try {
+            return new BpfMap<>(
+                    UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, S32.class, UidOwnerValue.class);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot open uid owner map", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static IBpfMap<S32, U8> getUidPermissionMap() {
+        try {
+            return new BpfMap<>(
+                    UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, S32.class, U8.class);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot open uid permission map", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> getCookieTagMap() {
+        try {
+            return new BpfMap<>(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
+                    CookieTagMapKey.class, CookieTagMapValue.class);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot open cookie tag map", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void initBpfMaps() {
+        if (sConfigurationMap == null) {
+            sConfigurationMap = getConfigurationMap();
+        }
+        try {
+            sConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY,
+                    new U32(UID_RULES_DEFAULT_CONFIGURATION));
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to initialize uid rules configuration", e);
+        }
+        try {
+            sConfigurationMap.updateEntry(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY,
+                    new U32(STATS_SELECT_MAP_A));
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to initialize current stats configuration", e);
+        }
+
+        if (sUidOwnerMap == null) {
+            sUidOwnerMap = getUidOwnerMap();
+        }
+        try {
+            sUidOwnerMap.clear();
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to initialize uid owner map", e);
+        }
+
+        if (sUidPermissionMap == null) {
+            sUidPermissionMap = getUidPermissionMap();
+        }
+
+        if (sCookieTagMap == null) {
+            sCookieTagMap = getCookieTagMap();
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Initializes the class if it is not already initialized. This method will open maps but not
      * cause any other effects. This method may be called multiple times on any thread.
      */
-    private static synchronized void ensureInitialized() {
+    private static synchronized void ensureInitialized(final Context context) {
         if (sInitialized) return;
-        if (!USE_NETD) {
-            System.loadLibrary("service-connectivity");
-            native_init();
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap == null) {
+            sEnableJavaBpfMap = SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() ||
+                    DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(context,
+                    DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_TETHERING, BPF_NET_MAPS_ENABLE_JAVA_BPF_MAP,
+                    false /* defaultValue */);
         }
+        Log.d(TAG, "BpfNetMaps is initialized with sEnableJavaBpfMap=" + sEnableJavaBpfMap);
+
+        initBpfMaps();
+        native_init(!sEnableJavaBpfMap /* startSkDestroyListener */);
         sInitialized = true;
     }
 
-    /** Constructor used after T that doesn't need to use netd anymore. */
-    public BpfNetMaps() {
-        this(null);
-
-        if (USE_NETD) throw new IllegalArgumentException("BpfNetMaps need to use netd before T");
+    public boolean isSkDestroyListenerRunning() {
+        return !sEnableJavaBpfMap;
     }
 
-    public BpfNetMaps(INetd netd) {
-        ensureInitialized();
+    /**
+     * Dependencies of BpfNetMaps, for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * Get interface index.
+         */
+        public int getIfIndex(final String ifName) {
+            return Os.if_nametoindex(ifName);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Call synchronize_rcu()
+         */
+        public int synchronizeKernelRCU() {
+            return native_synchronizeKernelRCU();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Build Stats Event for NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO atom
+         */
+        public StatsEvent buildStatsEvent(final int cookieTagMapSize, final int uidOwnerMapSize,
+                final int uidPermissionMapSize) {
+            return ConnectivityStatsLog.buildStatsEvent(NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO, cookieTagMapSize,
+                    uidOwnerMapSize, uidPermissionMapSize);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Call native_dump
+         */
+        public void nativeDump(final FileDescriptor fd, final boolean verbose) {
+            native_dump(fd, verbose);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Constructor used after T that doesn't need to use netd anymore. */
+    public BpfNetMaps(final Context context) {
+        this(context, null);
+
+        if (PRE_T) throw new IllegalArgumentException("BpfNetMaps need to use netd before T");
+    }
+
+    public BpfNetMaps(final Context context, final INetd netd) {
+        this(context, netd, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public BpfNetMaps(final Context context, final INetd netd, final Dependencies deps) {
+        if (!PRE_T) {
+            ensureInitialized(context);
+        }
         mNetd = netd;
+        mDeps = deps;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get corresponding match from firewall chain.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public long getMatchByFirewallChain(final int chain) {
+        switch (chain) {
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE:
+                return DOZABLE_MATCH;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY:
+                return STANDBY_MATCH;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE:
+                return POWERSAVE_MATCH;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED:
+                return RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
+                return LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1:
+                return OEM_DENY_1_MATCH;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2:
+                return OEM_DENY_2_MATCH;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3:
+                return OEM_DENY_3_MATCH;
+            default:
+                throw new ServiceSpecificException(EINVAL, "Invalid firewall chain: " + chain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get if the chain is allow list or not.
+     *
+     * ALLOWLIST means the firewall denies all by default, uids must be explicitly allowed
+     * DENYLIST means the firewall allows all by default, uids must be explicitly denyed
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean isFirewallAllowList(final int chain) {
+        switch (chain) {
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE:
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE:
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED:
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
+                return true;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY:
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1:
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2:
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3:
+                return false;
+            default:
+                throw new ServiceSpecificException(EINVAL, "Invalid firewall chain: " + chain);
+        }
     }
 
     private void maybeThrow(final int err, final String msg) {
@@ -72,6 +408,73 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void throwIfPreT(final String msg) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void removeRule(final int uid, final long match, final String caller) {
+        try {
+            synchronized (sUidOwnerMap) {
+                final UidOwnerValue oldMatch = sUidOwnerMap.getValue(new S32(uid));
+
+                if (oldMatch == null) {
+                    throw new ServiceSpecificException(ENOENT,
+                            "sUidOwnerMap does not have entry for uid: " + uid);
+                }
+
+                final UidOwnerValue newMatch = new UidOwnerValue(
+                        (match == IIF_MATCH) ? 0 : oldMatch.iif,
+                        oldMatch.rule & ~match
+                );
+
+                if (newMatch.rule == 0) {
+                    sUidOwnerMap.deleteEntry(new S32(uid));
+                } else {
+                    sUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid), newMatch);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno,
+                    caller + " failed to remove rule: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRule(final int uid, final long match, final int iif, final String caller) {
+        if (match != IIF_MATCH && iif != 0) {
+            throw new ServiceSpecificException(EINVAL,
+                    "Non-interface match must have zero interface index");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            synchronized (sUidOwnerMap) {
+                final UidOwnerValue oldMatch = sUidOwnerMap.getValue(new S32(uid));
+
+                final UidOwnerValue newMatch;
+                if (oldMatch != null) {
+                    newMatch = new UidOwnerValue(
+                            (match == IIF_MATCH) ? iif : oldMatch.iif,
+                            oldMatch.rule | match
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    newMatch = new UidOwnerValue(
+                            iif,
+                            match
+                    );
+                }
+                sUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid), newMatch);
+            }
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno,
+                    caller + " failed to add rule: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRule(final int uid, final long match, final String caller) {
+        addRule(uid, match, 0 /* iif */, caller);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Add naughty app bandwidth rule for specific app
      *
@@ -80,8 +483,14 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void addNaughtyApp(final int uid) {
-        final int err = native_addNaughtyApp(uid);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to add naughty app");
+        throwIfPreT("addNaughtyApp is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            addRule(uid, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH, "addNaughtyApp");
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_addNaughtyApp(uid);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to add naughty app");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -92,8 +501,14 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void removeNaughtyApp(final int uid) {
-        final int err = native_removeNaughtyApp(uid);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to remove naughty app");
+        throwIfPreT("removeNaughtyApp is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            removeRule(uid, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH, "removeNaughtyApp");
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_removeNaughtyApp(uid);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to remove naughty app");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -104,8 +519,14 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void addNiceApp(final int uid) {
-        final int err = native_addNiceApp(uid);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to add nice app");
+        throwIfPreT("addNiceApp is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            addRule(uid, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH, "addNiceApp");
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_addNiceApp(uid);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to add nice app");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -116,8 +537,14 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void removeNiceApp(final int uid) {
-        final int err = native_removeNiceApp(uid);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to remove nice app");
+        throwIfPreT("removeNiceApp is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            removeRule(uid, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH, "removeNiceApp");
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_removeNiceApp(uid);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to remove nice app");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -125,34 +552,143 @@
      *
      * @param childChain target chain to enable
      * @param enable     whether to enable or disable child chain.
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void setChildChain(final int childChain, final boolean enable) {
-        final int err = native_setChildChain(childChain, enable);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to set child chain");
+        throwIfPreT("setChildChain is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(childChain);
+            try {
+                synchronized (sUidRulesConfigBpfMapLock) {
+                    final U32 config = sConfigurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
+                    final long newConfig = enable ? (config.val | match) : (config.val & ~match);
+                    sConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(newConfig));
+                }
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno,
+                        "Unable to set child chain: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
+            }
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_setChildChain(childChain, enable);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to set child chain");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the specified firewall chain's status.
+     *
+     * @param childChain target chain
+     * @return {@code true} if chain is enabled, {@code false} if chain is not enabled.
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     */
+    public boolean isChainEnabled(final int childChain) {
+        throwIfPreT("isChainEnabled is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(childChain);
+        try {
+            final U32 config = sConfigurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
+            return (config.val & match) != 0;
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno,
+                    "Unable to get firewall chain status: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Set<Integer> asSet(final int[] uids) {
+        final Set<Integer> uidSet = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final int uid: uids) {
+            uidSet.add(uid);
+        }
+        return uidSet;
     }
 
     /**
      * Replaces the contents of the specified UID-based firewall chain.
+     * Enables the chain for specified uids and disables the chain for non-specified uids.
      *
-     * The chain may be an allowlist chain or a denylist chain. A denylist chain contains DROP
-     * rules for the specified UIDs and a RETURN rule at the end. An allowlist chain contains RETURN
-     * rules for the system UID range (0 to {@code UID_APP} - 1), RETURN rules for the specified
-     * UIDs, and a DROP rule at the end. The chain will be created if it does not exist.
-     *
-     * @param chainName   The name of the chain to replace.
-     * @param isAllowlist Whether this is an allowlist or denylist chain.
+     * @param chain       Target chain.
      * @param uids        The list of UIDs to allow/deny.
-     * @return 0 if the chain was successfully replaced, errno otherwise.
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code chain} is not a valid chain.
      */
-    public int replaceUidChain(final String chainName, final boolean isAllowlist,
-            final int[] uids) {
-        final int err = native_replaceUidChain(chainName, isAllowlist, uids);
-        if (err != 0) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "replaceUidChain failed: " + Os.strerror(-err));
+    public void replaceUidChain(final int chain, final int[] uids) {
+        throwIfPreT("replaceUidChain is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            final long match;
+            try {
+                match = getMatchByFirewallChain(chain);
+            } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
+                // Throws IllegalArgumentException to keep the behavior of
+                // ConnectivityManager#replaceFirewallChain API
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid firewall chain: " + chain);
+            }
+            final Set<Integer> uidSet = asSet(uids);
+            final Set<Integer> uidSetToRemoveRule = new ArraySet<>();
+            try {
+                synchronized (sUidOwnerMap) {
+                    sUidOwnerMap.forEach((uid, config) -> {
+                        // config could be null if there is a concurrent entry deletion.
+                        // http://b/220084230. But sUidOwnerMap update must be done while holding a
+                        // lock, so this should not happen.
+                        if (config == null) {
+                            Log.wtf(TAG, "sUidOwnerMap entry was deleted while holding a lock");
+                        } else if (!uidSet.contains((int) uid.val) && (config.rule & match) != 0) {
+                            uidSetToRemoveRule.add((int) uid.val);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    for (final int uid : uidSetToRemoveRule) {
+                        removeRule(uid, match, "replaceUidChain");
+                    }
+                    for (final int uid : uids) {
+                        addRule(uid, match, "replaceUidChain");
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (ErrnoException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "replaceUidChain failed: " + e);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final int err;
+            switch (chain) {
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain("fw_dozable", true /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain("fw_standby", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain("fw_powersave", true /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain("fw_restricted", true /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain(
+                            "fw_low_power_standby", true /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain("fw_oem_deny_1", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain("fw_oem_deny_2", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                case FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3:
+                    err = native_replaceUidChain("fw_oem_deny_3", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("replaceFirewallChain with invalid chain: "
+                            + chain);
+            }
+            if (err != 0) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "replaceUidChain failed: " + Os.strerror(-err));
+            }
         }
-        return -err;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -165,8 +701,48 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void setUidRule(final int childChain, final int uid, final int firewallRule) {
-        final int err = native_setUidRule(childChain, uid, firewallRule);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to set uid rule");
+        throwIfPreT("setUidRule is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(childChain);
+            final boolean isAllowList = isFirewallAllowList(childChain);
+            final boolean add = (firewallRule == FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW && isAllowList)
+                    || (firewallRule == FIREWALL_RULE_DENY && !isAllowList);
+
+            if (add) {
+                addRule(uid, match, "setUidRule");
+            } else {
+                removeRule(uid, match, "setUidRule");
+            }
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_setUidRule(childChain, uid, firewallRule);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to set uid rule");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get firewall rule of specified firewall chain on specified uid.
+     *
+     * @param childChain target chain
+     * @param uid        target uid
+     * @return either FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW or FIREWALL_RULE_DENY
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     */
+    public int getUidRule(final int childChain, final int uid) {
+        throwIfPreT("isUidChainEnabled is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        final long match = getMatchByFirewallChain(childChain);
+        final boolean isAllowList = isFirewallAllowList(childChain);
+        try {
+            final UidOwnerValue uidMatch = sUidOwnerMap.getValue(new S32(uid));
+            final boolean isMatchEnabled = uidMatch != null && (uidMatch.rule & match) != 0;
+            return isMatchEnabled == isAllowList ? FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW : FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno,
+                    "Unable to get uid rule status: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -187,12 +763,35 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void addUidInterfaceRules(final String ifName, final int[] uids) throws RemoteException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             mNetd.firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(ifName, uids);
             return;
         }
-        final int err = native_addUidInterfaceRules(ifName, uids);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to add uid interface rules");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            // Null ifName is a wildcard to allow apps to receive packets on all interfaces and
+            // ifIndex is set to 0.
+            final int ifIndex;
+            if (ifName == null) {
+                ifIndex = 0;
+            } else {
+                ifIndex = mDeps.getIfIndex(ifName);
+                if (ifIndex == 0) {
+                    throw new ServiceSpecificException(ENODEV,
+                            "Failed to get index of interface " + ifName);
+                }
+            }
+            for (final int uid : uids) {
+                try {
+                    addRule(uid, IIF_MATCH, ifIndex, "addUidInterfaceRules");
+                } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "addRule failed uid=" + uid + " ifName=" + ifName + ", " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_addUidInterfaceRules(ifName, uids);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to add uid interface rules");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -207,23 +806,85 @@
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void removeUidInterfaceRules(final int[] uids) throws RemoteException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             mNetd.firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(uids);
             return;
         }
-        final int err = native_removeUidInterfaceRules(uids);
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to remove uid interface rules");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            for (final int uid : uids) {
+                try {
+                    removeRule(uid, IIF_MATCH, "removeUidInterfaceRules");
+                } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "removeRule failed uid=" + uid + ", " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_removeUidInterfaceRules(uids);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to remove uid interface rules");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update lockdown rule for uid
+     *
+     * @param  uid          target uid to add/remove the rule
+     * @param  add          {@code true} to add the rule, {@code false} to remove the rule.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     */
+    public void updateUidLockdownRule(final int uid, final boolean add) {
+        throwIfPreT("updateUidLockdownRule is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            if (add) {
+                addRule(uid, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, "updateUidLockdownRule");
+            } else {
+                removeRule(uid, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, "updateUidLockdownRule");
+            }
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_updateUidLockdownRule(uid, add);
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to update lockdown rule");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Request netd to change the current active network stats map.
      *
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called on pre-T devices.
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
      *                                  cause of the failure.
      */
     public void swapActiveStatsMap() {
-        final int err = native_swapActiveStatsMap();
-        maybeThrow(err, "Unable to swap active stats map");
+        throwIfPreT("swapActiveStatsMap is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            try {
+                synchronized (sCurrentStatsMapConfigLock) {
+                    final long config = sConfigurationMap.getValue(
+                            CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val;
+                    final long newConfig = (config == STATS_SELECT_MAP_A)
+                            ? STATS_SELECT_MAP_B : STATS_SELECT_MAP_A;
+                    sConfigurationMap.updateEntry(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY,
+                            new U32(newConfig));
+                }
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                throw new ServiceSpecificException(e.errno, "Failed to swap active stats map");
+            }
+
+            // After changing the config, it's needed to make sure all the current running eBPF
+            // programs are finished and all the CPUs are aware of this config change before the old
+            // map is modified. So special hack is needed here to wait for the kernel to do a
+            // synchronize_rcu(). Once the kernel called synchronize_rcu(), the updated config will
+            // be available to all cores and the next eBPF programs triggered inside the kernel will
+            // use the new map configuration. So once this function returns it is safe to modify the
+            // old stats map without concerning about race between the kernel and userspace.
+            final int err = mDeps.synchronizeKernelRCU();
+            maybeThrow(err, "synchronizeKernelRCU failed");
+        } else {
+            final int err = native_swapActiveStatsMap();
+            maybeThrow(err, "Unable to swap active stats map");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -237,31 +898,191 @@
      * @throws RemoteException when netd has crashed.
      */
     public void setNetPermForUids(final int permissions, final int[] uids) throws RemoteException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             mNetd.trafficSetNetPermForUids(permissions, uids);
             return;
         }
-        native_setPermissionForUids(permissions, uids);
+
+        if (sEnableJavaBpfMap) {
+            // Remove the entry if package is uninstalled or uid has only INTERNET permission.
+            if (permissions == PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED || permissions == PERMISSION_INTERNET) {
+                for (final int uid : uids) {
+                    try {
+                        sUidPermissionMap.deleteEntry(new S32(uid));
+                    } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                        Log.e(TAG, "Failed to remove uid " + uid + " from permission map: " + e);
+                    }
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (final int uid : uids) {
+                try {
+                    sUidPermissionMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid), new U8((short) permissions));
+                } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Failed to set permission "
+                            + permissions + " to uid " + uid + ": " + e);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            native_setPermissionForUids(permissions, uids);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Register callback for statsd to pull atom. */
+    public void setPullAtomCallback(final Context context) {
+        throwIfPreT("setPullAtomCallback is not available on pre-T devices");
+
+        final StatsManager statsManager = context.getSystemService(StatsManager.class);
+        statsManager.setPullAtomCallback(NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO, null /* metadata */,
+                BackgroundThread.getExecutor(), this::pullBpfMapInfoAtom);
+    }
+
+    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> int getMapSize(IBpfMap<K, V> map)
+            throws ErrnoException {
+        // forEach could restart iteration from the beginning if there is a concurrent entry
+        // deletion. netd and skDestroyListener could delete CookieTagMap entry concurrently.
+        // So using Set to count the number of entry in the map.
+        Set<K> keySet = new ArraySet<>();
+        map.forEach((k, v) -> keySet.add(k));
+        return keySet.size();
+    }
+
+    /** Callback for StatsManager#setPullAtomCallback */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public int pullBpfMapInfoAtom(final int atomTag, final List<StatsEvent> data) {
+        if (atomTag != NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Unexpected atom tag: " + atomTag);
+            return StatsManager.PULL_SKIP;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            data.add(mDeps.buildStatsEvent(getMapSize(sCookieTagMap), getMapSize(sUidOwnerMap),
+                    getMapSize(sUidPermissionMap)));
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to pull NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO atom: " + e);
+            return StatsManager.PULL_SKIP;
+        }
+        return StatsManager.PULL_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    private String permissionToString(int permissionMask) {
+        if (permissionMask == PERMISSION_NONE) {
+            return "PERMISSION_NONE";
+        }
+        if (permissionMask == PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED) {
+            // PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED should never appear in the map
+            return "PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED error!";
+        }
+
+        final StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(" ");
+        for (Pair<Integer, String> permission: PERMISSION_LIST) {
+            final int permissionFlag = permission.first;
+            final String permissionName = permission.second;
+            if ((permissionMask & permissionFlag) != 0) {
+                sj.add(permissionName);
+                permissionMask &= ~permissionFlag;
+            }
+        }
+        if (permissionMask != 0) {
+            sj.add("PERMISSION_UNKNOWN(" + permissionMask + ")");
+        }
+        return sj.toString();
+    }
+
+    private String matchToString(long matchMask) {
+        if (matchMask == NO_MATCH) {
+            return "NO_MATCH";
+        }
+
+        final StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(" ");
+        for (Pair<Long, String> match: MATCH_LIST) {
+            final long matchFlag = match.first;
+            final String matchName = match.second;
+            if ((matchMask & matchFlag) != 0) {
+                sj.add(matchName);
+                matchMask &= ~matchFlag;
+            }
+        }
+        if (matchMask != 0) {
+            sj.add("UNKNOWN_MATCH(" + matchMask + ")");
+        }
+        return sj.toString();
+    }
+
+    private void dumpOwnerMatchConfig(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        try {
+            final long match = sConfigurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val;
+            pw.println("current ownerMatch configuration: " + match + " " + matchToString(match));
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            pw.println("Failed to read ownerMatch configuration: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dumpCurrentStatsMapConfig(final IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        try {
+            final long config = sConfigurationMap.getValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val;
+            final String currentStatsMap =
+                    (config == STATS_SELECT_MAP_A) ? "SELECT_MAP_A" : "SELECT_MAP_B";
+            pw.println("current statsMap configuration: " + config + " " + currentStatsMap);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            pw.println("Falied to read current statsMap configuration: " + e);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Dump BPF maps
      *
+     * @param pw print writer
      * @param fd file descriptor to output
+     * @param verbose verbose dump flag, if true dump the BpfMap contents
      * @throws IOException when file descriptor is invalid.
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException when the method is called on an unsupported device.
      */
-    public void dump(final FileDescriptor fd, boolean verbose)
+    public void dump(final IndentingPrintWriter pw, final FileDescriptor fd, boolean verbose)
             throws IOException, ServiceSpecificException {
-        if (USE_NETD) {
+        if (PRE_T) {
             throw new ServiceSpecificException(
                     EOPNOTSUPP, "dumpsys connectivity trafficcontroller dump not available on pre-T"
                     + " devices, use dumpsys netd trafficcontroller instead.");
         }
-        native_dump(fd, verbose);
+        mDeps.nativeDump(fd, verbose);
+
+        pw.println();
+        pw.println("sEnableJavaBpfMap: " + sEnableJavaBpfMap);
+        if (verbose) {
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("BPF map content:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+
+            dumpOwnerMatchConfig(pw);
+            dumpCurrentStatsMapConfig(pw);
+            pw.println();
+
+            // TODO: Remove CookieTagMap content dump
+            // NetworkStatsService also dumps CookieTagMap and NetworkStatsService is a right place
+            // to dump CookieTagMap. But the TagSocketTest in CTS depends on this dump so the tests
+            // need to be updated before remove the dump from BpfNetMaps.
+            BpfDump.dumpMap(sCookieTagMap, pw, "sCookieTagMap",
+                    (key, value) -> "cookie=" + key.socketCookie
+                            + " tag=0x" + Long.toHexString(value.tag)
+                            + " uid=" + value.uid);
+            BpfDump.dumpMap(sUidOwnerMap, pw, "sUidOwnerMap",
+                    (uid, match) -> {
+                        if ((match.rule & IIF_MATCH) != 0) {
+                            // TODO: convert interface index to interface name by IfaceIndexNameMap
+                            return uid.val + " " + matchToString(match.rule) + " " + match.iif;
+                        } else {
+                            return uid.val + " " + matchToString(match.rule);
+                        }
+                    });
+            BpfDump.dumpMap(sUidPermissionMap, pw, "sUidPermissionMap",
+                    (uid, permission) -> uid.val + " " + permissionToString(permission.val));
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        }
     }
 
-    private static native void native_init();
+    private static native void native_init(boolean startSkDestroyListener);
     private native int native_addNaughtyApp(int uid);
     private native int native_removeNaughtyApp(int uid);
     private native int native_addNiceApp(int uid);
@@ -271,7 +1092,9 @@
     private native int native_setUidRule(int childChain, int uid, int firewallRule);
     private native int native_addUidInterfaceRules(String ifName, int[] uids);
     private native int native_removeUidInterfaceRules(int[] uids);
+    private native int native_updateUidLockdownRule(int uid, boolean add);
     private native int native_swapActiveStatsMap();
     private native void native_setPermissionForUids(int permissions, int[] uids);
-    private native void native_dump(FileDescriptor fd, boolean verbose);
+    private static native void native_dump(FileDescriptor fd, boolean verbose);
+    private static native int native_synchronizeKernelRCU();
 }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index d0cb294..c080c59
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY;
 import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_TEST;
 import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_TEST_ONLY;
-import static android.net.shared.NetworkMonitorUtils.isPrivateDnsValidationRequired;
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 import static android.os.Process.VPN_UID;
 import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY;
@@ -98,17 +97,24 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils.TETHERING_MODULE_NAME;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkMonitorUtils.isPrivateDnsValidationRequired;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.checkAnyPermissionOf;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.enforceAnyPermissionOf;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermissionOr;
 
 import static java.util.Map.Entry;
 
 import android.Manifest;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
 import android.annotation.TargetApi;
 import android.app.AppOpsManager;
 import android.app.BroadcastOptions;
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManager;
+import android.app.compat.CompatChanges;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.ComponentName;
@@ -117,6 +123,7 @@
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.res.XmlResourceParser;
 import android.database.ContentObserver;
 import android.net.CaptivePortal;
 import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
@@ -127,7 +134,6 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.BlockedReason;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.RestrictBackgroundStatus;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
 import android.net.DataStallReportParcelable;
 import android.net.DnsResolverServiceManager;
@@ -191,6 +197,7 @@
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
 import android.net.metrics.NetworkEvent;
 import android.net.netd.aidl.NativeUidRangeConfig;
@@ -202,12 +209,12 @@
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.Nat64PrefixEventParcel;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel;
 import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
-import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.os.BatteryStatsManager;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.IBinder;
@@ -236,9 +243,12 @@
 import android.util.LocalLog;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
+import android.util.Range;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
+
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
@@ -247,48 +257,68 @@
 import com.android.modules.utils.BasicShellCommandHandler;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BinderUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BitUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareOrUpdateResult;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareResult;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkCapabilitiesUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PerUidCounter;
 import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.TcUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.InetDiagMessage;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.BroadcastOptionsShimImpl;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BroadcastOptionsShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.AutodestructReference;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.AutomaticOnOffKeepalive;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ClatCoordinator;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityFlags;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.DnsManager;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.DnsManager.PrivateDnsValidationUpdate;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.DscpPolicyTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.InvalidTagException;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepaliveResourceUtil;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepaliveTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.LingerMonitor;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MultinetworkPolicyTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkDiagnostics;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkOffer;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkPreferenceList;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkRanker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.PermissionMonitor;
-import com.android.server.connectivity.ProfileNetworkPreferenceList;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.QosCallbackTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.UidRangeUtils;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.wear.CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 
+import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
+
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.io.Writer;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -349,13 +379,26 @@
     // connect anyway?" dialog after the user selects a network that doesn't validate.
     private static final int PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS = 8 * 1000;
 
+    // How long to wait before considering that a network is bad in the absence of any form
+    // of connectivity (valid, partial, captive portal). If none has been detected after this
+    // delay, the stack considers this network bad, which may affect how it's handled in ranking
+    // according to config_networkAvoidBadWifi.
+    // Timeout in case the "actively prefer bad wifi" feature is on
+    private static final int ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI_INITIAL_TIMEOUT_MS = 20 * 1000;
+    // Timeout in case the "actively prefer bad wifi" feature is off
+    private static final int DONT_ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI_INITIAL_TIMEOUT_MS = 8 * 1000;
+
     // Default to 30s linger time-out, and 5s for nascent network. Modifiable only for testing.
     private static final String LINGER_DELAY_PROPERTY = "persist.netmon.linger";
     private static final int DEFAULT_LINGER_DELAY_MS = 30_000;
     private static final int DEFAULT_NASCENT_DELAY_MS = 5_000;
 
+    // Delimiter used when creating the broadcast delivery group for sending
+    // CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcast.
+    private static final char DELIVERY_GROUP_KEY_DELIMITER = ';';
+
     // The maximum value for the blocking validation result, in milliseconds.
-    public static final int MAX_VALIDATION_FAILURE_BLOCKING_TIME_MS = 10000;
+    public static final int MAX_VALIDATION_IGNORE_AFTER_ROAM_TIME_MS = 10000;
 
     // The maximum number of network request allowed per uid before an exception is thrown.
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -377,15 +420,14 @@
     // See ConnectivitySettingsManager.CONNECTIVITY_RELEASE_PENDING_INTENT_DELAY_MS
     private final int mReleasePendingIntentDelayMs;
 
-    private MockableSystemProperties mSystemProperties;
+    private final MockableSystemProperties mSystemProperties;
+
+    private final PermissionMonitor mPermissionMonitor;
 
     @VisibleForTesting
-    protected final PermissionMonitor mPermissionMonitor;
-
+    final RequestInfoPerUidCounter mNetworkRequestCounter;
     @VisibleForTesting
-    final PerUidCounter mNetworkRequestCounter;
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    final PerUidCounter mSystemNetworkRequestCounter;
+    final RequestInfoPerUidCounter mSystemNetworkRequestCounter;
 
     private volatile boolean mLockdownEnabled;
 
@@ -393,7 +435,7 @@
      * Stale copy of uid blocked reasons provided by NPMS. As long as they are accessed only in
      * internal handler thread, they don't need a lock.
      */
-    private SparseIntArray mUidBlockedReasons = new SparseIntArray();
+    private final SparseIntArray mUidBlockedReasons = new SparseIntArray();
 
     private final Context mContext;
     private final ConnectivityResources mResources;
@@ -409,9 +451,8 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected INetd mNetd;
     private DscpPolicyTracker mDscpPolicyTracker = null;
-    private NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
-    private NetworkPolicyManager mPolicyManager;
-    private final NetdCallback mNetdCallback;
+    private final NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
+    private final NetworkPolicyManager mPolicyManager;
     private final BpfNetMaps mBpfNetMaps;
 
     /**
@@ -420,13 +461,18 @@
      */
     @GuardedBy("mTNSLock")
     private TestNetworkService mTNS;
+    private final CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService mCdmps;
 
     private final Object mTNSLock = new Object();
 
     private String mCurrentTcpBufferSizes;
 
     private static final SparseArray<String> sMagicDecoderRing = MessageUtils.findMessageNames(
-            new Class[] { ConnectivityService.class, NetworkAgent.class, NetworkAgentInfo.class });
+            new Class[] {
+                    ConnectivityService.class,
+                    NetworkAgent.class,
+                    NetworkAgentInfo.class,
+                    AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.class });
 
     private enum ReapUnvalidatedNetworks {
         // Tear down networks that have no chance (e.g. even if validated) of becoming
@@ -450,7 +496,7 @@
      * direct device-originated data traffic of the specific UIDs to the correct
      * default network for each app.
      * Order ints passed to netd must be in the 0~999 range. Larger values code for
-     * a lower priority, {@see NativeUidRangeConfig}
+     * a lower priority, see {@link NativeUidRangeConfig}.
      *
      * Requests that don't code for a per-app preference use PREFERENCE_ORDER_INVALID.
      * The default request uses PREFERENCE_ORDER_DEFAULT.
@@ -578,12 +624,6 @@
     private static final int EVENT_SET_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED = 28;
 
     /**
-     * used to ask the user to confirm a connection to an unvalidated network.
-     * obj  = network
-     */
-    private static final int EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED = 29;
-
-    /**
      * used internally to (re)configure always-on networks.
      */
     private static final int EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS = 30;
@@ -722,6 +762,31 @@
     private static final int EVENT_INGRESS_RATE_LIMIT_CHANGED = 56;
 
     /**
+     * The initial evaluation period is over for this network.
+     *
+     * If no form of connectivity has been found on this network (valid, partial, captive portal)
+     * then the stack will now consider it to have been determined bad.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_INITIAL_EVALUATION_TIMEOUT = 57;
+
+    /**
+     * Used internally when the user does not want the network from captive portal app.
+     * obj = Network
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_USER_DOES_NOT_WANT = 58;
+
+    /**
+     * Event to set VPN as preferred network for specific apps.
+     * obj = VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_VPN_NETWORK_PREFERENCE = 59;
+
+    /**
+     * Event to use low TCP polling timer used in automatic on/off keepalive temporarily.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_SET_LOW_TCP_POLLING_UNTIL = 60;
+
+    /**
      * Argument for {@link #EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION} to indicate that the notification
      * should be shown.
      */
@@ -739,6 +804,12 @@
     private static final long MAX_TEST_ALLOW_BAD_WIFI_UNTIL_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000L;
 
     /**
+     * The maximum alive time to decrease TCP polling timer in automatic on/off keepalive for
+     * testing.
+     */
+    private static final long MAX_TEST_LOW_TCP_POLLING_UNTIL_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000L;
+
+    /**
      * The priority of the tc police rate limiter -- smaller value is higher priority.
      * This value needs to be coordinated with PRIO_CLAT, PRIO_TETHER4, and PRIO_TETHER6.
      */
@@ -772,12 +843,13 @@
     final ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler;
 
     private final DnsManager mDnsManager;
-    private final NetworkRanker mNetworkRanker;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    final NetworkRanker mNetworkRanker;
 
     private boolean mSystemReady;
     private Intent mInitialBroadcast;
 
-    private PowerManager.WakeLock mNetTransitionWakeLock;
+    private final PowerManager.WakeLock mNetTransitionWakeLock;
     private final PowerManager.WakeLock mPendingIntentWakeLock;
 
     // A helper object to track the current default HTTP proxy. ConnectivityService needs to tell
@@ -787,10 +859,10 @@
 
     final private SettingsObserver mSettingsObserver;
 
-    private UserManager mUserManager;
+    private final UserManager mUserManager;
 
     // the set of network types that can only be enabled by system/sig apps
-    private List<Integer> mProtectedNetworks;
+    private final List<Integer> mProtectedNetworks;
 
     private Set<String> mWolSupportedInterfaces;
 
@@ -800,10 +872,10 @@
 
     private final LocationPermissionChecker mLocationPermissionChecker;
 
-    private KeepaliveTracker mKeepaliveTracker;
-    private QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
-    private NetworkNotificationManager mNotifier;
-    private LingerMonitor mLingerMonitor;
+    private final AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker mKeepaliveTracker;
+    private final QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
+    private final NetworkNotificationManager mNotifier;
+    private final LingerMonitor mLingerMonitor;
 
     // sequence number of NetworkRequests
     private int mNextNetworkRequestId = NetworkRequest.FIRST_REQUEST_ID;
@@ -831,7 +903,7 @@
     private final IpConnectivityLog mMetricsLog;
 
     @GuardedBy("mBandwidthRequests")
-    private final SparseArray<Integer> mBandwidthRequests = new SparseArray(10);
+    private final SparseArray<Integer> mBandwidthRequests = new SparseArray<>(10);
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     final MultinetworkPolicyTracker mMultinetworkPolicyTracker;
@@ -846,6 +918,13 @@
     // Only the handler thread is allowed to access this field.
     private long mIngressRateLimit = -1;
 
+    // This is the cache for the packageName -> ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities. This
+    // value can be accessed from both handler thread and any random binder thread. Therefore,
+    // accessing this value requires holding a lock. The cache is the same across all the users.
+    @GuardedBy("mSelfCertifiedCapabilityCache")
+    private final Map<String, ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities>
+            mSelfCertifiedCapabilityCache = new HashMap<>();
+
     /**
      * Implements support for the legacy "one network per network type" model.
      *
@@ -890,7 +969,7 @@
          *  - getRestoreTimerForType(type) is also synchronized on mTypeLists.
          *  - dump is thread-safe with respect to concurrent add and remove calls.
          */
-        private final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> mTypeLists[];
+        private final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo>[] mTypeLists;
         @NonNull
         private final ConnectivityService mService;
 
@@ -1093,8 +1172,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        // send out another legacy broadcast - currently only used for suspend/unsuspend
-        // toggle
+        // send out another legacy broadcast - currently only used for suspend/unsuspend toggle
         public void update(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
             final boolean isDefault = mService.isDefaultNetwork(nai);
             final DetailedState state = nai.networkInfo.getDetailedState();
@@ -1185,89 +1263,6 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Keeps track of the number of requests made under different uids.
-     */
-    // TODO: Remove the hack and use com.android.net.module.util.PerUidCounter instead.
-    public static class PerUidCounter {
-        private final int mMaxCountPerUid;
-
-        // Map from UID to number of NetworkRequests that UID has filed.
-        @VisibleForTesting
-        @GuardedBy("mUidToNetworkRequestCount")
-        final SparseIntArray mUidToNetworkRequestCount = new SparseIntArray();
-
-        /**
-         * Constructor
-         *
-         * @param maxCountPerUid the maximum count per uid allowed
-         */
-        public PerUidCounter(final int maxCountPerUid) {
-            mMaxCountPerUid = maxCountPerUid;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Increments the request count of the given uid.  Throws an exception if the number
-         * of open requests for the uid exceeds the value of maxCounterPerUid which is the value
-         * passed into the constructor. see: {@link #PerUidCounter(int)}.
-         *
-         * @throws ServiceSpecificException with
-         * {@link ConnectivityManager.Errors.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS} if the number of requests for
-         * the uid exceed the allowed number.
-         *
-         * @param uid the uid that the request was made under
-         */
-        public void incrementCountOrThrow(final int uid) {
-            synchronized (mUidToNetworkRequestCount) {
-                incrementCountOrThrow(uid, 1 /* numToIncrement */);
-            }
-        }
-
-        private void incrementCountOrThrow(final int uid, final int numToIncrement) {
-            final int newRequestCount =
-                    mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(uid, 0) + numToIncrement;
-            if (newRequestCount >= mMaxCountPerUid
-                    // HACK : the system server is allowed to go over the request count limit
-                    // when it is creating requests on behalf of another app (but not itself,
-                    // so it can still detect its own request leaks). This only happens in the
-                    // per-app API flows in which case the old requests for that particular
-                    // UID will be removed soon.
-                    // TODO : instead of this hack, addPerAppDefaultNetworkRequests and other
-                    // users of transact() should unregister the requests to decrease the count
-                    // before they increase it again by creating a new NRI. Then remove the
-                    // transact() method.
-                    && (Process.myUid() == uid || Process.myUid() != Binder.getCallingUid())) {
-                throw new ServiceSpecificException(
-                        ConnectivityManager.Errors.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS,
-                        "Uid " + uid + " exceeded its allotted requests limit");
-            }
-            mUidToNetworkRequestCount.put(uid, newRequestCount);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Decrements the request count of the given uid.
-         *
-         * @param uid the uid that the request was made under
-         */
-        public void decrementCount(final int uid) {
-            synchronized (mUidToNetworkRequestCount) {
-                decrementCount(uid, 1 /* numToDecrement */);
-            }
-        }
-
-        private void decrementCount(final int uid, final int numToDecrement) {
-            final int newRequestCount =
-                    mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(uid, 0) - numToDecrement;
-            if (newRequestCount < 0) {
-                logwtf("BUG: too small request count " + newRequestCount + " for UID " + uid);
-            } else if (newRequestCount == 0) {
-                mUidToNetworkRequestCount.delete(uid);
-            } else {
-                mUidToNetworkRequestCount.put(uid, newRequestCount);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Dependencies of ConnectivityService, for injection in tests.
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -1344,6 +1339,14 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * @see AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker
+         */
+        public AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker makeAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(
+                @NonNull Context c, @NonNull Handler h) {
+            return new AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(c, h);
+        }
+
+        /**
          * @see BatteryStatsManager
          */
         public void reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(Context context, String iface,
@@ -1373,7 +1376,11 @@
 
         /**
          * @see CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator
+         *
+         * This method returns null in versions before T, where carrier privilege
+         * authentication is not supported.
          */
+        @Nullable
         public CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator makeCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator(
                 @NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final TelephonyManager tm) {
             if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
@@ -1393,11 +1400,11 @@
 
         /**
          * Get the BpfNetMaps implementation to use in ConnectivityService.
-         * @param netd
+         * @param netd a netd binder
          * @return BpfNetMaps implementation.
          */
-        public BpfNetMaps getBpfNetMaps(INetd netd) {
-            return new BpfNetMaps(netd);
+        public BpfNetMaps getBpfNetMaps(Context context, INetd netd) {
+            return new BpfNetMaps(context, netd);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -1458,6 +1465,42 @@
                         + ", ingress=true, PRIO_POLICE, ETH_P_ALL) failure: ", e);
             }
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Wraps {@link BroadcastOptionsShimImpl#newInstance(BroadcastOptions)}
+         */
+        // TODO: when available in all active branches:
+        //  @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
+        @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.CUR_DEVELOPMENT)
+        public BroadcastOptionsShim makeBroadcastOptionsShim(BroadcastOptions options) {
+            return BroadcastOptionsShimImpl.newInstance(options);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Wrapper method for
+         * {@link android.app.compat.CompatChanges#isChangeEnabled(long, String, UserHandle)}.
+         *
+         * @param changeId    The ID of the compatibility change in question.
+         * @param packageName The package name of the app in question.
+         * @param user        The user that the operation is done for.
+         * @return {@code true} if the change is enabled for the specified package.
+         */
+        public boolean isChangeEnabled(long changeId, @NonNull final String packageName,
+                @NonNull final UserHandle user) {
+            return CompatChanges.isChangeEnabled(changeId, packageName, user);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Call {@link InetDiagMessage#destroyLiveTcpSockets(Set, Set)}
+         *
+         * @param ranges target uid ranges
+         * @param exemptUids uids to skip close socket
+         */
+        public void destroyLiveTcpSockets(@NonNull final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges,
+                @NonNull final Set<Integer> exemptUids)
+                throws SocketException, InterruptedIOException, ErrnoException {
+            InetDiagMessage.destroyLiveTcpSockets(ranges, exemptUids);
+        }
     }
 
     public ConnectivityService(Context context) {
@@ -1477,11 +1520,15 @@
         mNetIdManager = mDeps.makeNetIdManager();
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
         mResources = deps.getResources(mContext);
-        mNetworkRequestCounter = new PerUidCounter(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID);
-        mSystemNetworkRequestCounter = new PerUidCounter(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID);
+        // The legacy PerUidCounter is buggy and throwing exception at count == limit.
+        // Pass limit - 1 to maintain backward compatibility.
+        // TODO: Remove the workaround.
+        mNetworkRequestCounter =
+                new RequestInfoPerUidCounter(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID - 1);
+        mSystemNetworkRequestCounter =
+                new RequestInfoPerUidCounter(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID - 1);
 
         mMetricsLog = logger;
-        mNetworkRanker = new NetworkRanker();
         final NetworkRequest defaultInternetRequest = createDefaultRequest();
         mDefaultRequest = new NetworkRequestInfo(
                 Process.myUid(), defaultInternetRequest, null,
@@ -1510,7 +1557,11 @@
         mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable =
                 mResources.get().getBoolean(R.bool.config_cellular_radio_timesharing_capable);
 
+        mNetd = netd;
+        mBpfNetMaps = mDeps.getBpfNetMaps(mContext, netd);
         mHandlerThread = mDeps.makeHandlerThread();
+        mPermissionMonitor =
+                new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetd, mBpfNetMaps, mHandlerThread);
         mHandlerThread.start();
         mHandler = new InternalHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
         mTrackerHandler = new NetworkStateTrackerHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
@@ -1525,8 +1576,6 @@
         mDnsResolver = Objects.requireNonNull(dnsresolver, "missing IDnsResolver");
         mProxyTracker = mDeps.makeProxyTracker(mContext, mHandler);
 
-        mNetd = netd;
-        mBpfNetMaps = mDeps.getBpfNetMaps(netd);
         mTelephonyManager = (TelephonyManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
         mAppOpsManager = (AppOpsManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE);
         mLocationPermissionChecker = mDeps.makeLocationPermissionChecker(mContext);
@@ -1556,8 +1605,6 @@
 
         mUserManager = (UserManager) context.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
 
-        mPermissionMonitor = new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetd, mBpfNetMaps);
-
         mUserAllContext = mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.ALL, 0 /* flags */);
         // Listen for user add/removes to inform PermissionMonitor.
         // Should run on mHandler to avoid any races.
@@ -1578,9 +1625,9 @@
 
         mNetworkActivityTracker = new LegacyNetworkActivityTracker(mContext, mHandler, mNetd);
 
-        mNetdCallback = new NetdCallback();
+        final NetdCallback netdCallback = new NetdCallback();
         try {
-            mNetd.registerUnsolicitedEventListener(mNetdCallback);
+            mNetd.registerUnsolicitedEventListener(netdCallback);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
             loge("Error registering event listener :" + e);
         }
@@ -1588,7 +1635,7 @@
         mSettingsObserver = new SettingsObserver(mContext, mHandler);
         registerSettingsCallbacks();
 
-        mKeepaliveTracker = new KeepaliveTracker(mContext, mHandler);
+        mKeepaliveTracker = mDeps.makeAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(mContext, mHandler);
         mNotifier = new NetworkNotificationManager(mContext, mTelephonyManager);
         mQosCallbackTracker = new QosCallbackTracker(mHandler, mNetworkRequestCounter);
 
@@ -1602,6 +1649,9 @@
 
         mMultinetworkPolicyTracker = mDeps.makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(
                 mContext, mHandler, () -> updateAvoidBadWifi());
+        mNetworkRanker =
+                new NetworkRanker(new NetworkRanker.Configuration(activelyPreferBadWifi()));
+
         mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.start();
 
         mDnsManager = new DnsManager(mContext, mDnsResolver);
@@ -1635,6 +1685,12 @@
 
         mIngressRateLimit = ConnectivitySettingsManager.getIngressRateLimitInBytesPerSecond(
                 mContext);
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            mCdmps = new CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService(context);
+        } else {
+            mCdmps = null;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1666,6 +1722,17 @@
                 TYPE_NONE, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
     }
 
+    private NetworkRequest createVpnRequest() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .withoutDefaultCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                .build();
+        netCap.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(Process.myUid(), mContext.getPackageName());
+        return createNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST, netCap);
+    }
+
     private NetworkRequest createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
             int transportType, NetworkRequest.Type type) {
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -1719,11 +1786,6 @@
         mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(EVENT_INGRESS_RATE_LIMIT_CHANGED);
     }
 
-    private void handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest networkRequest, int id) {
-        final boolean enable = mContext.getResources().getBoolean(id);
-        handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(networkRequest, enable);
-    }
-
     private void handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(
             NetworkRequest networkRequest, String settingName, boolean defaultValue) {
         final boolean enable = toBool(Settings.Global.getInt(
@@ -1766,12 +1828,12 @@
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(Settings.Global.HTTP_PROXY),
                 EVENT_APPLY_GLOBAL_HTTP_PROXY);
 
-        // Watch for whether or not to keep mobile data always on.
+        // Watch for whether to keep mobile data always on.
         mSettingsObserver.observe(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(ConnectivitySettingsManager.MOBILE_DATA_ALWAYS_ON),
                 EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS);
 
-        // Watch for whether or not to keep wifi always on.
+        // Watch for whether to keep wifi always on.
         mSettingsObserver.observe(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(ConnectivitySettingsManager.WIFI_ALWAYS_REQUESTED),
                 EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS);
@@ -1801,6 +1863,7 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
+    @Nullable
     protected NetworkAgentInfo getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(Network network) {
         if (network == null) {
             return null;
@@ -1815,11 +1878,13 @@
     }
 
     // TODO: determine what to do when more than one VPN applies to |uid|.
+    @Nullable
     private NetworkAgentInfo getVpnForUid(int uid) {
         synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
             for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkForNetId.size(); i++) {
                 final NetworkAgentInfo nai = mNetworkForNetId.valueAt(i);
-                if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected && nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid)) {
+                if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected()
+                        && nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid)) {
                     return nai;
                 }
             }
@@ -1827,6 +1892,7 @@
         return null;
     }
 
+    @Nullable
     private Network[] getVpnUnderlyingNetworks(int uid) {
         if (mLockdownEnabled) return null;
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getVpnForUid(uid);
@@ -1938,6 +2004,7 @@
      * active
      */
     @Override
+    @Nullable
     public NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfo() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
         final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
@@ -1949,17 +2016,20 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    @Nullable
     public Network getActiveNetwork() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
         return getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(mDeps.getCallingUid(), false);
     }
 
     @Override
+    @Nullable
     public Network getActiveNetworkForUid(int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
-        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         return getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(uid, ignoreBlocked);
     }
 
+    @Nullable
     private Network getActiveNetworkForUidInternal(final int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
         final NetworkAgentInfo vpnNai = getVpnForUid(uid);
         if (vpnNai != null) {
@@ -1978,8 +2048,9 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    @Nullable
     public NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfoForUid(int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
-        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForUid(uid);
         if (nai == null) return null;
         return getFilteredNetworkInfo(nai, uid, ignoreBlocked);
@@ -2014,6 +2085,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    @Nullable
     public NetworkInfo getNetworkInfo(int networkType) {
         enforceAccessPermission();
         final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
@@ -2032,6 +2104,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    @Nullable
     public NetworkInfo getNetworkInfoForUid(Network network, int uid, boolean ignoreBlocked) {
         enforceAccessPermission();
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
@@ -2054,6 +2127,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    @Nullable
     public Network getNetworkForType(int networkType) {
         enforceAccessPermission();
         if (!mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType)) {
@@ -2071,6 +2145,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    @NonNull
     public Network[] getAllNetworks() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
         synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
@@ -2270,11 +2345,12 @@
         if (newNc.getNetworkSpecifier() != null) {
             newNc.setNetworkSpecifier(newNc.getNetworkSpecifier().redact());
         }
-        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(callerPid, callerUid, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
+        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, callerPid, callerUid,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)) {
             newNc.setAdministratorUids(new int[0]);
         }
-        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(
+        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 callerPid, callerUid, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY)) {
             newNc.setAllowedUids(new ArraySet<>());
             newNc.setSubscriptionIds(Collections.emptySet());
@@ -2518,7 +2594,7 @@
     @Override
     public NetworkState[] getAllNetworkState() {
         // This contains IMSI details, so make sure the caller is privileged.
-        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
 
         final ArrayList<NetworkState> result = new ArrayList<>();
         for (NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot : getAllNetworkStateSnapshots()) {
@@ -2531,7 +2607,7 @@
                         snapshot.getNetwork(), snapshot.getSubscriberId()));
             }
         }
-        return result.toArray(new NetworkState[result.size()]);
+        return result.toArray(new NetworkState[0]);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -2543,7 +2619,7 @@
         final ArrayList<NetworkStateSnapshot> result = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Network network : getAllNetworks()) {
             final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-            if (nai != null && nai.everConnected) {
+            if (nai != null && nai.everConnected()) {
                 // TODO (b/73321673) : NetworkStateSnapshot contains a copy of the
                 // NetworkCapabilities, which may contain UIDs of apps to which the
                 // network applies. Should the UIDs be cleared so as not to leak or
@@ -2629,7 +2705,7 @@
         try {
             addr = InetAddress.getByAddress(hostAddress);
         } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
-            if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress got " + e.toString());
+            if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress got " + e);
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -2640,7 +2716,7 @@
 
         NetworkAgentInfo nai = mLegacyTypeTracker.getNetworkForType(networkType);
         if (nai == null) {
-            if (mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType) == false) {
+            if (!mLegacyTypeTracker.isTypeSupported(networkType)) {
                 if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress on unsupported network: " + networkType);
             } else {
                 if (DBG) log("requestRouteToHostAddress on down network: " + networkType);
@@ -2733,7 +2809,7 @@
             // the caller thread of registerNetworkAgent. Thus, it's not allowed to register netd
             // event callback for certain nai. e.g. cellular. Register here to pass to
             // NetworkMonitor instead.
-            // TODO: Move the Dns Event to NetworkMonitor. NetdEventListenerService only allow one
+            // TODO: Move the Dns Event to NetworkMonitor. NetdEventListenerService only allows one
             // callback from each caller type. Need to re-factor NetdEventListenerService to allow
             // multiple NetworkMonitor registrants.
             if (nai != null && nai.satisfies(mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0))) {
@@ -2783,31 +2859,6 @@
         setUidBlockedReasons(uid, blockedReasons);
     }
 
-    private boolean checkAnyPermissionOf(String... permissions) {
-        for (String permission : permissions) {
-            if (mContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private boolean checkAnyPermissionOf(int pid, int uid, String... permissions) {
-        for (String permission : permissions) {
-            if (mContext.checkPermission(permission, pid, uid) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private void enforceAnyPermissionOf(String... permissions) {
-        if (!checkAnyPermissionOf(permissions)) {
-            throw new SecurityException("Requires one of the following permissions: "
-                    + String.join(", ", permissions) + ".");
-        }
-    }
-
     private void enforceInternetPermission() {
         mContext.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(
                 android.Manifest.permission.INTERNET,
@@ -2867,15 +2918,23 @@
     }
 
     private void enforceSettingsPermission() {
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     }
 
+    private void enforceSettingsOrSetupWizardOrUseRestrictedNetworksPermission() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS);
+    }
+
     private void enforceNetworkFactoryPermission() {
         // TODO: Check for the BLUETOOTH_STACK permission once that is in the API surface.
         if (UserHandle.getAppId(getCallingUid()) == Process.BLUETOOTH_UID) return;
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     }
@@ -2883,7 +2942,7 @@
     private void enforceNetworkFactoryOrSettingsPermission() {
         // TODO: Check for the BLUETOOTH_STACK permission once that is in the API surface.
         if (UserHandle.getAppId(getCallingUid()) == Process.BLUETOOTH_UID) return;
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
@@ -2892,7 +2951,7 @@
     private void enforceNetworkFactoryOrTestNetworksPermission() {
         // TODO: Check for the BLUETOOTH_STACK permission once that is in the API surface.
         if (UserHandle.getAppId(getCallingUid()) == Process.BLUETOOTH_UID) return;
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
@@ -2909,7 +2968,7 @@
     }
 
     private boolean checkSettingsPermission() {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(
+        return PermissionUtils.checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     }
@@ -2922,27 +2981,21 @@
     }
 
     private void enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission() {
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
-                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+        enforceNetworkStackPermissionOr(mContext,
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS);
     }
 
     private void enforceNetworkStackSettingsOrSetup() {
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+        enforceNetworkStackPermissionOr(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD,
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
-                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD);
     }
 
     private void enforceAirplaneModePermission() {
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(
+        enforceNetworkStackPermissionOr(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD,
-                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
-                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD);
     }
 
     private void enforceOemNetworkPreferencesPermission() {
@@ -2958,19 +3011,19 @@
     }
 
     private boolean checkNetworkStackPermission() {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(
+        return PermissionUtils.checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     }
 
     private boolean checkNetworkStackPermission(int pid, int uid) {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(pid, uid,
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, pid, uid,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     }
 
     private boolean checkNetworkSignalStrengthWakeupPermission(int pid, int uid) {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(pid, uid,
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext, pid, uid,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP,
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS);
@@ -3047,6 +3100,8 @@
         sendStickyBroadcast(makeGeneralIntent(info, bcastType));
     }
 
+    // TODO(b/193460475): Remove when tooling supports SystemApi to public API.
+    @SuppressLint("NewApi")
     // TODO: Set the mini sdk to 31 and remove @TargetApi annotation when b/205923322 is addressed.
     @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
     private void sendStickyBroadcast(Intent intent) {
@@ -3067,6 +3122,7 @@
                         ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
                 final BroadcastOptions opts = BroadcastOptions.makeBasic();
                 opts.setMaxManifestReceiverApiLevel(Build.VERSION_CODES.M);
+                applyMostRecentPolicyForConnectivityAction(opts, ni);
                 options = opts.toBundle();
                 intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_VISIBLE_TO_INSTANT_APPS);
             }
@@ -3078,6 +3134,33 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void applyMostRecentPolicyForConnectivityAction(BroadcastOptions options,
+            NetworkInfo info) {
+        // Delivery group policy APIs are only available on U+.
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) return;
+
+        final BroadcastOptionsShim optsShim = mDeps.makeBroadcastOptionsShim(options);
+        try {
+            // This allows us to discard older broadcasts still waiting to be delivered
+            // which have the same namespace and key.
+            optsShim.setDeliveryGroupPolicy(ConstantsShim.DELIVERY_GROUP_POLICY_MOST_RECENT);
+            optsShim.setDeliveryGroupMatchingKey(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION,
+                    createDeliveryGroupKeyForConnectivityAction(info));
+            optsShim.setDeferralPolicy(ConstantsShim.DEFERRAL_POLICY_UNTIL_ACTIVE);
+        } catch (UnsupportedApiLevelException e) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Using unsupported API" + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static String createDeliveryGroupKeyForConnectivityAction(NetworkInfo info) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(info.getType()).append(DELIVERY_GROUP_KEY_DELIMITER);
+        sb.append(info.getSubtype()).append(DELIVERY_GROUP_KEY_DELIMITER);
+        sb.append(info.getExtraInfo());
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Called by SystemServer through ConnectivityManager when the system is ready.
      */
@@ -3104,7 +3187,11 @@
         // Calling PermissionMonitor#startMonitoring() in systemReadyInternal() and the
         // MultipathPolicyTracker.start() is called in NetworkPolicyManagerService#systemReady()
         // to ensure the tracking will be initialized correctly.
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        final ConditionVariable startMonitoringDone = new ConditionVariable();
+        mHandler.post(() -> {
+            mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+            startMonitoringDone.open();
+        });
         mProxyTracker.loadGlobalProxy();
         registerDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener();
 
@@ -3120,11 +3207,22 @@
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS));
 
         // Update mobile data preference if necessary.
-        // Note that empty uid list can be skip here only because no uid rules applied before system
-        // ready. Normally, the empty uid list means to clear the uids rules on netd.
+        // Note that updating can be skipped here if the list is empty only because no uid
+        // rules are applied before system ready. Normally, the empty uid list means to clear
+        // the uids rules on netd.
         if (!ConnectivitySettingsManager.getMobileDataPreferredUids(mContext).isEmpty()) {
             updateMobileDataPreferredUids();
         }
+
+        // On T+ devices, register callback for statsd to pull NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO atom
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            mBpfNetMaps.setPullAtomCallback(mContext);
+        }
+        // Wait PermissionMonitor to finish the permission update. Then MultipathPolicyTracker won't
+        // have permission problem. While CV#block() is unbounded in time and can in principle block
+        // forever, this replaces a synchronous call to PermissionMonitor#startMonitoring, which
+        // could have blocked forever too.
+        startMonitoringDone.block();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3155,25 +3253,26 @@
      * Reads the network specific MTU size from resources.
      * and set it on it's iface.
      */
-    private void updateMtu(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp) {
+    private void updateMtu(@NonNull LinkProperties newLp, @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp) {
         final String iface = newLp.getInterfaceName();
         final int mtu = newLp.getMtu();
-        if (oldLp == null && mtu == 0) {
+        if (mtu == 0) {
             // Silently ignore unset MTU value.
             return;
         }
-        if (oldLp != null && newLp.isIdenticalMtu(oldLp)) {
-            if (VDBG) log("identical MTU - not setting");
+        if (oldLp != null && newLp.isIdenticalMtu(oldLp)
+                && TextUtils.equals(oldLp.getInterfaceName(), iface)) {
+            if (VDBG) log("identical MTU and iface - not setting");
             return;
         }
-        if (!LinkProperties.isValidMtu(mtu, newLp.hasGlobalIpv6Address())) {
-            if (mtu != 0) loge("Unexpected mtu value: " + mtu + ", " + iface);
+        // Cannot set MTU without interface name
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(iface)) {
+            if (VDBG) log("Setting MTU size with null iface.");
             return;
         }
 
-        // Cannot set MTU without interface name
-        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(iface)) {
-            loge("Setting MTU size with null iface.");
+        if (!LinkProperties.isValidMtu(mtu, newLp.hasGlobalIpv6Address())) {
+            loge("Unexpected mtu value: " + mtu + ", " + iface);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -3188,7 +3287,7 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected static final String DEFAULT_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES = "4096,87380,110208,4096,16384,110208";
 
-    private void updateTcpBufferSizes(String tcpBufferSizes) {
+    private void updateTcpBufferSizes(@Nullable String tcpBufferSizes) {
         String[] values = null;
         if (tcpBufferSizes != null) {
             values = tcpBufferSizes.split(",");
@@ -3235,7 +3334,7 @@
     }
 
     private void dumpNetworkDiagnostics(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        final List<NetworkDiagnostics> netDiags = new ArrayList<NetworkDiagnostics>();
+        final List<NetworkDiagnostics> netDiags = new ArrayList<>();
         final long DIAG_TIME_MS = 5000;
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
             PrivateDnsConfig privateDnsCfg = mDnsManager.getPrivateDnsConfig(nai.network);
@@ -3428,6 +3527,10 @@
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
             pw.println(nai.toString());
             pw.increaseIndent();
+            pw.println("Nat464Xlat:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            nai.dumpNat464Xlat(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
             pw.println(String.format(
                     "Requests: REQUEST:%d LISTEN:%d BACKGROUND_REQUEST:%d total:%d",
                     nai.numForegroundNetworkRequests(),
@@ -3443,10 +3546,6 @@
             pw.increaseIndent();
             nai.dumpInactivityTimers(pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
-            pw.println("Nat464Xlat:");
-            pw.increaseIndent();
-            nai.dumpNat464Xlat(pw);
-            pw.decreaseIndent();
             pw.decreaseIndent();
         }
     }
@@ -3455,7 +3554,7 @@
         if (!mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
             pw.println("Profile preferences:");
             pw.increaseIndent();
-            pw.println(mProfileNetworkPreferences.preferences);
+            pw.println(mProfileNetworkPreferences);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
         }
         if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
@@ -3523,7 +3622,7 @@
     private void dumpTrafficController(IndentingPrintWriter pw, final FileDescriptor fd,
             boolean verbose) {
         try {
-            mBpfNetMaps.dump(fd, verbose);
+            mBpfNetMaps.dump(pw, fd, verbose);
         } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
             pw.println(e.getMessage());
         } catch (IOException e) {
@@ -3606,17 +3705,17 @@
             }
 
             // If the network has been destroyed, the only thing that it can do is disconnect.
-            if (nai.destroyed && !isDisconnectRequest(msg)) {
+            if (nai.isDestroyed() && !isDisconnectRequest(msg)) {
                 return;
             }
 
             switch (msg.what) {
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_CHANGED: {
-                    final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(
-                            (NetworkCapabilities) arg.second);
-                    maybeUpdateWifiRoamTimestamp(nai, networkCapabilities);
-                    processCapabilitiesFromAgent(nai, networkCapabilities);
-                    updateCapabilities(nai.getCurrentScore(), nai, networkCapabilities);
+                    nai.setDeclaredCapabilities((NetworkCapabilities) arg.second);
+                    final NetworkCapabilities sanitized =
+                            nai.getDeclaredCapabilitiesSanitized(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator);
+                    maybeUpdateWifiRoamTimestamp(nai, sanitized);
+                    updateCapabilities(nai.getScore(), nai, sanitized);
                     break;
                 }
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_NETWORK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED: {
@@ -3635,7 +3734,7 @@
                     break;
                 }
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_SET_EXPLICITLY_SELECTED: {
-                    if (nai.everConnected) {
+                    if (nai.everConnected()) {
                         loge("ERROR: cannot call explicitlySelected on already-connected network");
                         // Note that if the NAI had been connected, this would affect the
                         // score, and therefore would require re-mixing the score and performing
@@ -3713,8 +3812,18 @@
                     break;
                 }
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_UNREGISTER_AFTER_REPLACEMENT: {
-                    // If nai is not yet created, or is already destroyed, ignore.
-                    if (!shouldDestroyNativeNetwork(nai)) break;
+                    if (!nai.isCreated()) {
+                        Log.d(TAG, "unregisterAfterReplacement on uncreated " + nai.toShortString()
+                                + ", tearing down instead");
+                        teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (nai.isDestroyed()) {
+                        Log.d(TAG, "unregisterAfterReplacement on destroyed " + nai.toShortString()
+                                + ", ignoring");
+                        break;
+                    }
 
                     final int timeoutMs = (int) arg.second;
                     if (timeoutMs < 0 || timeoutMs > NetworkAgent.MAX_TEARDOWN_DELAY_MS) {
@@ -3765,7 +3874,7 @@
             final int netId = msg.arg2;
             final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(netId);
             // If a network has already been destroyed, all NetworkMonitor updates are ignored.
-            if (nai != null && nai.destroyed) return true;
+            if (nai != null && nai.isDestroyed()) return true;
             switch (msg.what) {
                 default:
                     return false;
@@ -3814,19 +3923,6 @@
                 case EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION: {
                     final boolean visible = toBool(msg.arg1);
                     // If captive portal status has changed, update capabilities or disconnect.
-                    if (nai != null && (visible != nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected)) {
-                        nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected = visible;
-                        nai.everCaptivePortalDetected |= visible;
-                        if (nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected &&
-                                ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID
-                                        == getCaptivePortalMode()) {
-                            if (DBG) log("Avoiding captive portal network: " + nai.toShortString());
-                            nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
-                            teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
-                    }
                     if (!visible) {
                         // Only clear SIGN_IN and NETWORK_SWITCH notifications here, or else other
                         // notifications belong to the same network may be cleared unexpectedly.
@@ -3862,7 +3958,22 @@
 
         private void handleNetworkTested(
                 @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, int testResult, @NonNull String redirectUrl) {
-            final boolean valid = ((testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID) != 0);
+            final boolean valid = (testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID) != 0;
+            final boolean partial = (testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL) != 0;
+            final boolean portal = !TextUtils.isEmpty(redirectUrl);
+
+            // If there is any kind of working networking, then the NAI has been evaluated
+            // once. {@see NetworkAgentInfo#setEvaluated}, which returns whether this is
+            // the first time this ever happened.
+            final boolean someConnectivity = (valid || partial || portal);
+            final boolean becameEvaluated = someConnectivity && nai.setEvaluated();
+            // Because of b/245893397, if the score is updated when updateCapabilities is called,
+            // any callback that receives onAvailable for that rematch receives an extra caps
+            // callback. To prevent that, update the score in the agent so the updates below won't
+            // see an update to both caps and score at the same time.
+            // TODO : fix b/245893397 and remove this.
+            if (becameEvaluated) nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+
             if (!valid && shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(nai)) {
                 // Assume the validation failure is due to a temporary failure after roaming
                 // and ignore it. NetworkMonitor will continue to retry validation. If it
@@ -3871,12 +3982,14 @@
                 return;
             }
 
-            final boolean wasValidated = nai.lastValidated;
-            final boolean wasDefault = isDefaultNetwork(nai);
-            final boolean wasPartial = nai.partialConnectivity;
-            nai.partialConnectivity = ((testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL) != 0);
-            final boolean partialConnectivityChanged =
-                    (wasPartial != nai.partialConnectivity);
+            final boolean wasValidated = nai.isValidated();
+            final boolean wasPartial = nai.partialConnectivity();
+            final boolean wasPortal = nai.captivePortalDetected();
+            nai.setPartialConnectivity(partial);
+            nai.setCaptivePortalDetected(portal);
+            nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+            final boolean partialConnectivityChanged = (wasPartial != partial);
+            final boolean portalChanged = (wasPortal != portal);
 
             if (DBG) {
                 final String logMsg = !TextUtils.isEmpty(redirectUrl)
@@ -3884,10 +3997,9 @@
                         : "";
                 log(nai.toShortString() + " validation " + (valid ? "passed" : "failed") + logMsg);
             }
-            if (valid != nai.lastValidated) {
-                final int oldScore = nai.getCurrentScore();
-                nai.lastValidated = valid;
-                nai.everValidated |= valid;
+            if (valid != wasValidated) {
+                final FullScore oldScore = nai.getScore();
+                nai.setValidated(valid);
                 updateCapabilities(oldScore, nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
                 if (valid) {
                     handleFreshlyValidatedNetwork(nai);
@@ -3908,8 +4020,23 @@
                 }
             } else if (partialConnectivityChanged) {
                 updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+            } else if (portalChanged) {
+                if (portal && ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID
+                        == getCaptivePortalMode()) {
+                    if (DBG) log("Avoiding captive portal network: " + nai.toShortString());
+                    nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
+                    teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
+                    return;
+                } else {
+                    updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(nai);
+                }
+            } else if (becameEvaluated) {
+                // If valid or partial connectivity changed, updateCapabilities* has
+                // done the rematch.
+                rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
             }
             updateInetCondition(nai);
+
             // Let the NetworkAgent know the state of its network
             // TODO: Evaluate to update partial connectivity to status to NetworkAgent.
             nai.onValidationStatusChanged(
@@ -3917,16 +4044,16 @@
                     redirectUrl);
 
             // If NetworkMonitor detects partial connectivity before
-            // EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED arrives, show the partial connectivity notification
+            // EVENT_INITIAL_EVALUATION_TIMEOUT arrives, show the partial connectivity notification
             // immediately. Re-notify partial connectivity silently if no internet
             // notification already there.
-            if (!wasPartial && nai.partialConnectivity) {
+            if (!wasPartial && nai.partialConnectivity()) {
                 // Remove delayed message if there is a pending message.
-                mHandler.removeMessages(EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED, nai.network);
-                handlePromptUnvalidated(nai.network);
+                mHandler.removeMessages(EVENT_INITIAL_EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, nai.network);
+                handleInitialEvaluationTimeout(nai.network);
             }
 
-            if (wasValidated && !nai.lastValidated) {
+            if (wasValidated && !nai.isValidated()) {
                 handleNetworkUnvalidated(nai);
             }
         }
@@ -3961,7 +4088,7 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
+        public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
             if (!maybeHandleNetworkMonitorMessage(msg)
                     && !maybeHandleNetworkAgentInfoMessage(msg)) {
                 maybeHandleNetworkAgentMessage(msg);
@@ -4273,18 +4400,24 @@
     }
 
     private static boolean shouldDestroyNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
-        return nai.created && !nai.destroyed;
+        return nai.isCreated() && !nai.isDestroyed();
     }
 
-    private boolean shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         // T+ devices should use unregisterAfterReplacement.
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) return false;
+
+        // If the network never roamed, return false. The check below is not sufficient if time
+        // since boot is less than blockTimeOut, though that's extremely unlikely to happen.
+        if (nai.lastRoamTime == 0) return false;
+
         final long blockTimeOut = Long.valueOf(mResources.get().getInteger(
                 R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis));
-        if (blockTimeOut <= MAX_VALIDATION_FAILURE_BLOCKING_TIME_MS
+        if (blockTimeOut <= MAX_VALIDATION_IGNORE_AFTER_ROAM_TIME_MS
                 && blockTimeOut >= 0) {
-            final long currentTimeMs  = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
-            long timeSinceLastRoam = currentTimeMs - nai.lastRoamTimestamp;
+            final long currentTimeMs = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            long timeSinceLastRoam = currentTimeMs - nai.lastRoamTime;
             if (timeSinceLastRoam <= blockTimeOut) {
                 log ("blocked because only " + timeSinceLastRoam + "ms after roam");
                 return true;
@@ -4335,7 +4468,7 @@
         mQosCallbackTracker.handleNetworkReleased(nai.network);
         for (String iface : nai.linkProperties.getAllInterfaceNames()) {
             // Disable wakeup packet monitoring for each interface.
-            wakeupModifyInterface(iface, nai.networkCapabilities, false);
+            wakeupModifyInterface(iface, nai, false);
         }
         nai.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkDisconnected();
         mNetworkAgentInfos.remove(nai);
@@ -4346,6 +4479,9 @@
             mNetworkForNetId.remove(nai.network.getNetId());
         }
         propagateUnderlyingNetworkCapabilities(nai.network);
+        // Update allowed network lists in netd. This should be called after removing nai
+        // from mNetworkAgentInfos.
+        updateProfileAllowedNetworks();
         // Remove all previously satisfied requests.
         for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
             final NetworkRequest request = nai.requestAt(i);
@@ -4388,7 +4524,7 @@
         }
 
         // Delayed teardown.
-        if (nai.created) {
+        if (nai.isCreated()) {
             try {
                 mNetd.networkSetPermissionForNetwork(nai.network.netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
@@ -4409,7 +4545,7 @@
             // for an unnecessarily long time.
             destroyNativeNetwork(nai);
         }
-        if (!nai.created && !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+        if (!nai.isCreated() && !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
             // Backwards compatibility: send onNetworkDestroyed even if network was never created.
             // This can never run if the code above runs because shouldDestroyNativeNetwork is
             // false if the network was never created.
@@ -4430,12 +4566,14 @@
                 }
                 config = new NativeNetworkConfig(nai.network.getNetId(), NativeNetworkType.VIRTUAL,
                         INetd.PERMISSION_NONE,
-                        (nai.networkAgentConfig == null || !nai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass),
+                        !nai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass /* secure */,
                         getVpnType(nai), nai.networkAgentConfig.excludeLocalRouteVpn);
             } else {
                 config = new NativeNetworkConfig(nai.network.getNetId(), NativeNetworkType.PHYSICAL,
-                        getNetworkPermission(nai.networkCapabilities), /*secure=*/ false,
-                        VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE, /*excludeLocalRoutes=*/ false);
+                        getNetworkPermission(nai.networkCapabilities),
+                        false /* secure */,
+                        VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE,
+                        false /* excludeLocalRoutes */);
             }
             mNetd.networkCreate(config);
             mDnsResolver.createNetworkCache(nai.network.getNetId());
@@ -4468,11 +4606,11 @@
         mDnsManager.removeNetwork(nai.network);
 
         // clean up tc police filters on interface.
-        if (nai.everConnected && canNetworkBeRateLimited(nai) && mIngressRateLimit >= 0) {
+        if (nai.everConnected() && canNetworkBeRateLimited(nai) && mIngressRateLimit >= 0) {
             mDeps.disableIngressRateLimit(nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
         }
 
-        nai.destroyed = true;
+        nai.setDestroyed();
         nai.onNetworkDestroyed();
     }
 
@@ -4601,7 +4739,7 @@
     private boolean unneeded(NetworkAgentInfo nai, UnneededFor reason) {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
 
-        if (!nai.everConnected || nai.isVPN() || nai.isInactive()
+        if (!nai.everConnected() || nai.isVPN() || nai.isInactive()
                 || nai.getScore().getKeepConnectedReason() != NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -4656,7 +4794,7 @@
             if (req.isListen() || req.isListenForBest()) {
                 continue;
             }
-            // If this Network is already the highest scoring Network for a request, or if
+            // If this Network is already the best Network for a request, or if
             // there is hope for it to become one if it validated, then it is needed.
             if (candidate.satisfies(req)) {
                 // As soon as a network is found that satisfies a request, return. Specifically for
@@ -4778,7 +4916,8 @@
                 }
             }
         }
-        nri.decrementRequestCount();
+
+        nri.mPerUidCounter.decrementCount(nri.mUid);
         mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("RELEASE " + nri);
         checkNrisConsistency(nri);
 
@@ -4881,8 +5020,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private PerUidCounter getRequestCounter(NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
-        return checkAnyPermissionOf(
+    private RequestInfoPerUidCounter getRequestCounter(NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+        return checkAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
                 nri.mPid, nri.mUid, NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
                 ? mSystemNetworkRequestCounter : mNetworkRequestCounter;
     }
@@ -4923,6 +5062,19 @@
                 mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_TEST_ALLOW_BAD_WIFI_UNTIL, timeMs));
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public void setTestLowTcpPollingTimerForKeepalive(long timeMs) {
+        enforceSettingsPermission();
+
+        if (timeMs > System.currentTimeMillis() + MAX_TEST_LOW_TCP_POLLING_UNTIL_MS) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Argument should not exceed "
+                    + MAX_TEST_LOW_TCP_POLLING_UNTIL_MS + "ms from now");
+        }
+
+        mHandler.sendMessage(
+                mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_LOW_TCP_POLLING_UNTIL, timeMs));
+    }
+
     private void handleSetAcceptUnvalidated(Network network, boolean accept, boolean always) {
         if (DBG) log("handleSetAcceptUnvalidated network=" + network +
                 " accept=" + accept + " always=" + always);
@@ -4933,7 +5085,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        if (nai.everValidated) {
+        if (nai.everValidated()) {
             // The network validated while the dialog box was up. Take no action.
             return;
         }
@@ -4978,7 +5130,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        if (nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (nai.isValidated()) {
             // The network validated while the dialog box was up. Take no action.
             return;
         }
@@ -5010,22 +5162,22 @@
 
     private void handleSetAvoidUnvalidated(Network network) {
         NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-        if (nai == null || nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (nai == null || nai.isValidated()) {
             // Nothing to do. The network either disconnected or revalidated.
             return;
         }
-        if (!nai.avoidUnvalidated) {
-            nai.avoidUnvalidated = true;
+        if (0L == nai.getAvoidUnvalidated()) {
+            nai.setAvoidUnvalidated();
             nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
             rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
         }
     }
 
-    private void scheduleUnvalidatedPrompt(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
-        if (VDBG) log("scheduleUnvalidatedPrompt " + nai.network);
+    /** Schedule evaluation timeout */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void scheduleEvaluationTimeout(@NonNull final Network network, final long delayMs) {
         mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(
-                mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED, nai.network),
-                PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS);
+                mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_INITIAL_EVALUATION_TIMEOUT, network), delayMs);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -5077,6 +5229,10 @@
         public void appResponse(final int response) {
             if (response == CaptivePortal.APP_RETURN_WANTED_AS_IS) {
                 enforceSettingsPermission();
+            } else if (response == CaptivePortal.APP_RETURN_UNWANTED) {
+                mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_USER_DOES_NOT_WANT, mNetwork));
+                // Since the network will be disconnected, skip notifying NetworkMonitor
+                return;
             }
 
             final NetworkMonitorManager nm = getNetworkMonitorManager(mNetwork);
@@ -5110,6 +5266,10 @@
         return mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.getAvoidBadWifi();
     }
 
+    private boolean activelyPreferBadWifi() {
+        return mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.getActivelyPreferBadWifi();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Return whether the device should maintain continuous, working connectivity by switching away
      * from WiFi networks having no connectivity.
@@ -5125,14 +5285,21 @@
     private void updateAvoidBadWifi() {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
         // Agent info scores and offer scores depend on whether cells yields to bad wifi.
+        final boolean avoidBadWifi = avoidBadWifi();
         for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
             nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+            if (avoidBadWifi) {
+                // If the device is now avoiding bad wifi, remove notifications that might have
+                // been put up when the device didn't.
+                mNotifier.clearNotification(nai.network.getNetId(), NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
+            }
         }
         // UpdateOfferScore will update mNetworkOffers inline, so make a copy first.
         final ArrayList<NetworkOfferInfo> offersToUpdate = new ArrayList<>(mNetworkOffers);
         for (final NetworkOfferInfo noi : offersToUpdate) {
             updateOfferScore(noi.offer);
         }
+        mNetworkRanker.setConfiguration(new NetworkRanker.Configuration(activelyPreferBadWifi()));
         rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
     }
 
@@ -5147,25 +5314,38 @@
 
         pw.println("Bad Wi-Fi avoidance: " + avoidBadWifi());
         pw.increaseIndent();
-        pw.println("Config restrict:   " + configRestrict);
+        pw.println("Config restrict:               " + configRestrict);
+        pw.println("Actively prefer bad wifi:      " + activelyPreferBadWifi());
 
-        final String value = mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.getAvoidBadWifiSetting();
+        final String settingValue = mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.getAvoidBadWifiSetting();
         String description;
         // Can't use a switch statement because strings are legal case labels, but null is not.
-        if ("0".equals(value)) {
+        if ("0".equals(settingValue)) {
             description = "get stuck";
-        } else if (value == null) {
+        } else if (settingValue == null) {
             description = "prompt";
-        } else if ("1".equals(value)) {
+        } else if ("1".equals(settingValue)) {
             description = "avoid";
         } else {
-            description = value + " (?)";
+            description = settingValue + " (?)";
         }
-        pw.println("User setting:      " + description);
+        pw.println("Avoid bad wifi setting:        " + description);
+
+        final Boolean configValue = BinderUtils.withCleanCallingIdentity(
+                () -> mMultinetworkPolicyTracker.deviceConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi());
+        if (null == configValue) {
+            description = "unset";
+        } else if (configValue) {
+            description = "force true";
+        } else {
+            description = "force false";
+        }
+        pw.println("Actively prefer bad wifi conf: " + description);
+        pw.println();
         pw.println("Network overrides:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
-            if (nai.avoidUnvalidated) {
+            if (0L != nai.getAvoidUnvalidated()) {
                 pw.println(nai.toShortString());
             }
         }
@@ -5236,7 +5416,7 @@
     private boolean shouldPromptUnvalidated(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         // Don't prompt if the network is validated, and don't prompt on captive portals
         // because we're already prompting the user to sign in.
-        if (nai.everValidated || nai.everCaptivePortalDetected) {
+        if (nai.everValidated() || nai.everCaptivePortalDetected()) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -5244,8 +5424,8 @@
         // partial connectivity and selected don't ask again. This ensures that if the device
         // automatically connects to a network that has partial Internet access, the user will
         // always be able to use it, either because they've already chosen "don't ask again" or
-        // because we have prompt them.
-        if (nai.partialConnectivity && !nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity) {
+        // because we have prompted them.
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity() && !nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity) {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -5260,24 +5440,39 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    private void handlePromptUnvalidated(Network network) {
-        if (VDBG || DDBG) log("handlePromptUnvalidated " + network);
-        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+    private void handleInitialEvaluationTimeout(@NonNull final Network network) {
+        if (VDBG || DDBG) log("handleInitialEvaluationTimeout " + network);
 
-        if (nai == null || !shouldPromptUnvalidated(nai)) {
-            return;
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (null == nai) return;
+
+        if (nai.setEvaluated()) {
+            // If setEvaluated() returned true, the network never had any form of connectivity.
+            // This may have an impact on request matching if bad WiFi avoidance is off and the
+            // network was found not to have Internet access.
+            nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
+            rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+
+            // Also, if this is WiFi and it should be preferred actively, now is the time to
+            // prompt the user that they walked past and connected to a bad WiFi.
+            if (nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                    && !avoidBadWifi()
+                    && activelyPreferBadWifi()) {
+                // The notification will be removed if the network validates or disconnects.
+                showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
+                return;
+            }
         }
 
+        if (!shouldPromptUnvalidated(nai)) return;
+
         // Stop automatically reconnecting to this network in the future. Automatically connecting
         // to a network that provides no or limited connectivity is not useful, because the user
         // cannot use that network except through the notification shown by this method, and the
         // notification is only shown if the network is explicitly selected by the user.
         nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
 
-        // TODO: Evaluate if it's needed to wait 8 seconds for triggering notification when
-        // NetworkMonitor detects the network is partial connectivity. Need to change the design to
-        // popup the notification immediately when the network is partial connectivity.
-        if (nai.partialConnectivity) {
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity()) {
             showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
         } else {
             showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
@@ -5415,25 +5610,59 @@
                     handleSetAvoidUnvalidated((Network) msg.obj);
                     break;
                 }
-                case EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED: {
-                    handlePromptUnvalidated((Network) msg.obj);
+                case EVENT_INITIAL_EVALUATION_TIMEOUT: {
+                    handleInitialEvaluationTimeout((Network) msg.obj);
                     break;
                 }
                 case EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS: {
                     handleConfigureAlwaysOnNetworks();
                     break;
                 }
-                // Sent by KeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the state machine thread.
-                case NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE: {
+                // Sent by AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the
+                // handler thread.
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE: {
                     mKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(msg);
                     break;
                 }
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE: {
+                    final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki =
+                            mKeepaliveTracker.getKeepaliveForBinder((IBinder) msg.obj);
+                    if (null == ki) return; // The callback was unregistered before the alarm fired
+
+                    final Network underpinnedNetwork = ki.getUnderpinnedNetwork();
+                    final Network network = ki.getNetwork();
+                    boolean networkFound = false;
+                    boolean underpinnedNetworkFound = false;
+                    for (NetworkAgentInfo n : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+                        if (n.network.equals(network)) networkFound = true;
+                        if (n.everConnected() && n.network.equals(underpinnedNetwork)) {
+                            underpinnedNetworkFound = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // If the network no longer exists, then the keepalive should have been
+                    // cleaned up already. There is no point trying to resume keepalives.
+                    if (!networkFound) return;
+
+                    if (underpinnedNetworkFound) {
+                        mKeepaliveTracker.handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(ki,
+                                underpinnedNetwork.netId);
+                    } else {
+                        // If no underpinned network, then make sure the keepalive is running.
+                        mKeepaliveTracker.handleMaybeResumeKeepalive(ki);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
                 // Sent by KeepaliveTracker to process an app request on the state machine thread.
                 case NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE: {
-                    NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork((Network) msg.obj);
-                    int slot = msg.arg1;
-                    int reason = msg.arg2;
-                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopKeepalive(nai, slot, reason);
+                    final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki = mKeepaliveTracker.getKeepaliveForBinder(
+                            (IBinder) msg.obj);
+                    if (ki == null) {
+                        Log.e(TAG, "Attempt to stop an already stopped keepalive");
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    final int reason = msg.arg2;
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopKeepalive(ki, reason);
                     break;
                 }
                 case EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY: {
@@ -5461,10 +5690,8 @@
                     break;
                 }
                 case EVENT_SET_PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE: {
-                    final Pair<List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference>,
-                            IOnCompleteListener> arg =
-                            (Pair<List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference>,
-                                    IOnCompleteListener>) msg.obj;
+                    final Pair<List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo>, IOnCompleteListener> arg =
+                            (Pair<List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo>, IOnCompleteListener>) msg.obj;
                     handleSetProfileNetworkPreference(arg.first, arg.second);
                     break;
                 }
@@ -5481,6 +5708,20 @@
                 case EVENT_INGRESS_RATE_LIMIT_CHANGED:
                     handleIngressRateLimitChanged();
                     break;
+                case EVENT_USER_DOES_NOT_WANT:
+                    final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork((Network) msg.obj);
+                    if (nai == null) break;
+                    nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
+                    nai.disconnect();
+                    break;
+                case EVENT_SET_VPN_NETWORK_PREFERENCE:
+                    handleSetVpnNetworkPreference((VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+                case EVENT_SET_LOW_TCP_POLLING_UNTIL: {
+                    final long time = ((Long) msg.obj).longValue();
+                    mKeepaliveTracker.handleSetTestLowTcpPollingTimer(time);
+                    break;
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -5631,7 +5872,7 @@
             return;
         }
         // Revalidate if the app report does not match our current validated state.
-        if (hasConnectivity == nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (hasConnectivity == nai.isValidated()) {
             mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
                     mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
                             ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED,
@@ -5645,7 +5886,7 @@
         }
         // Validating a network that has not yet connected could result in a call to
         // rematchNetworkAndRequests() which is not meant to work on such networks.
-        if (!nai.everConnected) {
+        if (!nai.everConnected()) {
             return;
         }
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
@@ -5742,7 +5983,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void setGlobalProxy(@Nullable final ProxyInfo proxyProperties) {
-        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         mProxyTracker.setGlobalProxy(proxyProperties);
     }
 
@@ -5752,7 +5993,7 @@
         return mProxyTracker.getGlobalProxy();
     }
 
-    private void handleApplyDefaultProxy(ProxyInfo proxy) {
+    private void handleApplyDefaultProxy(@Nullable ProxyInfo proxy) {
         if (proxy != null && TextUtils.isEmpty(proxy.getHost())
                 && Uri.EMPTY.equals(proxy.getPacFileUrl())) {
             proxy = null;
@@ -5764,8 +6005,8 @@
     // when any network changes proxy.
     // TODO: Remove usage of broadcast extras as they are deprecated and not applicable in a
     // multi-network world where an app might be bound to a non-default network.
-    private void updateProxy(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp) {
-        ProxyInfo newProxyInfo = newLp == null ? null : newLp.getHttpProxy();
+    private void updateProxy(@NonNull LinkProperties newLp, @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp) {
+        ProxyInfo newProxyInfo = newLp.getHttpProxy();
         ProxyInfo oldProxyInfo = oldLp == null ? null : oldLp.getHttpProxy();
 
         if (!ProxyTracker.proxyInfoEqual(newProxyInfo, oldProxyInfo)) {
@@ -6091,17 +6332,17 @@
     }
 
     private void onUserAdded(@NonNull final UserHandle user) {
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(user);
         if (mOemNetworkPreferences.getNetworkPreferences().size() > 0) {
             handleSetOemNetworkPreference(mOemNetworkPreferences, null);
         }
+        updateProfileAllowedNetworks();
     }
 
     private void onUserRemoved(@NonNull final UserHandle user) {
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(user);
         // If there was a network preference for this user, remove it.
         handleSetProfileNetworkPreference(
-                List.of(new ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference(user, null, true)),
+                List.of(new ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo(user, null, true,
+                        false /* blockingNonEnterprise */)),
                 null /* listener */);
         if (mOemNetworkPreferences.getNetworkPreferences().size() > 0) {
             handleSetOemNetworkPreference(mOemNetworkPreferences, null);
@@ -6117,6 +6358,11 @@
         if (isMappedInOemNetworkPreference(packageName)) {
             handleSetOemNetworkPreference(mOemNetworkPreferences, null);
         }
+
+        // Invalidates cache entry when the package is updated.
+        synchronized (mSelfCertifiedCapabilityCache) {
+            mSelfCertifiedCapabilityCache.remove(packageName);
+        }
     }
 
     private final BroadcastReceiver mUserIntentReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
@@ -6251,7 +6497,7 @@
         final String mCallingAttributionTag;
 
         // Counter keeping track of this NRI.
-        final PerUidCounter mPerUidCounter;
+        final RequestInfoPerUidCounter mPerUidCounter;
 
         // Effective UID of this request. This is different from mUid when a privileged process
         // files a request on behalf of another UID. This UID is used to determine blocked status,
@@ -6359,7 +6605,7 @@
             if (null != satisfier) {
                 // If the old NRI was satisfied by an NAI, then it may have had an active request.
                 // The active request is necessary to figure out what callbacks to send, in
-                // particular then a network updates its capabilities.
+                // particular when a network updates its capabilities.
                 // As this code creates a new NRI with a new set of requests, figure out which of
                 // the list of requests should be the active request. It is always the first
                 // request of the list that can be satisfied by the satisfier since the order of
@@ -6417,10 +6663,6 @@
             return Collections.unmodifiableList(tempRequests);
         }
 
-        void decrementRequestCount() {
-            mPerUidCounter.decrementCount(mUid);
-        }
-
         void linkDeathRecipient() {
             if (null != mBinder) {
                 try {
@@ -6457,8 +6699,6 @@
 
         @Override
         public void binderDied() {
-            log("ConnectivityService NetworkRequestInfo binderDied(" +
-                    "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + ", " + mRequests + ", " + mBinder + ")");
             // As an immutable collection, mRequests cannot change by the time the
             // lambda is evaluated on the handler thread so calling .get() from a binder thread
             // is acceptable. Use handleReleaseNetworkRequest and not directly
@@ -6482,6 +6722,38 @@
         }
     }
 
+    // Keep backward compatibility since the ServiceSpecificException is used by
+    // the API surface, see {@link ConnectivityManager#convertServiceException}.
+    public static class RequestInfoPerUidCounter extends PerUidCounter {
+        RequestInfoPerUidCounter(int maxCountPerUid) {
+            super(maxCountPerUid);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void incrementCountOrThrow(int uid) {
+            try {
+                super.incrementCountOrThrow(uid);
+            } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                throw new ServiceSpecificException(
+                        ConnectivityManager.Errors.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS,
+                        "Uid " + uid + " exceeded its allotted requests limit");
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void decrementCountOrThrow(int uid) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Use decrementCount instead.");
+        }
+
+        public synchronized void decrementCount(int uid) {
+            try {
+                super.decrementCountOrThrow(uid);
+            } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                logwtf("Exception when decrement per uid request count: ", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // This checks that the passed capabilities either do not request a
     // specific SSID/SignalStrength, or the calling app has permission to do so.
     private void ensureSufficientPermissionsForRequest(NetworkCapabilities nc,
@@ -6619,7 +6891,7 @@
                 enforceAccessPermission();
                 break;
             case TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT:
-                enforceSettingsPermission();
+                enforceSettingsOrSetupWizardOrUseRestrictedNetworksPermission();
                 networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(defaultNc);
                 break;
             case BACKGROUND_REQUEST:
@@ -6717,8 +6989,72 @@
                 asUid, requests, nr, msgr, binder, callbackFlags, callingAttributionTag);
     }
 
+    private boolean shouldCheckCapabilitiesDeclaration(
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, final int callingUid,
+            @NonNull final String callingPackageName) {
+        final UserHandle user = UserHandle.getUserHandleForUid(callingUid);
+        // Only run the check if the change is enabled.
+        if (!mDeps.isChangeEnabled(
+                ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION,
+                callingPackageName, user)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+                NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                || networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+                NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY);
+    }
+
+    private void enforceRequestCapabilitiesDeclaration(@NonNull final String callerPackageName,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+        // This check is added to fix the linter error for "current min is 30", which is not going
+        // to happen because Connectivity service always run in S+.
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Connectivity service should always run in at least SDK S");
+            return;
+        }
+        ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities applicationNetworkCapabilities;
+        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            synchronized (mSelfCertifiedCapabilityCache) {
+                applicationNetworkCapabilities = mSelfCertifiedCapabilityCache.get(
+                        callerPackageName);
+                if (applicationNetworkCapabilities == null) {
+                    final PackageManager packageManager = mContext.getPackageManager();
+                    final PackageManager.Property networkSliceProperty = packageManager.getProperty(
+                            ConstantsShim.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                            callerPackageName
+                    );
+                    final XmlResourceParser parser = packageManager
+                            .getResourcesForApplication(callerPackageName)
+                            .getXml(networkSliceProperty.getResourceId());
+                    applicationNetworkCapabilities =
+                            ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.createFromXml(parser);
+                    mSelfCertifiedCapabilityCache.put(callerPackageName,
+                            applicationNetworkCapabilities);
+                }
+
+            }
+        } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException ne) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Cannot find " + ConstantsShim.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES
+                            + " property");
+        } catch (XmlPullParserException | IOException | InvalidTagException e) {
+            throw new SecurityException(e.getMessage());
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(ident);
+        }
+
+        applicationNetworkCapabilities.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(
+                networkCapabilities);
+    }
     private void enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             String callingPackageName, String callingAttributionTag, final int callingUid) {
+        if (shouldCheckCapabilitiesDeclaration(networkCapabilities, callingUid,
+                callingPackageName)) {
+            enforceRequestCapabilitiesDeclaration(callingPackageName, networkCapabilities);
+        }
         if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED) == false) {
             // For T+ devices, callers with carrier privilege could request with CBS capabilities.
             if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CBS)
@@ -6969,6 +7305,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void unofferNetwork(@NonNull final INetworkOfferCallback callback) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(callback);
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER, callback));
     }
 
@@ -7042,8 +7379,14 @@
     // Current per-profile network preferences. This object follows the same threading rules as
     // the OEM network preferences above.
     @NonNull
-    private ProfileNetworkPreferenceList mProfileNetworkPreferences =
-            new ProfileNetworkPreferenceList();
+    private NetworkPreferenceList<UserHandle, ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo>
+            mProfileNetworkPreferences = new NetworkPreferenceList<>();
+
+    // Current VPN network preferences. This object follows the same threading rules as the OEM
+    // network preferences above.
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkPreferenceList<String, VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo>
+            mVpnNetworkPreferences = new NetworkPreferenceList<>();
 
     // A set of UIDs that should use mobile data preferentially if available. This object follows
     // the same threading rules as the OEM network preferences above.
@@ -7274,8 +7617,7 @@
      *         later : see {@link #updateLinkProperties}.
      * @param networkCapabilities the initial capabilites of this network. They can be updated
      *         later : see {@link #updateCapabilities}.
-     * @param initialScore the initial score of the network. See
-     *         {@link NetworkAgentInfo#getCurrentScore}.
+     * @param initialScore the initial score of the network. See {@link NetworkAgentInfo#getScore}.
      * @param networkAgentConfig metadata about the network. This is never updated.
      * @param providerId the ID of the provider owning this NetworkAgent.
      * @return the network created for this agent.
@@ -7290,7 +7632,7 @@
         Objects.requireNonNull(initialScore, "initialScore must not be null");
         Objects.requireNonNull(networkAgentConfig, "networkAgentConfig must not be null");
         if (networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
-            enforceAnyPermissionOf(Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS);
+            enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext, Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS);
         } else {
             enforceNetworkFactoryPermission();
         }
@@ -7310,18 +7652,23 @@
             NetworkScore currentScore, NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig, int providerId,
             int uid) {
 
+        // Make a copy of the passed NI, LP, NC as the caller may hold a reference to them
+        // and mutate them at any time.
+        final NetworkInfo niCopy = new NetworkInfo(networkInfo);
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncCopy = new NetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        final LinkProperties lpCopy = new LinkProperties(linkProperties);
+
         // At this point the capabilities/properties are untrusted and unverified, e.g. checks that
-        // the capabilities' access UID comply with security limitations. They will be sanitized
+        // the capabilities' access UIDs comply with security limitations. They will be sanitized
         // as the NAI registration finishes, in handleRegisterNetworkAgent(). This is
         // because some of the checks must happen on the handler thread.
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = new NetworkAgentInfo(na,
-                new Network(mNetIdManager.reserveNetId()), new NetworkInfo(networkInfo),
-                linkProperties, networkCapabilities,
+                new Network(mNetIdManager.reserveNetId()), niCopy, lpCopy, ncCopy,
                 currentScore, mContext, mTrackerHandler, new NetworkAgentConfig(networkAgentConfig),
                 this, mNetd, mDnsResolver, providerId, uid, mLingerDelayMs,
                 mQosCallbackTracker, mDeps);
 
-        final String extraInfo = networkInfo.getExtraInfo();
+        final String extraInfo = niCopy.getExtraInfo();
         final String name = TextUtils.isEmpty(extraInfo)
                 ? nai.networkCapabilities.getSsid() : extraInfo;
         if (DBG) log("registerNetworkAgent " + nai);
@@ -7336,16 +7683,12 @@
 
     private void handleRegisterNetworkAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, INetworkMonitor networkMonitor) {
         if (VDBG) log("Network Monitor created for " +  nai);
-        // nai.nc and nai.lp are the same object that was passed by the network agent if the agent
-        // lives in the same process as this code (e.g. wifi), so make sure this code doesn't
-        // mutate their object
-        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(nai.networkCapabilities);
-        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(nai.linkProperties);
-        // Make sure the LinkProperties and NetworkCapabilities reflect what the agent info says.
-        processCapabilitiesFromAgent(nai, nc);
-        nai.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(mixInCapabilities(nai, nc));
-        processLinkPropertiesFromAgent(nai, lp);
-        nai.linkProperties = lp;
+        // Store a copy of the declared capabilities.
+        nai.setDeclaredCapabilities(nai.networkCapabilities);
+        // Make sure the LinkProperties and NetworkCapabilities reflect what the agent info said.
+        nai.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(mixInCapabilities(nai,
+                nai.getDeclaredCapabilitiesSanitized(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator)));
+        processLinkPropertiesFromAgent(nai, nai.linkProperties);
 
         nai.onNetworkMonitorCreated(networkMonitor);
 
@@ -7461,7 +7804,7 @@
     }
 
     private void updateLinkProperties(NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, @NonNull LinkProperties newLp,
-            @NonNull LinkProperties oldLp) {
+            @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp) {
         int netId = networkAgent.network.getNetId();
 
         // The NetworkAgent does not know whether clatd is running on its network or not, or whether
@@ -7469,7 +7812,7 @@
         // the LinkProperties for the network are accurate.
         networkAgent.clatd.fixupLinkProperties(oldLp, newLp);
 
-        updateInterfaces(newLp, oldLp, netId, networkAgent.networkCapabilities);
+        updateInterfaces(newLp, oldLp, netId, networkAgent);
 
         // update filtering rules, need to happen after the interface update so netd knows about the
         // new interface (the interface name -> index map becomes initialized)
@@ -7513,12 +7856,16 @@
             }
             // Start or stop DNS64 detection and 464xlat according to network state.
             networkAgent.clatd.update();
-            notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+            // Notify NSS when relevant events happened. Currently, NSS only cares about
+            // interface changed to update clat interfaces accounting.
+            final boolean interfacesChanged = oldLp == null
+                    || !Objects.equals(newLp.getAllInterfaceNames(), oldLp.getAllInterfaceNames());
+            if (interfacesChanged) {
+                notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
+            }
             networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyLinkPropertiesChanged(
                     new LinkProperties(newLp, true /* parcelSensitiveFields */));
-            if (networkAgent.everConnected) {
-                notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED);
-            }
+            notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED);
         }
 
         mKeepaliveTracker.handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(networkAgent);
@@ -7573,10 +7920,27 @@
         return captivePortalBuilder.build();
     }
 
-    private void wakeupModifyInterface(String iface, NetworkCapabilities caps, boolean add) {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static String makeNflogPrefix(String iface, long networkHandle) {
+        // This needs to be kept in sync and backwards compatible with the decoding logic in
+        // NetdEventListenerService, which is non-mainline code.
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() ? (networkHandle + ":" + iface) : ("iface:" + iface);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isWakeupMarkingSupported(NetworkCapabilities capabilities) {
+        if (capabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() && capabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void wakeupModifyInterface(String iface, NetworkAgentInfo nai, boolean add) {
         // Marks are only available on WiFi interfaces. Checking for
         // marks on unsupported interfaces is harmless.
-        if (!caps.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)) {
+        if (!isWakeupMarkingSupported(nai.networkCapabilities)) {
             return;
         }
 
@@ -7589,7 +7953,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        final String prefix = "iface:" + iface;
+        final String prefix = makeNflogPrefix(iface, nai.network.getNetworkHandle());
         try {
             if (add) {
                 mNetd.wakeupAddInterface(iface, prefix, mark, mask);
@@ -7599,23 +7963,21 @@
         } catch (Exception e) {
             loge("Exception modifying wakeup packet monitoring: " + e);
         }
-
     }
 
-    private void updateInterfaces(final @Nullable LinkProperties newLp,
+    private void updateInterfaces(final @NonNull LinkProperties newLp,
             final @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp, final int netId,
-            final @NonNull NetworkCapabilities caps) {
+            final @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         final CompareResult<String> interfaceDiff = new CompareResult<>(
-                oldLp != null ? oldLp.getAllInterfaceNames() : null,
-                newLp != null ? newLp.getAllInterfaceNames() : null);
+                oldLp != null ? oldLp.getAllInterfaceNames() : null, newLp.getAllInterfaceNames());
         if (!interfaceDiff.added.isEmpty()) {
             for (final String iface : interfaceDiff.added) {
                 try {
                     if (DBG) log("Adding iface " + iface + " to network " + netId);
                     mNetd.networkAddInterface(netId, iface);
-                    wakeupModifyInterface(iface, caps, true);
+                    wakeupModifyInterface(iface, nai, true);
                     mDeps.reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(mContext, iface,
-                            caps.getTransportTypes());
+                            nai.networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes());
                 } catch (Exception e) {
                     logw("Exception adding interface: " + e);
                 }
@@ -7624,7 +7986,7 @@
         for (final String iface : interfaceDiff.removed) {
             try {
                 if (DBG) log("Removing iface " + iface + " from network " + netId);
-                wakeupModifyInterface(iface, caps, false);
+                wakeupModifyInterface(iface, nai, false);
                 mNetd.networkRemoveInterface(netId, iface);
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 loge("Exception removing interface: " + e);
@@ -7668,12 +8030,13 @@
      * Have netd update routes from oldLp to newLp.
      * @return true if routes changed between oldLp and newLp
      */
-    private boolean updateRoutes(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp, int netId) {
+    private boolean updateRoutes(@NonNull LinkProperties newLp, @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp,
+            int netId) {
         // compare the route diff to determine which routes have been updated
         final CompareOrUpdateResult<RouteInfo.RouteKey, RouteInfo> routeDiff =
                 new CompareOrUpdateResult<>(
                         oldLp != null ? oldLp.getAllRoutes() : null,
-                        newLp != null ? newLp.getAllRoutes() : null,
+                        newLp.getAllRoutes(),
                         (r) -> r.getRouteKey());
 
         // add routes before removing old in case it helps with continuous connectivity
@@ -7723,7 +8086,8 @@
                 || !routeDiff.updated.isEmpty();
     }
 
-    private void updateDnses(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp, int netId) {
+    private void updateDnses(@NonNull LinkProperties newLp, @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp,
+            int netId) {
         if (oldLp != null && newLp.isIdenticalDnses(oldLp)) {
             return;  // no updating necessary
         }
@@ -7740,8 +8104,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void updateVpnFiltering(LinkProperties newLp, LinkProperties oldLp,
-            NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+    private void updateVpnFiltering(@NonNull LinkProperties newLp, @Nullable LinkProperties oldLp,
+            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         final String oldIface = getVpnIsolationInterface(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, oldLp);
         final String newIface = getVpnIsolationInterface(nai, nai.networkCapabilities, newLp);
         final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnAllowRule(nai, oldLp, oldIface);
@@ -7767,10 +8131,6 @@
         // when the old rules are removed and the time when new rules are added. To fix this,
         // make eBPF support two allowlisted interfaces so here new rules can be added before the
         // old rules are being removed.
-
-        // Null iface given to onVpnUidRangesAdded/Removed is a wildcard to allow apps to receive
-        // packets on all interfaces. This is required to accept incoming traffic in Lockdown mode
-        // by overriding the Lockdown blocking rule.
         if (wasFiltering) {
             mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(oldIface, ranges, vpnAppUid);
         }
@@ -7801,7 +8161,7 @@
             @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
         final int oldPermission = getNetworkPermission(nai.networkCapabilities);
         final int newPermission = getNetworkPermission(newNc);
-        if (oldPermission != newPermission && nai.created && !nai.isVPN()) {
+        if (oldPermission != newPermission && nai.isCreated() && !nai.isVPN()) {
             try {
                 mNetd.networkSetPermissionForNetwork(nai.network.getNetId(), newPermission);
             } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
@@ -7810,38 +8170,13 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Called when receiving NetworkCapabilities directly from a NetworkAgent.
-     * Stores into |nai| any data coming from the agent that might also be written to the network's
-     * NetworkCapabilities by ConnectivityService itself. This ensures that the data provided by the
-     * agent is not lost when updateCapabilities is called.
-     */
-    private void processCapabilitiesFromAgent(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        if (nc.hasConnectivityManagedCapability()) {
-            Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + nai + " has CS-managed capability.");
-        }
-        // Note: resetting the owner UID before storing the agent capabilities in NAI means that if
-        // the agent attempts to change the owner UID, then nai.declaredCapabilities will not
-        // actually be the same as the capabilities sent by the agent. Still, it is safer to reset
-        // the owner UID here and behave as if the agent had never tried to change it.
-        if (nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() != nc.getOwnerUid()) {
-            Log.e(TAG, nai.toShortString() + ": ignoring attempt to change owner from "
-                    + nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() + " to " + nc.getOwnerUid());
-            nc.setOwnerUid(nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
-        }
-        nai.declaredCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
-        NetworkAgentInfo.restrictCapabilitiesFromNetworkAgent(nc, nai.creatorUid,
-                mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE),
-                mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator);
-    }
-
     /** Modifies |newNc| based on the capabilities of |underlyingNetworks| and |agentCaps|. */
     @VisibleForTesting
     void applyUnderlyingCapabilities(@Nullable Network[] underlyingNetworks,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities agentCaps, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
         underlyingNetworks = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
                 agentCaps.getOwnerUid(), underlyingNetworks);
-        long transportTypes = NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.packBits(agentCaps.getTransportTypes());
+        long transportTypes = BitUtils.packBits(agentCaps.getTransportTypes());
         int downKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
         int upKbps = NetworkCapabilities.LINK_BANDWIDTH_UNSPECIFIED;
         // metered if any underlying is metered, or originally declared metered by the agent.
@@ -7894,7 +8229,7 @@
             suspended = false;
         }
 
-        newNc.setTransportTypes(NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits(transportTypes));
+        newNc.setTransportTypes(BitUtils.unpackBits(transportTypes));
         newNc.setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(downKbps);
         newNc.setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(upKbps);
         newNc.setCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, !metered);
@@ -7916,9 +8251,9 @@
          // causing a connect/teardown loop.
          // TODO: remove this altogether and make it the responsibility of the NetworkProviders to
          // avoid connect/teardown loops.
-        if (nai.everConnected &&
-                !nai.isVPN() &&
-                !nai.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(nc)) {
+        if (nai.everConnected()
+                && !nai.isVPN()
+                && !nai.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(nc)) {
             // TODO: consider not complaining when a network agent degrades its capabilities if this
             // does not cause any request (that is not a listen) currently matching that agent to
             // stop being matched by the updated agent.
@@ -7930,12 +8265,12 @@
 
         // Don't modify caller's NetworkCapabilities.
         final NetworkCapabilities newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
-        if (nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (nai.isValidated()) {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
         } else {
             newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
         }
-        if (nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected) {
+        if (nai.captivePortalDetected()) {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
         } else {
             newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
@@ -7945,7 +8280,7 @@
         } else {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
         }
-        if (nai.partialConnectivity) {
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity()) {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
         } else {
             newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
@@ -7959,7 +8294,8 @@
         }
 
         if (nai.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()) {
-            applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.declaredCapabilities,
+            applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks,
+                    nai.getDeclaredCapabilitiesSanitized(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator),
                     newNc);
         }
 
@@ -8001,10 +8337,14 @@
      * @param nai the network having its capabilities updated.
      * @param nc the new network capabilities.
      */
-    private void updateCapabilities(final int oldScore, @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+    private void updateCapabilities(final FullScore oldScore, @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
         NetworkCapabilities newNc = mixInCapabilities(nai, nc);
         if (Objects.equals(nai.networkCapabilities, newNc)) return;
+        final String differences = newNc.describeCapsDifferencesFrom(nai.networkCapabilities);
+        if (null != differences) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Update capabilities for net " + nai.network + " : " + differences);
+        }
         updateNetworkPermissions(nai, newNc);
         final NetworkCapabilities prevNc = nai.getAndSetNetworkCapabilities(newNc);
 
@@ -8012,7 +8352,7 @@
         updateAllowedUids(nai, prevNc, newNc);
         nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
 
-        if (nai.getCurrentScore() == oldScore && newNc.equalRequestableCapabilities(prevNc)) {
+        if (nai.getScore().equals(oldScore) && newNc.equalRequestableCapabilities(prevNc)) {
             // If the requestable capabilities haven't changed, and the score hasn't changed, then
             // the change we're processing can't affect any requests, it can only affect the listens
             // on this network. We might have been called by rematchNetworkAndRequests when a
@@ -8056,7 +8396,7 @@
 
     /** Convenience method to update the capabilities for a given network. */
     private void updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
-        updateCapabilities(nai.getCurrentScore(), nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
+        updateCapabilities(nai.getScore(), nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -8096,12 +8436,14 @@
      * Returns whether we need to set interface filtering rule or not
      */
     private boolean requiresVpnAllowRule(NetworkAgentInfo nai, LinkProperties lp,
-            String filterIface) {
-        // Only filter if lp has an interface.
-        if (lp == null || lp.getInterfaceName() == null) return false;
-        // Before T, allow rules are only needed if VPN isolation is enabled.
-        // T and After T, allow rules are needed for all VPNs.
-        return filterIface != null || (nai.isVPN() && SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
+            String isolationIface) {
+        // Allow rules are always needed if VPN isolation is enabled.
+        if (isolationIface != null) return true;
+
+        // On T and above, allow rules are needed for all VPNs. Allow rule with null iface is a
+        // wildcard to allow apps to receive packets on all interfaces. This is required to accept
+        // incoming traffic in Lockdown mode by overriding the Lockdown blocking rule.
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && nai.isVPN() && lp != null && lp.getInterfaceName() != null;
     }
 
     private static UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
@@ -8133,11 +8475,11 @@
         return stableRanges;
     }
 
-    private void maybeCloseSockets(NetworkAgentInfo nai, UidRangeParcel[] ranges,
-            int[] exemptUids) {
+    private void maybeCloseSockets(NetworkAgentInfo nai, Set<UidRange> ranges,
+            Set<Integer> exemptUids) {
         if (nai.isVPN() && !nai.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass) {
             try {
-                mNetd.socketDestroy(ranges, exemptUids);
+                mDeps.destroyLiveTcpSockets(UidRange.toIntRanges(ranges), exemptUids);
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 loge("Exception in socket destroy: ", e);
             }
@@ -8145,15 +8487,16 @@
     }
 
     private void updateVpnUidRanges(boolean add, NetworkAgentInfo nai, Set<UidRange> uidRanges) {
-        int[] exemptUids = new int[2];
+        final Set<Integer> exemptUids = new ArraySet<>();
         // TODO: Excluding VPN_UID is necessary in order to not to kill the TCP connection used
         // by PPTP. Fix this by making Vpn set the owner UID to VPN_UID instead of system when
         // starting a legacy VPN, and remove VPN_UID here. (b/176542831)
-        exemptUids[0] = VPN_UID;
-        exemptUids[1] = nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid();
+        exemptUids.add(VPN_UID);
+        exemptUids.add(nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
         UidRangeParcel[] ranges = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRanges);
 
-        maybeCloseSockets(nai, ranges, exemptUids);
+        // Close sockets before modifying uid ranges so that RST packets can reach to the server.
+        maybeCloseSockets(nai, uidRanges, exemptUids);
         try {
             if (add) {
                 mNetd.networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
@@ -8166,7 +8509,8 @@
             loge("Exception while " + (add ? "adding" : "removing") + " uid ranges " + uidRanges +
                     " on netId " + nai.network.netId + ". " + e);
         }
-        maybeCloseSockets(nai, ranges, exemptUids);
+        // Close sockets that established connection while requesting netd.
+        maybeCloseSockets(nai, uidRanges, exemptUids);
     }
 
     private boolean isProxySetOnAnyDefaultNetwork() {
@@ -8189,7 +8533,7 @@
         //  that happens to prevent false alarms.
         final Set<UidRange> prevUids = prevNc == null ? null : prevNc.getUidRanges();
         final Set<UidRange> newUids = newNc == null ? null : newNc.getUidRanges();
-        if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected && !UidRange.hasSameUids(prevUids, newUids)
+        if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected() && !UidRange.hasSameUids(prevUids, newUids)
                 && (nai.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() != null || isProxySetOnAnyDefaultNetwork())) {
             mProxyTracker.sendProxyBroadcast();
         }
@@ -8244,10 +8588,6 @@
             // above, where the addition of new ranges happens before the removal of old ranges.
             // TODO Fix this window by computing an accurate diff on Set<UidRange>, so the old range
             // to be removed will never overlap with the new range to be added.
-
-            // Null iface given to onVpnUidRangesAdded/Removed is a wildcard to allow apps to
-            // receive packets on all interfaces. This is required to accept incoming traffic in
-            // Lockdown mode by overriding the Lockdown blocking rule.
             if (wasFiltering && !prevRanges.isEmpty()) {
                 mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(oldIface, prevRanges,
                         prevNc.getOwnerUid());
@@ -8304,7 +8644,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public void handleUpdateLinkProperties(NetworkAgentInfo nai, LinkProperties newLp) {
+    public void handleUpdateLinkProperties(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @NonNull LinkProperties newLp) {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
 
         if (!mNetworkAgentInfos.contains(nai)) {
@@ -8313,8 +8654,8 @@
         }
         if (VDBG || DDBG) {
             log("Update of LinkProperties for " + nai.toShortString()
-                    + "; created=" + nai.created
-                    + "; everConnected=" + nai.everConnected);
+                    + "; created=" + nai.getCreatedTime()
+                    + "; firstConnected=" + nai.getConnectedTime());
         }
         // TODO: eliminate this defensive copy after confirming that updateLinkProperties does not
         // modify its oldLp parameter.
@@ -8345,6 +8686,8 @@
         // else not handled
     }
 
+    // TODO(b/193460475): Remove when tooling supports SystemApi to public API.
+    @SuppressLint("NewApi")
     private void sendIntent(PendingIntent pendingIntent, Intent intent) {
         mPendingIntentWakeLock.acquire();
         try {
@@ -8376,8 +8719,11 @@
         releasePendingNetworkRequestWithDelay(pendingIntent);
     }
 
+    // networkAgent is only allowed to be null if notificationType is
+    // CALLBACK_UNAVAIL. This is because UNAVAIL is about no network being
+    // available, while all other cases are about some particular network.
     private void callCallbackForRequest(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri,
-            @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, final int notificationType,
+            @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo networkAgent, final int notificationType,
             final int arg1) {
         if (nri.mMessenger == null) {
             // Default request has no msgr. Also prevents callbacks from being invoked for
@@ -8399,14 +8745,13 @@
         switch (notificationType) {
             case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE: {
                 final NetworkCapabilities nc =
-                        networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                                networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid);
-                putParcelable(
-                        bundle,
                         createWithLocationInfoSanitizedIfNecessaryWhenParceled(
-                                nc, includeLocationSensitiveInfo, nri.mPid, nri.mUid,
+                                networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                                        networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid),
+                                includeLocationSensitiveInfo, nri.mPid, nri.mUid,
                                 nrForCallback.getRequestorPackageName(),
-                                nri.mCallingAttributionTag));
+                                nri.mCallingAttributionTag);
+                putParcelable(bundle, nc);
                 putParcelable(bundle, linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
                         networkAgent.linkProperties, nri.mPid, nri.mUid));
                 // For this notification, arg1 contains the blocked status.
@@ -8601,6 +8946,78 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Collect restricted uid ranges for the given network and UserHandle, these uids
+     * are not restricted for matched enterprise networks but being restricted for non-matched
+     * enterprise networks and non-enterprise networks.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private ArraySet<UidRange> getRestrictedUidRangesForEnterpriseBlocking(
+            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, @NonNull UserHandle user) {
+        final ArraySet<UidRange> restrictedUidRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo pref : mProfileNetworkPreferences) {
+            if (!pref.user.equals(user) || !pref.blockingNonEnterprise) continue;
+
+            if (nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE)) {
+                // The NC is built from a `ProfileNetworkPreference` which has only one
+                // enterprise ID, so it's guaranteed to have exactly one.
+                final int prefId = pref.capabilities.getEnterpriseIds()[0];
+                if (nai.networkCapabilities.hasEnterpriseId(prefId)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (UidRangeUtils.doesRangeSetOverlap(restrictedUidRanges,
+                    pref.capabilities.getUidRanges())) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "Overlapping uid range in preference: " + pref);
+            }
+            restrictedUidRanges.addAll(pref.capabilities.getUidRanges());
+        }
+        return restrictedUidRanges;
+    }
+
+    private void updateProfileAllowedNetworks() {
+        // Netd command is not implemented before U.
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) return;
+
+        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
+        final ArrayList<NativeUidRangeConfig> configs = new ArrayList<>();
+        final List<UserHandle> users = mContext.getSystemService(UserManager.class)
+                        .getUserHandles(true /* excludeDying */);
+        if (users.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No user is available");
+        }
+
+        for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
+            ArraySet<UidRange> allowedUidRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+            for (final UserHandle user : users) {
+                final ArraySet<UidRange> restrictedUidRanges =
+                        getRestrictedUidRangesForEnterpriseBlocking(nai, user);
+                allowedUidRanges.addAll(UidRangeUtils.removeRangeSetFromUidRange(
+                        UidRange.createForUser(user), restrictedUidRanges));
+            }
+
+            final UidRangeParcel[] rangesParcel = toUidRangeStableParcels(allowedUidRanges);
+            configs.add(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                    nai.network.netId, rangesParcel, 0 /* subPriority */));
+        }
+
+        // The netd API replaces the previous configs with the current configs.
+        // Thus, for network disconnection or preference removal, no need to
+        // unset previous config. Instead, collecting all currently needed
+        // configs and issue to netd.
+        try {
+            mNetd.setNetworkAllowlist(configs.toArray(new NativeUidRangeConfig[0]));
+        } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
+            // Has the interface disappeared since the network was built?
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Unexpected ServiceSpecificException", e);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            // Netd died. This will cause a runtime restart anyway.
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Unexpected RemoteException", e);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void makeDefaultNetwork(@Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo newDefaultNetwork) {
         try {
             if (null != newDefaultNetwork) {
@@ -8744,7 +9161,7 @@
                 }
                 previousSatisfier.removeRequest(previousRequest.requestId);
                 if (canSupportGracefulNetworkSwitch(previousSatisfier, newSatisfier)
-                        && !previousSatisfier.destroyed) {
+                        && !previousSatisfier.isDestroyed()) {
                     // If this network switch can't be supported gracefully, the request is not
                     // lingered. This allows letting go of the network sooner to reclaim some
                     // performance on the new network, since the radio can't do both at the same
@@ -8806,9 +9223,6 @@
         // Gather the list of all relevant agents.
         final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> nais = new ArrayList<>();
         for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (!nai.everConnected) {
-                continue;
-            }
             nais.add(nai);
         }
 
@@ -8860,15 +9274,22 @@
             @NonNull final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> networkRequests) {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
         // TODO: This may be slow, and should be optimized.
-        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        final long start = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
         final NetworkReassignment changes = computeNetworkReassignment(networkRequests);
+        final long computed = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        applyNetworkReassignment(changes, start);
+        final long applied = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        issueNetworkNeeds();
+        final long end = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
         if (VDBG || DDBG) {
+            log(String.format("Rematched networks [computed %dms] [applied %dms] [issued %d]",
+                    computed - start, applied - computed, end - applied));
             log(changes.debugString());
         } else if (DBG) {
-            log(changes.toString()); // Shorter form, only one line of log
+            // Shorter form, only one line of log
+            log(String.format("%s [c %d] [a %d] [i %d]", changes.toString(),
+                    computed - start, applied - computed, end - applied));
         }
-        applyNetworkReassignment(changes, now);
-        issueNetworkNeeds();
     }
 
     private void applyNetworkReassignment(@NonNull final NetworkReassignment changes,
@@ -8925,7 +9346,6 @@
         }
 
         for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
-            if (!nai.everConnected) continue;
             final boolean oldBackground = oldBgNetworks.contains(nai);
             // Process listen requests and update capabilities if the background state has
             // changed for this network. For consistency with previous behavior, send onLost
@@ -9009,7 +9429,7 @@
                 // The new default network can be newly null if and only if the old default
                 // network doesn't satisfy the default request any more because it lost a
                 // capability.
-                mDefaultInetConditionPublished = newDefaultNetwork.lastValidated ? 100 : 0;
+                mDefaultInetConditionPublished = newDefaultNetwork.isValidated() ? 100 : 0;
                 mLegacyTypeTracker.add(
                         newDefaultNetwork.networkInfo.getType(), newDefaultNetwork);
             }
@@ -9030,7 +9450,7 @@
         // they may get old info. Reverse this after the old startUsing api is removed.
         // This is on top of the multiple intent sequencing referenced in the todo above.
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
-            if (nai.everConnected) {
+            if (nai.everConnected()) {
                 addNetworkToLegacyTypeTracker(nai);
             }
         }
@@ -9156,12 +9576,12 @@
 
     private void updateInetCondition(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         // Don't bother updating until we've graduated to validated at least once.
-        if (!nai.everValidated) return;
+        if (!nai.everValidated()) return;
         // For now only update icons for the default connection.
         // TODO: Update WiFi and cellular icons separately. b/17237507
         if (!isDefaultNetwork(nai)) return;
 
-        int newInetCondition = nai.lastValidated ? 100 : 0;
+        int newInetCondition = nai.isValidated() ? 100 : 0;
         // Don't repeat publish.
         if (newInetCondition == mDefaultInetConditionPublished) return;
 
@@ -9188,7 +9608,7 @@
             // SUSPENDED state is currently only overridden from CONNECTED state. In the case the
             // network agent is created, then goes to suspended, then goes out of suspended without
             // ever setting connected. Check if network agent is ever connected to update the state.
-            newInfo.setDetailedState(nai.everConnected
+            newInfo.setDetailedState(nai.everConnected()
                     ? NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED
                     : NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTING,
                     info.getReason(),
@@ -9213,7 +9633,7 @@
                     + oldInfo.getState() + " to " + state);
         }
 
-        if (!networkAgent.created
+        if (!networkAgent.isCreated()
                 && (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED
                 || (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTING && networkAgent.isVPN()))) {
 
@@ -9227,13 +9647,14 @@
                 // anything happens to the network.
                 updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(networkAgent);
             }
-            networkAgent.created = true;
+            networkAgent.setCreated();
             networkAgent.onNetworkCreated();
             updateAllowedUids(networkAgent, null, networkAgent.networkCapabilities);
+            updateProfileAllowedNetworks();
         }
 
-        if (!networkAgent.everConnected && state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED) {
-            networkAgent.everConnected = true;
+        if (!networkAgent.everConnected() && state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED) {
+            networkAgent.setConnected();
 
             // NetworkCapabilities need to be set before sending the private DNS config to
             // NetworkMonitor, otherwise NetworkMonitor cannot determine if validation is required.
@@ -9266,8 +9687,22 @@
             params.networkCapabilities = networkAgent.networkCapabilities;
             params.linkProperties = new LinkProperties(networkAgent.linkProperties,
                     true /* parcelSensitiveFields */);
-            networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkConnected(params);
-            scheduleUnvalidatedPrompt(networkAgent);
+            // isAtLeastT() is conservative here, as recent versions of NetworkStack support the
+            // newer callback even before T. However getInterfaceVersion is a synchronized binder
+            // call that would cause a Log.wtf to be emitted from the system_server process, and
+            // in the absence of a satisfactory, scalable solution which follows an easy/standard
+            // process to check the interface version, just use an SDK check. NetworkStack will
+            // always be new enough when running on T+.
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+                networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkConnected(params);
+            } else {
+                networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyNetworkConnected(params.linkProperties,
+                        params.networkCapabilities);
+            }
+            final long delay = activelyPreferBadWifi()
+                    ? ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI_INITIAL_TIMEOUT_MS
+                    : DONT_ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI_INITIAL_TIMEOUT_MS;
+            scheduleEvaluationTimeout(networkAgent.network, delay);
 
             // Whether a particular NetworkRequest listen should cause signal strength thresholds to
             // be communicated to a particular NetworkAgent depends only on the network's immutable,
@@ -9306,8 +9741,8 @@
                 // TODO(b/122649188): send the broadcast only to VPN users.
                 mProxyTracker.sendProxyBroadcast();
             }
-        } else if (networkAgent.created && (oldInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED ||
-                state == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED)) {
+        } else if (networkAgent.isCreated() && (oldInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED
+                || state == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED)) {
             mLegacyTypeTracker.update(networkAgent);
         }
     }
@@ -9507,7 +9942,7 @@
             }
         }
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (nai.everConnected && (activeNetIds.contains(nai.network().netId) || nai.isVPN())) {
+            if (activeNetIds.contains(nai.network().netId) || nai.isVPN()) {
                 defaultNetworks.add(nai.network);
             }
         }
@@ -9529,9 +9964,7 @@
         final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos = getAllVpnInfo();
         try {
             final ArrayList<NetworkStateSnapshot> snapshots = new ArrayList<>();
-            for (final NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot : getAllNetworkStateSnapshots()) {
-                snapshots.add(snapshot);
-            }
+            snapshots.addAll(getAllNetworkStateSnapshots());
             mStatsManager.notifyNetworkStatus(getDefaultNetworks(),
                     snapshots, activeIface, Arrays.asList(underlyingNetworkInfos));
         } catch (Exception ignored) {
@@ -9563,20 +9996,24 @@
         enforceKeepalivePermission();
         mKeepaliveTracker.startNattKeepalive(
                 getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network), null /* fd */,
-                intervalSeconds, cb,
-                srcAddr, srcPort, dstAddr, NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT);
+                intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddr, srcPort, dstAddr, NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT,
+                // Keep behavior of the deprecated method as it is. Set automaticOnOffKeepalives to
+                // false and set the underpinned network to null because there is no way and no
+                // plan to configure automaticOnOffKeepalives or underpinnedNetwork in this
+                // deprecated method.
+                false /* automaticOnOffKeepalives */, null /* underpinnedNetwork */);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void startNattKeepaliveWithFd(Network network, ParcelFileDescriptor pfd, int resourceId,
             int intervalSeconds, ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb, String srcAddr,
-            String dstAddr) {
+            String dstAddr, boolean automaticOnOffKeepalives, Network underpinnedNetwork) {
         try {
             final FileDescriptor fd = pfd.getFileDescriptor();
             mKeepaliveTracker.startNattKeepalive(
                     getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network), fd, resourceId,
-                    intervalSeconds, cb,
-                    srcAddr, dstAddr, NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT);
+                    intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddr, dstAddr, NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT,
+                    automaticOnOffKeepalives, underpinnedNetwork);
         } finally {
             // FileDescriptors coming from AIDL calls must be manually closed to prevent leaks.
             // startNattKeepalive calls Os.dup(fd) before returning, so we can close immediately.
@@ -9604,9 +10041,20 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void stopKeepalive(Network network, int slot) {
+    public void stopKeepalive(@NonNull final ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb) {
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(
-                NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, slot, SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS, network));
+                NetworkAgent.CMD_STOP_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, 0, SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS,
+                Objects.requireNonNull(cb).asBinder()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int[] getSupportedKeepalives() {
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                // Backwards compatibility with CTS 13
+                android.Manifest.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES);
+
+        return BinderUtils.withCleanCallingIdentity(() ->
+                KeepaliveResourceUtil.getSupportedKeepalives(mContext));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -9683,6 +10131,8 @@
             try {
                 switch (cmd) {
                     case "airplane-mode":
+                        // Usage : adb shell cmd connectivity airplane-mode [enable|disable]
+                        // If no argument, get and display the current status
                         final String action = getNextArg();
                         if ("enable".equals(action)) {
                             setAirplaneMode(true);
@@ -9700,6 +10150,27 @@
                             onHelp();
                             return -1;
                         }
+                    case "reevaluate":
+                        // Usage : adb shell cmd connectivity reevaluate <netId>
+                        // If netId is omitted, then reevaluate the default network
+                        final String netId = getNextArg();
+                        final NetworkAgentInfo nai;
+                        if (null == netId) {
+                            // Note that the command is running on the wrong thread to call this,
+                            // so this could in principle return stale data. But it can't crash.
+                            nai = getDefaultNetwork();
+                        } else {
+                            // If netId can't be parsed, this throws NumberFormatException, which
+                            // is passed back to adb who prints it.
+                            nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(Integer.parseInt(netId));
+                        }
+                        if (null == nai) {
+                            pw.println("Unknown network (net ID not found or no default network)");
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                        Log.d(TAG, "Reevaluating network " + nai.network);
+                        reportNetworkConnectivity(nai.network, !nai.isValidated());
+                        return 0;
                     default:
                         return handleDefaultCommands(cmd);
                 }
@@ -9729,15 +10200,15 @@
         return ((VpnTransportInfo) ti).getType();
     }
 
-    private void maybeUpdateWifiRoamTimestamp(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
-        if (nai == null) return;
+    private void maybeUpdateWifiRoamTimestamp(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc) {
         final TransportInfo prevInfo = nai.networkCapabilities.getTransportInfo();
         final TransportInfo newInfo = nc.getTransportInfo();
         if (!(prevInfo instanceof WifiInfo) || !(newInfo instanceof WifiInfo)) {
             return;
         }
         if (!TextUtils.equals(((WifiInfo)prevInfo).getBSSID(), ((WifiInfo)newInfo).getBSSID())) {
-            nai.lastRoamTimestamp = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            nai.lastRoamTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
         }
     }
 
@@ -9918,14 +10389,12 @@
     private static class NetworkTestedResults {
         private final int mNetId;
         private final int mTestResult;
-        private final long mTimestampMillis;
         @Nullable private final String mRedirectUrl;
 
         private NetworkTestedResults(
                 int netId, int testResult, long timestampMillis, @Nullable String redirectUrl) {
             mNetId = netId;
             mTestResult = testResult;
-            mTimestampMillis = timestampMillis;
             mRedirectUrl = redirectUrl;
         }
     }
@@ -9992,7 +10461,7 @@
             // Decrement the reference count for this NetworkRequestInfo. The reference count is
             // incremented when the NetworkRequestInfo is created as part of
             // enforceRequestCountLimit().
-            nri.decrementRequestCount();
+            nri.mPerUidCounter.decrementCount(nri.mUid);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -10058,7 +10527,7 @@
         // Decrement the reference count for this NetworkRequestInfo. The reference count is
         // incremented when the NetworkRequestInfo is created as part of
         // enforceRequestCountLimit().
-        nri.decrementRequestCount();
+        nri.mPerUidCounter.decrementCount(nri.mUid);
 
         iCb.unlinkToDeath(cbInfo, 0);
     }
@@ -10300,23 +10769,40 @@
                         callback));
     }
 
+    private boolean hasUnderlyingTestNetworks(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        final List<Network> underlyingNetworks = nc.getUnderlyingNetworks();
+        if (underlyingNetworks == null) return false;
+
+        for (Network network : underlyingNetworks) {
+            if (getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network).hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void simulateDataStall(int detectionMethod, long timestampMillis,
             @NonNull Network network, @NonNull PersistableBundle extras) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(network, "network must not be null");
         Objects.requireNonNull(extras, "extras must not be null");
 
-        enforceAnyPermissionOf(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS,
+        enforceAnyPermissionOf(mContext,
+                android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS,
                 android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK);
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network);
-        if (!nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST)) {
-            throw new SecurityException("Data Stall simulation is only possible for test networks");
+        if (!nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST) && !hasUnderlyingTestNetworks(nc)) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Data Stall simulation is only possible for test networks or networks built on"
+                            + " top of test networks");
         }
 
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-        if (nai == null || nai.creatorUid != mDeps.getCallingUid()) {
-            throw new SecurityException("Data Stall simulation is only possible for network "
-                + "creators");
+        if (nai == null
+                || (nai.creatorUid != mDeps.getCallingUid()
+                        && nai.creatorUid != Process.SYSTEM_UID)) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Data Stall simulation is only possible for network " + "creators");
         }
 
         // Instead of passing the data stall directly to the ConnectivityDiagnostics handler, treat
@@ -10348,14 +10834,14 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(String iface, boolean up) {
+        public void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(@NonNull String iface, boolean up) {
             for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
                 nai.clatd.interfaceLinkStateChanged(iface, up);
             }
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onInterfaceRemoved(String iface) {
+        public void onInterfaceRemoved(@NonNull String iface) {
             for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
                 nai.clatd.interfaceRemoved(iface);
             }
@@ -10378,10 +10864,10 @@
         @GuardedBy("mActiveIdleTimers")
         private boolean mNetworkActive;
         @GuardedBy("mActiveIdleTimers")
-        private final ArrayMap<String, IdleTimerParams> mActiveIdleTimers = new ArrayMap();
+        private final ArrayMap<String, IdleTimerParams> mActiveIdleTimers = new ArrayMap<>();
         private final Handler mHandler;
 
-        private class IdleTimerParams {
+        private static class IdleTimerParams {
             public final int timeout;
             public final int transportType;
 
@@ -10427,7 +10913,7 @@
                     try {
                         mNetworkActivityListeners.getBroadcastItem(i).onNetworkActive();
                     } catch (RemoteException | RuntimeException e) {
-                        loge("Fail to send network activie to listener " + e);
+                        loge("Fail to send network activity to listener " + e);
                     }
                 }
             } finally {
@@ -10648,8 +11134,8 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     public void registerQosCallbackInternal(@NonNull final QosFilter filter,
             @NonNull final IQosCallback callback, @NonNull final NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
-        if (filter == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("filter must be non-null");
-        if (callback == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("callback must be non-null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(filter, "filter must be non-null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "callback must be non-null");
 
         if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)) {
             // TODO: Check allowed list here and ensure that either a) any QoS callback registered
@@ -10714,7 +11200,7 @@
             preferences.add(pref);
         }
 
-        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
         if (DBG) {
             log("setProfileNetworkPreferences " + profile + " to " + preferences);
         }
@@ -10727,12 +11213,12 @@
                     + "or the device owner must be set. ");
         }
 
-        final List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference> preferenceList =
-                new ArrayList<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference>();
+        final List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo> preferenceList = new ArrayList<>();
         boolean hasDefaultPreference = false;
         for (final ProfileNetworkPreference preference : preferences) {
             final NetworkCapabilities nc;
             boolean allowFallback = true;
+            boolean blockingNonEnterprise = false;
             switch (preference.getPreference()) {
                 case ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT:
                     nc = null;
@@ -10742,6 +11228,9 @@
                                 "Invalid enterprise identifier in setProfileNetworkPreferences");
                     }
                     break;
+                case ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING:
+                    blockingNonEnterprise = true;
+                    // continue to process the enterprise preference.
                 case ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK:
                     allowFallback = false;
                     // continue to process the enterprise preference.
@@ -10775,8 +11264,8 @@
                     throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                             "Invalid preference in setProfileNetworkPreferences");
             }
-            preferenceList.add(new ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference(
-                    profile, nc, allowFallback));
+            preferenceList.add(new ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo(
+                    profile, nc, allowFallback, blockingNonEnterprise));
             if (hasDefaultPreference && preferenceList.size() > 1) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                         "Default profile preference should not be set along with other preference");
@@ -10809,7 +11298,7 @@
                 uidRangeSet = UidRangeUtils.removeRangeSetFromUidRange(profileUids,
                         disallowUidRangeSet);
             } else {
-                uidRangeSet = new ArraySet<UidRange>();
+                uidRangeSet = new ArraySet<>();
                 uidRangeSet.add(profileUids);
             }
         }
@@ -10818,17 +11307,16 @@
 
     private boolean isEnterpriseIdentifierValid(
             @NetworkCapabilities.EnterpriseId int identifier) {
-        if ((identifier >= NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1)
-                && (identifier <= NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5)) {
+        if ((identifier >= NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1) && (identifier <= NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_5)) {
             return true;
         }
         return false;
     }
 
     private ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> createNrisFromProfileNetworkPreferences(
-            @NonNull final ProfileNetworkPreferenceList prefs) {
+            @NonNull final NetworkPreferenceList<UserHandle, ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo> prefs) {
         final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> result = new ArraySet<>();
-        for (final ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference pref : prefs.preferences) {
+        for (final ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo pref : prefs) {
             // The NRI for a user should contain the request for capabilities.
             // If fallback to default network is needed then NRI should include
             // the request for the default network. Create an image of it to
@@ -10858,12 +11346,12 @@
      *
      */
     private boolean isRangeAlreadyInPreferenceList(
-            @NonNull List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference> preferenceList,
+            @NonNull List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo> preferenceList,
             @NonNull Set<UidRange> uidRangeSet) {
         if (uidRangeSet.size() == 0 || preferenceList.size() == 0) {
             return false;
         }
-        for (ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference pref : preferenceList) {
+        for (ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo pref : preferenceList) {
             if (UidRangeUtils.doesRangeSetOverlap(
                     UidRange.fromIntRanges(pref.capabilities.getUids()), uidRangeSet)) {
                 return true;
@@ -10873,7 +11361,7 @@
     }
 
     private void handleSetProfileNetworkPreference(
-            @NonNull final List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference> preferenceList,
+            @NonNull final List<ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo> preferenceList,
             @Nullable final IOnCompleteListener listener) {
         /*
          * handleSetProfileNetworkPreference is always called for single user.
@@ -10882,15 +11370,16 @@
          * Clear all the existing preferences for the user before applying new preferences.
          *
          */
-        mProfileNetworkPreferences = mProfileNetworkPreferences.withoutUser(
-                preferenceList.get(0).user);
-        for (final ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.Preference preference : preferenceList) {
+        mProfileNetworkPreferences = mProfileNetworkPreferences.minus(preferenceList.get(0).user);
+        for (final ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo preference : preferenceList) {
             mProfileNetworkPreferences = mProfileNetworkPreferences.plus(preference);
         }
 
         removeDefaultNetworkRequestsForPreference(PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE);
         addPerAppDefaultNetworkRequests(
                 createNrisFromProfileNetworkPreferences(mProfileNetworkPreferences));
+        updateProfileAllowedNetworks();
+
         // Finally, rematch.
         rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
 
@@ -11019,6 +11508,60 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Sets the specified UIDs to get/receive the VPN as the only default network.
+     *
+     * Calling this will overwrite the existing network preference for this session, and the
+     * specified UIDs won't get any default network when no VPN is connected.
+     *
+     * @param session The VPN session which manages the passed UIDs.
+     * @param ranges The uid ranges which will treat VPN as the only preferred network. Clear the
+     *               setting for this session if the array is empty. Null is not allowed, the
+     *               method will use {@link Objects#requireNonNull(Object)} to check this variable.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setVpnNetworkPreference(String session, UidRange[] ranges) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(ranges);
+        enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+        final UidRange[] sortedRanges = UidRangeUtils.sortRangesByStartUid(ranges);
+        if (UidRangeUtils.sortedRangesContainOverlap(sortedRanges)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "setVpnNetworkPreference: Passed UID ranges overlap");
+        }
+
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_SET_VPN_NETWORK_PREFERENCE,
+                new VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo(session,
+                        new ArraySet<UidRange>(Arrays.asList(ranges)))));
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetVpnNetworkPreference(VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo preferenceInfo) {
+        Log.d(TAG, "handleSetVpnNetworkPreference: preferenceInfo = " + preferenceInfo);
+
+        mVpnNetworkPreferences = mVpnNetworkPreferences.minus(preferenceInfo.getKey());
+        mVpnNetworkPreferences = mVpnNetworkPreferences.plus(preferenceInfo);
+
+        removeDefaultNetworkRequestsForPreference(PREFERENCE_ORDER_VPN);
+        addPerAppDefaultNetworkRequests(createNrisForVpnNetworkPreference(mVpnNetworkPreferences));
+        // Finally, rematch.
+        rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+    }
+
+    private ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> createNrisForVpnNetworkPreference(
+            @NonNull NetworkPreferenceList<String, VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo> preferenceList) {
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo preferenceInfo : preferenceList) {
+            final List<NetworkRequest> requests = new ArrayList<>();
+            // Request VPN only, so other networks won't be the fallback options when VPN is not
+            // connected temporarily.
+            requests.add(createVpnRequest());
+            final Set<UidRange> uidRanges = new ArraySet(preferenceInfo.getUidRangesNoCopy());
+            setNetworkRequestUids(requests, uidRanges);
+            nris.add(new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), requests, PREFERENCE_ORDER_VPN));
+        }
+        return nris;
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Check the validity of an OEM network preference to be used for testing purposes.
      * @param preference the preference to validate
      * @return true if this is a valid OEM network preference test request.
@@ -11359,6 +11902,12 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public int getUidFirewallRule(final int chain, final int uid) {
+        enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+        return mBpfNetMaps.getUidRule(chain, uid);
+    }
+
     private int getFirewallRuleType(int chain, int rule) {
         final int defaultRule;
         switch (chain) {
@@ -11394,42 +11943,22 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public boolean getFirewallChainEnabled(final int chain) {
+        enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
+
+        return mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(chain);
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public void replaceFirewallChain(final int chain, final int[] uids) {
         enforceNetworkStackOrSettingsPermission();
 
-        try {
-            switch (chain) {
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_dozable", true /* isAllowList */, uids);
-                    break;
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_standby", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
-                    break;
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_powersave", true /* isAllowList */, uids);
-                    break;
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_restricted", true /* isAllowList */, uids);
-                    break;
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_low_power_standby", true /* isAllowList */,
-                            uids);
-                    break;
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_oem_deny_1", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
-                    break;
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_oem_deny_2", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
-                    break;
-                case ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3:
-                    mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain("fw_oem_deny_3", false /* isAllowList */, uids);
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("replaceFirewallChain with invalid chain: "
-                            + chain);
-            }
-        } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
-        }
+        mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(chain, uids);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBinder getCompanionDeviceManagerProxyService() {
+        enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        return mCdmps;
     }
 }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
index e12190c..843b7b3 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetdUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
 
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
@@ -76,7 +76,13 @@
     @NonNull private final NetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
 
     // Native method stubs
-    private static native int jniCreateTunTap(boolean isTun, @NonNull String iface);
+    private static native int nativeCreateTunTap(boolean isTun, boolean hasCarrier,
+            boolean setIffMulticast, @NonNull String iface);
+
+    private static native void nativeSetTunTapCarrierEnabled(@NonNull String iface, int tunFd,
+            boolean enabled);
+
+    private static native void nativeBringUpInterface(String iface);
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     protected TestNetworkService(@NonNull Context context) {
@@ -114,8 +120,8 @@
      * interface.
      */
     @Override
-    public TestNetworkInterface createInterface(boolean isTun, boolean bringUp,
-            LinkAddress[] linkAddrs, @Nullable String iface) {
+    public TestNetworkInterface createInterface(boolean isTun, boolean hasCarrier, boolean bringUp,
+            boolean disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay, LinkAddress[] linkAddrs, @Nullable String iface) {
         enforceTestNetworkPermissions(mContext);
 
         Objects.requireNonNull(linkAddrs, "missing linkAddrs");
@@ -130,8 +136,22 @@
 
         final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
         try {
-            ParcelFileDescriptor tunIntf =
-                    ParcelFileDescriptor.adoptFd(jniCreateTunTap(isTun, interfaceName));
+            // Note: if the interface is brought up by ethernet, setting IFF_MULTICAST
+            // races NetUtils#setInterfaceUp(). This flag is not necessary for ethernet
+            // tests, so let's not set it when bringUp is false. See also b/242343156.
+            // In the future, we could use RTM_SETLINK with ifi_change set to set the
+            // flags atomically.
+            final boolean setIffMulticast = bringUp;
+            ParcelFileDescriptor tunIntf = ParcelFileDescriptor.adoptFd(
+                    nativeCreateTunTap(isTun, hasCarrier, setIffMulticast, interfaceName));
+
+            // Disable DAD and remove router_solicitation_delay before assigning link addresses.
+            if (disableIpv6ProvisioningDelay) {
+                mNetd.setProcSysNet(
+                        INetd.IPV6, INetd.CONF, interfaceName, "router_solicitation_delay", "0");
+                mNetd.setProcSysNet(INetd.IPV6, INetd.CONF, interfaceName, "dad_transmits", "0");
+            }
+
             for (LinkAddress addr : linkAddrs) {
                 mNetd.interfaceAddAddress(
                         interfaceName,
@@ -140,7 +160,7 @@
             }
 
             if (bringUp) {
-                NetdUtils.setInterfaceUp(mNetd, interfaceName);
+                nativeBringUpInterface(interfaceName);
             }
 
             return new TestNetworkInterface(tunIntf, interfaceName);
@@ -290,9 +310,11 @@
                     NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_ADDR_ANY, 0), null, iface));
         }
 
+        // For testing purpose, fill legacy type for NetworkStatsService since it does not
+        // support transport types.
         final TestNetworkAgent agent = new TestNetworkAgent(context, looper, nc, lp,
-                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), callingUid, binder,
-                mNetworkProvider);
+                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().setLegacyType(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST)
+                        .build(), callingUid, binder, mNetworkProvider);
         agent.register();
         agent.markConnected();
         return agent;
@@ -375,4 +397,20 @@
     public static void enforceTestNetworkPermissions(@NonNull Context context) {
         context.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(PERMISSION_NAME, "TestNetworkService");
     }
+
+    /** Enable / disable TestNetworkInterface carrier */
+    @Override
+    public void setCarrierEnabled(@NonNull TestNetworkInterface iface, boolean enabled) {
+        enforceTestNetworkPermissions(mContext);
+        nativeSetTunTapCarrierEnabled(iface.getInterfaceName(), iface.getFileDescriptor().getFd(),
+                enabled);
+        // Explicitly close fd after use to prevent StrictMode from complaining.
+        // Also, explicitly referencing iface guarantees that the object is not garbage collected
+        // before nativeSetTunTapCarrierEnabled() executes.
+        try {
+            iface.getFileDescriptor().close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // if the close fails, there is not much that can be done -- move on.
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapValue.java b/service/src/com/android/server/UidOwnerValue.java
similarity index 60%
copy from service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapValue.java
copy to service/src/com/android/server/UidOwnerValue.java
index 93b9195..d6c0e0d 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/CookieTagMapValue.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/UidOwnerValue.java
@@ -14,24 +14,22 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package com.android.server.net;
+package com.android.server;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Field;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.Type;
 
-/**
- * Value for cookie tag map.
- */
-public class CookieTagMapValue extends Struct {
-    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long uid;
+/** Value type for per uid traffic control configuration map  */
+public class UidOwnerValue extends Struct {
+    // Allowed interface index. Only applicable if IIF_MATCH is set in the rule bitmask below.
+    @Field(order = 0, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int iif;
 
+    // A bitmask of match type.
     @Field(order = 1, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long tag;
+    public final long rule;
 
-    public CookieTagMapValue(final long uid, final long tag) {
-        this.uid = uid;
-        this.tag = tag;
+    public UidOwnerValue(final int iif, final long rule) {
+        this.iif = iif;
+        this.rule = rule;
     }
 }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76e966f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser;
+import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+
+
+/**
+ * The class for parsing and checking the self-declared application network capabilities.
+ *
+ * ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities is an immutable class that
+ * can parse the self-declared application network capabilities in the application resources. The
+ * class also provides a helper method to check whether the requested network capabilities
+ * already self-declared.
+ */
+public final class ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities {
+
+    public static final String PRIORITIZE_LATENCY = "NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY";
+    public static final String PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH = "NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH";
+
+    private static final String TAG =
+            ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION_TAG =
+            "network-capabilities-declaration";
+    private static final String USES_NETWORK_CAPABILITY_TAG = "uses-network-capability";
+    private static final String NAME_TAG = "name";
+
+    private long mRequestedNetworkCapabilities = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates {@link ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities} from a xml parser.
+     *
+     * <p> Here is an example of the xml syntax:
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * {@code
+     *  <network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+     *     <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+     *     <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH"/>
+     * </network-capabilities-declaration>
+     * }
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>
+     *
+     * @param xmlParser The underlying {@link XmlPullParser} that will read the xml.
+     * @return An ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities object.
+     * @throws InvalidTagException    if the capabilities in xml config contains invalid tag.
+     * @throws XmlPullParserException if xml parsing failed.
+     * @throws IOException            if unable to read the xml file properly.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities createFromXml(
+            @NonNull final XmlPullParser xmlParser)
+            throws InvalidTagException, XmlPullParserException, IOException {
+        return new ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities(parseXml(xmlParser));
+    }
+
+    private static long parseXml(@NonNull final XmlPullParser xmlParser)
+            throws InvalidTagException, XmlPullParserException, IOException {
+        long requestedNetworkCapabilities = 0;
+        final ArrayDeque<String> openTags = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+        while (checkedNextTag(xmlParser, openTags) != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Validates the tag is "network-capabilities-declaration"
+        if (!xmlParser.getName().equals(NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION_TAG)) {
+            throw new InvalidTagException("Invalid tag: " + xmlParser.getName());
+        }
+
+        checkedNextTag(xmlParser, openTags);
+        int eventType = xmlParser.getEventType();
+        while (eventType != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT) {
+            switch (eventType) {
+                case XmlPullParser.START_TAG:
+                    // USES_NETWORK_CAPABILITY_TAG should directly be declared under
+                    // NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION_TAG.
+                    if (xmlParser.getName().equals(USES_NETWORK_CAPABILITY_TAG)
+                            && openTags.size() == 1) {
+                        int capability = parseDeclarationTag(xmlParser);
+                        if (capability >= 0) {
+                            requestedNetworkCapabilities |= 1L << capability;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        Log.w(TAG, "Unknown tag: " + xmlParser.getName() + " ,tags stack size: "
+                                + openTags.size());
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+            eventType = checkedNextTag(xmlParser, openTags);
+        }
+        // Checks all the tags are parsed.
+        if (!openTags.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new InvalidTagException("Unbalanced tag: " + openTags.peek());
+        }
+        return requestedNetworkCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    private static int parseDeclarationTag(@NonNull final XmlPullParser xmlParser) {
+        String name = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < xmlParser.getAttributeCount(); i++) {
+            final String attrName = xmlParser.getAttributeName(i);
+            if (attrName.equals(NAME_TAG)) {
+                name = xmlParser.getAttributeValue(i);
+            } else {
+                Log.w(TAG, "Unknown attribute name: " + attrName);
+            }
+        }
+        if (name != null) {
+            switch (name) {
+                case PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH:
+                    return NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH;
+                case PRIORITIZE_LATENCY:
+                    return NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY;
+                default:
+                    Log.w(TAG, "Unknown capability declaration name: " + name);
+            }
+        } else {
+            Log.w(TAG, "uses-network-capability name must be specified");
+        }
+        // Invalid capability
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private static int checkedNextTag(@NonNull final XmlPullParser xmlParser,
+            @NonNull final ArrayDeque<String> openTags)
+            throws XmlPullParserException, IOException, InvalidTagException {
+        if (xmlParser.getEventType() == XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
+            openTags.addFirst(xmlParser.getName());
+        } else if (xmlParser.getEventType() == XmlPullParser.END_TAG) {
+            if (!openTags.isEmpty() && openTags.peekFirst().equals(xmlParser.getName())) {
+                openTags.removeFirst();
+            } else {
+                throw new InvalidTagException("Unbalanced tag: " + xmlParser.getName());
+            }
+        }
+        return xmlParser.next();
+    }
+
+    private ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities(long requestedNetworkCapabilities) {
+        mRequestedNetworkCapabilities = requestedNetworkCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enforces self-certified capabilities are declared.
+     *
+     * @param networkCapabilities the input NetworkCapabilities to check against.
+     * @throws SecurityException if the capabilities are not properly self-declared.
+     */
+    public void enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+        if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+                NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                && !hasPrioritizeBandwidth()) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Missing " + ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH
+                            + " declaration");
+        }
+        if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+                NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                && !hasPrioritizeLatency()) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Missing " + ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.PRIORITIZE_LATENCY
+                            + " declaration");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY is declared.
+     */
+    private boolean hasPrioritizeLatency() {
+        return (mRequestedNetworkCapabilities & (1L
+                << NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH is declared.
+     */
+    private boolean hasPrioritizeBandwidth() {
+        return (mRequestedNetworkCapabilities & (1L
+                << NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)) != 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee8ab68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,857 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.MIN_INTERVAL_SEC;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS_PAUSED;
+import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_TETHERING;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOL_SOCKET;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SO_SNDTIMEO;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants.NLMSG_DONE;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants.SOCKDIAG_MSG_HEADER_SIZE;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants.SOCK_DIAG_BY_FAMILY;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils.IO_TIMEOUT_MS;
+
+import android.annotation.IntDef;
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.app.AlarmManager;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
+import android.net.MarkMaskParcel;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.SocketKeepalive.InvalidSocketException;
+import android.os.FileUtils;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.system.StructTimeval;
+import android.util.LocalLog;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BinderUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SocketUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.InetDiagMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlAttr;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Manages automatic on/off socket keepalive requests.
+ *
+ * Provides methods to stop and start automatic keepalive requests, and keeps track of keepalives
+ * across all networks. This class is tightly coupled to ConnectivityService. It is not
+ * thread-safe and its handle* methods must be called only from the ConnectivityService handler
+ * thread.
+ */
+public class AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker {
+    private static final String TAG = "AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker";
+    private static final int[] ADDRESS_FAMILIES = new int[] {AF_INET6, AF_INET};
+    private static final long LOW_TCP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS = 1_000L;
+    private static final int ADJUST_TCP_POLLING_DELAY_MS = 2000;
+    private static final String AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION =
+            "automatic_on_off_keepalive_version";
+
+    // ConnectivityService parses message constants from itself and AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker
+    // with MessageUtils for debugging purposes, and crashes if some messages have the same values.
+    private static final int BASE = 2000;
+    /**
+     * Sent by AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker periodically (when relevant) to trigger monitor
+     * automatic keepalive request.
+     *
+     * NATT keepalives have an automatic mode where the system only sends keepalive packets when
+     * TCP sockets are open over a VPN. The system will check periodically for presence of
+     * such open sockets, and this message is what triggers the re-evaluation.
+     *
+     * obj = A Binder object associated with the keepalive.
+     */
+    public static final int CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Sent by AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker to ConnectivityService to start a keepalive.
+     *
+     * obj = AutomaticKeepaliveInfo object
+     */
+    public static final int CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE = BASE + 2;
+
+    /**
+     * States for {@code #AutomaticOnOffKeepalive}.
+     *
+     * If automatic mode is off for this keepalive, the state is STATE_ALWAYS_ON and it stays
+     * so for the entire lifetime of this object.
+     *
+     * If enabled, a new AutomaticOnOffKeepalive starts with STATE_ENABLED. The system will monitor
+     * the TCP sockets on VPN networks running on top of the specified network, and turn off
+     * keepalive if there is no TCP socket any of the VPN networks. Conversely, it will turn
+     * keepalive back on if any TCP socket is open on any of the VPN networks.
+     *
+     * When there is no TCP socket on any of the VPN networks, the state becomes STATE_SUSPENDED.
+     * The {@link KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo} object is kept to remember the parameters so it
+     * is possible to resume keepalive later with the same parameters.
+     *
+     * When the system detects some TCP socket is open on one of the VPNs while in STATE_SUSPENDED,
+     * this AutomaticOnOffKeepalive goes to STATE_ENABLED again.
+     *
+     * When finishing keepalive, this object is deleted.
+     */
+    private static final int STATE_ENABLED = 0;
+    private static final int STATE_SUSPENDED = 1;
+    private static final int STATE_ALWAYS_ON = 2;
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+    @IntDef(prefix = { "STATE_" }, value = {
+            STATE_ENABLED,
+            STATE_SUSPENDED,
+            STATE_ALWAYS_ON
+    })
+    private @interface AutomaticOnOffState {}
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
+    @NonNull
+    private final KeepaliveTracker mKeepaliveTracker;
+    @NonNull
+    private final Context mContext;
+    @NonNull
+    private final AlarmManager mAlarmManager;
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code inetDiagReqV2} messages for different IP family.
+     *
+     *   Key: Ip family type.
+     * Value: Bytes array represent the {@code inetDiagReqV2}.
+     *
+     * This should only be accessed in the connectivity service handler thread.
+     */
+    private final SparseArray<byte[]> mSockDiagMsg = new SparseArray<>();
+    private final Dependencies mDependencies;
+    private final INetd mNetd;
+    /**
+     * Keeps track of automatic on/off keepalive requests.
+     * This should be only updated in ConnectivityService handler thread.
+     */
+    private final ArrayList<AutomaticOnOffKeepalive> mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives = new ArrayList<>();
+    // TODO: Remove this when TCP polling design is replaced with callback.
+    private long mTestLowTcpPollingTimerUntilMs = 0;
+
+    private static final int MAX_EVENTS_LOGS = 40;
+    private final LocalLog mEventLog = new LocalLog(MAX_EVENTS_LOGS);
+
+    private final KeepaliveStatsTracker mKeepaliveStatsTracker = new KeepaliveStatsTracker();
+    /**
+     * Information about a managed keepalive.
+     *
+     * The keepalive in mKi is managed by this object. This object can be in one of three states
+     * (in mAutomatiOnOffState) :
+     * • STATE_ALWAYS_ON : this keepalive is always on
+     * • STATE_ENABLED : this keepalive is currently on, and monitored for possibly being turned
+     *                   off if no TCP socket is open on the VPN.
+     * • STATE_SUSPENDED : this keepalive is currently off, and monitored for possibly being
+     *                     resumed if a TCP socket is open on the VPN.
+     * See the documentation for the states for more detail.
+     */
+    public class AutomaticOnOffKeepalive implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        @NonNull
+        private final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo mKi;
+        @NonNull
+        private final ISocketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
+        @Nullable
+        private final FileDescriptor mFd;
+        @Nullable
+        private final AlarmManager.OnAlarmListener mAlarmListener;
+        @AutomaticOnOffState
+        private int mAutomaticOnOffState;
+        @Nullable
+        private final Network mUnderpinnedNetwork;
+
+        AutomaticOnOffKeepalive(@NonNull final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo ki,
+                final boolean autoOnOff, @Nullable Network underpinnedNetwork)
+                throws InvalidSocketException {
+            this.mKi = Objects.requireNonNull(ki);
+            mCallback = ki.mCallback;
+            mUnderpinnedNetwork = underpinnedNetwork;
+            if (autoOnOff && mDependencies.isFeatureEnabled(AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION,
+                    true /* defaultEnabled */)) {
+                mAutomaticOnOffState = STATE_ENABLED;
+                if (null == ki.mFd) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("fd can't be null with automatic "
+                            + "on/off keepalives");
+                }
+                try {
+                    mFd = Os.dup(ki.mFd);
+                } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Cannot dup fd: ", e);
+                    throw new InvalidSocketException(ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET, e);
+                }
+                mAlarmListener = () -> mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(
+                        CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE, mCallback.asBinder())
+                        .sendToTarget();
+            } else {
+                mAutomaticOnOffState = STATE_ALWAYS_ON;
+                // A null fd is acceptable in KeepaliveInfo for backward compatibility of
+                // PacketKeepalive API, but it must never happen with automatic keepalives.
+                // TODO : remove mFd from KeepaliveInfo or from this class.
+                mFd = ki.mFd;
+                mAlarmListener = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        public ISocketKeepaliveCallback getCallback() {
+            return mCallback;
+        }
+
+        public Network getNetwork() {
+            return mKi.getNai().network;
+        }
+
+        @Nullable
+        public Network getUnderpinnedNetwork() {
+            return mUnderpinnedNetwork;
+        }
+
+        public boolean match(Network network, int slot) {
+            return mKi.getNai().network().equals(network) && mKi.getSlot() == slot;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void binderDied() {
+            mEventLog.log("Binder died : " + mCallback);
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.post(() -> cleanupAutoOnOffKeepalive(this));
+        }
+
+        /** Close this automatic on/off keepalive */
+        public void close() {
+            // Close the duplicated fd that maintains the lifecycle of socket. If this fd was
+            // not duplicated this is a no-op.
+            FileUtils.closeQuietly(mFd);
+        }
+
+        private String getAutomaticOnOffStateName(int state) {
+            switch (state) {
+                case STATE_ENABLED:
+                    return "STATE_ENABLED";
+                case STATE_SUSPENDED:
+                    return "STATE_SUSPENDED";
+                case STATE_ALWAYS_ON:
+                    return "STATE_ALWAYS_ON";
+                default:
+                    Log.e(TAG, "Get unexpected state:" + state);
+                    return Integer.toString(state);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "AutomaticOnOffKeepalive [ "
+                    + mKi
+                    + ", state=" + getAutomaticOnOffStateName(mAutomaticOnOffState)
+                    + " ]";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Handler handler) {
+        this(context, handler, new Dependencies(context));
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Handler handler,
+            @NonNull Dependencies dependencies) {
+        mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context);
+        mDependencies = Objects.requireNonNull(dependencies);
+        mConnectivityServiceHandler = Objects.requireNonNull(handler);
+        mNetd = mDependencies.getNetd();
+        mKeepaliveTracker = mDependencies.newKeepaliveTracker(
+                mContext, mConnectivityServiceHandler);
+
+        mAlarmManager = mDependencies.getAlarmManager(context);
+    }
+
+    private void startTcpPollingAlarm(@NonNull AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki) {
+        if (ki.mAlarmListener == null) return;
+
+        final long triggerAtMillis =
+                mDependencies.getElapsedRealtime() + getTcpPollingIntervalMs(ki);
+        // Setup a non-wake up alarm.
+        mAlarmManager.setExact(AlarmManager.ELAPSED_REALTIME, triggerAtMillis, null /* tag */,
+                ki.mAlarmListener, mConnectivityServiceHandler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if any state transition is needed for the specific automatic keepalive.
+     */
+    public void handleMonitorAutomaticKeepalive(@NonNull final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki,
+            final int vpnNetId) {
+        // Might happen if the automatic keepalive was removed by the app just as the alarm fires.
+        if (!mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives.contains(ki)) return;
+        if (STATE_ALWAYS_ON == ki.mAutomaticOnOffState) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Should not monitor non-auto keepalive");
+        }
+
+        handleMonitorTcpConnections(ki, vpnNetId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if disable or re-enable keepalive is needed or not based on TCP sockets status.
+     */
+    private void handleMonitorTcpConnections(@NonNull AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki, int vpnNetId) {
+        // Might happen if the automatic keepalive was removed by the app just as the alarm fires.
+        if (!mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives.contains(ki)) return;
+        if (STATE_ALWAYS_ON == ki.mAutomaticOnOffState) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Should not monitor non-auto keepalive");
+        }
+        if (!isAnyTcpSocketConnected(vpnNetId)) {
+            // No TCP socket exists. Stop keepalive if ENABLED, and remain SUSPENDED if currently
+            // SUSPENDED.
+            if (ki.mAutomaticOnOffState == STATE_ENABLED) {
+                ki.mAutomaticOnOffState = STATE_SUSPENDED;
+                handlePauseKeepalive(ki.mKi);
+            }
+        } else {
+            handleMaybeResumeKeepalive(ki);
+        }
+        // TODO: listen to socket status instead of periodically check.
+        startTcpPollingAlarm(ki);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resume an auto on/off keepalive, unless it's already resumed
+     * @param autoKi the keepalive to resume
+     */
+    public void handleMaybeResumeKeepalive(@NonNull AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi) {
+        mEventLog.log("Resume keepalive " + autoKi.mCallback + " on " + autoKi.getNetwork());
+        // Might happen if the automatic keepalive was removed by the app just as the alarm fires.
+        if (!mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives.contains(autoKi)) return;
+        if (STATE_ALWAYS_ON == autoKi.mAutomaticOnOffState) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Should not resume non-auto keepalive");
+        }
+        if (autoKi.mAutomaticOnOffState == STATE_ENABLED) return;
+        KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo newKi;
+        try {
+            // Get fd from AutomaticOnOffKeepalive since the fd in the original
+            // KeepaliveInfo should be closed.
+            newKi = autoKi.mKi.withFd(autoKi.mFd);
+        } catch (InvalidSocketException | IllegalArgumentException | SecurityException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Fail to construct keepalive", e);
+            mKeepaliveTracker.notifyErrorCallback(autoKi.mCallback, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+            return;
+        }
+        autoKi.mAutomaticOnOffState = STATE_ENABLED;
+        handleResumeKeepalive(newKi);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find the AutomaticOnOffKeepalive associated with a given callback.
+     * @return the keepalive associated with this callback, or null if none
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public AutomaticOnOffKeepalive getKeepaliveForBinder(@NonNull final IBinder token) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+
+        return CollectionUtils.findFirst(mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives,
+                it -> it.mCallback.asBinder().equals(token));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle keepalive events from lower layer.
+     *
+     * Forward to KeepaliveTracker.
+     */
+    public void handleEventSocketKeepalive(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, int slot, int reason) {
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleEventSocketKeepalive(nai, slot, reason);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle stop all keepalives on the specific network.
+     */
+    public void handleStopAllKeepalives(NetworkAgentInfo nai, int reason) {
+        mEventLog.log("Stop all keepalives on " + nai.network + " because " + reason);
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopAllKeepalives(nai, reason);
+        final List<AutomaticOnOffKeepalive> matches =
+                CollectionUtils.filter(mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives, it -> it.mKi.getNai() == nai);
+        for (final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki : matches) {
+            cleanupAutoOnOffKeepalive(ki);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle start keepalive contained within a message.
+     *
+     * The message is expected to contain a KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo.
+     */
+    public void handleStartKeepalive(Message message) {
+        final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi = (AutomaticOnOffKeepalive) message.obj;
+        mEventLog.log("Start keepalive " + autoKi.mCallback + " on " + autoKi.getNetwork());
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(autoKi.mKi);
+
+        // Add automatic on/off request into list to track its life cycle.
+        try {
+            autoKi.mKi.mCallback.asBinder().linkToDeath(autoKi, 0);
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            // The underlying keepalive performs its own cleanup
+            autoKi.binderDied();
+            return;
+        }
+        mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives.add(autoKi);
+        if (STATE_ALWAYS_ON != autoKi.mAutomaticOnOffState) {
+            startTcpPollingAlarm(autoKi);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleResumeKeepalive(@NonNull final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo ki) {
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(ki);
+        mEventLog.log("Resumed successfully keepalive " + ki.mCallback + " on " + ki.mNai);
+    }
+
+    private void handlePauseKeepalive(@NonNull final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo ki) {
+        mEventLog.log("Suspend keepalive " + ki.mCallback + " on " + ki.mNai);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+        // TODO : mKT.handleStopKeepalive should take a KeepaliveInfo instead
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopKeepalive(ki.getNai(), ki.getSlot(), SUCCESS_PAUSED);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle stop keepalives on the specific network with given slot.
+     */
+    public void handleStopKeepalive(@NonNull final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi, int reason) {
+        mEventLog.log("Stop keepalive " + autoKi.mCallback + " because " + reason);
+        // Stop the keepalive unless it was suspended. This includes the case where it's managed
+        // but enabled, and the case where it's always on.
+        if (autoKi.mAutomaticOnOffState != STATE_SUSPENDED) {
+            final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo ki = autoKi.mKi;
+            mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopKeepalive(ki.getNai(), ki.getSlot(), reason);
+        } else {
+            mKeepaliveTracker.finalizePausedKeepalive(autoKi.mKi);
+        }
+
+        cleanupAutoOnOffKeepalive(autoKi);
+    }
+
+    private void cleanupAutoOnOffKeepalive(@NonNull final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(autoKi.mAutomaticOnOffState != STATE_SUSPENDED);
+        autoKi.close();
+        if (null != autoKi.mAlarmListener) mAlarmManager.cancel(autoKi.mAlarmListener);
+
+        // If the KI is not in the array, it's because it was already removed, or it was never
+        // added ; the only ways this can happen is if the keepalive is stopped by the app and the
+        // app dies immediately, or if the app died before the link to death could be registered.
+        if (!mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives.remove(autoKi)) return;
+
+        autoKi.mKi.mCallback.asBinder().unlinkToDeath(autoKi, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when requesting that keepalives be started on a IPsec NAT-T socket. See
+     * {@link android.net.SocketKeepalive}.
+     *
+     * Forward to KeepaliveTracker.
+     **/
+    public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
+            int intervalSeconds,
+            @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb,
+            @NonNull String srcAddrString,
+            int srcPort,
+            @NonNull String dstAddrString,
+            int dstPort, boolean automaticOnOffKeepalives, @Nullable Network underpinnedNetwork) {
+        final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo ki = mKeepaliveTracker.makeNattKeepaliveInfo(nai, fd,
+                intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddrString, srcPort, dstAddrString, dstPort);
+        if (null == ki) return;
+        try {
+            final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi = new AutomaticOnOffKeepalive(ki,
+                    automaticOnOffKeepalives, underpinnedNetwork);
+            mEventLog.log("Start natt keepalive " + cb + " on " + nai.network
+                    + " " + srcAddrString + ":" + srcPort
+                    + " → " + dstAddrString + ":" + dstPort
+                    + " auto=" + autoKi
+                    + " underpinned=" + underpinnedNetwork);
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE, autoKi)
+                    .sendToTarget();
+        } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
+            mKeepaliveTracker.notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when requesting that keepalives be started on a IPsec NAT-T socket. See
+     * {@link android.net.SocketKeepalive}.
+     *
+     * Forward to KeepaliveTracker.
+     **/
+    public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
+            int resourceId,
+            int intervalSeconds,
+            @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb,
+            @NonNull String srcAddrString,
+            @NonNull String dstAddrString,
+            int dstPort,
+            boolean automaticOnOffKeepalives,
+            @Nullable Network underpinnedNetwork) {
+        final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo ki = mKeepaliveTracker.makeNattKeepaliveInfo(nai, fd,
+                resourceId, intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddrString, dstAddrString, dstPort);
+        if (null == ki) return;
+        try {
+            final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi = new AutomaticOnOffKeepalive(ki,
+                    automaticOnOffKeepalives, underpinnedNetwork);
+            mEventLog.log("Start natt keepalive " + cb + " on " + nai.network
+                    + " " + srcAddrString
+                    + " → " + dstAddrString + ":" + dstPort
+                    + " auto=" + autoKi
+                    + " underpinned=" + underpinnedNetwork);
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE, autoKi)
+                    .sendToTarget();
+        } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
+            mKeepaliveTracker.notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by ConnectivityService to start TCP keepalive on a file descriptor.
+     *
+     * In order to offload keepalive for application correctly, sequence number, ack number and
+     * other fields are needed to form the keepalive packet. Thus, this function synchronously
+     * puts the socket into repair mode to get the necessary information. After the socket has been
+     * put into repair mode, the application cannot access the socket until reverted to normal.
+     * See {@link android.net.SocketKeepalive}.
+     *
+     * Forward to KeepaliveTracker.
+     **/
+    public void startTcpKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+            @NonNull FileDescriptor fd,
+            int intervalSeconds,
+            @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb) {
+        final KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo ki = mKeepaliveTracker.makeTcpKeepaliveInfo(nai, fd,
+                intervalSeconds, cb);
+        if (null == ki) return;
+        try {
+            final AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi = new AutomaticOnOffKeepalive(ki,
+                    false /* autoOnOff, tcp keepalives are never auto on/off */,
+                    null /* underpinnedNetwork, tcp keepalives do not refer to this */);
+            mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE, autoKi)
+                    .sendToTarget();
+        } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
+            mKeepaliveTracker.notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dump AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker state.
+     */
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        mKeepaliveTracker.dump(pw);
+        // Reading DeviceConfig will check if the calling uid and calling package name are the same.
+        // Clear calling identity to align the calling uid and package so that it won't fail if cts
+        // would like to do the dump()
+        final boolean featureEnabled = BinderUtils.withCleanCallingIdentity(
+                () -> mDependencies.isFeatureEnabled(AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION,
+                        true /* defaultEnabled */));
+        pw.println("AutomaticOnOff enabled: " + featureEnabled);
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        for (AutomaticOnOffKeepalive autoKi : mAutomaticOnOffKeepalives) {
+            pw.println(autoKi.toString());
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        pw.println("Events (most recent first):");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        mEventLog.reverseDump(pw);
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check all keepalives on the network are still valid.
+     *
+     * Forward to KeepaliveTracker.
+     */
+    public void handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+        mKeepaliveTracker.handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(nai);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    boolean isAnyTcpSocketConnected(int netId) {
+        FileDescriptor fd = null;
+
+        try {
+            fd = mDependencies.createConnectedNetlinkSocket();
+
+            // Get network mask
+            final MarkMaskParcel parcel = mNetd.getFwmarkForNetwork(netId);
+            final int networkMark = (parcel != null) ? parcel.mark : NetlinkUtils.UNKNOWN_MARK;
+            final int networkMask = (parcel != null) ? parcel.mask : NetlinkUtils.NULL_MASK;
+
+            // Send request for each IP family
+            for (final int family : ADDRESS_FAMILIES) {
+                if (isAnyTcpSocketConnectedForFamily(fd, family, networkMark, networkMask)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (ErrnoException | SocketException | InterruptedIOException | RemoteException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Fail to get socket info via netlink.", e);
+        } finally {
+            SocketUtils.closeSocketQuietly(fd);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isAnyTcpSocketConnectedForFamily(FileDescriptor fd, int family, int networkMark,
+            int networkMask) throws ErrnoException, InterruptedIOException {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
+        // Build SocketDiag messages and cache it.
+        if (mSockDiagMsg.get(family) == null) {
+            mSockDiagMsg.put(family, InetDiagMessage.buildInetDiagReqForAliveTcpSockets(family));
+        }
+        mDependencies.sendRequest(fd, mSockDiagMsg.get(family));
+
+        // Iteration limitation as a protection to avoid possible infinite loops.
+        // DEFAULT_RECV_BUFSIZE could read more than 20 sockets per time. Max iteration
+        // should be enough to go through reasonable TCP sockets in the device.
+        final int maxIteration = 100;
+        int parsingIteration = 0;
+        while (parsingIteration < maxIteration) {
+            final ByteBuffer bytes = mDependencies.recvSockDiagResponse(fd);
+
+            try {
+                while (NetlinkUtils.enoughBytesRemainForValidNlMsg(bytes)) {
+                    final int startPos = bytes.position();
+
+                    final int nlmsgLen = bytes.getInt();
+                    final int nlmsgType = bytes.getShort();
+                    if (isEndOfMessageOrError(nlmsgType)) return false;
+                    // TODO: Parse InetDiagMessage to get uid and dst address information to filter
+                    //  socket via NetlinkMessage.parse.
+
+                    // Skip the header to move to data part.
+                    bytes.position(startPos + SOCKDIAG_MSG_HEADER_SIZE);
+
+                    if (isTargetTcpSocket(bytes, nlmsgLen, networkMark, networkMask)) {
+                        if (Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG)) {
+                            bytes.position(startPos);
+                            final InetDiagMessage diagMsg = (InetDiagMessage) NetlinkMessage.parse(
+                                    bytes, OsConstants.NETLINK_INET_DIAG);
+                            Log.d(TAG, String.format("Found open TCP connection by uid %d to %s"
+                                            + " cookie %d",
+                                    diagMsg.inetDiagMsg.idiag_uid,
+                                    diagMsg.inetDiagMsg.id.remSocketAddress,
+                                    diagMsg.inetDiagMsg.id.cookie));
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (BufferUnderflowException e) {
+                // The exception happens in random place in either header position or any data
+                // position. Partial bytes from the middle of the byte buffer may not be enough to
+                // clarify, so print out the content before the error to possibly prevent printing
+                // the whole 8K buffer.
+                final int exceptionPos = bytes.position();
+                final String hex = HexDump.dumpHexString(bytes.array(), 0, exceptionPos);
+                Log.e(TAG, "Unexpected socket info parsing: " + hex, e);
+            }
+
+            parsingIteration++;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isEndOfMessageOrError(int nlmsgType) {
+        return nlmsgType == NLMSG_DONE || nlmsgType != SOCK_DIAG_BY_FAMILY;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTargetTcpSocket(@NonNull ByteBuffer bytes, int nlmsgLen, int networkMark,
+            int networkMask) {
+        final int mark = readSocketDataAndReturnMark(bytes, nlmsgLen);
+        return (mark & networkMask) == networkMark;
+    }
+
+    private int readSocketDataAndReturnMark(@NonNull ByteBuffer bytes, int nlmsgLen) {
+        final int nextMsgOffset = bytes.position() + nlmsgLen - SOCKDIAG_MSG_HEADER_SIZE;
+        int mark = NetlinkUtils.INIT_MARK_VALUE;
+        // Get socket mark
+        // TODO: Add a parsing method in NetlinkMessage.parse to support this to skip the remaining
+        //  data.
+        while (bytes.position() < nextMsgOffset) {
+            final StructNlAttr nlattr = StructNlAttr.parse(bytes);
+            if (nlattr != null && nlattr.nla_type == NetlinkUtils.INET_DIAG_MARK) {
+                mark = nlattr.getValueAsInteger();
+            }
+        }
+        return mark;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureRunningOnHandlerThread() {
+        if (mConnectivityServiceHandler.getLooper().getThread() != Thread.currentThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Not running on handler thread: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private long getTcpPollingIntervalMs(@NonNull AutomaticOnOffKeepalive ki) {
+        final boolean useLowTimer = mTestLowTcpPollingTimerUntilMs > System.currentTimeMillis();
+        // Adjust the polling interval to be smaller than the keepalive delay to preserve
+        // some time for the system to restart the keepalive.
+        final int timer = ki.mKi.getKeepaliveIntervalSec() * 1000 - ADJUST_TCP_POLLING_DELAY_MS;
+        if (timer < MIN_INTERVAL_SEC) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Unreasonably low keepalive delay: " + ki.mKi.getKeepaliveIntervalSec());
+        }
+        return useLowTimer ? LOW_TCP_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS : Math.max(timer, MIN_INTERVAL_SEC);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Temporarily use low TCP polling timer for testing.
+     * The value works when the time set is more than {@link System.currentTimeMillis()}.
+     */
+    public void handleSetTestLowTcpPollingTimer(long timeMs) {
+        Log.d(TAG, "handleSetTestLowTcpPollingTimer: " + timeMs);
+        mTestLowTcpPollingTimerUntilMs = timeMs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies class for testing.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        private final Context mContext;
+
+        public Dependencies(final Context context) {
+            mContext = context;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Create a netlink socket connected to the kernel.
+         *
+         * @return fd the fileDescriptor of the socket.
+         */
+        public FileDescriptor createConnectedNetlinkSocket()
+                throws ErrnoException, SocketException {
+            final FileDescriptor fd = NetlinkUtils.createNetLinkInetDiagSocket();
+            NetlinkUtils.connectSocketToNetlink(fd);
+            Os.setsockoptTimeval(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO,
+                    StructTimeval.fromMillis(IO_TIMEOUT_MS));
+            return fd;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Send composed message request to kernel.
+         *
+         * The given FileDescriptor is expected to be created by
+         * {@link #createConnectedNetlinkSocket} or equivalent way.
+         *
+         * @param fd a netlink socket {@code FileDescriptor} connected to the kernel.
+         * @param msg the byte array representing the request message to write to kernel.
+         */
+        public void sendRequest(@NonNull final FileDescriptor fd,
+                @NonNull final byte[] msg)
+                throws ErrnoException, InterruptedIOException {
+            Os.write(fd, msg, 0 /* byteOffset */, msg.length);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get an INetd connector.
+         */
+        public INetd getNetd() {
+            return INetd.Stub.asInterface(
+                    (IBinder) mContext.getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get an instance of AlarmManager
+         */
+        public AlarmManager getAlarmManager(@NonNull final Context ctx) {
+            return ctx.getSystemService(AlarmManager.class);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Receive the response message from kernel via given {@code FileDescriptor}.
+         * The usage should follow the {@code #sendRequest} call with the same
+         * FileDescriptor.
+         *
+         * The overall response may be large but the individual messages should not be
+         * excessively large(8-16kB) because trying to get the kernel to return
+         * everything in one big buffer is inefficient as it forces the kernel to allocate
+         * large chunks of linearly physically contiguous memory. The usage should iterate the
+         * call of this method until the end of the overall message.
+         *
+         * The default receiving buffer size should be small enough that it is always
+         * processed within the {@link NetlinkUtils#IO_TIMEOUT_MS} timeout.
+         */
+        public ByteBuffer recvSockDiagResponse(@NonNull final FileDescriptor fd)
+                throws ErrnoException, InterruptedIOException {
+            return NetlinkUtils.recvMessage(
+                    fd, NetlinkUtils.DEFAULT_RECV_BUFSIZE, NetlinkUtils.IO_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Construct a new KeepaliveTracker.
+         */
+        public KeepaliveTracker newKeepaliveTracker(@NonNull Context context,
+                @NonNull Handler connectivityserviceHander) {
+            return new KeepaliveTracker(mContext, connectivityserviceHander);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Find out if a feature is enabled from DeviceConfig.
+         *
+         * @param name The name of the property to look up.
+         * @param defaultEnabled whether to consider the feature enabled in the absence of
+         *                       the flag. This MUST be a statically-known constant.
+         * @return whether the feature is enabled
+         */
+        public boolean isFeatureEnabled(@NonNull final String name, final boolean defaultEnabled) {
+            return DeviceConfigUtils.isFeatureEnabled(mContext, NAMESPACE_TETHERING, name,
+                    defaultEnabled);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns milliseconds since boot, including time spent in sleep.
+         *
+         * @return elapsed milliseconds since boot.
+         */
+        public long getElapsedRealtime() {
+            return SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.java
index b06c8aa..4325763 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.HandlerExecutor;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.TelephonyManagerShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.TelephonyManagerShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim;
@@ -46,7 +47,6 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
-import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
 
 /**
  * Tracks the uid of the carrier privileged app that provides the carrier config.
@@ -105,27 +105,6 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * An adapter {@link Executor} that posts all executed tasks onto the given
-     * {@link Handler}.
-     *
-     * TODO : migrate to the version in frameworks/libs/net when it's ready
-     *
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public class HandlerExecutor implements Executor {
-        private final Handler mHandler;
-        public HandlerExecutor(@NonNull Handler handler) {
-            mHandler = handler;
-        }
-        @Override
-        public void execute(Runnable command) {
-            if (!mHandler.post(command)) {
-                throw new RejectedExecutionException(mHandler + " is shutting down");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Broadcast receiver for ACTION_MULTI_SIM_CONFIG_CHANGED
      *
      * <p>The broadcast receiver is registered with mHandler
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
index 3272075..fbe706c 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.ClatEgress4Value;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.ClatIngress6Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.ClatIngress6Value;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -64,6 +66,10 @@
 public class ClatCoordinator {
     private static final String TAG = ClatCoordinator.class.getSimpleName();
 
+    // Sync from system/core/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int AID_CLAT = 1029;
+
     // Sync from external/android-clat/clatd.c
     // 40 bytes IPv6 header - 20 bytes IPv4 header + 8 bytes fragment header.
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -98,6 +104,8 @@
     @VisibleForTesting
     static final int PRIO_CLAT = 4;
 
+    private static final String COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH =
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/netd_shared/map_netd_cookie_tag_map";
     private static final String CLAT_EGRESS4_MAP_PATH = makeMapPath("egress4");
     private static final String CLAT_INGRESS6_MAP_PATH = makeMapPath("ingress6");
 
@@ -105,12 +113,12 @@
         return "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/map_clatd_clat_" + which + "_map";
     }
 
-    private static String makeProgPath(boolean ingress, boolean ether) {
-        String path = "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/prog_clatd_schedcls_"
-                + (ingress ? "ingress6" : "egress4")
-                + "_clat_"
+    private static final String CLAT_EGRESS4_RAWIP_PROG_PATH =
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_rawip";
+
+    private static String makeIngressProgPath(boolean ether) {
+        return "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_"
                 + (ether ? "ether" : "rawip");
-        return path;
     }
 
     @NonNull
@@ -122,6 +130,8 @@
     @Nullable
     private final IBpfMap<ClatEgress4Key, ClatEgress4Value> mEgressMap;
     @Nullable
+    private final IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> mCookieTagMap;
+    @Nullable
     private ClatdTracker mClatdTracker = null;
 
     /**
@@ -173,8 +183,8 @@
          */
         @NonNull
         public String generateIpv6Address(@NonNull String iface, @NonNull String v4,
-                @NonNull String prefix64) throws IOException {
-            return native_generateIpv6Address(iface, v4, prefix64);
+                @NonNull String prefix64, int mark) throws IOException {
+            return native_generateIpv6Address(iface, v4, prefix64, mark);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -227,23 +237,15 @@
         /**
          * Stop clatd.
          */
-        public void stopClatd(String iface, String pfx96, String v4, String v6, int pid)
-                throws IOException {
-            native_stopClatd(iface, pfx96, v4, v6, pid);
+        public void stopClatd(int pid) throws IOException {
+            native_stopClatd(pid);
         }
 
         /**
-         * Tag socket as clat.
+         * Get socket cookie.
          */
-        public long tagSocketAsClat(@NonNull FileDescriptor sock) throws IOException {
-            return native_tagSocketAsClat(sock);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Untag socket.
-         */
-        public void untagSocket(long cookie) throws IOException {
-            native_untagSocket(cookie);
+        public long getSocketCookie(@NonNull FileDescriptor sock) throws IOException {
+            return native_getSocketCookie(sock);
         }
 
         /** Get ingress6 BPF map. */
@@ -280,6 +282,23 @@
             }
         }
 
+        /** Get cookie tag map */
+        @Nullable
+        public IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> getBpfCookieTagMap() {
+            // Pre-T devices don't use ClatCoordinator to access clat map. Since Nat464Xlat
+            // initializes a ClatCoordinator object to avoid redundant null pointer check
+            // while using, ignore the BPF map initialization on pre-T devices.
+            // TODO: probably don't initialize ClatCoordinator object on pre-T devices.
+            if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) return null;
+            try {
+                return new BpfMap<>(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH,
+                        BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, CookieTagMapKey.class, CookieTagMapValue.class);
+            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Cannot open cookie tag map: " + e);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
         /** Checks if the network interface uses an ethernet L2 header. */
         public boolean isEthernet(String iface) throws IOException {
             return TcUtils.isEthernet(iface);
@@ -348,6 +367,19 @@
                     && this.pid == that.pid
                     && this.cookie == that.cookie;
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "iface: " + iface
+                    + " (" + ifIndex + ")"
+                    + ", v4iface: " + v4iface
+                    + " (" + v4ifIndex + ")"
+                    + ", v4: " + v4
+                    + ", v6: " + v6
+                    + ", pfx96: " + pfx96
+                    + ", pid: " + pid
+                    + ", cookie: " + cookie;
+        }
     };
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -376,6 +408,7 @@
         mNetd = mDeps.getNetd();
         mIngressMap = mDeps.getBpfIngress6Map();
         mEgressMap = mDeps.getBpfEgress4Map();
+        mCookieTagMap = mDeps.getBpfCookieTagMap();
     }
 
     private void maybeStartBpf(final ClatdTracker tracker) {
@@ -444,7 +477,7 @@
             // tc filter add dev .. egress prio 4 protocol ip bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/...
             // direct-action
             mDeps.tcFilterAddDevBpf(tracker.v4ifIndex, EGRESS, (short) PRIO_CLAT, (short) ETH_P_IP,
-                    makeProgPath(EGRESS, RAWIP));
+                    CLAT_EGRESS4_RAWIP_PROG_PATH);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "tc filter add dev (" + tracker.v4ifIndex + "[" + tracker.v4iface
                     + "]) egress prio PRIO_CLAT protocol ip failure: " + e);
@@ -470,7 +503,7 @@
             // tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 4 protocol ipv6 bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/...
             // direct-action
             mDeps.tcFilterAddDevBpf(tracker.ifIndex, INGRESS, (short) PRIO_CLAT,
-                    (short) ETH_P_IPV6, makeProgPath(INGRESS, isEthernet));
+                    (short) ETH_P_IPV6, makeIngressProgPath(isEthernet));
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "tc filter add dev (" + tracker.ifIndex + "[" + tracker.iface
                     + "]) ingress prio PRIO_CLAT protocol ipv6 failure: " + e);
@@ -499,13 +532,79 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void maybeCleanUp(ParcelFileDescriptor tunFd, ParcelFileDescriptor readSock6,
+            ParcelFileDescriptor writeSock6) {
+        if (tunFd != null) {
+            try {
+                tunFd.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Fail to close tun file descriptor " + e);
+            }
+        }
+        if (readSock6 != null) {
+            try {
+                readSock6.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Fail to close read socket " + e);
+            }
+        }
+        if (writeSock6 != null) {
+            try {
+                writeSock6.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "Fail to close write socket " + e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void tagSocketAsClat(long cookie) throws IOException {
+        if (mCookieTagMap == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Cookie tag map is not initialized");
+        }
+
+        // Tag raw socket with uid AID_CLAT and set tag as zero because tag is unused in bpf
+        // program for counting data usage in netd.c. Tagging socket is used to avoid counting
+        // duplicated clat traffic in bpf stat.
+        final CookieTagMapKey key = new CookieTagMapKey(cookie);
+        final CookieTagMapValue value = new CookieTagMapValue(AID_CLAT, 0 /* tag, unused */);
+        try {
+            mCookieTagMap.insertEntry(key, value);
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IllegalStateException e) {
+            throw new IOException("Could not insert entry (" + key + ", " + value
+                    + ") on cookie tag map: " + e);
+        }
+        Log.i(TAG, "tag socket cookie " + cookie);
+    }
+
+    private void untagSocket(long cookie) throws IOException {
+        if (mCookieTagMap == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Cookie tag map is not initialized");
+        }
+
+        // The reason that deleting entry from cookie tag map directly is that the tag socket
+        // destroy listener only monitors on group INET_TCP, INET_UDP, INET6_TCP, INET6_UDP.
+        // The other socket types, ex: raw, are not able to be removed automatically by the
+        // listener. See TrafficController::makeSkDestroyListener.
+        final CookieTagMapKey key = new CookieTagMapKey(cookie);
+        try {
+            mCookieTagMap.deleteEntry(key);
+        } catch (ErrnoException | IllegalStateException e) {
+            throw new IOException("Could not delete entry (" + key + ") on cookie tag map: " + e);
+        }
+        Log.i(TAG, "untag socket cookie " + cookie);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isStarted() {
+        return mClatdTracker != null;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Start clatd for a given interface and NAT64 prefix.
      */
     public String clatStart(final String iface, final int netId,
             @NonNull final IpPrefix nat64Prefix)
             throws IOException {
-        if (mClatdTracker != null) {
+        if (isStarted()) {
             throw new IOException("Clatd is already running on " + mClatdTracker.iface
                     + " (pid " + mClatdTracker.pid + ")");
         }
@@ -529,10 +628,11 @@
         }
 
         // [2] Generate a checksum-neutral IID.
+        final Integer fwmark = getFwmark(netId);
         final String pfx96Str = nat64Prefix.getAddress().getHostAddress();
         final String v6Str;
         try {
-            v6Str = mDeps.generateIpv6Address(iface, v4Str, pfx96Str);
+            v6Str = mDeps.generateIpv6Address(iface, v4Str, pfx96Str, fwmark);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             throw new IOException("no IPv6 addresses were available for clat: " + e);
         }
@@ -547,8 +647,15 @@
 
         // [3] Open, configure and bring up the tun interface.
         // Create the v4-... tun interface.
+
+        // Initialize all required file descriptors with null pointer. This makes the following
+        // error handling easier. Simply always call #maybeCleanUp for closing file descriptors,
+        // if any valid ones, in error handling.
+        ParcelFileDescriptor tunFd = null;
+        ParcelFileDescriptor readSock6 = null;
+        ParcelFileDescriptor writeSock6 = null;
+
         final String tunIface = CLAT_PREFIX + iface;
-        final ParcelFileDescriptor tunFd;
         try {
             tunFd = mDeps.adoptFd(mDeps.createTunInterface(tunIface));
         } catch (IOException e) {
@@ -557,7 +664,7 @@
 
         final int tunIfIndex = mDeps.getInterfaceIndex(tunIface);
         if (tunIfIndex == INVALID_IFINDEX) {
-            tunFd.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("Fail to get interface index for interface " + tunIface);
         }
 
@@ -565,24 +672,26 @@
         try {
             mNetd.interfaceSetEnableIPv6(tunIface, false /* enabled */);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
             Log.e(TAG, "Disable IPv6 on " + tunIface + " failed: " + e);
         }
 
         // Detect ipv4 mtu.
-        final Integer fwmark = getFwmark(netId);
-        final int detectedMtu = mDeps.detectMtu(pfx96Str,
+        final int detectedMtu;
+        try {
+            detectedMtu = mDeps.detectMtu(pfx96Str,
                 ByteBuffer.wrap(GOOGLE_DNS_4.getAddress()).getInt(), fwmark);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
+            throw new IOException("Detect MTU on " + tunIface + " failed: " + e);
+        }
         final int mtu = adjustMtu(detectedMtu);
         Log.i(TAG, "ipv4 mtu is " + mtu);
 
-        // TODO: add setIptablesDropRule
-
         // Config tun interface mtu, address and bring up.
         try {
             mNetd.interfaceSetMtu(tunIface, mtu);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("Set MTU " + mtu + " on " + tunIface + " failed: " + e);
         }
         final InterfaceConfigurationParcel ifConfig = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
@@ -594,14 +703,13 @@
         try {
             mNetd.interfaceSetCfg(ifConfig);
         } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("Setting IPv4 address to " + ifConfig.ipv4Addr + "/"
                     + ifConfig.prefixLength + " failed on " + ifConfig.ifName + ": " + e);
         }
 
         // [4] Open and configure local 464xlat read/write sockets.
         // Opens a packet socket to receive IPv6 packets in clatd.
-        final ParcelFileDescriptor readSock6;
         try {
             // Use a JNI call to get native file descriptor instead of Os.socket() because we would
             // like to use ParcelFileDescriptor to manage file descriptor. But ctor
@@ -609,27 +717,23 @@
             // descriptor to initialize ParcelFileDescriptor object instead.
             readSock6 = mDeps.adoptFd(mDeps.openPacketSocket());
         } catch (IOException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("Open packet socket failed: " + e);
         }
 
         // Opens a raw socket with a given fwmark to send IPv6 packets in clatd.
-        final ParcelFileDescriptor writeSock6;
         try {
             // Use a JNI call to get native file descriptor instead of Os.socket(). See above
             // reason why we use jniOpenPacketSocket6().
             writeSock6 = mDeps.adoptFd(mDeps.openRawSocket6(fwmark));
         } catch (IOException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
-            readSock6.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("Open raw socket failed: " + e);
         }
 
         final int ifIndex = mDeps.getInterfaceIndex(iface);
         if (ifIndex == INVALID_IFINDEX) {
-            tunFd.close();
-            readSock6.close();
-            writeSock6.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("Fail to get interface index for interface " + iface);
         }
 
@@ -637,20 +741,17 @@
         try {
             mDeps.addAnycastSetsockopt(writeSock6.getFileDescriptor(), v6Str, ifIndex);
         } catch (IOException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
-            readSock6.close();
-            writeSock6.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("add anycast sockopt failed: " + e);
         }
 
         // Tag socket as AID_CLAT to avoid duplicated CLAT data usage accounting.
         final long cookie;
         try {
-            cookie = mDeps.tagSocketAsClat(writeSock6.getFileDescriptor());
+            cookie = mDeps.getSocketCookie(writeSock6.getFileDescriptor());
+            tagSocketAsClat(cookie);
         } catch (IOException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
-            readSock6.close();
-            writeSock6.close();
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("tag raw socket failed: " + e);
         }
 
@@ -658,9 +759,12 @@
         try {
             mDeps.configurePacketSocket(readSock6.getFileDescriptor(), v6Str, ifIndex);
         } catch (IOException e) {
-            tunFd.close();
-            readSock6.close();
-            writeSock6.close();
+            try {
+                untagSocket(cookie);
+            } catch (IOException e2) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "untagSocket cookie " + cookie + " failed: " + e2);
+            }
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
             throw new IOException("configure packet socket failed: " + e);
         }
 
@@ -670,13 +774,16 @@
             pid = mDeps.startClatd(tunFd.getFileDescriptor(), readSock6.getFileDescriptor(),
                     writeSock6.getFileDescriptor(), iface, pfx96Str, v4Str, v6Str);
         } catch (IOException e) {
-            // TODO: probably refactor to handle the exception of #untagSocket if any.
-            mDeps.untagSocket(cookie);
+            try {
+                untagSocket(cookie);
+            } catch (IOException e2) {
+                Log.e(TAG, "untagSocket cookie " + cookie + " failed: " + e2);
+            }
             throw new IOException("Error start clatd on " + iface + ": " + e);
         } finally {
-            tunFd.close();
-            readSock6.close();
-            writeSock6.close();
+            // The file descriptors have been duplicated (dup2) to clatd in native_startClatd().
+            // Close these file descriptor stubs which are unused anymore.
+            maybeCleanUp(tunFd, readSock6, writeSock6);
         }
 
         // [6] Initialize and store clatd tracker object.
@@ -729,16 +836,14 @@
      * Stop clatd
      */
     public void clatStop() throws IOException {
-        if (mClatdTracker == null) {
+        if (!isStarted()) {
             throw new IOException("Clatd has not started");
         }
         Log.i(TAG, "Stopping clatd pid=" + mClatdTracker.pid + " on " + mClatdTracker.iface);
 
         maybeStopBpf(mClatdTracker);
-        mDeps.stopClatd(mClatdTracker.iface, mClatdTracker.pfx96.getHostAddress(),
-                mClatdTracker.v4.getHostAddress(), mClatdTracker.v6.getHostAddress(),
-                mClatdTracker.pid);
-        mDeps.untagSocket(mClatdTracker.cookie);
+        mDeps.stopClatd(mClatdTracker.pid);
+        untagSocket(mClatdTracker.cookie);
 
         Log.i(TAG, "clatd on " + mClatdTracker.iface + " stopped");
         mClatdTracker = null;
@@ -791,19 +896,23 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Dump the cordinator information.
+     * Dump the coordinator information.
      *
      * @param pw print writer.
      */
     public void dump(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        // TODO: dump ClatdTracker
         // TODO: move map dump to a global place to avoid duplicate dump while there are two or
         // more IPv6 only networks.
-        pw.println("Forwarding rules:");
-        pw.increaseIndent();
-        dumpBpfIngress(pw);
-        dumpBpfEgress(pw);
-        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        if (isStarted()) {
+            pw.println("CLAT tracker: " + mClatdTracker);
+            pw.println("Forwarding rules:");
+            pw.increaseIndent();
+            dumpBpfIngress(pw);
+            dumpBpfEgress(pw);
+            pw.decreaseIndent();
+        } else {
+            pw.println("<not started>");
+        }
         pw.println();
     }
 
@@ -819,7 +928,7 @@
     private static native String native_selectIpv4Address(String v4addr, int prefixlen)
             throws IOException;
     private static native String native_generateIpv6Address(String iface, String v4,
-            String prefix64) throws IOException;
+            String prefix64, int mark) throws IOException;
     private static native int native_createTunInterface(String tuniface) throws IOException;
     private static native int native_detectMtu(String platSubnet, int platSuffix, int mark)
             throws IOException;
@@ -832,8 +941,6 @@
     private static native int native_startClatd(FileDescriptor tunfd, FileDescriptor readsock6,
             FileDescriptor writesock6, String iface, String pfx96, String v4, String v6)
             throws IOException;
-    private static native void native_stopClatd(String iface, String pfx96, String v4, String v6,
-            int pid) throws IOException;
-    private static native long native_tagSocketAsClat(FileDescriptor sock) throws IOException;
-    private static native void native_untagSocket(long cookie) throws IOException;
+    private static native void native_stopClatd(int pid) throws IOException;
+    private static native long native_getSocketCookie(FileDescriptor sock) throws IOException;
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityResources.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ConnectivityResources.java
similarity index 67%
rename from framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityResources.java
rename to service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ConnectivityResources.java
index 18f0de0..9089e4a 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityResources.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ConnectivityResources.java
@@ -14,22 +14,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package android.net;
-
-import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_SYSTEM_ONLY;
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
-import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-
-import java.util.List;
+import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
 
 /**
  * Utility to obtain the {@link com.android.server.ConnectivityService} {@link Resources}, in the
@@ -37,10 +31,6 @@
  * @hide
  */
 public class ConnectivityResources {
-    private static final String RESOURCES_APK_INTENT =
-            "com.android.server.connectivity.intent.action.SERVICE_CONNECTIVITY_RESOURCES_APK";
-    private static final String RES_PKG_DIR = "/apex/com.android.tethering/";
-
     @NonNull
     private final Context mContext;
 
@@ -76,21 +66,10 @@
             return mResourcesContext;
         }
 
-        final List<ResolveInfo> pkgs = mContext.getPackageManager()
-                .queryIntentActivities(new Intent(RESOURCES_APK_INTENT), MATCH_SYSTEM_ONLY);
-        pkgs.removeIf(pkg -> !pkg.activityInfo.applicationInfo.sourceDir.startsWith(RES_PKG_DIR));
-        if (pkgs.size() > 1) {
-            Log.wtf(ConnectivityResources.class.getSimpleName(),
-                    "More than one package found: " + pkgs);
-        }
-        if (pkgs.isEmpty()) {
-            throw new IllegalStateException("No connectivity resource package found");
-        }
-
+        final String resPkg = DeviceConfigUtils.getConnectivityResourcesPackageName(mContext);
         final Context pkgContext;
         try {
-            pkgContext = mContext.createPackageContext(
-                    pkgs.get(0).activityInfo.applicationInfo.packageName, 0 /* flags */);
+            pkgContext = mContext.createPackageContext(resPkg, 0 /* flags */);
         } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Resolved package not found", e);
         }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyTracker.java
index 7829d1a..8d566b6 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyTracker.java
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@
 
     private static final String TAG = DscpPolicyTracker.class.getSimpleName();
     private static final String PROG_PATH =
-            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/prog_dscp_policy_schedcls_set_dscp";
+            "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/prog_dscpPolicy_schedcls_set_dscp_ether";
     // Name is "map + *.o + map_name + map". Can probably shorten this
     private static final String IPV4_POLICY_MAP_PATH = makeMapPath(
-            "dscp_policy_ipv4_dscp_policies");
+            "dscpPolicy_ipv4_dscp_policies");
     private static final String IPV6_POLICY_MAP_PATH = makeMapPath(
-            "dscp_policy_ipv6_dscp_policies");
+            "dscpPolicy_ipv6_dscp_policies");
     private static final int MAX_POLICIES = 16;
 
     private static String makeMapPath(String which) {
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@
 
     private Set<String> mAttachedIfaces;
 
-    private final BpfMap<Struct.U32, DscpPolicyValue> mBpfDscpIpv4Policies;
-    private final BpfMap<Struct.U32, DscpPolicyValue> mBpfDscpIpv6Policies;
+    private final BpfMap<Struct.S32, DscpPolicyValue> mBpfDscpIpv4Policies;
+    private final BpfMap<Struct.S32, DscpPolicyValue> mBpfDscpIpv6Policies;
 
     // The actual policy rules used by the BPF code to process packets
     // are in mBpfDscpIpv4Policies and mBpfDscpIpv4Policies. Both of
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@
     public DscpPolicyTracker() throws ErrnoException {
         mAttachedIfaces = new HashSet<String>();
         mIfaceIndexToPolicyIdBpfMapIndex = new HashMap<Integer, SparseIntArray>();
-        mBpfDscpIpv4Policies = new BpfMap<Struct.U32, DscpPolicyValue>(IPV4_POLICY_MAP_PATH,
-                BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, Struct.U32.class, DscpPolicyValue.class);
-        mBpfDscpIpv6Policies = new BpfMap<Struct.U32, DscpPolicyValue>(IPV6_POLICY_MAP_PATH,
-                BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, Struct.U32.class, DscpPolicyValue.class);
+        mBpfDscpIpv4Policies = new BpfMap<Struct.S32, DscpPolicyValue>(IPV4_POLICY_MAP_PATH,
+                BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, Struct.S32.class, DscpPolicyValue.class);
+        mBpfDscpIpv6Policies = new BpfMap<Struct.S32, DscpPolicyValue>(IPV6_POLICY_MAP_PATH,
+                BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, Struct.S32.class, DscpPolicyValue.class);
     }
 
     private boolean isUnusedIndex(int index) {
@@ -181,22 +181,22 @@
             // are both null or if they are both instances of Inet4Address.
             if (matchesIpv4(policy)) {
                 mBpfDscpIpv4Policies.insertOrReplaceEntry(
-                        new Struct.U32(addIndex),
+                        new Struct.S32(addIndex),
                         new DscpPolicyValue(policy.getSourceAddress(),
                             policy.getDestinationAddress(), ifIndex,
                             policy.getSourcePort(), policy.getDestinationPortRange(),
-                            (short) policy.getProtocol(), (short) policy.getDscpValue()));
+                            (short) policy.getProtocol(), (byte) policy.getDscpValue()));
             }
 
             // Add v6 policy to mBpfDscpIpv6Policies if source and destination address
             // are both null or if they are both instances of Inet6Address.
             if (matchesIpv6(policy)) {
                 mBpfDscpIpv6Policies.insertOrReplaceEntry(
-                        new Struct.U32(addIndex),
+                        new Struct.S32(addIndex),
                         new DscpPolicyValue(policy.getSourceAddress(),
                                 policy.getDestinationAddress(), ifIndex,
                                 policy.getSourcePort(), policy.getDestinationPortRange(),
-                                (short) policy.getProtocol(), (short) policy.getDscpValue()));
+                                (short) policy.getProtocol(), (byte) policy.getDscpValue()));
             }
 
             ifacePolicies.put(policy.getPolicyId(), addIndex);
@@ -212,8 +212,17 @@
         return DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
 
+    private boolean isEthernet(String iface) {
+        try {
+            return TcUtils.isEthernet(iface);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to check ether type", e);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     /**
-     * Add the provided DSCP policy to the bpf map. Attach bpf program dscp_policy to iface
+     * Add the provided DSCP policy to the bpf map. Attach bpf program dscpPolicy to iface
      * if not already attached. Response will be sent back to nai with status.
      *
      * DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS - if policy was added successfully
@@ -221,13 +230,17 @@
      * DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_REQUEST_DECLINED - Interface index was invalid
      */
     public void addDscpPolicy(NetworkAgentInfo nai, DscpPolicy policy) {
-        if (!mAttachedIfaces.contains(nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName())) {
-            if (!attachProgram(nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName())) {
-                Log.e(TAG, "Unable to attach program");
-                sendStatus(nai, policy.getPolicyId(),
-                        DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_PROCESSING_RESOURCES);
-                return;
-            }
+        String iface = nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+        if (!isEthernet(iface)) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "DSCP policies are not supported on raw IP interfaces.");
+            sendStatus(nai, policy.getPolicyId(), DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_REQUEST_DECLINED);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!mAttachedIfaces.contains(iface) && !attachProgram(iface)) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Unable to attach program");
+            sendStatus(nai, policy.getPolicyId(),
+                    DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_PROCESSING_RESOURCES);
+            return;
         }
 
         final int ifIndex = getIfaceIndex(nai);
@@ -245,8 +258,8 @@
             boolean sendCallback) {
         int status = DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_POLICY_NOT_FOUND;
         try {
-            mBpfDscpIpv4Policies.replaceEntry(new Struct.U32(index), DscpPolicyValue.NONE);
-            mBpfDscpIpv6Policies.replaceEntry(new Struct.U32(index), DscpPolicyValue.NONE);
+            mBpfDscpIpv4Policies.replaceEntry(new Struct.S32(index), DscpPolicyValue.NONE);
+            mBpfDscpIpv6Policies.replaceEntry(new Struct.S32(index), DscpPolicyValue.NONE);
             status = DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_DELETED;
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Failed to delete policy from map: ", e);
@@ -314,10 +327,8 @@
     private boolean attachProgram(@NonNull String iface) {
         try {
             NetworkInterface netIface = NetworkInterface.getByName(iface);
-            boolean isEth = TcUtils.isEthernet(iface);
-            String path = PROG_PATH + (isEth ? "_ether" : "_raw_ip");
             TcUtils.tcFilterAddDevBpf(netIface.getIndex(), false, PRIO_DSCP, (short) ETH_P_ALL,
-                    path);
+                    PROG_PATH);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Unable to attach to TC on " + iface + ": " + e);
             return false;
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyValue.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyValue.java
index 6e4e7eb..7b11eda 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyValue.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/DscpPolicyValue.java
@@ -37,23 +37,23 @@
     @Field(order = 1, type = Type.ByteArray, arraysize = 16)
     public final byte[] dst46;
 
-    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.U32)
-    public final long ifIndex;
+    @Field(order = 2, type = Type.S32)
+    public final int ifIndex;
 
     @Field(order = 3, type = Type.UBE16)
     public final int srcPort;
 
-    @Field(order = 4, type = Type.UBE16)
+    @Field(order = 4, type = Type.U16)
     public final int dstPortStart;
 
-    @Field(order = 5, type = Type.UBE16)
+    @Field(order = 5, type = Type.U16)
     public final int dstPortEnd;
 
     @Field(order = 6, type = Type.U8)
     public final short proto;
 
-    @Field(order = 7, type = Type.U8)
-    public final short dscp;
+    @Field(order = 7, type = Type.S8)
+    public final byte dscp;
 
     @Field(order = 8, type = Type.U8, padding = 3)
     public final short mask;
@@ -61,8 +61,7 @@
     private static final int SRC_IP_MASK = 0x1;
     private static final int DST_IP_MASK = 0x02;
     private static final int SRC_PORT_MASK = 0x4;
-    private static final int DST_PORT_MASK = 0x8;
-    private static final int PROTO_MASK = 0x10;
+    private static final int PROTO_MASK = 0x8;
 
     private boolean ipEmpty(final byte[] ip) {
         for (int i = 0; i < ip.length; i++) {
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@
             InetAddress.parseNumericAddress("::").getAddress();
 
     private short makeMask(final byte[] src46, final byte[] dst46, final int srcPort,
-            final int dstPortStart, final short proto, final short dscp) {
+            final int dstPortStart, final short proto, final byte dscp) {
         short mask = 0;
         if (src46 != EMPTY_ADDRESS_FIELD) {
             mask |= SRC_IP_MASK;
@@ -111,18 +110,15 @@
         if (srcPort != -1) {
             mask |=  SRC_PORT_MASK;
         }
-        if (dstPortStart != -1 && dstPortEnd != -1) {
-            mask |=  DST_PORT_MASK;
-        }
         if (proto != -1) {
             mask |=  PROTO_MASK;
         }
         return mask;
     }
 
-    private DscpPolicyValue(final InetAddress src46, final InetAddress dst46, final long ifIndex,
+    private DscpPolicyValue(final InetAddress src46, final InetAddress dst46, final int ifIndex,
             final int srcPort, final int dstPortStart, final int dstPortEnd, final short proto,
-            final short dscp) {
+            final byte dscp) {
         this.src46 = toAddressField(src46);
         this.dst46 = toAddressField(dst46);
         this.ifIndex = ifIndex;
@@ -131,7 +127,7 @@
         // If they are -1 BpfMap write will throw errors.
         this.srcPort = srcPort != -1 ? srcPort : 0;
         this.dstPortStart = dstPortStart != -1 ? dstPortStart : 0;
-        this.dstPortEnd = dstPortEnd != -1 ? dstPortEnd : 0;
+        this.dstPortEnd = dstPortEnd != -1 ? dstPortEnd : 65535;
         this.proto = proto != -1 ? proto : 0;
 
         this.dscp = dscp;
@@ -140,9 +136,9 @@
         this.mask = makeMask(this.src46, this.dst46, srcPort, dstPortStart, proto, dscp);
     }
 
-    public DscpPolicyValue(final InetAddress src46, final InetAddress dst46, final long ifIndex,
+    public DscpPolicyValue(final InetAddress src46, final InetAddress dst46, final int ifIndex,
             final int srcPort, final Range<Integer> dstPort, final short proto,
-            final short dscp) {
+            final byte dscp) {
         this(src46, dst46, ifIndex, srcPort, dstPort != null ? dstPort.getLower() : -1,
                 dstPort != null ? dstPort.getUpper() : -1, proto, dscp);
     }
@@ -150,7 +146,7 @@
     public static final DscpPolicyValue NONE = new DscpPolicyValue(
             null /* src46 */, null /* dst46 */, 0 /* ifIndex */, -1 /* srcPort */,
             -1 /* dstPortStart */, -1 /* dstPortEnd */, (short) -1 /* proto */,
-            (short) 0 /* dscp */);
+            (byte) -1 /* dscp */);
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java
index b13ba93..87ae0c9 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScore.java
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI;
 
-import android.annotation.IntDef;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.BitUtils.describeDifferences;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkScore;
@@ -35,8 +37,6 @@
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
 
-import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
-import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
 import java.util.StringJoiner;
 
 /**
@@ -49,57 +49,54 @@
 public class FullScore {
     private static final String TAG = FullScore.class.getSimpleName();
 
-    // This will be removed soon. Do *NOT* depend on it for any new code that is not part of
-    // a migration.
-    private final int mLegacyInt;
-
-    /** @hide */
-    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
-    @IntDef(prefix = {"POLICY_"}, value = {
-            POLICY_IS_VALIDATED,
-            POLICY_IS_VPN,
-            POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED,
-            POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED,
-            POLICY_IS_UNMETERED
-    })
-    public @interface Policy {
-    }
-
     // Agent-managed policies are in NetworkScore. They start from 1.
     // CS-managed policies, counting from 63 downward
     // This network is validated. CS-managed because the source of truth is in NetworkCapabilities.
     /** @hide */
     public static final int POLICY_IS_VALIDATED = 63;
 
+    // This network has been validated at least once since it was connected.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED = 62;
+
     // This is a VPN and behaves as one for scoring purposes.
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int POLICY_IS_VPN = 62;
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_VPN = 61;
 
     // This network has been selected by the user manually from settings or a 3rd party app
-    // at least once. {@see NetworkAgentConfig#explicitlySelected}.
+    // at least once. @see NetworkAgentConfig#explicitlySelected.
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED = 61;
+    public static final int POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED = 60;
 
     // The user has indicated in UI that this network should be used even if it doesn't
-    // validate. {@see NetworkAgentConfig#acceptUnvalidated}.
+    // validate. @see NetworkAgentConfig#acceptUnvalidated.
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED = 60;
+    public static final int POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED = 59;
 
-    // This network is unmetered. {@see NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED}.
+    // The user explicitly said in UI to avoid this network when unvalidated.
+    // TODO : remove setAvoidUnvalidated and instead disconnect the network when the user
+    // chooses to move away from this network, and remove this flag.
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int POLICY_IS_UNMETERED = 59;
+    public static final int POLICY_AVOIDED_WHEN_UNVALIDATED = 58;
+
+    // This network is unmetered. @see NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_UNMETERED = 57;
 
     // This network is invincible. This is useful for offers until there is an API to listen
     // to requests.
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE = 58;
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE = 56;
 
-    // This network has been validated at least once since it was connected, but not explicitly
-    // avoided in UI.
-    // TODO : remove setAvoidUnvalidated and instead disconnect the network when the user
-    // chooses to move away from this network, and remove this flag.
-    /** @hide */
-    public static final int POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD = 57;
+    // This network has undergone initial validation.
+    //
+    // The stack considers that any result finding some working connectivity (valid, partial,
+    // captive portal) is an initial validation. Negative result (not valid), however, is not
+    // considered initial validation until {@link ConnectivityService#PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS}
+    // have elapsed. This is because some networks may spuriously fail for a short time immediately
+    // after associating. If no positive result is found after the timeout has elapsed, then
+    // the network has been evaluated once.
+    public static final int POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED = 55;
 
     // The network agent has communicated that this network no longer functions, and the underlying
     // native network has been destroyed. The network will still be reported to clients as connected
@@ -107,7 +104,7 @@
     // This network should lose to an identical network that has not been destroyed, but should
     // otherwise be scored exactly the same.
     /** @hide */
-    public static final int POLICY_IS_DESTROYED = 56;
+    public static final int POLICY_IS_DESTROYED = 54;
 
     // To help iterate when printing
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -146,9 +143,7 @@
 
     private final int mKeepConnectedReason;
 
-    FullScore(final int legacyInt, final long policies,
-            @KeepConnectedReason final int keepConnectedReason) {
-        mLegacyInt = legacyInt;
+    FullScore(final long policies, @KeepConnectedReason final int keepConnectedReason) {
         mPolicies = policies;
         mKeepConnectedReason = keepConnectedReason;
     }
@@ -160,7 +155,9 @@
      * @param caps the NetworkCapabilities of the network
      * @param config the NetworkAgentConfig of the network
      * @param everValidated whether this network has ever validated
+     * @param avoidUnvalidated whether the user said in UI to avoid this network when unvalidated
      * @param yieldToBadWiFi whether this network yields to a previously validated wifi gone bad
+     * @param everEvaluated whether this network ever evaluated at least once
      * @param destroyed whether this network has been destroyed pending a replacement connecting
      * @return a FullScore that is appropriate to use for ranking.
      */
@@ -169,18 +166,20 @@
     // connectivity for backward compatibility.
     public static FullScore fromNetworkScore(@NonNull final NetworkScore score,
             @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps, @NonNull final NetworkAgentConfig config,
-            final boolean everValidated, final boolean yieldToBadWiFi, final boolean destroyed) {
-        return withPolicies(score.getLegacyInt(), score.getPolicies(),
+            final boolean everValidated, final boolean avoidUnvalidated,
+            final boolean yieldToBadWiFi, final boolean everEvaluated, final boolean destroyed) {
+        return withPolicies(score.getPolicies(),
                 score.getKeepConnectedReason(),
                 caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED),
-                caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN),
-                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED),
-                everValidated,
+                everValidated, caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN),
                 config.explicitlySelected,
                 config.acceptUnvalidated,
+                avoidUnvalidated,
+                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED),
                 yieldToBadWiFi,
-                destroyed,
-                false /* invincible */); // only prospective scores can be invincible
+                false /* invincible */, // only prospective scores can be invincible
+                everEvaluated,
+                destroyed);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -200,25 +199,31 @@
             @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps, final boolean yieldToBadWiFi) {
         // If the network offers Internet access, it may validate.
         final boolean mayValidate = caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
-        // VPN transports are known in advance.
-        final boolean vpn = caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN);
-        // Prospective scores are always unmetered, because unmetered networks are stronger
-        // than metered networks, and it's not known in advance whether the network is metered.
-        final boolean unmetered = true;
         // If the offer may validate, then it should be considered to have validated at some point
         final boolean everValidated = mayValidate;
+        // VPN transports are known in advance.
+        final boolean vpn = caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN);
         // The network hasn't been chosen by the user (yet, at least).
         final boolean everUserSelected = false;
         // Don't assume the user will accept unvalidated connectivity.
         final boolean acceptUnvalidated = false;
-        // A network can only be destroyed once it has connected.
-        final boolean destroyed = false;
+        // A prospective network is never avoided when unvalidated, because the user has never
+        // had the opportunity to say so in UI.
+        final boolean avoidUnvalidated = false;
+        // Prospective scores are always unmetered, because unmetered networks are stronger
+        // than metered networks, and it's not known in advance whether the network is metered.
+        final boolean unmetered = true;
         // A prospective score is invincible if the legacy int in the filter is over the maximum
         // score.
         final boolean invincible = score.getLegacyInt() > NetworkRanker.LEGACY_INT_MAX;
-        return withPolicies(score.getLegacyInt(), score.getPolicies(), KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE,
-                mayValidate, vpn, unmetered, everValidated, everUserSelected, acceptUnvalidated,
-                yieldToBadWiFi, destroyed, invincible);
+        // A prospective network will eventually be evaluated.
+        final boolean everEvaluated = true;
+        // A network can only be destroyed once it has connected.
+        final boolean destroyed = false;
+        return withPolicies(score.getPolicies(), KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE,
+                mayValidate, everValidated, vpn, everUserSelected,
+                acceptUnvalidated, avoidUnvalidated, unmetered, yieldToBadWiFi,
+                invincible, everEvaluated, destroyed);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -234,45 +239,51 @@
     public FullScore mixInScore(@NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps,
             @NonNull final NetworkAgentConfig config,
             final boolean everValidated,
+            final boolean avoidUnvalidated,
             final boolean yieldToBadWifi,
+            final boolean everEvaluated,
             final boolean destroyed) {
-        return withPolicies(mLegacyInt, mPolicies, mKeepConnectedReason,
+        return withPolicies(mPolicies, mKeepConnectedReason,
                 caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED),
-                caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN),
-                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED),
-                everValidated,
+                everValidated, caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN),
                 config.explicitlySelected,
                 config.acceptUnvalidated,
+                avoidUnvalidated,
+                caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED),
                 yieldToBadWifi,
-                destroyed,
-                false /* invincible */); // only prospective scores can be invincible
+                false /* invincible */, // only prospective scores can be invincible
+                everEvaluated,
+                destroyed);
     }
 
     // TODO : this shouldn't manage bad wifi avoidance – instead this should be done by the
     // telephony factory, so that it depends on the carrier. For now this is handled by
     // connectivity for backward compatibility.
-    private static FullScore withPolicies(@NonNull final int legacyInt,
-            final long externalPolicies,
+    private static FullScore withPolicies(final long externalPolicies,
             @KeepConnectedReason final int keepConnectedReason,
             final boolean isValidated,
-            final boolean isVpn,
-            final boolean isUnmetered,
             final boolean everValidated,
+            final boolean isVpn,
             final boolean everUserSelected,
             final boolean acceptUnvalidated,
+            final boolean avoidUnvalidated,
+            final boolean isUnmetered,
             final boolean yieldToBadWiFi,
-            final boolean destroyed,
-            final boolean invincible) {
-        return new FullScore(legacyInt, (externalPolicies & EXTERNAL_POLICIES_MASK)
+            final boolean invincible,
+            final boolean everEvaluated,
+            final boolean destroyed) {
+        return new FullScore((externalPolicies & EXTERNAL_POLICIES_MASK)
                 | (isValidated       ? 1L << POLICY_IS_VALIDATED : 0)
+                | (everValidated     ? 1L << POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED : 0)
                 | (isVpn             ? 1L << POLICY_IS_VPN : 0)
-                | (isUnmetered       ? 1L << POLICY_IS_UNMETERED : 0)
-                | (everValidated     ? 1L << POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD : 0)
                 | (everUserSelected  ? 1L << POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED : 0)
                 | (acceptUnvalidated ? 1L << POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED : 0)
+                | (avoidUnvalidated  ? 1L << POLICY_AVOIDED_WHEN_UNVALIDATED : 0)
+                | (isUnmetered       ? 1L << POLICY_IS_UNMETERED : 0)
                 | (yieldToBadWiFi    ? 1L << POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI : 0)
-                | (destroyed         ? 1L << POLICY_IS_DESTROYED : 0)
-                | (invincible        ? 1L << POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE : 0),
+                | (invincible        ? 1L << POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE : 0)
+                | (everEvaluated     ? 1L << POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED : 0)
+                | (destroyed         ? 1L << POLICY_IS_DESTROYED : 0),
                 keepConnectedReason);
     }
 
@@ -280,8 +291,7 @@
      * Returns this score but with the specified yield to bad wifi policy.
      */
     public FullScore withYieldToBadWiFi(final boolean newYield) {
-        return new FullScore(mLegacyInt,
-                newYield ? mPolicies | (1L << POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI)
+        return new FullScore(newYield ? mPolicies | (1L << POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI)
                         : mPolicies & ~(1L << POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI),
                 mKeepConnectedReason);
     }
@@ -290,49 +300,7 @@
      * Returns this score but validated.
      */
     public FullScore asValidated() {
-        return new FullScore(mLegacyInt, mPolicies | (1L << POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                mKeepConnectedReason);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * For backward compatibility, get the legacy int.
-     * This will be removed before S is published.
-     */
-    public int getLegacyInt() {
-        return getLegacyInt(false /* pretendValidated */);
-    }
-
-    public int getLegacyIntAsValidated() {
-        return getLegacyInt(true /* pretendValidated */);
-    }
-
-    // TODO : remove these two constants
-    // Penalty applied to scores of Networks that have not been validated.
-    private static final int UNVALIDATED_SCORE_PENALTY = 40;
-
-    // Score for a network that can be used unvalidated
-    private static final int ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED_NETWORK_SCORE = 100;
-
-    private int getLegacyInt(boolean pretendValidated) {
-        // If the user has chosen this network at least once, give it the maximum score when
-        // checking to pretend it's validated, or if it doesn't need to validate because the
-        // user said to use it even if it doesn't validate.
-        // This ensures that networks that have been selected in UI are not torn down before the
-        // user gets a chance to prefer it when a higher-scoring network (e.g., Ethernet) is
-        // available.
-        if (hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED)
-                && (hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED) || pretendValidated)) {
-            return ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED_NETWORK_SCORE;
-        }
-
-        int score = mLegacyInt;
-        // Except for VPNs, networks are subject to a penalty for not being validated.
-        // Apply the penalty unless the network is a VPN, or it's validated or pretending to be.
-        if (!hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED) && !pretendValidated && !hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VPN)) {
-            score -= UNVALIDATED_SCORE_PENALTY;
-        }
-        if (score < 0) score = 0;
-        return score;
+        return new FullScore(mPolicies | (1L << POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), mKeepConnectedReason);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -350,15 +318,44 @@
         return mKeepConnectedReason;
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(final Object o) {
+        if (this == o) return true;
+        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
+
+        final FullScore fullScore = (FullScore) o;
+
+        if (mPolicies != fullScore.mPolicies) return false;
+        return mKeepConnectedReason == fullScore.mKeepConnectedReason;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return 2 * ((int) mPolicies)
+                + 3 * (int) (mPolicies >>> 32)
+                + 5 * mKeepConnectedReason;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a short but human-readable string of updates from an older score.
+     * @param old the old score to diff from
+     * @return a string fit for logging differences, or null if no differences.
+     *         this method cannot return the empty string. See BitUtils#describeDifferences.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public String describeDifferencesFrom(@Nullable final FullScore old) {
+        final long oldPolicies = null == old ? 0 : old.mPolicies;
+        return describeDifferences(oldPolicies, mPolicies, FullScore::policyNameOf);
+    }
+
     // Example output :
-    // Score(50 ; Policies : EVER_USER_SELECTED&IS_VALIDATED)
+    // Score(Policies : EVER_USER_SELECTED&IS_VALIDATED ; KeepConnected : )
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         final StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(
                 "&", // delimiter
-                "Score(" + mLegacyInt + " ; KeepConnected : " + mKeepConnectedReason
-                        + " ; Policies : ", // prefix
-                ")"); // suffix
+                "Score(Policies : ", // prefix
+                " ; KeepConnected : " + mKeepConnectedReason + ")"); // suffix
         for (int i = NetworkScore.MIN_AGENT_MANAGED_POLICY;
                 i <= NetworkScore.MAX_AGENT_MANAGED_POLICY; ++i) {
             if (hasPolicy(i)) sj.add(policyNameOf(i));
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/InvalidTagException.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/InvalidTagException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b924d27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/InvalidTagException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+
+/**
+ * An exception thrown when a Tag is not valid in self_certified_network_capabilities.xml.
+ */
+public class InvalidTagException extends Exception {
+
+    public InvalidTagException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveResourceUtil.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveResourceUtil.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92b080d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveResourceUtil.java
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.AndroidRuntimeException;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+
+/**
+ * Utilities to fetch keepalive configuration from resources.
+ */
+public abstract class KeepaliveResourceUtil {
+
+    /**
+     * Read supported keepalive count for each transport type from overlay resource.
+     *
+     * @param context The context to read resource from.
+     * @return An array of supported keepalive count for each transport type.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static int[] getSupportedKeepalives(@NonNull Context context) {
+        String[] res = null;
+        try {
+            final ConnectivityResources connRes = new ConnectivityResources(context);
+            res = connRes.get().getStringArray(R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount);
+        } catch (Resources.NotFoundException unused) {
+        }
+        if (res == null) throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("invalid resource");
+
+        final int[] ret = new int[NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT + 1];
+        for (final String row : res) {
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(row)) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Empty string");
+            }
+            final String[] arr = row.split(",");
+            if (arr.length != 2) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid parameter length");
+            }
+
+            int transport;
+            int supported;
+            try {
+                transport = Integer.parseInt(arr[0]);
+                supported = Integer.parseInt(arr[1]);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid number format");
+            }
+
+            if (!NetworkCapabilities.isValidTransport(transport)) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException("Invalid transport " + transport);
+            }
+
+            if (supported < 0) {
+                throw new KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException(
+                        "Invalid supported count " + supported + " for "
+                                + NetworkCapabilities.transportNameOf(transport));
+            }
+            ret[transport] = supported;
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An exception thrown when the keepalive resource configuration is invalid.
+     */
+    public static class KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException extends AndroidRuntimeException {
+        public KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException(final String msg) {
+            super(msg);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..290d201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.metrics.DailykeepaliveInfoReported;
+import com.android.metrics.DurationForNumOfKeepalive;
+import com.android.metrics.DurationPerNumOfKeepalive;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+// TODO(b/273451360): Also track KeepaliveLifetimeForCarrier and DailykeepaliveInfoReported
+/**
+ * Tracks carrier and duration metrics of automatic on/off keepalives.
+ *
+ * <p>This class follows AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker closely and its on*Keepalive methods needs
+ * to be called in a timely manner to keep the metrics accurate. It is also not thread-safe and all
+ * public methods must be called by the same thread, namely the ConnectivityService handler thread.
+ */
+public class KeepaliveStatsTracker {
+    private static final String TAG = KeepaliveStatsTracker.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private final Dependencies mDependencies;
+    // List of duration stats metric where the index is the number of concurrent keepalives.
+    // Each DurationForNumOfKeepalive message stores a registered duration and an active duration.
+    // Registered duration is the total time spent with mNumRegisteredKeepalive == index.
+    // Active duration is the total time spent with mNumActiveKeepalive == index.
+    private final List<DurationForNumOfKeepalive.Builder> mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive =
+            new ArrayList<>();
+
+    private int mNumRegisteredKeepalive = 0;
+    private int mNumActiveKeepalive = 0;
+
+    // A timestamp of the most recent time the duration metrics was updated.
+    private long mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations;
+
+    /** Dependency class */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        // Returns a timestamp with the time base of SystemClock.uptimeMillis to keep durations
+        // relative to start time and avoid timezone change.
+        public long getUptimeMillis() {
+            return SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public KeepaliveStatsTracker() {
+        this(new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public KeepaliveStatsTracker(Dependencies dependencies) {
+        mDependencies = dependencies;
+        mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
+    }
+
+    /** Ensures the list of duration metrics is large enough for number of registered keepalives. */
+    private void ensureDurationPerNumOfKeepaliveSize() {
+        if (mNumActiveKeepalive < 0 || mNumRegisteredKeepalive < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Number of active or registered keepalives is negative");
+        }
+        if (mNumActiveKeepalive > mNumRegisteredKeepalive) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Number of active keepalives greater than registered keepalives");
+        }
+
+        while (mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.size() <= mNumRegisteredKeepalive) {
+            final DurationForNumOfKeepalive.Builder durationForNumOfKeepalive =
+                    DurationForNumOfKeepalive.newBuilder();
+            durationForNumOfKeepalive.setNumOfKeepalive(mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.size());
+            durationForNumOfKeepalive.setKeepaliveRegisteredDurationsMsec(0);
+            durationForNumOfKeepalive.setKeepaliveActiveDurationsMsec(0);
+
+            mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.add(durationForNumOfKeepalive);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the durations metrics to the given time. This should always be called before making a
+     * change to mNumRegisteredKeepalive or mNumActiveKeepalive to keep the duration metrics
+     * correct.
+     *
+     * @param timeNow a timestamp obtained using Dependencies.getUptimeMillis
+     */
+    private void updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(long timeNow) {
+        if (mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.size() < mNumRegisteredKeepalive) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Unexpected jump in number of registered keepalive");
+        }
+        ensureDurationPerNumOfKeepaliveSize();
+
+        final int durationIncrease = (int) (timeNow - mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations);
+        final DurationForNumOfKeepalive.Builder durationForNumOfRegisteredKeepalive =
+                mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.get(mNumRegisteredKeepalive);
+
+        durationForNumOfRegisteredKeepalive.setKeepaliveRegisteredDurationsMsec(
+                durationForNumOfRegisteredKeepalive.getKeepaliveRegisteredDurationsMsec()
+                        + durationIncrease);
+
+        final DurationForNumOfKeepalive.Builder durationForNumOfActiveKeepalive =
+                mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.get(mNumActiveKeepalive);
+
+        durationForNumOfActiveKeepalive.setKeepaliveActiveDurationsMsec(
+                durationForNumOfActiveKeepalive.getKeepaliveActiveDurationsMsec()
+                        + durationIncrease);
+
+        mTimestampSinceLastUpdateDurations = timeNow;
+    }
+
+    /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just started and is active. */
+    public void onStartKeepalive() {
+        final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
+        updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
+
+        mNumRegisteredKeepalive++;
+        mNumActiveKeepalive++;
+    }
+
+    /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just been paused. */
+    public void onPauseKeepalive() {
+        final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
+        updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
+
+        mNumActiveKeepalive--;
+    }
+
+    /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just been resumed. */
+    public void onResumeKeepalive() {
+        final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
+        updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
+
+        mNumActiveKeepalive++;
+    }
+
+    /** Inform the KeepaliveStatsTracker a keepalive has just been stopped. */
+    public void onStopKeepalive(boolean wasActive) {
+        final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
+        updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
+
+        mNumRegisteredKeepalive--;
+        if (wasActive) mNumActiveKeepalive--;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds and returns DailykeepaliveInfoReported proto.
+     */
+    public DailykeepaliveInfoReported buildKeepaliveMetrics() {
+        final long timeNow = mDependencies.getUptimeMillis();
+        updateDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive(timeNow);
+
+        final DurationPerNumOfKeepalive.Builder durationPerNumOfKeepalive =
+                DurationPerNumOfKeepalive.newBuilder();
+
+        mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.forEach(
+                durationForNumOfKeepalive ->
+                        durationPerNumOfKeepalive.addDurationForNumOfKeepalive(
+                                durationForNumOfKeepalive));
+
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported.Builder dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                DailykeepaliveInfoReported.newBuilder();
+
+        // TODO(b/273451360): fill all the other values and write to ConnectivityStatsLog.
+        dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.setDurationPerNumOfKeepalive(durationPerNumOfKeepalive);
+
+        return dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.build();
+    }
+
+    /** Resets the stored metrics but maintains the state of keepalives */
+    public void resetMetrics() {
+        mDurationPerNumOfKeepalive.clear();
+        ensureDurationPerNumOfKeepaliveSize();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
index 3b58823..8c170bc 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.net.NattSocketKeepalive.NATT_PORT;
-import static android.net.NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.BINDER_DIED;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.DATA_RECEIVED;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
@@ -33,11 +32,11 @@
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.MIN_INTERVAL_SEC;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.NO_KEEPALIVE;
 import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS;
+import static android.net.SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS_PAUSED;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.InvalidPacketException;
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.IBinder;
-import android.os.Message;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
@@ -59,6 +57,7 @@
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IpUtils;
@@ -88,7 +87,6 @@
     /** Keeps track of keepalive requests. */
     private final HashMap <NetworkAgentInfo, HashMap<Integer, KeepaliveInfo>> mKeepalives =
             new HashMap<> ();
-    private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
     @NonNull
     private final TcpKeepaliveController mTcpController;
     @NonNull
@@ -109,10 +107,10 @@
     private final int mAllowedUnprivilegedSlotsForUid;
 
     public KeepaliveTracker(Context context, Handler handler) {
-        mConnectivityServiceHandler = handler;
         mTcpController = new TcpKeepaliveController(handler);
         mContext = context;
-        mSupportedKeepalives = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mContext);
+
+        mSupportedKeepalives = KeepaliveResourceUtil.getSupportedKeepalives(context);
 
         final ConnectivityResources res = new ConnectivityResources(mContext);
         mReservedPrivilegedSlots = res.get().getInteger(
@@ -127,15 +125,20 @@
      * All information about this keepalive is known at construction time except the slot number,
      * which is only returned when the hardware has successfully started the keepalive.
      */
-    class KeepaliveInfo implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public class KeepaliveInfo implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
+        // TODO : remove this member. Only AutoOnOffKeepalive should have a reference to this.
+        public final ISocketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
         // Bookkeeping data.
-        private final ISocketKeepaliveCallback mCallback;
         private final int mUid;
         private final int mPid;
         private final boolean mPrivileged;
-        private final NetworkAgentInfo mNai;
+        public final NetworkAgentInfo mNai;
         private final int mType;
-        private final FileDescriptor mFd;
+        public final FileDescriptor mFd;
+        // True if this was resumed from a previously turned off keepalive, otherwise false.
+        // This is necessary to send the correct callbacks.
+        public final boolean mResumed;
 
         public static final int TYPE_NATT = 1;
         public static final int TYPE_TCP = 2;
@@ -162,6 +165,16 @@
                 int interval,
                 int type,
                 @Nullable FileDescriptor fd) throws InvalidSocketException {
+            this(callback, nai, packet, interval, type, fd, false /* resumed */);
+        }
+
+        KeepaliveInfo(@NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback callback,
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+                @NonNull KeepalivePacketData packet,
+                int interval,
+                int type,
+                @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
+                boolean resumed) throws InvalidSocketException {
             mCallback = callback;
             mPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
             mUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
@@ -171,6 +184,7 @@
             mPacket = packet;
             mInterval = interval;
             mType = type;
+            mResumed = resumed;
 
             // For SocketKeepalive, a dup of fd is kept in mFd so the source port from which the
             // keepalives are sent cannot be reused by another app even if the fd gets closed by
@@ -234,6 +248,8 @@
 
         /** Called when the application process is killed. */
         public void binderDied() {
+            // TODO b/267106526 : this is not called on the handler thread but stop() happily
+            // assumes it is, which means this is a pretty dangerous race condition.
             stop(BINDER_DIED);
         }
 
@@ -243,6 +259,14 @@
             }
         }
 
+        public int getSlot() {
+            return mSlot;
+        }
+
+        int getKeepaliveIntervalSec() {
+            return mInterval;
+        }
+
         private int checkNetworkConnected() {
             if (!mNai.networkInfo.isConnectedOrConnecting()) {
                 return ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK;
@@ -325,6 +349,10 @@
         }
 
         void start(int slot) {
+            // BINDER_DIED can happen if the binder died before the KeepaliveInfo was created and
+            // the constructor set the state to BINDER_DIED. If that's the case, the KI is already
+            // cleaned up.
+            if (BINDER_DIED == mStartedState) return;
             mSlot = slot;
             int error = isValid();
             if (error == SUCCESS) {
@@ -369,7 +397,10 @@
             // To prevent races from re-entrance of stop(), return if the state is already stopping.
             // This might happen if multiple event sources stop keepalive in a short time. Such as
             // network disconnect after user calls stop(), or tear down socket after binder died.
-            if (mStartedState == STOPPING) return;
+            // Note that it's always possible this method is called by the auto keepalive timer
+            // or any other way after the binder died, hence the check for BINDER_DIED. If the
+            // binder has died, then the KI has already been cleaned up.
+            if (mStartedState == STOPPING || mStartedState == BINDER_DIED) return;
 
             // Store the reason of stopping, and report it after the keepalive is fully stopped.
             if (mStopReason != ERROR_STOP_REASON_UNINITIALIZED) {
@@ -380,9 +411,10 @@
                     + ": " + reason);
             switch (mStartedState) {
                 case NOT_STARTED:
-                    // Remove the reference of the keepalive that meet error before starting,
+                    // Remove the reference to this keepalive that had an error before starting,
                     // e.g. invalid parameter.
                     cleanupStoppedKeepalive(mNai, mSlot);
+                    if (BINDER_DIED == reason) mStartedState = BINDER_DIED;
                     break;
                 default:
                     mStartedState = STOPPING;
@@ -415,6 +447,14 @@
         void onFileDescriptorInitiatedStop(final int socketKeepaliveReason) {
             handleStopKeepalive(mNai, mSlot, socketKeepaliveReason);
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Construct a new KeepaliveInfo from existing KeepaliveInfo with a new fd.
+         */
+        public KeepaliveInfo withFd(@NonNull FileDescriptor fd) throws InvalidSocketException {
+            return new KeepaliveInfo(mCallback, mNai, mPacket, mInterval, mType, fd,
+                    true /* resumed */);
+        }
     }
 
     void notifyErrorCallback(ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb, int error) {
@@ -444,8 +484,10 @@
         return slot;
     }
 
-    public void handleStartKeepalive(Message message) {
-        KeepaliveInfo ki = (KeepaliveInfo) message.obj;
+    /**
+     * Handle start keepalives with the message.
+     */
+    public void handleStartKeepalive(KeepaliveInfo ki) {
         NetworkAgentInfo nai = ki.getNai();
         int slot = findFirstFreeSlot(nai);
         mKeepalives.get(nai).put(slot, ki);
@@ -512,6 +554,12 @@
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onStop callback: " + reason);
             }
+        } else if (reason == SUCCESS_PAUSED) {
+            try {
+                ki.mCallback.onPaused();
+            } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onPaused callback: " + reason);
+            }
         } else if (reason == DATA_RECEIVED) {
             try {
                 ki.mCallback.onDataReceived();
@@ -529,6 +577,25 @@
         ki.unlinkDeathRecipient();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Finalize a paused keepalive.
+     *
+     * This will simply send the onStopped() callback after checking that this keepalive is
+     * indeed paused.
+     *
+     * @param ki the keepalive to finalize
+     */
+    public void finalizePausedKeepalive(@NonNull final KeepaliveInfo ki) {
+        if (SUCCESS_PAUSED != ki.mStopReason) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Keepalive is not paused");
+        }
+        try {
+            ki.mCallback.onStopped();
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onStopped callback while finalizing paused keepalive");
+        }
+    }
+
     public void handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         HashMap <Integer, KeepaliveInfo> networkKeepalives = mKeepalives.get(nai);
         if (networkKeepalives != null) {
@@ -578,9 +645,14 @@
                 Log.d(TAG, "Started keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.toShortString());
                 ki.mStartedState = KeepaliveInfo.STARTED;
                 try {
-                    ki.mCallback.onStarted(slot);
+                    if (ki.mResumed) {
+                        ki.mCallback.onResumed();
+                    } else {
+                        ki.mCallback.onStarted();
+                    }
                 } catch (RemoteException e) {
-                    Log.w(TAG, "Discarded onStarted(" + slot + ") callback");
+                    Log.w(TAG, "Discarded " + (ki.mResumed ? "onResumed" : "onStarted")
+                            + " callback for slot " + slot);
                 }
             } else {
                 Log.d(TAG, "Failed to start keepalive " + slot + " on " + nai.toShortString()
@@ -604,7 +676,8 @@
      * Called when requesting that keepalives be started on a IPsec NAT-T socket. See
      * {@link android.net.SocketKeepalive}.
      **/
-    public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+    @Nullable
+    public KeepaliveInfo makeNattKeepaliveInfo(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
             int intervalSeconds,
             @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb,
@@ -614,7 +687,7 @@
             int dstPort) {
         if (nai == null) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         InetAddress srcAddress, dstAddress;
@@ -623,7 +696,7 @@
             dstAddress = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(dstAddrString);
         } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         KeepalivePacketData packet;
@@ -632,7 +705,7 @@
                     srcAddress, srcPort, dstAddress, NATT_PORT);
         } catch (InvalidPacketException e) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.getError());
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
         KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
         try {
@@ -641,15 +714,14 @@
         } catch (InvalidSocketException | IllegalArgumentException | SecurityException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Fail to construct keepalive", e);
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
-        Log.d(TAG, "Created keepalive: " + ki.toString());
-        mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(
-                NetworkAgent.CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, ki).sendToTarget();
+        Log.d(TAG, "Created keepalive: " + ki);
+        return ki;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Called by ConnectivityService to start TCP keepalive on a file descriptor.
+     * Make a KeepaliveInfo for a TCP socket.
      *
      * In order to offload keepalive for application correctly, sequence number, ack number and
      * other fields are needed to form the keepalive packet. Thus, this function synchronously
@@ -658,13 +730,14 @@
      *
      * See {@link android.net.SocketKeepalive}.
      **/
-    public void startTcpKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+    @Nullable
+    public KeepaliveInfo makeTcpKeepaliveInfo(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             @NonNull FileDescriptor fd,
             int intervalSeconds,
             @NonNull ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb) {
         if (nai == null) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
 
         final TcpKeepalivePacketData packet;
@@ -672,10 +745,10 @@
             packet = TcpKeepaliveController.getTcpKeepalivePacket(fd);
         } catch (InvalidSocketException e) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.error);
-            return;
+            return null;
         } catch (InvalidPacketException e) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, e.getError());
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
         KeepaliveInfo ki = null;
         try {
@@ -684,20 +757,22 @@
         } catch (InvalidSocketException | IllegalArgumentException | SecurityException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Fail to construct keepalive e=" + e);
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
-            return;
+            return null;
         }
         Log.d(TAG, "Created keepalive: " + ki.toString());
-        mConnectivityServiceHandler.obtainMessage(CMD_START_SOCKET_KEEPALIVE, ki).sendToTarget();
+        return ki;
     }
 
-   /**
-    * Called when requesting that keepalives be started on a IPsec NAT-T socket. This function is
-    * identical to {@link #startNattKeepalive}, but also takes a {@code resourceId}, which is the
-    * resource index bound to the {@link UdpEncapsulationSocket} when creating by
-    * {@link com.android.server.IpSecService} to verify whether the given
-    * {@link UdpEncapsulationSocket} is legitimate.
-    **/
-    public void startNattKeepalive(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+    /**
+     * Make a KeepaliveInfo for an IPSec NAT-T socket.
+     *
+     * This function is identical to {@link #makeNattKeepaliveInfo}, but also takes a
+     * {@code resourceId}, which is the resource index bound to the {@link UdpEncapsulationSocket}
+     * when creating by {@link com.android.server.IpSecService} to verify whether the given
+     * {@link UdpEncapsulationSocket} is legitimate.
+     **/
+    @Nullable
+    public KeepaliveInfo makeNattKeepaliveInfo(@Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             @Nullable FileDescriptor fd,
             int resourceId,
             int intervalSeconds,
@@ -708,6 +783,7 @@
         // Ensure that the socket is created by IpSecService.
         if (!isNattKeepaliveSocketValid(fd, resourceId)) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+            return null;
         }
 
         // Get src port to adopt old API.
@@ -717,10 +793,11 @@
             srcPort = ((InetSocketAddress) srcSockAddr).getPort();
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             notifyErrorCallback(cb, ERROR_INVALID_SOCKET);
+            return null;
         }
 
         // Forward request to old API.
-        startNattKeepalive(nai, fd, intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddrString, srcPort,
+        return makeNattKeepaliveInfo(nai, fd, intervalSeconds, cb, srcAddrString, srcPort,
                 dstAddrString, dstPort);
     }
 
@@ -739,6 +816,9 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Dump KeepaliveTracker state.
+     */
     public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         pw.println("Supported Socket keepalives: " + Arrays.toString(mSupportedKeepalives));
         pw.println("Reserved Privileged keepalives: " + mReservedPrivilegedSlots);
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
index 032612c..8503fcc 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
@@ -229,8 +228,8 @@
             @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo toNai) {
         if (VDBG) {
             Log.d(TAG, "noteLingerDefaultNetwork from=" + fromNai.toShortString()
-                    + " everValidated=" + fromNai.everValidated
-                    + " lastValidated=" + fromNai.lastValidated
+                    + " firstValidated=" + fromNai.getFirstValidationTime()
+                    + " lastValidated=" + fromNai.getCurrentValidationTime()
                     + " to=" + toNai.toShortString());
         }
 
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@
         // 1. User connects to wireless printer.
         // 2. User turns on cellular data.
         // 3. We show a notification.
-        if (!fromNai.everValidated) return;
+        if (!fromNai.everValidated()) return;
 
         // If this network is a captive portal, don't notify. This cannot happen on initial connect
         // to a captive portal, because the everValidated check above will fail. However, it can
@@ -286,7 +285,7 @@
         // because its score changed.
         // TODO: instead of just skipping notification, keep a note of it, and show it if it becomes
         // unvalidated.
-        if (fromNai.lastValidated) return;
+        if (fromNai.isValidated()) return;
 
         if (!isNotificationEnabled(fromNai, toNai)) return;
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93018bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI;
+import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.TargetApi;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.ContentResolver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.IntentFilter;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.database.ContentObserver;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
+import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyCallback;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
+
+/**
+ * A class to encapsulate management of the "Smart Networking" capability of
+ * avoiding bad Wi-Fi when, for example upstream connectivity is lost or
+ * certain critical link failures occur.
+ *
+ * This enables the device to switch to another form of connectivity, like
+ * mobile, if it's available and working.
+ *
+ * The Runnable |avoidBadWifiCallback|, if given, is posted to the supplied
+ * Handler' whenever the computed "avoid bad wifi" value changes.
+ *
+ * Disabling this reverts the device to a level of networking sophistication
+ * circa 2012-13 by disabling disparate code paths each of which contribute to
+ * maintaining continuous, working Internet connectivity.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class MultinetworkPolicyTracker {
+    private static String TAG = MultinetworkPolicyTracker.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    // See Dependencies#getConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi
+    public static final String CONFIG_ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI = "actively_prefer_bad_wifi";
+
+    private final Context mContext;
+    private final ConnectivityResources mResources;
+    private final Handler mHandler;
+    private final Runnable mAvoidBadWifiCallback;
+    private final List<Uri> mSettingsUris;
+    private final ContentResolver mResolver;
+    private final SettingObserver mSettingObserver;
+    private final BroadcastReceiver mBroadcastReceiver;
+
+    private volatile boolean mAvoidBadWifi = true;
+    private volatile int mMeteredMultipathPreference;
+    private int mActiveSubId = SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID;
+    private volatile long mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies for testing
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * @see DeviceConfigUtils#getDeviceConfigPropertyInt
+         */
+        protected int getConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi() {
+            // CONFIG_ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI is not a feature to be rolled out, but an override
+            // for tests and an emergency kill switch (which could force the behavior on OR off).
+            // As such it uses a -1/null/1 scheme, but features should use
+            // DeviceConfigUtils#isFeatureEnabled instead, to make sure rollbacks disable the
+            // feature before it's ready on R and before.
+            return DeviceConfig.getInt(DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    CONFIG_ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI, 0);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         @see DeviceConfig#addOnPropertiesChangedListener
+         */
+        protected void addOnDevicePropertiesChangedListener(@NonNull final Executor executor,
+                @NonNull final DeviceConfig.OnPropertiesChangedListener listener) {
+            DeviceConfig.addOnPropertiesChangedListener(DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    executor, listener);
+        }
+
+        @VisibleForTesting
+        @NonNull
+        protected Resources getResourcesForActiveSubId(
+                @NonNull final ConnectivityResources resources, final int activeSubId) {
+            return SubscriptionManager.getResourcesForSubId(
+                    resources.getResourcesContext(), activeSubId);
+        }
+    }
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to prefer bad wifi to a network that yields to bad wifis, even if it never validated
+     *
+     * This setting only makes sense if the system is configured not to avoid bad wifis, i.e.
+     * if mAvoidBadWifi is true. If it's not, then no network ever yields to bad wifis
+     * ({@see FullScore#POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI}) and this setting has therefore no effect.
+     *
+     * If this is false, when ranking a bad wifi that never validated against cell data (or any
+     * network that yields to bad wifis), the ranker will prefer cell data. It will prefer wifi
+     * if wifi loses validation later. This behavior avoids the device losing internet access when
+     * walking past a wifi network with no internet access.
+     * This is the default behavior up to Android T, but it can be overridden through an overlay
+     * to behave like below.
+     *
+     * If this is true, then in the same scenario, the ranker will prefer cell data until
+     * the wifi completes its first validation attempt (or the attempt times out after
+     * ConnectivityService#PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS), then it will prefer the wifi even if it
+     * doesn't provide internet access, unless there is a captive portal on that wifi.
+     * This is the behavior in U and above.
+     */
+    private boolean mActivelyPreferBadWifi;
+
+    // Mainline module can't use internal HandlerExecutor, so add an identical executor here.
+    private static class HandlerExecutor implements Executor {
+        @NonNull
+        private final Handler mHandler;
+
+        HandlerExecutor(@NonNull Handler handler) {
+            mHandler = handler;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public void execute(Runnable command) {
+            if (!mHandler.post(command)) {
+                throw new RejectedExecutionException(mHandler + " is shutting down");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // TODO: Set the mini sdk to 31 and remove @TargetApi annotation when b/205923322 is addressed.
+    @VisibleForTesting @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
+    protected class ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener extends TelephonyCallback
+            implements TelephonyCallback.ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener {
+        @Override
+        public void onActiveDataSubscriptionIdChanged(int subId) {
+            mActiveSubId = subId;
+            reevaluateInternal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MultinetworkPolicyTracker(Context ctx, Handler handler, Runnable avoidBadWifiCallback) {
+        this(ctx, handler, avoidBadWifiCallback, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    public MultinetworkPolicyTracker(Context ctx, Handler handler, Runnable avoidBadWifiCallback,
+            Dependencies deps) {
+        mContext = ctx;
+        mResources = new ConnectivityResources(ctx);
+        mHandler = handler;
+        mAvoidBadWifiCallback = avoidBadWifiCallback;
+        mDeps = deps;
+        mSettingsUris = Arrays.asList(
+                Settings.Global.getUriFor(NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI),
+                Settings.Global.getUriFor(NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE));
+        mResolver = mContext.getContentResolver();
+        mSettingObserver = new SettingObserver();
+        mBroadcastReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
+            @Override
+            public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+                reevaluateInternal();
+            }
+        };
+
+        updateAvoidBadWifi();
+        updateMeteredMultipathPreference();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Set the mini sdk to 31 and remove @TargetApi annotation when b/205923322 is addressed.
+    @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
+    public void start() {
+        for (Uri uri : mSettingsUris) {
+            mResolver.registerContentObserver(uri, false, mSettingObserver);
+        }
+
+        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();
+        intentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_CONFIGURATION_CHANGED);
+        mContext.registerReceiverForAllUsers(mBroadcastReceiver, intentFilter,
+                null /* broadcastPermission */, mHandler);
+
+        final Executor handlerExecutor = new HandlerExecutor(mHandler);
+        mContext.getSystemService(TelephonyManager.class).registerTelephonyCallback(
+                handlerExecutor, new ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener());
+        mDeps.addOnDevicePropertiesChangedListener(handlerExecutor,
+                properties -> reevaluateInternal());
+
+        reevaluate();
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        mResolver.unregisterContentObserver(mSettingObserver);
+
+        mContext.unregisterReceiver(mBroadcastReceiver);
+    }
+
+    public boolean getAvoidBadWifi() {
+        return mAvoidBadWifi;
+    }
+
+    public boolean getActivelyPreferBadWifi() {
+        return mActivelyPreferBadWifi;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: move this to MultipathPolicyTracker.
+    public int getMeteredMultipathPreference() {
+        return mMeteredMultipathPreference;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the device or carrier configuration disables avoiding bad wifi by default.
+     */
+    public boolean configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi() {
+        final boolean allowBadWifi = mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs > 0
+                && mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs > System.currentTimeMillis();
+        // If the config returns true, then avoid bad wifi design can be controlled by the
+        // NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI setting.
+        if (allowBadWifi) return true;
+
+        return mDeps.getResourcesForActiveSubId(mResources, mActiveSubId)
+                .getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi) == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the device config prefers bad wifi actively, when it doesn't avoid them
+     *
+     * This is only relevant when the device is configured not to avoid bad wifis. In this
+     * case, "actively" preferring a bad wifi means that the device will switch to a bad
+     * wifi it just connected to, as long as it's not a captive portal.
+     *
+     * On U and above this always returns true. On T and below it reads a configuration option.
+     */
+    public boolean configActivelyPrefersBadWifi() {
+        // See the definition of config_activelyPreferBadWifi for a description of its meaning.
+        // On U and above, the config is ignored, and bad wifi is always actively preferred.
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) return true;
+
+        // On T and below, 1 means to actively prefer bad wifi, 0 means not to prefer
+        // bad wifi (only stay stuck on it if already on there). This implementation treats
+        // any non-0 value like 1, on the assumption that anybody setting it non-zero wants
+        // the newer behavior.
+        return 0 != mDeps.getResourcesForActiveSubId(mResources, mActiveSubId)
+                .getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Temporarily allow bad wifi to override {@code config_networkAvoidBadWifi} configuration.
+     * The value works when the time set is more than {@link System.currentTimeMillis()}.
+     */
+    public void setTestAllowBadWifiUntil(long timeMs) {
+        Log.d(TAG, "setTestAllowBadWifiUntil: " + timeMs);
+        mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs = timeMs;
+        reevaluateInternal();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether we should display a notification when wifi becomes unvalidated.
+     */
+    public boolean shouldNotifyWifiUnvalidated() {
+        return configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi() && getAvoidBadWifiSetting() == null;
+    }
+
+    public String getAvoidBadWifiSetting() {
+        return Settings.Global.getString(mResolver, NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether device config says the device should actively prefer bad wifi.
+     *
+     * {@see #configActivelyPrefersBadWifi} for a description of what this does. This device
+     * config overrides that config overlay.
+     *
+     * @return True on Android U and above.
+     *         True if device config says to actively prefer bad wifi.
+     *         False if device config says not to actively prefer bad wifi.
+     *         null if device config doesn't have an opinion (then fall back on the resource).
+     */
+    public Boolean deviceConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi() {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) return true;
+        switch (mDeps.getConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi()) {
+            case 1:
+                return Boolean.TRUE;
+            case -1:
+                return Boolean.FALSE;
+            default:
+                return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void reevaluate() {
+        mHandler.post(this::reevaluateInternal);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reevaluate the settings. Must be called on the handler thread.
+     */
+    private void reevaluateInternal() {
+        if (updateAvoidBadWifi() && mAvoidBadWifiCallback != null) {
+            mAvoidBadWifiCallback.run();
+        }
+        updateMeteredMultipathPreference();
+    }
+
+    public boolean updateAvoidBadWifi() {
+        final boolean settingAvoidBadWifi = "1".equals(getAvoidBadWifiSetting());
+        final boolean prevAvoid = mAvoidBadWifi;
+        mAvoidBadWifi = settingAvoidBadWifi || !configRestrictsAvoidBadWifi();
+
+        final boolean prevActive = mActivelyPreferBadWifi;
+        final Boolean deviceConfigPreferBadWifi = deviceConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi();
+        if (null == deviceConfigPreferBadWifi) {
+            mActivelyPreferBadWifi = configActivelyPrefersBadWifi();
+        } else {
+            mActivelyPreferBadWifi = deviceConfigPreferBadWifi;
+        }
+
+        return mAvoidBadWifi != prevAvoid || mActivelyPreferBadWifi != prevActive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default (device and carrier-dependent) value for metered multipath preference.
+     */
+    public int configMeteredMultipathPreference() {
+        return mDeps.getResourcesForActiveSubId(mResources, mActiveSubId)
+                .getInteger(R.integer.config_networkMeteredMultipathPreference);
+    }
+
+    public void updateMeteredMultipathPreference() {
+        String setting = Settings.Global.getString(mResolver, NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE);
+        try {
+            mMeteredMultipathPreference = Integer.parseInt(setting);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            mMeteredMultipathPreference = configMeteredMultipathPreference();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class SettingObserver extends ContentObserver {
+        public SettingObserver() {
+            super(null);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "Should never be reached.");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onChange(boolean selfChange, Uri uri) {
+            if (!mSettingsUris.contains(uri)) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "Unexpected settings observation: " + uri);
+            }
+            reevaluate();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
index e8fc06d..2ac2ad3 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.contains;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.IDnsResolver;
 import android.net.INetd;
@@ -127,6 +129,11 @@
         final boolean supported = contains(NETWORK_TYPES, nai.networkInfo.getType());
         final boolean connected = contains(NETWORK_STATES, nai.networkInfo.getState());
 
+        // Allow to run clat on test network.
+        // TODO: merge to boolean "supported" once boolean "supported" is migrated to
+        // NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_*.
+        final boolean isTestNetwork = nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_TEST);
+
         // Only run clat on networks that have a global IPv6 address and don't have a native IPv4
         // address.
         LinkProperties lp = nai.linkProperties;
@@ -137,8 +144,8 @@
         final boolean skip464xlat = (nai.netAgentConfig() != null)
                 && nai.netAgentConfig().skip464xlat;
 
-        return supported && connected && isIpv6OnlyNetwork && !skip464xlat && !nai.destroyed
-                && (nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+        return (supported || isTestNetwork) && connected && isIpv6OnlyNetwork && !skip464xlat
+                && !nai.isDestroyed() && (nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 ? isCellular464XlatEnabled() : true);
     }
 
@@ -414,7 +421,7 @@
      * This is necessary because the LinkProperties in mNetwork come from the transport layer, which
      * has no idea that 464xlat is running on top of it.
      */
-    public void fixupLinkProperties(@NonNull LinkProperties oldLp, @NonNull LinkProperties lp) {
+    public void fixupLinkProperties(@Nullable LinkProperties oldLp, @NonNull LinkProperties lp) {
         // This must be done even if clatd is not running, because otherwise shouldStartClat would
         // never return true.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(selectNat64Prefix());
@@ -427,6 +434,8 @@
         }
 
         Log.d(TAG, "clatd running, updating NAI for " + mIface);
+        // oldLp can't be null here since shouldStartClat checks null LinkProperties to start clat.
+        // Thus, the status won't pass isRunning check if the oldLp is null.
         for (LinkProperties stacked: oldLp.getStackedLinks()) {
             if (Objects.equals(mIface, stacked.getInterfaceName())) {
                 lp.addStackedLink(stacked);
@@ -534,13 +543,16 @@
      */
     public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // Dump ClatCoordinator information while clatd has been started but not running. The
+            // reason is that it helps to have more information if clatd is started but the
+            // v4-* interface doesn't bring up. See #isStarted, #isRunning.
             if (isStarted()) {
                 pw.println("ClatCoordinator:");
                 pw.increaseIndent();
                 mClatCoordinator.dump(pw);
                 pw.decreaseIndent();
             } else {
-                pw.println("<not start>");
+                pw.println("<not started>");
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index b40b6e0..85282cb 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
 import android.net.DscpPolicy;
 import android.net.IDnsResolver;
@@ -60,12 +61,14 @@
 import android.util.Pair;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.internal.util.WakeupMessage;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
 
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@
 //    for example:
 //    a. a captive portal is present, or
 //    b. a WiFi router whose Internet backhaul is down, or
-//    c. a wireless connection stops transfering packets temporarily (e.g. device is in elevator
+//    c. a wireless connection stops transferring packets temporarily (e.g. device is in elevator
 //       or tunnel) but does not disconnect from the AP/cell tower, or
 //    d. a stand-alone device offering a WiFi AP without an uplink for configuration purposes.
 // 5. registered, created, connected, validated
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@
 // the network is no longer considered "lingering". After the linger timer expires, if the network
 // is satisfying one or more background NetworkRequests it is kept up in the background. If it is
 // not, ConnectivityService disconnects the NetworkAgent's AsyncChannel.
-public class NetworkAgentInfo implements Comparable<NetworkAgentInfo>, NetworkRanker.Scoreable {
+public class NetworkAgentInfo implements NetworkRanker.Scoreable {
 
     @NonNull public NetworkInfo networkInfo;
     // This Network object should always be used if possible, so as to encourage reuse of the
@@ -181,45 +184,227 @@
 
     // The capabilities originally announced by the NetworkAgent, regardless of any capabilities
     // that were added or removed due to this network's underlying networks.
-    // Only set if #propagateUnderlyingCapabilities is true.
-    public @Nullable NetworkCapabilities declaredCapabilities;
+    //
+    // As the name implies, these capabilities are not sanitized and are not to
+    // be trusted. Most callers should simply use the {@link networkCapabilities}
+    // field instead.
+    private @Nullable NetworkCapabilities mDeclaredCapabilitiesUnsanitized;
 
-    // Indicates if netd has been told to create this Network. From this point on the appropriate
-    // routing rules are setup and routes are added so packets can begin flowing over the Network.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
-    public boolean created;
-    // Set to true after the first time this network is marked as CONNECTED. Once set, the network
-    // shows up in API calls, is able to satisfy NetworkRequests and can become the default network.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
-    public boolean everConnected;
-    // Whether this network has been destroyed and is being kept temporarily until it is replaced.
-    public boolean destroyed;
-    // To check how long it has been since last roam.
-    public long lastRoamTimestamp;
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) when netd has been told to create this Network, or
+    // 0 if it hasn't been done yet.
+    // From this point on, the appropriate routing rules are setup and routes are added so packets
+    // can begin flowing over the Network.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set != 0 it is never changed.
+    private long mCreatedTime;
 
-    // Set to true if this Network successfully passed validation or if it did not satisfy the
-    // default NetworkRequest in which case validation will not be attempted.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared even if future validation attempts fail.
-    public boolean everValidated;
+    /** Notify this NAI that netd was just told to create this network */
+    public void setCreated() {
+        if (0L != mCreatedTime) throw new IllegalStateException("Already created");
+        mCreatedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
 
-    // The result of the last validation attempt on this network (true if validated, false if not).
-    public boolean lastValidated;
+    /** Returns whether netd was told to create this network */
+    public boolean isCreated() {
+        return mCreatedTime != 0L;
+    }
 
-    // If true, becoming unvalidated will lower the network's score. This is only meaningful if the
-    // system is configured not to do this for certain networks, e.g., if the
-    // config_networkAvoidBadWifi option is set to 0 and the user has not overridden that via
-    // Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI.
-    public boolean avoidUnvalidated;
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime) when this network was created (or 0 if never).
+    public long getCreatedTime() {
+        return mCreatedTime;
+    }
 
-    // Whether a captive portal was ever detected on this network.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
-    public boolean everCaptivePortalDetected;
+    // Timestamp of the first time (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) this network is marked as
+    // connected, or 0 if this network has never been marked connected. Once set to non-zero, the
+    // network shows up in API calls, is able to satisfy NetworkRequests and can become the default
+    // network.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set != 0 it is never changed.
+    private long mConnectedTime;
 
-    // Whether a captive portal was found during the last network validation attempt.
-    public boolean lastCaptivePortalDetected;
+    /** Notify this NAI that this network just connected */
+    public void setConnected() {
+        if (0L != mConnectedTime) throw new IllegalStateException("Already connected");
+        mConnectedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
 
-    // Set to true when partial connectivity was detected.
-    public boolean partialConnectivity;
+    /** Return whether this network ever connected */
+    public boolean everConnected() {
+        return mConnectedTime != 0L;
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was first connected, or 0 if
+    // never.
+    public long getConnectedTime() {
+        return mConnectedTime;
+    }
+
+    // When this network has been destroyed and is being kept temporarily until it is replaced,
+    // this is set to that timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()). Zero otherwise.
+    private long mDestroyedTime;
+
+    /** Notify this NAI that this network was destroyed */
+    public void setDestroyed() {
+        if (0L != mDestroyedTime) throw new IllegalStateException("Already destroyed");
+        mDestroyedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this network was destroyed */
+    public boolean isDestroyed() {
+        return 0L != mDestroyedTime;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp of the last roaming (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) or 0 if never roamed.
+    public long lastRoamTime;
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) of the first time this network successfully
+    // passed validation or was deemed exempt of validation (see
+    // {@link NetworkMonitorUtils#isValidationRequired}). Zero if the network requires
+    // validation but never passed it successfully.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set it is never changed even if further validation attempts are
+    // made (whether they succeed or fail).
+    private long mFirstValidationTime;
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the latest validation attempt succeeded,
+    // or 0 if the latest validation attempt failed.
+    private long mCurrentValidationTime;
+
+    /** Notify this NAI that this network just finished a validation check */
+    public void setValidated(final boolean validated) {
+        final long nowOrZero = validated ? SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() : 0L;
+        if (validated && 0L == mFirstValidationTime) {
+            mFirstValidationTime = nowOrZero;
+        }
+        mCurrentValidationTime = nowOrZero;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether this network is currently validated.
+     *
+     * This is the result of the latest validation check. {@see #getCurrentValidationTime} for
+     * when that check was performed.
+     */
+    public boolean isValidated() {
+        return 0L != mCurrentValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether this network ever passed the validation checks successfully.
+     *
+     * Note that the network may no longer be validated at this time ever if this is true.
+     * @see #isValidated
+     */
+    public boolean everValidated() {
+        return 0L != mFirstValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was most recently validated,
+    // or 0 if this network was found not to validate on the last attempt.
+    public long getCurrentValidationTime() {
+        return mCurrentValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was validated for the first
+    // time (or 0 if never).
+    public long getFirstValidationTime() {
+        return mFirstValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the user requested this network be
+    // avoided when unvalidated. Zero if this never happened for this network.
+    // This is only meaningful if the system is configured to have some cell networks yield
+    // to bad wifi, e.g., if the config_networkAvoidBadWifi option is set to 0 and the user has
+    // not overridden that via Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI.
+    //
+    // Normally the system always prefers a validated network to a non-validated one, even if
+    // the non-validated one is cheaper. However, some cell networks may be configured by the
+    // setting above to yield to WiFi even if that WiFi network goes bad. When this configuration
+    // is active, specific networks can be marked to override this configuration so that the
+    // system will revert to preferring such a cell to this network when this network goes bad. This
+    // is achieved by calling {@link ConnectivityManager#setAvoidUnvalidated()}, and this field
+    // is set to non-zero when this happened to this network.
+    private long mAvoidUnvalidated;
+
+    /** Set this network as being avoided when unvalidated. {@see mAvoidUnvalidated} */
+    public void setAvoidUnvalidated() {
+        if (0L != mAvoidUnvalidated) throw new IllegalStateException("Already avoided unvalidated");
+        mAvoidUnvalidated = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was set to being avoided
+    // when unvalidated, or 0 if this never happened.
+    public long getAvoidUnvalidated() {
+        return mAvoidUnvalidated;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which a captive portal was first detected
+    // on this network, or zero if this never happened.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set != 0 it is never changed.
+    private long mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the latest validation attempt found a
+    // captive portal, or zero if the latest attempt didn't find a captive portal.
+    private long mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+
+    /** Notify this NAI that a captive portal has just been detected on this network */
+    public void setCaptivePortalDetected(final boolean hasCaptivePortal) {
+        if (!hasCaptivePortal) {
+            mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime = 0L;
+            return;
+        }
+        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        if (0L == mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime) mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime = now;
+        mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime = now;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether a captive portal has ever been detected on this network */
+    public boolean everCaptivePortalDetected() {
+        return 0L != mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this network has been detected to be behind a captive portal at the moment */
+    public boolean captivePortalDetected() {
+        return 0L != mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the latest validation attempt found
+    // partial connectivity, or zero if the latest attempt didn't find partial connectivity.
+    private long mPartialConnectivityTime;
+
+    public void setPartialConnectivity(final boolean value) {
+        mPartialConnectivityTime = value ? SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() : 0L;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this NAI has partial connectivity */
+    public boolean partialConnectivity() {
+        return 0L != mPartialConnectivityTime;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) at which the first validation attempt concluded,
+    // or timed out after {@link ConnectivityService#PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS}. 0 if not yet.
+    private long mFirstEvaluationConcludedTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Notify this NAI that this network has been evaluated.
+     *
+     * The stack considers that any result finding some working connectivity (valid, partial,
+     * captive portal) is an initial validation. Negative result (not valid), however, is not
+     * considered initial validation until {@link ConnectivityService#PROMPT_UNVALIDATED_DELAY_MS}
+     * have elapsed. This is because some networks may spuriously fail for a short time immediately
+     * after associating. If no positive result is found after the timeout has elapsed, then
+     * the network has been evaluated once.
+     *
+     * @return true the first time this is called on this object, then always returns false.
+     */
+    public boolean setEvaluated() {
+        if (0L != mFirstEvaluationConcludedTime) return false;
+        mFirstEvaluationConcludedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** When this network ever concluded its first evaluation, or 0 if this never happened. */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public long getFirstEvaluationConcludedTime() {
+        return mFirstEvaluationConcludedTime;
+    }
 
     // Delay between when the network is disconnected and when the native network is destroyed.
     public int teardownDelayMs;
@@ -236,6 +421,55 @@
     // URL, Terms & Conditions URL, and network friendly name.
     public CaptivePortalData networkAgentPortalData;
 
+    // Indicate whether this device has the automotive feature.
+    private final boolean mHasAutomotiveFeature;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the capabilities sent by the agent for later retrieval.
+     *
+     * This method does not sanitize the capabilities ; instead, use
+     * {@link #getDeclaredCapabilitiesSanitized} to retrieve a sanitized
+     * copy of the capabilities as they were passed here.
+     *
+     * This method makes a defensive copy to avoid issues where the passed object is later mutated.
+     *
+     * @param caps the caps sent by the agent
+     */
+    public void setDeclaredCapabilities(@NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps) {
+        mDeclaredCapabilitiesUnsanitized = new NetworkCapabilities(caps);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the latest capabilities sent by the network agent, after sanitizing them.
+     *
+     * These are the capabilities as they were sent by the agent (but sanitized to conform to
+     * their restrictions). They are NOT the capabilities currently applying to this agent ;
+     * for that, use {@link #networkCapabilities}.
+     *
+     * Agents have restrictions on what capabilities they can send to Connectivity. For example,
+     * they can't change the owner UID from what they declared before, and complex restrictions
+     * apply to the allowedUids field.
+     * They also should not mutate immutable capabilities, although for backward-compatibility
+     * this is not enforced and limited to just a log.
+     *
+     * @param carrierPrivilegeAuthenticator the authenticator, to check access UIDs.
+     */
+    public NetworkCapabilities getDeclaredCapabilitiesSanitized(
+            final CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator carrierPrivilegeAuthenticator) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities(mDeclaredCapabilitiesUnsanitized);
+        if (nc.hasConnectivityManagedCapability()) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "BUG: " + this + " has CS-managed capability.");
+        }
+        if (networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() != nc.getOwnerUid()) {
+            Log.e(TAG, toShortString() + ": ignoring attempt to change owner from "
+                    + networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() + " to " + nc.getOwnerUid());
+            nc.setOwnerUid(networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
+        }
+        restrictCapabilitiesFromNetworkAgent(
+                nc, creatorUid, mHasAutomotiveFeature, carrierPrivilegeAuthenticator);
+        return nc;
+    }
+
     // Networks are lingered when they become unneeded as a result of their NetworkRequests being
     // satisfied by a higher-scoring network. so as to allow communication to wrap up before the
     // network is taken down.  This usually only happens to the default network. Lingering ends with
@@ -366,6 +600,8 @@
     private final Handler mHandler;
     private final QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
 
+    private final long mCreationTime;
+
     public NetworkAgentInfo(INetworkAgent na, Network net, NetworkInfo info,
             @NonNull LinkProperties lp, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
             @NonNull NetworkScore score, Context context,
@@ -398,6 +634,9 @@
         declaredUnderlyingNetworks = (nc.getUnderlyingNetworks() != null)
                 ? nc.getUnderlyingNetworks().toArray(new Network[0])
                 : null;
+        mCreationTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        mHasAutomotiveFeature =
+                mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE);
     }
 
     private class AgentDeathMonitor implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
@@ -764,8 +1003,7 @@
             @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc) {
         final NetworkCapabilities oldNc = networkCapabilities;
         networkCapabilities = nc;
-        mScore = mScore.mixInScore(networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig, everValidatedForYield(),
-                yieldToBadWiFi(), destroyed);
+        updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
         final NetworkMonitorManager nm = mNetworkMonitor;
         if (nm != null) {
             nm.notifyNetworkCapabilitiesChanged(nc);
@@ -928,13 +1166,13 @@
 
     // Does this network satisfy request?
     public boolean satisfies(NetworkRequest request) {
-        return created &&
-                request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        return everConnected()
+                && request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
     }
 
     public boolean satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(NetworkRequest request) {
-        return created &&
-                request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(
+        return everConnected()
+                && request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(
                         networkCapabilities);
     }
 
@@ -963,24 +1201,15 @@
         return mScore;
     }
 
-    // Get the current score for this Network.  This may be modified from what the
-    // NetworkAgent sent, as it has modifiers applied to it.
-    public int getCurrentScore() {
-        return mScore.getLegacyInt();
-    }
-
-    // Get the current score for this Network as if it was validated.  This may be modified from
-    // what the NetworkAgent sent, as it has modifiers applied to it.
-    public int getCurrentScoreAsValidated() {
-        return mScore.getLegacyIntAsValidated();
-    }
-
     /**
      * Mix-in the ConnectivityService-managed bits in the score.
      */
     public void setScore(final NetworkScore score) {
+        final FullScore oldScore = mScore;
         mScore = FullScore.fromNetworkScore(score, networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig,
-                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi(), destroyed);
+                everValidated(), 0L != getAvoidUnvalidated(), yieldToBadWiFi(),
+                0L != mFirstEvaluationConcludedTime, isDestroyed());
+        maybeLogDifferences(oldScore);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -989,12 +1218,22 @@
      * Call this after changing any data that might affect the score (e.g., agent config).
      */
     public void updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate() {
+        final FullScore oldScore = mScore;
         mScore = mScore.mixInScore(networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig,
-                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi(), destroyed);
+                everValidated(), 0L != getAvoidUnvalidated(), yieldToBadWiFi(),
+                0L != mFirstEvaluationConcludedTime, isDestroyed());
+        maybeLogDifferences(oldScore);
     }
 
-    private boolean everValidatedForYield() {
-        return everValidated && !avoidUnvalidated;
+    /**
+     * Prints score differences to logcat, if any.
+     * @param oldScore the old score. Differences from |oldScore| to |this| are logged, if any.
+     */
+    public void maybeLogDifferences(final FullScore oldScore) {
+        final String differences = mScore.describeDifferencesFrom(oldScore);
+        if (null != differences) {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Update score for net " + network + " : " + differences);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1279,15 +1518,19 @@
         return "NetworkAgentInfo{"
                 + "network{" + network + "}  handle{" + network.getNetworkHandle() + "}  ni{"
                 + networkInfo.toShortString() + "} "
+                + "created=" + Instant.ofEpochMilli(mCreationTime) + " "
                 + mScore + " "
-                + (created ? " created" : "")
-                + (destroyed ? " destroyed" : "")
+                + (isCreated() ? " created " + getCreatedTime() : "")
+                + (isDestroyed() ? " destroyed " + mDestroyedTime : "")
                 + (isNascent() ? " nascent" : (isLingering() ? " lingering" : ""))
-                + (everValidated ? " everValidated" : "")
-                + (lastValidated ? " lastValidated" : "")
-                + (partialConnectivity ? " partialConnectivity" : "")
-                + (everCaptivePortalDetected ? " everCaptivePortal" : "")
-                + (lastCaptivePortalDetected ? " isCaptivePortal" : "")
+                + (everValidated() ? " firstValidated " + getFirstValidationTime() : "")
+                + (isValidated() ? " lastValidated " + getCurrentValidationTime() : "")
+                + (partialConnectivity()
+                        ? " partialConnectivity " + mPartialConnectivityTime : "")
+                + (everCaptivePortalDetected()
+                        ? " firstCaptivePortalDetected " + mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime : "")
+                + (captivePortalDetected()
+                        ? " currentCaptivePortalDetected " + mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime : "")
                 + (networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected ? " explicitlySelected" : "")
                 + (networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated ? " acceptUnvalidated" : "")
                 + (networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity ? " acceptPartialConnectivity" : "")
@@ -1305,19 +1548,13 @@
      *
      * This is often not enough for debugging purposes for anything complex, but the full form
      * is very long and hard to read, so this is useful when there isn't a lot of ambiguity.
-     * This represents the network with something like "[100 WIFI|VPN]" or "[108 MOBILE]".
+     * This represents the network with something like "[100 WIFI|VPN]" or "[108 CELLULAR]".
      */
     public String toShortString() {
         return "[" + network.getNetId() + " "
                 + transportNamesOf(networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes()) + "]";
     }
 
-    // Enables sorting in descending order of score.
-    @Override
-    public int compareTo(NetworkAgentInfo other) {
-        return other.getCurrentScore() - getCurrentScore();
-    }
-
     /**
      * Null-guarding version of NetworkAgentInfo#toShortString()
      */
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
index 509110d..15d0925 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkDiagnostics.java
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@
 
 import static android.system.OsConstants.*;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ICMP_HEADER_LEN;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_HEADER_LEN;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_MIN_MTU;
+
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
@@ -33,6 +38,7 @@
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.StructTimeval;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
@@ -172,7 +178,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private final Map<InetAddress, Measurement> mIcmpChecks = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<Pair<InetAddress, Integer>, Measurement> mIcmpChecks = new HashMap<>();
     private final Map<Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress>, Measurement> mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks =
             new HashMap<>();
     private final Map<InetAddress, Measurement> mDnsUdpChecks = new HashMap<>();
@@ -205,17 +211,21 @@
             mLinkProperties.addDnsServer(TEST_DNS6);
         }
 
+        final int mtu = mLinkProperties.getMtu();
         for (RouteInfo route : mLinkProperties.getRoutes()) {
             if (route.getType() == RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST && route.hasGateway()) {
                 InetAddress gateway = route.getGateway();
-                prepareIcmpMeasurement(gateway);
+                // Use mtu in the route if exists. Otherwise, use the one in the link property.
+                final int routeMtu = route.getMtu();
+                prepareIcmpMeasurements(gateway, (routeMtu > 0) ? routeMtu : mtu);
                 if (route.isIPv6Default()) {
                     prepareExplicitSourceIcmpMeasurements(gateway);
                 }
             }
         }
+
         for (InetAddress nameserver : mLinkProperties.getDnsServers()) {
-            prepareIcmpMeasurement(nameserver);
+            prepareIcmpMeasurements(nameserver, mtu);
             prepareDnsMeasurement(nameserver);
 
             // Unlike the DnsResolver which doesn't do certificate validation in opportunistic mode,
@@ -261,11 +271,50 @@
                 localAddr.getHostAddress(), inetSockAddr.getPort());
     }
 
-    private void prepareIcmpMeasurement(InetAddress target) {
-        if (!mIcmpChecks.containsKey(target)) {
-            Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
-            measurement.thread = new Thread(new IcmpCheck(target, measurement));
-            mIcmpChecks.put(target, measurement);
+    private static int getHeaderLen(@NonNull InetAddress target) {
+        // Convert IPv4 mapped v6 address to v4 if any.
+        try {
+            final InetAddress addr = InetAddress.getByAddress(target.getAddress());
+            // An ICMPv6 header is technically 4 bytes, but the implementation in IcmpCheck#run()
+            // will always fill in another 4 bytes padding in the v6 diagnostic packets, so the size
+            // before icmp data is always 8 bytes in the implementation of ICMP diagnostics for both
+            // v4 and v6 packets. Thus, it's fine to use the v4 header size in the length
+            // calculation.
+            if (addr instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                return IPV6_HEADER_LEN + ICMP_HEADER_LEN;
+            }
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Create InetAddress fail(" + target + "): " + e);
+        }
+
+        return IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN + ICMP_HEADER_LEN;
+    }
+
+    private void prepareIcmpMeasurements(@NonNull InetAddress target, int targetNetworkMtu) {
+        // Test with different size payload ICMP.
+        // 1. Test with 0 payload.
+        addPayloadIcmpMeasurement(target, 0);
+        final int header = getHeaderLen(target);
+        // 2. Test with full size MTU.
+        addPayloadIcmpMeasurement(target, targetNetworkMtu - header);
+        // 3. If v6, make another measurement with the full v6 min MTU, unless that's what
+        //    was done above.
+        if ((target instanceof Inet6Address) && (targetNetworkMtu != IPV6_MIN_MTU)) {
+            addPayloadIcmpMeasurement(target, IPV6_MIN_MTU - header);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addPayloadIcmpMeasurement(@NonNull InetAddress target, int payloadLen) {
+        // This can happen if the there is no mtu filled(which is 0) in the link property.
+        // The value becomes negative after minus header length.
+        if (payloadLen < 0) return;
+
+        final Pair<InetAddress, Integer> lenTarget =
+                new Pair<>(target, Integer.valueOf(payloadLen));
+        if (!mIcmpChecks.containsKey(lenTarget)) {
+            final Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
+            measurement.thread = new Thread(new IcmpCheck(target, payloadLen, measurement));
+            mIcmpChecks.put(lenTarget, measurement);
         }
     }
 
@@ -276,7 +325,7 @@
                 Pair<InetAddress, InetAddress> srcTarget = new Pair<>(source, target);
                 if (!mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.containsKey(srcTarget)) {
                     Measurement measurement = new Measurement();
-                    measurement.thread = new Thread(new IcmpCheck(source, target, measurement));
+                    measurement.thread = new Thread(new IcmpCheck(source, target, 0, measurement));
                     mExplicitSourceIcmpChecks.put(srcTarget, measurement);
                 }
             }
@@ -334,8 +383,8 @@
         ArrayList<Measurement> measurements = new ArrayList(totalMeasurementCount());
 
         // Sort measurements IPv4 first.
-        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
-            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet4Address) {
+        for (Map.Entry<Pair<InetAddress, Integer>, Measurement> entry : mIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey().first instanceof Inet4Address) {
                 measurements.add(entry.getValue());
             }
         }
@@ -357,8 +406,8 @@
         }
 
         // IPv6 measurements second.
-        for (Map.Entry<InetAddress, Measurement> entry : mIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
-            if (entry.getKey() instanceof Inet6Address) {
+        for (Map.Entry<Pair<InetAddress, Integer>, Measurement> entry : mIcmpChecks.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getKey().first instanceof Inet6Address) {
                 measurements.add(entry.getValue());
             }
         }
@@ -489,8 +538,11 @@
         private static final int PACKET_BUFSIZE = 512;
         private final int mProtocol;
         private final int mIcmpType;
+        private final int mPayloadSize;
+        // The length parameter is effectively the -s flag to ping/ping6 to specify the number of
+        // data bytes to be sent.
+        IcmpCheck(InetAddress source, InetAddress target, int length, Measurement measurement) {
 
-        public IcmpCheck(InetAddress source, InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
             super(source, target, measurement);
 
             if (mAddressFamily == AF_INET6) {
@@ -502,12 +554,13 @@
                 mIcmpType = NetworkConstants.ICMPV4_ECHO_REQUEST_TYPE;
                 mMeasurement.description = "ICMPv4";
             }
-
-            mMeasurement.description += " dst{" + mTarget.getHostAddress() + "}";
+            mPayloadSize = length;
+            mMeasurement.description += " payloadLength{" + mPayloadSize  + "}"
+                    + " dst{" + mTarget.getHostAddress() + "}";
         }
 
-        public IcmpCheck(InetAddress target, Measurement measurement) {
-            this(null, target, measurement);
+        IcmpCheck(InetAddress target, int length, Measurement measurement) {
+            this(null, target, length, measurement);
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -523,9 +576,11 @@
             mMeasurement.description += " src{" + socketAddressToString(mSocketAddress) + "}";
 
             // Build a trivial ICMP packet.
-            final byte[] icmpPacket = {
-                    (byte) mIcmpType, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0  // ICMP header
-            };
+            // The v4 ICMP header ICMP_HEADER_LEN (which is 8) and v6 is only 4 bytes (4 bytes
+            // message body followed by header before the payload).
+            // Use 8 bytes for both v4 and v6 for simplicity.
+            final byte[] icmpPacket = new byte[ICMP_HEADER_LEN + mPayloadSize];
+            icmpPacket[0] = (byte) mIcmpType;
 
             int count = 0;
             mMeasurement.startTime = now();
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
index 155f6c4..8b0cb7c 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.app.ActivityOptions;
 import android.app.Notification;
 import android.app.NotificationManager;
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
@@ -29,10 +30,11 @@
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.graphics.drawable.Icon;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.messages.nano.SystemMessageProto.SystemMessage;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 
 public class NetworkNotificationManager {
 
@@ -328,7 +331,26 @@
         }
 
         try {
-            intent.send();
+            Bundle options = null;
+
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() && intent.isActivity()) {
+                // Also check SDK_INT >= T separately, as the linter in some T-based branches does
+                // not recognize "isAtLeastU && something" as an SDK check for T+ APIs.
+                if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+                    // Android U requires pending intent background start mode to be specified:
+                    // See #background-activity-restrictions in
+                    // https://developer.android.com/about/versions/14/behavior-changes-14
+                    // But setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode is U+, and replaces
+                    // setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityLaunchAllowed which is T+ but deprecated.
+                    // Use setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityLaunchAllowed as the U+ version is not
+                    // yet available in all branches.
+                    final ActivityOptions activityOptions = ActivityOptions.makeBasic();
+                    activityOptions.setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityLaunchAllowed(true);
+                    options = activityOptions.toBundle();
+                }
+            }
+
+            intent.send(null, 0, null, null, null, null, options);
         } catch (PendingIntent.CanceledException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Error sending dialog PendingIntent", e);
         }
@@ -394,8 +416,9 @@
         Toast.makeText(mContext, text, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
     }
 
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    static String tagFor(int id) {
+    /** Get the logging tag for a notification ID */
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = VisibleForTesting.Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static String tagFor(int id) {
         return String.format("ConnectivityNotification:%d", id);
     }
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkPreferenceList.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkPreferenceList.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa6d157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkPreferenceList.java
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A generic data class containing network preferences.
+ * @param <K> The type of key in T
+ * @param <T> The type of preference stored in this preference list
+ */
+public class NetworkPreferenceList<K, T extends NetworkPreferenceList.NetworkPreference<K>>
+        implements Iterable<T> {
+    /**
+     * A network preference
+     * @param <K> the type of key by which this preference is indexed. A NetworkPreferenceList
+     *            can have multiple preferences associated with this key, but has methods to
+     *            work on the keys.
+     */
+    public interface NetworkPreference<K> {
+        /**
+         * Whether this preference codes for cancelling the preference for this key
+         *
+         * A preference that codes for cancelling is removed from the list of preferences, since
+         * it means the behavior should be the same as if there was no preference for this key.
+         */
+        boolean isCancel();
+        /** The key */
+        K getKey();
+    }
+
+    @NonNull private final List<T> mPreferences;
+
+    public NetworkPreferenceList() {
+        mPreferences = Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkPreferenceList(@NonNull final List<T> list) {
+        mPreferences = Collections.unmodifiableList(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new object consisting of this object plus the passed preference.
+     *
+     * If the passed preference is a cancel preference (see {@link NetworkPreference#isCancel()}
+     * then it is not added.
+     */
+    public NetworkPreferenceList<K, T> plus(@NonNull final T pref) {
+        final ArrayList<T> newPrefs = new ArrayList<>(mPreferences);
+        if (!pref.isCancel()) {
+            newPrefs.add(pref);
+        }
+        return new NetworkPreferenceList<>(newPrefs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove all preferences corresponding to a key.
+     */
+    public NetworkPreferenceList<K, T> minus(@NonNull final K key) {
+        final ArrayList<T> newPrefs = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final T existingPref : mPreferences) {
+            if (!existingPref.getKey().equals(key)) {
+                newPrefs.add(existingPref);
+            }
+        }
+        return new NetworkPreferenceList<>(newPrefs);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return mPreferences.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+        return mPreferences.iterator();
+    }
+
+    @Override public String toString() {
+        return "NetworkPreferenceList : " + mPreferences;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
index babc353..d94c8dc 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
@@ -26,8 +27,10 @@
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils.filter;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_AVOIDED_WHEN_UNVALIDATED;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED;
-import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_DESTROYED;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_INVINCIBLE;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED;
@@ -38,18 +41,39 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.function.Predicate;
 
 /**
  * A class that knows how to find the best network matching a request out of a list of networks.
  */
 public class NetworkRanker {
+    /**
+     * Home for all configurations of NetworkRanker
+     */
+    public static final class Configuration {
+        private final boolean mActivelyPreferBadWifi;
+
+        public Configuration(final boolean activelyPreferBadWifi) {
+            this.mActivelyPreferBadWifi = activelyPreferBadWifi;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @see MultinetworkPolicyTracker#getActivelyPreferBadWifi()
+         */
+        public boolean activelyPreferBadWifi() {
+            return mActivelyPreferBadWifi;
+        }
+    }
+    @NonNull private volatile Configuration mConf;
+
     // Historically the legacy ints have been 0~100 in principle (though the highest score in
     // AOSP has always been 90). This is relied on by VPNs that send a legacy score of 101.
     public static final int LEGACY_INT_MAX = 100;
@@ -64,7 +88,22 @@
         NetworkCapabilities getCapsNoCopy();
     }
 
-    public NetworkRanker() { }
+    public NetworkRanker(@NonNull final Configuration conf) {
+        // Because mConf is volatile, the only way it could be seen null would be an access to it
+        // on some other thread during this constructor. But this is not possible because mConf is
+        // private and `this` doesn't escape this constructor.
+        setConfiguration(conf);
+    }
+
+    public void setConfiguration(@NonNull final Configuration conf) {
+        mConf = Objects.requireNonNull(conf);
+    }
+
+    // There shouldn't be a use case outside of testing
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public Configuration getConfiguration() {
+        return mConf;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Find the best network satisfying this request among the list of passed networks.
@@ -103,9 +142,42 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private <T extends Scoreable> boolean isBadWiFi(@NonNull final T candidate) {
-        return candidate.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD)
-                && candidate.getCapsNoCopy().hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the wifi passed as an argument is a preferred network to yielding cell.
+     *
+     * When comparing bad wifi to cell with POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, it may be necessary to
+     * know if a particular bad wifi is preferred to such a cell network. This method computes
+     * and returns this.
+     *
+     * @param candidate a bad wifi to evaluate
+     * @return whether this candidate is preferred to cell with POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI
+     */
+    private <T extends Scoreable> boolean isPreferredBadWiFi(@NonNull final T candidate) {
+        final FullScore score = candidate.getScore();
+        final NetworkCapabilities caps = candidate.getCapsNoCopy();
+
+        // Whatever the policy, only WiFis can be preferred bad WiFis.
+        if (!caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)) return false;
+        // Validated networks aren't bad networks, so a fortiori can't be preferred bad WiFis.
+        if (score.hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED)) return false;
+        // A WiFi that the user explicitly wanted to avoid in UI is never a preferred bad WiFi.
+        if (score.hasPolicy(POLICY_AVOIDED_WHEN_UNVALIDATED)) return false;
+
+        if (mConf.activelyPreferBadWifi()) {
+            // If a network is still evaluating, don't prefer it.
+            if (!score.hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED)) return false;
+
+            // If a network is not a captive portal, then prefer it.
+            if (!caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL)) return true;
+
+            // If it's a captive portal, prefer it if it previously validated but is no longer
+            // validated (i.e., the user logged in in the past, but later the portal closed).
+            return score.hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED);
+        } else {
+            // Under the original "prefer bad WiFi" policy, only networks that have ever validated
+            // are preferred.
+            return score.hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -128,7 +200,7 @@
             // No network with the policy : do nothing.
             return;
         }
-        if (!CollectionUtils.any(rejected, n -> isBadWiFi(n))) {
+        if (!CollectionUtils.any(rejected, n -> isPreferredBadWiFi(n))) {
             // No bad WiFi : do nothing.
             return;
         }
@@ -138,7 +210,7 @@
             // wifis by the following policies (e.g. exiting).
             final ArrayList<T> acceptedYielders = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
             final ArrayList<T> rejectedWithBadWiFis = new ArrayList<>(rejected);
-            partitionInto(rejectedWithBadWiFis, n -> isBadWiFi(n), accepted, rejected);
+            partitionInto(rejectedWithBadWiFis, n -> isPreferredBadWiFi(n), accepted, rejected);
             accepted.addAll(acceptedYielders);
             return;
         }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index e4a2c20..c15f042 100755
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -23,9 +23,6 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK;
@@ -54,8 +51,9 @@
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.net.Uri;
-import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
@@ -73,6 +71,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ProcessShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.ProcessShim;
 import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps;
@@ -101,6 +100,7 @@
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
     private final Context mContext;
     private final BpfNetMaps mBpfNetMaps;
+    private final HandlerThread mThread;
 
     private static final ProcessShim sProcessShim = ProcessShimImpl.newInstance();
 
@@ -178,6 +178,22 @@
                 final String[] pkgList =
                         intent.getStringArrayExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CHANGED_PACKAGE_LIST);
                 onExternalApplicationsAvailable(pkgList);
+            } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED.equals(action)) {
+                final UserHandle user = intent.getParcelableExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER);
+                // User should be filled for below intents, check the existence.
+                if (user == null) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, action + " broadcast without EXTRA_USER");
+                    return;
+                }
+                onUserAdded(user);
+            } else if (Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED.equals(action)) {
+                final UserHandle user = intent.getParcelableExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER);
+                // User should be filled for below intents, check the existence.
+                if (user == null) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, action + " broadcast without EXTRA_USER");
+                    return;
+                }
+                onUserRemoved(user);
             } else {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "received unexpected intent: " + action);
             }
@@ -246,14 +262,15 @@
     }
 
     public PermissionMonitor(@NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final INetd netd,
-            @NonNull final BpfNetMaps bpfNetMaps) {
-        this(context, netd, bpfNetMaps, new Dependencies());
+            @NonNull final BpfNetMaps bpfNetMaps, @NonNull final HandlerThread thread) {
+        this(context, netd, bpfNetMaps, new Dependencies(), thread);
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
     PermissionMonitor(@NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final INetd netd,
             @NonNull final BpfNetMaps bpfNetMaps,
-            @NonNull final Dependencies deps) {
+            @NonNull final Dependencies deps,
+            @NonNull final HandlerThread thread) {
         mPackageManager = context.getPackageManager();
         mUserManager = (UserManager) context.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
         mSystemConfigManager = context.getSystemService(SystemConfigManager.class);
@@ -261,6 +278,14 @@
         mDeps = deps;
         mContext = context;
         mBpfNetMaps = bpfNetMaps;
+        mThread = thread;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureRunningOnHandlerThread() {
+        if (mThread.getLooper().getThread() != Thread.currentThread()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Not running on Handler thread: " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+        }
     }
 
     private int getPackageNetdNetworkPermission(@NonNull final PackageInfo app) {
@@ -392,14 +417,14 @@
     public synchronized void startMonitoring() {
         log("Monitoring");
 
+        final Handler handler = new Handler(mThread.getLooper());
         final Context userAllContext = mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.ALL, 0 /* flags */);
         final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();
         intentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED);
         intentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED);
         intentFilter.addDataScheme("package");
         userAllContext.registerReceiver(
-                mIntentReceiver, intentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */,
-                null /* scheduler */);
+                mIntentReceiver, intentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */, handler);
 
         // Listen to EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE is that an app becoming available means it may
         // need to gain a permission. But an app that becomes unavailable can neither gain nor lose
@@ -408,15 +433,21 @@
         final IntentFilter externalIntentFilter =
                 new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
         userAllContext.registerReceiver(
-                mIntentReceiver, externalIntentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */,
-                null /* scheduler */);
+                mIntentReceiver, externalIntentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */, handler);
+
+        // Listen for user add/remove.
+        final IntentFilter userIntentFilter = new IntentFilter();
+        userIntentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED);
+        userIntentFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
+        userAllContext.registerReceiver(
+                mIntentReceiver, userIntentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */, handler);
 
         // Register UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS setting observer
         mDeps.registerContentObserver(
                 userAllContext,
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 false /* notifyForDescendants */,
-                new ContentObserver(null) {
+                new ContentObserver(handler) {
                     @Override
                     public void onChange(boolean selfChange) {
                         onSettingChanged();
@@ -520,6 +551,7 @@
     }
 
     private void sendUidsNetworkPermission(SparseIntArray uids, boolean add) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
         List<Integer> network = new ArrayList<>();
         List<Integer> system = new ArrayList<>();
         for (int i = 0; i < uids.size(); i++) {
@@ -550,7 +582,8 @@
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    public synchronized void onUserAdded(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    synchronized void onUserAdded(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
         mUsers.add(user);
 
         final List<PackageInfo> apps = getInstalledPackagesAsUser(user);
@@ -581,7 +614,8 @@
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    public synchronized void onUserRemoved(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    synchronized void onUserRemoved(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
         mUsers.remove(user);
 
         // Remove uids network permissions that belongs to the user.
@@ -684,8 +718,12 @@
     }
 
     private synchronized void updateLockdownUid(int uid, boolean add) {
-        if (UidRange.containsUid(mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet(), uid)
-                && !hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(uid)) {
+        // Apps that can use restricted networks can always bypass VPNs.
+        if (hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(uid)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (UidRange.containsUid(mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet(), uid)) {
             updateLockdownUidRule(uid, add);
         }
     }
@@ -757,7 +795,8 @@
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    public synchronized void onPackageAdded(@NonNull final String packageName, final int uid) {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    synchronized void onPackageAdded(@NonNull final String packageName, final int uid) {
         // Update uid permission.
         updateAppIdTrafficPermission(uid);
         // Get the appId permission from all users then send the latest permission to netd.
@@ -790,7 +829,7 @@
         mAllApps.add(appId);
 
         // Log package added.
-        mPermissionUpdateLogs.log("Package add: name=" + packageName + ", uid=" + uid
+        mPermissionUpdateLogs.log("Package add: uid=" + uid
                 + ", nPerm=(" + permissionToString(permission) + "/"
                 + permissionToString(currentPermission) + ")"
                 + ", tPerm=" + permissionToString(appIdTrafficPerm));
@@ -820,7 +859,8 @@
      *
      * @hide
      */
-    public synchronized void onPackageRemoved(@NonNull final String packageName, final int uid) {
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    synchronized void onPackageRemoved(@NonNull final String packageName, final int uid) {
         // Update uid permission.
         updateAppIdTrafficPermission(uid);
         // Get the appId permission from all users then send the latest permission to netd.
@@ -843,7 +883,7 @@
         final int permission = highestUidNetworkPermission(uid);
 
         // Log package removed.
-        mPermissionUpdateLogs.log("Package remove: name=" + packageName + ", uid=" + uid
+        mPermissionUpdateLogs.log("Package remove: uid=" + uid
                 + ", nPerm=(" + permissionToString(permission) + "/"
                 + permissionToString(currentPermission) + ")"
                 + ", tPerm=" + permissionToString(appIdTrafficPerm));
@@ -1079,11 +1119,7 @@
 
     private void updateLockdownUidRule(int uid, boolean add) {
         try {
-            if (add) {
-                mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_DENY);
-            } else {
-                mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
-            }
+            mBpfNetMaps.updateUidLockdownRule(uid, add);
         } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
             loge("Failed to " + (add ? "add" : "remove") + " Lockdown rule: " + e);
         }
@@ -1118,6 +1154,7 @@
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     void sendAppIdsTrafficPermission(SparseIntArray netdPermissionsAppIds) {
+        ensureRunningOnHandlerThread();
         final ArrayList<Integer> allPermissionAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
         final ArrayList<Integer> internetPermissionAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
         final ArrayList<Integer> updateStatsPermissionAppIds = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -1174,18 +1211,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** Should only be used by unit tests */
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    public Set<UidRange> getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(String iface) {
-        return mVpnInterfaceUidRanges.get(iface);
-    }
-
-    /** Should only be used by unit tests */
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    public Set<UidRange> getVpnLockdownUidRanges() {
-        return mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet();
-    }
-
     private synchronized void onSettingChanged() {
         // Step1. Update uids allowed to use restricted networks and compute the set of uids to
         // update.
@@ -1258,8 +1283,10 @@
         pw.println();
         pw.println("Lockdown filtering rules:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
-        for (final UidRange range : mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet()) {
-            pw.println("UIDs: " + range.toString());
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (final UidRange range : mVpnLockdownUidRanges.getSet()) {
+                pw.println("UIDs: " + range);
+            }
         }
         pw.decreaseIndent();
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7679660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+
+/**
+ * A single profile preference, as it applies to a given user profile.
+ */
+public class ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo
+        implements NetworkPreferenceList.NetworkPreference<UserHandle> {
+    @NonNull
+    public final UserHandle user;
+    // Capabilities are only null when sending an object to remove the setting for a user
+    @Nullable
+    public final NetworkCapabilities capabilities;
+    public final boolean allowFallback;
+    public final boolean blockingNonEnterprise;
+
+    public ProfileNetworkPreferenceInfo(@NonNull final UserHandle user,
+            @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities,
+            final boolean allowFallback, final boolean blockingNonEnterprise) {
+        this.user = user;
+        this.capabilities = null == capabilities ? null : new NetworkCapabilities(capabilities);
+        this.allowFallback = allowFallback;
+        this.blockingNonEnterprise = blockingNonEnterprise;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isCancel() {
+        return null == capabilities;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @NonNull
+    public UserHandle getKey() {
+        return user;
+    }
+
+    /** toString */
+    public String toString() {
+        return "[ProfileNetworkPreference user=" + user
+                + " caps=" + capabilities
+                + " allowFallback=" + allowFallback
+                + " blockingNonEnterprise=" + blockingNonEnterprise
+                + "]";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bafef9..0000000
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ProfileNetworkPreferenceList.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server.connectivity;
-
-import android.annotation.NonNull;
-import android.annotation.Nullable;
-import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.os.UserHandle;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * A data class containing all the per-profile network preferences.
- *
- * A given profile can only have one preference.
- */
-public class ProfileNetworkPreferenceList {
-    /**
-     * A single preference, as it applies to a given user profile.
-     */
-    public static class Preference {
-        @NonNull public final UserHandle user;
-        // Capabilities are only null when sending an object to remove the setting for a user
-        @Nullable public final NetworkCapabilities capabilities;
-        public final boolean allowFallback;
-
-        public Preference(@NonNull final UserHandle user,
-                @Nullable final NetworkCapabilities capabilities,
-                final boolean allowFallback) {
-            this.user = user;
-            this.capabilities = null == capabilities ? null : new NetworkCapabilities(capabilities);
-            this.allowFallback = allowFallback;
-        }
-
-        /** toString */
-        public String toString() {
-            return "[ProfileNetworkPreference user=" + user
-                    + " caps=" + capabilities
-                    + " allowFallback=" + allowFallback
-                    + "]";
-        }
-    }
-
-    @NonNull public final List<Preference> preferences;
-
-    public ProfileNetworkPreferenceList() {
-        preferences = Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
-    }
-
-    private ProfileNetworkPreferenceList(@NonNull final List<Preference> list) {
-        preferences = Collections.unmodifiableList(list);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a new object consisting of this object plus the passed preference.
-     *
-     * It is not expected that unwanted preference already exists for the same user.
-     * All preferences for the user that were previously configured should be cleared before
-     * adding a new preference.
-     * Passing a Preference object containing a null capabilities object is equivalent
-     * to removing the preference for this user.
-     */
-    public ProfileNetworkPreferenceList plus(@NonNull final Preference pref) {
-        final ArrayList<Preference> newPrefs = new ArrayList<>(preferences);
-        if (null != pref.capabilities) {
-            newPrefs.add(pref);
-        }
-        return new ProfileNetworkPreferenceList(newPrefs);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Remove all preferences corresponding to a user.
-     */
-    public ProfileNetworkPreferenceList withoutUser(UserHandle user) {
-        final ArrayList<Preference> newPrefs = new ArrayList<>();
-        for (final Preference existingPref : preferences) {
-            if (!existingPref.user.equals(user)) {
-                newPrefs.add(existingPref);
-            }
-        }
-        return new ProfileNetworkPreferenceList(newPrefs);
-    }
-
-    public boolean isEmpty() {
-        return preferences.isEmpty();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackAgentConnection.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackAgentConnection.java
index 534dbe7..e682026 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackAgentConnection.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackAgentConnection.java
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 import android.telephony.data.NrQosSessionAttributes;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@
 
     void sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable(final QosSession session,
             final EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+        if (!validateOrSendErrorAndUnregister()) return;
         try {
             if (DBG) log("sendEventEpsQosSessionAvailable: sending...");
             mCallback.onQosEpsBearerSessionAvailable(session, attributes);
@@ -159,6 +162,7 @@
 
     void sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable(final QosSession session,
             final NrQosSessionAttributes attributes) {
+        if (!validateOrSendErrorAndUnregister()) return;
         try {
             if (DBG) log("sendEventNrQosSessionAvailable: sending...");
             mCallback.onNrQosSessionAvailable(session, attributes);
@@ -168,6 +172,7 @@
     }
 
     void sendEventQosSessionLost(@NonNull final QosSession session) {
+        if (!validateOrSendErrorAndUnregister()) return;
         try {
             if (DBG) log("sendEventQosSessionLost: sending...");
             mCallback.onQosSessionLost(session);
@@ -185,6 +190,21 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private boolean validateOrSendErrorAndUnregister() {
+        final int exceptionType = mFilter.validate();
+        if (exceptionType != EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE) {
+             log("validation fail before sending QosCallback.");
+             // Error callback is returned from Android T to prevent any disruption of application
+             // running on Android S.
+             if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+                sendEventQosCallbackError(exceptionType);
+                mQosCallbackTracker.unregisterCallback(mCallback);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     private static void log(@NonNull final String msg) {
         Log.d(TAG, msg);
     }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackTracker.java
index b6ab47b..336a399 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/QosCallbackTracker.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
     private final Handler mConnectivityServiceHandler;
 
     @NonNull
-    private final ConnectivityService.PerUidCounter mNetworkRequestCounter;
+    private final ConnectivityService.RequestInfoPerUidCounter mNetworkRequestCounter;
 
     /**
      * Each agent gets a unique callback id that is used to proxy messages back to the original
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
      *                              uid
      */
     public QosCallbackTracker(@NonNull final Handler connectivityServiceHandler,
-            final ConnectivityService.PerUidCounter networkRequestCounter) {
+            final ConnectivityService.RequestInfoPerUidCounter networkRequestCounter) {
         mConnectivityServiceHandler = connectivityServiceHandler;
         mNetworkRequestCounter = networkRequestCounter;
     }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtils.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtils.java
index 541340b..f36797d 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtils.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtils.java
@@ -184,4 +184,41 @@
         uidRangeSet.add(new UidRange(start, stop));
         return uidRangeSet;
     }
+
+    private static int compare(UidRange range1, UidRange range2) {
+        return range1.start - range2.start;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sort the given UidRange array.
+     *
+     * @param ranges The array of UidRange which is going to be sorted.
+     * @return Array of UidRange.
+     */
+    public static UidRange[] sortRangesByStartUid(UidRange[] ranges) {
+        final ArrayList uidRanges = new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(ranges));
+        Collections.sort(uidRanges, UidRangeUtils::compare);
+        return (UidRange[]) uidRanges.toArray(new UidRange[0]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the given sorted UidRange array contains overlap or not.
+     *
+     * Note that the sorted UidRange array must be sorted by increasing lower bound. If it's not,
+     * the behavior is undefined.
+     *
+     * @param ranges The sorted UidRange array which is going to be checked if there is an overlap
+     *               or not.
+     * @return A boolean to indicate if the given sorted UidRange array contains overlap or not.
+     */
+    public static boolean sortedRangesContainOverlap(UidRange[] ranges) {
+        final ArrayList uidRanges = new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(ranges));
+        for (int i = 0; i + 1 < uidRanges.size(); i++) {
+            if (((UidRange) uidRanges.get(i + 1)).start <= ((UidRange) uidRanges.get(i)).stop) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e111ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+/**
+ * Record the session and UidRange for a VPN preference.
+ */
+public class VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo
+        implements NetworkPreferenceList.NetworkPreference<String> {
+
+    @NonNull
+    public final String mSession;
+
+    @NonNull
+    public final ArraySet<UidRange> mUidRanges;
+
+    public VpnNetworkPreferenceInfo(@NonNull String session,
+            @NonNull ArraySet<UidRange> uidRanges) {
+        this.mSession = session;
+        this.mUidRanges = uidRanges;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isCancel() {
+        return mUidRanges.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @NonNull
+    public String getKey() {
+        return mSession;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    public ArraySet<UidRange> getUidRangesNoCopy() {
+        return mUidRanges;
+    }
+
+    /** toString */
+    public String toString() {
+        return "[VpnNetworkPreference session = " + mSession
+                + " uidRanges = " + mUidRanges
+                + "]";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/wear/CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/wear/CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3e3843
--- /dev/null
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/wear/CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.wear;
+
+import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
+import android.companion.AssociationInfo;
+import android.companion.CompanionDeviceManager;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.wear.ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.PermissionUtils;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A proxy for {@link CompanionDeviceManager}, for use by Tethering with NetworkStack permissions.
+ */
+public class CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService extends ICompanionDeviceManagerProxy.Stub {
+    private final Context mContext;
+
+    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public CompanionDeviceManagerProxyService(Context context) {
+        mContext = context;
+    }
+
+    // TODO(b/193460475): Android Lint handles change from SystemApi to public incorrectly.
+    // CompanionDeviceManager#getAllAssociations() is made public in U,
+    // but existed in T as an identical SystemApi.
+    @SuppressLint("NewApi")
+    @Override
+    public List<AssociationInfo> getAllAssociations() {
+        PermissionUtils.enforceNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
+        final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
+        try {
+            final CompanionDeviceManager cdm = mContext.getSystemService(
+                    CompanionDeviceManager.class);
+            return cdm.getAllAssociations();
+        } finally {
+            Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java b/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java
index 35dc455..41cb419 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/net/DelayedDiskWrite.java
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
 import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
 import java.io.DataOutputStream;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
@@ -32,11 +34,42 @@
 public class DelayedDiskWrite {
     private static final String TAG = "DelayedDiskWrite";
 
+    private final Dependencies mDeps;
+
     private HandlerThread mDiskWriteHandlerThread;
     private Handler mDiskWriteHandler;
     /* Tracks multiple writes on the same thread */
     private int mWriteSequence = 0;
 
+    public DelayedDiskWrite() {
+        this(new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    DelayedDiskWrite(Dependencies deps) {
+        mDeps = deps;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dependencies class of DelayedDiskWrite, used for injection in tests.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static class Dependencies {
+        /**
+         * Create a HandlerThread to use in DelayedDiskWrite.
+         */
+        public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+            return new HandlerThread("DelayedDiskWriteThread");
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Quit the HandlerThread looper.
+         */
+        public void quitHandlerThread(HandlerThread handlerThread) {
+            handlerThread.getLooper().quit();
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Used to do a delayed data write to a given {@link OutputStream}.
      */
@@ -65,7 +98,7 @@
         /* Do a delayed write to disk on a separate handler thread */
         synchronized (this) {
             if (++mWriteSequence == 1) {
-                mDiskWriteHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("DelayedDiskWriteThread");
+                mDiskWriteHandlerThread = mDeps.makeHandlerThread();
                 mDiskWriteHandlerThread.start();
                 mDiskWriteHandler = new Handler(mDiskWriteHandlerThread.getLooper());
             }
@@ -99,9 +132,9 @@
             // Quit if no more writes sent
             synchronized (this) {
                 if (--mWriteSequence == 0) {
-                    mDiskWriteHandler.getLooper().quit();
-                    mDiskWriteHandler = null;
+                    mDeps.quitHandlerThread(mDiskWriteHandlerThread);
                     mDiskWriteHandlerThread = null;
+                    mDiskWriteHandler = null;
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/common/Android.bp b/tests/common/Android.bp
index 58731e0..8e47235 100644
--- a/tests/common/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/common/Android.bp
@@ -21,9 +21,22 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
+// The target SDK version of the "latest released SDK" CTS tests.
+// This should be updated soon after a new SDK level is finalized.
+// It is different from the target SDK version of production code (e.g., the Tethering,
+// NetworkStack, and CaptivePortalLogin APKs):
+// - The target SDK of production code influences the behaviour of the production code.
+// - The target SDK of the CTS tests validates the behaviour seen by apps that call production APIs.
+// - The behaviour seen by apps that target previous SDKs is tested by previous CTS versions
+//   (currently, CTS 10, 11, and 12).
+java_defaults {
+    name: "ConnectivityTestsLatestSdkDefaults",
+    target_sdk_version: "33",
+}
+
 java_library {
     name: "FrameworksNetCommonTests",
-    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-test-defaults"],
+    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-internal-test-defaults"],
     srcs: [
         "java/**/*.java",
         "java/**/*.kt",
@@ -49,15 +62,14 @@
 // jarjar stops at the first matching rule, so order of concatenation affects the output.
 genrule {
     name: "ConnectivityCoverageJarJarRules",
+    defaults: ["jarjar-rules-combine-defaults"],
     srcs: [
         "tethering-jni-jarjar-rules.txt",
-        ":connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+        ":frameworks-net-tests-jarjar-rules",
         ":TetheringTestsJarJarRules",
         ":NetworkStackJarJarRules",
     ],
     out: ["jarjar-rules-connectivity-coverage.txt"],
-    // Concat files with a line break in the middle
-    cmd: "for src in $(in); do cat $${src}; echo; done > $(out)",
     visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
 }
 
@@ -81,10 +93,10 @@
     name: "ConnectivityCoverageTests",
     // Tethering started on SDK 30
     min_sdk_version: "30",
-    target_sdk_version: "31",
     test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts-tethering"],
     defaults: [
-        "framework-connectivity-test-defaults",
+        "ConnectivityTestsLatestSdkDefaults",
+        "framework-connectivity-internal-test-defaults",
         "FrameworksNetTests-jni-defaults",
         "libnetworkstackutilsjni_deps",
     ],
diff --git a/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml b/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
index 48d26b8..c94ec27 100644
--- a/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
+++ b/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
      limitations under the License.
 -->
 <configuration description="Runs coverage tests for Connectivity">
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.TestAppInstallSetup">
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
       <option name="test-file-name" value="ConnectivityCoverageTests.apk" />
       <option name="install-arg" value="-t" />
     </target_preparer>
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/EthernetNetworkManagementExceptionTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/EthernetNetworkManagementExceptionTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84b6e54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/EthernetNetworkManagementExceptionTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+public class EthernetNetworkManagementExceptionTest {
+    private static final String ERROR_MESSAGE = "Test error message";
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEthernetNetworkManagementExceptionParcelable() {
+        final EthernetNetworkManagementException e =
+                new EthernetNetworkManagementException(ERROR_MESSAGE);
+
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(e);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEthernetNetworkManagementExceptionHasExpectedErrorMessage() {
+        final EthernetNetworkManagementException e =
+                new EthernetNetworkManagementException(ERROR_MESSAGE);
+
+        assertEquals(ERROR_MESSAGE, e.getMessage());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
index 9ed2bb3..09f5d6e 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
@@ -32,14 +32,15 @@
 
 import android.compat.testing.PlatformCompatChangeRule;
 import android.net.LinkProperties.ProvisioningChange;
+import android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 
-import androidx.core.os.BuildCompat;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LinkPropertiesUtils.CompareResult;
 import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
@@ -114,11 +115,6 @@
         return InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addrString);
     }
 
-    private static boolean isAtLeastR() {
-        // BuildCompat.isAtLeastR is documented to return false on release SDKs (including R)
-        return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.Q || BuildCompat.isAtLeastR();
-    }
-
     private void checkEmpty(final LinkProperties lp) {
         assertEquals(0, lp.getAllInterfaceNames().size());
         assertEquals(0, lp.getAllAddresses().size());
@@ -139,7 +135,7 @@
         assertFalse(lp.isIpv6Provisioned());
         assertFalse(lp.isPrivateDnsActive());
 
-        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastR()) {
             assertNull(lp.getDhcpServerAddress());
             assertFalse(lp.isWakeOnLanSupported());
             assertNull(lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl());
@@ -166,7 +162,7 @@
         lp.setMtu(MTU);
         lp.setTcpBufferSizes(TCP_BUFFER_SIZES);
         lp.setNat64Prefix(new IpPrefix("2001:db8:0:64::/96"));
-        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastR()) {
             lp.setDhcpServerAddress(DHCPSERVER);
             lp.setWakeOnLanSupported(true);
             lp.setCaptivePortalApiUrl(CAPPORT_API_URL);
@@ -210,7 +206,7 @@
         assertTrue(source.isIdenticalTcpBufferSizes(target));
         assertTrue(target.isIdenticalTcpBufferSizes(source));
 
-        if (isAtLeastR()) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastR()) {
             assertTrue(source.isIdenticalDhcpServerAddress(target));
             assertTrue(source.isIdenticalDhcpServerAddress(source));
 
@@ -1266,7 +1262,7 @@
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31(reason = "Compat change cannot be overridden when targeting T+")
-    @EnableCompatChanges({LinkProperties.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
+    @EnableCompatChanges({ConnectivityCompatChanges.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
     public void testHasExcludeRoute() {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
@@ -1279,7 +1275,7 @@
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31(reason = "Compat change cannot be overridden when targeting T+")
-    @EnableCompatChanges({LinkProperties.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
+    @EnableCompatChanges({ConnectivityCompatChanges.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
     public void testRouteAddWithSameKey() throws Exception {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("wlan0");
@@ -1295,37 +1291,73 @@
         assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
     }
 
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-    @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31(reason = "Compat change cannot be overridden when targeting T+")
-    @EnableCompatChanges({LinkProperties.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
-    public void testExcludedRoutesEnabled() {
+    private void assertExcludeRoutesVisible() {
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
 
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV4, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV4, 31), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
         assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
 
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 0), RTN_THROW));
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 127), RTN_THROW));
         assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
 
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
         assertEquals(3, lp.getRoutes().size());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(DNS6, 127), RTN_UNICAST));
+        assertEquals(4, lp.getRoutes().size());
+    }
+
+    private void assertExcludeRoutesNotVisible() {
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV4, 31), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 127), RTN_THROW));
+        assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
+
+        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(DNS6, 127), RTN_UNICAST));
+        assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
+    }
+
+    private void checkExcludeRoutesNotVisibleAfterS() {
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // RTN_THROW routes are visible on R and S when added by the caller (but they are not
+            // added by the system except for legacy VPN).
+            // This is uncommon usage but was tested by CTSr12.
+            assertExcludeRoutesVisible();
+        } else {
+            assertExcludeRoutesNotVisible();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31(reason = "Testing behaviour for target SDK 31")
+    public void testExcludedRoutesNotVisibleOnTargetSdk31() {
+        checkExcludeRoutesNotVisibleAfterS();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcludedRoutesVisibleOnTargetSdk33AndAbove() {
+        assertExcludeRoutesVisible();
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31(reason = "Compat change cannot be overridden when targeting T+")
-    @DisableCompatChanges({LinkProperties.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
-    public void testExcludedRoutesDisabled() {
-        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
+    @EnableCompatChanges({ConnectivityCompatChanges.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
+    public void testExcludedRoutesEnabledByCompatChange() {
+        assertExcludeRoutesVisible();
+    }
 
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV4, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
-        assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
-
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 5), RTN_THROW));
-        assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
-
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(ADDRV6, 2), RTN_UNICAST));
-        assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31(reason = "Compat change cannot be overridden when targeting T+")
+    @DisableCompatChanges({ConnectivityCompatChanges.EXCLUDED_ROUTES})
+    public void testExcludedRoutesDisabledByCompatChange() {
+        checkExcludeRoutesNotVisibleAfterS();
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
index c30e1d3..aae3425 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MIN_TRANSPORT;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CBS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND;
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_RCS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P;
@@ -112,6 +115,9 @@
     private static final int TEST_SUBID2 = 2;
     private static final int TEST_SUBID3 = 3;
 
+    private static final Set<Integer> TEST_NETWORKS_EXTRA_ALLOWED_CAPS_ON_NON_CELL =
+            Set.of(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS, NET_CAPABILITY_DUN, NET_CAPABILITY_RCS);
+
     @Rule
     public DevSdkIgnoreRule mDevSdkIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
@@ -1320,16 +1326,31 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkByNotOwnerWithRestrictedNc() {
-        testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(false /* isOwner */);
+    public void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkRestrictedNc_NotOwner_NotCell() {
+        testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(
+                false /* isOwner */, false /* isCell */);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkByOwnerWithRestrictedNc() {
-        testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(true /* isOwner */);
+    public void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkRestrictedNc_Owner_NotCell() {
+        testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(
+                true /* isOwner */, false /* isCell */);
     }
 
-    private void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(boolean isOwner) {
+    @Test
+    public void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkRestrictedNc_NotOwner_Cell() {
+        testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(
+                false /* isOwner */, true /* isCell */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkRestrictedNc_Owner_Cell() {
+        testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(
+                true /* isOwner */, false /* isCell */);
+    }
+
+    private void testRestrictCapabilitiesForTestNetworkWithRestrictedNc(
+            boolean isOwner, boolean isCell) {
         final int ownerUid = 1234;
         final int signalStrength = -80;
         final int[] administratorUids = {1001, ownerUid};
@@ -1338,29 +1359,50 @@
         // the networkCapabilities will contain more than one transport type. However,
         // networkCapabilities must have a single transport specified to use NetworkSpecifier. Thus,
         // do not verify this part since it's verified in other tests.
-        final NetworkCapabilities restrictedNc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder restrictedNcBuilder = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
                 .setAdministratorUids(administratorUids)
                 .setOwnerUid(ownerUid)
                 .setSignalStrength(signalStrength)
                 .setTransportInfo(transportInfo)
-                .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1)).build();
+                .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1));
+        for (int cap : TEST_NETWORKS_EXTRA_ALLOWED_CAPS_ON_NON_CELL) {
+            restrictedNcBuilder.addCapability(cap);
+        }
+
+        if (isCell) {
+            restrictedNcBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        }
+        final NetworkCapabilities restrictedNc = restrictedNcBuilder.build();
+
         final int creatorUid = isOwner ? ownerUid : INVALID_UID;
         restrictedNc.restrictCapabilitiesForTestNetwork(creatorUid);
 
         final NetworkCapabilities.Builder expectedNcBuilder = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
-        // If the test network is restricted, then the network may declare any transport, and
-        // appended with TRANSPORT_TEST.
-        expectedNcBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+
+        if (isCell) {
+            // If the test network is restricted, then the network may declare any transport, and
+            // appended with TRANSPORT_TEST.
+            expectedNcBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        } else {
+            // If the test network only has TRANSPORT_TEST, then it can keep the subscription IDs.
+            expectedNcBuilder.setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1));
+        }
         expectedNcBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST);
+
         // Only TEST_NETWORKS_ALLOWED_CAPABILITIES will be kept.
         expectedNcBuilder.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         expectedNcBuilder.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
 
+        if (!isCell) {
+            for (int cap : TEST_NETWORKS_EXTRA_ALLOWED_CAPS_ON_NON_CELL) {
+                expectedNcBuilder.addCapability(cap);
+            }
+        }
+
         expectedNcBuilder.setSignalStrength(signalStrength).setTransportInfo(transportInfo);
         if (creatorUid == ownerUid) {
             // Only retain the owner and administrator UIDs if they match the app registering the
@@ -1370,4 +1412,23 @@
 
         assertEquals(expectedNcBuilder.build(), restrictedNc);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDescribeCapsDifferences() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc1 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc2 = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .build();
+        assertEquals("-MMS-OEM_PAID+SUPL+VALIDATED+CAPTIVE_PORTAL",
+                nc2.describeCapsDifferencesFrom(nc1));
+        assertEquals("-SUPL-VALIDATED-CAPTIVE_PORTAL+MMS+OEM_PAID",
+                nc1.describeCapsDifferencesFrom(nc2));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
index 3ceacf8..fcbb0dd 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/NetworkProviderTest.kt
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import android.os.Looper
 import android.util.Log
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
 import com.android.testutils.CompatUtil
 import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest
@@ -38,7 +39,6 @@
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkOfferCallback
-import com.android.testutils.isDevSdkInRange
 import org.junit.After
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Rule
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
         mHandlerThread.quitSafely()
+        mHandlerThread.join()
         instrumentation.getUiAutomation().dropShellPermissionIdentity()
     }
 
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@
         doReturn(mCm).`when`(mockContext).getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)
         val provider = createNetworkProvider(mockContext)
         // ConnectivityManager not required at creation time after R
-        if (!isDevSdkInRange(0, Build.VERSION_CODES.R)) {
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
             verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockContext)
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d01df7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_NONE;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelingIsLossless;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@ConnectivityModuleTest
+public class VpnTransportInfoTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParceling() {
+        final VpnTransportInfo v = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345");
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(v);
+
+        final VpnTransportInfo v2 =
+                new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345", true, true);
+        assertParcelingIsLossless(v2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
+        String session1 = "12345";
+        String session2 = "6789";
+        final VpnTransportInfo v11 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, session1);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v12 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE, session1);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v13 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, session1);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v14 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY, session1);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v15 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_OEM, session1);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v16 = new VpnTransportInfo(
+                VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_OEM, session1, true, true);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v17 = new VpnTransportInfo(
+                VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_OEM, session1, true, true);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v21 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY, session2);
+
+        final VpnTransportInfo v31 = v11.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v32 = v13.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v33 = v16.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        final VpnTransportInfo v34 = v17.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+
+        assertNotEquals(v11, v12);
+        assertNotEquals(v13, v14);
+        assertNotEquals(v14, v15);
+        assertNotEquals(v14, v21);
+        assertNotEquals(v15, v16);
+
+        assertEquals(v11, v13);
+        assertEquals(v31, v32);
+        assertEquals(v33, v34);
+        assertEquals(v11.hashCode(), v13.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(v16.hashCode(), v17.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS, v32.getApplicableRedactions());
+        assertEquals(session1, v15.makeCopy(REDACT_NONE).getSessionId());
+    }
+
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testIsBypassable_beforeU() {
+        final VpnTransportInfo v = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345");
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> v.isBypassable());
+    }
+
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testIsBypassable_afterU() {
+        final VpnTransportInfo v = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345");
+        assertFalse(v.isBypassable());
+
+        final VpnTransportInfo v2 =
+                new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345", true, false);
+        assertTrue(v2.isBypassable());
+    }
+
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testShouldLongLivedTcpExcluded() {
+        final VpnTransportInfo v = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345");
+        assertFalse(v.areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive());
+
+        final VpnTransportInfo v2 = new VpnTransportInfo(
+                VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345", true, true);
+        assertTrue(v2.areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilitiesTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilitiesTest.java
index fa4adcb..8c2ec40 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilitiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilitiesTest.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -83,7 +84,11 @@
         assertTrue(caps.hasDataAccess());
     }
 
-    @Test
+    // the property is deleted in U, on S & T getApfDrop8023Frames() is mainline and
+    // hardcoded to return true, so this simply verifies the unused property is also true,
+    // as modifying it would not take effect.  For S+ change NetworkStack's
+    // config_apfDrop802_3Frames instead.
+    @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testGetApfDrop8023Frames() {
         // Get com.android.internal.R.bool.config_apfDrop802_3Frames. The test cannot directly
         // use R.bool.config_apfDrop802_3Frames because that is not a stable resource ID.
@@ -105,7 +110,11 @@
                 ApfCapabilities.getApfDrop8023Frames());
     }
 
-    @Test
+    // the property is deleted in U, on S & T getApfEtherTypeBlackList() is mainline and
+    // hardcoded to return a specific default set of ethertypes, so this simply verifies
+    // that the unused property hasn't been changed away from the default, as it would
+    // not take effect.  For S+ change NetworkStack's config_apfEthTypeDenyList instead.
+    @Test @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
     public void testGetApfEtherTypeBlackList() {
         // Get com.android.internal.R.array.config_apfEthTypeBlackList. The test cannot directly
         // use R.array.config_apfEthTypeBlackList because that is not a stable resource ID.
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
index ab97f2d..b6e9b95 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.BitUtils.unpackBits;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 import android.net.ConnectivityMetricsEvent;
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
     private static final int FAKE_NET_ID = 100;
     private static final int[] FAKE_TRANSPORT_TYPES = unpackBits(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
     private static final long FAKE_TIME_STAMP = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    private static final long THREAD_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L;
     private static final String FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME = "test";
     private static final IpReachabilityEvent FAKE_EV =
             new IpReachabilityEvent(IpReachabilityEvent.NUD_FAILED);
@@ -93,22 +94,26 @@
 
         final int nCallers = 10;
         final int nEvents = 10;
+        final Thread[] threads = new Thread[nCallers];
         for (int n = 0; n < nCallers; n++) {
             final int i = n;
-            new Thread() {
-                public void run() {
-                    for (int j = 0; j < nEvents; j++) {
-                        assertTrue(logger.log(makeExpectedEvent(
-                                FAKE_TIME_STAMP + i * 100 + j,
-                                FAKE_NET_ID + i * 100 + j,
-                                ((i + j) % 2 == 0) ? TRANSPORT_WIFI : TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
-                                FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME)));
-                    }
+            threads[i] = new Thread(() -> {
+                for (int j = 0; j < nEvents; j++) {
+                    assertTrue(logger.log(makeExpectedEvent(
+                            FAKE_TIME_STAMP + i * 100 + j,
+                            FAKE_NET_ID + i * 100 + j,
+                            ((i + j) % 2 == 0) ? TRANSPORT_WIFI : TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                            FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME)));
                 }
-            }.start();
+            });
+            threads[i].start();
+        }
+        // To ensure the events have been sent out on each thread. Wait for the thread to die.
+        for (Thread thread : threads) {
+            thread.join(THREAD_TIMEOUT_MS);
         }
 
-        List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> got = verifyEvents(nCallers * nEvents, 200);
+        final List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> got = verifyEvents(nCallers * nEvents);
         Collections.sort(got, EVENT_COMPARATOR);
         Iterator<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> iter = got.iterator();
         for (int i = 0; i < nCallers; i++) {
@@ -123,17 +128,13 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> verifyEvents(int n, int timeoutMs) throws Exception {
+    private List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> verifyEvents(int n) throws Exception {
         ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> captor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityMetricsEvent.class);
-        verify(mMockService, timeout(timeoutMs).times(n)).logEvent(captor.capture());
+        verify(mMockService, times(n)).logEvent(captor.capture());
         return captor.getAllValues();
     }
 
-    private List<ConnectivityMetricsEvent> verifyEvents(int n) throws Exception {
-        return verifyEvents(n, 10);
-    }
-
 
     private ConnectivityMetricsEvent makeExpectedEvent(long timestamp, int netId, long transports,
             String ifname) {
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index 192694b..fd7bd74 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/netstats/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -19,31 +19,28 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES
-import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_YES
 import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_YES
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_BLUETOOTH
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_CARRIER
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_ETHERNET
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_PROXY
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_ALL
+import android.os.Build
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT
 import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.SC_V2
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 import org.junit.Rule
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 
 private const val TEST_IMSI1 = "imsi"
 private const val TEST_WIFI_KEY1 = "wifiKey1"
@@ -66,10 +63,8 @@
         }
 
         // Verify hidden match rules cannot construct templates.
-        listOf(MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD, MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD, MATCH_PROXY).forEach {
-            assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
-                NetworkTemplate.Builder(it).build()
-            }
+        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
+            NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_PROXY).build()
         }
 
         // Verify template which matches metered cellular and carrier networks with
@@ -77,10 +72,9 @@
         listOf(MATCH_MOBILE, MATCH_CARRIER).forEach { matchRule ->
             NetworkTemplate.Builder(matchRule).setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1))
                     .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build().let {
-                        val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(matchRule, TEST_IMSI1,
-                                arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1), arrayOf<String>(), METERED_YES,
-                                ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                                OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+                        val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(matchRule, arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1),
+                                emptyArray<String>(), METERED_YES, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                                NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
                         assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
                     }
         }
@@ -90,10 +84,9 @@
         listOf(MATCH_MOBILE, MATCH_CARRIER).forEach { matchRule ->
             NetworkTemplate.Builder(matchRule).setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1))
                     .setRoaming(ROAMING_YES).setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build().let {
-                        val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(matchRule, TEST_IMSI1,
-                                arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1), arrayOf<String>(), METERED_YES,
-                                ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                                OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+                        val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(matchRule, arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1),
+                                emptyArray<String>(), METERED_YES, ROAMING_YES, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                                NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
                         assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
                     }
         }
@@ -103,45 +96,67 @@
             NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_CARRIER).build()
         }
 
+        // Verify carrier and mobile template cannot contain one of subscriber Id is null.
+        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
+            NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_CARRIER).setSubscriberIds(setOf(null)).build()
+        }
+        val firstSdk = Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT
+        if (firstSdk > Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+            assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
+                NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setSubscriberIds(setOf(null)).build()
+            }
+        } else {
+            NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setSubscriberIds(setOf(null)).build().let {
+                val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(
+                    MATCH_MOBILE,
+                    arrayOfNulls<String>(1) /*subscriberIds*/,
+                    emptyArray<String>() /*wifiNetworkKey*/,
+                    METERED_ALL,
+                    ROAMING_ALL,
+                    DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                    NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
+                    OEM_MANAGED_ALL
+                )
+                assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
+            }
+        }
+
         // Verify template which matches metered cellular networks,
         // regardless of IMSI. See buildTemplateMobileWildcard.
         NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build().let {
-            val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD, null /*subscriberId*/,
-                    null /*subscriberIds*/, arrayOf<String>(),
+            val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE,
+                    emptyArray<String>() /*subscriberIds*/, emptyArray<String>() /*wifiNetworkKey*/,
                     METERED_YES, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                    OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL)
+                    OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
             assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
         }
 
         // Verify template which matches metered cellular networks and ratType.
-        // See NetworkTemplate#buildTemplateMobileWithRatType.
         NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1))
                 .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
                 .build().let {
-                    val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, TEST_IMSI1,
-                            arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1), arrayOf<String>(), METERED_YES,
-                            ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS,
-                            OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+                    val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1),
+                            emptyArray<String>(), METERED_YES, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                            TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
                     assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
                 }
 
         // Verify template which matches all wifi networks,
         // regardless of Wifi Network Key. See buildTemplateWifiWildcard and buildTemplateWifi.
         NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build().let {
-            val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD, null /*subscriberId*/,
-                    null /*subscriberIds*/, arrayOf<String>(),
-                    METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                    OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL)
+            val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI,
+                    emptyArray<String>() /*subscriberIds*/, emptyArray<String>(), METERED_ALL,
+                    ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
             assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
         }
 
         // Verify template which matches wifi networks with the given Wifi Network Key.
         // See buildTemplateWifi(wifiNetworkKey).
         NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build().let {
-            val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, null /*subscriberId*/,
-                    null /*subscriberIds*/, arrayOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1),
-                    METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                    OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL)
+            val expectedTemplate =
+                    NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, emptyArray<String>() /*subscriberIds*/,
+                    arrayOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                    NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
             assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
         }
 
@@ -149,10 +164,9 @@
         // given Wifi Network Key, and IMSI. See buildTemplateWifi(wifiNetworkKey, subscriberId).
         NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1))
                 .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build().let {
-                    val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, TEST_IMSI1,
-                            arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1), arrayOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1),
-                            METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                            OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+                    val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1),
+                            arrayOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                            NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
                     assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
                 }
 
@@ -160,10 +174,10 @@
         // See buildTemplateEthernet and buildTemplateBluetooth.
         listOf(MATCH_ETHERNET, MATCH_BLUETOOTH).forEach { matchRule ->
             NetworkTemplate.Builder(matchRule).build().let {
-                val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(matchRule, null /*subscriberId*/,
-                        null /*subscriberIds*/, arrayOf<String>(),
+                val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(matchRule,
+                        emptyArray<String>() /*subscriberIds*/, emptyArray<String>(),
                         METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                        OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL)
+                        OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
                 assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
             }
         }
@@ -195,10 +209,10 @@
 
         // Verify template which matches wifi wildcard with the given empty key set.
         NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf<String>()).build().let {
-            val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD, null /*subscriberId*/,
-                    arrayOf<String>() /*subscriberIds*/, arrayOf<String>(),
+            val expectedTemplate = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI,
+                    emptyArray<String>() /*subscriberIds*/, emptyArray<String>(),
                     METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                    OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_ALL)
+                    OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
             assertEquals(expectedTemplate, it)
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/cts/OWNERS b/tests/cts/OWNERS
index 875b4a2..8388cb7 100644
--- a/tests/cts/OWNERS
+++ b/tests/cts/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 # Bug template url: http://b/new?component=31808
 set noparent
 file:platform/packages/modules/Connectivity:master:/OWNERS_core_networking_xts
+
+# IPsec
+per-file **IpSec* = benedictwong@google.com, nharold@google.com
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp b/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp
index c47ccbf..891c2dd 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,16 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+next_app_data = [ ":CtsHostsideNetworkTestsAppNext" ]
+
+// The above line is put in place to prevent any future automerger merge conflict between aosp,
+// downstream branches. The CtsHostsideNetworkTestsAppNext target will not exist in
+// some downstream branches, but it should exist in aosp and some downstream branches.
+
+
+
+
+
 package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
@@ -26,7 +36,6 @@
         "tradefed",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "CompatChangeGatingTestBase",
         "modules-utils-build-testing",
     ],
     // Tag this module as a cts test artifact
@@ -35,4 +44,12 @@
         "general-tests",
         "sts"
     ],
+    data: [
+        ":CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp",
+        ":CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp2",
+        ":CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppWithoutProperty",
+        ":CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppWithProperty",
+        ":CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppSdk33",
+    ] + next_app_data,
+    per_testcase_directory: true,
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml
index 7a73313..e83e36a 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 <configuration description="Config for CTS net host test cases">
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="cts" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="component" value="networking" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="token" value="SIM_CARD" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="instant_app" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="not_multi_abi" />
     <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="parameter" value="secondary_user" />
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/TEST_MAPPING b/tests/cts/hostside/TEST_MAPPING
index ab6de82..2cfd7af 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
         },
         {
           "exclude-annotation": "android.platform.test.annotations.FlakyTest"
+        },
+        {
+          "exclude-annotation": "android.platform.test.annotations.RequiresDevice"
         }
       ]
     }
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/aidl/com/android/cts/net/hostside/IRemoteSocketFactory.aidl b/tests/cts/hostside/aidl/com/android/cts/net/hostside/IRemoteSocketFactory.aidl
index 68176ad..6986e7e 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/aidl/com/android/cts/net/hostside/IRemoteSocketFactory.aidl
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/aidl/com/android/cts/net/hostside/IRemoteSocketFactory.aidl
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 interface IRemoteSocketFactory {
     ParcelFileDescriptor openSocketFd(String host, int port, int timeoutMs);
+    ParcelFileDescriptor openDatagramSocketFd();
     String getPackageName();
     int getUid();
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/hostside/app/AndroidManifest.xml
index d56e5d4..ca3397b 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -30,10 +30,12 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS"/>
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK" />
 
     <application android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true">
         <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>
-        <activity android:name=".MyActivity"/>
+        <activity android:name=".MyActivity"
+                  android:configChanges="density|fontScale|keyboard|keyboardHidden|layoutDirection|locale|mcc|mnc|navigation|screenLayout|screenSize|smallestScreenSize|touchscreen|uiMode"/>
         <service android:name=".MyVpnService"
              android:permission="android.permission.BIND_VPN_SERVICE"
              android:exported="true">
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
index 108a86e..a281aed 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/AbstractRestrictBackgroundNetworkTestCase.java
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.RemoteCallback;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
 import android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService;
 import android.util.Log;
@@ -163,6 +164,8 @@
     private int mMyUid;
     private MyServiceClient mServiceClient;
     private DeviceConfigStateHelper mDeviceIdleDeviceConfigStateHelper;
+    private PowerManager mPowerManager;
+    private PowerManager.WakeLock mLock;
 
     @Rule
     public final RuleChain mRuleChain = RuleChain.outerRule(new RequiredPropertiesRule())
@@ -181,8 +184,10 @@
         mMyUid = getUid(mContext.getPackageName());
         mServiceClient = new MyServiceClient(mContext);
         mServiceClient.bind();
+        mPowerManager = mContext.getSystemService(PowerManager.class);
         executeShellCommand("cmd netpolicy start-watching " + mUid);
         setAppIdle(false);
+        mLock = mPowerManager.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, TAG);
 
         Log.i(TAG, "Apps status:\n"
                 + "\ttest app: uid=" + mMyUid + ", state=" + getProcessStateByUid(mMyUid) + "\n"
@@ -192,6 +197,7 @@
     protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
         executeShellCommand("cmd netpolicy stop-watching");
         mServiceClient.unbind();
+        if (mLock.isHeld()) mLock.release();
     }
 
     protected int getUid(String packageName) throws Exception {
@@ -695,11 +701,13 @@
     }
 
     protected void turnScreenOff() throws Exception {
+        if (!mLock.isHeld()) mLock.acquire();
         executeSilentShellCommand("input keyevent KEYCODE_SLEEP");
     }
 
     protected void turnScreenOn() throws Exception {
         executeSilentShellCommand("input keyevent KEYCODE_WAKEUP");
+        if (mLock.isHeld()) mLock.release();
         executeSilentShellCommand("wm dismiss-keyguard");
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/MyVpnService.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/MyVpnService.java
index 449454e..fe522a0 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/MyVpnService.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/MyVpnService.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.VpnServiceBuilderShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.VpnServiceBuilderShim;
+import com.android.testutils.PacketReflector;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyTestUtils.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyTestUtils.java
index 7842eec..deca6a2 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyTestUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyTestUtils.java
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@
             return false;
         }
         if (mDataSaverSupported == null) {
+            setRestrictBackgroundInternal(false);
             assertMyRestrictBackgroundStatus(RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_DISABLED);
             try {
                 setRestrictBackgroundInternal(true);
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/PacketReflector.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/PacketReflector.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 124c2c3..0000000
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/PacketReflector.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,254 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.cts.net.hostside;
-
-import static android.system.OsConstants.ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.ICMP_ECHO;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.ICMP_ECHOREPLY;
-
-import android.system.ErrnoException;
-import android.system.Os;
-import android.util.Log;
-
-import java.io.FileDescriptor;
-import java.io.IOException;
-
-public class PacketReflector extends Thread {
-
-    private static int IPV4_HEADER_LENGTH = 20;
-    private static int IPV6_HEADER_LENGTH = 40;
-
-    private static int IPV4_ADDR_OFFSET = 12;
-    private static int IPV6_ADDR_OFFSET = 8;
-    private static int IPV4_ADDR_LENGTH = 4;
-    private static int IPV6_ADDR_LENGTH = 16;
-
-    private static int IPV4_PROTO_OFFSET = 9;
-    private static int IPV6_PROTO_OFFSET = 6;
-
-    private static final byte IPPROTO_ICMP = 1;
-    private static final byte IPPROTO_TCP = 6;
-    private static final byte IPPROTO_UDP = 17;
-    private static final byte IPPROTO_ICMPV6 = 58;
-
-    private static int ICMP_HEADER_LENGTH = 8;
-    private static int TCP_HEADER_LENGTH = 20;
-    private static int UDP_HEADER_LENGTH = 8;
-
-    private static final byte ICMP_ECHO = 8;
-    private static final byte ICMP_ECHOREPLY = 0;
-
-    private static String TAG = "PacketReflector";
-
-    private FileDescriptor mFd;
-    private byte[] mBuf;
-
-    public PacketReflector(FileDescriptor fd, int mtu) {
-        super("PacketReflector");
-        mFd = fd;
-        mBuf = new byte[mtu];
-    }
-
-    private static void swapBytes(byte[] buf, int pos1, int pos2, int len) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            byte b = buf[pos1 + i];
-            buf[pos1 + i] = buf[pos2 + i];
-            buf[pos2 + i] = b;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void swapAddresses(byte[] buf, int version) {
-        int addrPos, addrLen;
-        switch(version) {
-            case 4:
-                addrPos = IPV4_ADDR_OFFSET;
-                addrLen = IPV4_ADDR_LENGTH;
-                break;
-            case 6:
-                addrPos = IPV6_ADDR_OFFSET;
-                addrLen = IPV6_ADDR_LENGTH;
-                break;
-            default:
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-        }
-        swapBytes(buf, addrPos, addrPos + addrLen, addrLen);
-    }
-
-    // Reflect TCP packets: swap the source and destination addresses, but don't change the ports.
-    // This is used by the test to "connect to itself" through the VPN.
-    private void processTcpPacket(byte[] buf, int version, int len, int hdrLen) {
-        if (len < hdrLen + TCP_HEADER_LENGTH) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Swap src and dst IP addresses.
-        swapAddresses(buf, version);
-
-        // Send the packet back.
-        writePacket(buf, len);
-    }
-
-    // Echo UDP packets: swap source and destination addresses, and source and destination ports.
-    // This is used by the test to check that the bytes it sends are echoed back.
-    private void processUdpPacket(byte[] buf, int version, int len, int hdrLen) {
-        if (len < hdrLen + UDP_HEADER_LENGTH) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Swap src and dst IP addresses.
-        swapAddresses(buf, version);
-
-        // Swap dst and src ports.
-        int portOffset = hdrLen;
-        swapBytes(buf, portOffset, portOffset + 2, 2);
-
-        // Send the packet back.
-        writePacket(buf, len);
-    }
-
-    private void processIcmpPacket(byte[] buf, int version, int len, int hdrLen) {
-        if (len < hdrLen + ICMP_HEADER_LENGTH) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        byte type = buf[hdrLen];
-        if (!(version == 4 && type == ICMP_ECHO) &&
-            !(version == 6 && type == (byte) ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST)) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Save the ping packet we received.
-        byte[] request = buf.clone();
-
-        // Swap src and dst IP addresses, and send the packet back.
-        // This effectively pings the device to see if it replies.
-        swapAddresses(buf, version);
-        writePacket(buf, len);
-
-        // The device should have replied, and buf should now contain a ping response.
-        int received = readPacket(buf);
-        if (received != len) {
-            Log.i(TAG, "Reflecting ping did not result in ping response: " +
-                       "read=" + received + " expected=" + len);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        byte replyType = buf[hdrLen];
-        if ((type == ICMP_ECHO && replyType != ICMP_ECHOREPLY)
-                || (type == (byte) ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST && replyType != (byte) ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY)) {
-            Log.i(TAG, "Received unexpected ICMP reply: original " + type
-                    + ", reply " + replyType);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Compare the response we got with the original packet.
-        // The only thing that should have changed are addresses, type and checksum.
-        // Overwrite them with the received bytes and see if the packet is otherwise identical.
-        request[hdrLen] = buf[hdrLen];          // Type
-        request[hdrLen + 2] = buf[hdrLen + 2];  // Checksum byte 1.
-        request[hdrLen + 3] = buf[hdrLen + 3];  // Checksum byte 2.
-
-        // Since Linux kernel 4.2, net.ipv6.auto_flowlabels is set by default, and therefore
-        // the request and reply may have different IPv6 flow label: ignore that as well.
-        if (version == 6) {
-            request[1] = (byte)(request[1] & 0xf0 | buf[1] & 0x0f);
-            request[2] = buf[2];
-            request[3] = buf[3];
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            if (buf[i] != request[i]) {
-                Log.i(TAG, "Received non-matching packet when expecting ping response.");
-                return;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Now swap the addresses again and reflect the packet. This sends a ping reply.
-        swapAddresses(buf, version);
-        writePacket(buf, len);
-    }
-
-    private void writePacket(byte[] buf, int len) {
-        try {
-            Os.write(mFd, buf, 0, len);
-        } catch (ErrnoException|IOException e) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Error writing packet: " + e.getMessage());
-        }
-    }
-
-    private int readPacket(byte[] buf) {
-        int len;
-        try {
-            len = Os.read(mFd, buf, 0, buf.length);
-        } catch (ErrnoException|IOException e) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Error reading packet: " + e.getMessage());
-            len = -1;
-        }
-        return len;
-    }
-
-    // Reads one packet from our mFd, and possibly writes the packet back.
-    private void processPacket() {
-        int len = readPacket(mBuf);
-        if (len < 1) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        int version = mBuf[0] >> 4;
-        int addrPos, protoPos, hdrLen, addrLen;
-        if (version == 4) {
-            hdrLen = IPV4_HEADER_LENGTH;
-            protoPos = IPV4_PROTO_OFFSET;
-            addrPos = IPV4_ADDR_OFFSET;
-            addrLen = IPV4_ADDR_LENGTH;
-        } else if (version == 6) {
-            hdrLen = IPV6_HEADER_LENGTH;
-            protoPos = IPV6_PROTO_OFFSET;
-            addrPos = IPV6_ADDR_OFFSET;
-            addrLen = IPV6_ADDR_LENGTH;
-        } else {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (len < hdrLen) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        byte proto = mBuf[protoPos];
-        switch (proto) {
-            case IPPROTO_ICMP:
-            case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
-                processIcmpPacket(mBuf, version, len, hdrLen);
-                break;
-            case IPPROTO_TCP:
-                processTcpPacket(mBuf, version, len, hdrLen);
-                break;
-            case IPPROTO_UDP:
-                processUdpPacket(mBuf, version, len, hdrLen);
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void run() {
-        Log.i(TAG, "PacketReflector starting fd=" + mFd + " valid=" + mFd.valid());
-        while (!interrupted() && mFd.valid()) {
-            processPacket();
-        }
-        Log.i(TAG, "PacketReflector exiting fd=" + mFd + " valid=" + mFd.valid());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/RemoteSocketFactoryClient.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/RemoteSocketFactoryClient.java
index 80f99b6..01fbd66 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/RemoteSocketFactoryClient.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/RemoteSocketFactoryClient.java
@@ -83,9 +83,19 @@
     public FileDescriptor openSocketFd(String host, int port, int timeoutMs)
             throws RemoteException, ErrnoException, IOException {
         // Dup the filedescriptor so ParcelFileDescriptor's finalizer doesn't garbage collect it
-        // and cause our fd to become invalid. http://b/35927643 .
-        ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = mService.openSocketFd(host, port, timeoutMs);
-        FileDescriptor fd = Os.dup(pfd.getFileDescriptor());
+        // and cause fd to become invalid. http://b/35927643.
+        final ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = mService.openSocketFd(host, port, timeoutMs);
+        final FileDescriptor fd = Os.dup(pfd.getFileDescriptor());
+        pfd.close();
+        return fd;
+    }
+
+    public FileDescriptor openDatagramSocketFd()
+            throws RemoteException, ErrnoException, IOException {
+        // Dup the filedescriptor so ParcelFileDescriptor's finalizer doesn't garbage collect it
+        // and cause fd to become invalid. http://b/35927643.
+        final ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = mService.openDatagramSocketFd();
+        final FileDescriptor fd = Os.dup(pfd.getFileDescriptor());
         pfd.close();
         return fd;
     }
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
index dc67c70..624acd3 100755
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/VpnTest.java
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 
 package com.android.cts.net.hostside;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_TELEPHONY;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN;
@@ -35,8 +38,18 @@
 import static androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation;
 
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.VpnTest.TestSocketKeepaliveCallback.CallbackType.ON_DATA_RECEIVED;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.VpnTest.TestSocketKeepaliveCallback.CallbackType.ON_ERROR;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.VpnTest.TestSocketKeepaliveCallback.CallbackType.ON_PAUSED;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.VpnTest.TestSocketKeepaliveCallback.CallbackType.ON_RESUMED;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.VpnTest.TestSocketKeepaliveCallback.CallbackType.ON_STARTED;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.VpnTest.TestSocketKeepaliveCallback.CallbackType.ON_STOPPED;
+import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
+import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
+import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.RECEIVER_EXPORTED;
 import static com.android.testutils.Cleanup.testAndCleanup;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS_INT;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
@@ -59,25 +72,33 @@
 import android.database.Cursor;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.Proxy;
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
+import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
+import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
+import android.net.TestNetworkManager;
 import android.net.TransportInfo;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
 import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
+import android.net.util.KeepaliveUtils;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.SystemProperties;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.support.test.uiautomator.UiDevice;
 import android.support.test.uiautomator.UiObject;
@@ -86,18 +107,23 @@
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.system.StructPollfd;
-import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.test.MoreAsserts;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Range;
 
 import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.BlockingBroadcastReceiver;
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.PacketBuilder;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback;
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -113,19 +139,22 @@
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.net.DatagramPacket;
 import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.ServerSocket;
 import java.net.Socket;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
-import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 /**
@@ -164,11 +193,23 @@
     private static final String PRIVATE_DNS_SPECIFIER_SETTING = "private_dns_specifier";
     private static final int NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
 
+    private static final LinkAddress TEST_IP4_DST_ADDR = new LinkAddress("198.51.100.1/24");
+    private static final LinkAddress TEST_IP4_SRC_ADDR = new LinkAddress("198.51.100.2/24");
+    private static final LinkAddress TEST_IP6_DST_ADDR = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1:3::1/64");
+    private static final LinkAddress TEST_IP6_SRC_ADDR = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1:3::2/64");
+    private static final short TEST_SRC_PORT = 5555;
+
     public static String TAG = "VpnTest";
     public static int TIMEOUT_MS = 3 * 1000;
     public static int SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS = 100;
     public static String TEST_HOST = "connectivitycheck.gstatic.com";
 
+    private static final String AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION =
+                "automatic_on_off_keepalive_version";
+    // Enabled since version 1 means it's always enabled because the version is always above 1
+    private static final String AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_ENABLED = "1";
+    private static final long TEST_TCP_POLLING_TIMER_EXPIRED_PERIOD_MS = 60_000L;
+
     private UiDevice mDevice;
     private MyActivity mActivity;
     private String mPackageName;
@@ -177,16 +218,18 @@
     private RemoteSocketFactoryClient mRemoteSocketFactoryClient;
     private CtsNetUtils mCtsNetUtils;
     private PackageManager mPackageManager;
-    private TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
-
+    private Context mTestContext;
+    private Context mTargetContext;
     Network mNetwork;
-    NetworkCallback mCallback;
     final Object mLock = new Object();
     final Object mLockShutdown = new Object();
 
     private String mOldPrivateDnsMode;
     private String mOldPrivateDnsSpecifier;
 
+    // The registered callbacks.
+    private List<NetworkCallback> mRegisteredCallbacks = new ArrayList<>();
+
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mDevSdkIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
@@ -207,37 +250,59 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mNetwork = null;
-        mCallback = null;
+        mTestContext = getInstrumentation().getContext();
+        mTargetContext = getInstrumentation().getTargetContext();
         storePrivateDnsSetting();
-
         mDevice = UiDevice.getInstance(getInstrumentation());
-        mActivity = launchActivity(getInstrumentation().getTargetContext().getPackageName(),
-                MyActivity.class);
+        mActivity = launchActivity(mTargetContext.getPackageName(), MyActivity.class);
         mPackageName = mActivity.getPackageName();
         mCM = (ConnectivityManager) mActivity.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
         mWifiManager = (WifiManager) mActivity.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
         mRemoteSocketFactoryClient = new RemoteSocketFactoryClient(mActivity);
         mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.bind();
         mDevice.waitForIdle();
-        mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(getInstrumentation().getContext());
-        mPackageManager = getInstrumentation().getContext().getPackageManager();
-        mTelephonyManager =
-                getInstrumentation().getContext().getSystemService(TelephonyManager.class);
+        mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mTestContext);
+        mPackageManager = mTestContext.getPackageManager();
     }
 
     @After
     public void tearDown() throws Exception {
         restorePrivateDnsSetting();
         mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.unbind();
-        if (mCallback != null) {
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(mCallback);
-        }
         mCtsNetUtils.tearDown();
         Log.i(TAG, "Stopping VPN");
         stopVpn();
+        unregisterRegisteredCallbacks();
         mActivity.finish();
     }
 
+    private void registerNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest request, NetworkCallback callback) {
+        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void registerDefaultNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback callback) {
+        mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback callback, Handler h) {
+        mCM.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, h);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(int uid, NetworkCallback callback,
+            Handler h) {
+        mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(uid, callback, h);
+        mRegisteredCallbacks.add(callback);
+    }
+
+    private void unregisterRegisteredCallbacks() {
+        for (NetworkCallback callback: mRegisteredCallbacks) {
+            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void prepareVpn() throws Exception {
         final int REQUEST_ID = 42;
 
@@ -353,7 +418,7 @@
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .build();
-        mCallback = new NetworkCallback() {
+        final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
             public void onAvailable(Network network) {
                 synchronized (mLock) {
                     Log.i(TAG, "Got available callback for network=" + network);
@@ -362,7 +427,7 @@
                 }
             }
         };
-        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, mCallback);  // Unregistered in tearDown.
+        registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
         // Start the service and wait up for TIMEOUT_MS ms for the VPN to come up.
         establishVpn(addresses, routes, excludedRoutes, allowedApplications, disallowedApplications,
@@ -378,10 +443,6 @@
         if (mNetwork == null) {
             fail("VPN did not become available after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms");
         }
-
-        // Unfortunately, when the available callback fires, the VPN UID ranges are not yet
-        // configured. Give the system some time to do so. http://b/18436087 .
-        try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch(InterruptedException e) {}
     }
 
     private void stopVpn() {
@@ -391,7 +452,7 @@
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .build();
-        mCallback = new NetworkCallback() {
+        final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
             public void onLost(Network network) {
                 synchronized (mLockShutdown) {
                     Log.i(TAG, "Got lost callback for network=" + network
@@ -402,7 +463,7 @@
                 }
             }
        };
-        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, mCallback);  // Unregistered in tearDown.
+        registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
         // Simply calling mActivity.stopService() won't stop the service, because the system binds
         // to the service for the purpose of sending it a revoke command if another VPN comes up,
         // and stopping a bound service has no effect. Instead, "start" the service again with an
@@ -725,7 +786,7 @@
     }
 
     private ContentResolver getContentResolver() {
-        return getInstrumentation().getContext().getContentResolver();
+        return mTestContext.getContentResolver();
     }
 
     private boolean isPrivateDnsInStrictMode() {
@@ -747,34 +808,16 @@
                 mOldPrivateDnsSpecifier);
     }
 
-    // TODO: replace with CtsNetUtils.awaitPrivateDnsSetting in Q or above.
     private void expectPrivateDnsHostname(final String hostname) throws Exception {
-        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
-                .build();
-        final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
-            @Override
-            public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(Network network, LinkProperties lp) {
-                if (network.equals(mNetwork) &&
-                        Objects.equals(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName(), hostname)) {
-                    latch.countDown();
-                }
-            }
-        };
-
-        mCM.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
-
-        try {
-            assertTrue("Private DNS hostname was not " + hostname + " after " + TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                    latch.await(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-        } finally {
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
+            // Wait for private DNS setting to propagate.
+            mCtsNetUtils.awaitPrivateDnsSetting("Test wait private DNS setting timeout",
+                    network, hostname, false);
         }
     }
 
     private void setAndVerifyPrivateDns(boolean strictMode) throws Exception {
-        final ContentResolver cr = getInstrumentation().getContext().getContentResolver();
+        final ContentResolver cr = mTestContext.getContentResolver();
         String privateDnsHostname;
 
         if (strictMode) {
@@ -825,8 +868,13 @@
         callback.eventuallyExpect(RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
                 NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
                 entry -> (Objects.equals(expectUnderlyingNetworks,
-                        ((RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) entry)
-                                .getCaps().getUnderlyingNetworks())));
+                        entry.getCaps().getUnderlyingNetworks())));
+    }
+
+    private void expectVpnNetwork(TestableNetworkCallback callback) {
+        callback.eventuallyExpect(RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
+                NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                entry -> entry.getCaps().hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
@@ -852,7 +900,7 @@
                     false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
             // Acquire the NETWORK_SETTINGS permission for getting the underlying networks.
             runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-                mCM.registerNetworkCallback(makeVpnNetworkRequest(), callback);
+                registerNetworkCallback(makeVpnNetworkRequest(), callback);
                 // Check that this VPN doesn't have any underlying networks.
                 expectUnderlyingNetworks(callback, new ArrayList<Network>());
 
@@ -885,8 +933,6 @@
                 } else {
                     mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiDisconnected(null);
                 }
-            }, () -> {
-                mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
             });
     }
 
@@ -907,7 +953,7 @@
         }
 
         final BlockingBroadcastReceiver receiver = new BlockingBroadcastReceiver(
-                getInstrumentation().getTargetContext(), MyVpnService.ACTION_ESTABLISHED);
+                mTargetContext, MyVpnService.ACTION_ESTABLISHED);
         receiver.register();
 
         // Test the behaviour of a variety of types of network callbacks.
@@ -920,9 +966,9 @@
                     UserHandle.of(5 /* userId */).getUid(Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID);
             final Handler h = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
             runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-                mCM.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, h);
-                mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(otherUid, otherUidCallback, h);
-                mCM.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(Process.myUid(), myUidCallback, h);
+                registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, h);
+                registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(otherUid, otherUidCallback, h);
+                registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(Process.myUid(), myUidCallback, h);
             }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
             for (TestableNetworkCallback callback :
                     List.of(systemDefaultCallback, otherUidCallback, myUidCallback)) {
@@ -973,9 +1019,6 @@
             // fail and could cause the default network to switch (e.g., from wifi to cellular).
             systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
             otherUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback);
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidCallback);
-            mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(myUidCallback);
         }
 
         checkStrictModePrivateDns();
@@ -1004,6 +1047,183 @@
         checkStrictModePrivateDns();
     }
 
+    private int getSupportedKeepalives(NetworkCapabilities nc) throws Exception {
+        // Get number of supported concurrent keepalives for testing network.
+        final int[] keepalivesPerTransport = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(
+                mTargetContext);
+        return KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(
+                keepalivesPerTransport, nc);
+    }
+
+    // This class can't be private, otherwise the constants can't be static imported.
+    static class TestSocketKeepaliveCallback extends SocketKeepalive.Callback {
+        // This must be larger than the alarm delay in AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.
+        private static final int KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
+        public enum CallbackType {
+            ON_STARTED,
+            ON_RESUMED,
+            ON_STOPPED,
+            ON_PAUSED,
+            ON_ERROR,
+            ON_DATA_RECEIVED
+        }
+        private ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackType> mHistory = new ArrayTrackRecord<>();
+        private ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackType>.ReadHead mEvents = mHistory.newReadHead();
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStarted() {
+            mHistory.add(ON_STARTED);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onResumed() {
+            mHistory.add(ON_RESUMED);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onStopped() {
+            mHistory.add(ON_STOPPED);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onPaused() {
+            mHistory.add(ON_PAUSED);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onError(final int error) {
+            mHistory.add(ON_ERROR);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDataReceived() {
+            mHistory.add(ON_DATA_RECEIVED);
+        }
+
+        public CallbackType poll() {
+            return mEvents.poll(KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS, it -> true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private InetAddress getV4AddrByName(final String hostname) throws Exception {
+        final InetAddress[] allAddrs = InetAddress.getAllByName(hostname);
+        for (InetAddress addr : allAddrs) {
+            if (addr instanceof Inet4Address) return addr;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveModeNoClose() throws Exception {
+        doTestAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveMode(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveModeClose() throws Exception {
+        doTestAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveMode(true);
+    }
+
+    private void startKeepalive(SocketKeepalive kp, TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback) {
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            // Only SocketKeepalive.start() requires READ_DEVICE_CONFIG because feature is protected
+            // by a feature flag. But also verify ON_STARTED callback received here to ensure
+            // keepalive is indeed started because start() runs in the executor thread and shell
+            // permission may be dropped before reading DeviceConfig.
+            kp.start(10 /* intervalSec */, SocketKeepalive.FLAG_AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF, mNetwork);
+
+            // Verify callback status.
+            assertEquals(ON_STARTED, callback.poll());
+        }, READ_DEVICE_CONFIG);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveMode(final boolean closeSocket) throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(supportedHardware());
+
+        // Get default network first before starting VPN
+        final Network defaultNetwork = mCM.getActiveNetwork();
+        final TestableNetworkCallback cb = new TestableNetworkCallback();
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallback(cb);
+        cb.expect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, defaultNetwork);
+        final NetworkCapabilities cap =
+                cb.expect(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, defaultNetwork).getCaps();
+        final LinkProperties lp =
+                cb.expect(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, defaultNetwork).getLp();
+        cb.expect(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, defaultNetwork);
+
+        // Setup VPN
+        final FileDescriptor fd = openSocketFdInOtherApp(TEST_HOST, 80, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        final String allowedApps = mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.getPackageName() + "," + mPackageName;
+        startVpn(new String[]{"192.0.2.2/32", "2001:db8:1:2::ffe/128"},
+                new String[]{"192.0.2.0/24", "2001:db8::/32"},
+                allowedApps, "" /* disallowedApplications */, null /* proxyInfo */,
+                null /* underlyingNetworks */, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
+        assertSocketClosed(fd, TEST_HOST);
+
+        // Decrease the TCP polling timer for testing.
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> mCM.setTestLowTcpPollingTimerForKeepalive(
+                System.currentTimeMillis() + TEST_TCP_POLLING_TIMER_EXPIRED_PERIOD_MS),
+                NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+
+        // Setup keepalive
+        final int supported = getSupportedKeepalives(cap);
+        assumeTrue("Network " + defaultNetwork + " does not support keepalive", supported != 0);
+        final InetAddress srcAddr = CollectionUtils.findFirst(lp.getAddresses(),
+                it -> it instanceof Inet4Address);
+        assumeTrue("This test requires native IPv4", srcAddr != null);
+
+        final TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback();
+
+        final String origMode = runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            final String mode = DeviceConfig.getProperty(
+                    DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION);
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION,
+                    AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_ENABLED, false /* makeDefault */);
+            return mode;
+        }, READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG);
+
+        final IpSecManager ipSec = mTargetContext.getSystemService(IpSecManager.class);
+        SocketKeepalive kp = null;
+        try (IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket nattSocket = ipSec.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
+            final InetAddress dstAddr = getV4AddrByName(TEST_HOST);
+            assertNotNull(dstAddr);
+
+            // Start keepalive with dynamic keepalive mode enabled.
+            final Executor executor = mTargetContext.getMainExecutor();
+            kp = mCM.createSocketKeepalive(defaultNetwork, nattSocket,
+                    srcAddr, dstAddr, executor, callback);
+            startKeepalive(kp, callback);
+
+            // There should be no open sockets on the VPN network, because any
+            // open sockets were closed when startVpn above was called. So the
+            // first TCP poll should trigger ON_PAUSED.
+            assertEquals(ON_PAUSED, callback.poll());
+
+            final Socket s = new Socket();
+            mNetwork.bindSocket(s);
+            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress(dstAddr, 80));
+            assertEquals(ON_RESUMED, callback.poll());
+
+            if (closeSocket) {
+                s.close();
+                assertEquals(ON_PAUSED, callback.poll());
+            }
+
+            kp.stop();
+            assertEquals(ON_STOPPED, callback.poll());
+        } finally {
+            if (kp != null) kp.stop();
+
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+                DeviceConfig.setProperty(
+                                DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                                AUTOMATIC_ON_OFF_KEEPALIVE_VERSION,
+                                origMode, false);
+                mCM.setTestLowTcpPollingTimerForKeepalive(0);
+            }, WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testAppDisallowed() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(supportedHardware());
@@ -1039,6 +1259,31 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testSocketClosed() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(supportedHardware());
+
+        final FileDescriptor localFd = openSocketFd(TEST_HOST, 80, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        final List<FileDescriptor> remoteFds = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+            remoteFds.add(openSocketFdInOtherApp(TEST_HOST, 80, TIMEOUT_MS));
+        }
+
+        final String allowedApps = mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.getPackageName() + "," + mPackageName;
+        startVpn(new String[] {"192.0.2.2/32", "2001:db8:1:2::ffe/128"},
+                new String[] {"192.0.2.0/24", "2001:db8::/32"},
+                allowedApps, "", null, null /* underlyingNetworks */, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
+
+        // Socket owned by VPN uid is not closed
+        assertSocketStillOpen(localFd, TEST_HOST);
+
+        // Sockets not owned by VPN uid are closed
+        for (final FileDescriptor remoteFd: remoteFds) {
+            assertSocketClosed(remoteFd, TEST_HOST);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testExcludedRoutes() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(supportedHardware());
         assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
@@ -1503,7 +1748,7 @@
         private boolean received;
 
         public ProxyChangeBroadcastReceiver() {
-            super(getInstrumentation().getContext(), Proxy.PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION);
+            super(mTestContext, Proxy.PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION);
             received = false;
         }
 
@@ -1533,12 +1778,12 @@
                 "" /* allowedApps */, "com.android.providers.downloads", null /* proxyInfo */,
                 null /* underlyingNetworks */, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
 
-        final Context context = getInstrumentation().getContext();
-        final DownloadManager dm = context.getSystemService(DownloadManager.class);
+        final DownloadManager dm = mTestContext.getSystemService(DownloadManager.class);
         final DownloadCompleteReceiver receiver = new DownloadCompleteReceiver();
         try {
-            context.registerReceiver(receiver,
-                    new IntentFilter(DownloadManager.ACTION_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETE));
+            final int flags = SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() ? RECEIVER_EXPORTED : 0;
+            mTestContext.registerReceiver(receiver,
+                    new IntentFilter(DownloadManager.ACTION_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETE), flags);
 
             // Enqueue a request and check only one download.
             final long id = dm.enqueue(new Request(
@@ -1555,7 +1800,7 @@
             assertEquals(1, dm.remove(id));
             assertEquals(0, getTotalNumberDownloads(dm, new Query()));
         } finally {
-            context.unregisterReceiver(receiver);
+            mTestContext.unregisterReceiver(receiver);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1576,4 +1821,223 @@
             return future.get(timeout, unit);
         }
     }
+
+    private static final boolean EXPECT_PASS = false;
+    private static final boolean EXPECT_BLOCK = true;
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testBlockIncomingPackets() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(supportedHardware());
+        final Network network = mCM.getActiveNetwork();
+        assertNotNull("Requires a working Internet connection", network);
+
+        final int remoteUid = mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.getUid();
+        final List<Range<Integer>> lockdownRange = List.of(new Range<>(remoteUid, remoteUid));
+        final DetailedBlockedStatusCallback remoteUidCallback = new DetailedBlockedStatusCallback();
+
+        // Create a TUN interface
+        final FileDescriptor tunFd = runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            final TestNetworkManager tnm = mTestContext.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager.class);
+            final TestNetworkInterface iface = tnm.createTunInterface(List.of(
+                    TEST_IP4_DST_ADDR, TEST_IP6_DST_ADDR));
+            return iface.getFileDescriptor().getFileDescriptor();
+        }, MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS);
+
+        // Create a remote UDP socket
+        final FileDescriptor remoteUdpFd = mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.openDatagramSocketFd();
+
+        testAndCleanup(() -> {
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+                registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(remoteUid, remoteUidCallback,
+                        new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()));
+            }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+            remoteUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksWithBlockedReasonNone(network);
+
+            // The remote UDP socket can receive packets coming from the TUN interface
+            checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd, remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_PASS);
+
+            // Lockdown uid that has the remote UDP socket
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+                mCM.setRequireVpnForUids(true /* requireVpn */, lockdownRange);
+            }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+
+            // setRequireVpnForUids setup a lockdown rule asynchronously. So it needs to wait for
+            // BlockedStatusCallback to be fired before checking the blocking status of incoming
+            // packets.
+            remoteUidCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, network,
+                    cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN);
+
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+                // On T and above, lockdown rule drop packets not coming from lo regardless of the
+                // VPN connectivity.
+                checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd, remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_BLOCK);
+            }
+
+            // Start the VPN that has default routes. This VPN should have interface filtering rule
+            // for incoming packet and drop packets not coming from lo nor the VPN interface.
+            final String allowedApps =
+                    mRemoteSocketFactoryClient.getPackageName() + "," + mPackageName;
+            startVpn(new String[]{"192.0.2.2/32", "2001:db8:1:2::ffe/128"},
+                    new String[]{"0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"}, allowedApps, "" /* disallowedApplications */,
+                    null /* proxyInfo */, null /* underlyingNetworks */,
+                    false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
+
+            checkBlockIncomingPacket(tunFd, remoteUdpFd, EXPECT_BLOCK);
+        }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                Os.close(tunFd);
+            }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                Os.close(remoteUdpFd);
+            }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+                    mCM.setRequireVpnForUids(false /* requireVpn */, lockdownRange);
+                }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+            });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetVpnDefaultForUids() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(supportedHardware());
+        assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastU());
+
+        final Network defaultNetwork = mCM.getActiveNetwork();
+        assertNotNull("There must be a default network", defaultNetwork);
+
+        final TestableNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestableNetworkCallback();
+        final String session = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+
+        testAndCleanup(() -> {
+            registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+            defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(defaultNetwork);
+
+            final Range<Integer> myUidRange = new Range<>(myUid, myUid);
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+                mCM.setVpnDefaultForUids(session, List.of(myUidRange));
+            }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+
+            // The VPN will be the only default network for the app, so it's expected to receive
+            // onLost() callback.
+            defaultNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.LOST);
+
+            final ArrayList<Network> underlyingNetworks = new ArrayList<>();
+            underlyingNetworks.add(defaultNetwork);
+            startVpn(new String[] {"192.0.2.2/32", "2001:db8:1:2::ffe/128"} /* addresses */,
+                    new String[] {"0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"} /* routes */,
+                    "" /* allowedApplications */, "" /* disallowedApplications */,
+                    null /* proxyInfo */, underlyingNetworks, false /* isAlwaysMetered */);
+
+            expectVpnNetwork(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                stopVpn();
+                defaultNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.LOST);
+            }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+                    mCM.setVpnDefaultForUids(session, new ArraySet<>());
+                }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+                // The default network of the app will be changed back to wifi when the VPN network
+                // preference feature is disabled.
+                defaultNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE,
+                        NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                        entry -> defaultNetwork.equals(entry.getNetwork()));
+            });
+    }
+
+    private ByteBuffer buildIpv4UdpPacket(final Inet4Address dstAddr, final Inet4Address srcAddr,
+            final short dstPort, final short srcPort, final byte[] payload) throws IOException {
+
+        final ByteBuffer buffer = PacketBuilder.allocate(false /* hasEther */,
+                OsConstants.IPPROTO_IP, OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP, payload.length);
+        final PacketBuilder packetBuilder = new PacketBuilder(buffer);
+
+        packetBuilder.writeIpv4Header(
+                (byte) 0 /* TOS */,
+                (short) 27149 /* ID */,
+                (short) 0x4000 /* flags=DF, offset=0 */,
+                (byte) 64 /* TTL */,
+                (byte) OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP,
+                srcAddr,
+                dstAddr);
+        packetBuilder.writeUdpHeader(srcPort, dstPort);
+        buffer.put(payload);
+
+        return packetBuilder.finalizePacket();
+    }
+
+    private ByteBuffer buildIpv6UdpPacket(final Inet6Address dstAddr, final Inet6Address srcAddr,
+            final short dstPort, final short srcPort, final byte[] payload) throws IOException {
+
+        final ByteBuffer buffer = PacketBuilder.allocate(false /* hasEther */,
+                OsConstants.IPPROTO_IPV6, OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP, payload.length);
+        final PacketBuilder packetBuilder = new PacketBuilder(buffer);
+
+        packetBuilder.writeIpv6Header(
+                0x60000000 /* version=6, traffic class=0, flow label=0 */,
+                (byte) OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP,
+                (short) 64 /* hop limit */,
+                srcAddr,
+                dstAddr);
+        packetBuilder.writeUdpHeader(srcPort, dstPort);
+        buffer.put(payload);
+
+        return packetBuilder.finalizePacket();
+    }
+
+    private void checkBlockUdp(
+            final FileDescriptor srcTunFd,
+            final FileDescriptor dstUdpFd,
+            final boolean ipv6,
+            final boolean expectBlock) throws Exception {
+        final Random random = new Random();
+        final byte[] sendData = new byte[100];
+        random.nextBytes(sendData);
+        final short dstPort = (short) ((InetSocketAddress) Os.getsockname(dstUdpFd)).getPort();
+
+        ByteBuffer buf;
+        if (ipv6) {
+            buf = buildIpv6UdpPacket(
+                    (Inet6Address) TEST_IP6_DST_ADDR.getAddress(),
+                    (Inet6Address) TEST_IP6_SRC_ADDR.getAddress(),
+                    dstPort, TEST_SRC_PORT, sendData);
+        } else {
+            buf = buildIpv4UdpPacket(
+                    (Inet4Address) TEST_IP4_DST_ADDR.getAddress(),
+                    (Inet4Address) TEST_IP4_SRC_ADDR.getAddress(),
+                    dstPort, TEST_SRC_PORT, sendData);
+        }
+
+        Os.write(srcTunFd, buf);
+
+        final StructPollfd pollfd = new StructPollfd();
+        pollfd.events = (short) POLLIN;
+        pollfd.fd = dstUdpFd;
+        final int ret = Os.poll(new StructPollfd[]{pollfd}, SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        if (expectBlock) {
+            assertEquals("Expect not to receive a packet but received a packet", 0, ret);
+        } else {
+            assertEquals("Expect to receive a packet but did not receive a packet", 1, ret);
+            final byte[] recvData = new byte[sendData.length];
+            final int readSize = Os.read(dstUdpFd, recvData, 0 /* byteOffset */, recvData.length);
+            assertEquals(recvData.length, readSize);
+            MoreAsserts.assertEquals(sendData, recvData);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkBlockIncomingPacket(
+            final FileDescriptor srcTunFd,
+            final FileDescriptor dstUdpFd,
+            final boolean expectBlock) throws Exception {
+        checkBlockUdp(srcTunFd, dstUdpFd, false /* ipv6 */, expectBlock);
+        checkBlockUdp(srcTunFd, dstUdpFd, true /* ipv6 */, expectBlock);
+    }
+
+    private class DetailedBlockedStatusCallback extends TestableNetworkCallback {
+        public void expectAvailableCallbacksWithBlockedReasonNone(Network network) {
+            super.expectAvailableCallbacks(network, false /* suspended */, true /* validated */,
+                    BLOCKED_REASON_NONE, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+        public void onBlockedStatusChanged(Network network, int blockedReasons) {
+            getHistory().add(new CallbackEntry.BlockedStatusInt(network, blockedReasons));
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/Common.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/Common.java
index 2e79182..37dc7a0 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/Common.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/Common.java
@@ -99,7 +99,8 @@
             }
             case TYPE_COMPONENT_EXPEDITED_JOB: {
                 final int capabilities = activityManager.getUidProcessCapabilities(Process.myUid());
-                if ((capabilities & ActivityManager.PROCESS_CAPABILITY_NETWORK) == 0) {
+                if ((capabilities
+                        & ActivityManager.PROCESS_CAPABILITY_POWER_RESTRICTED_NETWORK) == 0) {
                     observer.onNetworkStateChecked(
                             INetworkStateObserver.RESULT_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_CAPABILITIES,
                             "Unexpected capabilities: " + capabilities);
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/RemoteSocketFactoryService.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/RemoteSocketFactoryService.java
index b1b7d77..fb6d16f 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/RemoteSocketFactoryService.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app2/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app2/RemoteSocketFactoryService.java
@@ -17,16 +17,17 @@
 package com.android.cts.net.hostside.app2;
 
 import android.app.Service;
-import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.Process;
-import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.cts.net.hostside.IRemoteSocketFactory;
 
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
 import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
 
 
 public class RemoteSocketFactoryService extends Service {
@@ -54,6 +55,16 @@
         public int getUid() {
             return Process.myUid();
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public ParcelFileDescriptor openDatagramSocketFd() {
+            try {
+                final DatagramSocket s = new DatagramSocket();
+                return ParcelFileDescriptor.fromDatagramSocket(s);
+            } catch (SocketException e) {
+                throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
+            }
+        }
     };
 
     @Override
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app3/Android.bp b/tests/cts/hostside/app3/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 69667ce..0000000
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app3/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-java_defaults {
-    name: "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp3Defaults",
-    srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],
-    libs: [
-        "junit",
-    ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "ctstestrunner-axt",
-        "truth-prebuilt",
-    ],
-
-    // Tag this module as a cts test artifact
-    test_suites: [
-        "cts",
-        "general-tests",
-    ],
-}
-
-android_test_helper_app {
-    name: "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp3",
-    defaults: [
-        "cts_support_defaults",
-        "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp3Defaults",
-    ],
-}
-
-android_test_helper_app {
-    name: "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp3PreT",
-    target_sdk_version: "31",
-    defaults: [
-        "cts_support_defaults",
-        "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp3Defaults",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app3/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/hostside/app3/AndroidManifest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index eabcacb..0000000
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app3/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-
-<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
-          package="com.android.cts.net.hostside.app3">
-
-    <application android:debuggable="true">
-        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
-    </application>
-
-    <instrumentation
-        android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
-        android:targetPackage="com.android.cts.net.hostside.app3" />
-
-</manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app3/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app3/ExcludedRoutesGatingTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app3/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app3/ExcludedRoutesGatingTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a1a8209..0000000
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app3/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/app3/ExcludedRoutesGatingTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.cts.net.hostside.app3;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-
-import android.Manifest;
-import android.net.IpPrefix;
-import android.net.LinkProperties;
-import android.net.RouteInfo;
-
-import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
-
-import org.junit.After;
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-
-/**
- * Tests to verify {@link LinkProperties#getRoutes} behavior, depending on
- * {@LinkProperties#EXCLUDED_ROUTES} change state.
- */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-public class ExcludedRoutesGatingTest {
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() {
-        InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation()
-                .adoptShellPermissionIdentity(Manifest.permission.LOG_COMPAT_CHANGE,
-                        Manifest.permission.READ_COMPAT_CHANGE_CONFIG);
-    }
-
-    @After
-    public void tearDown() {
-        InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation()
-                .dropShellPermissionIdentity();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testExcludedRoutesChangeEnabled() {
-        final LinkProperties lp = makeLinkPropertiesWithExcludedRoutes();
-
-        // Excluded routes change is enabled: non-RTN_UNICAST routes are visible.
-        assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
-        assertEquals(2, lp.getAllRoutes().size());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testExcludedRoutesChangeDisabled() {
-        final LinkProperties lp = makeLinkPropertiesWithExcludedRoutes();
-
-        // Excluded routes change is disabled: non-RTN_UNICAST routes are filtered out.
-        assertEquals(0, lp.getRoutes().size());
-        assertEquals(0, lp.getAllRoutes().size());
-    }
-
-    private LinkProperties makeLinkPropertiesWithExcludedRoutes() {
-        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("10.0.0.0/8"), null, null, RouteInfo.RTN_THROW));
-        lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("2001:db8::/64"), null, null,
-                RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE));
-
-        return lp;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/Android.bp b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aa3f69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppDefaults",
+    platform_apis: true,
+    static_libs: [
+        "androidx.test.ext.junit",
+        "androidx.test.rules",
+        "modules-utils-build",
+        "cts-net-utils",
+    ],
+    srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],
+    // Tag this module as a cts test artifact
+    test_suites: [
+        "cts",
+        "general-tests",
+        "sts",
+    ],
+}
+
+android_test_helper_app {
+    name: "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppWithoutProperty",
+    defaults: [
+           "cts_support_defaults",
+           "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppDefaults"
+    ],
+    manifest: "AndroidManifestWithoutProperty.xml",
+}
+
+android_test_helper_app {
+    name: "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppWithProperty",
+    defaults: [
+           "cts_support_defaults",
+           "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppDefaults"
+    ],
+    manifest: "AndroidManifestWithProperty.xml",
+}
+
+android_test_helper_app {
+    name: "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppSdk33",
+    defaults: [
+           "cts_support_defaults",
+           "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppDefaults"
+    ],
+    target_sdk_version: "33",
+    manifest: "AndroidManifestWithoutProperty.xml",
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/AndroidManifestWithProperty.xml b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/AndroidManifestWithProperty.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ef0376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/AndroidManifestWithProperty.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+     Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+          package="com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp">
+
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE" />
+
+    <application>
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>
+        <property android:name="android.net.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES"
+                  android:resource="@xml/self_certified_network_capabilities_both" />
+    </application>
+
+    <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+                     android:targetPackage="com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp"/>
+
+</manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/AndroidManifestWithoutProperty.xml b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/AndroidManifestWithoutProperty.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe66684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/AndroidManifestWithoutProperty.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+     Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+          package="com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp">
+
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE" />
+
+    <application>
+        <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>
+    </application>
+
+    <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
+                     android:targetPackage="com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp"/>
+
+</manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/res/xml/self_certified_network_capabilities_both.xml b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/res/xml/self_certified_network_capabilities_both.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4066be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/res/xml/self_certified_network_capabilities_both.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH"/>
+</network-capabilities-declaration>
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/src/com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp/NetworkSelfDeclaredCapabilitiesTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/src/com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp/NetworkSelfDeclaredCapabilitiesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39792fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/networkslicingtestapp/src/com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp/NetworkSelfDeclaredCapabilitiesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class NetworkSelfDeclaredCapabilitiesTest {
+
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mDevSdkIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void requestNetwork_withoutRequestCapabilities() {
+        final ConnectivityManager cm =
+                (ConnectivityManager)
+                        InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation()
+                                .getContext()
+                                .getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        final NetworkRequest request =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
+        final ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback callback =
+                new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+        cm.requestNetwork(request, callback);
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void requestNetwork_withSelfDeclaredCapabilities() {
+        final ConnectivityManager cm =
+                (ConnectivityManager)
+                        InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation()
+                                .getContext()
+                                .getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        final NetworkRequest request =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                        .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                        .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                        .build();
+        final ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback callback =
+                new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+        cm.requestNetwork(request, callback);
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void requestNetwork_lackingRequiredSelfDeclaredCapabilities() {
+        final ConnectivityManager cm =
+                (ConnectivityManager)
+                        InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation()
+                                .getContext()
+                                .getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        final NetworkRequest request =
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                        .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                        .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                        .build();
+        final ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback callback =
+                new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
+        assertThrows(
+                SecurityException.class,
+                () -> cm.requestNetwork(request, callback));
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideLinkPropertiesGatingTests.java b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideLinkPropertiesGatingTests.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a1fa42..0000000
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideLinkPropertiesGatingTests.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.cts.net;
-
-import android.compat.cts.CompatChangeGatingTestCase;
-
-import java.util.Set;
-
-/**
- * Tests for the {@link android.net.LinkProperties#EXCLUDED_ROUTES} compatibility change.
- *
- * TODO: see if we can delete this cumbersome host test by moving the coverage to CtsNetTestCases
- * and CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31.
- */
-public class HostsideLinkPropertiesGatingTests extends CompatChangeGatingTestCase {
-    private static final String TEST_APK = "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp3.apk";
-    private static final String TEST_APK_PRE_T = "CtsHostsideNetworkTestsApp3PreT.apk";
-    private static final String TEST_PKG = "com.android.cts.net.hostside.app3";
-    private static final String TEST_CLASS = ".ExcludedRoutesGatingTest";
-
-    private static final long EXCLUDED_ROUTES_CHANGE_ID = 186082280;
-
-    protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
-        uninstallPackage(TEST_PKG, true);
-    }
-
-    public void testExcludedRoutesChangeEnabled() throws Exception {
-        installPackage(TEST_APK, true);
-        runDeviceCompatTest("testExcludedRoutesChangeEnabled");
-    }
-
-    public void testExcludedRoutesChangeDisabledPreT() throws Exception {
-        installPackage(TEST_APK_PRE_T, true);
-        runDeviceCompatTest("testExcludedRoutesChangeDisabled");
-    }
-
-    public void testExcludedRoutesChangeDisabledByOverrideOnDebugBuild() throws Exception {
-        // Must install APK even when skipping test, because tearDown expects uninstall to succeed.
-        installPackage(TEST_APK, true);
-
-        // This test uses an app with a target SDK where the compat change is on by default.
-        // Because user builds do not allow overriding compat changes, only run this test on debug
-        // builds. This seems better than deleting this test and not running it anywhere because we
-        // could in the future run this test on userdebug builds in presubmit.
-        //
-        // We cannot use assumeXyz here because CompatChangeGatingTestCase ultimately inherits from
-        // junit.framework.TestCase, which does not understand assumption failures.
-        if ("user".equals(getDevice().getProperty("ro.build.type"))) return;
-
-        runDeviceCompatTestWithChangeDisabled("testExcludedRoutesChangeDisabled");
-    }
-
-    public void testExcludedRoutesChangeEnabledByOverridePreT() throws Exception {
-        installPackage(TEST_APK_PRE_T, true);
-        runDeviceCompatTestWithChangeEnabled("testExcludedRoutesChangeEnabled");
-    }
-
-    private void runDeviceCompatTest(String methodName) throws Exception {
-        runDeviceCompatTest(TEST_PKG, TEST_CLASS, methodName, Set.of(), Set.of());
-    }
-
-    private void runDeviceCompatTestWithChangeEnabled(String methodName) throws Exception {
-        runDeviceCompatTest(TEST_PKG, TEST_CLASS, methodName, Set.of(EXCLUDED_ROUTES_CHANGE_ID),
-                Set.of());
-    }
-
-    private void runDeviceCompatTestWithChangeDisabled(String methodName) throws Exception {
-        runDeviceCompatTest(TEST_PKG, TEST_CLASS, methodName, Set.of(),
-                Set.of(EXCLUDED_ROUTES_CHANGE_ID));
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java
index cc07fd1..2aa1032 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideNetworkTestCase.java
@@ -31,11 +31,10 @@
 import com.android.tradefed.testtype.IAbi;
 import com.android.tradefed.testtype.IAbiReceiver;
 import com.android.tradefed.testtype.IBuildReceiver;
+import com.android.tradefed.util.RunUtil;
 
 import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.regex.Matcher;
-import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 abstract class HostsideNetworkTestCase extends DeviceTestCase implements IAbiReceiver,
         IBuildReceiver {
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@
             i++;
             Log.v(TAG, "Package " + packageName + " not uninstalled yet (" + result
                     + "); sleeping 1s before polling again");
-            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            RunUtil.getDefault().sleep(1000);
         }
         fail("Package '" + packageName + "' not uinstalled after " + max_tries + " seconds");
     }
@@ -171,18 +170,19 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static final Pattern UID_PATTERN =
-            Pattern.compile(".*userId=([0-9]+)$", Pattern.MULTILINE);
-
     protected int getUid(String packageName) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
-        final String output = runCommand("dumpsys package " + packageName);
-        final Matcher matcher = UID_PATTERN.matcher(output);
-        while (matcher.find()) {
-            final String match = matcher.group(1);
-            return Integer.parseInt(match);
+        final int currentUser = getDevice().getCurrentUser();
+        final String uidLines = runCommand(
+                "cmd package list packages -U --user " + currentUser + " " + packageName);
+        for (String uidLine : uidLines.split("\n")) {
+            if (uidLine.startsWith("package:" + packageName + " uid:")) {
+                final String[] uidLineParts = uidLine.split(":");
+                // 3rd entry is package uid
+                return Integer.parseInt(uidLineParts[2].trim());
+            }
         }
-        throw new RuntimeException("Did not find regexp '" + UID_PATTERN + "' on adb output\n"
-                + output);
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to find the test app on the device; pkg="
+                + packageName + ", u=" + currentUser);
     }
 
     protected String runCommand(String command) throws DeviceNotAvailableException {
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideRestrictBackgroundNetworkTests.java b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideRestrictBackgroundNetworkTests.java
index 7a613b3..21c78b7 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideRestrictBackgroundNetworkTests.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideRestrictBackgroundNetworkTests.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 import com.android.ddmlib.Log;
 import com.android.tradefed.device.DeviceNotAvailableException;
+import com.android.tradefed.util.RunUtil;
 
 public class HostsideRestrictBackgroundNetworkTests extends HostsideNetworkTestCase {
 
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@
             }
             Log.v(TAG, "whitelist check for uid " + uid + " doesn't match yet (expected "
                     + expected + ", got " + actual + "); sleeping 1s before polling again");
-            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            RunUtil.getDefault().sleep(1000);
         }
         fail("whitelist check for uid " + uid + " failed: expected "
                 + expected + ", got " + actual);
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@
             if (result.equals(expectedResult)) return;
             Log.v(TAG, "Command '" + command + "' returned '" + result + " instead of '"
                     + expectedResult + "' on attempt #; sleeping 1s before polling again");
-            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            RunUtil.getDefault().sleep(1000);
         }
         fail("Command '" + command + "' did not return '" + expectedResult + "' after " + maxTries
                 + " attempts");
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideSelfDeclaredNetworkCapabilitiesCheckTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideSelfDeclaredNetworkCapabilitiesCheckTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c2985d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideSelfDeclaredNetworkCapabilitiesCheckTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.android.cts.net;
+
+public class HostsideSelfDeclaredNetworkCapabilitiesCheckTest extends HostsideNetworkTestCase {
+
+    private static final String TEST_WITH_PROPERTY_IN_CURRENT_SDK_APK =
+            "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppWithProperty.apk";
+    private static final String TEST_WITHOUT_PROPERTY_IN_CURRENT_SDK_APK =
+            "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppWithoutProperty.apk";
+    private static final String TEST_IN_SDK_33_APK =
+            "CtsHostsideNetworkCapTestsAppSdk33.apk";
+    private static final String TEST_APP_PKG =
+            "com.android.cts.net.hostside.networkslicingtestapp";
+    private static final String TEST_CLASS_NAME = ".NetworkSelfDeclaredCapabilitiesTest";
+    private static final String WITH_SELF_DECLARED_CAPABILITIES_METHOD =
+            "requestNetwork_withSelfDeclaredCapabilities";
+    private static final String LACKING_SELF_DECLARED_CAPABILITIES_METHOD =
+            "requestNetwork_lackingRequiredSelfDeclaredCapabilities";
+    private static final String WITHOUT_REQUEST_CAPABILITIES_METHOD =
+            "requestNetwork_withoutRequestCapabilities";
+
+
+    public void testRequestNetworkInCurrentSdkWithProperty() throws Exception {
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, false);
+        installPackage(TEST_WITH_PROPERTY_IN_CURRENT_SDK_APK);
+        // If the self-declared capabilities are defined,
+        // the ConnectivityManager.requestNetwork() call should always pass.
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                WITH_SELF_DECLARED_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                WITHOUT_REQUEST_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, true);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestNetworkInCurrentSdkWithoutProperty() throws Exception {
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, false);
+        installPackage(TEST_WITHOUT_PROPERTY_IN_CURRENT_SDK_APK);
+        // If the self-declared capabilities are not defined,
+        // the ConnectivityManager.requestNetwork() call will fail if the properly is not declared.
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                LACKING_SELF_DECLARED_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                WITHOUT_REQUEST_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, true);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestNetworkInSdk33() throws Exception {
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, false);
+        installPackage(TEST_IN_SDK_33_APK);
+        // In Sdk33, the ConnectivityManager.requestNetwork() call should always pass.
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                WITH_SELF_DECLARED_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                WITHOUT_REQUEST_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, true);
+    }
+
+    public void testReinstallPackageWillUpdateProperty() throws Exception {
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, false);
+        installPackage(TEST_WITHOUT_PROPERTY_IN_CURRENT_SDK_APK);
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                LACKING_SELF_DECLARED_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, true);
+
+
+        // Updates package.
+        installPackage(TEST_WITH_PROPERTY_IN_CURRENT_SDK_APK);
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_APP_PKG,
+                TEST_APP_PKG + TEST_CLASS_NAME,
+                WITH_SELF_DECLARED_CAPABILITIES_METHOD);
+        uninstallPackage(TEST_APP_PKG, true);
+
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideVpnTests.java b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideVpnTests.java
index 3821f87..3ca4775 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideVpnTests.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/src/com/android/cts/net/HostsideVpnTests.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.cts.net;
 
+import android.platform.test.annotations.RequiresDevice;
+
 public class HostsideVpnTests extends HostsideNetworkTestCase {
 
     @Override
@@ -49,6 +51,10 @@
         runDeviceTests(TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testAppDisallowed");
     }
 
+    public void testSocketClosed() throws Exception {
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testSocketClosed");
+    }
+
     public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidSecurity() throws Exception {
         runDeviceTests(TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testGetConnectionOwnerUidSecurity");
     }
@@ -89,6 +95,18 @@
                 TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testAlwaysMeteredVpnWithNullUnderlyingNetwork");
     }
 
+    @RequiresDevice // Keepalive is not supported on virtual hardware
+    public void testAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveModeClose() throws Exception {
+        runDeviceTests(
+                TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveModeClose");
+    }
+
+    @RequiresDevice // Keepalive is not supported on virtual hardware
+    public void testAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveModeNoClose() throws Exception {
+        runDeviceTests(
+                TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveModeNoClose");
+    }
+
     public void testAlwaysMeteredVpnWithNonNullUnderlyingNetwork() throws Exception {
         runDeviceTests(
                 TEST_PKG,
@@ -116,4 +134,12 @@
     public void testInterleavedRoutes() throws Exception {
         runDeviceTests(TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testInterleavedRoutes");
     }
+
+    public void testBlockIncomingPackets() throws Exception {
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testBlockIncomingPackets");
+    }
+
+    public void testSetVpnDefaultForUids() throws Exception {
+        runDeviceTests(TEST_PKG, TEST_PKG + ".VpnTest", "testSetVpnDefaultForUids");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/Android.bp b/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
index a6ed762..f9fe5b0 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/Android.bp
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
     // uncomment when b/13249961 is fixed
     // sdk_version: "current",
     platform_apis: true,
-    required: ["ConnectivityChecker"],
+    data: [":ConnectivityChecker"],
+    per_testcase_directory: true,
+    host_required: ["net-tests-utils-host-common"],
     test_config_template: "AndroidTestTemplate.xml",
 }
 
@@ -72,9 +74,9 @@
 android_test {
     name: "CtsNetTestCases",
     defaults: ["CtsNetTestCasesDefaults", "ConnectivityNextEnableDefaults"],
-    // TODO: CTS should not depend on the entirety of the networkstack code.
     static_libs: [
-        "NetworkStackApiCurrentLib",
+        "DhcpPacketLib",
+        "NetworkStackApiCurrentShims",
     ],
     test_suites: [
         "cts",
@@ -86,7 +88,8 @@
     name: "CtsNetTestCasesApiStableDefaults",
     // TODO: CTS should not depend on the entirety of the networkstack code.
     static_libs: [
-        "NetworkStackApiStableLib",
+        "DhcpPacketLib",
+        "NetworkStackApiStableShims",
     ],
     jni_uses_sdk_apis: true,
     min_sdk_version: "29",
@@ -98,10 +101,10 @@
 android_test {
     name: "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk",
     defaults: [
+        "ConnectivityTestsLatestSdkDefaults",
         "CtsNetTestCasesDefaults",
         "CtsNetTestCasesApiStableDefaults",
     ],
-    target_sdk_version: "33",
     test_suites: [
         "general-tests",
         "mts-dnsresolver",
@@ -111,19 +114,39 @@
     ],
 }
 
-android_test {
-    name: "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31",  // Must match CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31 annotation.
+java_defaults {
+    name: "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdkDefaults",
     defaults: [
         "CtsNetTestCasesDefaults",
         "CtsNetTestCasesApiStableDefaults",
     ],
-    target_sdk_version: "31",
-    package_name: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk31",  // CTS package names must be unique.
-    instrumentation_target_package: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk31",
     test_suites: [
         "cts",
         "general-tests",
-        "mts-networking",
+        "mts-tethering",
     ],
 }
 
+android_test {
+    name: "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk33",  // Must match CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk33 annotation.
+    defaults: ["CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdkDefaults"],
+    target_sdk_version: "33",
+    package_name: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk33",
+    instrumentation_target_package: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk33",
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31",  // Must match CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk31 annotation.
+    defaults: ["CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdkDefaults"],
+    target_sdk_version: "31",
+    package_name: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk31",  // CTS package names must be unique.
+    instrumentation_target_package: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk31",
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk30",  // Must match CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk30 annotation.
+    defaults: ["CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdkDefaults"],
+    target_sdk_version: "30",
+    package_name: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk30",  // CTS package names must be unique.
+    instrumentation_target_package: "android.net.cts.maxtargetsdk30",
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml
index 6b5bb93..68e36ff 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/net/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -35,9 +35,7 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE" />
-
-    <!-- TODO (b/186093901): remove after fixing resource querying -->
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS" />
 
     <!-- This test also uses signature permissions through adopting the shell identity.
          The permissions acquired that way include (probably not exhaustive) :
@@ -53,8 +51,6 @@
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
                      android:targetPackage="android.net.cts"
                      android:label="CTS tests of android.net">
-        <meta-data android:name="listener"
-            android:value="com.android.cts.runner.CtsTestRunListener" />
     </instrumentation>
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/api23Test/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/net/api23Test/AndroidManifest.xml
index 69ee0dd..44c63f6 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/api23Test/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/net/api23Test/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -39,7 +39,5 @@
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
          android:targetPackage="android.net.cts.api23test"
          android:label="CTS tests of android.net">
-        <meta-data android:name="listener"
-             android:value="com.android.cts.runner.CtsTestRunListener"/>
     </instrumentation>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/jni/NativeMultinetworkJni.cpp b/tests/cts/net/jni/NativeMultinetworkJni.cpp
index 60e31bc..6610d10 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/jni/NativeMultinetworkJni.cpp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/jni/NativeMultinetworkJni.cpp
@@ -40,8 +40,12 @@
 #define LOGD(fmt, ...) \
         __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define EXPECT_GE(env, actual, expected, msg)                        \
+// Since the tests in this file commonly pass expression statements as parameters to these macros,
+// get the returned value of the statements to avoid statement double-called.
+#define EXPECT_GE(env, actual_stmt, expected_stmt, msg)              \
     do {                                                             \
+        const auto expected = (expected_stmt);                       \
+        const auto actual = (actual_stmt);                           \
         if (actual < expected) {                                     \
             jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/lang/AssertionError",    \
                     "%s:%d: %s EXPECT_GE: expected %d, got %d",      \
@@ -49,8 +53,10 @@
         }                                                            \
     } while (0)
 
-#define EXPECT_GT(env, actual, expected, msg)                        \
+#define EXPECT_GT(env, actual_stmt, expected_stmt, msg)              \
     do {                                                             \
+        const auto expected = (expected_stmt);                       \
+        const auto actual = (actual_stmt);                           \
         if (actual <= expected) {                                    \
             jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/lang/AssertionError",    \
                     "%s:%d: %s EXPECT_GT: expected %d, got %d",      \
@@ -58,8 +64,10 @@
         }                                                            \
     } while (0)
 
-#define EXPECT_EQ(env, expected, actual, msg)                        \
+#define EXPECT_EQ(env, expected_stmt, actual_stmt, msg)              \
     do {                                                             \
+        const auto expected = (expected_stmt);                       \
+        const auto actual = (actual_stmt);                           \
         if (actual != expected) {                                    \
             jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/lang/AssertionError",    \
                     "%s:%d: %s EXPECT_EQ: expected %d, got %d",      \
@@ -110,6 +118,18 @@
             // If there is no valid answer, test will fail.
             continue;
         }
+
+        const int rtype = ns_rr_type(rr);
+        if (family == AF_INET) {
+            // If there is no expected address type, test will fail.
+            if (rtype != ns_t_a) continue;
+        } else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+            // If there is no expected address type, test will fail.
+            if (rtype != ns_t_aaaa) continue;
+        } else {
+            return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+        }
+
         const uint8_t* rdata = ns_rr_rdata(rr);
         char buffer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
         if (inet_ntop(family, (const char*) rdata, buffer, sizeof(buffer)) == NULL) {
@@ -161,7 +181,7 @@
     // V6
     fd = android_res_nquery(handle, kHostname, ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
     EXPECT_GE(env, fd, 0, "v6 res_nquery");
-    EXPECT_EQ(env, 0, expectAnswersValid(env, fd, AF_INET, ns_r_noerror),
+    EXPECT_EQ(env, 0, expectAnswersValid(env, fd, AF_INET6, ns_r_noerror),
             "v6 res_nquery check answers");
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/native/dns/Android.bp b/tests/cts/net/native/dns/Android.bp
index 434e529..49b9337 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/native/dns/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/native/dns/Android.bp
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
     ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libnetdutils",
+    ],
     // To be compatible with Q devices, the min_sdk_version must be 29.
     min_sdk_version: "29",
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/native/dns/NativeDnsAsyncTest.cpp b/tests/cts/net/native/dns/NativeDnsAsyncTest.cpp
index e501475..68bd227 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/native/dns/NativeDnsAsyncTest.cpp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/native/dns/NativeDnsAsyncTest.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 
 #include <android/multinetwork.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <netdutils/NetNativeTestBase.h>
 
 namespace {
 constexpr int MAXPACKET = 8 * 1024;
@@ -101,7 +102,9 @@
 
 } // namespace
 
-TEST (NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Query) {
+class NativeDnsAsyncTest : public NetNativeTestBase {};
+
+TEST_F(NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Query) {
     // V4
     int fd1 = android_res_nquery(
             NETWORK_UNSPECIFIED, "www.google.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@
     expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET6, ns_r_noerror);
 }
 
-TEST (NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Send) {
+TEST_F(NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Send) {
     // V4
     uint8_t buf1[MAXPACKET] = {};
     int len1 = res_mkquery(ns_o_query, "www.googleapis.com",
@@ -162,7 +165,7 @@
     expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET6, ns_r_noerror);
 }
 
-TEST (NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_NXDOMAIN) {
+TEST_F(NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_NXDOMAIN) {
     uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
     int len = res_mkquery(ns_o_query, "test1-nx.metric.gstatic.com",
             ns_c_in, ns_t_a, nullptr, 0, nullptr, buf, sizeof(buf));
@@ -191,7 +194,7 @@
     expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET6, ns_r_nxdomain);
 }
 
-TEST (NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Cancel) {
+TEST_F(NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Cancel) {
     int fd = android_res_nquery(
             NETWORK_UNSPECIFIED, "www.google.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
     errno = 0;
@@ -202,7 +205,7 @@
     // otherwise it will hit fdsan double-close fd.
 }
 
-TEST (NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Query_MALFORMED) {
+TEST_F(NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Query_MALFORMED) {
     // Empty string to create BLOB and query, we will get empty result and rcode = 0
     // on DNSTLS.
     int fd = android_res_nquery(
@@ -221,7 +224,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(-EMSGSIZE, fd);
 }
 
-TEST (NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Send_MALFORMED) {
+TEST_F(NativeDnsAsyncTest, Async_Send_MALFORMED) {
     uint8_t buf[10] = {};
     // empty BLOB
     int fd = android_res_nsend(NETWORK_UNSPECIFIED, buf, 10, 0);
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp b/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp
index e52533b..5c02b0d 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp
+++ b/tests/cts/net/native/src/BpfCompatTest.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@
   std::ifstream elfFile(elfPath, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
   ASSERT_TRUE(elfFile.is_open());
 
-  if (android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) {
+  if (android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastU()) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(120, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_map_def", elfFile, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(92, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_prog_def", elfFile, 0));
+  } else if (android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) {
     EXPECT_EQ(116, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_map_def", elfFile, 0));
     EXPECT_EQ(92, readSectionUint("size_of_bpf_prog_def", elfFile, 0));
   } else {
@@ -47,8 +50,13 @@
 }
 
 TEST(BpfTest, bpfStructSizeTest) {
-  doBpfStructSizeTest("/system/etc/bpf/gpu_mem.o");
-  doBpfStructSizeTest("/system/etc/bpf/time_in_state.o");
+  if (android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastU()) {
+      doBpfStructSizeTest("/system/etc/bpf/gpuMem.o");
+      doBpfStructSizeTest("/system/etc/bpf/timeInState.o");
+  } else {
+      doBpfStructSizeTest("/system/etc/bpf/gpu_mem.o");
+      doBpfStructSizeTest("/system/etc/bpf/time_in_state.o");
+  }
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/BatteryStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/BatteryStatsManagerTest.java
index 6b2a1ee..3c71c90 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/BatteryStatsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/BatteryStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -21,12 +21,14 @@
 
 import static androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry.getContext;
 
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.BatteryUtils.hasBattery;
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runShellCommand;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
 import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@
     @RequiresDevice // Virtual hardware does not support wifi battery stats
     public void testReportNetworkInterfaceForTransports() throws Exception {
         try {
+            assumeTrue("Battery is not present. Ignore test.", hasBattery());
             // Simulate the device being unplugged from charging.
             executeShellCommand("cmd battery unplug");
             executeShellCommand("cmd battery set status " + BATTERY_STATUS_DISCHARGING);
@@ -152,6 +155,13 @@
         // removing data activity tracking.
         mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
 
+        // There's rate limit to update mobile battery so if ConnectivityService calls
+        // BatteryStatsManager.reportMobileRadioPowerState when default network changed,
+        // the mobile stats might not be updated. But if the mobile update due to other
+        // reasons (plug/unplug, battery level change, etc) will be unaffected. Thus here
+        // dumps the battery stats to trigger a full sync of data.
+        executeShellCommand("dumpsys batterystats");
+
         // Check cellular battery stats are updated.
         runAsShell(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
                 () -> assertStatsEventually(mBsm::getCellularBatteryStats,
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt
index 0344604..dc22369 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/CaptivePortalTest.kt
@@ -33,14 +33,10 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkRequest
 import android.net.Uri
-import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig
 import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpUrlDeviceConfig
 import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig
 import android.net.cts.NetworkValidationTestUtil.setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils
-import android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL
-import android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL
-import android.os.Build
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY
@@ -48,26 +44,31 @@
 import android.util.Log
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
-import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastR
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL
+import com.android.testutils.DeviceConfigRule
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged
 import com.android.testutils.TestHttpServer
 import com.android.testutils.TestHttpServer.Request
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
-import com.android.testutils.isDevSdkInRange
 import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
 import fi.iki.elonen.NanoHTTPD.Response.Status
-import junit.framework.AssertionFailedError
-import org.junit.After
-import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
-import org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse
-import org.junit.Before
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
+import junit.framework.AssertionFailedError
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.BeforeClass
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
 private const val TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH = "/https_path"
 private const val TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH = "/http_path"
@@ -99,34 +100,42 @@
 
     private val server = TestHttpServer("localhost")
 
+    @get:Rule
+    val deviceConfigRule = DeviceConfigRule(retryCountBeforeSIfConfigChanged = 5)
+
+    companion object {
+        @JvmStatic @BeforeClass
+        fun setUpClass() {
+            runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
+                // Verify that the test URLs are not normally set on the device, but do not fail if
+                // the test URLs are set to what this test uses (URLs on localhost), in case the
+                // test was interrupted manually and rerun.
+                assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL)
+                assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL)
+            }
+            NetworkValidationTestUtil.clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig()
+        }
+
+        private fun assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(urlKey: String) {
+            val url = DeviceConfig.getProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, urlKey)
+            assertTrue(TextUtils.isEmpty(url) || LOCALHOST_HOSTNAME == Uri.parse(url).host,
+                    "$urlKey must not be set in production scenarios (current value: $url)")
+        }
+    }
+
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
-        runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
-            // Verify that the test URLs are not normally set on the device, but do not fail if the
-            // test URLs are set to what this test uses (URLs on localhost), in case the test was
-            // interrupted manually and rerun.
-            assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL)
-            assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL)
-        }
-        clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig()
         server.start()
     }
 
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
-        clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig()
         if (pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
-            reconnectWifi()
+            deviceConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup { reconnectWifi() }
         }
         server.stop()
     }
 
-    private fun assertEmptyOrLocalhostUrl(urlKey: String) {
-        val url = DeviceConfig.getProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, urlKey)
-        assertTrue(TextUtils.isEmpty(url) || LOCALHOST_HOSTNAME == Uri.parse(url).host,
-                "$urlKey must not be set in production scenarios (current value: $url)")
-    }
-
     @Test
     fun testCaptivePortalIsNotDefaultNetwork() {
         assumeTrue(pm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY))
@@ -142,8 +151,8 @@
                 .build()
         val cellCb = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
         cm.registerNetworkCallback(cellReq, cellCb)
-        val cb = cellCb.eventuallyExpectOrNull<RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged> {
-            it.network == cellNetwork && it.caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+        val cb = cellCb.poll { it.network == cellNetwork &&
+                it is CapabilitiesChanged && it.caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
         }
         assertNotNull(cb, "Mobile network $cellNetwork has no access to the internet. " +
                 "Check the mobile data connection.")
@@ -154,12 +163,13 @@
         server.addResponse(Request(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH), Status.INTERNAL_ERROR)
         val headers = mapOf("Location" to makeUrl(TEST_PORTAL_URL_PATH))
         server.addResponse(Request(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH), Status.REDIRECT, headers)
-        setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH))
-        setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH))
+        setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(deviceConfigRule, makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH))
+        setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(deviceConfigRule, makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH))
         Log.d(TAG, "Set portal URLs to $TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH and $TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH")
         // URL expiration needs to be in the next 10 minutes
         assertTrue(WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS < TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(10))
-        setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(System.currentTimeMillis() + WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(deviceConfigRule,
+                System.currentTimeMillis() + WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS)
 
         // Wait for a captive portal to be detected on the network
         val wifiNetworkFuture = CompletableFuture<Network>()
@@ -186,8 +196,8 @@
             assertNotEquals(network, cm.activeNetwork, wifiDefaultMessage)
 
             val startPortalAppPermission =
-                    if (isDevSdkInRange(0, Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)) CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL
-                    else NETWORK_SETTINGS
+                    if (isAtLeastR()) NETWORK_SETTINGS
+                    else CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL
             runAsShell(startPortalAppPermission) { cm.startCaptivePortalApp(network) }
 
             // Expect the portal content to be fetched at some point after detecting the portal.
@@ -215,4 +225,4 @@
         utils.ensureWifiDisconnected(null /* wifiNetworkToCheck */)
         utils.ensureWifiConnected()
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
index 7d1e13f..7662ba3 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback;
 
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.callWithShellPermissionIdentity;
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runShellCommand;
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
 import static com.android.testutils.Cleanup.testAndCleanup;
 
@@ -70,11 +71,13 @@
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
 import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
 import android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
@@ -104,6 +107,8 @@
 @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) // ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager did not exist in Q
 @AppModeFull(reason = "CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS not grantable to instant apps")
 public class ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest {
+    private static final String TAG = ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.class.getSimpleName();
+
     private static final int CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 5000;
     private static final int NO_CALLBACK_INVOKED_TIMEOUT = 500;
     private static final long TIMESTAMP = 123456789L;
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@
     private static final int UNKNOWN_DETECTION_METHOD = 4;
     private static final int FILTERED_UNKNOWN_DETECTION_METHOD = 0;
     private static final int CARRIER_CONFIG_CHANGED_BROADCAST_TIMEOUT = 5000;
-    private static final int DELAY_FOR_ADMIN_UIDS_MILLIS = 5000;
+    private static final int DELAY_FOR_BROADCAST_IDLE = 30_000;
 
     private static final Executor INLINE_EXECUTOR = x -> x.run();
 
@@ -155,6 +160,23 @@
 
     private List<TestConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> mRegisteredCallbacks;
 
+    private static void waitForBroadcastIdle(final long timeoutMs) throws InterruptedException {
+        final long st = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        // am wait-for-broadcast-idle will return immediately if the queue is already idle.
+        final Thread t = new Thread(() -> runShellCommand("am wait-for-broadcast-idle"));
+        t.start();
+        // Two notes about the case where join() times out :
+        // • It is fine to continue running the test. The broadcast queue might still be busy, but
+        //   there is no way as of now to wait for a particular broadcast to have been been
+        //   processed so it's possible the one the caller is interested in is in fact done,
+        //   making it worth running the rest of the test.
+        // • The thread will continue running its course in the test process. In this case it is
+        //   fine because the wait-for-broadcast-idle command doesn't have side effects, and the
+        //   thread does nothing else.
+        t.join(timeoutMs);
+        Log.i(TAG, "Waited for broadcast idle for " + (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - st) + "ms");
+    }
+
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
@@ -283,10 +305,13 @@
         // broadcast. CPT then needs to update the corresponding DataConnection, which then
         // updates ConnectivityService. Unfortunately, this update to the NetworkCapabilities in
         // CS does not trigger NetworkCallback#onCapabilitiesChanged as changing the
-        // administratorUids is not a publicly visible change. In lieu of a better signal to
-        // deterministically wait for, use Thread#sleep here.
-        // TODO(b/157949581): replace this Thread#sleep with a deterministic signal
-        Thread.sleep(DELAY_FOR_ADMIN_UIDS_MILLIS);
+        // administratorUids is not a publicly visible change. Start by waiting for broadcast
+        // idle to make sure Telephony has received the carrier config change broadcast ; the
+        // delay to pass this information to CS is accounted in the delay in waiting for the
+        // callback.
+        waitForBroadcastIdle(DELAY_FOR_BROADCAST_IDLE);
+
+        Thread.sleep(5_000);
 
         // TODO(b/217559768): Receiving carrier config change and immediately checking carrier
         //  privileges is racy, as the CP status is updated after receiving the same signal. Move
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 0cd3490..423b2bd 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_BLUETOOTH;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_ETHERNET;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_TELEPHONY;
@@ -37,9 +38,14 @@
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE;
@@ -75,8 +81,6 @@
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TEST_HOST;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.TestTetheringEventCallback;
-import static android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL;
-import static android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL;
 import static android.os.MessageQueue.OnFileDescriptorEventListener.EVENT_INPUT;
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 import static android.provider.Settings.Global.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE;
@@ -88,8 +92,11 @@
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runShellCommand;
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL;
 import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
 import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
+import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim.RECEIVER_EXPORTED;
 import static com.android.testutils.Cleanup.testAndCleanup;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
@@ -159,7 +166,6 @@
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.ServiceManager;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
-import android.os.SystemProperties;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.VintfRuntimeInfo;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
@@ -170,7 +176,6 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
-import android.util.Pair;
 import android.util.Range;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
@@ -185,9 +190,11 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.NetworkInformationShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.ConnectivityManagerShim;
 import com.android.testutils.CompatUtil;
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt;
+import com.android.testutils.DeviceConfigRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.DumpTestUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry;
 import com.android.testutils.TestHttpServer;
@@ -200,7 +207,6 @@
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -228,6 +234,7 @@
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Random;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
@@ -250,6 +257,10 @@
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
+    @Rule
+    public final DeviceConfigRule mTestValidationConfigRule = new DeviceConfigRule(
+            5 /* retryCountBeforeSIfConfigChanged */);
+
     private static final String TAG = ConnectivityManagerTest.class.getSimpleName();
 
     public static final int TYPE_MOBILE = ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
@@ -262,7 +273,10 @@
     private static final int MIN_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL = 10;
 
     private static final int NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
-    private static final int LISTEN_ACTIVITY_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000;
+    // Timeout for waiting network to be validated. Set the timeout to 30s, which is more than
+    // DNS timeout.
+    // TODO(b/252972908): reset the original timer when aosp/2188755 is ramped up.
+    private static final int LISTEN_ACTIVITY_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
     private static final int NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 100;
     private static final int SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS = 100;
     private static final int NUM_TRIES_MULTIPATH_PREF_CHECK = 20;
@@ -328,11 +342,10 @@
         mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mContext);
         mTm = mContext.getSystemService(TelephonyManager.class);
 
-        if (DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.isDevSdkInRange(null /* minExclusive */,
-                Build.VERSION_CODES.R /* maxInclusive */)) {
-            addLegacySupportedNetworkTypes();
-        } else {
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
             addSupportedNetworkTypes();
+        } else {
+            addLegacySupportedNetworkTypes();
         }
 
         mUiAutomation = mInstrumentation.getUiAutomation();
@@ -345,7 +358,8 @@
         // Get com.android.internal.R.array.networkAttributes
         int resId = mContext.getResources().getIdentifier("networkAttributes", "array", "android");
         String[] naStrings = mContext.getResources().getStringArray(resId);
-        boolean wifiOnly = SystemProperties.getBoolean("ro.radio.noril", false);
+        boolean wifiOnly = mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)
+                && !mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY);
         for (String naString : naStrings) {
             try {
                 final String[] splitConfig = naString.split(",");
@@ -406,14 +420,17 @@
 
         // All tests in this class require a working Internet connection as they start. Make
         // sure there is still one as they end that's ready to use for the next test to use.
-        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
-        registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
-        try {
-            assertNotNull("Couldn't restore Internet connectivity", callback.waitForAvailable());
-        } finally {
-            // Unregister all registered callbacks.
-            unregisterRegisteredCallbacks();
-        }
+        mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(() -> {
+            final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+            registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+            try {
+                assertNotNull("Couldn't restore Internet connectivity",
+                        callback.waitForAvailable());
+            } finally {
+                // Unregister all registered callbacks.
+                unregisterRegisteredCallbacks();
+            }
+        });
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -545,6 +562,11 @@
         // got from other APIs.
         final Network[] networks = mCm.getAllNetworks();
         assertGreaterOrEqual(networks.length, 1);
+        final TestableNetworkCallback allNetworkLinkPropertiesListener =
+                new TestableNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build(),
+                allNetworkLinkPropertiesListener);
+
         final List<NetworkStateSnapshot> snapshots = runWithShellPermissionIdentity(
                 () -> mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots(), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
         assertEquals(networks.length, snapshots.size());
@@ -570,7 +592,18 @@
             assertEquals("", caps.describeImmutableDifferences(
                     snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities()
                             .setNetworkSpecifier(redactedSnapshotCapSpecifier)));
-            assertEquals(mCm.getLinkProperties(network), snapshot.getLinkProperties());
+
+            // Don't check that the mutable fields are the same with synchronous calls, as
+            // the device may add or remove content of these fields in the middle of the test.
+            // Instead, search the target LinkProperties from received LinkPropertiesChanged
+            // callbacks. This is guaranteed to succeed because the callback is registered
+            // before getAllNetworkStateSnapshots is called.
+            final LinkProperties lpFromSnapshot = snapshot.getLinkProperties();
+            allNetworkLinkPropertiesListener.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
+                    NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, 0 /* mark */, entry ->
+                            entry.getNetwork().equals(network)
+                                    && entry.getLp().equals(lpFromSnapshot));
+
             assertEquals(mCm.getNetworkInfo(network).getType(), snapshot.getLegacyType());
 
             if (network.equals(cellNetwork)) {
@@ -1033,6 +1066,8 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback bestMatchingCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final Handler h = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
         if (TestUtils.shouldTestSApis()) {
+            assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () ->
+                    registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, h));
             runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
                 registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(systemDefaultCallback, h);
                 registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(Process.myUid(), perUidCallback, h);
@@ -1068,6 +1103,18 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterSystemDefaultNetworkCallbackPermission() {
+        final Handler h = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
+        // Verify registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback can be accessed via
+        // CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS permission.
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() ->
+                        registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(new TestNetworkCallback(), h),
+                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Tests both registerNetworkCallback and unregisterNetworkCallback similarly to
      * {@link #testRegisterNetworkCallback} except that a {@code PendingIntent} is used instead
@@ -1085,18 +1132,16 @@
 
         final ConnectivityActionReceiver receiver = new ConnectivityActionReceiver(
                 mCm, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED);
-        mContext.registerReceiver(receiver, filter);
+        final int flags = SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() ? RECEIVER_EXPORTED : 0;
+        mContext.registerReceiver(receiver, filter, flags);
 
         // Create a broadcast PendingIntent for NETWORK_CALLBACK_ACTION.
         final Intent intent = new Intent(NETWORK_CALLBACK_ACTION)
                 .setPackage(mContext.getPackageName());
         // While ConnectivityService would put extra info such as network or request id before
         // broadcasting the inner intent. The MUTABLE flag needs to be added accordingly.
-        // TODO: replace with PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE when this code compiles against S+ or
-        //  shims.
-        final int pendingIntentFlagMutable = 1 << 25;
         final PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /*requestCode*/,
-                intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT | pendingIntentFlagMutable);
+                intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT | PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE);
 
         // We will register for a WIFI network being available or lost.
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(makeWifiNetworkRequest(), pendingIntent);
@@ -1136,14 +1181,13 @@
         // Avoid receiving broadcasts from other runs by appending a timestamp
         final String broadcastAction = NETWORK_CALLBACK_ACTION + System.currentTimeMillis();
         try {
-            // TODO: replace with PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE when this code compiles against S+
             // Intent is mutable to receive EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST from ConnectivityService
-            final int pendingIntentFlagMutable = 1 << 25;
             final String extraBoolKey = "extra_bool";
             firstIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext,
                     0 /* requestCode */,
-                    new Intent(broadcastAction).putExtra(extraBoolKey, false),
-                    PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT | pendingIntentFlagMutable);
+                    new Intent(broadcastAction).putExtra(extraBoolKey, false)
+                            .setPackage(mContext.getPackageName()),
+                    PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT | PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE);
 
             if (useListen) {
                 mCm.registerNetworkCallback(firstRequest, firstIntent);
@@ -1155,8 +1199,9 @@
             // intent will be updated with the new extras
             secondIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext,
                     0 /* requestCode */,
-                    new Intent(broadcastAction).putExtra(extraBoolKey, true),
-                    PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT | pendingIntentFlagMutable);
+                    new Intent(broadcastAction).putExtra(extraBoolKey, true)
+                            .setPackage(mContext.getPackageName()),
+                    PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT | PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE);
 
             // Because secondIntent.intentFilterEquals the first, the request should be replaced
             if (useListen) {
@@ -1179,7 +1224,8 @@
                     networkFuture.complete(intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK));
                 }
             };
-            mContext.registerReceiver(receiver, filter);
+            final int flags = SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() ? RECEIVER_EXPORTED : 0;
+            mContext.registerReceiver(receiver, filter, flags);
 
             final Network wifiNetwork = mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
             try {
@@ -1609,58 +1655,15 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network);
 
         // Get number of supported concurrent keepalives for testing network.
-        final int[] keepalivesPerTransport = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mContext);
+        final int[] keepalivesPerTransport = runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                () -> mCm.getSupportedKeepalives());
         return KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalivesForNetworkCapabilities(
                 keepalivesPerTransport, nc);
     }
 
     private static boolean isTcpKeepaliveSupportedByKernel() {
         final String kVersionString = VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion();
-        return compareMajorMinorVersion(kVersionString, "4.8") >= 0;
-    }
-
-    private static Pair<Integer, Integer> getVersionFromString(String version) {
-        // Only gets major and minor number of the version string.
-        final Pattern versionPattern = Pattern.compile("^(\\d+)(\\.(\\d+))?.*");
-        final Matcher m = versionPattern.matcher(version);
-        if (m.matches()) {
-            final int major = Integer.parseInt(m.group(1));
-            final int minor = TextUtils.isEmpty(m.group(3)) ? 0 : Integer.parseInt(m.group(3));
-            return new Pair<>(major, minor);
-        } else {
-            return new Pair<>(0, 0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Move to util class.
-    private static int compareMajorMinorVersion(final String s1, final String s2) {
-        final Pair<Integer, Integer> v1 = getVersionFromString(s1);
-        final Pair<Integer, Integer> v2 = getVersionFromString(s2);
-
-        if (v1.first == v2.first) {
-            return Integer.compare(v1.second, v2.second);
-        } else {
-            return Integer.compare(v1.first, v2.first);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Verifies that version string compare logic returns expected result for various cases.
-     * Note that only major and minor number are compared.
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void testMajorMinorVersionCompare() {
-        assertEquals(0, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.8.1", "4.8"));
-        assertEquals(1, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.9", "4.8.1"));
-        assertEquals(1, compareMajorMinorVersion("5.0", "4.8"));
-        assertEquals(1, compareMajorMinorVersion("5", "4.8"));
-        assertEquals(0, compareMajorMinorVersion("5", "5.0"));
-        assertEquals(1, compareMajorMinorVersion("5-beta1", "4.8"));
-        assertEquals(0, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.8.0.0", "4.8"));
-        assertEquals(0, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.8-RC1", "4.8"));
-        assertEquals(0, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.8", "4.8"));
-        assertEquals(-1, compareMajorMinorVersion("3.10", "4.8.0"));
-        assertEquals(-1, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.7.10.10", "4.8"));
+        return DeviceInfoUtils.compareMajorMinorVersion(kVersionString, "4.8") >= 0;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1668,6 +1671,9 @@
      * keepalives is set to 0.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    // getSupportedKeepalives is available in updatable ConnectivityManager (S+)
+    // Also, this feature is not mainlined before S, and it's fine to skip on R- devices.
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) @ConnectivityModuleTest
     @Test
     public void testKeepaliveWifiUnsupported() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI));
@@ -1684,6 +1690,9 @@
     }
 
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    // getSupportedKeepalives is available in updatable ConnectivityManager (S+)
+    // Also, this feature is not mainlined before S, and it's fine to skip on R- devices.
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) @ConnectivityModuleTest
     @Test
     @RequiresDevice // Keepalive is not supported on virtual hardware
     public void testCreateTcpKeepalive() throws Exception {
@@ -2110,7 +2119,12 @@
     @AppModeFull(reason = "NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE permission can't be granted to instant apps")
     @Test
     public void testSetAirplaneMode() throws Exception{
-        final boolean supportWifi = mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI);
+        // Starting from T, wifi supports airplane mode enhancement which may not disconnect wifi
+        // when airplane mode is on. The actual behavior that the device will have could only be
+        // checked with hidden wifi APIs(see Settings.Secure.WIFI_APM_STATE). Thus, stop verifying
+        // wifi on T+ device.
+        final boolean verifyWifi = mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)
+                && !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT();
         final boolean supportTelephony = mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY);
         // store the current state of airplane mode
         final boolean isAirplaneModeEnabled = isAirplaneModeEnabled();
@@ -2121,7 +2135,7 @@
         // Verify that networks are available as expected if wifi or cell is supported. Continue the
         // test if none of them are supported since test should still able to verify the permission
         // mechanism.
-        if (supportWifi) {
+        if (verifyWifi) {
             mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
             registerCallbackAndWaitForAvailable(makeWifiNetworkRequest(), wifiCb);
         }
@@ -2133,48 +2147,33 @@
 
         try {
             // Verify we cannot set Airplane Mode without correct permission:
-            try {
-                setAndVerifyAirplaneMode(true);
-                fail("SecurityException should have been thrown when setAirplaneMode was called"
-                        + "without holding permission NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE.");
-            } catch (SecurityException expected) {}
+            assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> setAndVerifyAirplaneMode(true));
 
             // disable airplane mode again to reach a known state
             runShellCommand("cmd connectivity airplane-mode disable");
 
-            // adopt shell permission which holds NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE
-            mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
+            // Verify we can enable Airplane Mode with correct permission.
+            // TODO: test that NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE works as well, once the shell has it.
+            runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> setAndVerifyAirplaneMode(true));
 
-            // Verify we can enable Airplane Mode with correct permission:
-            try {
-                setAndVerifyAirplaneMode(true);
-            } catch (SecurityException e) {
-                fail("SecurityException should not have been thrown when setAirplaneMode(true) was"
-                        + "called whilst holding the NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE permission.");
-            }
             // Verify that the enabling airplane mode takes effect as expected to prevent flakiness
             // caused by fast airplane mode switches. Ensure network lost before turning off
             // airplane mode.
-            if (supportWifi) waitForLost(wifiCb);
+            if (verifyWifi) waitForLost(wifiCb);
             if (supportTelephony) waitForLost(telephonyCb);
 
             // Verify we can disable Airplane Mode with correct permission:
-            try {
-                setAndVerifyAirplaneMode(false);
-            } catch (SecurityException e) {
-                fail("SecurityException should not have been thrown when setAirplaneMode(false) was"
-                        + "called whilst holding the NETWORK_AIRPLANE_MODE permission.");
-            }
+            runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> setAndVerifyAirplaneMode(false));
+
             // Verify that turning airplane mode off takes effect as expected.
             // connectToCell only registers a request, it cannot / does not need to be called twice
             mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
-            if (supportWifi) waitForAvailable(wifiCb);
+            if (verifyWifi) waitForAvailable(wifiCb);
             if (supportTelephony) waitForAvailable(telephonyCb);
         } finally {
             // Restore the previous state of airplane mode and permissions:
             runShellCommand("cmd connectivity airplane-mode "
                     + (isAirplaneModeEnabled ? "enable" : "disable"));
-            mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
         }
     }
 
@@ -2189,15 +2188,12 @@
                 c -> c instanceof CallbackEntry.Available);
     }
 
-    private void waitForAvailable(
+    private void waitForTransport(
             @NonNull final TestableNetworkCallback cb, final int expectedTransport) {
-        cb.eventuallyExpect(
-                CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
-                entry -> {
-                    final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(entry.getNetwork());
-                    return nc.hasTransport(expectedTransport);
-                }
-        );
+        cb.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
+                NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                entry -> ((CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) entry).getCaps()
+                        .hasTransport(expectedTransport));
     }
 
     private void waitForAvailable(
@@ -2392,18 +2388,20 @@
     }
 
     private class DetailedBlockedStatusCallback extends TestableNetworkCallback {
-        public void expectAvailableCallbacks(Network network) {
+        public void expectAvailableCallbacksWithBlockedReasonNone(Network network) {
             super.expectAvailableCallbacks(network, false /* suspended */, true /* validated */,
                     BLOCKED_REASON_NONE, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
         }
-        public void expectBlockedStatusCallback(Network network, int blockedStatus) {
-            super.expectBlockedStatusCallback(blockedStatus, network, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        public void eventuallyExpectBlockedStatusCallback(Network network, int blockedStatus) {
+            super.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    (it) -> it.getNetwork().equals(network) && it.getReason() == blockedStatus);
         }
         public void onBlockedStatusChanged(Network network, int blockedReasons) {
+            Log.v(TAG, "onBlockedStatusChanged " + network + " " + blockedReasons);
             getHistory().add(new CallbackEntry.BlockedStatusInt(network, blockedReasons));
         }
         private void assertNoBlockedStatusCallback() {
-            super.assertNoCallbackThat(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+            super.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
                     c -> c instanceof CallbackEntry.BlockedStatus);
         }
     }
@@ -2420,7 +2418,21 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void doTestBlockedStatusCallback() throws Exception {
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockedStatusCallback() throws Exception {
+        // Cannot use @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) because this test also requires API 31
+        // shims, and @IgnoreUpTo does not check that.
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestSApis());
+        // The test will need a stable active network that is persistent during the test.
+        // Try to connect to a wifi network and wait for it becomes the default network before
+        // starting the test to prevent from sudden active network change caused by previous
+        // executed tests.
+        if (mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
+            final Network expectedDefaultNetwork = mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            mCtsNetUtils.expectNetworkIsSystemDefault(expectedDefaultNetwork);
+        }
+
         final DetailedBlockedStatusCallback myUidCallback = new DetailedBlockedStatusCallback();
         final DetailedBlockedStatusCallback otherUidCallback = new DetailedBlockedStatusCallback();
 
@@ -2429,46 +2441,56 @@
         final Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
 
         registerDefaultNetworkCallback(myUidCallback, handler);
-        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(otherUid, otherUidCallback, handler);
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(
+                otherUid, otherUidCallback, handler), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
 
-        final Network defaultNetwork = mCm.getActiveNetwork();
+        final Network defaultNetwork = myUidCallback.expect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE).getNetwork();
         final List<DetailedBlockedStatusCallback> allCallbacks =
                 List.of(myUidCallback, otherUidCallback);
         for (DetailedBlockedStatusCallback callback : allCallbacks) {
-            callback.expectAvailableCallbacks(defaultNetwork);
+            callback.eventuallyExpectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
         }
 
         final Range<Integer> myUidRange = new Range<>(myUid, myUid);
         final Range<Integer> otherUidRange = new Range<>(otherUid, otherUid);
 
-        setRequireVpnForUids(true, List.of(myUidRange));
-        myUidCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork, BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN);
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> setRequireVpnForUids(
+                true, List.of(myUidRange)), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        myUidCallback.eventuallyExpectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork,
+                BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN);
         otherUidCallback.assertNoBlockedStatusCallback();
 
-        setRequireVpnForUids(true, List.of(myUidRange, otherUidRange));
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> setRequireVpnForUids(
+                true, List.of(myUidRange, otherUidRange)), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
         myUidCallback.assertNoBlockedStatusCallback();
-        otherUidCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork, BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN);
+        otherUidCallback.eventuallyExpectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork,
+                BLOCKED_REASON_LOCKDOWN_VPN);
 
         // setRequireVpnForUids does no deduplication or refcounting. Removing myUidRange does not
         // unblock myUid because it was added to the blocked ranges twice.
-        setRequireVpnForUids(false, List.of(myUidRange));
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() ->
+                setRequireVpnForUids(false, List.of(myUidRange)), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
         myUidCallback.assertNoBlockedStatusCallback();
         otherUidCallback.assertNoBlockedStatusCallback();
 
-        setRequireVpnForUids(false, List.of(myUidRange, otherUidRange));
-        myUidCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        otherUidCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> setRequireVpnForUids(
+                false, List.of(myUidRange, otherUidRange)), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+        myUidCallback.eventuallyExpectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        otherUidCallback.eventuallyExpectBlockedStatusCallback(defaultNetwork, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
 
         myUidCallback.assertNoBlockedStatusCallback();
         otherUidCallback.assertNoBlockedStatusCallback();
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testBlockedStatusCallback() {
-        // Cannot use @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) because this test also requires API 31
-        // shims, and @IgnoreUpTo does not check that.
-        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestSApis());
-        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> doTestBlockedStatusCallback(), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
+    public void testSetVpnDefaultForUids() {
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestUApis());
+        final String session = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> mCm.setVpnDefaultForUids(session, null));
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mCm.setVpnDefaultForUids(session, new ArraySet<>()));
+        // For testing the complete behavior of setVpnDefaultForUids(), please refer to
+        // HostsideVpnTests.
     }
 
     private void doTestLegacyLockdownEnabled() throws Exception {
@@ -2537,17 +2559,23 @@
                 ConnectivitySettingsManager.getNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext);
         final int curPrivateDnsMode = ConnectivitySettingsManager.getPrivateDnsMode(mContext);
 
-        TestTetheringEventCallback tetherEventCallback = null;
         final CtsTetheringUtils tetherUtils = new CtsTetheringUtils(mContext);
+        final TestTetheringEventCallback tetherEventCallback =
+                tetherUtils.registerTetheringEventCallback();
         try {
-            tetherEventCallback = tetherUtils.registerTetheringEventCallback();
-            // Adopt for NETWORK_SETTINGS permission.
-            mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
-            // start tethering
             tetherEventCallback.assumeWifiTetheringSupported(mContext);
+
             tetherUtils.startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
             // Update setting to verify the behavior.
-            mCm.setAirplaneMode(true);
+            setAirplaneMode(true);
+            // Verify softap lost to make sure airplane mode takes effect. This could
+            // prevent the race condition between airplane mode enabled and the followed
+            // up wifi tethering enabled.
+            tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
+
+            // start wifi tethering
+            tetherUtils.startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
+
             ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mContext,
                     ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF);
             ConnectivitySettingsManager.setNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext,
@@ -2555,25 +2583,27 @@
             assertEquals(AIRPLANE_MODE_ON, Settings.Global.getInt(
                     mContext.getContentResolver(), Settings.Global.AIRPLANE_MODE_ON));
             // Verify factoryReset
-            mCm.factoryReset();
+            runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> {
+                mCm.factoryReset();
+                tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
+            });
             verifySettings(AIRPLANE_MODE_OFF,
                     ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC,
                     ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI_PROMPT);
-
-            tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
         } finally {
             // Restore settings.
-            mCm.setAirplaneMode(false);
+            setAirplaneMode(false);
             ConnectivitySettingsManager.setNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext, curAvoidBadWifi);
             ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mContext, curPrivateDnsMode);
-            if (tetherEventCallback != null) {
-                tetherUtils.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
-            }
+            tetherUtils.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
             tetherUtils.stopAllTethering();
-            mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
         }
     }
 
+    private void setAirplaneMode(boolean enable) {
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> mCm.setAirplaneMode(enable));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Verify that {@link ConnectivityManager#setProfileNetworkPreference} cannot be called
      * without required NETWORK_STACK permissions.
@@ -2651,26 +2681,28 @@
 
             // Validate that an unmetered network is used over other networks.
             waitForAvailable(defaultCallback, wifiNetwork);
-            waitForAvailable(systemDefaultCallback, wifiNetwork);
+            systemDefaultCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE,
+                    NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, cb -> wifiNetwork.equals(cb.getNetwork()));
 
             // Validate that when setting unmetered to metered, unmetered is lost and replaced by
             // the network with the TEST transport. Also wait for validation here, in case there
             // is a bug that's only visible when the network is validated.
             setWifiMeteredStatusAndWait(ssid, true /* isMetered */, true /* waitForValidation */);
-            defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, wifiNetwork,
-                    NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            defaultCallback.expect(CallbackEntry.LOST, wifiNetwork, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
             waitForAvailable(defaultCallback, tnt.getNetwork());
             // Depending on if this device has cellular connectivity or not, multiple available
             // callbacks may be received. Eventually, metered Wi-Fi should be the final available
             // callback in any case therefore confirm its receipt before continuing to assure the
             // system is in the expected state.
-            waitForAvailable(systemDefaultCallback, TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            waitForTransport(systemDefaultCallback, TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
-            // Validate that removing the test network will fallback to the default network.
-            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(tnt::teardown);
-            defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, tnt.getNetwork(),
-                    NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
-            waitForAvailable(defaultCallback);
+                // Validate that removing the test network will fallback to the default network.
+                runWithShellPermissionIdentity(tnt::teardown);
+                // The other callbacks (LP or NC changes) would receive before LOST callback. Use
+                // eventuallyExpect to check callback for avoiding test flake.
+                defaultCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.LOST, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                        lost -> tnt.getNetwork().equals(lost.getNetwork()));
+                waitForAvailable(defaultCallback);
             }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
                 setWifiMeteredStatusAndWait(ssid, oldMeteredValue, false /* waitForValidation */);
             }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
@@ -2689,6 +2721,7 @@
         // Cannot use @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R) because this test also requires API 31
         // shims, and @IgnoreUpTo does not check that.
         assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestSApis());
+        assumeTrue(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI));
 
         final TestNetworkTracker tnt = callWithShellPermissionIdentity(
                 () -> initTestNetwork(mContext, TEST_LINKADDR, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS));
@@ -2702,11 +2735,11 @@
                     OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_TEST_ONLY);
             registerTestOemNetworkPreferenceCallbacks(defaultCallback, systemDefaultCallback);
             waitForAvailable(defaultCallback, tnt.getNetwork());
-            waitForAvailable(systemDefaultCallback, wifiNetwork);
+            systemDefaultCallback.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE,
+                    NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, cb -> wifiNetwork.equals(cb.getNetwork()));
         }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
                 runWithShellPermissionIdentity(tnt::teardown);
-                defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, tnt.getNetwork(),
-                        NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+                defaultCallback.expect(CallbackEntry.LOST, tnt, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
                 // This network preference should only ever use the test network therefore available
                 // should not trigger when the test network goes down (e.g. switch to cellular).
@@ -2790,6 +2823,27 @@
                 mCm.getActiveNetwork(), false /* accept */ , false /* always */));
     }
 
+    private void ensureCellIsValidatedBeforeMockingValidationUrls() {
+        // Verify that current supported network is validated so that the mock http server will not
+        // apply to unexpected networks. Also see aosp/2208680.
+        //
+        // This may also apply to wifi in principle, but in practice methods that mock validation
+        // URL all disconnect wifi forcefully anyway, so don't wait for wifi to validate.
+        if (mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY)) {
+            ensureValidatedNetwork(makeCellNetworkRequest());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ensureValidatedNetwork(NetworkRequest request) {
+        final TestableNetworkCallback cb = new TestableNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, cb);
+        cb.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
+                NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                entry -> ((CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) entry).getCaps()
+                        .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+    }
+
     @AppModeFull(reason = "WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG permission can't be granted to instant apps")
     @Test
     public void testAcceptPartialConnectivity_validatedNetwork() throws Exception {
@@ -2810,9 +2864,8 @@
             // Accept partial connectivity network should result in a validated network
             expectNetworkHasCapability(network, NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS);
         } finally {
-            resetValidationConfig();
-            // Reconnect wifi to reset the wifi status
-            reconnectWifi();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(this::reconnectWifi);
         }
     }
 
@@ -2837,11 +2890,13 @@
             // Reject partial connectivity network should cause the network being torn down
             assertEquals(network, cb.waitForLost());
         } finally {
-            resetValidationConfig();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
             // Wifi will not automatically reconnect to the network. ensureWifiDisconnected cannot
             // apply here. Thus, turn off wifi first and restart to restore.
-            runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
-            mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(() -> {
+                mCtsNetUtils.disableWifi();
+                mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            });
         }
     }
 
@@ -2877,11 +2932,13 @@
             });
             waitForLost(wifiCb);
         } finally {
-            resetValidationConfig();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
             /// Wifi will not automatically reconnect to the network. ensureWifiDisconnected cannot
             // apply here. Thus, turn off wifi first and restart to restore.
-            runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
-            mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(() -> {
+                mCtsNetUtils.disableWifi();
+                mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+            });
         }
     }
 
@@ -2918,7 +2975,8 @@
             assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(wifiNetwork).hasCapability(
                     NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
 
-            // Configure response code for unvalidated network
+            // The cell network has already been checked to be validated.
+            // Configure response code for unvalidated network.
             configTestServer(Status.INTERNAL_ERROR, Status.INTERNAL_ERROR);
             mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(wifiNetwork, false);
             // Default network should stay on unvalidated wifi because avoid bad wifi is disabled.
@@ -2938,12 +2996,11 @@
             defaultCb.eventuallyExpect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, NETWORK_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
                     entry -> cellNetwork.equals(entry.getNetwork()));
             // The network should not validate again.
-            wifiCb.assertNoCallbackThat(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, c -> isValidatedCaps(c));
+            wifiCb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, c -> isValidatedCaps(c));
         } finally {
             resetAvoidBadWifi(previousAvoidBadWifi);
-            resetValidationConfig();
-            // Reconnect wifi to reset the wifi status
-            reconnectWifi();
+            mHttpServer.stop();
+            mTestValidationConfigRule.runAfterNextCleanup(this::reconnectWifi);
         }
     }
 
@@ -2987,11 +3044,6 @@
         return future.get(timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
     }
 
-    private void resetValidationConfig() {
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig();
-        mHttpServer.stop();
-    }
-
     private void prepareHttpServer() throws Exception {
         runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, () -> {
             // Verify that the test URLs are not normally set on the device, but do not fail if the
@@ -3012,6 +3064,8 @@
     }
 
     private Network prepareValidatedNetwork() throws Exception {
+        ensureCellIsValidatedBeforeMockingValidationUrls();
+
         prepareHttpServer();
         configTestServer(Status.NO_CONTENT, Status.NO_CONTENT);
         // Disconnect wifi first then start wifi network with configuration.
@@ -3022,6 +3076,8 @@
     }
 
     private Network preparePartialConnectivity() throws Exception {
+        ensureCellIsValidatedBeforeMockingValidationUrls();
+
         prepareHttpServer();
         // Configure response code for partial connectivity
         configTestServer(Status.INTERNAL_ERROR  /* httpsStatusCode */,
@@ -3035,6 +3091,8 @@
     }
 
     private Network prepareUnvalidatedNetwork() throws Exception {
+        ensureCellIsValidatedBeforeMockingValidationUrls();
+
         prepareHttpServer();
         // Configure response code for unvalidated network
         configTestServer(Status.INTERNAL_ERROR /* httpsStatusCode */,
@@ -3064,9 +3122,11 @@
         mHttpServer.addResponse(new TestHttpServer.Request(
                 TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH, Method.GET, "" /* queryParameters */),
                 httpStatusCode, null /* locationHeader */, "" /* content */);
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH));
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH));
-        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(
+        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(mTestValidationConfigRule,
+                makeUrl(TEST_HTTPS_URL_PATH));
+        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(mTestValidationConfigRule,
+                makeUrl(TEST_HTTP_URL_PATH));
+        NetworkValidationTestUtil.setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(mTestValidationConfigRule,
                 System.currentTimeMillis() + WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
 
@@ -3108,7 +3168,7 @@
      */
     private void assertNoCallbackExceptCapOrLpChange(
             @NonNull final TestableNetworkCallback cb) {
-        cb.assertNoCallbackThat(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
                 c -> !(c instanceof CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged
                         || c instanceof CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged));
     }
@@ -3329,7 +3389,7 @@
     }
 
     private void checkFirewallBlocking(final DatagramSocket srcSock, final DatagramSocket dstSock,
-            final boolean expectBlock) throws Exception {
+            final boolean expectBlock, final int chain) throws Exception {
         final Random random = new Random();
         final byte[] sendData = new byte[100];
         random.nextBytes(sendData);
@@ -3342,98 +3402,137 @@
             if (expectBlock) {
                 return;
             }
-            fail("Expect not to be blocked by firewall but sending packet was blocked");
-        }
-
-        if (expectBlock) {
-            fail("Expect to be blocked by firewall but sending packet was not blocked");
+            fail("Expect not to be blocked by firewall but sending packet was blocked:"
+                    + " chain=" + chain
+                    + " chainEnabled=" + mCm.getFirewallChainEnabled(chain)
+                    + " uidFirewallRule=" + mCm.getUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid()));
         }
 
         dstSock.receive(pkt);
         assertArrayEquals(sendData, pkt.getData());
+
+        if (expectBlock) {
+            fail("Expect to be blocked by firewall but sending packet was not blocked:"
+                    + " chain=" + chain
+                    + " chainEnabled=" + mCm.getFirewallChainEnabled(chain)
+                    + " uidFirewallRule=" + mCm.getUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid()));
+        }
     }
 
     private static final boolean EXPECT_PASS = false;
     private static final boolean EXPECT_BLOCK = true;
 
-    private void doTestFirewallBlockingDenyRule(final int chain) {
+    // ALLOWLIST means the firewall denies all by default, uids must be explicitly allowed
+    // DENYLIST means the firewall allows all by default, uids must be explicitly denyed
+    private static final boolean ALLOWLIST = true;
+    private static final boolean DENYLIST = false;
+
+    private void doTestFirewallBlocking(final int chain, final boolean isAllowList) {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        final int ruleToAddMatch = isAllowList ? FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW : FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
+        final int ruleToRemoveMatch = isAllowList ? FIREWALL_RULE_DENY : FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+
         runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-            try (DatagramSocket srcSock = new DatagramSocket();
-                 DatagramSocket dstSock = new DatagramSocket()) {
+            // Firewall chain status will be restored after the test.
+            final boolean wasChainEnabled = mCm.getFirewallChainEnabled(chain);
+            final int previousUidFirewallRule = mCm.getUidFirewallRule(chain, myUid);
+            final DatagramSocket srcSock = new DatagramSocket();
+            final DatagramSocket dstSock = new DatagramSocket();
+            testAndCleanup(() -> {
+                if (wasChainEnabled) {
+                    mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false /* enable */);
+                }
+                if (previousUidFirewallRule == ruleToAddMatch) {
+                    mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, myUid, ruleToRemoveMatch);
+                }
                 dstSock.setSoTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
-                // No global config, No uid config
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
+                // Chain disabled, UID not on chain.
+                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS, chain);
 
-                // Has global config, No uid config
+                // Chain enabled, UID not on chain.
                 mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, true /* enable */);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
+                assertTrue(mCm.getFirewallChainEnabled(chain));
+                checkFirewallBlocking(
+                        srcSock, dstSock, isAllowList ? EXPECT_BLOCK : EXPECT_PASS, chain);
 
-                // Has global config, Has uid config
-                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid(), FIREWALL_RULE_DENY);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_BLOCK);
+                // Chain enabled, UID on chain.
+                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, myUid, ruleToAddMatch);
+                checkFirewallBlocking(
+                        srcSock, dstSock, isAllowList ?  EXPECT_PASS : EXPECT_BLOCK, chain);
 
-                // No global config, Has uid config
+                // Chain disabled, UID on chain.
                 mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false /* enable */);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
+                assertFalse(mCm.getFirewallChainEnabled(chain));
+                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS, chain);
 
-                // No global config, No uid config
-                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid(), FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
-            } finally {
-                mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false /* enable */);
-                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid(), FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
-            }
+                // Chain disabled, UID not on chain.
+                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, myUid, ruleToRemoveMatch);
+                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS, chain);
+            }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                    srcSock.close();
+                    dstSock.close();
+                }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                    // Restore the global chain status
+                    mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, wasChainEnabled);
+                }, /* cleanup */ () -> {
+                    // Restore the uid firewall rule status
+                    try {
+                        mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, myUid, previousUidFirewallRule);
+                    } catch (IllegalStateException ignored) {
+                        // Removing match causes an exception when the rule entry for the uid does
+                        // not exist. But this is fine and can be ignored.
+                    }
+                });
         }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
     }
 
-    private void doTestFirewallBlockingAllowRule(final int chain) {
-        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
-            try (DatagramSocket srcSock = new DatagramSocket();
-                 DatagramSocket dstSock = new DatagramSocket()) {
-                dstSock.setSoTimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS);
-
-                // No global config, No uid config
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
-
-                // Has global config, No uid config
-                mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, true /* enable */);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_BLOCK);
-
-                // Has global config, Has uid config
-                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid(), FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
-
-                // No global config, Has uid config
-                mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false /* enable */);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
-
-                // No global config, No uid config
-                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid(), FIREWALL_RULE_DENY);
-                checkFirewallBlocking(srcSock, dstSock, EXPECT_PASS);
-            } finally {
-                mCm.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false /* enable */);
-                mCm.setUidFirewallRule(chain, Process.myUid(), FIREWALL_RULE_DENY);
-            }
-        }, NETWORK_SETTINGS);
-    }
-
-    @Ignore("TODO: temporarily ignore tests until prebuilts are updated")
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
-    public void testFirewallBlocking() {
-        // Following tests affect the actual state of networking on the device after the test.
-        // This might cause unexpected behaviour of the device. So, we skip them for now.
-        // We will enable following tests after adding the logic of firewall state restoring.
-        // doTestFirewallBlockingAllowRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
-        // doTestFirewallBlockingAllowRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
-        // doTestFirewallBlockingAllowRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
-        // doTestFirewallBlockingAllowRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
+    public void testFirewallBlockingDozable() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, ALLOWLIST);
+    }
 
-        // doTestFirewallBlockingDenyRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
-        doTestFirewallBlockingDenyRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
-        doTestFirewallBlockingDenyRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
-        doTestFirewallBlockingDenyRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testFirewallBlockingPowersave() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE, ALLOWLIST);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testFirewallBlockingRestricted() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED, ALLOWLIST);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testFirewallBlockingLowPowerStandby() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY, ALLOWLIST);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testFirewallBlockingStandby() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY, DENYLIST);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testFirewallBlockingOemDeny1() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1, DENYLIST);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testFirewallBlockingOemDeny2() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2, DENYLIST);
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) @ConnectivityModuleTest
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
+    public void testFirewallBlockingOemDeny3() {
+        doTestFirewallBlocking(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3, DENYLIST);
     }
 
     private void assumeTestSApis() {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DnsResolverTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DnsResolverTest.java
index 0c53411..3821cea 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DnsResolverTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DnsResolverTest.java
@@ -200,13 +200,13 @@
             super(data);
 
             // Check QR field.(query (0), or a response (1)).
-            if ((mHeader.flags & (1 << 15)) == 0) {
+            if ((mHeader.getFlags() & (1 << 15)) == 0) {
                 throw new DnsParseException("Not an answer packet");
             }
         }
 
         int getRcode() {
-            return mHeader.rcode;
+            return mHeader.getFlags() & 0x0F;
         }
 
         int getANCount() {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt
index 621b743..db13c49 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DscpPolicyTest.kt
@@ -16,10 +16,8 @@
 
 package android.net.cts
 
-import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback
-
-import android.app.Instrumentation
 import android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS
+import android.app.Instrumentation
 import android.content.Context
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager
 import android.net.DscpPolicy
@@ -27,6 +25,8 @@
 import android.net.IpPrefix
 import android.net.LinkAddress
 import android.net.LinkProperties
+import android.net.MacAddress
+import android.net.Network
 import android.net.NetworkAgent
 import android.net.NetworkAgent.DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_DELETED
 import android.net.NetworkAgent.DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS
@@ -41,14 +41,18 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
 import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.RouteInfo
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface
 import android.net.TestNetworkManager
-import android.net.RouteInfo
+import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback
 import android.os.HandlerThread
+import android.os.SystemClock
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
+import android.system.ErrnoException
 import android.system.Os
 import android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET
 import android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6
+import android.system.OsConstants.ENETUNREACH
 import android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP
 import android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM
 import android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_NONBLOCK
@@ -56,25 +60,27 @@
 import android.util.Range
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.net.module.util.IpUtils
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV4
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_TYPE_IPV6
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct
+import com.android.net.module.util.structs.EthernetHeader
+import com.android.testutils.ArpResponder
 import com.android.testutils.CompatUtil
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
-import com.android.testutils.assertParcelingIsLossless
-import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
+import com.android.testutils.RouterAdvertisementResponder
 import com.android.testutils.SC_V2
 import com.android.testutils.TapPacketReader
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent
-import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkCreated
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnDscpPolicyStatusUpdated
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkCreated
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
-import org.junit.After
-import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
-import org.junit.Before
-import org.junit.Rule
-import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import com.android.testutils.assertParcelingIsLossless
+import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
 import java.net.Inet4Address
 import java.net.Inet6Address
-import java.net.InetAddress
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer
 import java.nio.ByteOrder
 import java.util.regex.Pattern
@@ -82,6 +88,12 @@
 import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 import kotlin.test.fail
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
 private const val MAX_PACKET_LENGTH = 1500
 
@@ -93,9 +105,11 @@
 
 private const val TAG = "DscpPolicyTest"
 private const val PACKET_TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000L
+private const val IPV6_ADDRESS_WAIT_TIME_MS = 10_000L
 
 @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps cannot create test networks")
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@ConnectivityModuleTest
 class DscpPolicyTest {
     @JvmField
     @Rule
@@ -103,10 +117,12 @@
 
     private val LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.1")
     private val TEST_TARGET_IPV4_ADDR =
-            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8") as Inet4Address
-    private val LOCAL_IPV6_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::1")
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("203.0.113.1") as Inet4Address
     private val TEST_TARGET_IPV6_ADDR =
-            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:4860:4860::8888") as Inet6Address
+        InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:4860:4860::8888") as Inet6Address
+    private val TEST_ROUTER_IPV6_ADDR =
+        InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("fe80::1234") as Inet6Address
+    private val TEST_TARGET_MAC_ADDR = MacAddress.fromString("12:34:56:78:9a:bc")
 
     private val realContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext()
     private val cm = realContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
@@ -116,9 +132,12 @@
 
     private val handlerThread = HandlerThread(DscpPolicyTest::class.java.simpleName)
 
+    private lateinit var srcAddressV6: Inet6Address
     private lateinit var iface: TestNetworkInterface
     private lateinit var tunNetworkCallback: TestNetworkCallback
     private lateinit var reader: TapPacketReader
+    private lateinit var arpResponder: ArpResponder
+    private lateinit var raResponder: RouterAdvertisementResponder
 
     private fun getKernelVersion(): IntArray {
         // Example:
@@ -129,6 +148,7 @@
         return intArrayOf(Integer.parseInt(m.group(1)), Integer.parseInt(m.group(2)))
     }
 
+    // TODO: replace with DeviceInfoUtils#isKernelVersionAtLeast
     private fun kernelIsAtLeast(major: Int, minor: Int): Boolean {
         val version = getKernelVersion()
         return (version.get(0) > major || (version.get(0) == major && version.get(1) >= minor))
@@ -142,9 +162,9 @@
         runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
             val tnm = realContext.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager::class.java)
 
-            iface = tnm.createTunInterface(arrayOf(
-                    LinkAddress(LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS, IP4_PREFIX_LEN),
-                    LinkAddress(LOCAL_IPV6_ADDRESS, IP6_PREFIX_LEN)))
+            // Only statically configure the IPv4 address; for IPv6, use the SLAAC generated
+            // address.
+            iface = tnm.createTapInterface(arrayOf(LinkAddress(LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS, IP4_PREFIX_LEN)))
             assertNotNull(iface)
         }
 
@@ -154,21 +174,30 @@
                 iface.fileDescriptor.fileDescriptor,
                 MAX_PACKET_LENGTH)
         reader.startAsyncForTest()
+
+        arpResponder = ArpResponder(reader, mapOf(TEST_TARGET_IPV4_ADDR to TEST_TARGET_MAC_ADDR))
+        arpResponder.start()
+        raResponder = RouterAdvertisementResponder(reader)
+        raResponder.addRouterEntry(TEST_TARGET_MAC_ADDR, TEST_ROUTER_IPV6_ADDR)
+        raResponder.start()
     }
 
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
         if (!kernelIsAtLeast(5, 15)) {
-            return;
+            return
         }
+        raResponder.stop()
+        arpResponder.stop()
+
         agentsToCleanUp.forEach { it.unregister() }
         callbacksToCleanUp.forEach { cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
 
         // reader.stop() cleans up tun fd
         reader.handler.post { reader.stop() }
-        if (iface.fileDescriptor.fileDescriptor != null)
-            Os.close(iface.fileDescriptor.fileDescriptor)
+        // quitSafely processes all events in the queue, except delayed messages.
         handlerThread.quitSafely()
+        handlerThread.join()
     }
 
     private fun requestNetwork(request: NetworkRequest, callback: TestableNetworkCallback) {
@@ -189,6 +218,38 @@
                 .build()
     }
 
+    private fun waitForGlobalIpv6Address(network: Network): Inet6Address {
+        // Wait for global IPv6 address to be available
+        var inet6Addr: Inet6Address? = null
+        val onLinkPrefix = raResponder.prefix
+        val startTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
+        while (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - startTime < IPV6_ADDRESS_WAIT_TIME_MS) {
+            SystemClock.sleep(50 /* ms */)
+            val sock = Os.socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
+            try {
+                network.bindSocket(sock)
+
+                try {
+                    // Pick any arbitrary port
+                    Os.connect(sock, TEST_TARGET_IPV6_ADDR, 12345)
+                } catch (e: ErrnoException) {
+                    // there may not be an address available yet.
+                    if (e.errno == ENETUNREACH) continue
+                    throw e
+                }
+                val sockAddr = Os.getsockname(sock) as InetSocketAddress
+                if (onLinkPrefix.contains(sockAddr.address)) {
+                    inet6Addr = sockAddr.address as Inet6Address
+                    break
+                }
+            } finally {
+                Os.close(sock)
+            }
+        }
+        assertNotNull(inet6Addr)
+        return inet6Addr!!
+    }
+
     private fun createConnectedNetworkAgent(
         context: Context = realContext,
         specifier: String? = iface.getInterfaceName()
@@ -211,9 +272,7 @@
         }
         val lp = LinkProperties().apply {
             addLinkAddress(LinkAddress(LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS, IP4_PREFIX_LEN))
-            addLinkAddress(LinkAddress(LOCAL_IPV6_ADDRESS, IP6_PREFIX_LEN))
             addRoute(RouteInfo(IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), null, null))
-            addRoute(RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("fe80::1234")))
             setInterfaceName(specifier)
         }
         val config = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build()
@@ -226,7 +285,9 @@
         agent.expectCallback<OnNetworkCreated>()
         agent.expectSignalStrengths(intArrayOf())
         agent.expectValidationBypassedStatus()
+
         val network = agent.network ?: fail("Expected a non-null network")
+        srcAddressV6 = waitForGlobalIpv6Address(network)
         return agent to callback
     }
 
@@ -237,7 +298,7 @@
     fun sendPacket(
         agent: TestableNetworkAgent,
         sendV6: Boolean,
-        dstPort: Int = 0,
+        dstPort: Int = 0
     ) {
         val testString = "test string"
         val testPacket = ByteBuffer.wrap(testString.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8))
@@ -249,11 +310,15 @@
 
         val originalPacket = testPacket.readAsArray()
         Os.sendto(socket, originalPacket, 0 /* bytesOffset */, originalPacket.size, 0 /* flags */,
-                if(sendV6) TEST_TARGET_IPV6_ADDR else TEST_TARGET_IPV4_ADDR, dstPort)
+                if (sendV6) TEST_TARGET_IPV6_ADDR else TEST_TARGET_IPV4_ADDR, dstPort)
         Os.close(socket)
     }
 
-    fun parseV4PacketDscp(buffer : ByteBuffer) : Int {
+    fun parseV4PacketDscp(buffer: ByteBuffer): Int {
+        // Validate checksum before parsing packet.
+        val calCheck = IpUtils.ipChecksum(buffer, Struct.getSize(EthernetHeader::class.java))
+        assertEquals(0, calCheck, "Invalid IPv4 header checksum")
+
         val ip_ver = buffer.get()
         val tos = buffer.get()
         val length = buffer.getShort()
@@ -262,16 +327,25 @@
         val ttl = buffer.get()
         val ipType = buffer.get()
         val checksum = buffer.getShort()
+
+        if (ipType.toInt() == 2 /* IPPROTO_IGMP */ && ip_ver.toInt() == 0x46) {
+            // Need to ignore 'igmp v3 report' with 'router alert' option
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(0x45, ip_ver.toInt(), "Invalid IPv4 version or IPv4 options present")
+        }
         return tos.toInt().shr(2)
     }
 
-    fun parseV6PacketDscp(buffer : ByteBuffer) : Int {
+    fun parseV6PacketDscp(buffer: ByteBuffer): Int {
         val ip_ver = buffer.get()
         val tc = buffer.get()
         val fl = buffer.getShort()
         val length = buffer.getShort()
         val proto = buffer.get()
         val hop = buffer.get()
+
+        assertEquals(6, ip_ver.toInt().shr(4), "Invalid IPv6 version")
+
         // DSCP is bottom 4 bits of ip_ver and top 2 of tc.
         val ip_ver_bottom = ip_ver.toInt().and(0xf)
         val tc_dscp = tc.toInt().shr(6)
@@ -279,9 +353,9 @@
     }
 
     fun parsePacketIp(
-        buffer : ByteBuffer,
-        sendV6 : Boolean,
-    ) : Boolean {
+        buffer: ByteBuffer,
+        sendV6: Boolean
+    ): Boolean {
         val ipAddr = if (sendV6) ByteArray(16) else ByteArray(4)
         buffer.get(ipAddr)
         val srcIp = if (sendV6) Inet6Address.getByAddress(ipAddr)
@@ -292,20 +366,20 @@
 
         Log.e(TAG, "IP Src:" + srcIp + " dst: " + dstIp)
 
-        if ((sendV6 && srcIp == LOCAL_IPV6_ADDRESS && dstIp == TEST_TARGET_IPV6_ADDR) ||
+        if ((sendV6 && srcIp == srcAddressV6 && dstIp == TEST_TARGET_IPV6_ADDR) ||
                 (!sendV6 && srcIp == LOCAL_IPV4_ADDRESS && dstIp == TEST_TARGET_IPV4_ADDR)) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "IP return true");
+            Log.e(TAG, "IP return true")
             return true
         }
-        Log.e(TAG, "IP return false");
+        Log.e(TAG, "IP return false")
         return false
     }
 
     fun parsePacketPort(
-        buffer : ByteBuffer,
-        srcPort : Int,
-        dstPort : Int
-    ) : Boolean {
+        buffer: ByteBuffer,
+        srcPort: Int,
+        dstPort: Int
+    ): Boolean {
         if (srcPort == 0 && dstPort == 0) return true
 
         val packetSrcPort = buffer.getShort().toInt()
@@ -315,26 +389,34 @@
 
         if ((srcPort == 0 || (srcPort != 0 && srcPort == packetSrcPort)) &&
                 (dstPort == 0 || (dstPort != 0 && dstPort == packetDstPort))) {
-            Log.e(TAG, "Port return true");
+            Log.e(TAG, "Port return true")
             return true
         }
-        Log.e(TAG, "Port return false");
+        Log.e(TAG, "Port return false")
         return false
     }
 
     fun validatePacket(
-        agent : TestableNetworkAgent,
-        sendV6 : Boolean = false,
-        dscpValue : Int = 0,
-        dstPort : Int = 0,
+        agent: TestableNetworkAgent,
+        sendV6: Boolean = false,
+        dscpValue: Int = 0,
+        dstPort: Int = 0
     ) {
-        var packetFound = false;
+        var packetFound = false
         sendPacket(agent, sendV6, dstPort)
         // TODO: grab source port from socket in sendPacket
 
         Log.e(TAG, "find DSCP value:" + dscpValue)
-        generateSequence { reader.poll(PACKET_TIMEOUT_MS) }.forEach { packet ->
+        val packets = generateSequence { reader.poll(PACKET_TIMEOUT_MS) }
+        for (packet in packets) {
             val buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(packet, 0, packet.size).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN)
+
+            // TODO: consider using Struct.parse for all packet parsing.
+            val etherHdr = Struct.parse(EthernetHeader::class.java, buffer)
+            val expectedType = if (sendV6) ETHER_TYPE_IPV6 else ETHER_TYPE_IPV4
+            if (etherHdr.etherType != expectedType) {
+                continue
+            }
             val dscp = if (sendV6) parseV6PacketDscp(buffer) else parseV4PacketDscp(buffer)
             Log.e(TAG, "DSCP value:" + dscp)
 
@@ -372,6 +454,9 @@
             assertEquals(DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS, it.status)
         }
         validatePacket(agent, dscpValue = 1, dstPort = 4444)
+        // Send a second packet to validate that the stored BPF policy
+        // is correct for subsequent packets.
+        validatePacket(agent, dscpValue = 1, dstPort = 4444)
 
         agent.sendRemoveDscpPolicy(1)
         agent.expectCallback<OnDscpPolicyStatusUpdated>().let {
@@ -410,6 +495,9 @@
             assertEquals(DSCP_POLICY_STATUS_SUCCESS, it.status)
         }
         validatePacket(agent, true, dscpValue = 1, dstPort = 4444)
+        // Send a second packet to validate that the stored BPF policy
+        // is correct for subsequent packets.
+        validatePacket(agent, true, dscpValue = 1, dstPort = 4444)
 
         agent.sendRemoveDscpPolicy(1)
         agent.expectCallback<OnDscpPolicyStatusUpdated>().let {
@@ -420,7 +508,7 @@
         val policy2 = DscpPolicy.Builder(1, 4)
                 .setDestinationPortRange(Range(5555, 5555))
                 .setDestinationAddress(TEST_TARGET_IPV6_ADDR)
-                .setSourceAddress(LOCAL_IPV6_ADDRESS)
+                .setSourceAddress(srcAddressV6)
                 .setProtocol(IPPROTO_UDP).build()
         agent.sendAddDscpPolicy(policy2)
         agent.expectCallback<OnDscpPolicyStatusUpdated>().let {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
index db24b44..732a42b 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/EthernetManagerTest.kt
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 import android.content.Context
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager
 import android.net.EthernetManager
+import android.net.EthernetManager.ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED
+import android.net.EthernetManager.ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED
 import android.net.EthernetManager.InterfaceStateListener
 import android.net.EthernetManager.ROLE_CLIENT
 import android.net.EthernetManager.ROLE_NONE
@@ -30,47 +32,60 @@
 import android.net.EthernetManager.STATE_LINK_UP
 import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceCallback
 import android.net.EthernetManager.TetheredInterfaceRequest
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkManagementException
 import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest
 import android.net.InetAddresses
 import android.net.IpConfiguration
+import android.net.LinkAddress
 import android.net.MacAddress
 import android.net.Network
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
 import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface
 import android.net.TestNetworkManager
+import android.net.cts.EthernetManagerTest.EthernetStateListener.CallbackEntry.EthernetStateChanged
 import android.net.cts.EthernetManagerTest.EthernetStateListener.CallbackEntry.InterfaceStateChanged
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Handler
-import android.os.HandlerExecutor
 import android.os.Looper
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver
+import android.os.Process
 import android.os.SystemProperties
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
-import android.util.ArraySet
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
 import com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecord
-import com.android.testutils.anyNetwork
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils.isKernelVersionAtLeast
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.Available
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.Lost
 import com.android.testutils.RouterAdvertisementResponder
 import com.android.testutils.TapPacketReader
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import com.android.testutils.assertThrows
 import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
 import com.android.testutils.waitForIdle
-import org.junit.After
-import org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse
-import org.junit.Before
-import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.io.IOException
 import java.net.Inet6Address
+import java.net.Socket
+import java.util.Random
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
+import java.util.function.IntConsumer
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 import kotlin.test.assertFalse
@@ -78,60 +93,101 @@
 import kotlin.test.assertNull
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 import kotlin.test.fail
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
-// TODO: try to lower this timeout in the future. Currently, ethernet tests are still flaky because
-// the interface is not ready fast enough (mostly due to the up / up / down / up issue).
-private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 2000L
-private const val NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 200L
+private const val TAG = "EthernetManagerTest"
+// This timeout does not affect the test duration for passing tests. It needs to be long enough to
+// account for RS delay (and potentially the first retry interval (4s)). There have been failures
+// where the interface did not gain provisioning within the allotted timeout.
+private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L
+// Timeout used to confirm no callbacks matching given criteria are received. Must be long enough to
+// process all callbacks including ip provisioning when using the updateConfiguration API.
+// Note that increasing this timeout increases the test duration.
+private const val NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 500L
+
 private val DEFAULT_IP_CONFIGURATION = IpConfiguration(IpConfiguration.IpAssignment.DHCP,
-    IpConfiguration.ProxySettings.NONE, null, null)
+        IpConfiguration.ProxySettings.NONE, null, null)
 private val ETH_REQUEST: NetworkRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-    .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-    .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
-    .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
-    .build()
+        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+        .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
+        .build()
+private val TEST_CAPS = NetworkCapabilities.Builder(ETH_REQUEST.networkCapabilities)
+        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
+        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED)
+        .build()
+private val STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION = IpConfiguration.Builder()
+        .setStaticIpConfiguration(StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
+                .setIpAddress(LinkAddress("192.0.2.1/30")).build())
+        .build()
 
 @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps can't access EthernetManager")
 // EthernetManager is not updatable before T, so tests do not need to be backwards compatible.
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+// This test depends on behavior introduced post-T as part of connectivity module updates
+@ConnectivityModuleTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class EthernetManagerTest {
 
     private val context by lazy { InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().context }
     private val em by lazy { context.getSystemService(EthernetManager::class.java) }
     private val cm by lazy { context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java) }
+    private val handler by lazy { Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()) }
 
     private val ifaceListener = EthernetStateListener()
     private val createdIfaces = ArrayList<EthernetTestInterface>()
     private val addedListeners = ArrayList<EthernetStateListener>()
-    private val networkRequests = ArrayList<TestableNetworkCallback>()
+    private val registeredCallbacks = ArrayList<TestableNetworkCallback>()
 
     private var tetheredInterfaceRequest: TetheredInterfaceRequest? = null
 
     private class EthernetTestInterface(
         context: Context,
-        private val handler: Handler
+        private val handler: Handler,
+        hasCarrier: Boolean
     ) {
         private val tapInterface: TestNetworkInterface
         private val packetReader: TapPacketReader
         private val raResponder: RouterAdvertisementResponder
-        val interfaceName get() = tapInterface.interfaceName
+        private val tnm: TestNetworkManager
+        val name get() = tapInterface.interfaceName
+        val onLinkPrefix get() = raResponder.prefix
 
         init {
-            tapInterface = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
-                val tnm = context.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager::class.java)
-                tnm.createTapInterface(false /* bringUp */)
+            tnm = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                context.getSystemService(TestNetworkManager::class.java)
             }
-            val mtu = 1500
+            tapInterface = runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                // Configuring a tun/tap interface always enables the carrier. If hasCarrier is
+                // false, it is subsequently disabled. This means that the interface may briefly get
+                // link. With IPv6 provisioning delays (RS delay and DAD) disabled, this can cause
+                // tests that expect no network to come up when hasCarrier is false to become flaky.
+                tnm.createTapInterface(hasCarrier, false /* bringUp */)
+            }
+            val mtu = tapInterface.mtu
             packetReader = TapPacketReader(handler, tapInterface.fileDescriptor.fileDescriptor, mtu)
             raResponder = RouterAdvertisementResponder(packetReader)
-            raResponder.addRouterEntry(MacAddress.fromString("01:23:45:67:89:ab"),
-                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("fe80::abcd") as Inet6Address)
+            val iidString = "fe80::${Integer.toHexString(Random().nextInt(65536))}"
+            val linklocal = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(iidString) as Inet6Address
+            raResponder.addRouterEntry(MacAddress.fromString("01:23:45:67:89:ab"), linklocal)
 
             packetReader.startAsyncForTest()
             raResponder.start()
         }
 
+        // WARNING: this function requires kernel support. Call assumeChangingCarrierSupported() at
+        // the top of your test.
+        fun setCarrierEnabled(enabled: Boolean) {
+            runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+                tnm.setCarrierEnabled(tapInterface, enabled)
+            }
+        }
+
         fun destroy() {
             raResponder.stop()
             handler.post({ packetReader.stop() })
@@ -141,7 +197,7 @@
 
     private open class EthernetStateListener private constructor(
         private val history: ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackEntry>
-    ) : InterfaceStateListener,
+    ) : InterfaceStateListener, IntConsumer,
                 TrackRecord<EthernetStateListener.CallbackEntry> by history {
         constructor() : this(ArrayTrackRecord())
 
@@ -153,7 +209,35 @@
                 val state: Int,
                 val role: Int,
                 val configuration: IpConfiguration?
-            ) : CallbackEntry()
+            ) : CallbackEntry() {
+                override fun toString(): String {
+                    val stateString = when (state) {
+                        STATE_ABSENT -> "STATE_ABSENT"
+                        STATE_LINK_UP -> "STATE_LINK_UP"
+                        STATE_LINK_DOWN -> "STATE_LINK_DOWN"
+                        else -> state.toString()
+                    }
+                    val roleString = when (role) {
+                        ROLE_NONE -> "ROLE_NONE"
+                        ROLE_CLIENT -> "ROLE_CLIENT"
+                        ROLE_SERVER -> "ROLE_SERVER"
+                        else -> role.toString()
+                    }
+                    return ("InterfaceStateChanged(iface=$iface, state=$stateString, " +
+                            "role=$roleString, ipConfig=$configuration)")
+                }
+            }
+
+            data class EthernetStateChanged(val state: Int) : CallbackEntry() {
+                override fun toString(): String {
+                    val stateString = when (state) {
+                        ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED -> "ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED"
+                        ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED -> "ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED"
+                        else -> state.toString()
+                    }
+                    return "EthernetStateChanged(state=$stateString)"
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         override fun onInterfaceStateChanged(
@@ -165,32 +249,42 @@
             add(InterfaceStateChanged(iface, state, role, cfg))
         }
 
+        override fun accept(state: Int) {
+            add(EthernetStateChanged(state))
+        }
+
         fun <T : CallbackEntry> expectCallback(expected: T): T {
-            val event = pollForNextCallback()
+            val event = pollOrThrow()
             assertEquals(expected, event)
             return event as T
         }
 
         fun expectCallback(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) {
-            expectCallback(createChangeEvent(iface.interfaceName, state, role))
+            expectCallback(createChangeEvent(iface.name, state, role))
+        }
+
+        fun expectCallback(state: Int) {
+            expectCallback(EthernetStateChanged(state))
         }
 
         fun createChangeEvent(iface: String, state: Int, role: Int) =
                 InterfaceStateChanged(iface, state, role,
                         if (state != STATE_ABSENT) DEFAULT_IP_CONFIGURATION else null)
 
-        fun pollForNextCallback(): CallbackEntry {
+        fun pollOrThrow(): CallbackEntry {
             return events.poll(TIMEOUT_MS) ?: fail("Did not receive callback after ${TIMEOUT_MS}ms")
         }
 
         fun eventuallyExpect(expected: CallbackEntry) = events.poll(TIMEOUT_MS) { it == expected }
 
-        fun eventuallyExpect(interfaceName: String, state: Int, role: Int) {
-            assertNotNull(eventuallyExpect(createChangeEvent(interfaceName, state, role)))
+        fun eventuallyExpect(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) {
+            val event = createChangeEvent(iface.name, state, role)
+            assertNotNull(eventuallyExpect(event), "Never received expected $event")
         }
 
-        fun eventuallyExpect(iface: EthernetTestInterface, state: Int, role: Int) {
-            eventuallyExpect(iface.interfaceName, state, role)
+        fun eventuallyExpect(state: Int) {
+            val event = EthernetStateChanged(state)
+            assertNotNull(eventuallyExpect(event), "Never received expected $event")
         }
 
         fun assertNoCallback() {
@@ -210,8 +304,8 @@
             available.completeExceptionally(IllegalStateException("onUnavailable was called"))
         }
 
-        fun expectOnAvailable(): String {
-            return available.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+        fun expectOnAvailable(timeout: Long = TIMEOUT_MS): String {
+            return available.get(timeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
         }
 
         fun expectOnUnavailable() {
@@ -227,42 +321,122 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private class EthernetOutcomeReceiver :
+        OutcomeReceiver<String, EthernetNetworkManagementException> {
+        private val result = CompletableFuture<String>()
+
+        override fun onResult(iface: String) {
+            assertFalse(result.isDone())
+            result.complete(iface)
+        }
+
+        override fun onError(e: EthernetNetworkManagementException) {
+            assertFalse(result.isDone())
+            result.completeExceptionally(e)
+        }
+
+        fun expectResult(expected: String) {
+            assertEquals(expected, result.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+        }
+
+        fun expectError() {
+            // Assert that the future fails with EthernetNetworkManagementException from the
+            // completeExceptionally() call inside onUnavailable.
+            assertFailsWith(EthernetNetworkManagementException::class) {
+                try {
+                    result.get()
+                } catch (e: ExecutionException) {
+                    throw e.cause!!
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun isEthernetSupported() = em != null
+
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
+        assumeTrue(isEthernetSupported())
         setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
         addInterfaceStateListener(ifaceListener)
+        // Handler.post() events may get processed after native fd events, so it is possible that
+        // RTM_NEWLINK (from a subsequent createInterface() call) arrives before the interface state
+        // listener is registered. This affects the callbacks and breaks the tests.
+        // setEthernetEnabled() will always wait on a callback, so it is used as a barrier to ensure
+        // proper listener registration before proceeding.
+        setEthernetEnabled(true)
     }
 
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(false)
+        if (!isEthernetSupported()) return
+        // Reenable ethernet, so ABSENT callbacks are received.
+        setEthernetEnabled(true)
+
         for (iface in createdIfaces) {
             iface.destroy()
             ifaceListener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE)
         }
+
+        // After test interfaces are removed, disable tracking.
+        setIncludeTestInterfaces(false)
+
         for (listener in addedListeners) {
+            // Even if a given listener was not registered as both an interface and ethernet state
+            // listener, calling remove is safe.
             em.removeInterfaceStateListener(listener)
+            em.removeEthernetStateListener(listener)
         }
-        networkRequests.forEach { cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
+        registeredCallbacks.forEach { cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
         releaseTetheredInterface()
     }
 
+    // Setting the carrier up / down relies on TUNSETCARRIER which was added in kernel version 5.0.
+    private fun assumeChangingCarrierSupported() {
+        assumeTrue(isKernelVersionAtLeast("5.0.0"))
+    }
+
+    // Configuring a tap interface without carrier relies on IFF_NO_CARRIER
+    // which was added in kernel version 6.0.
+    private fun assumeCreateInterfaceWithoutCarrierSupported() {
+        assumeTrue(isKernelVersionAtLeast("6.0.0"))
+    }
+
+    private fun isAdbOverEthernet(): Boolean {
+        // If no ethernet interface is available, adb is not connected over ethernet.
+        if (em.getInterfaceList().isEmpty()) return false
+
+        // cuttlefish is special and does not connect adb over ethernet.
+        if (SystemProperties.get("ro.product.board", "") == "cutf") return false
+
+        // Check if adb is connected over the network.
+        return (SystemProperties.getInt("persist.adb.tcp.port", -1) > -1 ||
+                SystemProperties.getInt("service.adb.tcp.port", -1) > -1)
+    }
+
     private fun addInterfaceStateListener(listener: EthernetStateListener) {
-        runAsShell(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS) {
-            em.addInterfaceStateListener(HandlerExecutor(Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())), listener)
-        }
+        em.addInterfaceStateListener(handler::post, listener)
         addedListeners.add(listener)
     }
 
-    private fun createInterface(): EthernetTestInterface {
+    private fun addEthernetStateListener(listener: EthernetStateListener) {
+        em.addEthernetStateListener(handler::post, listener)
+        addedListeners.add(listener)
+    }
+
+    // WARNING: setting hasCarrier to false requires kernel support. Call
+    // assumeCreateInterfaceWithoutCarrierSupported() at the top of your test.
+    private fun createInterface(hasCarrier: Boolean = true): EthernetTestInterface {
         val iface = EthernetTestInterface(
             context,
-            Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
+            handler,
+            hasCarrier
         ).also { createdIfaces.add(it) }
-        with(ifaceListener) {
-            // when an interface comes up, we should always see a down cb before an up cb.
-            eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
-            expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+
+        // when an interface comes up, we should always see a down cb before an up cb.
+        ifaceListener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        if (hasCarrier) {
+            ifaceListener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
         }
         return iface
     }
@@ -280,20 +454,26 @@
     }
 
     private fun requestNetwork(request: NetworkRequest): TestableNetworkCallback {
-        return TestableNetworkCallback().also {
+        return TestableNetworkCallback(
+                timeoutMs = TIMEOUT_MS,
+                noCallbackTimeoutMs = NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS).also {
             cm.requestNetwork(request, it)
-            networkRequests.add(it)
+            registeredCallbacks.add(it)
         }
     }
 
-    private fun releaseNetwork(cb: TestableNetworkCallback) {
-        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb)
-        networkRequests.remove(cb)
+    private fun registerNetworkListener(request: NetworkRequest): TestableNetworkCallback {
+        return TestableNetworkCallback(
+                timeoutMs = TIMEOUT_MS,
+                noCallbackTimeoutMs = NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS).also {
+            cm.registerNetworkCallback(request, it)
+            registeredCallbacks.add(it)
+        }
     }
 
     private fun requestTetheredInterface() = TetheredInterfaceListener().also {
         tetheredInterfaceRequest = runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS) {
-            em.requestTetheredInterface(HandlerExecutor(Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())), it)
+            em.requestTetheredInterface(handler::post, it)
         }
     }
 
@@ -304,42 +484,113 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private fun NetworkRequest.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(ifaceName: String) =
+    private fun releaseRequest(cb: TestableNetworkCallback) {
+        cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb)
+        registeredCallbacks.remove(cb)
+    }
+
+    private fun disableInterface(iface: EthernetTestInterface) = EthernetOutcomeReceiver().also {
+        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+            em.disableInterface(iface.name, handler::post, it)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun enableInterface(iface: EthernetTestInterface) = EthernetOutcomeReceiver().also {
+        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+            em.enableInterface(iface.name, handler::post, it)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun updateConfiguration(
+        iface: EthernetTestInterface,
+        ipConfig: IpConfiguration? = null,
+        capabilities: NetworkCapabilities? = null
+    ) = EthernetOutcomeReceiver().also {
+        runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
+            em.updateConfiguration(
+                iface.name,
+                EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
+                    .setIpConfiguration(ipConfig)
+                    .setNetworkCapabilities(capabilities).build(),
+                handler::post,
+                it)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // WARNING: check that isAdbOverEthernet() is false before calling setEthernetEnabled(false).
+    private fun setEthernetEnabled(enabled: Boolean) {
+        runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS) { em.setEthernetEnabled(enabled) }
+
+        val listener = EthernetStateListener()
+        addEthernetStateListener(listener)
+        listener.eventuallyExpect(if (enabled) ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED else ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED)
+    }
+
+    // NetworkRequest.Builder does not create a copy of the passed NetworkRequest, so in order to
+    // keep ETH_REQUEST as it is, a defensive copy is created here.
+    private fun NetworkRequest.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(ifaceName: String) =
         NetworkRequest.Builder(NetworkRequest(ETH_REQUEST))
             .setNetworkSpecifier(EthernetNetworkSpecifier(ifaceName)).build()
 
-    // It can take multiple seconds for the network to become available.
-    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.expectAvailable() =
-        expectCallback<Available>(anyNetwork(), 5000/*ms timeout*/).network
-
     // b/233534110: eventuallyExpect<Lost>() does not advance ReadHead, use
     // eventuallyExpect(Lost::class) instead.
     private fun TestableNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpectLost(n: Network? = null) =
-        eventuallyExpect(Lost::class, TIMEOUT_MS) { n?.equals(it.network) ?: true }
+        eventuallyExpect(Lost::class) { n?.equals(it.network) ?: true }
 
-    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.assertNotLost(n: Network? = null) =
-        assertNoCallbackThat() { it is Lost && (n?.equals(it.network) ?: true) }
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.assertNeverLost(n: Network? = null) =
+        assertNoCallback { it is Lost && (n?.equals(it.network) ?: true) }
+
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.assertNeverAvailable(n: Network? = null) =
+        assertNoCallback { it is Available && (n?.equals(it.network) ?: true) }
+
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(name: String) =
+        expect<CapabilitiesChanged> { it.caps.networkSpecifier == EthernetNetworkSpecifier(name) }
+
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpectCapabilities(nc: NetworkCapabilities) {
+        // b/233534110: eventuallyExpect<CapabilitiesChanged>() does not advance ReadHead.
+        eventuallyExpect(CapabilitiesChanged::class) {
+            // CS may mix in additional capabilities, so NetworkCapabilities#equals cannot be used.
+            // Check if all expected capabilities are present instead.
+            it is CapabilitiesChanged && nc.capabilities.all { c -> it.caps.hasCapability(c) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun TestableNetworkCallback.eventuallyExpectLpForStaticConfig(
+        config: StaticIpConfiguration
+    ) {
+        // b/233534110: eventuallyExpect<LinkPropertiesChanged>() does not advance ReadHead.
+        eventuallyExpect(LinkPropertiesChanged::class) {
+            it is LinkPropertiesChanged && it.lp.linkAddresses.any { la ->
+                la.isSameAddressAs(config.ipAddress)
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     @Test
     fun testCallbacks() {
+        // Only run this test when no non-restricted / physical interfaces are present.
+        // This test ensures that interface state listeners function properly, so the assumption
+        // check is explicitly *not* using an interface state listener.
+        // Since restricted interfaces cannot be used for tethering,
+        // assumeNoInterfaceForTetheringAvailable() is an okay proxy.
+        assumeNoInterfaceForTetheringAvailable()
+
         // If an interface exists when the callback is registered, it is reported on registration.
         val iface = createInterface()
         val listener1 = EthernetStateListener()
         addInterfaceStateListener(listener1)
-        validateListenerOnRegistration(listener1)
+        listener1.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
 
         // If an interface appears, existing callbacks see it.
-        // TODO: fix the up/up/down/up callbacks and only send down/up.
         val iface2 = createInterface()
-        listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
-        listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
         listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_DOWN, ROLE_CLIENT)
         listener1.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
 
         // Register a new listener, it should see state of all existing interfaces immediately.
         val listener2 = EthernetStateListener()
         addInterfaceStateListener(listener2)
-        validateListenerOnRegistration(listener2)
+        listener2.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        listener2.expectCallback(iface2, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
 
         // Removing interfaces first sends link down, then STATE_ABSENT/ROLE_NONE.
         removeInterface(iface)
@@ -356,179 +607,388 @@
         }
     }
 
-    // TODO: this function is now used in two places (EthernetManagerTest and
-    // EthernetTetheringTest), so it should be moved to testutils.
-    private fun isAdbOverNetwork(): Boolean {
-        // If adb TCP port opened, this test may running by adb over network.
-        return (SystemProperties.getInt("persist.adb.tcp.port", -1) > -1 ||
-                SystemProperties.getInt("service.adb.tcp.port", -1) > -1)
+    @Test
+    fun testCallbacks_withRunningInterface() {
+        assumeFalse(isAdbOverEthernet())
+        // Only run this test when no non-restricted / physical interfaces are present.
+        assumeNoInterfaceForTetheringAvailable()
+
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val listener = EthernetStateListener()
+        addInterfaceStateListener(listener)
+        listener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+
+        // Remove running interface. The interface stays running but is no longer tracked.
+        setEthernetEnabled(false)
+        listener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE)
+
+        setEthernetEnabled(true)
+        listener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
+        listener.assertNoCallback()
+    }
+
+    private fun assumeNoInterfaceForTetheringAvailable() {
+        // Interfaces that have configured NetworkCapabilities will never be used for tethering,
+        // see aosp/2123900.
+        try {
+            // assumeException does not exist.
+            requestTetheredInterface().expectOnAvailable(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS)
+            // interface used for tethering is available, throw an assumption error.
+            assumeTrue(false)
+        } catch (e: TimeoutException) {
+            // do nothing -- the TimeoutException indicates that no interface is available for
+            // tethering.
+            releaseTetheredInterface()
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testCallbacks_forServerModeInterfaces() {
-        // do not run this test when adb might be connected over ethernet.
-        assumeFalse(isAdbOverNetwork())
+        // do not run this test if an interface that can be used for tethering already exists.
+        assumeNoInterfaceForTetheringAvailable()
+
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        requestTetheredInterface().expectOnAvailable()
 
         val listener = EthernetStateListener()
         addInterfaceStateListener(listener)
-
-        // it is possible that a physical interface is present, so it is not guaranteed that iface
-        // will be put into server mode. This should not matter for the test though. Calling
-        // createInterface() makes sure we have at least one interface available.
-        val iface = createInterface()
-        val cb = requestTetheredInterface()
-        val ifaceName = cb.expectOnAvailable()
-        listener.eventuallyExpect(ifaceName, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_SERVER)
+        // Note: using eventuallyExpect as there may be other interfaces present.
+        listener.eventuallyExpect(InterfaceStateChanged(iface.name,
+                STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_SERVER, /* IpConfiguration */ null))
 
         releaseTetheredInterface()
-        listener.eventuallyExpect(ifaceName, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
-    }
+        listener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
 
-    /**
-     * Validate all interfaces are returned for an EthernetStateListener upon registration.
-     */
-    private fun validateListenerOnRegistration(listener: EthernetStateListener) {
-        // Get all tracked interfaces to validate on listener registration. Ordering and interface
-        // state (up/down) can't be validated for interfaces not created as part of testing.
-        val ifaces = em.getInterfaceList()
-        val polledIfaces = ArraySet<String>()
-        for (i in ifaces) {
-            val event = (listener.pollForNextCallback() as InterfaceStateChanged)
-            val iface = event.iface
-            assertTrue(polledIfaces.add(iface), "Duplicate interface $iface returned")
-            assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface), "Untracked interface $iface returned")
-            // If the event's iface was created in the test, additional criteria can be validated.
-            createdIfaces.find { it.interfaceName.equals(iface) }?.let {
-                assertEquals(event,
-                    listener.createChangeEvent(it.interfaceName,
-                                                        STATE_LINK_UP,
-                                                        ROLE_CLIENT))
-            }
-        }
-        // Assert all callbacks are accounted for.
-        listener.assertNoCallback()
+        requestTetheredInterface().expectOnAvailable()
+        // This should be changed to expectCallback, once b/236895792 is fixed.
+        listener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_SERVER)
+
+        releaseTetheredInterface()
+        listener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_CLIENT)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testGetInterfaceList() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
-
         // Create two test interfaces and check the return list contains the interface names.
         val iface1 = createInterface()
         val iface2 = createInterface()
         var ifaces = em.getInterfaceList()
         assertTrue(ifaces.size > 0)
-        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface1.interfaceName))
-        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.interfaceName))
+        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface1.name))
+        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.name))
 
         // Remove one existing test interface and check the return list doesn't contain the
         // removed interface name.
         removeInterface(iface1)
         ifaces = em.getInterfaceList()
-        assertFalse(ifaces.contains(iface1.interfaceName))
-        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.interfaceName))
+        assertFalse(ifaces.contains(iface1.name))
+        assertTrue(ifaces.contains(iface2.name))
 
         removeInterface(iface2)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withSingleExistingInterface() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
         createInterface()
 
         // install a listener which will later be used to verify the Lost callback
-        val listenerCb = TestableNetworkCallback()
-        cm.registerNetworkCallback(ETH_REQUEST, listenerCb)
-        networkRequests.add(listenerCb)
+        val listenerCb = registerNetworkListener(ETH_REQUEST)
+        // assert the network is only brought up by a request.
+        listenerCb.assertNeverAvailable()
 
         val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
-        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
+        val network = cb.expect<Available>().network
 
-        cb.assertNotLost()
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
+        releaseRequest(cb)
         listenerCb.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_beforeSingleInterfaceIsUp() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
-
         val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
 
-        // bring up interface after network has been requested
+        // bring up interface after network has been requested.
+        // Note: there is no guarantee that the NetworkRequest has been processed before the
+        // interface is actually created. That being said, it takes a few seconds between calling
+        // createInterface and the interface actually being properly registered with the ethernet
+        // module, so it is extremely unlikely that the CS handler thread has not run until then.
         val iface = createInterface()
-        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
+        val network = cb.expect<Available>().network
 
         // remove interface before network request has been removed
-        cb.assertNotLost()
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
         removeInterface(iface)
         cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
-
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withMultipleInterfaces() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
-
         val iface1 = createInterface()
         val iface2 = createInterface()
 
-        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName))
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.name))
 
-        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
-        cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(network) {
-            it.networkSpecifier == EthernetNetworkSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName)
-        }
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+        cb.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(iface2.name)
 
         removeInterface(iface1)
-        cb.assertNotLost()
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
         removeInterface(iface2)
         cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
-
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withInterfaceBeingReplaced() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
         val iface1 = createInterface()
 
         val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
-        val network = cb.expectAvailable()
+        val network = cb.expect<Available>().network
 
         // create another network and verify the request sticks to the current network
         val iface2 = createInterface()
-        cb.assertNotLost()
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
 
         // remove iface1 and verify the request brings up iface2
         removeInterface(iface1)
         cb.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
-        val network2 = cb.expectAvailable()
-
-        releaseNetwork(cb)
+        cb.expect<Available>()
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNetworkRequest_withMultipleInterfacesAndRequests() {
-        setIncludeTestInterfaces(true)
         val iface1 = createInterface()
         val iface2 = createInterface()
 
-        val cb1 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface1.interfaceName))
-        val cb2 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.createCopyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.interfaceName))
+        val cb1 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface1.name))
+        val cb2 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface2.name))
         val cb3 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
 
-        cb1.expectAvailable()
-        cb2.expectAvailable()
-        cb3.expectAvailable()
+        cb1.expect<Available>()
+        cb1.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(iface1.name)
+        cb2.expect<Available>()
+        cb2.expectCapabilitiesWithInterfaceName(iface2.name)
+        // this request can be matched by either network.
+        cb3.expect<Available>()
 
-        cb1.assertNotLost()
-        cb2.assertNotLost()
-        cb3.assertNotLost()
+        cb1.assertNeverLost()
+        cb2.assertNeverLost()
+        cb3.assertNeverLost()
+    }
 
-        releaseNetwork(cb1)
-        releaseNetwork(cb2)
-        releaseNetwork(cb3)
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_ensureProperRefcounting() {
+        // create first request before interface is up / exists; create another request after it has
+        // been created; release one of them and check that the network stays up.
+        val listener = registerNetworkListener(ETH_REQUEST)
+        val cb1 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val network = cb1.expect<Available>().network
+
+        val cb2 = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        cb2.expect<Available>()
+
+        // release the first request; this used to trigger b/197548738
+        releaseRequest(cb1)
+
+        cb2.assertNeverLost()
+        releaseRequest(cb2)
+        listener.eventuallyExpectLost(network)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_forInterfaceWhileTogglingCarrier() {
+        assumeCreateInterfaceWithoutCarrierSupported()
+        assumeChangingCarrierSupported()
+
+        val iface = createInterface(false /* hasCarrier */)
+
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        cb.assertNeverAvailable()
+
+        iface.setCarrierEnabled(true)
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+
+        iface.setCarrierEnabled(false)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
+    }
+
+    // TODO: move to MTS
+    @Test
+    fun testNetworkRequest_linkPropertiesUpdate() {
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        // b/233534110: eventuallyExpect<LinkPropertiesChanged>() does not advance ReadHead
+        cb.eventuallyExpect(LinkPropertiesChanged::class) {
+            it is LinkPropertiesChanged && it.lp.addresses.any {
+                address -> iface.onLinkPrefix.contains(address)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRemoveInterface_whileInServerMode() {
+        assumeNoInterfaceForTetheringAvailable()
+
+        val listener = EthernetStateListener()
+        addInterfaceStateListener(listener)
+
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val ifaceName = requestTetheredInterface().expectOnAvailable()
+
+        assertEquals(iface.name, ifaceName)
+        listener.eventuallyExpect(iface, STATE_LINK_UP, ROLE_SERVER)
+
+        removeInterface(iface)
+
+        // Note: removeInterface already verifies that a STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE callback is
+        // received, but it can't hurt to explicitly check for it.
+        listener.expectCallback(iface, STATE_ABSENT, ROLE_NONE)
+        releaseTetheredInterface()
+        listener.assertNoCallback()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEnableDisableInterface_withActiveRequest() {
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+        cb.assertNeverLost()
+
+        disableInterface(iface).expectResult(iface.name)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
+
+        enableInterface(iface).expectResult(iface.name)
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEnableDisableInterface_withoutStateChange() {
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        // Interface is already enabled, so enableInterface() should return success
+        enableInterface(iface).expectResult(iface.name)
+
+        disableInterface(iface).expectResult(iface.name)
+        // Interface is already disabled, so disableInterface() should return success.
+        disableInterface(iface).expectResult(iface.name)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEnableDisableInterface_withMissingInterface() {
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        removeInterface(iface)
+        // Interface does not exist, enable/disableInterface() should both return an error.
+        enableInterface(iface).expectError()
+        disableInterface(iface).expectError()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateConfiguration_forBothIpConfigAndCapabilities() {
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface.name))
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+
+        updateConfiguration(iface, STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION, TEST_CAPS).expectResult(iface.name)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectCapabilities(TEST_CAPS)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLpForStaticConfig(STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION.staticIpConfiguration)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateConfiguration_forOnlyIpConfig() {
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface.name))
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+
+        updateConfiguration(iface, STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION).expectResult(iface.name)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLpForStaticConfig(STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION.staticIpConfiguration)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateConfiguration_forOnlyCapabilities() {
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface.name))
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+
+        updateConfiguration(iface, capabilities = TEST_CAPS).expectResult(iface.name)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectCapabilities(TEST_CAPS)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateConfiguration_forAllowedUids() {
+        // Configure a restricted network.
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val request = NetworkRequest.Builder(ETH_REQUEST.copyWithEthernetSpecifier(iface.name))
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED).build()
+        updateConfiguration(iface, capabilities = request.networkCapabilities)
+                .expectResult(iface.name)
+
+        // Request the restricted network as the shell with CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS.
+        val cb = runAsShell(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS) { requestNetwork(request) }
+        val network = cb.expect<Available>().network
+        cb.assertNeverLost(network)
+
+        // The network is restricted therefore binding to it when available will fail.
+        Socket().use { socket ->
+            assertThrows(IOException::class.java, { network.bindSocket(socket) })
+        }
+
+        // Add the test process UID to the allowed UIDs for the network and ultimately bind again.
+        val allowedUids = setOf(Process.myUid())
+        val nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder(request.networkCapabilities)
+                .setAllowedUids(allowedUids).build()
+        updateConfiguration(iface, capabilities = nc).expectResult(iface.name)
+
+        // UpdateConfiguration() currently does a restart on the ethernet interface therefore lost
+        // will be expected first before available, as part of the restart.
+        cb.expect<Lost>(network)
+        val updatedNetwork = cb.expect<Available>().network
+        // With the test process UID allowed, binding to a restricted network should be successful.
+        Socket().use { socket -> updatedNetwork.bindSocket(socket) }
+
+        // Reset capabilities to not-restricted, otherwise tearDown won't see the interface callback
+        // as ifaceListener does not have the restricted permission.
+        // TODO: Find a better way to do this when there are more tests around restricted
+        // interfaces.
+        updateConfiguration(iface, capabilities = TEST_CAPS).expectResult(iface.name)
+    }
+
+    // TODO: consider only having this test in MTS as it makes use of the fact that
+    // setEthernetEnabled(false) untracks all interfaces. This behavior is an implementation detail
+    // and may change in the future.
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateConfiguration_onUntrackedInterface() {
+        assumeFalse(isAdbOverEthernet())
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        setEthernetEnabled(false)
+
+        // Updating the IpConfiguration and NetworkCapabilities on absent interfaces is a supported
+        // use case.
+        updateConfiguration(iface, STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION, TEST_CAPS).expectResult(iface.name)
+
+        setEthernetEnabled(true)
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+        cb.eventuallyExpectCapabilities(TEST_CAPS)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLpForStaticConfig(STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION.staticIpConfiguration)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUpdateConfiguration_withLinkDown() {
+        assumeChangingCarrierSupported()
+        // createInterface without carrier is racy, so create it and then remove carrier.
+        val iface = createInterface()
+        val cb = requestNetwork(ETH_REQUEST)
+        cb.expect<Available>()
+
+        iface.setCarrierEnabled(false)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLost()
+
+        updateConfiguration(iface, STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION, TEST_CAPS).expectResult(iface.name)
+        cb.assertNoCallback()
+
+        iface.setCarrierEnabled(true)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectCapabilities(TEST_CAPS)
+        cb.eventuallyExpectLpForStaticConfig(STATIC_IP_CONFIGURATION.staticIpConfiguration)
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
index 2b1d173..805dd65 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/Ikev2VpnTest.java
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
-import static com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallbackKt.anyNetwork;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -61,7 +60,11 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.util.HexDump;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.VpnManagerShimImpl;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.Ikev2VpnProfileShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.VpnManagerShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.VpnProfileStateShim;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
@@ -224,17 +227,28 @@
     }
 
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(
-            @NonNull Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder, boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
-            boolean requiresValidation) throws Exception {
+            @NonNull Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builderShim, boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
+            boolean requiresValidation, boolean automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled,
+            boolean automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled) throws Exception {
 
-        builder.setBypassable(true)
+        builderShim.setBypassable(true)
                 .setAllowedAlgorithms(TEST_ALLOWED_ALGORITHMS)
                 .setProxy(TEST_PROXY_INFO)
                 .setMaxMtu(TEST_MTU)
                 .setMetered(false);
         if (TestUtils.shouldTestTApis()) {
-            builder.setRequiresInternetValidation(requiresValidation);
+            builderShim.setRequiresInternetValidation(requiresValidation);
         }
+
+        if (TestUtils.shouldTestUApis()) {
+            builderShim.setAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled(automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled);
+            builderShim.setAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled(automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled);
+        }
+
+        // Convert shim back to Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder since restrictToTestNetworks is a hidden
+        // method and is not defined in shims.
+        // TODO: replace it in alternative way to remove the hidden method usage
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = (Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder) builderShim.getBuilder();
         if (isRestrictedToTestNetworks) {
             builder.restrictToTestNetworks();
         }
@@ -250,13 +264,16 @@
                         ? IkeSessionTestUtils.IKE_PARAMS_V6 : IkeSessionTestUtils.IKE_PARAMS_V4,
                         IkeSessionTestUtils.CHILD_PARAMS);
 
-        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
-                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(params)
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builderShim =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(params)
                         .setRequiresInternetValidation(requiresValidation)
                         .setProxy(TEST_PROXY_INFO)
                         .setMaxMtu(TEST_MTU)
                         .setMetered(false);
-
+        // Convert shim back to Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder since restrictToTestNetworks is a hidden
+        // method and is not defined in shims.
+        // TODO: replace it in alternative way to remove the hidden method usage
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = (Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder) builderShim.getBuilder();
         if (isRestrictedToTestNetworks) {
             builder.restrictToTestNetworks();
         }
@@ -264,31 +281,35 @@
     }
 
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfilePsk(@NonNull String remote,
-            boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks, boolean requiresValidation) throws Exception {
-        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
-                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(remote, TEST_IDENTITY).setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK);
+            boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks, boolean requiresValidation)
+            throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(remote, TEST_IDENTITY)
+                        .setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK);
         return buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder, isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
-                requiresValidation);
+                requiresValidation, false /* automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                false /* automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */);
     }
 
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfileUsernamePassword(boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks)
             throws Exception {
-
-        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
-                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
                         .setAuthUsernamePassword(TEST_USER, TEST_PASSWORD, mServerRootCa);
         return buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder, isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
-                false /* requiresValidation */);
+                false /* requiresValidation */, false /* automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                false /* automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */);
     }
 
     private Ikev2VpnProfile buildIkev2VpnProfileDigitalSignature(boolean isRestrictedToTestNetworks)
             throws Exception {
-        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
-                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
                         .setAuthDigitalSignature(
                                 mUserCertKey.cert, mUserCertKey.key, mServerRootCa);
         return buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder, isRestrictedToTestNetworks,
-                false /* requiresValidation */);
+                false /* requiresValidation */, false /* automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                false /* automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */);
     }
 
     private void checkBasicIkev2VpnProfile(@NonNull Ikev2VpnProfile profile) throws Exception {
@@ -520,8 +541,7 @@
                 HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(authResp));
 
         // Verify the VPN network came up
-        final Network vpnNetwork = cb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, anyNetwork())
-                .getNetwork();
+        final Network vpnNetwork = cb.expect(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE).getNetwork();
 
         if (testSessionKey) {
             final VpnProfileStateShim profileState = mVmShim.getProvisionedVpnProfileState();
@@ -531,13 +551,12 @@
             assertFalse(profileState.isLockdownEnabled());
         }
 
-        cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(vpnNetwork, TIMEOUT_MS,
-                caps -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
-                && Process.myUid() == caps.getOwnerUid());
-        cb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, vpnNetwork);
-        cb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, vpnNetwork);
+        cb.expectCaps(vpnNetwork, TIMEOUT_MS, c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                && Process.myUid() == c.getOwnerUid());
+        cb.expect(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, vpnNetwork);
+        cb.expect(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, vpnNetwork);
 
         // A VPN that requires validation is initially not validated, while one that doesn't
         // immediately validate automatically. Because this VPN can't actually access Internet,
@@ -690,6 +709,56 @@
                 true /* testSessionKey */, false /* testIkeTunConnParams */);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildIkev2VpnProfileWithAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled() throws Exception {
+        // Cannot use @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) because this test also requires API
+        // 34 shims, and @IgnoreUpTo does not check that.
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestUApis());
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profileWithDefaultValue = buildIkev2VpnProfilePsk(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6,
+                false /* isRestrictedToTestNetworks */, false /* requiresValidation */);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileShim<Ikev2VpnProfile> shimWithDefaultValue =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl.newInstance(profileWithDefaultValue);
+        assertFalse(shimWithDefaultValue.isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled());
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
+                        .setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder,
+                false /* isRestrictedToTestNetworks */,
+                false /* requiresValidation */,
+                false /* automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                true /* automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileShim<Ikev2VpnProfile> shim =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl.newInstance(profile);
+        assertTrue(shim.isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuildIkev2VpnProfileWithAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled() throws Exception {
+        // Cannot use @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) because this test also requires API
+        // 34 shims, and @IgnoreUpTo does not check that.
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestUApis());
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profileWithDefaultValue = buildIkev2VpnProfilePsk(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6,
+                false /* isRestrictedToTestNetworks */, false /* requiresValidation */);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileShim<Ikev2VpnProfile> shimWithDefaultValue =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl.newInstance(profileWithDefaultValue);
+        assertFalse(shimWithDefaultValue.isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled());
+
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShim builder =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileBuilderShimImpl.newInstance(TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6, TEST_IDENTITY)
+                        .setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile profile = buildIkev2VpnProfileCommon(builder,
+                false /* isRestrictedToTestNetworks */,
+                false /* requiresValidation */,
+                true /* automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                false /* automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfileShim<Ikev2VpnProfile> shim =
+                Ikev2VpnProfileShimImpl.newInstance(profile);
+        assertTrue(shim.isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled());
+    }
+
     private static class CertificateAndKey {
         public final X509Certificate cert;
         public final PrivateKey key;
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java
index 8234ec1..f935cef 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package android.net.cts;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
 import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_AES_CMAC;
 import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_AES_XCBC;
 import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_CRYPT_AES_GCM;
@@ -52,7 +53,9 @@
 
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.PropertyUtil.getFirstApiLevel;
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.PropertyUtil.getVendorApiLevel;
+import static com.android.testutils.DeviceInfoUtils.isKernelVersionAtLeast;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -62,6 +65,8 @@
 
 import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex;
+import android.net.IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket;
 import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 
@@ -120,7 +126,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testAllocSpi() throws Exception {
         for (InetAddress addr : GOOGLE_DNS_LIST) {
-            IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex randomSpi = null, droidSpi = null;
+            SecurityParameterIndex randomSpi, droidSpi;
             randomSpi = mISM.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(addr);
             assertTrue(
                     "Failed to receive a valid SPI",
@@ -258,6 +264,24 @@
         accepted.close();
     }
 
+    private IpSecTransform buildTransportModeTransform(
+            SecurityParameterIndex spi, InetAddress localAddr,
+            UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket)
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransform.Builder builder =
+                new IpSecTransform.Builder(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext())
+                        .setEncryption(new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, CRYPT_KEY))
+                        .setAuthentication(
+                                new IpSecAlgorithm(
+                                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA256,
+                                        AUTH_KEY,
+                                        AUTH_KEY.length * 8));
+        if (encapSocket != null) {
+            builder.setIpv4Encapsulation(encapSocket, encapSocket.getPort());
+        }
+        return builder.buildTransportModeTransform(localAddr, spi);
+    }
+
     /*
      * Alloc outbound SPI
      * Alloc inbound SPI
@@ -268,21 +292,8 @@
      * release transform
      * send data (expect exception)
      */
-    @Test
-    public void testCreateTransform() throws Exception {
-        InetAddress localAddr = InetAddress.getByName(IPV4_LOOPBACK);
-        IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex spi =
-                mISM.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(localAddr);
-
-        IpSecTransform transform =
-                new IpSecTransform.Builder(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext())
-                        .setEncryption(new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, CRYPT_KEY))
-                        .setAuthentication(
-                                new IpSecAlgorithm(
-                                        IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA256,
-                                        AUTH_KEY,
-                                        AUTH_KEY.length * 8))
-                        .buildTransportModeTransform(localAddr, spi);
+    private void doTestCreateTransform(String loopbackAddrString, boolean encap) throws Exception {
+        InetAddress localAddr = InetAddress.getByName(loopbackAddrString);
 
         final boolean [][] applyInApplyOut = {
                 {false, false}, {false, true}, {true, false}, {true,true}};
@@ -291,57 +302,110 @@
 
         byte[] in = new byte[data.length];
         DatagramPacket inPacket = new DatagramPacket(in, in.length);
-        DatagramSocket localSocket;
         int localPort;
 
         for(boolean[] io : applyInApplyOut) {
             boolean applyIn = io[0];
             boolean applyOut = io[1];
-            // Bind localSocket to a random available port.
-            localSocket = new DatagramSocket(0);
-            localPort = localSocket.getLocalPort();
-            localSocket.setSoTimeout(200);
-            outPacket.setPort(localPort);
-            if (applyIn) {
-                mISM.applyTransportModeTransform(
-                        localSocket, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN, transform);
-            }
-            if (applyOut) {
-                mISM.applyTransportModeTransform(
-                        localSocket, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, transform);
-            }
-            if (applyIn == applyOut) {
-                localSocket.send(outPacket);
-                localSocket.receive(inPacket);
-                assertTrue("Encapsulated data did not match.",
-                        Arrays.equals(outPacket.getData(), inPacket.getData()));
-                mISM.removeTransportModeTransforms(localSocket);
-                localSocket.close();
-            } else {
-                try {
+            try (
+                SecurityParameterIndex spi = mISM.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(localAddr);
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = encap
+                        ? getPrivilegedUdpEncapSocket(/*ipv6=*/ localAddr instanceof Inet6Address)
+                        : null;
+                IpSecTransform transform = buildTransportModeTransform(spi, localAddr,
+                        encapSocket);
+                // Bind localSocket to a random available port.
+                DatagramSocket localSocket = new DatagramSocket(0);
+            ) {
+                localPort = localSocket.getLocalPort();
+                localSocket.setSoTimeout(200);
+                outPacket.setPort(localPort);
+                if (applyIn) {
+                    mISM.applyTransportModeTransform(
+                            localSocket, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN, transform);
+                }
+                if (applyOut) {
+                    mISM.applyTransportModeTransform(
+                            localSocket, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, transform);
+                }
+                if (applyIn == applyOut) {
                     localSocket.send(outPacket);
                     localSocket.receive(inPacket);
-                } catch (IOException e) {
-                    continue;
-                } finally {
+                    assertTrue("Encrypted data did not match.",
+                            Arrays.equals(outPacket.getData(), inPacket.getData()));
                     mISM.removeTransportModeTransforms(localSocket);
-                    localSocket.close();
+                } else {
+                    try {
+                        localSocket.send(outPacket);
+                        localSocket.receive(inPacket);
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        continue;
+                    } finally {
+                        mISM.removeTransportModeTransforms(localSocket);
+                    }
+                    // FIXME: This check is disabled because sockets currently receive data
+                    // if there is a valid SA for decryption, even when the input policy is
+                    // not applied to a socket.
+                    //  fail("Data IO should fail on asymmetrical transforms! + Input="
+                    //          + applyIn + " Output=" + applyOut);
                 }
-                // FIXME: This check is disabled because sockets currently receive data
-                // if there is a valid SA for decryption, even when the input policy is
-                // not applied to a socket.
-                //  fail("Data IO should fail on asymmetrical transforms! + Input="
-                //          + applyIn + " Output=" + applyOut);
             }
         }
-        transform.close();
+    }
+
+    private UdpEncapsulationSocket getPrivilegedUdpEncapSocket(boolean ipv6) throws Exception {
+        return runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            if (ipv6) {
+                return mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(65536);
+            } else {
+                // Can't pass 0 to IpSecManager#openUdpEncapsulationSocket(int).
+                return mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isIpv6UdpEncapSupportedByKernel() {
+        return isKernelVersionAtLeast("5.15.31")
+                || (isKernelVersionAtLeast("5.10.108") && !isKernelVersionAtLeast("5.15.0"));
+    }
+
+    // Packet private for use in IpSecManagerTunnelTest
+    static boolean isIpv6UdpEncapSupported() {
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() && isIpv6UdpEncapSupportedByKernel();
+    }
+
+    // Packet private for use in IpSecManagerTunnelTest
+    static void assumeExperimentalIpv6UdpEncapSupported() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue("Not supported before U", SdkLevel.isAtLeastU());
+        assumeTrue("Not supported by kernel", isIpv6UdpEncapSupportedByKernel());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransformIpv4() throws Exception {
+        doTestCreateTransform(IPV4_LOOPBACK, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransformIpv6() throws Exception {
+        doTestCreateTransform(IPV6_LOOPBACK, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransformIpv4Encap() throws Exception {
+        doTestCreateTransform(IPV4_LOOPBACK, true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTransformIpv6Encap() throws Exception {
+        assumeExperimentalIpv6UdpEncapSupported();
+        doTestCreateTransform(IPV6_LOOPBACK, true);
     }
 
     /** Snapshot of TrafficStats as of initStatsChecker call for later comparisons */
     private static class StatsChecker {
         private static final double ERROR_MARGIN_BYTES = 1.05;
         private static final double ERROR_MARGIN_PKTS = 1.05;
-        private static final int MAX_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS = 1000;
+        private static final int MAX_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS = 3000;
 
         private static long uidTxBytes;
         private static long uidRxBytes;
@@ -503,8 +567,8 @@
         StatsChecker.initStatsChecker();
         InetAddress local = InetAddress.getByName(localAddress);
 
-        try (IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
-                IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex spi =
+        try (UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
+                SecurityParameterIndex spi =
                         mISM.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(local)) {
 
             IpSecTransform.Builder transformBuilder =
@@ -656,7 +720,7 @@
     public void testIkeOverUdpEncapSocket() throws Exception {
         // IPv6 not supported for UDP-encap-ESP
         InetAddress local = InetAddress.getByName(IPV4_LOOPBACK);
-        try (IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
+        try (UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
             NativeUdpSocket wrappedEncapSocket =
                     new NativeUdpSocket(encapSocket.getFileDescriptor());
             checkIkePacket(wrappedEncapSocket, local);
@@ -665,7 +729,7 @@
             IpSecAlgorithm crypt = new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC, CRYPT_KEY);
             IpSecAlgorithm auth = new IpSecAlgorithm(IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_MD5, getKey(128), 96);
 
-            try (IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex spi =
+            try (SecurityParameterIndex spi =
                             mISM.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(local);
                     IpSecTransform transform =
                             new IpSecTransform.Builder(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext())
@@ -1498,7 +1562,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testOpenUdpEncapSocketSpecificPort() throws Exception {
-        IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = null;
+        UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = null;
         int port = -1;
         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PORT_BIND_ATTEMPTS; i++) {
             try {
@@ -1527,7 +1591,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testOpenUdpEncapSocketRandomPort() throws Exception {
-        try (IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
+        try (UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
             assertTrue("Returned invalid port", encapSocket.getPort() != 0);
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTunnelTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTunnelTest.java
index a9a3380..1ede5c1 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTunnelTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecManagerTunnelTest.java
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 import static android.app.AppOpsManager.OP_MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS;
 import static android.net.IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket;
+import static android.net.cts.IpSecManagerTest.assumeExperimentalIpv6UdpEncapSupported;
+import static android.net.cts.IpSecManagerTest.isIpv6UdpEncapSupported;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CBC_BLK_SIZE;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.AES_CBC_IV_LEN;
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.BytePayload;
@@ -32,10 +34,13 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
 
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.PropertyUtil.getVsrApiLevel;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.NetworkInterface;
 
+// TODO: b/268552823 Improve the readability of IpSecManagerTunnelTest
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @AppModeFull(reason = "MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS permission can't be granted to instant apps")
 public class IpSecManagerTunnelTest extends IpSecBaseTest {
@@ -107,6 +113,7 @@
 
     private static final int IP4_PREFIX_LEN = 32;
     private static final int IP6_PREFIX_LEN = 128;
+    private static final int IP6_UDP_ENCAP_SOCKET_PORT_ANY = 65536;
 
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
 
@@ -255,14 +262,23 @@
          *
          * @param ipsecNetwork The IPsec Interface based Network for binding sockets on
          * @param tunnelIface The IPsec tunnel interface that will be tested
-         * @param underlyingTunUtils The utility of the IPsec tunnel interface's underlying TUN
-         *     network
-         * @return the integer port of the inner socket if outbound, or 0 if inbound
-         *     IpSecTunnelTestRunnable
+         * @param tunUtils The utility of the IPsec tunnel interface's underlying TUN network
+         * @param inTunnelTransform The inbound tunnel mode transform
+         * @param outTunnelTransform The outbound tunnel mode transform
+         * @param localOuter The local address of the outer IP packet
+         * @param remoteOuter The remote address of the outer IP packet
+         * @param seqNum The expected sequence number of the inbound packet
          * @throws Exception if any part of the test failed.
          */
         public abstract int run(
-                Network ipsecNetwork, IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface, TunUtils underlyingTunUtils)
+                Network ipsecNetwork,
+                IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface,
+                TunUtils tunUtils,
+                IpSecTransform inTunnelTransform,
+                IpSecTransform outTunnelTransform,
+                InetAddress localOuter,
+                InetAddress remoteOuter,
+                int seqNum)
                 throws Exception;
     }
 
@@ -297,19 +313,41 @@
         return expectedPacketSize;
     }
 
+    private UdpEncapsulationSocket openUdpEncapsulationSocket(int ipVersion) throws Exception {
+        if (ipVersion == AF_INET) {
+            return mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
+        }
+
+        if (!isIpv6UdpEncapSupported()) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("IPv6 UDP encapsulation unsupported");
+        }
+
+        return mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket(IP6_UDP_ENCAP_SOCKET_PORT_ANY);
+    }
+
     private interface IpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory {
+        /**
+         * Build a IpSecTunnelTestRunnable.
+         *
+         * @param transportInTunnelMode indicate if there needs to be a transport mode transform
+         *     inside the tunnel mode transform
+         * @param spi The IPsec SPI
+         * @param localInner The local address of the inner IP packet
+         * @param remoteInner The remote address of the inner IP packet
+         * @param inTransportTransform The inbound transport mode transform
+         * @param outTransportTransform The outbound transport mode transform
+         * @param encapSocket The UDP encapsulation socket or null
+         * @param innerSocketPort The inner socket port
+         */
         IpSecTunnelTestRunnable getIpSecTunnelTestRunnable(
                 boolean transportInTunnelMode,
                 int spi,
                 InetAddress localInner,
                 InetAddress remoteInner,
-                InetAddress localOuter,
-                InetAddress remoteOuter,
                 IpSecTransform inTransportTransform,
                 IpSecTransform outTransportTransform,
-                int encapPort,
-                int innerSocketPort,
-                int expectedPacketSize)
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket,
+                int innerSocketPort)
                 throws Exception;
     }
 
@@ -319,17 +357,21 @@
                 int spi,
                 InetAddress localInner,
                 InetAddress remoteInner,
-                InetAddress localOuter,
-                InetAddress remoteOuter,
                 IpSecTransform inTransportTransform,
                 IpSecTransform outTransportTransform,
-                int encapPort,
-                int unusedInnerSocketPort,
-                int expectedPacketSize) {
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket,
+                int unusedInnerSocketPort) {
             return new IpSecTunnelTestRunnable() {
                 @Override
                 public int run(
-                        Network ipsecNetwork, IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface, TunUtils tunUtils)
+                        Network ipsecNetwork,
+                        IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface,
+                        TunUtils tunUtils,
+                        IpSecTransform inTunnelTransform,
+                        IpSecTransform outTunnelTransform,
+                        InetAddress localOuter,
+                        InetAddress remoteOuter,
+                        int seqNum)
                         throws Exception {
                     // Build a socket and send traffic
                     JavaUdpSocket socket = new JavaUdpSocket(localInner);
@@ -349,9 +391,14 @@
                     // Verify that an encrypted packet is sent. As of right now, checking encrypted
                     // body is not possible, due to the test not knowing some of the fields of the
                     // inner IP header (flow label, flags, etc)
+                    int innerFamily = localInner instanceof Inet4Address ? AF_INET : AF_INET6;
+                    int outerFamily = localOuter instanceof Inet4Address ? AF_INET : AF_INET6;
+                    boolean useEncap = encapSocket != null;
+                    int expectedPacketSize =
+                            getPacketSize(
+                                    innerFamily, outerFamily, useEncap, transportInTunnelMode);
                     tunUtils.awaitEspPacketNoPlaintext(
-                            spi, TEST_DATA, encapPort != 0, expectedPacketSize);
-
+                            spi, TEST_DATA, useEncap, expectedPacketSize);
                     socket.close();
 
                     return innerSocketPort;
@@ -367,18 +414,22 @@
                 int spi,
                 InetAddress localInner,
                 InetAddress remoteInner,
-                InetAddress localOuter,
-                InetAddress remoteOuter,
                 IpSecTransform inTransportTransform,
                 IpSecTransform outTransportTransform,
-                int encapPort,
-                int innerSocketPort,
-                int expectedPacketSize)
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket,
+                int innerSocketPort)
                 throws Exception {
             return new IpSecTunnelTestRunnable() {
                 @Override
                 public int run(
-                        Network ipsecNetwork, IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface, TunUtils tunUtils)
+                        Network ipsecNetwork,
+                        IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface,
+                        TunUtils tunUtils,
+                        IpSecTransform inTunnelTransform,
+                        IpSecTransform outTunnelTransform,
+                        InetAddress localOuter,
+                        InetAddress remoteOuter,
+                        int seqNum)
                         throws Exception {
                     // Build a socket and receive traffic
                     JavaUdpSocket socket = new JavaUdpSocket(localInner, innerSocketPort);
@@ -412,18 +463,22 @@
                 int spi,
                 InetAddress localInner,
                 InetAddress remoteInner,
-                InetAddress localOuter,
-                InetAddress remoteOuter,
                 IpSecTransform inTransportTransform,
                 IpSecTransform outTransportTransform,
-                int encapPort,
-                int innerSocketPort,
-                int expectedPacketSize)
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket,
+                int innerSocketPort)
                 throws Exception {
             return new IpSecTunnelTestRunnable() {
                 @Override
                 public int run(
-                        Network ipsecNetwork, IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface, TunUtils tunUtils)
+                        Network ipsecNetwork,
+                        IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface,
+                        TunUtils tunUtils,
+                        IpSecTransform inTunnelTransform,
+                        IpSecTransform outTunnelTransform,
+                        InetAddress localOuter,
+                        InetAddress remoteOuter,
+                        int seqNum)
                         throws Exception {
                     // Build a socket and receive traffic
                     JavaUdpSocket socket = new JavaUdpSocket(localInner);
@@ -448,7 +503,8 @@
                                         remoteOuter,
                                         localOuter,
                                         socket.getPort(),
-                                        encapPort);
+                                        encapSocket != null ? encapSocket.getPort() : 0,
+                                        seqNum);
                     } else {
                         pkt =
                                 getTunnelModePacket(
@@ -458,7 +514,8 @@
                                         remoteOuter,
                                         localOuter,
                                         socket.getPort(),
-                                        encapPort);
+                                        encapSocket != null ? encapSocket.getPort() : 0,
+                                        seqNum);
                     }
                     tunUtils.injectPacket(pkt);
 
@@ -475,13 +532,16 @@
 
     private class MigrateIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory implements IpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory {
         private final IpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory mTestRunnableFactory;
+        private final boolean mTestEncapTypeChange;
 
-        MigrateIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory(boolean isOutputTest) {
+        MigrateIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory(boolean isOutputTest, boolean testEncapTypeChange) {
             if (isOutputTest) {
                 mTestRunnableFactory = new OutputIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory();
             } else {
                 mTestRunnableFactory = new InputPacketGeneratorIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory();
             }
+
+            mTestEncapTypeChange = testEncapTypeChange;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -490,17 +550,21 @@
                 int spi,
                 InetAddress localInner,
                 InetAddress remoteInner,
-                InetAddress localOuter,
-                InetAddress remoteOuter,
                 IpSecTransform inTransportTransform,
                 IpSecTransform outTransportTransform,
-                int encapPort,
-                int unusedInnerSocketPort,
-                int expectedPacketSize) {
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket,
+                int unusedInnerSocketPort) {
             return new IpSecTunnelTestRunnable() {
                 @Override
                 public int run(
-                        Network ipsecNetwork, IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface, TunUtils tunUtils)
+                        Network ipsecNetwork,
+                        IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface,
+                        TunUtils tunUtils,
+                        IpSecTransform inTunnelTransform,
+                        IpSecTransform outTunnelTransform,
+                        InetAddress localOuter,
+                        InetAddress remoteOuter,
+                        int seqNum)
                         throws Exception {
                     mTestRunnableFactory
                             .getIpSecTunnelTestRunnable(
@@ -508,17 +572,25 @@
                                     spi,
                                     localInner,
                                     remoteInner,
-                                    localOuter,
-                                    remoteOuter,
                                     inTransportTransform,
                                     outTransportTransform,
-                                    encapPort,
-                                    unusedInnerSocketPort,
-                                    expectedPacketSize)
-                            .run(ipsecNetwork, tunnelIface, sTunWrapper.utils);
-
+                                    encapSocket,
+                                    unusedInnerSocketPort)
+                            .run(
+                                    ipsecNetwork,
+                                    tunnelIface,
+                                    tunUtils,
+                                    inTunnelTransform,
+                                    outTunnelTransform,
+                                    localOuter,
+                                    remoteOuter,
+                                    seqNum);
                     tunnelIface.setUnderlyingNetwork(sTunWrapperNew.network);
 
+                    final boolean useEncapBeforeMigrate = encapSocket != null;
+                    final boolean useEncapAfterMigrate =
+                            mTestEncapTypeChange ? !useEncapBeforeMigrate : useEncapBeforeMigrate;
+
                     // Verify migrating to IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. It ensures that not only
                     // can IPsec tunnel migrate across interfaces, IPsec tunnel can also migrate to
                     // a different address on the same interface.
@@ -527,21 +599,24 @@
                             remoteInner,
                             LOCAL_OUTER_4_NEW,
                             REMOTE_OUTER_4_NEW,
-                            encapPort != 0,
+                            useEncapAfterMigrate,
                             transportInTunnelMode,
                             sTunWrapperNew.utils,
                             tunnelIface,
                             ipsecNetwork);
-                    checkMigratedTunnel(
-                            localInner,
-                            remoteInner,
-                            LOCAL_OUTER_6_NEW,
-                            REMOTE_OUTER_6_NEW,
-                            false, // IPv6 does not support UDP encapsulation
-                            transportInTunnelMode,
-                            sTunWrapperNew.utils,
-                            tunnelIface,
-                            ipsecNetwork);
+
+                    if (!useEncapAfterMigrate || isIpv6UdpEncapSupported()) {
+                        checkMigratedTunnel(
+                                localInner,
+                                remoteInner,
+                                LOCAL_OUTER_6_NEW,
+                                REMOTE_OUTER_6_NEW,
+                                useEncapAfterMigrate,
+                                transportInTunnelMode,
+                                sTunWrapperNew.utils,
+                                tunnelIface,
+                                ipsecNetwork);
+                    }
 
                     return 0;
                 }
@@ -581,7 +656,8 @@
                             buildIpSecTransform(sContext, inTransportSpi, null, remoteInner);
                     IpSecTransform outTransportTransform =
                             buildIpSecTransform(sContext, outTransportSpi, null, localInner);
-                    UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
+                    UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket =
+                            useEncap ? openUdpEncapsulationSocket(outerFamily) : null) {
 
                 // Configure tunnel mode Transform parameters
                 IpSecTransform.Builder transformBuilder = new IpSecTransform.Builder(sContext);
@@ -591,7 +667,7 @@
                         new IpSecAlgorithm(
                                 IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA256, AUTH_KEY, AUTH_KEY.length * 4));
 
-                if (useEncap) {
+                if (encapSocket != null) {
                     transformBuilder.setIpv4Encapsulation(encapSocket, encapSocket.getPort());
                 }
 
@@ -615,19 +691,152 @@
                                     spi,
                                     localInner,
                                     remoteInner,
-                                    localOuter,
-                                    remoteOuter,
                                     inTransportTransform,
                                     outTransportTransform,
-                                    useEncap ? encapSocket.getPort() : 0,
-                                    0,
-                                    expectedPacketSize)
-                            .run(ipsecNetwork, tunnelIface, tunUtils);
+                                    encapSocket,
+                                    0)
+                            .run(
+                                    ipsecNetwork,
+                                    tunnelIface,
+                                    tunUtils,
+                                    inTransform,
+                                    outTransform,
+                                    localOuter,
+                                    remoteOuter,
+                                    1 /* seqNum */);
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
+    private class MigrateTunnelModeIpSecTransformTestRunnableFactory
+            implements IpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory {
+        private final IpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory mTestRunnableFactory;
+
+        MigrateTunnelModeIpSecTransformTestRunnableFactory(boolean isOutputTest) {
+            if (isOutputTest) {
+                mTestRunnableFactory = new OutputIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory();
+            } else {
+                mTestRunnableFactory = new InputPacketGeneratorIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public IpSecTunnelTestRunnable getIpSecTunnelTestRunnable(
+                boolean transportInTunnelMode,
+                int spi,
+                InetAddress localInner,
+                InetAddress remoteInner,
+                IpSecTransform inTransportTransform,
+                IpSecTransform outTransportTransform,
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket,
+                int unusedInnerSocketPort) {
+            return new IpSecTunnelTestRunnable() {
+                @Override
+                public int run(
+                        Network ipsecNetwork,
+                        IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface,
+                        TunUtils tunUtils,
+                        IpSecTransform inTunnelTransform,
+                        IpSecTransform outTunnelTransform,
+                        InetAddress localOuter,
+                        InetAddress remoteOuter,
+                        int seqNum)
+                        throws Exception {
+                    final IpSecTunnelTestRunnable testRunnable =
+                            mTestRunnableFactory.getIpSecTunnelTestRunnable(
+                                    transportInTunnelMode,
+                                    spi,
+                                    localInner,
+                                    remoteInner,
+                                    inTransportTransform,
+                                    outTransportTransform,
+                                    encapSocket,
+                                    unusedInnerSocketPort);
+                    testRunnable.run(
+                            ipsecNetwork,
+                            tunnelIface,
+                            tunUtils,
+                            inTunnelTransform,
+                            outTunnelTransform,
+                            localOuter,
+                            remoteOuter,
+                            seqNum++);
+
+                    tunnelIface.setUnderlyingNetwork(sTunWrapperNew.network);
+
+                    final boolean useEncap = encapSocket != null;
+                    if (useEncap) {
+                        sTunWrapperNew.network.bindSocket(encapSocket.getFileDescriptor());
+                    }
+
+                    // Updating UDP encapsulation socket is not supported. Thus this runnable will
+                    // only cover 1) migration from non-encap to non-encap and 2) migration from
+                    // encap to encap with the same family
+                    if (!useEncap || localOuter instanceof Inet4Address) {
+                        checkMigrateTunnelModeTransform(
+                                testRunnable,
+                                inTunnelTransform,
+                                outTunnelTransform,
+                                tunnelIface,
+                                ipsecNetwork,
+                                sTunWrapperNew.utils,
+                                LOCAL_OUTER_4_NEW,
+                                REMOTE_OUTER_4_NEW,
+                                seqNum++);
+                    }
+                    if (!useEncap || localOuter instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                        checkMigrateTunnelModeTransform(
+                                testRunnable,
+                                inTunnelTransform,
+                                outTunnelTransform,
+                                tunnelIface,
+                                ipsecNetwork,
+                                sTunWrapperNew.utils,
+                                LOCAL_OUTER_6_NEW,
+                                REMOTE_OUTER_6_NEW,
+                                seqNum++);
+                    }
+
+                    // Unused return value for MigrateTunnelModeIpSecTransformTest
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        private void checkMigrateTunnelModeTransform(
+                IpSecTunnelTestRunnable testRunnable,
+                IpSecTransform inTunnelTransform,
+                IpSecTransform outTunnelTransform,
+                IpSecTunnelInterface tunnelIface,
+                Network ipsecNetwork,
+                TunUtils tunUtils,
+                InetAddress newLocalOuter,
+                InetAddress newRemoteOuter,
+                int seqNum)
+                throws Exception {
+            mISM.startTunnelModeTransformMigration(
+                    inTunnelTransform, newRemoteOuter, newLocalOuter);
+            mISM.startTunnelModeTransformMigration(
+                    outTunnelTransform, newLocalOuter, newRemoteOuter);
+
+            mISM.applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                    tunnelIface, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN, inTunnelTransform);
+            mISM.applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                    tunnelIface, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, outTunnelTransform);
+
+            testRunnable.run(
+                    ipsecNetwork,
+                    tunnelIface,
+                    tunUtils,
+                    inTunnelTransform,
+                    outTunnelTransform,
+                    newLocalOuter,
+                    newRemoteOuter,
+                    seqNum);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void checkTunnelOutput(
             int innerFamily, int outerFamily, boolean useEncap, boolean transportInTunnelMode)
             throws Exception {
@@ -651,17 +860,36 @@
     }
 
     private void checkMigrateTunnelOutput(
-            int innerFamily, int outerFamily, boolean useEncap, boolean transportInTunnelMode)
+            int innerFamily,
+            int outerFamily,
+            boolean useEncap,
+            boolean transportInTunnelMode,
+            boolean isEncapTypeChanged)
             throws Exception {
         checkTunnel(
                 innerFamily,
                 outerFamily,
                 useEncap,
                 transportInTunnelMode,
-                new MigrateIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory(true));
+                new MigrateIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory(true, isEncapTypeChanged));
     }
 
     private void checkMigrateTunnelInput(
+            int innerFamily,
+            int outerFamily,
+            boolean useEncap,
+            boolean transportInTunnelMode,
+            boolean isEncapTypeChanged)
+            throws Exception {
+        checkTunnel(
+                innerFamily,
+                outerFamily,
+                useEncap,
+                transportInTunnelMode,
+                new MigrateIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory(false, isEncapTypeChanged));
+    }
+
+    private void checkMigrateTunnelModeTransformOutput(
             int innerFamily, int outerFamily, boolean useEncap, boolean transportInTunnelMode)
             throws Exception {
         checkTunnel(
@@ -669,7 +897,18 @@
                 outerFamily,
                 useEncap,
                 transportInTunnelMode,
-                new MigrateIpSecTunnelTestRunnableFactory(false));
+                new MigrateTunnelModeIpSecTransformTestRunnableFactory(true /* isOutputTest */));
+    }
+
+    private void checkMigrateTunnelModeTransformInput(
+            int innerFamily, int outerFamily, boolean useEncap, boolean transportInTunnelMode)
+            throws Exception {
+        checkTunnel(
+                innerFamily,
+                outerFamily,
+                useEncap,
+                transportInTunnelMode,
+                new MigrateTunnelModeIpSecTransformTestRunnableFactory(false /* isOutputTest */));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -701,7 +940,8 @@
                         buildIpSecTransform(sContext, inTransportSpi, null, remoteInner);
                 IpSecTransform outTransportTransform =
                         buildIpSecTransform(sContext, outTransportSpi, null, localInner);
-                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket =
+                        useEncap ? openUdpEncapsulationSocket(outerFamily) : null) {
 
             // Run output direction tests
             IpSecTunnelTestRunnable outputIpSecTunnelTestRunnable =
@@ -711,22 +951,19 @@
                                     spi,
                                     localInner,
                                     remoteInner,
-                                    localOuter,
-                                    remoteOuter,
                                     inTransportTransform,
                                     outTransportTransform,
-                                    useEncap ? encapSocket.getPort() : 0,
-                                    0,
-                                    expectedPacketSize);
+                                    encapSocket,
+                                    0);
             int innerSocketPort =
                     buildTunnelNetworkAndRunTests(
-                    localInner,
-                    remoteInner,
-                    localOuter,
-                    remoteOuter,
-                    spi,
-                    useEncap ? encapSocket : null,
-                    outputIpSecTunnelTestRunnable);
+                            localInner,
+                            remoteInner,
+                            localOuter,
+                            remoteOuter,
+                            spi,
+                            encapSocket,
+                            outputIpSecTunnelTestRunnable);
 
             // Input direction tests, with matching inner socket ports.
             IpSecTunnelTestRunnable inputIpSecTunnelTestRunnable =
@@ -736,20 +973,17 @@
                                     spi,
                                     remoteInner,
                                     localInner,
-                                    localOuter,
-                                    remoteOuter,
                                     inTransportTransform,
                                     outTransportTransform,
-                                    useEncap ? encapSocket.getPort() : 0,
-                                    innerSocketPort,
-                                    expectedPacketSize);
+                                    encapSocket,
+                                    innerSocketPort);
             buildTunnelNetworkAndRunTests(
                     remoteInner,
                     localInner,
                     localOuter,
                     remoteOuter,
                     spi,
-                    useEncap ? encapSocket : null,
+                    encapSocket,
                     inputIpSecTunnelTestRunnable);
         }
     }
@@ -783,7 +1017,8 @@
                         buildIpSecTransform(sContext, inTransportSpi, null, remoteInner);
                 IpSecTransform outTransportTransform =
                         buildIpSecTransform(sContext, outTransportSpi, null, localInner);
-                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket = mISM.openUdpEncapsulationSocket()) {
+                UdpEncapsulationSocket encapSocket =
+                        useEncap ? openUdpEncapsulationSocket(outerFamily) : null) {
 
             buildTunnelNetworkAndRunTests(
                     localInner,
@@ -791,19 +1026,16 @@
                     localOuter,
                     remoteOuter,
                     spi,
-                    useEncap ? encapSocket : null,
+                    encapSocket,
                     factory.getIpSecTunnelTestRunnable(
                             transportInTunnelMode,
                             spi,
                             localInner,
                             remoteInner,
-                            localOuter,
-                            remoteOuter,
                             inTransportTransform,
                             outTransportTransform,
-                            useEncap ? encapSocket.getPort() : 0,
-                            0,
-                            expectedPacketSize));
+                            encapSocket,
+                            0));
         }
     }
 
@@ -851,6 +1083,7 @@
 
             if (encapSocket != null) {
                 transformBuilder.setIpv4Encapsulation(encapSocket, encapSocket.getPort());
+                sTunWrapper.network.bindSocket(encapSocket.getFileDescriptor());
             }
 
             // Apply transform and check that traffic is properly encrypted
@@ -862,7 +1095,16 @@
                 mISM.applyTunnelModeTransform(
                         tunnelIface, IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT, outTransform);
 
-                innerSocketPort = test.run(testNetwork, tunnelIface, sTunWrapper.utils);
+                innerSocketPort =
+                        test.run(
+                                testNetwork,
+                                tunnelIface,
+                                sTunWrapper.utils,
+                                inTransform,
+                                outTransform,
+                                localOuter,
+                                remoteOuter,
+                                1 /* seqNum */);
             }
 
             // Teardown the test network
@@ -901,13 +1143,14 @@
     }
 
     private EspHeader buildTransportModeEspPacket(
-            int spi, InetAddress src, InetAddress dst, int port, Payload payload) throws Exception {
+            int spi, int seqNum, InetAddress src, InetAddress dst, Payload payload)
+            throws Exception {
         IpHeader preEspIpHeader = getIpHeader(payload.getProtocolId(), src, dst, payload);
 
         return new EspHeader(
                 payload.getProtocolId(),
                 spi,
-                1, // sequence number
+                seqNum,
                 CRYPT_KEY, // Same key for auth and crypt
                 payload.getPacketBytes(preEspIpHeader));
     }
@@ -920,13 +1163,14 @@
             InetAddress dstOuter,
             int port,
             int encapPort,
+            int seqNum,
             Payload payload)
             throws Exception {
         IpHeader innerIp = getIpHeader(payload.getProtocolId(), srcInner, dstInner, payload);
         return new EspHeader(
                 innerIp.getProtocolId(),
                 spi,
-                1, // sequence number
+                seqNum, // sequence number
                 CRYPT_KEY, // Same key for auth and crypt
                 innerIp.getPacketBytes());
     }
@@ -950,13 +1194,14 @@
             InetAddress srcOuter,
             InetAddress dstOuter,
             int port,
-            int encapPort)
+            int encapPort,
+            int seqNum)
             throws Exception {
         UdpHeader udp = new UdpHeader(port, port, new BytePayload(TEST_DATA));
 
         EspHeader espPayload =
                 buildTunnelModeEspPacket(
-                        spi, srcInner, dstInner, srcOuter, dstOuter, port, encapPort, udp);
+                        spi, srcInner, dstInner, srcOuter, dstOuter, port, encapPort, seqNum, udp);
         return maybeEncapPacket(srcOuter, dstOuter, encapPort, espPayload).getPacketBytes();
     }
 
@@ -968,11 +1213,13 @@
             InetAddress srcOuter,
             InetAddress dstOuter,
             int port,
-            int encapPort)
+            int encapPort,
+            int seqNum)
             throws Exception {
         UdpHeader udp = new UdpHeader(port, port, new BytePayload(TEST_DATA));
 
-        EspHeader espPayload = buildTransportModeEspPacket(spiInner, srcInner, dstInner, port, udp);
+        EspHeader espPayload =
+                buildTransportModeEspPacket(spiInner, seqNum, srcInner, dstInner, udp);
         espPayload =
                 buildTunnelModeEspPacket(
                         spiOuter,
@@ -982,16 +1229,65 @@
                         dstOuter,
                         port,
                         encapPort,
+                        seqNum,
                         espPayload);
         return maybeEncapPacket(srcOuter, dstOuter, encapPort, espPayload).getPacketBytes();
     }
 
     private void doTestMigrateTunnel(
+            int innerFamily,
+            int outerFamily,
+            boolean useEncap,
+            boolean transportInTunnelMode,
+            boolean testEncapTypeChange)
+            throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
+        checkMigrateTunnelOutput(
+                innerFamily, outerFamily, useEncap, transportInTunnelMode, testEncapTypeChange);
+        checkMigrateTunnelInput(
+                innerFamily, outerFamily, useEncap, transportInTunnelMode, testEncapTypeChange);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestMigrateTunnel(
+            int innerFamily, int outerFamily, boolean useEncap, boolean transportInTunnelMode)
+            throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnel(
+                innerFamily,
+                outerFamily,
+                useEncap,
+                transportInTunnelMode,
+                false /* testEncapTypeChange */);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(
+            int innerFamily, int outerFamily, boolean useEncap, boolean transportInTunnelMode)
+            throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnel(
+                innerFamily,
+                outerFamily,
+                useEncap,
+                transportInTunnelMode,
+                true /* testEncapTypeChange */);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(
             int innerFamily, int outerFamily, boolean useEncap, boolean transportInTunnelMode)
             throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
-        checkTunnelOutput(innerFamily, outerFamily, useEncap, transportInTunnelMode);
-        checkTunnelInput(innerFamily, outerFamily, useEncap, transportInTunnelMode);
+        assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelMigrateFeature());
+        checkMigrateTunnelModeTransformOutput(
+                innerFamily, outerFamily, useEncap, transportInTunnelMode);
+        checkMigrateTunnelModeTransformInput(
+                innerFamily, outerFamily, useEncap, transportInTunnelMode);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testHasIpSecTunnelMigrateFeature() throws Exception {
+        // FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION is required when VSR API is U/U+
+        if (getVsrApiLevel() > Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+            assertTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelMigrateFeature());
+        }
     }
 
     // Transport-in-Tunnel mode tests
@@ -1008,6 +1304,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET, AF_INET, false, true);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransportInTunnelModeV4InV4_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET, AF_INET, false, true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTransportInTunnelModeV4InV4Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1027,6 +1329,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET, AF_INET, true, true);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransportInTunnelModeV4InV4UdpEncap_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET, AF_INET, true, true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTransportInTunnelModeV4InV4UdpEncapReflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1046,6 +1354,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, true);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransportInTunnelModeV4InV6_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTransportInTunnelModeV4InV6Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1065,6 +1379,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET6, AF_INET, false, true);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransportInTunnelModeV6InV4_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET6, AF_INET, false, true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTransportInTunnelModeV6InV4Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1084,6 +1404,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET6, AF_INET, true, true);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransportInTunnelModeV6InV4UdpEncap_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET6, AF_INET, true, true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTransportInTunnelModeV6InV4UdpEncapReflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1103,6 +1429,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, true);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransportInTunnelModeV6InV6_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, true);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTransportInTunnelModeV6InV6Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1123,6 +1455,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET, AF_INET, false, false);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTunnelV4InV4_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET, AF_INET, false, false);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTunnelV4InV4Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1142,6 +1480,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET, AF_INET, true, false);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTunnelV4InV4UdpEncap_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET, AF_INET, true, false);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTunnelV4InV4UdpEncapReflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1161,6 +1505,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, false);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTunnelV4InV6_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, false);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTunnelV4InV6Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1180,6 +1530,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET6, AF_INET, false, false);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTunnelV6InV4_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET6, AF_INET, false, false);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTunnelV6InV4Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1199,6 +1555,12 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET6, AF_INET, true, false);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTunnelV6InV4UdpEncap_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET6, AF_INET, true, false);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTunnelV6InV4UdpEncapReflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
@@ -1218,9 +1580,115 @@
         doTestMigrateTunnel(AF_INET6, AF_INET6, false, false);
     }
 
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTunnelV6InV6_EncapTypeChange() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelWithEncapTypeChange(AF_INET6, AF_INET6, false, false);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testTunnelV6InV6Reflected() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mCtsNetUtils.hasIpsecTunnelsFeature());
         checkTunnelReflected(AF_INET6, AF_INET6, false, false);
     }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV4InV4() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET, false, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV6InV4() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET6, AF_INET, false, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV4InV6() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV6InV6() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV4InV4UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET, true, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV6InV4UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET6, AF_INET, true, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV4InV6UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        assumeExperimentalIpv6UdpEncapSupported();
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET6, true, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTransportInTunnelModeV6InV6UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        assumeExperimentalIpv6UdpEncapSupported();
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET6, AF_INET6, true, true);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV4InV4() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET, false, false);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV6InV4() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET6, AF_INET, false, false);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV4InV6() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET6, false, false);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV6InV6() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET6, AF_INET6, false, false);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV4InV4UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET, true, false);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV6InV4UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET6, AF_INET, true, false);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV4InV6UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        assumeExperimentalIpv6UdpEncapSupported();
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET, AF_INET6, true, false);
+    }
+
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTransformTunnelV6InV6UdpEncap() throws Exception {
+        assumeExperimentalIpv6UdpEncapSupported();
+        doTestMigrateTunnelModeTransform(AF_INET6, AF_INET6, true, false);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/MultinetworkApiTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/MultinetworkApiTest.java
index 691ab99..17a9ca2 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/MultinetworkApiTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/MultinetworkApiTest.java
@@ -18,21 +18,18 @@
 
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 
-import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.ContentResolver;
+import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkUtils;
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
-import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.test.AndroidTestCase;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-
 public class MultinetworkApiTest extends AndroidTestCase {
 
     static {
@@ -75,26 +72,8 @@
         super.tearDown();
     }
 
-    private Network[] getTestableNetworks() {
-        final ArrayList<Network> testableNetworks = new ArrayList<Network>();
-        for (Network network : mCM.getAllNetworks()) {
-            final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCM.getNetworkCapabilities(network);
-            if (nc != null
-                    && nc.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
-                    && nc.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)) {
-                testableNetworks.add(network);
-            }
-        }
-
-        assertTrue(
-                "This test requires that at least one network be connected. " +
-                "Please ensure that the device is connected to a network.",
-                testableNetworks.size() >= 1);
-        return testableNetworks.toArray(new Network[0]);
-    }
-
     public void testGetaddrinfo() throws ErrnoException {
-        for (Network network : getTestableNetworks()) {
+        for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
             int errno = runGetaddrinfoCheck(network.getNetworkHandle());
             if (errno != 0) {
                 throw new ErrnoException(
@@ -109,7 +88,7 @@
         assertNull(mCM.getProcessDefaultNetwork());
         assertEquals(0, NetworkUtils.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
 
-        for (Network network : getTestableNetworks()) {
+        for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
             mCM.setProcessDefaultNetwork(null);
             assertNull(mCM.getProcessDefaultNetwork());
 
@@ -128,7 +107,7 @@
             mCM.setProcessDefaultNetwork(null);
         }
 
-        for (Network network : getTestableNetworks()) {
+        for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
             NetworkUtils.bindProcessToNetwork(0);
             assertNull(mCM.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
 
@@ -148,7 +127,7 @@
 
     @AppModeFull(reason = "CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE permission can't be granted to instant apps")
     public void testSetsocknetwork() throws ErrnoException {
-        for (Network network : getTestableNetworks()) {
+        for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
             int errno = runSetsocknetwork(network.getNetworkHandle());
             if (errno != 0) {
                 throw new ErrnoException(
@@ -158,7 +137,7 @@
     }
 
     public void testNativeDatagramTransmission() throws ErrnoException {
-        for (Network network : getTestableNetworks()) {
+        for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
             int errno = runDatagramCheck(network.getNetworkHandle());
             if (errno != 0) {
                 throw new ErrnoException(
@@ -181,7 +160,7 @@
 
     public void testNetworkHandle() {
         // Test Network -> NetworkHandle -> Network results in the same Network.
-        for (Network network : getTestableNetworks()) {
+        for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
             long networkHandle = network.getNetworkHandle();
             Network newNetwork = Network.fromNetworkHandle(networkHandle);
             assertEquals(newNetwork, network);
@@ -203,7 +182,7 @@
     }
 
     public void testResNApi() throws Exception {
-        final Network[] testNetworks = getTestableNetworks();
+        final Network[] testNetworks = mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks();
 
         for (Network network : testNetworks) {
             // Throws AssertionError directly in jni function if test fail.
@@ -229,7 +208,7 @@
         // b/144521720
         try {
             mCtsNetUtils.setPrivateDnsStrictMode(GOOGLE_PRIVATE_DNS_SERVER);
-            for (Network network : getTestableNetworks()) {
+            for (Network network : mCtsNetUtils.getTestableNetworks()) {
               // Wait for private DNS setting to propagate.
               mCtsNetUtils.awaitPrivateDnsSetting("NxDomain test wait private DNS setting timeout",
                         network, GOOGLE_PRIVATE_DNS_SERVER, true);
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
index d4f3d57..869562b 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@
 import android.os.Message
 import android.os.SystemClock
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
+import android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP
+import android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
 import android.telephony.data.EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes
 import android.util.DebugUtils.valueToString
@@ -106,17 +108,7 @@
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnValidationStatus
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
 import com.android.testutils.assertThrows
-import org.junit.After
-import org.junit.Before
-import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any
-import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat
-import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
-import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
-import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
-import org.mockito.Mockito.timeout
-import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+import java.io.Closeable
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.net.DatagramSocket
 import java.net.InetAddress
@@ -133,6 +125,17 @@
 import kotlin.test.assertNull
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 import kotlin.test.fail
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.timeout
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
 
 // This test doesn't really have a constraint on how fast the methods should return. If it's
 // going to fail, it will simply wait forever, so setting a high timeout lowers the flake ratio
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@
     private val mFakeConnectivityService = FakeConnectivityService()
     private val agentsToCleanUp = mutableListOf<NetworkAgent>()
     private val callbacksToCleanUp = mutableListOf<TestableNetworkCallback>()
-    private var qosTestSocket: Socket? = null
+    private var qosTestSocket: Closeable? = null // either Socket or DatagramSocket
 
     @Before
     fun setUp() {
@@ -188,6 +191,7 @@
         callbacksToCleanUp.forEach { mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
         qosTestSocket?.close()
         mHandlerThread.quitSafely()
+        mHandlerThread.join()
         instrumentation.getUiAutomation().dropShellPermissionIdentity()
     }
 
@@ -332,6 +336,28 @@
         mFakeConnectivityService.connect(it.registerForTest(Network(FAKE_NET_ID)))
     }
 
+    fun assertLinkPropertiesEventually(
+        n: Network,
+        description: String,
+        condition: (LinkProperties?) -> Boolean
+    ): LinkProperties? {
+        val deadline = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS
+        do {
+            val lp = mCM.getLinkProperties(n)
+            if (condition(lp)) return lp
+            SystemClock.sleep(10 /* ms */)
+        } while (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() < deadline)
+        fail("Network $n LinkProperties did not $description after $DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS ms")
+    }
+
+    fun assertLinkPropertiesEventuallyNotNull(n: Network) {
+        assertLinkPropertiesEventually(n, "become non-null") { it != null }
+    }
+
+    fun assertLinkPropertiesEventuallyNull(n: Network) {
+        assertLinkPropertiesEventually(n, "become null") { it == null }
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun testSetSubtypeNameAndExtraInfoByAgentConfig() {
         val subtypeLTE = TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE
@@ -366,9 +392,7 @@
             val nc = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
             nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-            callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network) {
-                it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-            }
+            callback.expectCaps(agent.network) { it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED) }
             val networkInfo = mCM.getNetworkInfo(agent.network)
             assertEquals(subtypeUMTS, networkInfo.getSubtype())
             assertEquals(subtypeNameUMTS, networkInfo.getSubtypeName())
@@ -378,7 +402,7 @@
     fun testConnectAndUnregister() {
         val (agent, callback) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
         unregister(agent)
-        callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network!!)
+        callback.expect<Lost>(agent.network!!)
         assertFailsWith<IllegalStateException>("Must not be able to register an agent twice") {
             agent.register()
         }
@@ -409,27 +433,28 @@
             (agent, callback) ->
             // Send signal strength and check that the callbacks are called appropriately.
             val nc = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
+            val net = agent.network!!
             nc.setSignalStrength(20)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
             callbacks.forEach { it.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT) }
 
             nc.setSignalStrength(40)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-            callbacks[0].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network!!)
+            callbacks[0].expectAvailableCallbacks(net)
             callbacks[1].assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
             callbacks[2].assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
 
             nc.setSignalStrength(80)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-            callbacks[0].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) { it.signalStrength == 80 }
-            callbacks[1].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network!!)
-            callbacks[2].expectAvailableCallbacks(agent.network!!)
+            callbacks[0].expectCaps(net) { it.signalStrength == 80 }
+            callbacks[1].expectAvailableCallbacks(net)
+            callbacks[2].expectAvailableCallbacks(net)
 
             nc.setSignalStrength(55)
             agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-            callbacks[0].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
-            callbacks[1].expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
-            callbacks[2].expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network!!)
+            callbacks[0].expectCaps(net) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
+            callbacks[1].expectCaps(net) { it.signalStrength == 55 }
+            callbacks[2].expect<Lost>(net)
         }
         callbacks.forEach {
             mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(it)
@@ -482,15 +507,11 @@
         val lp = LinkProperties(agent.lp)
         lp.setInterfaceName(ifaceName)
         agent.sendLinkProperties(lp)
-        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(agent.network!!) {
-            it.getInterfaceName() == ifaceName
-        }
+        callback.expect<LinkPropertiesChanged>(agent.network!!) { it.lp.interfaceName == ifaceName }
         val nc = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
         nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
         agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc)
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
-            it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-        }
+        callback.expectCaps(agent.network!!) { it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED) }
     }
 
     private fun ncWithAllowedUids(vararg uids: Int) = NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
@@ -507,13 +528,13 @@
         agent.markConnected()
 
         // Make sure the UIDs have been ignored.
-        callback.expectCallback<Available>(agent.network!!)
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
+        callback.expect<Available>(agent.network!!)
+        callback.expectCaps(agent.network!!) {
             it.allowedUids.isEmpty() && !it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
         }
-        callback.expectCallback<LinkPropertiesChanged>(agent.network!!)
-        callback.expectCallback<BlockedStatus>(agent.network!!)
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
+        callback.expect<LinkPropertiesChanged>(agent.network!!)
+        callback.expect<BlockedStatus>(agent.network!!)
+        callback.expectCaps(agent.network!!) {
             it.allowedUids.isEmpty() && it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
         }
         callback.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
@@ -552,13 +573,13 @@
                 .setLegacyInt(WORSE_NETWORK_SCORE)
                 .setExiting(true)
                 .build())
-        callback.expectCallback<Available>(agent2.network!!)
+        callback.expect<Available>(agent2.network!!)
 
         // tearDown() will unregister the requests and agents
     }
 
-    private fun hasAllTransports(nc: NetworkCapabilities?, transports: IntArray) =
-            nc != null && transports.all { nc.hasTransport(it) }
+    private fun NetworkCapabilities?.hasAllTransports(transports: IntArray) =
+            this != null && transports.all { hasTransport(it) }
 
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
@@ -600,25 +621,25 @@
         assertEquals(mySessionId, (vpnNc.transportInfo as VpnTransportInfo).sessionId)
 
         val testAndVpn = intArrayOf(TRANSPORT_TEST, TRANSPORT_VPN)
-        assertTrue(hasAllTransports(vpnNc, testAndVpn))
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasAllTransports(testAndVpn))
         assertFalse(vpnNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN))
-        assertTrue(hasAllTransports(vpnNc, defaultNetworkTransports),
+        assertTrue(vpnNc.hasAllTransports(defaultNetworkTransports),
                 "VPN transports ${Arrays.toString(vpnNc.transportTypes)}" +
                         " lacking transports from ${Arrays.toString(defaultNetworkTransports)}")
 
         // Check that when no underlying networks are announced the underlying transport disappears.
         agent.setUnderlyingNetworks(listOf<Network>())
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
-            it.transportTypes.size == 2 && hasAllTransports(it, testAndVpn)
+        callback.expectCaps(agent.network!!) {
+            it.transportTypes.size == 2 && it.hasAllTransports(testAndVpn)
         }
 
         // Put the underlying network back and check that the underlying transport reappears.
         val expectedTransports = (defaultNetworkTransports.toSet() + TRANSPORT_TEST + TRANSPORT_VPN)
                 .toIntArray()
         agent.setUnderlyingNetworks(null)
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
+        callback.expectCaps(agent.network!!) {
             it.transportTypes.size == expectedTransports.size &&
-                    hasAllTransports(it, expectedTransports)
+                    it.hasAllTransports(expectedTransports)
         }
 
         // Check that some underlying capabilities are propagated.
@@ -636,7 +657,7 @@
         }
 
         unregister(agent)
-        callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network!!)
+        callback.expect<Lost>(agent.network!!)
     }
 
     private fun unregister(agent: TestableNetworkAgent) {
@@ -732,7 +753,7 @@
         val nc1 = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
         agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc1)
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
+        callback.expectCaps(agent.network!!) {
             it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
         }
 
@@ -740,7 +761,7 @@
         val nc2 = NetworkCapabilities(agent.nc)
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
         agent.sendNetworkCapabilities(nc2)
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent.network!!) {
+        callback.expectCaps(agent.network!!) {
             !it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED)
         }
 
@@ -809,14 +830,14 @@
         agentStronger.register()
         agentStronger.markConnected()
         commonCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(agentStronger.network!!)
-        callbackWeaker.expectCallback<Losing>(agentWeaker.network!!)
+        callbackWeaker.expect<Losing>(agentWeaker.network!!)
         val expectedRemainingLingerDuration = lingerStart +
                 NetworkAgent.MIN_LINGER_TIMER_MS.toLong() - SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
         // If the available callback is too late. The remaining duration will be reduced.
         assertTrue(expectedRemainingLingerDuration > 0,
                 "expected remaining linger duration is $expectedRemainingLingerDuration")
         callbackWeaker.assertNoCallback(expectedRemainingLingerDuration)
-        callbackWeaker.expectCallback<Lost>(agentWeaker.network!!)
+        callbackWeaker.expect<Lost>(agentWeaker.network!!)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -883,7 +904,7 @@
         bestMatchingCb.assertNoCallback()
         agent1.unregister()
         agentsToCleanUp.remove(agent1)
-        bestMatchingCb.expectCallback<Lost>(agent1.network!!)
+        bestMatchingCb.expect<Lost>(agent1.network!!)
 
         // tearDown() will unregister the requests and agents
     }
@@ -892,12 +913,10 @@
         val history = ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackEntry>().newReadHead()
 
         sealed class CallbackEntry {
-            data class OnQosSessionAvailable(val sess: QosSession, val attr: QosSessionAttributes)
-                : CallbackEntry()
-            data class OnQosSessionLost(val sess: QosSession)
-                : CallbackEntry()
-            data class OnError(val ex: QosCallbackException)
-                : CallbackEntry()
+            data class OnQosSessionAvailable(val sess: QosSession, val attr: QosSessionAttributes) :
+                CallbackEntry()
+            data class OnQosSessionLost(val sess: QosSession) : CallbackEntry()
+            data class OnError(val ex: QosCallbackException) : CallbackEntry()
         }
 
         override fun onQosSessionAvailable(sess: QosSession, attr: QosSessionAttributes) {
@@ -930,34 +949,49 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private fun setupForQosCallbackTesting(): Pair<TestableNetworkAgent, Socket> {
-        val request = NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .clearCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
-                .build()
+    private fun <T : Closeable> setupForQosCallbackTest(creator: (TestableNetworkAgent) -> T) =
+            createConnectedNetworkAgent().first.let { Pair(it, creator(it)) }
 
-        val callback = TestableNetworkCallback(timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        requestNetwork(request, callback)
-        val (agent, _) = createConnectedNetworkAgent()
+    private fun setupForQosSocket() = setupForQosCallbackTest {
+        agent: TestableNetworkAgent -> Socket()
+            .also { assertNotNull(agent.network?.bindSocket(it))
+                it.bind(InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress(), 0)) }
+    }
 
-        qosTestSocket = assertNotNull(agent.network?.socketFactory?.createSocket()).also {
-            it.bind(InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress(), 0))
-        }
-        return Pair(agent, qosTestSocket!!)
+    private fun setupForQosDatagram() = setupForQosCallbackTest {
+        agent: TestableNetworkAgent -> DatagramSocket(
+            InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress(), 0))
+            .also { assertNotNull(agent.network?.bindSocket(it)) }
     }
 
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps don't have permission to bind sockets.")
     @Test
-    fun testQosCallbackRegisterWithUnregister() {
-        val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
+    fun testQosCallbackRegisterAndUnregister() {
+        validateQosCallbackRegisterAndUnregister(IPPROTO_TCP)
+    }
 
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps don't have permission to bind sockets.")
+    @Test
+    fun testQosCallbackRegisterAndUnregisterWithDatagramSocket() {
+        validateQosCallbackRegisterAndUnregister(IPPROTO_UDP)
+    }
+
+    private fun validateQosCallbackRegisterAndUnregister(proto: Int) {
+        val (agent, qosTestSocket) = when (proto) {
+            IPPROTO_TCP -> setupForQosSocket()
+            IPPROTO_UDP -> setupForQosDatagram()
+            else -> fail("unsupported protocol")
+        }
         val qosCallback = TestableQosCallback()
         var callbackId = -1
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
             try {
-                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, socket)
+                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent, qosTestSocket)
                 mCM.registerQosCallback(info, executor, qosCallback)
-                callbackId = agent.expectCallback<OnRegisterQosCallback>().callbackId
+                agent.expectCallback<OnRegisterQosCallback>().let {
+                    callbackId = it.callbackId
+                    assertTrue(it.filter.matchesProtocol(proto))
+                }
 
                 assertFailsWith<QosCallbackRegistrationException>(
                         "The same callback cannot be " +
@@ -965,7 +999,7 @@
                     mCM.registerQosCallback(info, executor, qosCallback)
                 }
             } finally {
-                socket.close()
+                qosTestSocket.close()
                 mCM.unregisterQosCallback(qosCallback)
                 agent.expectCallback<OnUnregisterQosCallback> { it.callbackId == callbackId }
                 executor.shutdown()
@@ -976,11 +1010,31 @@
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps don't have permission to bind sockets.")
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackOnQosSession() {
-        val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
+        validateQosCallbackOnQosSession(IPPROTO_TCP)
+    }
+
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps don't have permission to bind sockets.")
+    @Test
+    fun testQosCallbackOnQosSessionWithDatagramSocket() {
+        validateQosCallbackOnQosSession(IPPROTO_UDP)
+    }
+
+    fun QosSocketInfo(agent: NetworkAgent, socket: Closeable) = when (socket) {
+        is Socket -> QosSocketInfo(agent.network, socket)
+        is DatagramSocket -> QosSocketInfo(agent.network, socket)
+        else -> fail("unexpected socket type")
+    }
+
+    private fun validateQosCallbackOnQosSession(proto: Int) {
+        val (agent, qosTestSocket) = when (proto) {
+            IPPROTO_TCP -> setupForQosSocket()
+            IPPROTO_UDP -> setupForQosDatagram()
+            else -> fail("unsupported protocol")
+        }
         val qosCallback = TestableQosCallback()
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
             try {
-                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, socket)
+                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent, qosTestSocket)
                 assertEquals(agent.network, info.getNetwork())
                 mCM.registerQosCallback(info, executor, qosCallback)
                 val callbackId = agent.expectCallback<OnRegisterQosCallback>().callbackId
@@ -1009,8 +1063,7 @@
                 agent.sendQosSessionLost(callbackId, sessId, QosSession.TYPE_EPS_BEARER)
                 qosCallback.assertNoCallback()
             } finally {
-                socket.close()
-
+                qosTestSocket.close()
                 // safety precaution
                 mCM.unregisterQosCallback(qosCallback)
 
@@ -1022,11 +1075,11 @@
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps don't have permission to bind sockets.")
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackOnError() {
-        val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
+        val (agent, qosTestSocket) = setupForQosSocket()
         val qosCallback = TestableQosCallback()
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
             try {
-                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, socket)
+                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, qosTestSocket)
                 mCM.registerQosCallback(info, executor, qosCallback)
                 val callbackId = agent.expectCallback<OnRegisterQosCallback>().callbackId
 
@@ -1048,7 +1101,7 @@
                 agent.sendQosSessionLost(callbackId, sessId, QosSession.TYPE_EPS_BEARER)
                 qosCallback.assertNoCallback()
             } finally {
-                socket.close()
+                qosTestSocket.close()
 
                 // Make sure that the callback is fully unregistered
                 mCM.unregisterQosCallback(qosCallback)
@@ -1061,12 +1114,12 @@
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps don't have permission to bind sockets.")
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackIdsAreMappedCorrectly() {
-        val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
+        val (agent, qosTestSocket) = setupForQosSocket()
         val qosCallback1 = TestableQosCallback()
         val qosCallback2 = TestableQosCallback()
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
             try {
-                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, socket)
+                val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, qosTestSocket)
                 mCM.registerQosCallback(info, executor, qosCallback1)
                 val callbackId1 = agent.expectCallback<OnRegisterQosCallback>().callbackId
 
@@ -1088,7 +1141,7 @@
                 qosCallback1.assertNoCallback()
                 qosCallback2.expectCallback<OnQosSessionAvailable> { sessId2 == it.sess.sessionId }
             } finally {
-                socket.close()
+                qosTestSocket.close()
 
                 // Make sure that the callback is fully unregistered
                 mCM.unregisterQosCallback(qosCallback1)
@@ -1102,13 +1155,13 @@
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps don't have permission to bind sockets.")
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackWhenNetworkReleased() {
-        val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
+        val (agent, qosTestSocket) = setupForQosSocket()
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
             try {
                 val qosCallback1 = TestableQosCallback()
                 val qosCallback2 = TestableQosCallback()
                 try {
-                    val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, socket)
+                    val info = QosSocketInfo(agent.network!!, qosTestSocket)
                     mCM.registerQosCallback(info, executor, qosCallback1)
                     mCM.registerQosCallback(info, executor, qosCallback2)
                     agent.unregister()
@@ -1121,12 +1174,12 @@
                         it.ex.cause is NetworkReleasedException
                     }
                 } finally {
-                    socket.close()
+                    qosTestSocket.close()
                     mCM.unregisterQosCallback(qosCallback1)
                     mCM.unregisterQosCallback(qosCallback2)
                 }
             } finally {
-                socket.close()
+                qosTestSocket.close()
                 executor.shutdown()
             }
         }
@@ -1163,7 +1216,7 @@
         // testCallback will not see any events. agent2 is be torn down because it has no requests.
         val (agent2, network2) = connectNetwork()
         matchAllCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(network2)
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(network2)
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(network2)
         agent2.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
         agent2.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
         assertNull(mCM.getLinkProperties(network2))
@@ -1191,7 +1244,7 @@
 
         // As soon as the replacement arrives, network1 is disconnected.
         // Check that this happens before the replacement timeout (5 seconds) fires.
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(network1, 2_000 /* timeoutMs */)
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(network1, 2_000 /* timeoutMs */)
         agent1.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
 
         // Test lingering:
@@ -1204,19 +1257,19 @@
         val network4 = agent4.network!!
         matchAllCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(network4)
         agent4.sendNetworkScore(NetworkScore.Builder().setTransportPrimary(true).build())
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Losing>(network3)
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Losing>(network3)
         testCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(network4, validated = true)
         mCM.unregisterNetworkCallback(agent4callback)
         agent3.unregisterAfterReplacement(5_000)
         agent3.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(network3, 1000L)
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(network3, 1000L)
         agent3.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
 
         // Now mark network4 awaiting replacement with a low timeout, and check that if no
         // replacement arrives, it is torn down.
         agent4.unregisterAfterReplacement(100 /* timeoutMillis */)
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(network4, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
-        testCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(network4, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(network4, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
+        testCallback.expect<Lost>(network4, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
         agent4.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
         agent4.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
 
@@ -1227,26 +1280,54 @@
         testCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(network5)
         agent5.unregisterAfterReplacement(5_000 /* timeoutMillis */)
         agent5.unregister()
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(network5, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
-        testCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(network5, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(network5, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
+        testCallback.expect<Lost>(network5, 1000L /* timeoutMs */)
         agent5.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
         agent5.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
 
+        // If unregisterAfterReplacement is called before markConnected, the network disconnects.
+        val specifier6 = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
+        val callback = TestableNetworkCallback()
+        requestNetwork(makeTestNetworkRequest(specifier = specifier6), callback)
+        val agent6 = createNetworkAgent(specifier = specifier6)
+        val network6 = agent6.register()
+        // No callbacks are sent, so check the LinkProperties to see if the network has connected.
+        assertLinkPropertiesEventuallyNotNull(agent6.network!!)
+
+        // unregisterAfterReplacement tears down the network immediately.
+        // Approximately check that this is the case by picking an unregister timeout that's longer
+        // than the timeout of the expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted> below.
+        // TODO: consider adding configurable timeouts to TestableNetworkAgent expectations.
+        val timeoutMs = agent6.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS.toInt() + 1_000
+        agent6.unregisterAfterReplacement(timeoutMs)
+        agent6.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
+        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // Before T, onNetworkDestroyed is called even if the network was never created.
+            agent6.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
+        }
+        // Poll for LinkProperties becoming null, because when onNetworkUnwanted is called, the
+        // network has not yet been removed from the CS data structures.
+        assertLinkPropertiesEventuallyNull(agent6.network!!)
+        assertFalse(mCM.getAllNetworks().contains(agent6.network!!))
+
+        // After unregisterAfterReplacement is called, the network is no longer usable and
+        // markConnected has no effect.
+        agent6.markConnected()
+        agent6.assertNoCallback()
+        assertNull(mCM.getLinkProperties(agent6.network!!))
+        matchAllCallback.assertNoCallback(200 /* timeoutMs */)
+
         // If wifi is replaced within the timeout, the device does not switch to cellular.
-        val (cellAgent, cellNetwork) = connectNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+        val (_, cellNetwork) = connectNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
         testCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(cellNetwork)
         matchAllCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(cellNetwork)
 
         val (wifiAgent, wifiNetwork) = connectNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
         testCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(wifiNetwork, validated = true)
-        testCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(wifiNetwork) {
-            it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
-        }
+        testCallback.expectCaps(wifiNetwork) { it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED) }
         matchAllCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(wifiNetwork, validated = false)
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Losing>(cellNetwork)
-        matchAllCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(wifiNetwork) {
-            it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
-        }
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Losing>(cellNetwork)
+        matchAllCallback.expectCaps(wifiNetwork) { it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED) }
 
         wifiAgent.unregisterAfterReplacement(5_000 /* timeoutMillis */)
         wifiAgent.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
@@ -1272,7 +1353,7 @@
         val (newWifiAgent, newWifiNetwork) = connectNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
         testCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(newWifiNetwork, validated = true)
         matchAllCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(newWifiNetwork)
-        matchAllCallback.expectCallback<Lost>(wifiNetwork)
+        matchAllCallback.expect<Lost>(wifiNetwork)
         wifiAgent.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
     }
 
@@ -1291,7 +1372,7 @@
         // lost callback should be sent still.
         agent.markConnected()
         agent.unregister()
-        callback.expectCallback<Available>(agent.network!!)
+        callback.expect<Available>(agent.network!!)
         callback.eventuallyExpect<Lost> { it.network == agent.network }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt
index 8f17199..2704dd3 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt
@@ -30,16 +30,19 @@
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Handler
 import android.os.HandlerThread
+import android.util.Log
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork
 import org.junit.After
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.util.Collections
 
 // This test doesn't really have a constraint on how fast the methods should return. If it's
 // going to fail, it will simply wait forever, so setting a high timeout lowers the flake ratio
@@ -63,10 +66,11 @@
 @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 class NetworkScoreTest {
+    private val TAG = javaClass.simpleName
     private val mCm = testContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
-    private val mHandlerThread = HandlerThread("${javaClass.simpleName} handler thread")
+    private val mHandlerThread = HandlerThread("$TAG handler thread")
     private val mHandler by lazy { Handler(mHandlerThread.looper) }
-    private val agentsToCleanUp = mutableListOf<NetworkAgent>()
+    private val agentsToCleanUp = Collections.synchronizedList(mutableListOf<NetworkAgent>())
     private val callbacksToCleanUp = mutableListOf<TestableNetworkCallback>()
 
     @Before
@@ -76,9 +80,24 @@
 
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
-        agentsToCleanUp.forEach { it.unregister() }
-        mHandlerThread.quitSafely()
+        val agentCleanUpCb = TestableNetworkCallback(TIMEOUT_MS).also { cb ->
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(
+                NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities()
+                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST).build(), cb, mHandler
+            )
+        }
+        Log.i(TAG, "Teardown on thread ${System.identityHashCode(Thread.currentThread())} " +
+                "cleaning up ${agentsToCleanUp.size} agents")
+        agentsToCleanUp.forEach {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Unregister agent for net ${it.network}")
+            it.unregister()
+            agentCleanUpCb.eventuallyExpect<CallbackEntry.Lost> { cb -> cb.network == it.network }
+        }
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(agentCleanUpCb)
+
         callbacksToCleanUp.forEach { mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
+        mHandlerThread.quitSafely()
+        mHandlerThread.join()
     }
 
     // Returns a networkCallback that sends onAvailable on the best network with TRANSPORT_TEST.
@@ -132,6 +151,8 @@
         val agent = object : NetworkAgent(context, looper, "NetworkScore test agent", nc,
                 LinkProperties(), score, config, NetworkProvider(context, looper,
                 "NetworkScore test provider")) {}.also {
+            Log.i(TAG, "Add on thread ${System.identityHashCode(Thread.currentThread())} " +
+                    "agent to clean up $it")
             agentsToCleanUp.add(it)
         }
         runWithShellPermissionIdentity({ agent.register() }, MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
index d618915..f86c5cd 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
 import android.net.netstats.NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtils;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Process;
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 public class NetworkStatsManagerTest {
     @Rule
-    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule(SC_V2 /* ignoreClassUpTo */);
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q);
 
     private static final String LOG_TAG = "NetworkStatsManagerTest";
     private static final String APPOPS_SET_SHELL_COMMAND = "appops set {0} {1} {2}";
@@ -870,10 +871,9 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
     @Test
     public void testDataMigrationUtils() throws Exception {
-        if (!SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) return;
-
         final List<String> prefixes = List.of(PREFIX_UID, PREFIX_XT, PREFIX_UID_TAG);
         for (final String prefix : prefixes) {
             final long duration = TextUtils.equals(PREFIX_XT, prefix) ? TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(1)
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTest.kt
index 8e98dba..621af23 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTest.kt
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@
         httpServer.stop()
         handlerThread.threadHandler.post { reader.stop() }
         handlerThread.quitSafely()
+        handlerThread.join()
 
         iface.fileDescriptor.close()
     }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt
index 391d03a..a0b40aa 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkValidationTestUtil.kt
@@ -16,103 +16,60 @@
 
 package android.net.cts
 
-import android.Manifest
-import android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils
+import android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig
 import android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY
-import android.util.Log
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants
+import com.android.testutils.DeviceConfigRule
 import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
-import com.android.testutils.tryTest
-import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
-import java.util.concurrent.Executor
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 
 /**
  * Collection of utility methods for configuring network validation.
  */
 internal object NetworkValidationTestUtil {
     val TAG = NetworkValidationTestUtil::class.simpleName
-    const val TIMEOUT_MS = 20_000L
 
     /**
      * Clear the test network validation URLs.
      */
     @JvmStatic fun clearValidationTestUrlsDeviceConfig() {
-        setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(null)
-        setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(null)
-        setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(null)
+        runAsShell(WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL, null, false)
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL, null, false)
+            DeviceConfig.setProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    NetworkStackConstants.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME, null, false)
+        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Set the test validation HTTPS URL.
      *
-     * @see NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL
+     * @see NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL
      */
-    @JvmStatic fun setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(url: String?) =
-            setConfig(NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL, url)
+    @JvmStatic
+    fun setHttpsUrlDeviceConfig(rule: DeviceConfigRule, url: String?) =
+            rule.setConfig(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL, url)
 
     /**
      * Set the test validation HTTP URL.
      *
-     * @see NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL
+     * @see NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL
      */
-    @JvmStatic fun setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(url: String?) =
-            setConfig(NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL, url)
+    @JvmStatic
+    fun setHttpUrlDeviceConfig(rule: DeviceConfigRule, url: String?) =
+            rule.setConfig(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NetworkStackConstants.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL, url)
 
     /**
      * Set the test validation URL expiration.
      *
-     * @see NetworkStackUtils.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME
+     * @see NetworkStackConstants.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME
      */
-    @JvmStatic fun setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(timestamp: Long?) =
-            setConfig(NetworkStackUtils.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME, timestamp?.toString())
-
-    private fun setConfig(configKey: String, value: String?): String? {
-        Log.i(TAG, "Setting config \"$configKey\" to \"$value\"")
-        val readWritePermissions = arrayOf(
-                Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG,
-                Manifest.permission.WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG)
-
-        val existingValue = runAsShell(*readWritePermissions) {
-            DeviceConfig.getProperty(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY, configKey)
-        }
-        if (existingValue == value) {
-            // Already the correct value. There may be a race if a change is already in flight,
-            // but if multiple threads update the config there is no way to fix that anyway.
-            Log.i(TAG, "\$configKey\" already had value \"$value\"")
-            return value
-        }
-
-        val future = CompletableFuture<String>()
-        val listener = DeviceConfig.OnPropertiesChangedListener {
-            // The listener receives updates for any change to any key, so don't react to
-            // changes that do not affect the relevant key
-            if (!it.keyset.contains(configKey)) return@OnPropertiesChangedListener
-            if (it.getString(configKey, null) == value) {
-                future.complete(value)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return tryTest {
-            runAsShell(*readWritePermissions) {
-                DeviceConfig.addOnPropertiesChangedListener(
-                        NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
-                        inlineExecutor,
-                        listener)
-                DeviceConfig.setProperty(
-                        NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
-                        configKey,
-                        value,
-                        false /* makeDefault */)
-                // Don't drop the permission until the config is applied, just in case
-                future.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
-            }.also {
-                Log.i(TAG, "Config \"$configKey\" successfully set to \"$value\"")
-            }
-        } cleanup {
-            DeviceConfig.removeOnPropertiesChangedListener(listener)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private val inlineExecutor get() = Executor { r -> r.run() }
+    @JvmStatic
+    fun setUrlExpirationDeviceConfig(rule: DeviceConfigRule, timestamp: Long?) =
+            rule.setConfig(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                NetworkStackConstants.TEST_URL_EXPIRATION_TIME, timestamp?.toString())
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt
index 64cc97d..db7f38c 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NsdManagerTest.kt
@@ -16,19 +16,26 @@
 package android.net.cts
 
 import android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS
+import android.app.compat.CompatChanges
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.net.LinkAddress
 import android.net.LinkProperties
+import android.net.LocalSocket
+import android.net.LocalSocketAddress
 import android.net.Network
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
 import android.net.NetworkRequest
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface
 import android.net.TestNetworkManager
 import android.net.TestNetworkSpecifier
+import android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdDiscoveryRecord.DiscoveryEvent.DiscoveryStarted
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdDiscoveryRecord.DiscoveryEvent.DiscoveryStopped
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdDiscoveryRecord.DiscoveryEvent.ServiceFound
@@ -39,62 +46,108 @@
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdRegistrationRecord.RegistrationEvent.ServiceRegistered
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdRegistrationRecord.RegistrationEvent.ServiceUnregistered
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdRegistrationRecord.RegistrationEvent.UnregistrationFailed
+import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdResolveRecord.ResolveEvent.ResolutionStopped
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdResolveRecord.ResolveEvent.ResolveFailed
 import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdResolveRecord.ResolveEvent.ServiceResolved
+import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdResolveRecord.ResolveEvent.StopResolutionFailed
+import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdServiceInfoCallbackRecord.ServiceInfoCallbackEvent.RegisterCallbackFailed
+import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdServiceInfoCallbackRecord.ServiceInfoCallbackEvent.ServiceUpdated
+import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdServiceInfoCallbackRecord.ServiceInfoCallbackEvent.ServiceUpdatedLost
+import android.net.cts.NsdManagerTest.NsdServiceInfoCallbackRecord.ServiceInfoCallbackEvent.UnregisterCallbackSucceeded
+import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils
 import android.net.nsd.NsdManager
 import android.net.nsd.NsdManager.DiscoveryListener
 import android.net.nsd.NsdManager.RegistrationListener
 import android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ResolveListener
 import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo
+import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Handler
 import android.os.HandlerThread
 import android.os.Process.myTid
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull
+import android.system.ErrnoException
+import android.system.Os
+import android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6
+import android.system.OsConstants.EADDRNOTAVAIL
+import android.system.OsConstants.ENETUNREACH
+import android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP
+import android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM
 import android.util.Log
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.compatibility.common.util.PollingCheck
+import com.android.compatibility.common.util.PropertyUtil
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastU
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord
 import com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecord
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.NsdShimImpl
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.NsdShim
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkAgent.CallbackEntry.OnNetworkCreated
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import com.android.testutils.filters.CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk30
+import com.android.testutils.filters.CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk33
 import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
 import com.android.testutils.tryTest
-import org.junit.After
-import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
-import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
-import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
-import org.junit.Before
-import org.junit.Test
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import com.android.testutils.waitForIdle
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.IOException
+import java.net.Inet6Address
+import java.net.InetAddress
+import java.net.NetworkInterface
 import java.net.ServerSocket
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
 import java.util.Random
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor
+import kotlin.math.min
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
 import kotlin.test.assertNull
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 import kotlin.test.fail
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Rule
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 
 private const val TAG = "NsdManagerTest"
-private const val SERVICE_TYPE = "_nmt._tcp"
 private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 2000L
 private const val NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 200L
+// Registration may take a long time if there are devices with the same hostname on the network,
+// as the device needs to try another name and probe again. This is especially true since when using
+// mdnsresponder the usual hostname is "Android", and on conflict "Android-2", "Android-3", ... are
+// tried sequentially
+private const val REGISTRATION_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L
 private const val DBG = false
 
 private val nsdShim = NsdShimImpl.newInstance()
 
 @AppModeFull(reason = "Socket cannot bind in instant app mode")
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@ConnectivityModuleTest
 class NsdManagerTest {
+    // Rule used to filter CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdkXX
+    @get:Rule
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
+
     private val context by lazy { InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().context }
     private val nsdManager by lazy { context.getSystemService(NsdManager::class.java) }
 
     private val cm by lazy { context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java) }
     private val serviceName = "NsdTest%09d".format(Random().nextInt(1_000_000_000))
+    private val serviceType = "_nmt%09d._tcp".format(Random().nextInt(1_000_000_000))
     private val handlerThread = HandlerThread(NsdManagerTest::class.java.simpleName)
+    private val ctsNetUtils by lazy{ CtsNetUtils(context) }
 
     private lateinit var testNetwork1: TestTapNetwork
     private lateinit var testNetwork2: TestTapNetwork
@@ -109,6 +162,7 @@
             cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(requestCb)
             agent.unregister()
             iface.fileDescriptor.close()
+            agent.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS)
         }
     }
 
@@ -129,13 +183,15 @@
         }
 
         inline fun <reified V : NsdEvent> expectCallbackEventually(
+            timeoutMs: Long = TIMEOUT_MS,
             crossinline predicate: (V) -> Boolean = { true }
-        ): V = nextEvents.poll(TIMEOUT_MS) { e -> e is V && predicate(e) } as V?
-                ?: fail("Callback for ${V::class.java.simpleName} not seen after $TIMEOUT_MS ms")
+        ): V = nextEvents.poll(timeoutMs) { e -> e is V && predicate(e) } as V?
+                ?: fail("Callback for ${V::class.java.simpleName} not seen after $timeoutMs ms")
 
-        inline fun <reified V : NsdEvent> expectCallback(): V {
-            val nextEvent = nextEvents.poll(TIMEOUT_MS)
-            assertNotNull(nextEvent, "No callback received after $TIMEOUT_MS ms")
+        inline fun <reified V : NsdEvent> expectCallback(timeoutMs: Long = TIMEOUT_MS): V {
+            val nextEvent = nextEvents.poll(timeoutMs)
+            assertNotNull(nextEvent, "No callback received after $timeoutMs ms, expected " +
+                    "${V::class.java.simpleName}")
             assertTrue(nextEvent is V, "Expected ${V::class.java.simpleName} but got " +
                     nextEvent.javaClass.simpleName)
             return nextEvent
@@ -162,10 +218,10 @@
                 val errorCode: Int
             ) : RegistrationEvent()
 
-            data class ServiceRegistered(override val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo)
-                : RegistrationEvent()
-            data class ServiceUnregistered(override val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo)
-                : RegistrationEvent()
+            data class ServiceRegistered(override val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) :
+                    RegistrationEvent()
+            data class ServiceUnregistered(override val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) :
+                    RegistrationEvent()
         }
 
         override fun onRegistrationFailed(si: NsdServiceInfo, err: Int) {
@@ -188,11 +244,11 @@
     private class NsdDiscoveryRecord(expectedThreadId: Int? = null) :
             DiscoveryListener, NsdRecord<NsdDiscoveryRecord.DiscoveryEvent>(expectedThreadId) {
         sealed class DiscoveryEvent : NsdEvent {
-            data class StartDiscoveryFailed(val serviceType: String, val errorCode: Int)
-                : DiscoveryEvent()
+            data class StartDiscoveryFailed(val serviceType: String, val errorCode: Int) :
+                    DiscoveryEvent()
 
-            data class StopDiscoveryFailed(val serviceType: String, val errorCode: Int)
-                : DiscoveryEvent()
+            data class StopDiscoveryFailed(val serviceType: String, val errorCode: Int) :
+                    DiscoveryEvent()
 
             data class DiscoveryStarted(val serviceType: String) : DiscoveryEvent()
             data class DiscoveryStopped(val serviceType: String) : DiscoveryEvent()
@@ -239,10 +295,13 @@
     private class NsdResolveRecord : ResolveListener,
             NsdRecord<NsdResolveRecord.ResolveEvent>() {
         sealed class ResolveEvent : NsdEvent {
-            data class ResolveFailed(val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, val errorCode: Int)
-                : ResolveEvent()
+            data class ResolveFailed(val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, val errorCode: Int) :
+                    ResolveEvent()
 
             data class ServiceResolved(val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) : ResolveEvent()
+            data class ResolutionStopped(val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) : ResolveEvent()
+            data class StopResolutionFailed(val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo, val errorCode: Int) :
+                    ResolveEvent()
         }
 
         override fun onResolveFailed(si: NsdServiceInfo, err: Int) {
@@ -252,6 +311,41 @@
         override fun onServiceResolved(si: NsdServiceInfo) {
             add(ServiceResolved(si))
         }
+
+        override fun onResolutionStopped(si: NsdServiceInfo) {
+            add(ResolutionStopped(si))
+        }
+
+        override fun onStopResolutionFailed(si: NsdServiceInfo, err: Int) {
+            super.onStopResolutionFailed(si, err)
+            add(StopResolutionFailed(si, err))
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class NsdServiceInfoCallbackRecord : NsdShim.ServiceInfoCallbackShim,
+            NsdRecord<NsdServiceInfoCallbackRecord.ServiceInfoCallbackEvent>() {
+        sealed class ServiceInfoCallbackEvent : NsdEvent {
+            data class RegisterCallbackFailed(val errorCode: Int) : ServiceInfoCallbackEvent()
+            data class ServiceUpdated(val serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo) : ServiceInfoCallbackEvent()
+            object ServiceUpdatedLost : ServiceInfoCallbackEvent()
+            object UnregisterCallbackSucceeded : ServiceInfoCallbackEvent()
+        }
+
+        override fun onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(err: Int) {
+            add(RegisterCallbackFailed(err))
+        }
+
+        override fun onServiceUpdated(si: NsdServiceInfo) {
+            add(ServiceUpdated(si))
+        }
+
+        override fun onServiceLost() {
+            add(ServiceUpdatedLost)
+        }
+
+        override fun onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered() {
+            add(UnregisterCallbackSucceeded)
+        }
     }
 
     @Before
@@ -278,24 +372,63 @@
                 .build(), cb)
         val agent = registerTestNetworkAgent(iface.interfaceName)
         val network = agent.network ?: fail("Registered agent should have a network")
+
+        cb.eventuallyExpect<LinkPropertiesChanged>(TIMEOUT_MS) {
+            it.lp.linkAddresses.isNotEmpty()
+        }
+
         // The network has no INTERNET capability, so will be marked validated immediately
-        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(network)
+        // It does not matter if validated capabilities come before/after the link addresses change
+        cb.eventuallyExpect<CapabilitiesChanged>(TIMEOUT_MS, from = 0) {
+            it.caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+        }
         return TestTapNetwork(iface, cb, agent, network)
     }
 
     private fun registerTestNetworkAgent(ifaceName: String): TestableNetworkAgent {
+        val lp = LinkProperties().apply {
+            interfaceName = ifaceName
+        }
+
         val agent = TestableNetworkAgent(context, handlerThread.looper,
                 NetworkCapabilities().apply {
                     removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
                     addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
                     setNetworkSpecifier(TestNetworkSpecifier(ifaceName))
-                },
-                LinkProperties().apply {
-                    interfaceName = ifaceName
-                },
-                NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build())
-        agent.register()
+                }, lp, NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build())
+        val network = agent.register()
         agent.markConnected()
+        agent.expectCallback<OnNetworkCreated>()
+
+        // Wait until the link-local address can be used. Address flags are not available without
+        // elevated permissions, so check that bindSocket works.
+        PollingCheck.check("No usable v6 address on interface after $TIMEOUT_MS ms", TIMEOUT_MS) {
+            // To avoid race condition between socket connection succeeding and interface returning
+            // a non-empty address list. Verify that interface returns a non-empty list, before
+            // trying the socket connection.
+            if (NetworkInterface.getByName(ifaceName).interfaceAddresses.isEmpty()) {
+                return@check false
+            }
+
+            val sock = Os.socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
+            tryTest {
+                network.bindSocket(sock)
+                Os.connect(sock, parseNumericAddress("ff02::fb%$ifaceName"), 12345)
+                true
+            }.catch<ErrnoException> {
+                if (it.errno != ENETUNREACH && it.errno != EADDRNOTAVAIL) {
+                    throw it
+                }
+                false
+            } cleanup {
+                Os.close(sock)
+            }
+        }
+
+        lp.setLinkAddresses(NetworkInterface.getByName(ifaceName).interfaceAddresses.map {
+            LinkAddress(it.address, it.networkPrefixLength.toInt())
+        })
+        agent.sendLinkProperties(lp)
         return agent
     }
 
@@ -303,17 +436,20 @@
     fun tearDown() {
         if (TestUtils.shouldTestTApis()) {
             runAsShell(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS) {
-                testNetwork1.close(cm)
-                testNetwork2.close(cm)
+                // Avoid throwing here if initializing failed in setUp
+                if (this::testNetwork1.isInitialized) testNetwork1.close(cm)
+                if (this::testNetwork2.isInitialized) testNetwork2.close(cm)
             }
         }
+        handlerThread.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS)
         handlerThread.quitSafely()
+        handlerThread.join()
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNsdManager() {
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
-        si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+        si.serviceType = serviceType
         si.serviceName = serviceName
         // Test binary data with various bytes
         val testByteArray = byteArrayOf(-128, 127, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2)
@@ -358,11 +494,12 @@
         val registrationRecord = NsdRegistrationRecord()
         // Test registering without an Executor
         nsdManager.registerService(si, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, registrationRecord)
-        val registeredInfo = registrationRecord.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>().serviceInfo
+        val registeredInfo = registrationRecord.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>(
+                REGISTRATION_TIMEOUT_MS).serviceInfo
 
         val discoveryRecord = NsdDiscoveryRecord()
         // Test discovering without an Executor
-        nsdManager.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord)
+        nsdManager.discoverServices(serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord)
 
         // Expect discovery started
         discoveryRecord.expectCallback<DiscoveryStarted>()
@@ -388,7 +525,12 @@
         assertTrue(resolvedService.attributes.containsKey("nullBinaryDataAttr"))
         assertNull(resolvedService.attributes["nullBinaryDataAttr"])
         assertTrue(resolvedService.attributes.containsKey("emptyBinaryDataAttr"))
-        assertNull(resolvedService.attributes["emptyBinaryDataAttr"])
+        // TODO: change the check to target SDK U when this is what the code implements
+        if (isAtLeastU()) {
+            assertArrayEquals(byteArrayOf(), resolvedService.attributes["emptyBinaryDataAttr"])
+        } else {
+            assertNull(resolvedService.attributes["emptyBinaryDataAttr"])
+        }
         assertEquals(localPort, resolvedService.port)
 
         // Unregister the service
@@ -402,12 +544,13 @@
 
         // Register service again to see if NsdManager can discover it
         val si2 = NsdServiceInfo()
-        si2.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+        si2.serviceType = serviceType
         si2.serviceName = serviceName
         si2.port = localPort
         val registrationRecord2 = NsdRegistrationRecord()
         nsdManager.registerService(si2, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, registrationRecord2)
-        val registeredInfo2 = registrationRecord2.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>().serviceInfo
+        val registeredInfo2 = registrationRecord2.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>(
+                REGISTRATION_TIMEOUT_MS).serviceInfo
 
         // Expect a service record to be discovered (and filter the ones
         // that are unrelated to this test)
@@ -435,7 +578,7 @@
         assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
-        si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+        si.serviceType = serviceType
         si.serviceName = this.serviceName
         si.port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
 
@@ -444,7 +587,7 @@
 
         tryTest {
             val discoveryRecord = NsdDiscoveryRecord()
-            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
                     testNetwork1.network, Executor { it.run() }, discoveryRecord)
 
             val foundInfo = discoveryRecord.waitForServiceDiscovered(
@@ -469,7 +612,7 @@
         assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
-        si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+        si.serviceType = serviceType
         si.serviceName = this.serviceName
         si.port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
 
@@ -482,7 +625,7 @@
 
         tryTest {
             val specifier = TestNetworkSpecifier(testNetwork1.iface.interfaceName)
-            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
                     NetworkRequest.Builder()
                             .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
                             .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
@@ -491,7 +634,7 @@
                     executor, discoveryRecord)
 
             val discoveryStarted = discoveryRecord.expectCallback<DiscoveryStarted>()
-            assertEquals(SERVICE_TYPE, discoveryStarted.serviceType)
+            assertEquals(serviceType, discoveryStarted.serviceType)
 
             val serviceDiscovered = discoveryRecord.expectCallback<ServiceFound>()
             assertEquals(registeredInfo1.serviceName, serviceDiscovered.serviceInfo.serviceName)
@@ -537,7 +680,7 @@
         assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
-        si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+        si.serviceType = serviceType
         si.serviceName = this.serviceName
         si.port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
 
@@ -548,7 +691,7 @@
         val specifier = TestNetworkSpecifier(testNetwork1.iface.interfaceName)
 
         tryTest {
-            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
                     NetworkRequest.Builder()
                             .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
                             .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
@@ -564,13 +707,27 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private fun checkAddressScopeId(iface: TestNetworkInterface, address: List<InetAddress>) {
+        val targetSdkVersion = context.packageManager
+            .getTargetSdkVersion(context.applicationInfo.packageName)
+        if (targetSdkVersion <= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+            return
+        }
+        val ifaceIdx = NetworkInterface.getByName(iface.interfaceName).index
+        address.forEach {
+            if (it is Inet6Address && it.isLinkLocalAddress) {
+                assertEquals(ifaceIdx, it.scopeId)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun testNsdManager_ResolveOnNetwork() {
         // This test requires shims supporting T+ APIs (NsdServiceInfo.network)
         assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
-        si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+        si.serviceType = serviceType
         si.serviceName = this.serviceName
         si.port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
 
@@ -580,7 +737,7 @@
             val resolveRecord = NsdResolveRecord()
 
             val discoveryRecord = NsdDiscoveryRecord()
-            nsdManager.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord)
+            nsdManager.discoverServices(serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord)
 
             val foundInfo1 = discoveryRecord.waitForServiceDiscovered(
                     serviceName, testNetwork1.network)
@@ -595,10 +752,11 @@
             val cb = resolveRecord.expectCallback<ServiceResolved>()
             cb.serviceInfo.let {
                 // Resolved service type has leading dot
-                assertEquals(".$SERVICE_TYPE", it.serviceType)
+                assertEquals(".$serviceType", it.serviceType)
                 assertEquals(registeredInfo.serviceName, it.serviceName)
                 assertEquals(si.port, it.port)
                 assertEquals(testNetwork1.network, nsdShim.getNetwork(it))
+                checkAddressScopeId(testNetwork1.iface, it.hostAddresses)
             }
             // TODO: check that MDNS packets are sent only on testNetwork1.
         } cleanupStep {
@@ -614,7 +772,7 @@
         assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestTApis())
 
         val si = NsdServiceInfo()
-        si.serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+        si.serviceType = serviceType
         si.serviceName = this.serviceName
         si.network = testNetwork1.network
         si.port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
@@ -628,7 +786,7 @@
 
         tryTest {
             // Discover service on testNetwork1.
-            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
                 testNetwork1.network, Executor { it.run() }, discoveryRecord)
             // Expect that service is found on testNetwork1
             val foundInfo = discoveryRecord.waitForServiceDiscovered(
@@ -636,14 +794,14 @@
             assertEquals(testNetwork1.network, nsdShim.getNetwork(foundInfo))
 
             // Discover service on testNetwork2.
-            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
                 testNetwork2.network, Executor { it.run() }, discoveryRecord2)
             // Expect that discovery is started then no other callbacks.
             discoveryRecord2.expectCallback<DiscoveryStarted>()
             discoveryRecord2.assertNoCallback()
 
             // Discover service on all networks (not specify any network).
-            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
                 null as Network? /* network */, Executor { it.run() }, discoveryRecord3)
             // Expect that service is found on testNetwork1
             val foundInfo3 = discoveryRecord3.waitForServiceDiscovered(
@@ -661,7 +819,7 @@
     fun testNsdManager_RegisterServiceNameWithNonStandardCharacters() {
         val serviceNames = "^Nsd.Test|Non-#AsCiI\\Characters&\\ufffe テスト 測試"
         val si = NsdServiceInfo().apply {
-            serviceType = SERVICE_TYPE
+            serviceType = this@NsdManagerTest.serviceType
             serviceName = serviceNames
             port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
         }
@@ -669,13 +827,13 @@
         // Register the service name which contains non-standard characters.
         val registrationRecord = NsdRegistrationRecord()
         nsdManager.registerService(si, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, registrationRecord)
-        registrationRecord.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>()
+        registrationRecord.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>(REGISTRATION_TIMEOUT_MS)
 
         tryTest {
             // Discover that service name.
             val discoveryRecord = NsdDiscoveryRecord()
             nsdManager.discoverServices(
-                SERVICE_TYPE, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord
+                serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord
             )
             val foundInfo = discoveryRecord.waitForServiceDiscovered(serviceNames)
 
@@ -692,6 +850,186 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private fun checkConnectSocketToMdnsd(shouldFail: Boolean) {
+        val discoveryRecord = NsdDiscoveryRecord()
+        val localSocket = LocalSocket()
+        tryTest {
+            // Discover any service from NsdManager to enforce NsdService to start the mdnsd.
+            nsdManager.discoverServices(serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discoveryRecord)
+            discoveryRecord.expectCallback<DiscoveryStarted>()
+
+            // Checks the /dev/socket/mdnsd is created.
+            val socket = File("/dev/socket/mdnsd")
+            val doesSocketExist = PollingCheck.waitFor(
+                TIMEOUT_MS,
+                {
+                    socket.exists()
+                },
+                { doesSocketExist ->
+                    doesSocketExist
+                },
+            )
+
+            // If the socket is not created, then no need to check the access.
+            if (doesSocketExist) {
+                // Create a LocalSocket and try to connect to mdnsd.
+                assertFalse("LocalSocket is connected.", localSocket.isConnected)
+                val address = LocalSocketAddress("mdnsd", LocalSocketAddress.Namespace.RESERVED)
+                if (shouldFail) {
+                    assertFailsWith<IOException>("Expect fail but socket connected") {
+                        localSocket.connect(address)
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    localSocket.connect(address)
+                    assertTrue("LocalSocket is not connected.", localSocket.isConnected)
+                }
+            }
+        } cleanup {
+            localSocket.close()
+            nsdManager.stopServiceDiscovery(discoveryRecord)
+            discoveryRecord.expectCallback<DiscoveryStopped>()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starting from Android U, the access to the /dev/socket/mdnsd is blocked by the
+     * sepolicy(b/265364111).
+     */
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    fun testCannotConnectSocketToMdnsd() {
+        val targetSdkVersion = context.packageManager
+                .getTargetSdkVersion(context.applicationInfo.packageName)
+        assumeTrue(targetSdkVersion > Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+        val firstApiLevel = min(PropertyUtil.getFirstApiLevel(), PropertyUtil.getVendorApiLevel())
+        // The sepolicy is implemented in the vendor image, so the access may not be blocked if
+        // the vendor image is not update to date.
+        assumeTrue(firstApiLevel > Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+        checkConnectSocketToMdnsd(shouldFail = true)
+    }
+
+    @Test @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk33("mdnsd socket is accessible up to target SDK 33")
+    fun testCanConnectSocketToMdnsd() {
+        checkConnectSocketToMdnsd(shouldFail = false)
+    }
+
+    @Test @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk30("Socket is started with the service up to target SDK 30")
+    fun testManagerCreatesLegacySocket() {
+        nsdManager // Ensure the lazy-init member is initialized, so NsdManager is created
+        val socket = File("/dev/socket/mdnsd")
+        val timeout = System.currentTimeMillis() + TIMEOUT_MS
+        while (!socket.exists() && System.currentTimeMillis() < timeout) {
+            Thread.sleep(10)
+        }
+        assertTrue("$socket was not found after $TIMEOUT_MS ms", socket.exists())
+    }
+
+    // The compat change is part of a connectivity module update that applies to T+
+    @ConnectivityModuleTest @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    @Test @CtsNetTestCasesMaxTargetSdk30("Socket is started with the service up to target SDK 30")
+    fun testManagerCreatesLegacySocket_CompatChange() {
+        // The socket may have been already created by some other app, or some other test, in which
+        // case this test cannot verify creation. At least verify that the compat change is
+        // disabled in a process with max SDK 30; unit tests already verify that start is requested
+        // when the compat change is disabled.
+        // Note that before T the compat constant had a different int value.
+        assertFalse(CompatChanges.isChangeEnabled(
+                ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStopServiceResolution() {
+        // This test requires shims supporting U+ APIs (NsdManager.stopServiceResolution)
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestUApis())
+
+        val si = NsdServiceInfo()
+        si.serviceType = this@NsdManagerTest.serviceType
+        si.serviceName = this@NsdManagerTest.serviceName
+        si.port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
+
+        val resolveRecord = NsdResolveRecord()
+        // Try to resolve an unknown service then stop it immediately.
+        // Expected ResolutionStopped callback.
+        nsdShim.resolveService(nsdManager, si, { it.run() }, resolveRecord)
+        nsdShim.stopServiceResolution(nsdManager, resolveRecord)
+        val stoppedCb = resolveRecord.expectCallback<ResolutionStopped>()
+        assertEquals(si.serviceName, stoppedCb.serviceInfo.serviceName)
+        assertEquals(si.serviceType, stoppedCb.serviceInfo.serviceType)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRegisterServiceInfoCallback() {
+        // This test requires shims supporting U+ APIs (NsdManager.registerServiceInfoCallback)
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestUApis())
+
+        val lp = cm.getLinkProperties(testNetwork1.network)
+        assertNotNull(lp)
+        val addresses = lp.addresses
+        assertFalse(addresses.isEmpty())
+
+        val si = NsdServiceInfo().apply {
+            serviceType = this@NsdManagerTest.serviceType
+            serviceName = this@NsdManagerTest.serviceName
+            network = testNetwork1.network
+            port = 12345 // Test won't try to connect so port does not matter
+        }
+
+        // Register service on the network
+        val registrationRecord = NsdRegistrationRecord()
+        registerService(registrationRecord, si)
+
+        val discoveryRecord = NsdDiscoveryRecord()
+        val cbRecord = NsdServiceInfoCallbackRecord()
+        tryTest {
+            // Discover service on the network.
+            nsdShim.discoverServices(nsdManager, serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+                    testNetwork1.network, Executor { it.run() }, discoveryRecord)
+            val foundInfo = discoveryRecord.waitForServiceDiscovered(
+                    serviceName, testNetwork1.network)
+
+            // Register service callback and check the addresses are the same as network addresses
+            nsdShim.registerServiceInfoCallback(nsdManager, foundInfo, { it.run() }, cbRecord)
+            val serviceInfoCb = cbRecord.expectCallback<ServiceUpdated>()
+            assertEquals(foundInfo.serviceName, serviceInfoCb.serviceInfo.serviceName)
+            val hostAddresses = serviceInfoCb.serviceInfo.hostAddresses
+            assertEquals(addresses.size, hostAddresses.size)
+            for (hostAddress in hostAddresses) {
+                assertTrue(addresses.contains(hostAddress))
+            }
+            checkAddressScopeId(testNetwork1.iface, serviceInfoCb.serviceInfo.hostAddresses)
+        } cleanupStep {
+            nsdManager.unregisterService(registrationRecord)
+            registrationRecord.expectCallback<ServiceUnregistered>()
+            discoveryRecord.expectCallback<ServiceLost>()
+            cbRecord.expectCallback<ServiceUpdatedLost>()
+        } cleanupStep {
+            // Cancel subscription and check stop callback received.
+            nsdShim.unregisterServiceInfoCallback(nsdManager, cbRecord)
+            cbRecord.expectCallback<UnregisterCallbackSucceeded>()
+        } cleanup {
+            nsdManager.stopServiceDiscovery(discoveryRecord)
+            discoveryRecord.expectCallback<DiscoveryStopped>()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStopServiceResolutionFailedCallback() {
+        // This test requires shims supporting U+ APIs (NsdManager.stopServiceResolution)
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestUApis())
+
+        // It's not possible to make ResolutionListener#onStopResolutionFailed callback sending
+        // because it is only sent in very edge-case scenarios when the legacy implementation is
+        // used, and the legacy implementation is never used in the current AOSP builds. Considering
+        // that this callback isn't expected to be sent at all at the moment, and this is just an
+        // interface with no implementation. To verify this callback, just call
+        // onStopResolutionFailed on the record directly then verify it is received.
+        val resolveRecord = NsdResolveRecord()
+        resolveRecord.onStopResolutionFailed(
+                NsdServiceInfo(), NsdManager.FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING)
+        val failedCb = resolveRecord.expectCallback<StopResolutionFailed>()
+        assertEquals(NsdManager.FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING, failedCb.errorCode)
+    }
+
     /**
      * Register a service and return its registration record.
      */
@@ -703,7 +1041,7 @@
         nsdShim.registerService(nsdManager, si, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, executor, record)
         // We may not always get the name that we tried to register;
         // This events tells us the name that was registered.
-        val cb = record.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>()
+        val cb = record.expectCallback<ServiceRegistered>(REGISTRATION_TIMEOUT_MS)
         return cb.serviceInfo
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
index f0c87673..4854901 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
 import android.app.Instrumentation;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.PacProxyManager;
@@ -150,6 +152,9 @@
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps can't bind sockets to localhost for a test proxy server")
     @Test
     public void testSetCurrentProxyScriptUrl() throws Exception {
+        // Devices without WebView/JavaScript cannot support PAC proxies
+        assumeTrue(mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WEBVIEW));
+
         // Register a PacProxyInstalledListener
         final TestPacProxyInstalledListener listener = new TestPacProxyInstalledListener();
         final Executor executor = (Runnable r) -> r.run();
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/QosCallbackExceptionTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/QosCallbackExceptionTest.java
index cd43a34..04abd72 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/QosCallbackExceptionTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/QosCallbackExceptionTest.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package android.net.cts;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
@@ -24,8 +25,11 @@
 import android.net.QosCallbackException;
 import android.net.SocketLocalAddressChangedException;
 import android.net.SocketNotBoundException;
+import android.net.SocketNotConnectedException;
+import android.net.SocketRemoteAddressChangedException;
 import android.os.Build;
 
+import com.android.testutils.ConnectivityModuleTest;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
@@ -34,14 +38,9 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@ConnectivityModuleTest
 public class QosCallbackExceptionTest {
     private static final String ERROR_MESSAGE = "Test Error Message";
-    private static final String ERROR_MSG_SOCK_NOT_BOUND = "The socket is unbound";
-    private static final String ERROR_MSG_NET_RELEASED =
-            "The network was released and is no longer available";
-    private static final String ERROR_MSG_SOCK_ADDR_CHANGED =
-            "The local address of the socket changed";
-
 
     @Test
     public void testQosCallbackException() throws Exception {
@@ -57,33 +56,65 @@
     public void testNetworkReleasedExceptions() throws Exception {
         final Throwable netReleasedException = new NetworkReleasedException();
         final QosCallbackException exception = new QosCallbackException(netReleasedException);
-
-        assertTrue(exception.getCause() instanceof NetworkReleasedException);
-        assertEquals(netReleasedException, exception.getCause());
-        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains(ERROR_MSG_NET_RELEASED));
-        assertThrowableMessageContains(exception, ERROR_MSG_NET_RELEASED);
+        validateQosCallbackException(
+                exception, netReleasedException, NetworkReleasedException.class);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSocketNotBoundExceptions() throws Exception {
         final Throwable sockNotBoundException = new SocketNotBoundException();
         final QosCallbackException exception = new QosCallbackException(sockNotBoundException);
-
-        assertTrue(exception.getCause() instanceof SocketNotBoundException);
-        assertEquals(sockNotBoundException, exception.getCause());
-        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains(ERROR_MSG_SOCK_NOT_BOUND));
-        assertThrowableMessageContains(exception, ERROR_MSG_SOCK_NOT_BOUND);
+        validateQosCallbackException(
+                exception, sockNotBoundException, SocketNotBoundException.class);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSocketLocalAddressChangedExceptions() throws  Exception {
-        final Throwable localAddrChangedException = new SocketLocalAddressChangedException();
-        final QosCallbackException exception = new QosCallbackException(localAddrChangedException);
+        final Throwable localAddressChangedException = new SocketLocalAddressChangedException();
+        final QosCallbackException exception =
+                new QosCallbackException(localAddressChangedException);
+        validateQosCallbackException(
+                exception, localAddressChangedException, SocketLocalAddressChangedException.class);
+    }
 
-        assertTrue(exception.getCause() instanceof SocketLocalAddressChangedException);
-        assertEquals(localAddrChangedException, exception.getCause());
-        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains(ERROR_MSG_SOCK_ADDR_CHANGED));
-        assertThrowableMessageContains(exception, ERROR_MSG_SOCK_ADDR_CHANGED);
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
+    public void testSocketNotConnectedExceptions() throws Exception {
+        final Throwable sockNotConnectedException = new SocketNotConnectedException();
+        final QosCallbackException exception = new QosCallbackException(sockNotConnectedException);
+        validateQosCallbackException(
+                exception, sockNotConnectedException, SocketNotConnectedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S)
+    public void testSocketRemoteAddressChangedExceptions() throws  Exception {
+        final Throwable remoteAddressChangedException = new SocketRemoteAddressChangedException();
+        final QosCallbackException exception =
+                new QosCallbackException(remoteAddressChangedException);
+        validateQosCallbackException(
+                exception, remoteAddressChangedException,
+                SocketRemoteAddressChangedException.class);
+    }
+
+    private void validateQosCallbackException(
+            QosCallbackException e, Throwable cause, Class c) throws Exception {
+        if (c == SocketNotConnectedException.class) {
+            assertTrue(e.getCause() instanceof SocketNotConnectedException);
+        } else if (c == SocketRemoteAddressChangedException.class) {
+            assertTrue(e.getCause() instanceof SocketRemoteAddressChangedException);
+        } else if (c == SocketLocalAddressChangedException.class) {
+            assertTrue(e.getCause() instanceof SocketLocalAddressChangedException);
+        } else if (c == SocketNotBoundException.class) {
+            assertTrue(e.getCause() instanceof SocketNotBoundException);
+        } else if (c == NetworkReleasedException.class) {
+            assertTrue(e.getCause() instanceof NetworkReleasedException);
+        } else {
+            fail("unexpected error msg.");
+        }
+        assertEquals(cause, e.getCause());
+        assertFalse(e.getMessage().isEmpty());
+        assertThrowableMessageContains(e, e.getMessage());
     }
 
     private void assertThrowableMessageContains(QosCallbackException exception, String errorMsg)
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/RateLimitTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/RateLimitTest.java
index 28cec1a..36b98fc 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/RateLimitTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/RateLimitTest.java
@@ -301,29 +301,32 @@
     public void testIngressRateLimit_testLimit() throws Exception {
         assumeKernelSupport();
 
+        // These tests are not very precise, especially on lower-end devices.
+        // Add 30% tolerance to reduce test flakiness. Burst size is constant at 128KiB.
+        final double toleranceFactor = 1.3;
+
         // If this value is too low, this test might become flaky because of the burst value that
         // allows to send at a higher data rate for a short period of time. The faster the data rate
         // and the longer the test, the less this test will be affected.
         final long dataLimitInBytesPerSecond = 2_000_000; // 2MB/s
         long resultInBytesPerSecond = runIngressDataRateMeasurement(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
         assertGreaterThan("Failed initial test with rate limit disabled", resultInBytesPerSecond,
-                dataLimitInBytesPerSecond);
+                (long) (dataLimitInBytesPerSecond * toleranceFactor));
 
         // enable rate limit and wait until the tc filter is installed before starting the test.
         ConnectivitySettingsManager.setIngressRateLimitInBytesPerSecond(mContext,
                 dataLimitInBytesPerSecond);
         waitForTcPoliceFilterInstalled(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
 
-        resultInBytesPerSecond = runIngressDataRateMeasurement(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
-        // Add 10% tolerance to reduce test flakiness. Burst size is constant at 128KiB.
+        resultInBytesPerSecond = runIngressDataRateMeasurement(Duration.ofSeconds(15));
         assertLessThan("Failed test with rate limit enabled", resultInBytesPerSecond,
-                (long) (dataLimitInBytesPerSecond * 1.1));
+                (long) (dataLimitInBytesPerSecond * toleranceFactor));
 
         ConnectivitySettingsManager.setIngressRateLimitInBytesPerSecond(mContext, -1);
 
         resultInBytesPerSecond = runIngressDataRateMeasurement(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
         assertGreaterThan("Failed test with rate limit disabled", resultInBytesPerSecond,
-                dataLimitInBytesPerSecond);
+                (long) (dataLimitInBytesPerSecond * toleranceFactor));
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/SSLCertificateSocketFactoryTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/SSLCertificateSocketFactoryTest.java
index cbe54f8..1a780a7 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/SSLCertificateSocketFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/SSLCertificateSocketFactoryTest.java
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@
         InetAddress[] addresses;
         try {
             addresses = InetAddress.getAllByName(TEST_HOST);
-            mTestHostAddress = addresses[0];
         } catch (UnknownHostException uhe) {
             throw new AssertionError(
                 "Unable to test SSLCertificateSocketFactory: cannot resolve " + TEST_HOST, uhe);
@@ -76,10 +75,11 @@
             .map(addr -> new InetSocketAddress(addr, HTTPS_PORT))
             .collect(Collectors.toList());
 
-        // Find the local IP address which will be used to connect to TEST_HOST.
+        // Find the local and remote IP addresses which will be used to connect to TEST_HOST.
         try {
             Socket testSocket = new Socket(TEST_HOST, HTTPS_PORT);
             mLocalAddress = testSocket.getLocalAddress();
+            mTestHostAddress = testSocket.getInetAddress();
             testSocket.close();
         } catch (IOException ioe) {
             throw new AssertionError(""
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TestUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TestUtils.java
index 001aa01..6180845 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TestUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TestUtils.java
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 package android.net.cts;
 
-import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
-
 import android.os.Build;
 
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
@@ -37,11 +35,18 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Whether to test T+ APIs. This requires a) that the test be running on an S+ device, and
+     * Whether to test T+ APIs. This requires a) that the test be running on an T+ device, and
      * b) that the code be compiled against shims new enough to access these APIs.
      */
     public static boolean shouldTestTApis() {
-        // TODO: replace SC_V2 with Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2 when it's available in mainline branch.
-        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && ConstantsShim.VERSION > SC_V2;
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && ConstantsShim.VERSION > Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to test U+ APIs. This requires a) that the test be running on an U+ device, and
+     * b) that the code be compiled against shims new enough to access these APIs.
+     */
+    public static boolean shouldTestUApis() {
+        return SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() && ConstantsShim.VERSION > Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java
index d8e39b4..268d8d2 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/TunUtils.java
@@ -22,17 +22,18 @@
 import static android.net.cts.PacketUtils.UDP_HDRLEN;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
 
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+
 import java.io.FileInputStream;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.function.Predicate;
 
@@ -139,10 +140,8 @@
     public byte[] awaitEspPacketNoPlaintext(
             int spi, byte[] plaintext, boolean useEncap, int expectedPacketSize) throws Exception {
         final byte[] espPkt = awaitPacket(
-                (pkt) -> isEspFailIfSpecifiedPlaintextFound(pkt, spi, useEncap, plaintext));
-
-        // Validate packet size
-        assertEquals(expectedPacketSize, espPkt.length);
+            (pkt) -> expectedPacketSize == pkt.length
+                    && isEspFailIfSpecifiedPlaintextFound(pkt, spi, useEncap, plaintext));
 
         return espPkt; // We've found the packet we're looking for.
     }
@@ -152,11 +151,11 @@
     }
 
     private static boolean isSpiEqual(byte[] pkt, int espOffset, int spi) {
-        // Check SPI byte by byte.
-        return pkt[espOffset] == (byte) ((spi >>> 24) & 0xff)
-                && pkt[espOffset + 1] == (byte) ((spi >>> 16) & 0xff)
-                && pkt[espOffset + 2] == (byte) ((spi >>> 8) & 0xff)
-                && pkt[espOffset + 3] == (byte) (spi & 0xff);
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(pkt);
+        buffer.get(new byte[espOffset]); // Skip IP, UDP header
+        int actualSpi = buffer.getInt();
+
+        return actualSpi == spi;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@
      */
     private static boolean isEspFailIfSpecifiedPlaintextFound(
             byte[] pkt, int spi, boolean encap, byte[] plaintext) {
-        if (Collections.indexOfSubList(Arrays.asList(pkt), Arrays.asList(plaintext)) != -1) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.indexOfSubArray(pkt, plaintext) != -1) {
             fail("Banned plaintext packet found");
         }
 
@@ -179,8 +178,13 @@
 
     private static boolean isEsp(byte[] pkt, int spi, boolean encap) {
         if (isIpv6(pkt)) {
-            // IPv6 UDP encap not supported by kernels; assume non-encap.
-            return pkt[IP6_PROTO_OFFSET] == IPPROTO_ESP && isSpiEqual(pkt, IP6_HDRLEN, spi);
+            if (encap) {
+                return pkt[IP6_PROTO_OFFSET] == IPPROTO_UDP
+                        && isSpiEqual(pkt, IP6_HDRLEN + UDP_HDRLEN, spi);
+            } else {
+                return pkt[IP6_PROTO_OFFSET] == IPPROTO_ESP && isSpiEqual(pkt, IP6_HDRLEN, spi);
+            }
+
         } else {
             // Use default IPv4 header length (assuming no options)
             if (encap) {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsNetUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsNetUtils.java
index 7254319..0c4f794 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsNetUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsNetUtils.java
@@ -16,11 +16,13 @@
 
 package android.net.cts.util;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.PropertyUtil.getFirstApiLevel;
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
@@ -55,6 +57,10 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.compatibility.common.util.PollingCheck;
+import com.android.compatibility.common.util.ShellIdentityUtils;
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil;
 import com.android.net.module.util.ConnectivitySettingsUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.ConnectUtil;
@@ -64,6 +70,8 @@
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@@ -71,6 +79,13 @@
 
 public final class CtsNetUtils {
     private static final String TAG = CtsNetUtils.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    // Redefine this flag here so that IPsec code shipped in a mainline module can build on old
+    // platforms before FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION API is released.
+    // TODO: b/275378783 Remove this flag and use the platform API when it is available.
+    private static final String FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION =
+            "android.software.ipsec_tunnel_migration";
+
     private static final int SOCKET_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000;
     private static final int PRIVATE_DNS_PROBE_MS = 1_000;
 
@@ -111,6 +126,11 @@
                 || getFirstApiLevel() >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
     }
 
+    /** Checks if FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION is enabled on the device */
+    public boolean hasIpsecTunnelMigrateFeature() {
+        return mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Sets the given appop using shell commands
      *
@@ -166,7 +186,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private Network expectNetworkIsSystemDefault(Network network)
+    public Network expectNetworkIsSystemDefault(Network network)
             throws Exception {
         final CompletableFuture<Network> future = new CompletableFuture();
         final NetworkCallback cb = new NetworkCallback() {
@@ -266,6 +286,19 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Disable WiFi and wait for the connection info to be cleared.
+     */
+    public void disableWifi() throws Exception {
+        SystemUtil.runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
+        PollingCheck.check(
+                "Wifi not disconnected! Current network is not null "
+                        + mWifiManager.getConnectionInfo().getNetworkId(),
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(CONNECTIVITY_CHANGE_TIMEOUT_SECS),
+                () -> ShellIdentityUtils.invokeWithShellPermissions(
+                        () -> mWifiManager.getConnectionInfo().getNetworkId()) == -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Disable WiFi and wait for it to become disconnected from the network.
      *
      * @param wifiNetworkToCheck If non-null, a network that should be disconnected. This network
@@ -288,7 +321,8 @@
         filter.addAction(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
         mContext.registerReceiver(receiver, filter);
 
-        final WifiInfo wifiInfo = mWifiManager.getConnectionInfo();
+        final WifiInfo wifiInfo = runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                () -> mWifiManager.getConnectionInfo());
         final boolean wasWifiConnected = wifiInfo != null && wifiInfo.getNetworkId() != -1;
         // Assert that we can establish a TCP connection on wifi.
         Socket wifiBoundSocket = null;
@@ -354,7 +388,7 @@
 
     public Network connectToCell() throws InterruptedException {
         if (cellConnectAttempted()) {
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Already connected");
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mCellNetworkCallback);
         }
         NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
@@ -476,17 +510,18 @@
      * @throws InterruptedException If the thread is interrupted.
      */
     public void awaitPrivateDnsSetting(@NonNull String msg, @NonNull Network network,
-            @NonNull String server, boolean requiresValidatedServer) throws InterruptedException {
+            @Nullable String server, boolean requiresValidatedServer) throws InterruptedException {
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build();
-        NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
+        final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
             @Override
             public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(Network n, LinkProperties lp) {
                 Log.i(TAG, "Link properties of network " + n + " changed to " + lp);
                 if (requiresValidatedServer && lp.getValidatedPrivateDnsServers().isEmpty()) {
                     return;
                 }
-                if (network.equals(n) && server.equals(lp.getPrivateDnsServerName())) {
+                Log.i(TAG, "Set private DNS server to " + server);
+                if (network.equals(n) && Objects.equals(server, lp.getPrivateDnsServerName())) {
                     latch.countDown();
                 }
             }
@@ -509,6 +544,27 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Get all testable Networks with internet capability.
+     */
+    public Network[] getTestableNetworks() {
+        final ArrayList<Network> testableNetworks = new ArrayList<Network>();
+        for (Network network : mCm.getAllNetworks()) {
+            final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network);
+            if (nc != null
+                    && nc.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                    && nc.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)) {
+                testableNetworks.add(network);
+            }
+        }
+
+        assertTrue("This test requires that at least one public Internet-providing"
+                        + " network be connected. Please ensure that the device is connected to"
+                        + " a network.",
+                testableNetworks.size() >= 1);
+        return testableNetworks.toArray(new Network[0]);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Receiver that captures the last connectivity change's network type and state. Recognizes
      * both {@code CONNECTIVITY_ACTION} and {@code NETWORK_CALLBACK_ACTION} intents.
      */
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
index 8c5372d..f506c23 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
@@ -16,12 +16,18 @@
 
 package android.net.cts.util;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_FAILED;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STARTED;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED;
 
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
@@ -46,6 +52,7 @@
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 
 import com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil;
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
@@ -290,13 +297,12 @@
                     }));
         }
 
-        public TetheringInterface expectTetheredInterfacesChanged(
-                @NonNull final List<String> regexs, final int type) {
+        @Nullable
+        public TetheringInterface pollTetheredInterfacesChanged(
+                @NonNull final List<String> regexs, final int type, long timeOutMs) {
             while (true) {
-                final CallbackValue cv = mCurrent.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, c -> true);
-                if (cv == null) {
-                    fail("No expected tethered ifaces callback, expected type: " + type);
-                }
+                final CallbackValue cv = mCurrent.poll(timeOutMs, c -> true);
+                if (cv == null) return null;
 
                 if (cv.callbackType != CallbackType.ON_TETHERED_IFACES) continue;
 
@@ -310,6 +316,19 @@
             }
         }
 
+        @NonNull
+        public TetheringInterface expectTetheredInterfacesChanged(
+                @NonNull final List<String> regexs, final int type) {
+            final TetheringInterface iface = pollTetheredInterfacesChanged(regexs, type,
+                    TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+            if (iface == null) {
+                fail("No expected tethered ifaces callback, expected type: " + type);
+            }
+
+            return iface;
+        }
+
         public void expectCallbackStarted() {
             // This method uses its own readhead because it just check whether last tethering status
             // is updated after TetheringEventCallback get registered but do not check content
@@ -396,9 +415,14 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static boolean isWifiEnabled(final WifiManager wm) {
+        return runAsShell(ACCESS_WIFI_STATE, () -> wm.isWifiEnabled());
+
+    }
+
     private static void waitForWifiEnabled(final Context ctx) throws Exception {
         WifiManager wm = ctx.getSystemService(WifiManager.class);
-        if (wm.isWifiEnabled()) return;
+        if (isWifiEnabled(wm)) return;
 
         final ConditionVariable mWaiting = new ConditionVariable();
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
@@ -406,7 +430,7 @@
             public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
                 String action = intent.getAction();
                 if (WifiManager.WIFI_STATE_CHANGED_ACTION.equals(action)) {
-                    if (wm.isWifiEnabled()) mWaiting.open();
+                    if (isWifiEnabled(wm)) mWaiting.open();
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -414,7 +438,7 @@
             ctx.registerReceiver(receiver, new IntentFilter(WifiManager.WIFI_STATE_CHANGED_ACTION));
             if (!mWaiting.block(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)) {
                 assertTrue("Wifi did not become enabled after " + DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS + "ms",
-                        wm.isWifiEnabled());
+                        isWifiEnabled(wm));
             }
         } finally {
             ctx.unregisterReceiver(receiver);
@@ -425,14 +449,16 @@
         final TestTetheringEventCallback tetherEventCallback =
                 new TestTetheringEventCallback();
 
-        mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(c -> c.run() /* executor */, tetherEventCallback);
-        tetherEventCallback.expectCallbackStarted();
+        runAsShell(ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
+            mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(c -> c.run() /* executor */, tetherEventCallback);
+            tetherEventCallback.expectCallbackStarted();
+        });
 
         return tetherEventCallback;
     }
 
     public void unregisterTetheringEventCallback(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback) {
-        mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+        runAsShell(ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, () -> mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(callback));
     }
 
     private static List<String> getWifiTetherableInterfaceRegexps(
@@ -446,13 +472,15 @@
         if (!pm.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI)) return false;
         final WifiManager wm = ctx.getSystemService(WifiManager.class);
         // Wifi feature flags only work when wifi is on.
-        final boolean previousWifiEnabledState = wm.isWifiEnabled();
+        final boolean previousWifiEnabledState = isWifiEnabled(wm);
         try {
             if (!previousWifiEnabledState) SystemUtil.runShellCommand("svc wifi enable");
             waitForWifiEnabled(ctx);
-            return wm.isPortableHotspotSupported();
+            return runAsShell(ACCESS_WIFI_STATE, () -> wm.isPortableHotspotSupported());
         } finally {
-            if (!previousWifiEnabledState) SystemUtil.runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
+            if (!previousWifiEnabledState) {
+                new CtsNetUtils(ctx).disableWifi();
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -463,17 +491,20 @@
         final StartTetheringCallback startTetheringCallback = new StartTetheringCallback();
         final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI)
                 .setShouldShowEntitlementUi(false).build();
-        mTm.startTethering(request, c -> c.run() /* executor */, startTetheringCallback);
-        startTetheringCallback.verifyTetheringStarted();
 
-        final TetheringInterface iface =
-                callback.expectTetheredInterfacesChanged(wifiRegexs, TETHERING_WIFI);
+        return runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> {
+            mTm.startTethering(request, c -> c.run() /* executor */, startTetheringCallback);
+            startTetheringCallback.verifyTetheringStarted();
 
-        callback.expectOneOfOffloadStatusChanged(
-                TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STARTED,
-                TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_FAILED);
+            final TetheringInterface iface =
+                    callback.expectTetheredInterfacesChanged(wifiRegexs, TETHERING_WIFI);
 
-        return iface;
+            callback.expectOneOfOffloadStatusChanged(
+                    TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STARTED,
+                    TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_FAILED);
+
+            return iface;
+        });
     }
 
     private static class StopSoftApCallback implements SoftApCallback {
@@ -501,23 +532,33 @@
     public void expectSoftApDisabled() {
         final StopSoftApCallback callback = new StopSoftApCallback();
         try {
-            mWm.registerSoftApCallback(c -> c.run(), callback);
+            runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> mWm.registerSoftApCallback(c -> c.run(), callback));
             // registerSoftApCallback will immediately call the callback with the current state, so
             // this callback will fire even if softAp is already disabled.
             callback.waitForSoftApStopped();
         } finally {
-            mWm.unregisterSoftApCallback(callback);
+            runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> mWm.unregisterSoftApCallback(callback));
         }
     }
 
     public void stopWifiTethering(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback) {
-        mTm.stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI);
+        runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> {
+            mTm.stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI);
+            callback.expectNoTetheringActive();
+            callback.expectOneOfOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
+        });
         expectSoftApDisabled();
-        callback.expectNoTetheringActive();
-        callback.expectOneOfOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
     }
 
     public void stopAllTethering() {
-        mTm.stopAllTethering();
+        final TestTetheringEventCallback callback = registerTetheringEventCallback();
+        try {
+            runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> {
+                mTm.stopAllTethering();
+                callback.expectNoTetheringActive();
+            });
+        } finally {
+            unregisterTetheringEventCallback(callback);
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/IkeSessionTestUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/IkeSessionTestUtils.java
index 11eb466..25534b8 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/IkeSessionTestUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/IkeSessionTestUtils.java
@@ -42,8 +42,9 @@
 public class IkeSessionTestUtils {
     private static final String TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V4 = "192.0.2.2";
     private static final String TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6 = "2001:db8::2";
-    private static final String TEST_IDENTITY = "client.cts.android.com";
+    public static final String TEST_IDENTITY = "client.cts.android.com";
     private static final byte[] TEST_PSK = "ikeAndroidPsk".getBytes();
+    public static final int TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_UNSET = -1;
     public static final IkeSessionParams IKE_PARAMS_V4 = getTestIkeSessionParams(false);
     public static final IkeSessionParams IKE_PARAMS_V6 = getTestIkeSessionParams(true);
 
@@ -63,17 +64,26 @@
 
     public static IkeSessionParams getTestIkeSessionParams(boolean testIpv6,
             IkeIdentification identification) {
+        return getTestIkeSessionParams(testIpv6, identification, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_UNSET);
+    }
+
+    public static IkeSessionParams getTestIkeSessionParams(boolean testIpv6,
+            IkeIdentification identification, int keepaliveTimer) {
         final String testServer = testIpv6 ? TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V6 : TEST_SERVER_ADDR_V4;
         final InetAddress addr = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(testServer);
         final IkeSessionParams.Builder ikeOptionsBuilder =
                 new IkeSessionParams.Builder()
                         .setServerHostname(testServer)
-                        .setLocalIdentification(new IkeFqdnIdentification(TEST_IDENTITY))
+                        .setLocalIdentification(identification)
                         .setRemoteIdentification(testIpv6
                                 ? new IkeIpv6AddrIdentification((Inet6Address) addr)
                                 : new IkeIpv4AddrIdentification((Inet4Address) addr))
                         .setAuthPsk(TEST_PSK)
+
                         .addSaProposal(getIkeSaProposals());
+        if (keepaliveTimer != TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_UNSET) {
+            ikeOptionsBuilder.setNattKeepAliveDelaySeconds(keepaliveTimer);
+        }
 
         return ikeOptionsBuilder.build();
     }
diff --git a/tests/cts/netpermission/internetpermission/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/netpermission/internetpermission/AndroidManifest.xml
index 45ef5bd..ae7de3f 100644
--- a/tests/cts/netpermission/internetpermission/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/netpermission/internetpermission/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
          android:targetPackage="android.networkpermission.internetpermission.cts"
          android:label="CTS tests for INTERNET permissions">
-        <meta-data android:name="listener"
-             android:value="com.android.cts.runner.CtsTestRunListener"/>
     </instrumentation>
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/netpermission/updatestatspermission/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/netpermission/updatestatspermission/AndroidManifest.xml
index 6babe8f..8a7e3f7 100644
--- a/tests/cts/netpermission/updatestatspermission/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/netpermission/updatestatspermission/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -51,8 +51,6 @@
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
          android:targetPackage="android.networkpermission.updatestatspermission.cts"
          android:label="CTS tests for UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS permissions">
-        <meta-data android:name="listener"
-             android:value="com.android.cts.runner.CtsTestRunListener"/>
     </instrumentation>
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp b/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp
index 6096a8b..4284f56 100644
--- a/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/tethering/Android.bp
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 
     // Change to system current when TetheringManager move to bootclass path.
     platform_apis: true,
+    host_required: ["net-tests-utils-host-common"],
 }
 
 // Tethering CTS tests that target the latest released SDK. These tests can be installed on release
@@ -53,10 +54,12 @@
 // mainline modules on release devices.
 android_test {
     name: "CtsTetheringTestLatestSdk",
-    defaults: ["CtsTetheringTestDefaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "ConnectivityTestsLatestSdkDefaults",
+        "CtsTetheringTestDefaults",
+    ],
 
     min_sdk_version: "30",
-    target_sdk_version: "33",
 
     static_libs: [
         "TetheringIntegrationTestsLatestSdkLib",
diff --git a/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidManifest.xml
index 911dbf2..bad722b 100644
--- a/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@
     <instrumentation android:name="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
                      android:targetPackage="android.tethering.cts"
                      android:label="CTS tests of android.tethering">
-        <meta-data android:name="listener"
-            android:value="com.android.cts.runner.CtsTestRunListener" />
     </instrumentation>
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidTestTemplate.xml b/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
index 491b004..c842c09 100644
--- a/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
+++ b/tests/cts/tethering/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
         <option name="cleanup-apks" value="true" />
         <option name="test-file-name" value="{MODULE}.apk" />
     </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.testutils.ConnectivityCheckTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
         <option name="package" value="android.tethering.cts" />
     </test>
diff --git a/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
index bd1b74a..274596f 100644
--- a/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  */
 package android.tethering.test;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.MODIFY_PHONE_STATE;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_TELEPHONY;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
@@ -28,6 +30,8 @@
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.isAnyIfaceMatch;
 
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
@@ -37,7 +41,6 @@
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
-import android.app.UiAutomation;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
@@ -97,21 +100,8 @@
 
     private static final int DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000;
 
-    private void adoptShellPermissionIdentity() {
-        final UiAutomation uiAutomation =
-                InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation();
-        uiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
-    }
-
-    private void dropShellPermissionIdentity() {
-        final UiAutomation uiAutomation =
-                InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation();
-        uiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
-    }
-
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
-        adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
         mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
         mCm = (ConnectivityManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
         mTM = (TetheringManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.TETHERING_SERVICE);
@@ -128,9 +118,8 @@
 
     @After
     public void tearDown() throws Exception {
-        mTM.stopAllTethering();
+        mCtsTetheringUtils.stopAllTethering();
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mTetherChangeReceiver);
-        dropShellPermissionIdentity();
     }
 
     private class TetherChangeReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@@ -208,22 +197,19 @@
                 mCtsTetheringUtils.registerTetheringEventCallback();
         try {
             tetherEventCallback.assumeWifiTetheringSupported(mContext);
+            tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
+
+            final String[] wifiRegexs = mTM.getTetherableWifiRegexs();
+            mCtsTetheringUtils.startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
+
+            mTetherChangeReceiver.expectTethering(true /* active */, wifiRegexs);
+
+            mCtsTetheringUtils.stopWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
+            mTetherChangeReceiver.expectTethering(false /* active */, wifiRegexs);
         } finally {
             mCtsTetheringUtils.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
         }
 
-        final String[] wifiRegexs = mTM.getTetherableWifiRegexs();
-        final StartTetheringCallback startTetheringCallback = new StartTetheringCallback();
-        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI)
-                .setShouldShowEntitlementUi(false).build();
-        mTM.startTethering(request, c -> c.run() /* executor */, startTetheringCallback);
-        startTetheringCallback.verifyTetheringStarted();
-
-        mTetherChangeReceiver.expectTethering(true /* active */, wifiRegexs);
-
-        mTM.stopTethering(TETHERING_WIFI);
-        mCtsTetheringUtils.expectSoftApDisabled();
-        mTetherChangeReceiver.expectTethering(false /* active */, wifiRegexs);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -267,7 +253,7 @@
             mCtsTetheringUtils.stopWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
 
             try {
-                final int ret = mTM.tether(wifiTetheringIface);
+                final int ret = runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> mTM.tether(wifiTetheringIface));
                 // There is no guarantee that the wifi interface will be available after disabling
                 // the hotspot, so don't fail the test if the call to tether() fails.
                 if (ret == TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR) {
@@ -277,7 +263,7 @@
                             new TetheringInterface(TETHERING_WIFI, wifiTetheringIface));
                 }
             } finally {
-                mTM.untether(wifiTetheringIface);
+                runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> mTM.untether(wifiTetheringIface));
             }
         } finally {
             mCtsTetheringUtils.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
@@ -320,7 +306,7 @@
 
             mCtsTetheringUtils.startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
 
-            mTM.stopAllTethering();
+            mCtsTetheringUtils.stopAllTethering();
             tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
         } finally {
             mCtsTetheringUtils.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
@@ -329,7 +315,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testEnableTetheringPermission() throws Exception {
-        dropShellPermissionIdentity();
         final StartTetheringCallback startTetheringCallback = new StartTetheringCallback();
         mTM.startTethering(new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI).build(),
                 c -> c.run() /* executor */, startTetheringCallback);
@@ -352,15 +337,21 @@
 
     private void assertEntitlementResult(final Consumer<EntitlementResultListener> functor,
             final int expect) throws Exception {
-        final EntitlementResultListener listener = new EntitlementResultListener();
-        functor.accept(listener);
+        runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> {
+            final EntitlementResultListener listener = new EntitlementResultListener();
+            functor.accept(listener);
 
-        assertEquals(expect, listener.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            assertEquals(expect, listener.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        });
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTetheringSupported() {
+        return runAsShell(TETHER_PRIVILEGED, () -> mTM.isTetheringSupported());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testRequestLatestEntitlementResult() throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(mTM.isTetheringSupported());
+        assumeTrue(isTetheringSupported());
         assumeTrue(mPm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY));
         // Verify that requestLatestTetheringEntitlementResult() can get entitlement
         // result(TETHER_ERROR_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN due to invalid downstream type) via listener.
@@ -407,7 +398,13 @@
         final CarrierConfigManager configManager = (CarrierConfigManager) mContext
                 .getSystemService(Context.CARRIER_CONFIG_SERVICE);
         final int subId = SubscriptionManager.getDefaultSubscriptionId();
-        configManager.overrideConfig(subId, bundle);
+        runAsShell(MODIFY_PHONE_STATE, () -> configManager.overrideConfig(subId, bundle));
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTetheringApnRequired() {
+        final TelephonyManager tm = mContext.getSystemService(TelephonyManager.class);
+        return runAsShell(MODIFY_PHONE_STATE, () -> tm.isTetheringApnRequired());
+
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -447,10 +444,8 @@
 
             mCtsTetheringUtils.startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
 
-            final TelephonyManager telephonyManager = (TelephonyManager) mContext.getSystemService(
-                    Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
-            final boolean dunRequired = telephonyManager.isTetheringApnRequired();
-            final int expectedCap = dunRequired ? NET_CAPABILITY_DUN : NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
+            final int expectedCap = isTetheringApnRequired()
+                    ? NET_CAPABILITY_DUN : NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
             final Network network = tetherEventCallback.getCurrentValidUpstream();
             final NetworkCapabilities netCap = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network);
             assertTrue(netCap.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
diff --git a/tests/integration/Android.bp b/tests/integration/Android.bp
index b3684ac..12919ae 100644
--- a/tests/integration/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/integration/Android.bp
@@ -21,7 +21,10 @@
 
 android_test {
     name: "FrameworksNetIntegrationTests",
-    defaults: ["framework-connectivity-test-defaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "framework-connectivity-internal-test-defaults",
+        "NetworkStackApiShimSettingsForCurrentBranch",
+    ],
     platform_apis: true,
     certificate: "platform",
     srcs: [
@@ -33,6 +36,13 @@
         "ServiceConnectivityResources",
     ],
     static_libs: [
+        // It does not matter if NetworkStackApiStableLib or NetworkStackApiCurrentLib is used here,
+        // since the shims for the branch are already included via
+        // NetworkStackApiShimSettingsForCurrentBranch, and will be used in priority as they are
+        // first in the classpath.
+        // If the wrong shims are used for some reason, tests that use newer APIs fail.
+        // TODO: have NetworkStackApiStableLib link dynamically against the shims to remove this
+        // order-dependent setup.
         "NetworkStackApiStableLib",
         "androidx.test.ext.junit",
         "frameworks-net-integration-testutils",
@@ -71,8 +81,12 @@
         "net-tests-utils",
     ],
     libs: [
-        "service-connectivity-for-tests",
+        "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "services.core",
         "services.net",
     ],
+    visibility: [
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/integration",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests/unit",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
index 2e13689..50f02d3 100644
--- a/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/integration/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
                 <action android:name=".INetworkStackInstrumentation"/>
             </intent-filter>
         </service>
-        <service android:name="com.android.server.connectivity.ipmemorystore.RegularMaintenanceJobService"
+        <service android:name="com.android.networkstack.ipmemorystore.RegularMaintenanceJobService"
              android:process="com.android.server.net.integrationtests.testnetworkstack"
              android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"/>
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
index 80338aa..67e1296 100644
--- a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 import android.content.ServiceConnection
 import android.content.res.Resources
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources
 import android.net.IDnsResolver
 import android.net.INetd
 import android.net.LinkProperties
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@
 import android.net.TestNetworkStackClient
 import android.net.Uri
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog
-import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker
 import android.os.ConditionVariable
 import android.os.IBinder
 import android.os.SystemConfigManager
@@ -47,12 +45,19 @@
 import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R
+import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService
 import com.android.server.NetworkAgentWrapper
 import com.android.server.TestNetIdManager
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources
 import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MultinetworkPolicyTracker
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker
+import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import kotlin.test.fail
 import org.junit.After
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.BeforeClass
@@ -71,11 +76,6 @@
 import org.mockito.Mockito.spy
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations
 import org.mockito.Spy
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertFalse
-import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-import kotlin.test.fail
 
 const val SERVICE_BIND_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000L
 const val TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L
@@ -208,11 +208,17 @@
         doReturn(mock(ProxyTracker::class.java)).`when`(deps).makeProxyTracker(any(), any())
         doReturn(mock(MockableSystemProperties::class.java)).`when`(deps).systemProperties
         doReturn(TestNetIdManager()).`when`(deps).makeNetIdManager()
+        doReturn(mock(BpfNetMaps::class.java)).`when`(deps).getBpfNetMaps(any(), any())
         doAnswer { inv ->
-            object : MultinetworkPolicyTracker(inv.getArgument(0), inv.getArgument(1),
-                    inv.getArgument(2)) {
-                override fun getResourcesForActiveSubId() = resources
-            }
+            MultinetworkPolicyTracker(inv.getArgument(0),
+                    inv.getArgument(1),
+                    inv.getArgument(2),
+                    object : MultinetworkPolicyTracker.Dependencies() {
+                        override fun getResourcesForActiveSubId(
+                                connResources: ConnectivityResources,
+                                activeSubId: Int
+                        ) = resources
+                    })
         }.`when`(deps).makeMultinetworkPolicyTracker(any(), any(), any())
         return deps
     }
@@ -282,15 +288,16 @@
 
         testCb.expectAvailableCallbacks(na.network, validated = false, tmt = TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
 
-        val capportData = testCb.expectLinkPropertiesThat(na, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
-            it.captivePortalData != null
+        val capportData = testCb.expect<LinkPropertiesChanged>(na, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+            it.lp.captivePortalData != null
         }.lp.captivePortalData
-        assertNotNull(capportData)
         assertTrue(capportData.isCaptive)
         assertEquals(Uri.parse("https://login.capport.android.com"), capportData.userPortalUrl)
         assertEquals(Uri.parse("https://venueinfo.capport.android.com"), capportData.venueInfoUrl)
 
-        val nc = testCb.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL, na, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
-        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED))
+        testCb.expectCaps(na, TEST_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+            it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL) &&
+                    !it.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+        }
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
index c7cf040..361c968 100644
--- a/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
+++ b/tests/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 import android.net.INetworkMonitorCallbacks
 import android.net.Network
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog
-import android.net.util.SharedLog
 import android.os.IBinder
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog
 import com.android.networkstack.netlink.TcpSocketTracker
 import com.android.server.NetworkStackService
 import com.android.server.NetworkStackService.NetworkMonitorConnector
diff --git a/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
index 2763f5a..28edcb2 100644
--- a/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
+++ b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
 
 public class NetworkAgentWrapper implements TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork {
     private final NetworkCapabilities mNetworkCapabilities;
@@ -83,14 +84,35 @@
     private final ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackType>.ReadHead mCallbackHistory =
             new ArrayTrackRecord<CallbackType>().newReadHead();
 
+    public static class Callbacks {
+        public final Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkCreated;
+        public final Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkUnwanted;
+        public final Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkDestroyed;
+
+        public Callbacks() {
+            this(null, null, null);
+        }
+
+        public Callbacks(Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkCreated,
+                Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkUnwanted,
+                Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkDestroyed) {
+            this.onNetworkCreated = onNetworkCreated;
+            this.onNetworkUnwanted = onNetworkUnwanted;
+            this.onNetworkDestroyed = onNetworkDestroyed;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Callbacks mCallbacks;
+
     public NetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties,
             NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate, Context context) throws Exception {
-        this(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, null /* provider */, context);
+        this(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, null /* provider */,
+                null /* callbacks */, context);
     }
 
     public NetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties,
             NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate, NetworkProvider provider,
-            Context context) throws Exception {
+            Callbacks callbacks, Context context) throws Exception {
         final int type = transportToLegacyType(transport);
         final String typeName = ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(type);
         mNetworkCapabilities = (ncTemplate != null) ? ncTemplate : new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -135,6 +157,7 @@
                 .setLegacyTypeName(typeName)
                 .setLegacyExtraInfo(extraInfo)
                 .build();
+        mCallbacks = (callbacks != null) ? callbacks : new Callbacks();
         mNetworkAgent = makeNetworkAgent(linkProperties, mNetworkAgentConfig, provider);
     }
 
@@ -214,6 +237,31 @@
         protected void removeKeepalivePacketFilter(Message msg) {
             Log.i(mWrapper.mLogTag, "Remove keepalive packet filter.");
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onNetworkCreated() {
+            super.onNetworkCreated();
+            if (mWrapper.mCallbacks.onNetworkCreated != null) {
+                mWrapper.mCallbacks.onNetworkCreated.accept(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onNetworkUnwanted() {
+            super.onNetworkUnwanted();
+            if (mWrapper.mCallbacks.onNetworkUnwanted != null) {
+                mWrapper.mCallbacks.onNetworkUnwanted.accept(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onNetworkDestroyed() {
+            super.onNetworkDestroyed();
+            if (mWrapper.mCallbacks.onNetworkDestroyed != null) {
+                mWrapper.mCallbacks.onNetworkDestroyed.accept(this);
+            }
+        }
+
     }
 
     public void setScore(@NonNull final NetworkScore score) {
@@ -221,6 +269,7 @@
         mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkScore(score);
     }
 
+    // TODO : remove adjustScore and replace with the appropriate exiting flags.
     public void adjustScore(int change) {
         final int newLegacyScore = mScore.getLegacyInt() + change;
         final NetworkScore.Builder builder = new NetworkScore.Builder()
diff --git a/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp b/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
index 2cd3310..c294e7b 100644
--- a/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/mts/bpf_existence_test.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <android/api-level.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-modules-utils/sdk_level.h>
 #include <bpf/BpfUtils.h>
 
@@ -31,15 +29,11 @@
 using std::set;
 using std::string;
 
+using android::bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion;
 using android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastR;
 using android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastS;
 using android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT;
 
-// Mainline development branches lack the constant for the current development OS.
-#ifndef __ANDROID_API_T__
-#define __ANDROID_API_T__ 33
-#endif
-
 #define PLATFORM "/sys/fs/bpf/"
 #define TETHERING "/sys/fs/bpf/tethering/"
 #define PRIVATE "/sys/fs/bpf/net_private/"
@@ -49,7 +43,8 @@
 class BpfExistenceTest : public ::testing::Test {
 };
 
-static const set<string> INTRODUCED_R = {
+// Part of Android R platform (for 4.9+), but mainlined in S
+static const set<string> PLATFORM_ONLY_IN_R = {
     PLATFORM "map_offload_tether_ingress_map",
     PLATFORM "map_offload_tether_limit_map",
     PLATFORM "map_offload_tether_stats_map",
@@ -57,7 +52,8 @@
     PLATFORM "prog_offload_schedcls_ingress_tether_rawip",
 };
 
-static const set<string> INTRODUCED_S = {
+// Provided by *current* mainline module for S+ devices
+static const set<string> MAINLINE_FOR_S_PLUS = {
     TETHERING "map_offload_tether_dev_map",
     TETHERING "map_offload_tether_downstream4_map",
     TETHERING "map_offload_tether_downstream64_map",
@@ -67,6 +63,7 @@
     TETHERING "map_offload_tether_stats_map",
     TETHERING "map_offload_tether_upstream4_map",
     TETHERING "map_offload_tether_upstream6_map",
+    TETHERING "map_test_bitmap",
     TETHERING "map_test_tether_downstream6_map",
     TETHERING "prog_offload_schedcls_tether_downstream4_ether",
     TETHERING "prog_offload_schedcls_tether_downstream4_rawip",
@@ -78,25 +75,19 @@
     TETHERING "prog_offload_schedcls_tether_upstream6_rawip",
 };
 
-static const set<string> REMOVED_S = {
-    PLATFORM "map_offload_tether_ingress_map",
-    PLATFORM "map_offload_tether_limit_map",
-    PLATFORM "map_offload_tether_stats_map",
-    PLATFORM "prog_offload_schedcls_ingress_tether_ether",
-    PLATFORM "prog_offload_schedcls_ingress_tether_rawip",
+// Provided by *current* mainline module for S+ devices with 5.10+ kernels
+static const set<string> MAINLINE_FOR_S_5_10_PLUS = {
+    TETHERING "prog_test_xdp_drop_ipv4_udp_ether",
 };
 
-static const set<string> INTRODUCED_T = {
+// Provided by *current* mainline module for T+ devices
+static const set<string> MAINLINE_FOR_T_PLUS = {
     SHARED "map_block_blocked_ports_map",
     SHARED "map_clatd_clat_egress4_map",
     SHARED "map_clatd_clat_ingress6_map",
-    SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv4_dscp_policies_map",
-    SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_A",
-    SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv4_socket_to_policies_map_B",
-    SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv6_dscp_policies_map",
-    SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_A",
-    SHARED "map_dscp_policy_ipv6_socket_to_policies_map_B",
-    SHARED "map_dscp_policy_switch_comp_map",
+    SHARED "map_dscpPolicy_ipv4_dscp_policies_map",
+    SHARED "map_dscpPolicy_ipv6_dscp_policies_map",
+    SHARED "map_dscpPolicy_socket_policy_cache_map",
     NETD "map_netd_app_uid_stats_map",
     NETD "map_netd_configuration_map",
     NETD "map_netd_cookie_tag_map",
@@ -107,13 +98,11 @@
     NETD "map_netd_uid_counterset_map",
     NETD "map_netd_uid_owner_map",
     NETD "map_netd_uid_permission_map",
-    SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_ether",
     SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_rawip",
     SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_ether",
     SHARED "prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress6_clat_rawip",
     NETD "prog_netd_cgroupskb_egress_stats",
     NETD "prog_netd_cgroupskb_ingress_stats",
-    NETD "prog_netd_cgroupsock_inet_create",
     NETD "prog_netd_schedact_ingress_account",
     NETD "prog_netd_skfilter_allowlist_xtbpf",
     NETD "prog_netd_skfilter_denylist_xtbpf",
@@ -121,69 +110,59 @@
     NETD "prog_netd_skfilter_ingress_xtbpf",
 };
 
-static const set<string> INTRODUCED_T_5_4 = {
+// Provided by *current* mainline module for T+ devices with 4.14+ kernels
+static const set<string> MAINLINE_FOR_T_4_14_PLUS = {
+    NETD "prog_netd_cgroupsock_inet_create",
+};
+
+// Provided by *current* mainline module for T+ devices with 5.4+ kernels
+static const set<string> MAINLINE_FOR_T_5_4_PLUS = {
     SHARED "prog_block_bind4_block_port",
     SHARED "prog_block_bind6_block_port",
 };
 
-static const set<string> INTRODUCED_T_5_15 = {
-    SHARED "prog_dscp_policy_schedcls_set_dscp_ether",
-    SHARED "prog_dscp_policy_schedcls_set_dscp_raw_ip",
+// Provided by *current* mainline module for T+ devices with 5.15+ kernels
+static const set<string> MAINLINE_FOR_T_5_15_PLUS = {
+    SHARED "prog_dscpPolicy_schedcls_set_dscp_ether",
 };
 
-static const set<string> REMOVED_T = {
-};
-
-void addAll(set<string>* a, const set<string>& b) {
-    a->insert(b.begin(), b.end());
+static void addAll(set<string>& a, const set<string>& b) {
+    a.insert(b.begin(), b.end());
 }
 
-void removeAll(set<string>* a, const set<string>& b) {
-    for (const auto& toRemove : b) {
-        a->erase(toRemove);
-    }
-}
+#define DO_EXPECT(B, V) addAll((B) ? mustExist : mustNotExist, (V))
 
-void getFileLists(set<string>* expected, set<string>* unexpected) {
-    unexpected->clear();
-    expected->clear();
+TEST_F(BpfExistenceTest, TestPrograms) {
+    // Only unconfined root is guaranteed to be able to access everything in /sys/fs/bpf.
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, getuid()) << "This test must run as root.";
 
-    addAll(unexpected, INTRODUCED_R);
-    addAll(unexpected, INTRODUCED_S);
-    addAll(unexpected, INTRODUCED_T);
-
-    if (IsAtLeastR()) {
-        addAll(expected, INTRODUCED_R);
-        removeAll(unexpected, INTRODUCED_R);
-        // Nothing removed in R.
-    }
-
-    if (IsAtLeastS()) {
-        addAll(expected, INTRODUCED_S);
-        removeAll(expected, REMOVED_S);
-
-        addAll(unexpected, REMOVED_S);
-        removeAll(unexpected, INTRODUCED_S);
-    }
-
-    // Nothing added or removed in SCv2.
-
-    if (IsAtLeastT()) {
-        addAll(expected, INTRODUCED_T);
-        if (android::bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 4, 0)) addAll(expected, INTRODUCED_T_5_4);
-        if (android::bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 15, 0)) addAll(expected, INTRODUCED_T_5_15);
-        removeAll(expected, REMOVED_T);
-
-        addAll(unexpected, REMOVED_T);
-        removeAll(unexpected, INTRODUCED_T);
-    }
-}
-
-void checkFiles() {
     set<string> mustExist;
     set<string> mustNotExist;
 
-    getFileLists(&mustExist, &mustNotExist);
+    // We do not actually check the platform P/Q (netd) and Q (clatd) things
+    // and only verify the mainline module relevant R+ offload maps & progs.
+    //
+    // The goal of this test is to verify compatibility with the tethering mainline module,
+    // and not to test the platform itself, which may have been modified by vendor or oems,
+    // so we should only test for the removal of stuff that was mainline'd,
+    // and for the presence of mainline stuff.
+
+    // R can potentially run on pre-4.9 kernel non-eBPF capable devices.
+    DO_EXPECT(IsAtLeastR() && !IsAtLeastS() && isAtLeastKernelVersion(4, 9, 0), PLATFORM_ONLY_IN_R);
+
+    // S requires Linux Kernel 4.9+ and thus requires eBPF support.
+    DO_EXPECT(IsAtLeastS(), MAINLINE_FOR_S_PLUS);
+    DO_EXPECT(IsAtLeastS() && isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 10, 0), MAINLINE_FOR_S_5_10_PLUS);
+
+    // Nothing added or removed in SCv2.
+
+    // T still only requires Linux Kernel 4.9+.
+    DO_EXPECT(IsAtLeastT(), MAINLINE_FOR_T_PLUS);
+    DO_EXPECT(IsAtLeastT() && isAtLeastKernelVersion(4, 14, 0), MAINLINE_FOR_T_4_14_PLUS);
+    DO_EXPECT(IsAtLeastT() && isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 4, 0), MAINLINE_FOR_T_5_4_PLUS);
+    DO_EXPECT(IsAtLeastT() && isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 15, 0), MAINLINE_FOR_T_5_15_PLUS);
+
+    // U requires Linux Kernel 4.14+, but nothing (as yet) added or removed in U.
 
     for (const auto& file : mustExist) {
         EXPECT_EQ(0, access(file.c_str(), R_OK)) << file << " does not exist";
@@ -197,19 +176,3 @@
         }
     }
 }
-
-TEST_F(BpfExistenceTest, TestPrograms) {
-    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-    // Pre-flight check to ensure test has been updated.
-    uint64_t buildVersionSdk = android_get_device_api_level();
-    ASSERT_NE(0, buildVersionSdk) << "Unable to determine device SDK version";
-    if (buildVersionSdk > __ANDROID_API_T__ && buildVersionSdk != __ANDROID_API_FUTURE__) {
-            FAIL() << "Unknown OS version " << buildVersionSdk << ", please update this test";
-    }
-
-    // Only unconfined root is guaranteed to be able to access everything in /sys/fs/bpf.
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, getuid()) << "This test must run as root.";
-
-    checkFiles();
-}
diff --git a/tests/native/connectivity_native_test.cpp b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 3db5265..0000000
--- a/tests/native/connectivity_native_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <aidl/android/net/connectivity/aidl/ConnectivityNative.h>
-#include <android/binder_manager.h>
-#include <android/binder_process.h>
-#include <android-modules-utils/sdk_level.h>
-#include <cutils/misc.h>  // FIRST_APPLICATION_UID
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-
-#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
-
-using aidl::android::net::connectivity::aidl::IConnectivityNative;
-
-class ConnectivityNativeBinderTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  public:
-    std::vector<int32_t> mActualBlockedPorts;
-
-    ConnectivityNativeBinderTest() {
-        AIBinder* binder = AServiceManager_getService("connectivity_native");
-        ndk::SpAIBinder sBinder = ndk::SpAIBinder(binder);
-        mService = aidl::android::net::connectivity::aidl::IConnectivityNative::fromBinder(sBinder);
-    }
-
-    void SetUp() override {
-        // Skip test case if not on T.
-        if (!android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastT()) GTEST_SKIP() <<
-                "Should be at least T device.";
-
-        // Skip test case if not on 5.4 kernel which is required by bpf prog.
-        if (!android::bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 4, 0)) GTEST_SKIP() <<
-                "Kernel should be at least 5.4.";
-
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mService.get());
-
-        // If there are already ports being blocked on device unblockAllPortsForBind() store
-        // the currently blocked ports and add them back at the end of the test. Do this for
-        // every test case so additional test cases do not forget to add ports back.
-        ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mService->getPortsBlockedForBind(&mActualBlockedPorts);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-        if (mActualBlockedPorts.size() > 0) {
-            for (int i : mActualBlockedPorts) {
-                mService->blockPortForBind(i);
-                EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-  protected:
-    std::shared_ptr<IConnectivityNative> mService;
-
-    void runSocketTest (sa_family_t family, const int type, bool blockPort) {
-        ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-        in_port_t port = 0;
-        int sock, sock2;
-        // Open two sockets with SO_REUSEADDR and expect they can both bind to port.
-        sock = openSocket(&port, family, type, false /* expectBindFail */);
-        sock2 = openSocket(&port, family, type, false /* expectBindFail */);
-
-        int blockedPort = 0;
-        if (blockPort) {
-            blockedPort = ntohs(port);
-            status = mService->blockPortForBind(blockedPort);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-        }
-
-        int sock3 = openSocket(&port, family, type, blockPort /* expectBindFail */);
-
-        if (blockPort) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(-1, sock3);
-            status = mService->unblockPortForBind(blockedPort);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-        } else {
-            EXPECT_NE(-1, sock3);
-        }
-
-        close(sock);
-        close(sock2);
-        close(sock3);
-    }
-
-    /*
-    * Open the socket and update the port.
-    */
-    int openSocket(in_port_t* port, sa_family_t family, const int type, bool expectBindFail) {
-        int ret = 0;
-        int enable = 1;
-        const int sock = socket(family, type, 0);
-        ret = setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &enable, sizeof(enable));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, ret);
-
-        if (family == AF_INET) {
-            struct sockaddr_in addr4 = { .sin_family = family, .sin_port = htons(*port) };
-            ret = bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &addr4, sizeof(addr4));
-        } else {
-            struct sockaddr_in6 addr6 = { .sin6_family = family, .sin6_port = htons(*port) };
-            ret = bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &addr6, sizeof(addr6));
-        }
-
-        if (expectBindFail) {
-            EXPECT_NE(0, ret);
-            // If port is blocked, return here since the port is not needed
-            // for subsequent sockets.
-            close(sock);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, ret) << "bind unexpectedly failed, errno: " << errno;
-
-        if (family == AF_INET) {
-            struct sockaddr_in sin;
-            socklen_t len = sizeof(sin);
-            EXPECT_NE(-1, getsockname(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, &len));
-            EXPECT_NE(0, ntohs(sin.sin_port));
-            if (*port != 0) EXPECT_EQ(*port, ntohs(sin.sin_port));
-            *port = ntohs(sin.sin_port);
-        } else {
-            struct sockaddr_in6 sin;
-            socklen_t len = sizeof(sin);
-            EXPECT_NE(-1, getsockname(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, &len));
-            EXPECT_NE(0, ntohs(sin.sin6_port));
-            if (*port != 0) EXPECT_EQ(*port, ntohs(sin.sin6_port));
-            *port = ntohs(sin.sin6_port);
-        }
-        return sock;
-    }
-};
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV4Udp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, false);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV4Tcp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, false);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV6Udp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, false);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV6Tcp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, false);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort4Udp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, true);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort4Tcp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, true);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort6Udp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, true);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort6Tcp) {
-    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, true);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPortTwice) {
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mService->blockPortForBind(5555);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    status = mService->blockPortForBind(5555);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    status = mService->unblockPortForBind(5555);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, GetBlockedPorts) {
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    std::vector<int> blockedPorts{1, 100, 1220, 1333, 2700, 5555, 5600, 65000};
-    for (int i : blockedPorts) {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(i);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    }
-    std::vector<int32_t> actualBlockedPorts;
-    status = mService->getPortsBlockedForBind(&actualBlockedPorts);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(actualBlockedPorts.empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(blockedPorts, actualBlockedPorts);
-
-    // Remove the ports we added.
-    status = mService->unblockAllPortsForBind();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    status = mService->getPortsBlockedForBind(&actualBlockedPorts);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(actualBlockedPorts.empty());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, UnblockAllPorts) {
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    std::vector<int> blockedPorts{1, 100, 1220, 1333, 2700, 5555, 5600, 65000};
-
-    if (mActualBlockedPorts.size() > 0) {
-        status = mService->unblockAllPortsForBind();
-    }
-
-    for (int i : blockedPorts) {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(i);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    }
-
-    std::vector<int32_t> actualBlockedPorts;
-    status = mService->getPortsBlockedForBind(&actualBlockedPorts);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(actualBlockedPorts.empty());
-
-    status = mService->unblockAllPortsForBind();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    status = mService->getPortsBlockedForBind(&actualBlockedPorts);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.getDescription ();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(actualBlockedPorts.empty());
-    // If mActualBlockedPorts is not empty, ports will be added back in teardown.
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockNegativePort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(-1);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, UnblockNegativePort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->unblockPortForBind(-1);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockMaxPort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(65536);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, UnblockMaxPort) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->unblockPortForBind(65536);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, CheckPermission) {
-    int retry = 0;
-    int curUid = getuid();
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, seteuid(FIRST_APPLICATION_UID + 2000)) << "seteuid failed: " << strerror(errno);
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
-    do {
-        status = mService->blockPortForBind(5555);
-        // TODO: find out why transaction failed is being thrown on the first attempt.
-    } while (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED && retry++ < 5);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EX_SECURITY, status.getExceptionCode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, seteuid(curUid)) << "seteuid failed: " << strerror(errno);
-}
diff --git a/tests/native/Android.bp b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/Android.bp
similarity index 82%
rename from tests/native/Android.bp
rename to tests/native/connectivity_native_test/Android.bp
index a8d908a..8825aa4 100644
--- a/tests/native/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/Android.bp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
         "vts",
     ],
     test_config_template: "AndroidTestTemplate.xml",
-    min_sdk_version: "31",
+    min_sdk_version: "34",
     tidy: false,
     srcs: [
         "connectivity_native_test.cpp",
@@ -31,3 +31,10 @@
     ],
     compile_multilib: "first",
 }
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "net_native_test_config_template",
+    srcs: [
+        "NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/native/AndroidTestTemplate.xml b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/native/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
rename to tests/native/connectivity_native_test/AndroidTestTemplate.xml
diff --git a/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b71e9aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/NetNativeTestConfigTemplate.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Configuration for {MODULE} tests">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="mts" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="mainline-param" value="CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex" />
+    <!-- Only run tests if the device under test is SDK version 33 (Android 13) or above. -->
+    <object type="module_controller" class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.Sdk33ModuleController" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer"/>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.compatibility.common.tradefed.targetprep.FilePusher">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="{MODULE}->/data/local/tmp/{MODULE}" />
+        <option name="append-bitness" value="true" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="{MODULE}" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/tests/native/OWNERS b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/OWNERS
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/native/OWNERS
rename to tests/native/connectivity_native_test/OWNERS
diff --git a/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/connectivity_native_test.cpp b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/connectivity_native_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27a9d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/native/connectivity_native_test/connectivity_native_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <android/binder_process.h>
+#include <android-modules-utils/sdk_level.h>
+#include <cutils/misc.h>  // FIRST_APPLICATION_UID
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
+
+typedef int (*GetPortsBlockedForBind)(in_port_t*, size_t*);
+GetPortsBlockedForBind getPortsBlockedForBind;
+typedef int (*BlockPortForBind)(in_port_t);
+BlockPortForBind blockPortForBind;
+typedef int (*UnblockPortForBind)(in_port_t);
+UnblockPortForBind unblockPortForBind;
+typedef int (*UnblockAllPortsForBind)();
+UnblockAllPortsForBind unblockAllPortsForBind;
+
+class ConnectivityNativeBinderTest : public ::testing::Test {
+  public:
+    in_port_t mActualBlockedPorts[65535];
+    size_t mActualBlockedPortsCount = 65535;
+    bool restoreBlockedPorts;
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        restoreBlockedPorts = false;
+        // Skip test case if not on U.
+        if (!android::modules::sdklevel::IsAtLeastU()) GTEST_SKIP() <<
+                "Should be at least T device.";
+
+        // Skip test case if not on 5.4 kernel which is required by bpf prog.
+        if (!android::bpf::isAtLeastKernelVersion(5, 4, 0)) GTEST_SKIP() <<
+                "Kernel should be at least 5.4.";
+
+        // Necessary to use dlopen/dlsym since the lib is only available on U and there
+        // is no Sdk34ModuleController in tradefed yet.
+        // TODO: link against the library directly and add Sdk34ModuleController to
+        // AndroidTest.txml when available.
+        void* nativeLib = dlopen("libcom.android.tethering.connectivity_native.so", RTLD_NOW);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, nativeLib);
+        getPortsBlockedForBind = reinterpret_cast<GetPortsBlockedForBind>(
+                dlsym(nativeLib, "AConnectivityNative_getPortsBlockedForBind"));
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, getPortsBlockedForBind);
+        blockPortForBind = reinterpret_cast<BlockPortForBind>(
+                dlsym(nativeLib, "AConnectivityNative_blockPortForBind"));
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, blockPortForBind);
+        unblockPortForBind = reinterpret_cast<UnblockPortForBind>(
+                dlsym(nativeLib, "AConnectivityNative_unblockPortForBind"));
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, unblockPortForBind);
+        unblockAllPortsForBind = reinterpret_cast<UnblockAllPortsForBind>(
+                dlsym(nativeLib, "AConnectivityNative_unblockAllPortsForBind"));
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, unblockAllPortsForBind);
+
+        // If there are already ports being blocked on device unblockAllPortsForBind() store
+        // the currently blocked ports and add them back at the end of the test. Do this for
+        // every test case so additional test cases do not forget to add ports back.
+        int err = getPortsBlockedForBind(mActualBlockedPorts, &mActualBlockedPortsCount);
+        EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+        restoreBlockedPorts = true;
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override {
+        int err;
+        if (mActualBlockedPortsCount > 0 && restoreBlockedPorts) {
+            for (int i=0; i < mActualBlockedPortsCount; i++) {
+                err = blockPortForBind(mActualBlockedPorts[i]);
+                EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    void runSocketTest (sa_family_t family, const int type, bool blockPort) {
+        int err;
+        in_port_t port = 0;
+        int sock, sock2;
+        // Open two sockets with SO_REUSEADDR and expect they can both bind to port.
+        sock = openSocket(&port, family, type, false /* expectBindFail */);
+        sock2 = openSocket(&port, family, type, false /* expectBindFail */);
+
+        int blockedPort = 0;
+        if (blockPort) {
+            blockedPort = ntohs(port);
+            err = blockPortForBind(blockedPort);
+            EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+        }
+
+        int sock3 = openSocket(&port, family, type, blockPort /* expectBindFail */);
+
+        if (blockPort) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(-1, sock3);
+            err = unblockPortForBind(blockedPort);
+            EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+        } else {
+            EXPECT_NE(-1, sock3);
+        }
+
+        close(sock);
+        close(sock2);
+        close(sock3);
+    }
+
+    /*
+    * Open the socket and update the port.
+    */
+    int openSocket(in_port_t* port, sa_family_t family, const int type, bool expectBindFail) {
+        int ret = 0;
+        int enable = 1;
+        const int sock = socket(family, type, 0);
+        ret = setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &enable, sizeof(enable));
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, ret);
+
+        if (family == AF_INET) {
+            struct sockaddr_in addr4 = { .sin_family = family, .sin_port = htons(*port) };
+            ret = bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &addr4, sizeof(addr4));
+        } else {
+            struct sockaddr_in6 addr6 = { .sin6_family = family, .sin6_port = htons(*port) };
+            ret = bind(sock, (struct sockaddr*) &addr6, sizeof(addr6));
+        }
+
+        if (expectBindFail) {
+            EXPECT_NE(0, ret);
+            // If port is blocked, return here since the port is not needed
+            // for subsequent sockets.
+            close(sock);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, ret) << "bind unexpectedly failed, errno: " << errno;
+
+        if (family == AF_INET) {
+            struct sockaddr_in sin;
+            socklen_t len = sizeof(sin);
+            EXPECT_NE(-1, getsockname(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, &len));
+            EXPECT_NE(0, ntohs(sin.sin_port));
+            if (*port != 0) EXPECT_EQ(*port, ntohs(sin.sin_port));
+            *port = ntohs(sin.sin_port);
+        } else {
+            struct sockaddr_in6 sin;
+            socklen_t len = sizeof(sin);
+            EXPECT_NE(-1, getsockname(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, &len));
+            EXPECT_NE(0, ntohs(sin.sin6_port));
+            if (*port != 0) EXPECT_EQ(*port, ntohs(sin.sin6_port));
+            *port = ntohs(sin.sin6_port);
+        }
+        return sock;
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV4Udp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV4Tcp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV6Udp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, PortUnblockedV6Tcp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort4Udp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort4Tcp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort6Udp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPort6Tcp) {
+    runSocketTest(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, BlockPortTwice) {
+    int err = blockPortForBind(5555);
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    err = blockPortForBind(5555);
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    err = unblockPortForBind(5555);
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, GetBlockedPorts) {
+    int err;
+    in_port_t blockedPorts[8] = {1, 100, 1220, 1333, 2700, 5555, 5600, 65000};
+
+    if (mActualBlockedPortsCount > 0) {
+        err = unblockAllPortsForBind();
+    }
+
+    for (int i : blockedPorts) {
+        err = blockPortForBind(i);
+        EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    }
+    size_t actualBlockedPortsCount = 8;
+    in_port_t actualBlockedPorts[actualBlockedPortsCount];
+    err = getPortsBlockedForBind((in_port_t*) actualBlockedPorts, &actualBlockedPortsCount);
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    EXPECT_NE(actualBlockedPortsCount, 0);
+    for (int i=0; i < actualBlockedPortsCount; i++) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(blockedPorts[i], actualBlockedPorts[i]);
+    }
+
+    // Remove the ports we added.
+    err = unblockAllPortsForBind();
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    err = getPortsBlockedForBind(actualBlockedPorts, &actualBlockedPortsCount);
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(actualBlockedPortsCount, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, UnblockAllPorts) {
+    int err;
+    in_port_t blockedPorts[8] = {1, 100, 1220, 1333, 2700, 5555, 5600, 65000};
+
+    if (mActualBlockedPortsCount > 0) {
+        err = unblockAllPortsForBind();
+    }
+
+    for (int i : blockedPorts) {
+        err = blockPortForBind(i);
+        EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    }
+
+    size_t actualBlockedPortsCount = 8;
+    in_port_t actualBlockedPorts[actualBlockedPortsCount];
+    err = getPortsBlockedForBind((in_port_t*) actualBlockedPorts, &actualBlockedPortsCount);
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(actualBlockedPortsCount, 8);
+
+    err = unblockAllPortsForBind();
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    err = getPortsBlockedForBind((in_port_t*) actualBlockedPorts, &actualBlockedPortsCount);
+    EXPECT_EQ(err, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(actualBlockedPortsCount, 0);
+    // If mActualBlockedPorts is not empty, ports will be added back in teardown.
+}
+
+TEST_F(ConnectivityNativeBinderTest, CheckPermission) {
+    int curUid = getuid();
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, seteuid(FIRST_APPLICATION_UID + 2000)) << "seteuid failed: " << strerror(errno);
+    int err = blockPortForBind((in_port_t) 5555);
+    EXPECT_EQ(EPERM, err);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, seteuid(curUid)) << "seteuid failed: " << strerror(errno);
+}
diff --git a/tests/native/utilities/Android.bp b/tests/native/utilities/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4706b3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/native/utilities/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+cc_test_library {
+    name: "libconnectivity_native_test_utils",
+    defaults: [
+        "netd_defaults",
+        "resolv_test_defaults"
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "firewall.cpp",
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "bpf_connectivity_headers",
+    ],
+    export_header_lib_headers: ["bpf_connectivity_headers"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+}
diff --git a/tests/native/utilities/firewall.cpp b/tests/native/utilities/firewall.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4669cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/native/utilities/firewall.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "firewall.h"
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+Firewall::Firewall() {
+    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
+    auto result = mConfigurationMap.init(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH);
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(result) << "init mConfigurationMap failed";
+
+    result = mUidOwnerMap.init(UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH);
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(result) << "init mUidOwnerMap failed";
+}
+
+Firewall* Firewall::getInstance() {
+    static Firewall instance;
+    return &instance;
+}
+
+Result<void> Firewall::toggleStandbyMatch(bool enable) {
+    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
+    uint32_t key = UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
+    auto oldConfiguration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
+    if (!oldConfiguration.ok()) {
+        return Errorf("Cannot read the old configuration: {}", oldConfiguration.error().message());
+    }
+
+    BpfConfig newConfiguration = enable ? (oldConfiguration.value() | STANDBY_MATCH)
+                                        : (oldConfiguration.value() & (~STANDBY_MATCH));
+    auto res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(key, newConfiguration, BPF_EXIST);
+    if (!res.ok()) return Errorf("Failed to toggle STANDBY_MATCH: {}", res.error().message());
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> Firewall::addRule(uint32_t uid, UidOwnerMatchType match, uint32_t iif) {
+    // iif should be non-zero if and only if match == MATCH_IIF
+    if (match == IIF_MATCH && iif == 0) {
+        return Errorf("Interface match {} must have nonzero interface index", match);
+    } else if (match != IIF_MATCH && iif != 0) {
+        return Errorf("Non-interface match {} must have zero interface index", match);
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
+    auto oldMatch = mUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
+    if (oldMatch.ok()) {
+        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
+                .iif = iif ? iif : oldMatch.value().iif,
+                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule | match),
+        };
+        auto res = mUidOwnerMap.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY);
+        if (!res.ok()) return Errorf("Failed to update rule: {}", res.error().message());
+    } else {
+        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
+                .iif = iif,
+                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(match),
+        };
+        auto res = mUidOwnerMap.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY);
+        if (!res.ok()) return Errorf("Failed to add rule: {}", res.error().message());
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> Firewall::removeRule(uint32_t uid, UidOwnerMatchType match) {
+    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
+    auto oldMatch = mUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
+    if (!oldMatch.ok()) return Errorf("uid: %u does not exist in map", uid);
+
+    UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
+            .iif = (match == IIF_MATCH) ? 0 : oldMatch.value().iif,
+            .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule & ~match),
+    };
+    if (newMatch.rule == 0) {
+        auto res = mUidOwnerMap.deleteValue(uid);
+        if (!res.ok()) return Errorf("Failed to remove rule: {}", res.error().message());
+    } else {
+        auto res = mUidOwnerMap.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY);
+        if (!res.ok()) return Errorf("Failed to update rule: {}", res.error().message());
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> Firewall::addUidInterfaceRules(const std::string& ifName,
+                                            const std::vector<int32_t>& uids) {
+    unsigned int iif = if_nametoindex(ifName.c_str());
+    if (!iif) return Errorf("Failed to get interface index: {}", ifName);
+
+    for (auto uid : uids) {
+        auto res = addRule(uid, IIF_MATCH, iif);
+        if (!res.ok()) return res;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> Firewall::removeUidInterfaceRules(const std::vector<int32_t>& uids) {
+    for (auto uid : uids) {
+        auto res = removeRule(uid, IIF_MATCH);
+        if (!res.ok()) return res;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
diff --git a/tests/native/utilities/firewall.h b/tests/native/utilities/firewall.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e7e987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/native/utilities/firewall.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <bpf/BpfMap.h>
+#include "netd.h"
+
+using android::base::Result;
+using android::bpf::BpfMap;
+
+class Firewall {
+  public:
+    Firewall() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    static Firewall* getInstance();
+    Result<void> toggleStandbyMatch(bool enable) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    Result<void> addRule(uint32_t uid, UidOwnerMatchType match, uint32_t iif = 0) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    Result<void> removeRule(uint32_t uid, UidOwnerMatchType match) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    Result<void> addUidInterfaceRules(const std::string& ifName, const std::vector<int32_t>& uids);
+    Result<void> removeUidInterfaceRules(const std::vector<int32_t>& uids);
+
+  private:
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> mConfigurationMap GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue> mUidOwnerMap GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    std::mutex mMutex;
+};
diff --git a/tests/unit/Android.bp b/tests/unit/Android.bp
index 18ace4e..8b286a0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
         "libandroid_net_frameworktests_util_jni",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
-        "libbpf_bcc",
         "libc++",
         "libcrypto",
         "libcutils",
@@ -58,42 +57,22 @@
 filegroup {
     name: "non-connectivity-module-test",
     srcs: [
-        "java/android/app/usage/*.java",
-        "java/android/net/EthernetNetworkUpdateRequestTest.java",
         "java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java",
         "java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkIdentitySetTest.kt",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkStats*.java",
-        "java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt",
         "java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java",
         "java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java",
         "java/android/net/ipmemorystore/*.java",
         "java/android/net/netstats/NetworkStatsDataMigrationUtilsTest.kt",
-        "java/android/net/nsd/*.java",
         "java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java",
         "java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java",
+        "java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java",
+        "java/com/android/server/connectivity/MetricsTestUtil.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java",
         "java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/ethernet/*.java",
         "java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/*.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStats*.java",
-        "java/com/android/server/net/TestableUsageCallback.kt",
     ]
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +99,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "androidx.test.rules",
-        "androidx.test.uiautomator",
+        "androidx.test.uiautomator_uiautomator",
         "bouncycastle-repackaged-unbundled",
         "core-tests-support",
         "FrameworksNetCommonTests",
@@ -135,6 +114,7 @@
         "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
         "service-connectivity-tiramisu-pre-jarjar",
         "services.core-vpn",
+        "testables",
         "cts-net-utils"
     ],
     libs: [
@@ -156,6 +136,37 @@
     visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__"],
 }
 
+genrule {
+    name: "frameworks-net-tests-jarjar-rules",
+    defaults: ["jarjar-rules-combine-defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        ":frameworks-net-tests-lib-jarjar-gen",
+        // This is necessary because the tests use framework-connectivity-internal-test-defaults,
+        // which require the user to use connectivity jarjar rules.
+        ":connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    ],
+    out: ["frameworks-net-tests-jarjar-rules.txt"],
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
+java_genrule {
+    name: "frameworks-net-tests-lib-jarjar-gen",
+    tool_files: [
+        ":FrameworksNetTestsLib{.jar}",
+        "jarjar-excludes.txt",
+    ],
+    tools: [
+        "jarjar-rules-generator",
+    ],
+    out: ["frameworks-net-tests-lib-jarjar-rules.txt"],
+    cmd: "$(location jarjar-rules-generator) " +
+        "$(location :FrameworksNetTestsLib{.jar}) " +
+        "--prefix android.net.connectivity " +
+        "--excludes $(location jarjar-excludes.txt) " +
+        "--output $(out)",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
 android_test {
     name: "FrameworksNetTests",
     enabled: enable_frameworks_net_tests,
@@ -163,7 +174,7 @@
         "FrameworksNetTestsDefaults",
         "FrameworksNetTests-jni-defaults",
     ],
-    jarjar_rules: ":connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    jarjar_rules: ":frameworks-net-tests-jarjar-rules",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
     static_libs: [
         "services.core",
@@ -172,6 +183,5 @@
     jni_libs: [
         "libandroid_net_connectivity_com_android_net_module_util_jni",
         "libservice-connectivity",
-        "libandroid_net_connectivity_com_android_net_module_util_jni",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/AndroidManifest.xml b/tests/unit/AndroidManifest.xml
index 54e1cd0..5d4bdf7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/tests/unit/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -50,11 +50,20 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NETWORK_STATS_PROVIDER" />
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CONTROL_OEM_PAID_NETWORK_PREFERENCE" />
 
+    <!-- Declare the intent that the test intends to query. This is necessary for
+         UiDevice.getLauncherPackageName which is used in NetworkNotificationManagerTest
+    -->
+    <queries>
+        <intent>
+            <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+            <category android:name="android.intent.category.HOME"/>
+        </intent>
+    </queries>
     <application android:testOnly="true">
         <uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
         <uses-library android:name="android.net.ipsec.ike" />
         <activity
-            android:name="com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManagerTest$TestDialogActivity"/>
+            android:name="android.net.connectivity.com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManagerTest$TestDialogActivity"/>
     </application>
 
     <instrumentation
diff --git a/tests/unit/jarjar-excludes.txt b/tests/unit/jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2022bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Exclude some test prefixes, otherwise the classes reference below can't find
+# them after jarjared.
+android\.compat\..+
+androidx\.test\..+
+com\.android\.frameworks\.tests\..+
+com\.android\.testutils\..+
+com\.android\.dx\.mockito\..+
+com\.android\.internal\.compat\..+
+com\.android\.internal\.org\.bouncycastle\..+
+kotlin\.test\..+
+kotlin\.reflect\..+
+org\.junit\..+
+org\.mockito\..+
+
+# Auto-jarjar-gen can't handle kotlin object expression, exclude the tests which use
+# object expressions.
+#
+# For example: Illegal class access:
+# 'android.net.connectivity.com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecordTest' attempting to access
+# 'com.android.networkstack.tethering.util.TRTInterpreter' (declaration of
+# 'android.net.connectivity.com.android.net.module.util.TrackRecordTest' ...
+#
+# In coverage test, TRTInterpreter don't be jarjar'ed to
+# android.net.connectivity* by frameworks-net-tests-jarjar-rules instead it is
+# jarjar'ed by follow up TetheringTestsJarJarRules.
+# TODO(b/269259216): remove this after fixing Auto-jarjar-gen.
+com\.android\.net\.module\.util\.TrackRecord.*
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
index 561e621..679427a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,19 @@
 
 package android.app.usage;
 
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
+
 import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static junit.framework.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
@@ -30,7 +43,6 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
-import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsService;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsSession;
 import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry;
@@ -52,9 +64,11 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
 
+import java.util.Set;
+
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsManagerTest {
     private static final String TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID = "subid";
 
@@ -80,23 +94,17 @@
         final int uid2 = 10002;
         final int uid3 = 10003;
 
-        Entry uid1Entry1 = new Entry("if1", uid1,
-                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
-                100, 10, 200, 20, 0);
+        Entry uid1Entry1 = new Entry("if1", uid1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 100, 10, 200, 20, 0);
 
-        Entry uid1Entry2 = new Entry(
-                "if2", uid1,
-                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
-                100, 10, 200, 20, 0);
+        Entry uid1Entry2 = new Entry("if2", uid1, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 100, 10, 200, 20, 0);
 
-        Entry uid2Entry1 = new Entry("if1", uid2,
-                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
-                150, 10, 250, 20, 0);
+        Entry uid2Entry1 = new Entry("if1", uid2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 150, 10, 250, 20, 0);
 
-        Entry uid2Entry2 = new Entry(
-                "if2", uid2,
-                android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT, android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE,
-                150, 10, 250, 20, 0);
+        Entry uid2Entry2 = new Entry("if2", uid2, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 150, 10, 250, 20, 0);
 
         NetworkStatsHistory history1 = new NetworkStatsHistory(10, 2);
         history1.recordData(10, 20, uid1Entry1);
@@ -111,9 +119,8 @@
         when(mStatsSession.getRelevantUids()).thenReturn(new int[] { uid1, uid2, uid3 });
 
         when(mStatsSession.getHistoryIntervalForUid(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
-                eq(uid1), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
-                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
-                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime)))
+                eq(uid1), eq(SET_ALL), eq(TAG_NONE),
+                eq(FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime)))
                 .then((InvocationOnMock inv) -> {
                     NetworkTemplate template = inv.getArgument(0);
                     assertEquals(MATCH_MOBILE_ALL, template.getMatchRule());
@@ -122,9 +129,8 @@
                 });
 
         when(mStatsSession.getHistoryIntervalForUid(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
-                eq(uid2), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
-                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
-                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime)))
+                eq(uid2), eq(SET_ALL), eq(TAG_NONE),
+                eq(FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime)))
                 .then((InvocationOnMock inv) -> {
                     NetworkTemplate template = inv.getArgument(0);
                     assertEquals(MATCH_MOBILE_ALL, template.getMatchRule());
@@ -134,7 +140,7 @@
 
 
         NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryDetails(
-                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID, startTime, endTime);
+                TYPE_MOBILE, TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID, startTime, endTime);
 
         NetworkStats.Bucket bucket = new NetworkStats.Bucket();
 
@@ -188,36 +194,35 @@
 
         verify(mStatsSession, times(1)).getHistoryIntervalForUid(
                 eq(expectedTemplate),
-                eq(uid1), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
-                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
-                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
+                eq(uid1), eq(SET_ALL),
+                eq(TAG_NONE),
+                eq(FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
 
         verify(mStatsSession, times(1)).getHistoryIntervalForUid(
                 eq(expectedTemplate),
-                eq(uid2), eq(android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL),
-                eq(android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE),
-                eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
+                eq(uid2), eq(SET_ALL),
+                eq(TAG_NONE),
+                eq(FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
 
         assertFalse(stats.hasNextBucket());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testNetworkTemplateWhenRunningQueryDetails_NoSubscriberId() throws RemoteException {
-        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE,
-                null /* subscriberId */, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard());
-        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
-                "" /* subscriberId */, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard());
-        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
-                null /* subscriberId */, NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard());
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(TYPE_MOBILE, null /* subscriberId */,
+                new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build());
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(TYPE_WIFI, "" /* subscriberId */,
+                new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build());
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(TYPE_WIFI, null /* subscriberId */,
+                new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testNetworkTemplateWhenRunningQueryDetails_MergedCarrierWifi()
             throws RemoteException {
-        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI,
-                TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID,
-                NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi(NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL,
-                        TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID));
+        runQueryDetailsAndCheckTemplate(TYPE_WIFI, TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID,
+                new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                        .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID)).build());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -230,7 +235,7 @@
         when(mStatsSession.getTaggedSummaryForAllUid(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
                 anyLong(), anyLong()))
                 .thenReturn(new android.net.NetworkStats(0, 0));
-        final NetworkTemplate template = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE)
+        final NetworkTemplate template = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
                 .setMeteredness(NetworkStats.Bucket.METERED_YES).build();
         NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryTaggedSummary(template, startTime, endTime);
 
@@ -251,12 +256,12 @@
         when(mStatsSession.getHistoryIntervalForNetwork(any(NetworkTemplate.class),
                 anyInt(), anyLong(), anyLong()))
                 .thenReturn(new NetworkStatsHistory(10, 0));
-        final NetworkTemplate template = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE)
+        final NetworkTemplate template = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
                 .setMeteredness(NetworkStats.Bucket.METERED_YES).build();
         NetworkStats stats = mManager.queryDetailsForDevice(template, startTime, endTime);
 
         verify(mStatsSession, times(1)).getHistoryIntervalForNetwork(
-                eq(template), eq(NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
+                eq(template), eq(FIELD_ALL), eq(startTime), eq(endTime));
 
         assertFalse(stats.hasNextBucket());
     }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index f324630..45a9dbc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
@@ -82,6 +84,8 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.R)
@@ -461,4 +465,49 @@
         }
         fail("expected exception of type " + throwableType);
     }
+
+    private static class MockContext extends BroadcastInterceptingContext {
+        MockContext(Context base) {
+            super(base);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Context getApplicationContext() {
+            return mock(Context.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private WeakReference<Context> makeConnectivityManagerAndReturnContext() {
+        // Mockito may have an internal reference to the mock, creating MockContext for testing.
+        final Context c = new MockContext(mock(Context.class));
+
+        new ConnectivityManager(c, mService);
+
+        return new WeakReference<>(c);
+    }
+
+    private void forceGC() {
+        // First GC ensures that objects are collected for finalization, then second GC ensures
+        // they're garbage-collected after being finalized.
+        System.gc();
+        System.runFinalization();
+        System.gc();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityManagerDoesNotLeakContext() throws Exception {
+        final WeakReference<Context> ref = makeConnectivityManagerAndReturnContext();
+
+        final int attempts = 600;
+        final long waitIntervalMs = 50;
+        for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+            forceGC();
+            if (ref.get() == null) break;
+
+            Thread.sleep(waitIntervalMs);
+        }
+
+        assertNull("ConnectivityManager weak reference still not null after " + attempts
+                    + " attempts", ref.get());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
index 3b68120..e12e961 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -492,6 +492,29 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testAutomaticNattAndIpVersionConversionIsLossless() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+        builder.setAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled(true);
+        builder.setAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled(true);
+
+        builder.setAuthDigitalSignature(mUserCert, mPrivateKey, mServerRootCa);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = builder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(ikeProfile, Ikev2VpnProfile.fromVpnProfile(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomaticNattAndIpVersionDefaults() throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
+
+        builder.setAuthDigitalSignature(mUserCert, mPrivateKey, mServerRootCa);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = builder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(false, ikeProfile.isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled());
+        assertEquals(false, ikeProfile.isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled());
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testEquals() throws Exception {
         // Verify building without IkeTunnelConnectionParams
         final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder = getBuilderWithDefaultOptions();
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
index c473e82..54ad961 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcel;
+import android.os.SystemProperties;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecAlgorithm}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecAlgorithmTest {
     private static final byte[] KEY_MATERIAL;
 
@@ -123,9 +124,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testValidationForAlgosAddedInS() throws Exception {
-        if (Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT <= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
-            return;
-        }
+        if (SystemProperties.getInt("ro.vendor.api_level", 10000) <= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) return;
 
         for (int len : new int[] {160, 224, 288}) {
             checkCryptKeyLenValidation(IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CTR, len);
@@ -194,15 +193,17 @@
     }
 
     private static Set<String> getMandatoryAlgos() {
+        int vendorApiLevel = SystemProperties.getInt("ro.vendor.api_level", 10000);
         return CollectionUtils.filter(
                 ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.keySet(),
-                i -> Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT >= ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.get(i));
+                i -> vendorApiLevel >= ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.get(i));
     }
 
     private static Set<String> getOptionalAlgos() {
+        int vendorApiLevel = SystemProperties.getInt("ro.vendor.api_level", 10000);
         return CollectionUtils.filter(
                 ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.keySet(),
-                i -> Build.VERSION.DEVICE_INITIAL_SDK_INT < ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.get(i));
+                i -> vendorApiLevel < ALGO_TO_REQUIRED_FIRST_SDK.get(i));
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
index b87cb48..9f83036 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecConfig}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecConfigTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
index cda8eb7..335f539 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecManager}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecManagerTest {
 
     private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT = 34567;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
index 81375f1..8bc1bbd 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
@@ -18,22 +18,92 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
+import android.content.Context;
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.test.mock.MockContext;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.server.IpSecService;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecTransform}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecTransformTest {
+    @Rule public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private static final int DROID_SPI = 0xD1201D;
+    private static final int TEST_RESOURCE_ID = 0x1234;
+
+    private static final InetAddress SRC_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.200");
+    private static final InetAddress DST_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.201");
+    private static final InetAddress SRC_ADDRESS_V6 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::200");
+    private static final InetAddress DST_ADDRESS_V6 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::201");
+
+    private MockContext mMockContext;
+    private IpSecService mMockIpSecService;
+    private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mMockIpSecService = mock(IpSecService.class);
+        mIpSecManager = new IpSecManager(mock(Context.class) /* unused */, mMockIpSecService);
+
+        // Set up mMockContext since IpSecTransform needs an IpSecManager instance and a non-null
+        // package name to create transform
+        mMockContext =
+                new MockContext() {
+                    @Override
+                    public String getSystemServiceName(Class<?> serviceClass) {
+                        if (serviceClass.equals(IpSecManager.class)) {
+                            return Context.IPSEC_SERVICE;
+                        }
+                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public Object getSystemService(String name) {
+                        if (name.equals(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE)) {
+                            return mIpSecManager;
+                        }
+                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public String getOpPackageName() {
+                        return "fooPackage";
+                    }
+                };
+
+        final IpSecSpiResponse spiResp =
+                new IpSecSpiResponse(IpSecManager.Status.OK, TEST_RESOURCE_ID, DROID_SPI);
+        when(mMockIpSecService.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(any(), anyInt(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(spiResp);
+
+        final IpSecTransformResponse transformResp =
+                new IpSecTransformResponse(IpSecManager.Status.OK, TEST_RESOURCE_ID);
+        when(mMockIpSecService.createTransform(any(), any(), any())).thenReturn(transformResp);
+    }
 
     @Test
     public void testCreateTransformCopiesConfig() {
@@ -64,4 +134,34 @@
 
         assertEquals(config1, config2);
     }
+
+    private IpSecTransform buildTestTransform() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecManager.SecurityParameterIndex spi =
+                mIpSecManager.allocateSecurityParameterIndex(DST_ADDRESS);
+        return new IpSecTransform.Builder(mMockContext).buildTunnelModeTransform(SRC_ADDRESS, spi);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testStartTransformMigration() throws Exception {
+        mIpSecManager.startTunnelModeTransformMigration(
+                buildTestTransform(), SRC_ADDRESS_V6, DST_ADDRESS_V6);
+        verify(mMockIpSecService)
+                .migrateTransform(
+                        anyInt(),
+                        eq(SRC_ADDRESS_V6.getHostAddress()),
+                        eq(DST_ADDRESS_V6.getHostAddress()),
+                        any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testStartTransformMigrationOnSdkBeforeU() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            mIpSecManager.startTunnelModeTransformMigration(
+                    buildTestTransform(), SRC_ADDRESS_V6, DST_ADDRESS_V6);
+            fail("Expect to fail since migration is not supported before U");
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
index bf5568d..9667f8f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 private const val TEST_SUBID2 = 2
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class NetworkIdentityTest {
     private val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
 
@@ -101,15 +101,15 @@
                 false /* defaultNetwork */, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
         assertFalse(netIdent2.isMetered())
 
-        // Verify network is not metered because it has NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED
-        // capability .
+        // In current design, a network that has NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED
+        // capability will be treated as metered.
         val capsTempNotMetered = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED, true)
         }
         val netIdent3 = NetworkIdentity.buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext,
                 buildMobileNetworkStateSnapshot(capsTempNotMetered, TEST_IMSI1),
                 false /* defaultNetwork */, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
-        assertFalse(netIdent3.isMetered())
+        assertTrue(netIdent3.isMetered())
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
index 97a93ca..8b86211 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.Manifest;
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@
         when(mContext.getSystemServiceName(DevicePolicyManager.class))
                 .thenReturn(Context.DEVICE_POLICY_SERVICE);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(Context.DEVICE_POLICY_SERVICE)).thenReturn(mDpm);
+        if (mContext.getSystemService(DevicePolicyManager.class) == null) {
+            // Test is using mockito-extended
+            doCallRealMethod().when(mContext).getSystemService(DevicePolicyManager.class);
+        }
 
         setHasCarrierPrivileges(false);
         setIsDeviceOwner(false);
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@
         setHasAppOpsPermission(AppOpsManager.MODE_DEFAULT, false);
         setHasReadHistoryPermission(false);
         setHasNetworkStackPermission(false);
+        setHasMainlineNetworkStackPermission(false);
     }
 
     @After
@@ -149,6 +155,10 @@
         setHasNetworkStackPermission(false);
         assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEFAULT,
                 NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_PID, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
+
+        setHasMainlineNetworkStackPermission(true);
+        assertEquals(NetworkStatsAccess.Level.DEVICE,
+                NetworkStatsAccess.checkAccessLevel(mContext, TEST_PID, TEST_UID, TEST_PKG));
     }
 
     private void setHasCarrierPrivileges(boolean hasPrivileges) {
@@ -184,4 +194,10 @@
                 TEST_PID, TEST_UID)).thenReturn(hasPermission ? PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
                 : PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED);
     }
+
+    private void setHasMainlineNetworkStackPermission(boolean hasPermission) {
+        when(mContext.checkPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                TEST_PID, TEST_UID)).thenReturn(hasPermission ? PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
+                : PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
index b518a61..a6e9e95 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@
 
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
 import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
@@ -480,7 +484,8 @@
         ident.add(new NetworkIdentity(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, -1, TEST_IMSI, null,
                 false, true, true, OEM_NONE, TEST_SUBID));
         large.recordData(ident, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, TIME_A, TIME_B,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(12_730_893_164L, 1, 0, 0, 0));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 12_730_893_164L, 1, 0, 0, 0));
 
         // Verify untouched total
         assertEquals(12_730_893_164L, getHistory(large, null, TIME_A, TIME_C).getTotalBytes());
@@ -659,26 +664,33 @@
 
     private static void assertEntry(long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets,
             NetworkStats.Entry actual) {
-        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L), actual);
+        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L),
+                actual);
     }
 
     private static void assertEntry(long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long txBytes, long txPackets,
             NetworkStatsHistory.Entry actual) {
-        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L), actual);
+        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, 0L),
+                actual);
     }
 
     private static void assertEntry(NetworkStats.Entry expected,
             NetworkStatsHistory.Entry actual) {
-        assertEntry(expected, new NetworkStats.Entry(actual.rxBytes, actual.rxPackets,
+        assertEntry(expected, new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, actual.rxBytes, actual.rxPackets,
                 actual.txBytes, actual.txPackets, 0L));
     }
 
     private static void assertEntry(NetworkStatsHistory.Entry expected,
             NetworkStatsHistory.Entry actual) {
-        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(actual.rxBytes, actual.rxPackets,
-                actual.txBytes, actual.txPackets, 0L),
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(actual.rxBytes, actual.rxPackets,
-                actual.txBytes, actual.txPackets, 0L));
+        assertEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, actual.rxBytes, actual.rxPackets,
+                       actual.txBytes, actual.txPackets, 0L),
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                        ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, actual.rxBytes, actual.rxPackets,
+                        actual.txBytes, actual.txPackets, 0L));
     }
 
     private static void assertEntry(NetworkStats.Entry expected,
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
index 26079a2..2170882 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.IFACE_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.DataStreamUtils.readVarLong;
 import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.DataStreamUtils.writeVarLong;
 import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.Entry.UNKNOWN;
@@ -60,7 +67,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsHistoryTest {
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsHistoryTest";
 
@@ -110,7 +117,8 @@
 
         // record data into narrow window to get single bucket
         stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
 
         assertEquals(1, stats.size());
         assertValues(stats, 0, SECOND_IN_MILLIS, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L);
@@ -124,7 +132,8 @@
         // split equally across two buckets
         final long recordStart = TEST_START + (bucketDuration / 2);
         stats.recordData(recordStart, recordStart + bucketDuration,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 128L, 2L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 128L, 2L, 2L));
 
         assertEquals(2, stats.size());
         assertValues(stats, 0, HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 2, 512L, 5L, 64L, 1L, 1L);
@@ -141,7 +150,8 @@
         final long recordStart = (TEST_START + BUCKET_SIZE) - MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
         final long recordEnd = (TEST_START + (BUCKET_SIZE * 2)) + (MINUTE_IN_MILLIS * 4);
         stats.recordData(recordStart, recordEnd,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1000L, 2000L, 5000L, 10000L, 100L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1000L, 2000L, 5000L, 10000L, 100L));
 
         assertEquals(3, stats.size());
         // first bucket should have (1/20 of value)
@@ -161,9 +171,11 @@
         final long firstStart = TEST_START;
         final long lastStart = TEST_START + WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
         stats.recordData(firstStart, firstStart + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(128L, 2L, 256L, 4L, 1L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 128L, 2L, 256L, 4L, 1L));
         stats.recordData(lastStart, lastStart + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(64L, 1L, 512L, 8L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 64L, 1L, 512L, 8L, 2L));
 
         // we should have two buckets, far apart from each other
         assertEquals(2, stats.size());
@@ -174,7 +186,8 @@
         final long middleStart = TEST_START + DAY_IN_MILLIS;
         final long middleEnd = middleStart + (HOUR_IN_MILLIS * 2);
         stats.recordData(middleStart, middleEnd,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(2048L, 4L, 2048L, 4L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2048L, 4L, 2048L, 4L, 2L));
 
         // now should have four buckets, with new record in middle two buckets
         assertEquals(4, stats.size());
@@ -191,10 +204,12 @@
 
         // record some data in one bucket, and another overlapping buckets
         stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + SECOND_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(256L, 2L, 256L, 2L, 1L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 256L, 2L, 256L, 2L, 1L));
         final long midStart = TEST_START + (HOUR_IN_MILLIS / 2);
         stats.recordData(midStart, midStart + HOUR_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 1024L, 10L, 10L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 1024L, 10L, 10L));
 
         // should have two buckets, with some data mixed together
         assertEquals(2, stats.size());
@@ -371,9 +386,11 @@
                 MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_RX_BYTES | FIELD_TX_BYTES);
 
         history.recordData(0, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
         history.recordData(0, 2 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L));
 
         assertFullValues(history, UNKNOWN, 1026L, UNKNOWN, 2050L, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN);
     }
@@ -385,7 +402,8 @@
                 MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_RX_PACKETS | FIELD_OPERATIONS);
 
         full.recordData(0, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
         partial.recordEntireHistory(full);
 
         assertFullValues(partial, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN, 10L, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN, 4L);
@@ -398,7 +416,8 @@
                 MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0, FIELD_RX_PACKETS | FIELD_OPERATIONS);
 
         partial.recordData(0, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
         full.recordEntireHistory(partial);
 
         assertFullValues(full, MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 0L, 10L, 0L, 0L, 4L);
@@ -408,9 +427,11 @@
     public void testSerialize() throws Exception {
         final NetworkStatsHistory before = new NetworkStatsHistory(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, 40, FIELD_ALL);
         before.recordData(0, 4 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 4L));
         before.recordData(DAY_IN_MILLIS, DAY_IN_MILLIS + MINUTE_IN_MILLIS,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(10L, 20L, 30L, 40L, 50L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 10L, 20L, 30L, 40L, 50L));
 
         final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         before.writeToStream(new DataOutputStream(out));
@@ -451,11 +472,14 @@
         final long THIRD_END = THIRD_START + (2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
 
         stats.recordData(FIRST_START, FIRST_END,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
         stats.recordData(SECOND_START, SECOND_END,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
         stats.recordData(THIRD_START, THIRD_END,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
 
         // should have buckets: 2+1+2
         assertEquals(5, stats.size());
@@ -494,11 +518,14 @@
         final long THIRD_END = THIRD_START + (2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
 
         stats.recordData(FIRST_START, FIRST_END,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
         stats.recordData(SECOND_START, SECOND_END,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
         stats.recordData(THIRD_START, THIRD_END,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
 
         assertFalse(stats.intersects(10, 20));
         assertFalse(stats.intersects(TEST_START + YEAR_IN_MILLIS, TEST_START + YEAR_IN_MILLIS + 1));
@@ -520,7 +547,8 @@
     public void testSetValues() throws Exception {
         stats = new NetworkStatsHistory(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
         stats.recordData(TEST_START, TEST_START + 1,
-                new NetworkStats.Entry(1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
+                new NetworkStats.Entry(IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 10L, 2048L, 20L, 2L));
 
         assertEquals(1024L + 2048L, stats.getTotalBytes());
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
index b0cc16c..126ad55 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsTest {
 
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@
 
         // Ipv4 traffic sent/received by an app on stacked interface.
         final NetworkStats.Entry appEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                v4Iface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                v4Iface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
                 30501490  /* rxBytes */,
                 22401 /* rxPackets */,
                 876235 /* txBytes */,
@@ -969,7 +969,8 @@
 
         // Traffic measured for the root uid on the base interface.
         final NetworkStats.Entry rootUidEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                baseIface, rootUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                baseIface, rootUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
                 163577 /* rxBytes */,
                 187 /* rxPackets */,
                 17607 /* txBytes */,
@@ -977,7 +978,8 @@
                 0 /* operations */);
 
         final NetworkStats.Entry otherEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                otherIface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                otherIface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
                 2600  /* rxBytes */,
                 2 /* rxPackets */,
                 3800 /* txBytes */,
@@ -993,14 +995,14 @@
 
         assertEquals(3, stats.size());
         final NetworkStats.Entry expectedAppUid = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                v4Iface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                v4Iface, appUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
                 30949510,
                 22401,
                 1152335,
                 13805,
                 0);
         final NetworkStats.Entry expectedRootUid = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                baseIface, 0, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                baseIface, 0, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
                 163577,
                 187,
                 17607,
@@ -1014,14 +1016,16 @@
     @Test
     public void testApply464xlatAdjustments_noStackedIface() {
         NetworkStats.Entry firstEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                "if1", 10002, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                "if1", 10002, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
                 2600  /* rxBytes */,
                 2 /* rxPackets */,
                 3800 /* txBytes */,
                 3 /* txPackets */,
                 0 /* operations */);
         NetworkStats.Entry secondEntry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                "if2", 10002, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                "if2", 10002, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO,
                 5000  /* rxBytes */,
                 3 /* rxPackets */,
                 6000 /* txBytes */,
@@ -1063,6 +1067,38 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testClearInterfaces() {
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 1);
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 50L, 100L, 20L, 0L);
+
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF0DD, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 51200, 25L, 101010L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        stats.insertEntry(entry1);
+        stats.insertEntry(entry2);
+
+        // Verify that the interfaces have indeed been recorded.
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, 0, "test1", 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 50L, 100L, 20L, 0L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, "test2", 10101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF0DD, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 51200, 25L, 101010L, 50L, 0L);
+
+        // Clear interfaces.
+        stats.clearInterfaces();
+
+        // Verify that the interfaces are cleared.
+        assertEquals(2, stats.size());
+        assertValues(stats, 0, null /* iface */, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 50L, 100L, 20L, 0L);
+        assertValues(stats, 1, null /* iface */, 10101, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF0DD, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 51200, 25L, 101010L, 50L, 0L);
+    }
+
     private static void assertContains(NetworkStats stats,  String iface, int uid, int set,
             int tag, int metered, int roaming, int defaultNetwork, long rxBytes, long rxPackets,
             long txBytes, long txPackets, long operations) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index abd1825..2f6c76b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager.NETWORK_TYPE_5G_NSA
 import android.content.Context
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE
@@ -29,39 +32,35 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES
 import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_CARRIER
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_TEST
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_NO
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_YES
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORK_KEY_ALL
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateCarrierMetered
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWildcard
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWithRatType
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.normalize
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo
 import android.os.Build
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
-import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Rule
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
 import org.mockito.Mockito.`when`
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertFalse
-import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 private const val TEST_IMSI1 = "imsi1"
 private const val TEST_IMSI2 = "imsi2"
@@ -70,8 +69,10 @@
 private const val TEST_WIFI_KEY2 = "wifiKey2"
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 class NetworkTemplateTest {
+    @get:Rule
+    val ignoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule()
     private val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
     private val mockWifiInfo = mock(WifiInfo::class.java)
 
@@ -97,6 +98,14 @@
                     (oemManaged and OEM_PAID) == OEM_PAID)
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE,
                     (oemManaged and OEM_PRIVATE) == OEM_PRIVATE)
+            if (type == TYPE_TEST) {
+                wifiKey?.let { TestNetworkSpecifier(it) }?.let {
+                    // Must have a single non-test transport specified to use setNetworkSpecifier.
+                    // Put an arbitrary transport type which is not used in this test.
+                    addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                    addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                    setNetworkSpecifier(it) }
+            }
             setTransportInfo(mockWifiInfo)
         }
         return NetworkStateSnapshot(mock(Network::class.java), caps, lp, subscriberId, type)
@@ -124,18 +133,34 @@
                 mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(null, TEST_WIFI_KEY1), true, 0)
         val identWifiImsi1Key1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
                 mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_WIFI_KEY1), true, 0)
+        // This identity with a null wifiNetworkKey is to test matchesWifiNetworkKey won't crash
+        // the system when a null wifiNetworkKey is provided, which happens because of a bug in wifi
+        // and it should still match the wifi wildcard template. See b/266598304.
+        val identWifiNullKey = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(null /* subscriberId */,
+                null /* wifiNetworkKey */), true, 0)
 
         templateWifiWildcard.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobileImsi1)
         templateWifiWildcard.assertMatches(identWifiImsiNullKey1)
         templateWifiWildcard.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Key1)
+        templateWifiWildcard.assertMatches(identWifiNullKey)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testWifiMatches() {
-        val templateWifiKey1 = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)
-        val templateWifiKey1ImsiNull = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1, null)
-        val templateWifiKey1Imsi1 = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1, TEST_IMSI1)
-        val templateWifiKeyAllImsi1 = buildTemplateWifi(WIFI_NETWORK_KEY_ALL, TEST_IMSI1)
+        val templateWifiKey1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateWifiKey1ImsiNull = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(null))
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateWifiKey1Imsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1))
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateWifiKeyAllImsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
+        val templateNullWifiKey = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI,
+                emptyArray<String>() /* subscriberIds */, arrayOf(null) /* wifiNetworkKeys */,
+                METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
 
         val identMobile1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1),
                 false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
@@ -147,6 +172,12 @@
                 mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI2, TEST_WIFI_KEY1), true, 0)
         val identWifiImsi1Key2 = buildNetworkIdentity(
                 mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_WIFI_KEY2), true, 0)
+        // This identity with a null wifiNetworkKey is to test the matchesWifiNetworkKey won't crash
+        // the system when a null wifiNetworkKey is provided, which would happen in some unknown
+        // cases, see b/266598304.
+        val identWifiNullKey = buildNetworkIdentity(
+                mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(null /* subscriberId */,
+                null /* wifiNetworkKey */), true, 0)
 
         // Verify that template with WiFi Network Key only matches any subscriberId and
         // specific WiFi Network Key.
@@ -179,13 +210,33 @@
         templateWifiKeyAllImsi1.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Key1)
         templateWifiKeyAllImsi1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi2Key1)
         templateWifiKeyAllImsi1.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Key2)
+
+        // Test a network identity with null wifiNetworkKey won't crash.
+        // It should not match a template with wifiNetworkKeys is non-null.
+        // Also, it should not match a template with wifiNetworkKeys that contains null.
+        templateWifiKey1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiNullKey)
+        templateNullWifiKey.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiNullKey)
+    }
+
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @Test
+    fun testBuildTemplateMobileAll_nullSubscriberId() {
+        val templateMobileAllWithNullImsi = buildTemplateMobileAll(null)
+        val setWithNull = HashSet<String?>().apply {
+            add(null)
+        }
+        val templateFromBuilder = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+            .setSubscriberIds(setWithNull).build()
+        assertEquals(templateFromBuilder, templateMobileAllWithNullImsi)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testMobileMatches() {
         val templateMobileImsi1 = buildTemplateMobileAll(TEST_IMSI1)
-        val templateMobileImsi2WithRatType = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(TEST_IMSI2,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_YES)
+        val templateMobileImsi2WithRatType = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI2))
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
 
         val mobileImsi1 = buildNetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, TEST_IMSI1, null /* wifiKey */,
                 OEM_NONE, true /* metered */)
@@ -213,16 +264,20 @@
     @Test
     fun testMobileWildcardMatches() {
         val templateMobileWildcard = buildTemplateMobileWildcard()
-        val templateMobileNullImsiWithRatType = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_ALL)
-
+        val templateMobileNullImsiWithRatType = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
         val mobileImsi1 = buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1)
         val identMobile1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, mobileImsi1,
                 false /* defaultNetwork */, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+        val mobileImsi2 = buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI2)
+        val identMobile2 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, mobileImsi2,
+                false /* defaultNetwork */, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE)
 
         // Verify that the template matches any subscriberId.
         templateMobileWildcard.assertMatches(identMobile1)
         templateMobileNullImsiWithRatType.assertMatches(identMobile1)
+        templateMobileWildcard.assertMatches(identMobile2)
+        templateMobileNullImsiWithRatType.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobile2)
 
         val identWifiImsi1Key1 = buildNetworkIdentity(
                 mockContext, buildWifiNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_WIFI_KEY1), true, 0)
@@ -233,8 +288,36 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    fun testTestNetworkTemplateMatches() {
+        val templateTestKey1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+            .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateTestKey2 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+            .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY2)).build()
+        val templateTestAll = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST).build()
+
+        val stateWifiKey1 = buildNetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, null /* subscriberId */, TEST_WIFI_KEY1,
+            OEM_NONE, true /* metered */)
+        val stateTestKey1 = buildNetworkState(TYPE_TEST, null /* subscriberId */, TEST_WIFI_KEY1,
+            OEM_NONE, true /* metered */)
+        val identWifi1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, stateWifiKey1,
+            false /* defaultNetwork */, NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL)
+        val identTest1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, stateTestKey1,
+            false /* defaultNetwork */, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL)
+
+        // Verify that the template matches corresponding type and the subscriberId.
+        templateTestKey1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi1)
+        templateTestKey1.assertMatches(identTest1)
+        templateTestKey2.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi1)
+        templateTestKey2.assertDoesNotMatch(identTest1)
+        templateTestAll.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi1)
+        templateTestAll.assertMatches(identTest1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
     fun testCarrierMeteredMatches() {
-        val templateCarrierImsi1Metered = buildTemplateCarrierMetered(TEST_IMSI1)
+        val templateCarrierImsi1Metered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_CARRIER)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
 
         val mobileImsi1 = buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1)
         val mobileImsi1Unmetered = buildNetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, TEST_IMSI1,
@@ -279,24 +362,25 @@
 
         // Build UMTS template that matches mobile identities with RAT in the same
         // group with any IMSI. See {@link NetworkTemplate#getCollapsedRatType}.
-        val templateUmtsMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_YES)
+        val templateUmtsMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
         // Build normal template that matches mobile identities with any RAT and IMSI.
-        val templateAllMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                METERED_YES)
+        val templateAllMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build()
         // Build template with UNKNOWN RAT that matches mobile identities with RAT that
         // cannot be determined.
-        val templateUnknownMetered =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
-                METERED_YES)
-
-        val templateUmtsNonMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, METERED_NO)
-        val templateAllNonMetered = buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL,
-                METERED_NO)
-        val templateUnknownNonMetered =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
-                METERED_NO)
+        val templateUnknownMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN).build()
+        val templateUmtsNonMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_NO)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS).build()
+        val templateAllNonMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_NO).build()
+        val templateUnknownNonMetered = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_NO)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN).build()
 
         val identUmtsMetered = buildNetworkIdentity(
                 mockContext, stateMobileImsi1Metered, false, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
@@ -396,20 +480,48 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    fun testEquals() {
+        val templateImsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+                .build()
+        val dupTemplateImsi1 = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1),
+                emptyArray<String>(), METERED_YES, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
+        val templateImsi2 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE).setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI2)).setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+                .build()
+
+        assertEquals(templateImsi1, dupTemplateImsi1)
+        assertEquals(dupTemplateImsi1, templateImsi1)
+        assertNotEquals(templateImsi1, templateImsi2)
+
+        val templateWifiKey1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val dupTemplateWifiKey1 = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, emptyArray<String>(),
+                arrayOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
+        val templateWifiKey2 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY2)).build()
+
+        assertEquals(templateWifiKey1, dupTemplateWifiKey1)
+        assertEquals(dupTemplateWifiKey1, templateWifiKey1)
+        assertNotEquals(templateWifiKey1, templateWifiKey2)
+    }
+
+    @Test
     fun testParcelUnparcel() {
-        val templateMobile = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, TEST_IMSI1, null,
-                arrayOf<String>(), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
-                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
-        val templateWifi = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, null, null,
+        val templateMobile = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1),
+                emptyArray<String>(), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL,
+                TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
+        val templateWifi = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_WIFI, emptyArray<String>(),
                 arrayOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0,
-                OEM_MANAGED_ALL, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
-        val templateOem = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, null, null,
-                arrayOf<String>(), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0,
-                OEM_MANAGED_YES, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
-        assertParcelSane(templateMobile, 10)
-        assertParcelSane(templateWifi, 10)
-        assertParcelSane(templateOem, 10)
+                OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
+        val templateOem = NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE, emptyArray<String>(),
+                emptyArray<String>(), METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 0,
+                OEM_MANAGED_YES)
+        assertParcelSane(templateMobile, 8)
+        assertParcelSane(templateWifi, 8)
+        assertParcelSane(templateOem, 8)
     }
 
     // Verify NETWORK_TYPE_* constants in NetworkTemplate do not conflict with
@@ -442,13 +554,14 @@
      * @param matchType A match rule from {@code NetworkTemplate.MATCH_*} corresponding to the
      *         networkType.
      * @param subscriberId To be populated with {@code TEST_IMSI*} only if networkType is
-     *         {@code TYPE_MOBILE}. May be left as null when matchType is
-     *         {@link NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD}.
-     * @param templateWifiKey Top be populated with {@code TEST_WIFI_KEY*} only if networkType is
-     *         {@code TYPE_WIFI}. May be left as null when matchType is
-     *         {@link NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD}.
-     * @param identWifiKey If networkType is {@code TYPE_WIFI}, this value must *NOT* be null. Provide
-     *         one of {@code TEST_WIFI_KEY*}.
+     *         {@code TYPE_MOBILE}. Note that {@code MATCH_MOBILE} with an empty subscriberId list
+     *         will match any subscriber ID.
+     * @param templateWifiKey To be populated with {@code TEST_WIFI_KEY*} only if networkType is
+     *         {@code TYPE_WIFI}. Note that {@code MATCH_WIFI} with both an empty subscriberId list
+     *         and an empty wifiNetworkKey list will match any subscriber ID and/or any wifi network
+     *         key.
+     * @param identWifiKey If networkType is {@code TYPE_WIFI}, this value must *NOT* be null.
+     *         Provide one of {@code TEST_WIFI_KEY*}.
      */
     private fun matchOemManagedIdent(
         networkType: Int,
@@ -458,17 +571,17 @@
         identWifiKey: String? = null
     ) {
         val oemManagedStates = arrayOf(OEM_NONE, OEM_PAID, OEM_PRIVATE, OEM_PAID or OEM_PRIVATE)
-        val matchSubscriberIds = arrayOf(subscriberId)
-        val matchWifiNetworkKeys = arrayOf(templateWifiKey)
+        val matchSubscriberIds =
+                if (subscriberId == null) emptyArray<String>() else arrayOf(subscriberId)
+        val matchWifiNetworkKeys =
+                if (templateWifiKey == null) emptyArray<String>() else arrayOf(templateWifiKey)
 
-        val templateOemYes = NetworkTemplate(matchType, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
+        val templateOemYes = NetworkTemplate(matchType, matchSubscriberIds,
                 matchWifiNetworkKeys, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_YES,
-                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
-        val templateOemAll = NetworkTemplate(matchType, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_YES)
+        val templateOemAll = NetworkTemplate(matchType, matchSubscriberIds,
                 matchWifiNetworkKeys, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL,
-                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_ALL)
 
         for (identityOemManagedState in oemManagedStates) {
             val ident = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, buildNetworkState(networkType,
@@ -477,10 +590,9 @@
 
             // Create a template with each OEM managed type and match it against the NetworkIdentity
             for (templateOemManagedState in oemManagedStates) {
-                val template = NetworkTemplate(matchType, subscriberId, matchSubscriberIds,
+                val template = NetworkTemplate(matchType, matchSubscriberIds,
                         matchWifiNetworkKeys, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, templateOemManagedState,
-                        SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT)
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, templateOemManagedState)
                 if (identityOemManagedState == templateOemManagedState) {
                     template.assertMatches(ident)
                 } else {
@@ -501,16 +613,15 @@
     @Test
     fun testOemManagedMatchesIdent() {
         matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_MOBILE, MATCH_MOBILE, subscriberId = TEST_IMSI1)
-        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_MOBILE, MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD)
+        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_MOBILE, MATCH_MOBILE)
         matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_WIFI, MATCH_WIFI, templateWifiKey = TEST_WIFI_KEY1,
                 identWifiKey = TEST_WIFI_KEY1)
-        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_WIFI, MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD,
-                identWifiKey = TEST_WIFI_KEY1)
+        matchOemManagedIdent(TYPE_WIFI, MATCH_WIFI, identWifiKey = TEST_WIFI_KEY1)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testNormalize() {
-        var mergedImsiList = listOf(arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_IMSI2))
+        var mergedImsiList = arrayOf(TEST_IMSI1, TEST_IMSI2)
         val identMobileImsi1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext,
                 buildMobileNetworkState(TEST_IMSI1), false /* defaultNetwork */,
                 TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
@@ -532,12 +643,18 @@
             it.assertMatches(identMobileImsi2)
             it.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobileImsi3)
         }
-        normalize(buildTemplateCarrierMetered(TEST_IMSI1), mergedImsiList).also {
+        val templateCarrierImsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_CARRIER)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES)
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
+        normalize(templateCarrierImsi1, mergedImsiList).also {
             it.assertMatches(identMobileImsi1)
             it.assertMatches(identMobileImsi2)
             it.assertDoesNotMatch(identMobileImsi3)
         }
-        normalize(buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_KEY1, TEST_IMSI1), mergedImsiList).also {
+        val templateWifiKey1Imsi1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1))
+                .setSubscriberIds(setOf(TEST_IMSI1)).build()
+        normalize(templateWifiKey1Imsi1, mergedImsiList).also {
             it.assertMatches(identWifiImsi1Key1)
             it.assertMatches(identWifiImsi2Key1)
             it.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifiImsi3WifiKey1)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
index 91f2cdd..6820b40 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
@@ -16,8 +16,17 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
-import static junit.framework.Assert.assertFalse;
-import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_BOUND;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_CONNECTED;
+import static android.net.QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 import android.os.Build;
 
@@ -29,6 +38,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 
@@ -36,14 +46,14 @@
 @SmallTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class QosSocketFilterTest {
-
+    private static final int TEST_NET_ID = 1777;
+    private final Network mNetwork = new Network(TEST_NET_ID);
     @Test
     public void testPortExactMatch() {
         final InetAddress addressA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
         final InetAddress addressB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
         assertTrue(QosSocketFilter.matchesAddress(
                 new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 10), addressB, 10, 10));
-
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -77,5 +87,90 @@
         assertFalse(QosSocketFilter.matchesAddress(
                 new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 10), addressB, 10, 10));
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddressMatchWithAnyLocalAddresses() {
+        final InetAddress addressA = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4");
+        final InetAddress addressB = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("0.0.0.0");
+        assertTrue(QosSocketFilter.matchesAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(addressA, 10), addressB, 10, 10));
+        assertFalse(QosSocketFilter.matchesAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(addressB, 10), addressA, 10, 10));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProtocolMatch() throws Exception {
+        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 0));
+        socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", socket.getLocalPort() + 10));
+        DatagramSocket socketV6 = new DatagramSocket(new InetSocketAddress("::1", 0));
+        socketV6.connect(new InetSocketAddress("::1", socketV6.getLocalPort() + 10));
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socket);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo);
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo6 = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socketV6);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter6 = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo6);
+        assertTrue(socketFilter.matchesProtocol(IPPROTO_UDP));
+        assertTrue(socketFilter6.matchesProtocol(IPPROTO_UDP));
+        assertFalse(socketFilter.matchesProtocol(IPPROTO_TCP));
+        assertFalse(socketFilter6.matchesProtocol(IPPROTO_TCP));
+        socket.close();
+        socketV6.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidate() throws Exception {
+        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 0));
+        socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", socket.getLocalPort() + 7));
+        DatagramSocket socketV6 = new DatagramSocket(new InetSocketAddress("::1", 0));
+
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socket);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo);
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo6 = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socketV6);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter6 = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo6);
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE, socketFilter.validate());
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE, socketFilter6.validate());
+        socket.close();
+        socketV6.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateUnbind() throws Exception {
+        DatagramSocket socket;
+        socket = new DatagramSocket(null);
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socket);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo);
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_BOUND, socketFilter.validate());
+        socket.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateLocalAddressChanged() throws Exception {
+        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(null);
+        DatagramSocket socket6 = new DatagramSocket(null);
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socket);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo);
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo6 = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socket6);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter6 = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo6);
+        socket.bind(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 0));
+        socket6.bind(new InetSocketAddress("::1", 0));
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED, socketFilter.validate());
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_LOCAL_ADDRESS_CHANGED, socketFilter6.validate());
+        socket.close();
+        socket6.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidateRemoteAddressChanged() throws Exception {
+        DatagramSocket socket;
+        socket = new DatagramSocket(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 53137));
+        socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", socket.getLocalPort() + 11));
+        QosSocketInfo socketInfo = new QosSocketInfo(mNetwork, socket);
+        QosSocketFilter socketFilter = new QosSocketFilter(socketInfo);
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE, socketFilter.validate());
+        socket.disconnect();
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_NOT_CONNECTED, socketFilter.validate());
+        socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", socket.getLocalPort() + 13));
+        assertEquals(EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED, socketFilter.validate());
+        socket.close();
+    }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..749c182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM;
+
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+public class QosSocketInfoTest {
+    @Mock
+    private Network mMockNetwork = mock(Network.class);
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructWithSock() throws Exception {
+        ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket();
+        ServerSocket server6 = new ServerSocket();
+
+        InetSocketAddress clientAddr = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 0);
+        InetSocketAddress serverAddr = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 0);
+        InetSocketAddress clientAddr6 = new InetSocketAddress("::1", 0);
+        InetSocketAddress serverAddr6 = new InetSocketAddress("::1", 0);
+        server.bind(serverAddr);
+        server6.bind(serverAddr6);
+        Socket socket = new Socket(serverAddr.getAddress(), server.getLocalPort(),
+                clientAddr.getAddress(), clientAddr.getPort());
+        Socket socket6 = new Socket(serverAddr6.getAddress(), server6.getLocalPort(),
+                clientAddr6.getAddress(), clientAddr6.getPort());
+        QosSocketInfo sockInfo = new QosSocketInfo(mMockNetwork, socket);
+        QosSocketInfo sockInfo6 = new QosSocketInfo(mMockNetwork, socket6);
+        assertTrue(sockInfo.getLocalSocketAddress()
+                .equals(new InetSocketAddress(socket.getLocalAddress(), socket.getLocalPort())));
+        assertTrue(sockInfo.getRemoteSocketAddress()
+                .equals((InetSocketAddress) socket.getRemoteSocketAddress()));
+        assertEquals(SOCK_STREAM, sockInfo.getSocketType());
+        assertTrue(sockInfo6.getLocalSocketAddress()
+                .equals(new InetSocketAddress(socket6.getLocalAddress(), socket6.getLocalPort())));
+        assertTrue(sockInfo6.getRemoteSocketAddress()
+                .equals((InetSocketAddress) socket6.getRemoteSocketAddress()));
+        assertEquals(SOCK_STREAM, sockInfo6.getSocketType());
+        socket.close();
+        socket6.close();
+        server.close();
+        server6.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructWithDatagramSock() throws Exception {
+        InetSocketAddress clientAddr = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 0);
+        InetSocketAddress serverAddr = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 0);
+        InetSocketAddress clientAddr6 = new InetSocketAddress("::1", 0);
+        InetSocketAddress serverAddr6 = new InetSocketAddress("::1", 0);
+        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(null);
+        socket.setReuseAddress(true);
+        socket.bind(clientAddr);
+        socket.connect(serverAddr);
+        DatagramSocket socket6 = new DatagramSocket(null);
+        socket6.setReuseAddress(true);
+        socket6.bind(clientAddr);
+        socket6.connect(serverAddr);
+        QosSocketInfo sockInfo = new QosSocketInfo(mMockNetwork, socket);
+        QosSocketInfo sockInfo6 = new QosSocketInfo(mMockNetwork, socket6);
+        assertTrue(sockInfo.getLocalSocketAddress()
+                .equals((InetSocketAddress) socket.getLocalSocketAddress()));
+        assertTrue(sockInfo.getRemoteSocketAddress()
+                .equals((InetSocketAddress) socket.getRemoteSocketAddress()));
+        assertEquals(SOCK_DGRAM, sockInfo.getSocketType());
+        assertTrue(sockInfo6.getLocalSocketAddress()
+                .equals((InetSocketAddress) socket6.getLocalSocketAddress()));
+        assertTrue(sockInfo6.getRemoteSocketAddress()
+                .equals((InetSocketAddress) socket6.getRemoteSocketAddress()));
+        assertEquals(SOCK_DGRAM, sockInfo6.getSocketType());
+        socket.close();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index b4c7ac4..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package android.net;
-
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_NONE;
-
-import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
-
-import android.os.Build;
-
-import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-
-@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-public class VpnTransportInfoTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testParceling() {
-        VpnTransportInfo v = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, "12345");
-        assertParcelSane(v, 2 /* fieldCount */);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
-        String session1 = "12345";
-        String session2 = "6789";
-        VpnTransportInfo v11 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, session1);
-        VpnTransportInfo v12 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE, session1);
-        VpnTransportInfo v13 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM, session1);
-        VpnTransportInfo v14 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY, session1);
-        VpnTransportInfo v15 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_OEM, session1);
-        VpnTransportInfo v21 = new VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_LEGACY, session2);
-
-        VpnTransportInfo v31 = v11.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
-        VpnTransportInfo v32 = v13.makeCopy(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS);
-
-        assertNotEquals(v11, v12);
-        assertNotEquals(v13, v14);
-        assertNotEquals(v14, v15);
-        assertNotEquals(v14, v21);
-
-        assertEquals(v11, v13);
-        assertEquals(v31, v32);
-        assertEquals(v11.hashCode(), v13.hashCode());
-        assertEquals(REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS, v32.getApplicableRedactions());
-        assertEquals(session1, v15.makeCopy(REDACT_NONE).getSessionId());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
index 30b8fcd..0965193 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -32,13 +33,14 @@
 
 import android.compat.testing.PlatformCompatChangeRule;
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges;
 import android.os.Build;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
-import com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.FunctionalUtils.ThrowingConsumer;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Rule;
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NsdManagerTest {
 
     static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
@@ -72,79 +74,79 @@
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
 
-        doReturn(mServiceConn).when(mService).connect(any());
+        doReturn(mServiceConn).when(mService).connect(any(), anyBoolean());
         mManager = new NsdManager(mContext, mService);
         final ArgumentCaptor<INsdManagerCallback> cbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
                 INsdManagerCallback.class);
-        verify(mService).connect(cbCaptor.capture());
+        verify(mService).connect(cbCaptor.capture(), anyBoolean());
         mCallback = cbCaptor.getValue();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testResolveServiceS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn, never()).startDaemon();
         doTestResolveService();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @DisableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testResolveServicePreS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn).startDaemon();
         doTestResolveService();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testDiscoverServiceS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn, never()).startDaemon();
         doTestDiscoverService();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @DisableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testDiscoverServicePreS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn).startDaemon();
         doTestDiscoverService();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testParallelResolveServiceS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn, never()).startDaemon();
         doTestParallelResolveService();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @DisableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testParallelResolveServicePreS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn).startDaemon();
         doTestParallelResolveService();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testInvalidCallsS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn, never()).startDaemon();
         doTestInvalidCalls();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @DisableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testInvalidCallsPreS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn).startDaemon();
         doTestInvalidCalls();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testRegisterServiceS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn, never()).startDaemon();
         doTestRegisterService();
     }
 
     @Test
-    @DisableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
     public void testRegisterServicePreS() throws Exception {
         verify(mServiceConn).startDaemon();
         doTestRegisterService();
@@ -396,7 +398,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    int getRequestKey(ExceptionUtils.ThrowingConsumer<ArgumentCaptor<Integer>> verifier)
+    int getRequestKey(ThrowingConsumer<ArgumentCaptor<Integer>> verifier)
             throws Exception {
         final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
         verifier.accept(captor);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
index 892e140..9ce0693 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
@@ -38,13 +39,16 @@
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NsdServiceInfoTest {
 
+    private static final InetAddress IPV4_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.1");
+    private static final InetAddress IPV6_ADDRESS = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::");
     public final static InetAddress LOCALHOST;
     static {
         // Because test.
@@ -124,6 +128,7 @@
         fullInfo.setServiceType("_kitten._tcp");
         fullInfo.setPort(4242);
         fullInfo.setHost(LOCALHOST);
+        fullInfo.setHostAddresses(List.of(IPV4_ADDRESS));
         fullInfo.setNetwork(new Network(123));
         fullInfo.setInterfaceIndex(456);
         checkParcelable(fullInfo);
@@ -139,6 +144,7 @@
         attributedInfo.setServiceType("_kitten._tcp");
         attributedInfo.setPort(4242);
         attributedInfo.setHost(LOCALHOST);
+        fullInfo.setHostAddresses(List.of(IPV6_ADDRESS, IPV4_ADDRESS));
         attributedInfo.setAttribute("color", "pink");
         attributedInfo.setAttribute("sound", (new String("にゃあ")).getBytes("UTF-8"));
         attributedInfo.setAttribute("adorable", (String) null);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
index 9203f8f..cb3a315 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.res.Resources
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.MAX_TRANSPORT
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
@@ -27,7 +26,9 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.os.Build
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import com.android.internal.R
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources
+import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepaliveResourceUtil
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.After
@@ -37,7 +38,6 @@
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
-import org.mockito.Mockito.any
 import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
 import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
 
@@ -53,14 +53,9 @@
 class KeepaliveUtilsTest {
 
     // Prepare mocked context with given resource strings.
-    private fun getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
-        id: Int,
-        name: String,
-        res: Array<out String?>?
-    ): Context {
+    private fun getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(id: Int, res: Array<out String?>?): Context {
         val mockRes = mock(Resources::class.java)
         doReturn(res).`when`(mockRes).getStringArray(eq(id))
-        doReturn(id).`when`(mockRes).getIdentifier(eq(name), any(), any())
 
         return mock(Context::class.java).apply {
             doReturn(mockRes).`when`(this).getResources()
@@ -79,10 +74,10 @@
             try {
                 val mockContext = getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
                         R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount,
-                        "config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount", res)
-                KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
+                        res)
+                KeepaliveResourceUtil.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
                 fail("Expected KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException")
-            } catch (expected: KeepaliveUtils.KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException) {
+            } catch (expected: KeepaliveResourceUtil.KeepaliveDeviceConfigurationException) {
             }
         }
 
@@ -104,12 +99,12 @@
 
         // Check valid customization generates expected array.
         val validRes = arrayOf("0,3", "1,0", "4,4")
-        val expectedValidRes = intArrayOf(3, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        val expectedValidRes = intArrayOf(3, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
 
         val mockContext = getMockedContextWithStringArrayRes(
                 R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount,
-                "config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount", validRes)
-        val actual = KeepaliveUtils.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
+                validRes)
+        val actual = KeepaliveResourceUtil.getSupportedKeepalives(mockContext)
         assertArrayEquals(expectedValidRes, actual)
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
index 0a6d2f2..b2dff2e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import static android.net.cts.util.IkeSessionTestUtils.IKE_PARAMS_V4;
 
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastU;
 import static com.android.testutils.ParcelUtils.assertParcelSane;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -55,6 +56,9 @@
     private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_RESTRICTED_TO_TEST_NETWORKS = 24;
     private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_EXCLUDE_LOCAL_ROUTE = 25;
     private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_REQUIRE_PLATFORM_VALIDATION = 26;
+    private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_IKE_TUN_CONN_PARAMS = 27;
+    private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_AUTOMATIC_NATT_KEEPALIVE_TIMER_ENABLED = 28;
+    private static final int ENCODED_INDEX_AUTOMATIC_IP_VERSION_SELECTION_ENABLED = 29;
 
     @Test
     public void testDefaults() throws Exception {
@@ -85,12 +89,15 @@
         assertFalse(p.isRestrictedToTestNetworks);
         assertFalse(p.excludeLocalRoutes);
         assertFalse(p.requiresInternetValidation);
+        assertFalse(p.automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled);
+        assertFalse(p.automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled);
     }
 
     private VpnProfile getSampleIkev2Profile(String key) {
         final VpnProfile p = new VpnProfile(key, true /* isRestrictedToTestNetworks */,
                 false /* excludesLocalRoutes */, true /* requiresPlatformValidation */,
-                null /* ikeTunConnParams */);
+                null /* ikeTunConnParams */, true /* mAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */,
+                true /* automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */);
 
         p.name = "foo";
         p.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_IKEV2_IPSEC_USER_PASS;
@@ -128,7 +135,9 @@
     private VpnProfile getSampleIkev2ProfileWithIkeTunConnParams(String key) {
         final VpnProfile p = new VpnProfile(key, true /* isRestrictedToTestNetworks */,
                 false /* excludesLocalRoutes */, true /* requiresPlatformValidation */,
-                new IkeTunnelConnectionParams(IKE_PARAMS_V4, CHILD_PARAMS));
+                new IkeTunnelConnectionParams(IKE_PARAMS_V4, CHILD_PARAMS),
+                true /* mAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */,
+                true /* automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */);
 
         p.name = "foo";
         p.server = "bar";
@@ -166,7 +175,11 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testParcelUnparcel() {
-        if (isAtLeastT()) {
+        if (isAtLeastU()) {
+            // automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled, automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled added in U.
+            assertParcelSane(getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY), 28);
+            assertParcelSane(getSampleIkev2ProfileWithIkeTunConnParams(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY), 28);
+        } else if (isAtLeastT()) {
             // excludeLocalRoutes, requiresPlatformValidation were added in T.
             assertParcelSane(getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY), 26);
             assertParcelSane(getSampleIkev2ProfileWithIkeTunConnParams(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY), 26);
@@ -221,16 +234,28 @@
                         ENCODED_INDEX_AUTH_PARAMS_INLINE,
                         ENCODED_INDEX_RESTRICTED_TO_TEST_NETWORKS,
                         ENCODED_INDEX_EXCLUDE_LOCAL_ROUTE,
-                        ENCODED_INDEX_REQUIRE_PLATFORM_VALIDATION /* missingIndices */);
+                        ENCODED_INDEX_REQUIRE_PLATFORM_VALIDATION,
+                        ENCODED_INDEX_IKE_TUN_CONN_PARAMS,
+                        ENCODED_INDEX_AUTOMATIC_NATT_KEEPALIVE_TIMER_ENABLED,
+                        ENCODED_INDEX_AUTOMATIC_IP_VERSION_SELECTION_ENABLED
+                        /* missingIndices */);
 
         assertNull(VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes()));
     }
 
+    private String getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileWithtooFewValues() {
+        return getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileMissingValues(
+                ENCODED_INDEX_RESTRICTED_TO_TEST_NETWORKS,
+                ENCODED_INDEX_EXCLUDE_LOCAL_ROUTE,
+                ENCODED_INDEX_REQUIRE_PLATFORM_VALIDATION,
+                ENCODED_INDEX_IKE_TUN_CONN_PARAMS,
+                ENCODED_INDEX_AUTOMATIC_NATT_KEEPALIVE_TIMER_ENABLED,
+                ENCODED_INDEX_AUTOMATIC_IP_VERSION_SELECTION_ENABLED /* missingIndices */);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testEncodeDecodeMissingIsRestrictedToTestNetworks() {
-        final String tooFewValues =
-                getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileMissingValues(
-                        ENCODED_INDEX_RESTRICTED_TO_TEST_NETWORKS /* missingIndices */);
+        final String tooFewValues = getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileWithtooFewValues();
 
         // Verify decoding without isRestrictedToTestNetworks defaults to false
         final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes());
@@ -239,10 +264,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testEncodeDecodeMissingExcludeLocalRoutes() {
-        final String tooFewValues =
-                getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileMissingValues(
-                        ENCODED_INDEX_EXCLUDE_LOCAL_ROUTE,
-                        ENCODED_INDEX_REQUIRE_PLATFORM_VALIDATION /* missingIndices */);
+        final String tooFewValues = getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileWithtooFewValues();
 
         // Verify decoding without excludeLocalRoutes defaults to false
         final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes());
@@ -251,9 +273,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testEncodeDecodeMissingRequiresValidation() {
-        final String tooFewValues =
-                getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileMissingValues(
-                        ENCODED_INDEX_REQUIRE_PLATFORM_VALIDATION /* missingIndices */);
+        final String tooFewValues = getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileWithtooFewValues();
 
         // Verify decoding without requiresValidation defaults to false
         final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes());
@@ -261,6 +281,24 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeMissingAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled() {
+        final String tooFewValues = getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileWithtooFewValues();
+
+        // Verify decoding without automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled defaults to false
+        final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes());
+        assertFalse(decoded.automaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeMissingAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled() {
+        final String tooFewValues = getEncodedDecodedIkev2ProfileWithtooFewValues();
+
+        // Verify decoding without automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled defaults to false
+        final VpnProfile decoded = VpnProfile.decode(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY, tooFewValues.getBytes());
+        assertFalse(decoded.automaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testEncodeDecodeLoginsNotSaved() {
         final VpnProfile profile = getSampleIkev2Profile(DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY);
         profile.saveLogin = false;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
index f07a10d..d189848 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
@@ -16,53 +16,1139 @@
 
 package com.android.server;
 
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NONE;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED;
+import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EINVAL;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EPERM;
 
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.DOZABLE_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.HAPPY_BOX_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.IIF_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.NO_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.OEM_DENY_1_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.OEM_DENY_2_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.OEM_DENY_3_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.PENALTY_BOX_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.POWERSAVE_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.BpfNetMaps.STANDBY_MATCH;
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityStatsLog.NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
+import android.app.StatsManager;
+import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.ServiceSpecificException;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.TestBpfMap;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public final class BpfNetMapsTest {
     private static final String TAG = "BpfNetMapsTest";
+
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
     private static final int TEST_UID = 10086;
     private static final int[] TEST_UIDS = {10002, 10003};
-    private static final String IFNAME = "wlan0";
+    private static final String TEST_IF_NAME = "wlan0";
+    private static final int TEST_IF_INDEX = 7;
+    private static final int NO_IIF = 0;
+    private static final int NULL_IIF = 0;
     private static final String CHAINNAME = "fw_dozable";
+    private static final S32 UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY = new S32(0);
+    private static final S32 CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY = new S32(1);
+    private static final List<Integer> FIREWALL_CHAINS = List.of(
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED,
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1,
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2,
+            FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3
+    );
+
+    private static final long STATS_SELECT_MAP_A = 0;
+    private static final long STATS_SELECT_MAP_B = 1;
+
     private BpfNetMaps mBpfNetMaps;
 
     @Mock INetd mNetd;
+    @Mock BpfNetMaps.Dependencies mDeps;
+    @Mock Context mContext;
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, U32> mConfigurationMap = new TestBpfMap<>(S32.class, U32.class);
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, UidOwnerValue> mUidOwnerMap =
+            new TestBpfMap<>(S32.class, UidOwnerValue.class);
+    private final IBpfMap<S32, U8> mUidPermissionMap = new TestBpfMap<>(S32.class, U8.class);
+    private final IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> mCookieTagMap =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(CookieTagMapKey.class, CookieTagMapValue.class));
 
     @Before
-    public void setUp() {
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-        mBpfNetMaps = new BpfNetMaps(mNetd);
+        doReturn(TEST_IF_INDEX).when(mDeps).getIfIndex(TEST_IF_NAME);
+        doReturn(0).when(mDeps).synchronizeKernelRCU();
+        BpfNetMaps.setEnableJavaBpfMapForTest(true /* enable */);
+        BpfNetMaps.setConfigurationMapForTest(mConfigurationMap);
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(0));
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(
+                CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(STATS_SELECT_MAP_A));
+        BpfNetMaps.setUidOwnerMapForTest(mUidOwnerMap);
+        BpfNetMaps.setUidPermissionMapForTest(mUidPermissionMap);
+        BpfNetMaps.setCookieTagMapForTest(mCookieTagMap);
+        mBpfNetMaps = new BpfNetMaps(mContext, mNetd, mDeps);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testBpfNetMapsBeforeT() throws Exception {
         assumeFalse(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
-        mBpfNetMaps.addUidInterfaceRules(IFNAME, TEST_UIDS);
-        verify(mNetd).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(IFNAME, TEST_UIDS);
+        mBpfNetMaps.addUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_NAME, TEST_UIDS);
+        verify(mNetd).firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_NAME, TEST_UIDS);
         mBpfNetMaps.removeUidInterfaceRules(TEST_UIDS);
         verify(mNetd).firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(TEST_UIDS);
         mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_INTERNET, TEST_UIDS);
         verify(mNetd).trafficSetNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_INTERNET, TEST_UIDS);
     }
+
+    private long getMatch(final List<Integer> chains) {
+        long match = 0;
+        for (final int chain: chains) {
+            match |= mBpfNetMaps.getMatchByFirewallChain(chain);
+        }
+        return match;
+    }
+
+    private void doTestIsChainEnabled(final List<Integer> enableChains) throws Exception {
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(getMatch(enableChains)));
+
+        for (final int chain: FIREWALL_CHAINS) {
+            final String testCase = "EnabledChains: " + enableChains + " CheckedChain: " + chain;
+            if (enableChains.contains(chain)) {
+                assertTrue("Expected isChainEnabled returns True, " + testCase,
+                        mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(chain));
+            } else {
+                assertFalse("Expected isChainEnabled returns False, " + testCase,
+                        mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(chain));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doTestIsChainEnabled(final int enableChain) throws Exception {
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(List.of(enableChain));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testIsChainEnabled() throws Exception {
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testIsChainEnabledMultipleChainEnabled() throws Exception {
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY));
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED));
+        doTestIsChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAINS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testIsChainEnabledInvalidChain() {
+        final Class<ServiceSpecificException> expected = ServiceSpecificException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(-1 /* childChain */));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(1000 /* childChain */));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testIsChainEnabledBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.isChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetChildChain(final List<Integer> testChains) throws Exception {
+        long expectedMatch = 0;
+        for (final int chain: testChains) {
+            expectedMatch |= mBpfNetMaps.getMatchByFirewallChain(chain);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(0, mConfigurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val);
+
+        for (final int chain: testChains) {
+            mBpfNetMaps.setChildChain(chain, true /* enable */);
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectedMatch, mConfigurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val);
+
+        for (final int chain: testChains) {
+            mBpfNetMaps.setChildChain(chain, false /* enable */);
+        }
+        assertEquals(0, mConfigurationMap.getValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetChildChain(final int testChain) throws Exception {
+        doTestSetChildChain(List.of(testChain));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetChildChain() throws Exception {
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(0));
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetChildChainMultipleChain() throws Exception {
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(0));
+        doTestSetChildChain(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY));
+        doTestSetChildChain(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED));
+        doTestSetChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAINS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetChildChainInvalidChain() {
+        final Class<ServiceSpecificException> expected = ServiceSpecificException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.setChildChain(-1 /* childChain */, true /* enable */));
+        assertThrows(expected,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.setChildChain(1000 /* childChain */, true /* enable */));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetChildChainBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.setChildChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, true /* enable */));
+    }
+
+    private void checkUidOwnerValue(final int uid, final int expectedIif,
+            final long expectedMatch) throws Exception {
+        final UidOwnerValue config = mUidOwnerMap.getValue(new S32(uid));
+        if (expectedMatch == 0) {
+            assertNull(config);
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(expectedIif, config.iif);
+            assertEquals(expectedMatch, config.rule);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doTestRemoveNaughtyApp(final int iif, final long match) throws Exception {
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(iif, match));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.removeNaughtyApp(TEST_UID);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(TEST_UID, iif, match & ~PENALTY_BOX_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testRemoveNaughtyApp() throws Exception {
+        doTestRemoveNaughtyApp(NO_IIF, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH);
+
+        // PENALTY_BOX_MATCH with other matches
+        doTestRemoveNaughtyApp(NO_IIF, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH);
+
+        // PENALTY_BOX_MATCH with IIF_MATCH
+        doTestRemoveNaughtyApp(TEST_IF_INDEX, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH | IIF_MATCH);
+
+        // PENALTY_BOX_MATCH is not enabled
+        doTestRemoveNaughtyApp(NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testRemoveNaughtyAppMissingUid() {
+        // UidOwnerMap does not have entry for TEST_UID
+        assertThrows(ServiceSpecificException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.removeNaughtyApp(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testRemoveNaughtyAppBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.removeNaughtyApp(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestAddNaughtyApp(final int iif, final long match) throws Exception {
+        if (match != NO_MATCH) {
+            mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(iif, match));
+        }
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.addNaughtyApp(TEST_UID);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(TEST_UID, iif, match | PENALTY_BOX_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddNaughtyApp() throws Exception {
+        doTestAddNaughtyApp(NO_IIF, NO_MATCH);
+
+        // Other matches are enabled
+        doTestAddNaughtyApp(NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH);
+
+        // IIF_MATCH is enabled
+        doTestAddNaughtyApp(TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH);
+
+        // PENALTY_BOX_MATCH is already enabled
+        doTestAddNaughtyApp(NO_IIF, PENALTY_BOX_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddNaughtyAppBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.addNaughtyApp(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestRemoveNiceApp(final int iif, final long match) throws Exception {
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(iif, match));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.removeNiceApp(TEST_UID);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(TEST_UID, iif, match & ~HAPPY_BOX_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testRemoveNiceApp() throws Exception {
+        doTestRemoveNiceApp(NO_IIF, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH);
+
+        // HAPPY_BOX_MATCH with other matches
+        doTestRemoveNiceApp(NO_IIF, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH);
+
+        // HAPPY_BOX_MATCH with IIF_MATCH
+        doTestRemoveNiceApp(TEST_IF_INDEX, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH | IIF_MATCH);
+
+        // HAPPY_BOX_MATCH is not enabled
+        doTestRemoveNiceApp(NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testRemoveNiceAppMissingUid() {
+        // UidOwnerMap does not have entry for TEST_UID
+        assertThrows(ServiceSpecificException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.removeNiceApp(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testRemoveNiceAppBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.removeNiceApp(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestAddNiceApp(final int iif, final long match) throws Exception {
+        if (match != NO_MATCH) {
+            mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(iif, match));
+        }
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.addNiceApp(TEST_UID);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(TEST_UID, iif, match | HAPPY_BOX_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddNiceApp() throws Exception {
+        doTestAddNiceApp(NO_IIF, NO_MATCH);
+
+        // Other matches are enabled
+        doTestAddNiceApp(NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH);
+
+        // IIF_MATCH is enabled
+        doTestAddNiceApp(TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH);
+
+        // HAPPY_BOX_MATCH is already enabled
+        doTestAddNiceApp(NO_IIF, HAPPY_BOX_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddNiceAppBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.addNiceApp(TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(final int iif, final long match, final boolean add)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (match != NO_MATCH) {
+            mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(iif, match));
+        }
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.updateUidLockdownRule(TEST_UID, add);
+
+        final long expectedMatch = add ? match | LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH : match & ~LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH;
+        checkUidOwnerValue(TEST_UID, iif, expectedMatch);
+    }
+
+    private static final boolean ADD = true;
+    private static final boolean REMOVE = false;
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testUpdateUidLockdownRuleAddLockdown() throws Exception {
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(NO_IIF, NO_MATCH, ADD);
+
+        // Other matches are enabled
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(
+                NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH, ADD);
+
+        // IIF_MATCH is enabled
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(TEST_IF_INDEX, DOZABLE_MATCH, ADD);
+
+        // LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH is already enabled
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(NO_IIF, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH, ADD);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testUpdateUidLockdownRuleRemoveLockdown() throws Exception {
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(NO_IIF, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, REMOVE);
+
+        // LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH with other matches
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(
+                NO_IIF, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH, REMOVE);
+
+        // LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH with IIF_MATCH
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(TEST_IF_INDEX, LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH | IIF_MATCH, REMOVE);
+
+        // LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH is not enabled
+        doTestUpdateUidLockdownRule(NO_IIF, POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH, REMOVE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testUpdateUidLockdownRuleBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.updateUidLockdownRule(TEST_UID, true /* add */));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddUidInterfaceRules() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.addUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_NAME, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddUidInterfaceRulesWithOtherMatch() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final long match0 = DOZABLE_MATCH;
+        final long match1 = DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid0), new UidOwnerValue(NO_IIF, match0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid1), new UidOwnerValue(NO_IIF, match1));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.addUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_NAME, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, TEST_IF_INDEX, match0 | IIF_MATCH);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, TEST_IF_INDEX, match1 | IIF_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddUidInterfaceRulesWithExistingIifMatch() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final long match0 = IIF_MATCH;
+        final long match1 = IIF_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid0), new UidOwnerValue(TEST_IF_INDEX + 1, match0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid1), new UidOwnerValue(NULL_IIF, match1));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.addUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_NAME, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, TEST_IF_INDEX, match0);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, TEST_IF_INDEX, match1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddUidInterfaceRulesGetIfIndexFail() {
+        doReturn(0).when(mDeps).getIfIndex(TEST_IF_NAME);
+        assertThrows(ServiceSpecificException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.addUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_NAME, TEST_UIDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testAddUidInterfaceRulesWithNullInterface() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final long match0 = IIF_MATCH;
+        final long match1 = IIF_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid0), new UidOwnerValue(TEST_IF_INDEX, match0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid1), new UidOwnerValue(NULL_IIF, match1));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.addUidInterfaceRules(null /* ifName */, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, NULL_IIF, match0);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, NULL_IIF, match1);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestRemoveUidInterfaceRules(final int iif0, final long match0,
+            final int iif1, final long match1) throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid0), new UidOwnerValue(iif0, match0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid1), new UidOwnerValue(iif1, match1));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.removeUidInterfaceRules(TEST_UIDS);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, NO_IIF, match0 & ~IIF_MATCH);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, NO_IIF, match1 & ~IIF_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testRemoveUidInterfaceRules() throws Exception {
+        doTestRemoveUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH, NULL_IIF, IIF_MATCH);
+
+        // IIF_MATCH and other matches are enabled
+        doTestRemoveUidInterfaceRules(TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH,
+                NULL_IIF, IIF_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH);
+
+        // IIF_MATCH is not enabled
+        doTestRemoveUidInterfaceRules(NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH,
+                NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetUidRule(final List<Integer> testChains) throws Exception {
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH));
+
+        for (final int chain: testChains) {
+            final int ruleToAddMatch = mBpfNetMaps.isFirewallAllowList(chain)
+                    ? FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW : FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
+            mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(chain, TEST_UID, ruleToAddMatch);
+        }
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(TEST_UID, TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH | getMatch(testChains));
+
+        for (final int chain: testChains) {
+            final int ruleToRemoveMatch = mBpfNetMaps.isFirewallAllowList(chain)
+                    ? FIREWALL_RULE_DENY : FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+            mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(chain, TEST_UID, ruleToRemoveMatch);
+        }
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(TEST_UID, TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestSetUidRule(final int testChain) throws Exception {
+        doTestSetUidRule(List.of(testChain));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetUidRule() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetUidRuleMultipleChain() throws Exception {
+        doTestSetUidRule(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY));
+        doTestSetUidRule(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED));
+        doTestSetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAINS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetUidRuleRemoveRuleFromUidWithNoRule() {
+        final Class<ServiceSpecificException> expected = ServiceSpecificException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UID, FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetUidRuleInvalidChain() {
+        final Class<ServiceSpecificException> expected = ServiceSpecificException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(-1 /* childChain */, TEST_UID, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        assertThrows(expected,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(1000 /* childChain */, TEST_UID, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetUidRuleInvalidRule() {
+        final Class<ServiceSpecificException> expected = ServiceSpecificException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected, () ->
+                mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UID, -1 /* firewallRule */));
+        assertThrows(expected, () ->
+                mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UID, 1000 /* firewallRule */));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetUidRuleBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () ->
+                mBpfNetMaps.setUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UID, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+    }
+
+    private void doTestGetUidRule(final List<Integer> enableChains) throws Exception {
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(0, getMatch(enableChains)));
+
+        for (final int chain: FIREWALL_CHAINS) {
+            final String testCase = "EnabledChains: " + enableChains + " CheckedChain: " + chain;
+            if (enableChains.contains(chain)) {
+                final int expectedRule = mBpfNetMaps.isFirewallAllowList(chain)
+                        ? FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW : FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
+                assertEquals(testCase, expectedRule, mBpfNetMaps.getUidRule(chain, TEST_UID));
+            } else {
+                final int expectedRule = mBpfNetMaps.isFirewallAllowList(chain)
+                        ? FIREWALL_RULE_DENY : FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+                assertEquals(testCase, expectedRule, mBpfNetMaps.getUidRule(chain, TEST_UID));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doTestGetUidRule(final int enableChain) throws Exception {
+        doTestGetUidRule(List.of(enableChain));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testGetUidRule() throws Exception {
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testGetUidRuleMultipleChainEnabled() throws Exception {
+        doTestGetUidRule(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY));
+        doTestGetUidRule(List.of(
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED));
+        doTestGetUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAINS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testGetUidRuleNoEntry() throws Exception {
+        mUidOwnerMap.clear();
+        for (final int chain: FIREWALL_CHAINS) {
+            final int expectedRule = mBpfNetMaps.isFirewallAllowList(chain)
+                    ? FIREWALL_RULE_DENY : FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
+            assertEquals(expectedRule, mBpfNetMaps.getUidRule(chain, TEST_UID));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testGetUidRuleInvalidChain() {
+        final Class<ServiceSpecificException> expected = ServiceSpecificException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.getUidRule(-1 /* childChain */, TEST_UID));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.getUidRule(1000 /* childChain */, TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testGetUidRuleBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.getUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testReplaceUidChain() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, NO_IIF, DOZABLE_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testReplaceUidChainWithOtherMatch() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final long match0 = POWERSAVE_MATCH;
+        final long match1 = POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid0), new UidOwnerValue(NO_IIF, match0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid1), new UidOwnerValue(NO_IIF, match1));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, new int[]{uid1});
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, NO_IIF, match0);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, NO_IIF, match1 | DOZABLE_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testReplaceUidChainWithExistingIifMatch() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final long match0 = IIF_MATCH;
+        final long match1 = IIF_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid0), new UidOwnerValue(TEST_IF_INDEX, match0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid1), new UidOwnerValue(NULL_IIF, match1));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, TEST_IF_INDEX, match0 | DOZABLE_MATCH);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, NULL_IIF, match1 | DOZABLE_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testReplaceUidChainRemoveExistingMatch() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final long match0 = IIF_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH;
+        final long match1 = IIF_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH | RESTRICTED_MATCH;
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid0), new UidOwnerValue(TEST_IF_INDEX, match0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(uid1), new UidOwnerValue(NULL_IIF, match1));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, new int[]{uid1});
+
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid0, TEST_IF_INDEX, match0 & ~DOZABLE_MATCH);
+        checkUidOwnerValue(uid1, NULL_IIF, match1 | DOZABLE_MATCH);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testReplaceUidChainInvalidChain() {
+        final Class<IllegalArgumentException> expected = IllegalArgumentException.class;
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(-1 /* chain */, TEST_UIDS));
+        assertThrows(expected, () -> mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(1000 /* chain */, TEST_UIDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreAfter(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testReplaceUidChainBeforeT() {
+        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> mBpfNetMaps.replaceUidChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, TEST_UIDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsGrantInternetPermission() throws Exception {
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_INTERNET, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        assertTrue(mUidPermissionMap.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsGrantUpdateStatsPermission() throws Exception {
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsGrantMultiplePermissions() throws Exception {
+        final int permission = PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(permission, TEST_UIDS);
+
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsRevokeInternetPermission() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_INTERNET, TEST_UIDS);
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{uid0});
+
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_NONE, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertNull(mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsRevokeUpdateDeviceStatsPermission() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, TEST_UIDS);
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{uid0});
+
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_NONE, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsRevokeMultiplePermissions() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final int permission = PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(permission, TEST_UIDS);
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{uid0});
+
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_NONE, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsPermissionUninstalled() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final int permission = PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(permission, TEST_UIDS);
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, new int[]{uid0});
+
+        assertNull(mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)));
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSetNetPermForUidsDuplicatedRequestSilentlyIgnored() throws Exception {
+        final int uid0 = TEST_UIDS[0];
+        final int uid1 = TEST_UIDS[1];
+        final int permission = PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(permission, TEST_UIDS);
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(permission, TEST_UIDS);
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(permission, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_NONE, TEST_UIDS);
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_NONE, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_NONE, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_NONE, TEST_UIDS);
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_NONE, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)).val);
+        assertEquals(PERMISSION_NONE, mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)).val);
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, TEST_UIDS);
+        assertNull(mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)));
+        assertNull(mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.setNetPermForUids(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, TEST_UIDS);
+        assertNull(mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid0)));
+        assertNull(mUidPermissionMap.getValue(new S32(uid1)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSwapActiveStatsMap() throws Exception {
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(
+                CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(STATS_SELECT_MAP_A));
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.swapActiveStatsMap();
+        assertEquals(STATS_SELECT_MAP_B,
+                mConfigurationMap.getValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val);
+
+        mBpfNetMaps.swapActiveStatsMap();
+        assertEquals(STATS_SELECT_MAP_A,
+                mConfigurationMap.getValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY).val);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testSwapActiveStatsMapSynchronizeKernelRCUFail() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(EPERM).when(mDeps).synchronizeKernelRCU();
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(
+                CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(STATS_SELECT_MAP_A));
+
+        assertThrows(ServiceSpecificException.class, () -> mBpfNetMaps.swapActiveStatsMap());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testPullBpfMapInfo() throws Exception {
+        // mCookieTagMap has 1 entry
+        mCookieTagMap.updateEntry(new CookieTagMapKey(0), new CookieTagMapValue(0, 0));
+
+        // mUidOwnerMap has 2 entries
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(0), new UidOwnerValue(0, 0));
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(1), new UidOwnerValue(0, 0));
+
+        // mUidPermissionMap has 3 entries
+        mUidPermissionMap.updateEntry(new S32(0), new U8((short) 0));
+        mUidPermissionMap.updateEntry(new S32(1), new U8((short) 0));
+        mUidPermissionMap.updateEntry(new S32(2), new U8((short) 0));
+
+        final int ret = mBpfNetMaps.pullBpfMapInfoAtom(NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO, new ArrayList<>());
+        assertEquals(StatsManager.PULL_SUCCESS, ret);
+        verify(mDeps).buildStatsEvent(
+                1 /* cookieTagMapSize */, 2 /* uidOwnerMapSize */, 3 /* uidPermissionMapSize */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testPullBpfMapInfoGetMapSizeFailure() throws Exception {
+        doThrow(new ErrnoException("", EINVAL)).when(mCookieTagMap).forEach(any());
+        final int ret = mBpfNetMaps.pullBpfMapInfoAtom(NETWORK_BPF_MAP_INFO, new ArrayList<>());
+        assertEquals(StatsManager.PULL_SKIP, ret);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testPullBpfMapInfoUnexpectedAtomTag() {
+        final int ret = mBpfNetMaps.pullBpfMapInfoAtom(-1 /* atomTag */, new ArrayList<>());
+        assertEquals(StatsManager.PULL_SKIP, ret);
+    }
+
+    private void assertDumpContains(final String dump, final String message) {
+        assertTrue(String.format("dump(%s) does not contain '%s'", dump, message),
+                dump.contains(message));
+    }
+
+    private String getDump() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        mBpfNetMaps.dump(new IndentingPrintWriter(sw), new FileDescriptor(), true /* verbose */);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    private void doTestDumpUidPermissionMap(final int permission, final String permissionString)
+            throws Exception {
+        mUidPermissionMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new U8((short) permission));
+        assertDumpContains(getDump(), TEST_UID + " " + permissionString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpUidPermissionMap() throws Exception {
+        doTestDumpUidPermissionMap(PERMISSION_NONE, "PERMISSION_NONE");
+        doTestDumpUidPermissionMap(PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                "PERMISSION_INTERNET PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpUidPermissionMapInvalidPermission() throws Exception {
+        doTestDumpUidPermissionMap(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, "PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED error!");
+        doTestDumpUidPermissionMap(PERMISSION_INTERNET | 1 << 6,
+                "PERMISSION_INTERNET PERMISSION_UNKNOWN(64)");
+    }
+
+    void doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(final int iif, final long match, final String matchString)
+            throws Exception {
+        mUidOwnerMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_UID), new UidOwnerValue(iif, match));
+        assertDumpContains(getDump(), TEST_UID + " " + matchString);
+    }
+
+    void doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(final long match, final String matchString) throws Exception {
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(0 /* iif */, match, matchString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpUidOwnerMap() throws Exception {
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(HAPPY_BOX_MATCH, "HAPPY_BOX_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(PENALTY_BOX_MATCH, "PENALTY_BOX_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(DOZABLE_MATCH, "DOZABLE_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(STANDBY_MATCH, "STANDBY_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(POWERSAVE_MATCH, "POWERSAVE_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(RESTRICTED_MATCH, "RESTRICTED_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH, "LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, "LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(OEM_DENY_1_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_1_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(OEM_DENY_2_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_2_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(OEM_DENY_3_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_3_MATCH");
+
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(HAPPY_BOX_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH,
+                "HAPPY_BOX_MATCH POWERSAVE_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(DOZABLE_MATCH | LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH | OEM_DENY_1_MATCH,
+                "DOZABLE_MATCH LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH OEM_DENY_1_MATCH");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpUidOwnerMapWithIifMatch() throws Exception {
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(TEST_IF_INDEX, IIF_MATCH, "IIF_MATCH " + TEST_IF_INDEX);
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(TEST_IF_INDEX,
+                IIF_MATCH | DOZABLE_MATCH | LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH | OEM_DENY_1_MATCH,
+                "DOZABLE_MATCH IIF_MATCH LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH OEM_DENY_1_MATCH " + TEST_IF_INDEX);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpUidOwnerMapWithInvalidMatch() throws Exception {
+        final long invalid_match = 1L << 31;
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(invalid_match, "UNKNOWN_MATCH(" + invalid_match + ")");
+        doTestDumpUidOwnerMap(DOZABLE_MATCH | invalid_match,
+                "DOZABLE_MATCH UNKNOWN_MATCH(" + invalid_match + ")");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpCurrentStatsMapConfig() throws Exception {
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(
+                CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(STATS_SELECT_MAP_A));
+        assertDumpContains(getDump(), "current statsMap configuration: 0 SELECT_MAP_A");
+
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(
+                CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(STATS_SELECT_MAP_B));
+        assertDumpContains(getDump(), "current statsMap configuration: 1 SELECT_MAP_B");
+    }
+
+    private void doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(final long match, final String matchString)
+            throws Exception {
+        mConfigurationMap.updateEntry(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, new U32(match));
+        assertDumpContains(getDump(),
+                "current ownerMatch configuration: " + match + " " + matchString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpUidOwnerMapConfig() throws Exception {
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(HAPPY_BOX_MATCH, "HAPPY_BOX_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(PENALTY_BOX_MATCH, "PENALTY_BOX_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(DOZABLE_MATCH, "DOZABLE_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(STANDBY_MATCH, "STANDBY_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(POWERSAVE_MATCH, "POWERSAVE_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(RESTRICTED_MATCH, "RESTRICTED_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH, "LOW_POWER_STANDBY_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(IIF_MATCH, "IIF_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH, "LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(OEM_DENY_1_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_1_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(OEM_DENY_2_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_2_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(OEM_DENY_3_MATCH, "OEM_DENY_3_MATCH");
+
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(HAPPY_BOX_MATCH | POWERSAVE_MATCH,
+                "HAPPY_BOX_MATCH POWERSAVE_MATCH");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(DOZABLE_MATCH | LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH | OEM_DENY_1_MATCH,
+                "DOZABLE_MATCH LOCKDOWN_VPN_MATCH OEM_DENY_1_MATCH");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpUidOwnerMapConfigWithInvalidMatch() throws Exception {
+        final long invalid_match = 1L << 31;
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(invalid_match, "UNKNOWN_MATCH(" + invalid_match + ")");
+        doTestDumpOwnerMatchConfig(DOZABLE_MATCH | invalid_match,
+                "DOZABLE_MATCH UNKNOWN_MATCH(" + invalid_match + ")");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+    public void testDumpCookieTagMap() throws Exception {
+        mCookieTagMap.updateEntry(new CookieTagMapKey(123), new CookieTagMapValue(456, 0x789));
+        assertDumpContains(getDump(), "cookie=123 tag=0x789 uid=456");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index b9a18ab..877df98
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_FACTORY;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
+import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD;
 import static android.app.PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE;
@@ -35,7 +36,6 @@
 import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REPLACED;
 import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_ADDED;
 import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_REMOVED;
-import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_ETHERNET;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI;
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2;
@@ -66,6 +65,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@
 import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_TEST;
 import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_TEST_ONLY;
 import static android.net.OemNetworkPreferences.OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_UNINITIALIZED;
+import static android.net.Proxy.PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION;
 import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
 import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED;
 import static android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener.PREFIX_OPERATION_REMOVED;
@@ -152,13 +153,17 @@
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.PREFERENCE_ORDER_OEM;
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE;
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.PREFERENCE_ORDER_VPN;
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.createDeliveryGroupKeyForConnectivityAction;
+import static com.android.server.ConnectivityService.makeNflogPrefix;
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTestUtils.transportToLegacyType;
+import static com.android.server.NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackRegister;
+import static com.android.server.NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister;
 import static com.android.testutils.ConcurrentUtils.await;
 import static com.android.testutils.ConcurrentUtils.durationOf;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreAfter;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
-import static com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils.ignoreExceptions;
+import static com.android.testutils.FunctionalUtils.ignoreExceptions;
 import static com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils.waitForIdleSerialExecutor;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertContainsAll;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertContainsExactly;
@@ -167,8 +172,20 @@
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertRunsInAtMost;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertSameElements;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS_INT;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.LOSING;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.LOST;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.RESUMED;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED;
+import static com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.UNAVAILABLE;
 import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
 
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
@@ -209,10 +226,12 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.app.AlarmManager;
 import android.app.AppOpsManager;
+import android.app.BroadcastOptions;
 import android.app.NotificationManager;
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManager;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
+import android.compat.testing.PlatformCompatChangeRule;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.ComponentName;
 import android.content.ContentProvider;
@@ -228,6 +247,7 @@
 import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.location.LocationManager;
+import android.net.CaptivePortal;
 import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
 import android.net.ConnectionInfo;
 import android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport;
@@ -236,11 +256,11 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepaliveCallback;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TooManyRequestsException;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityThread;
 import android.net.DataStallReportParcelable;
 import android.net.EthernetManager;
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback;
 import android.net.IDnsResolver;
 import android.net.INetd;
@@ -295,14 +315,13 @@
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
 import android.net.netd.aidl.NativeUidRangeConfig;
 import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.Nat64PrefixEventParcel;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel;
-import android.net.shared.NetworkMonitorUtils;
 import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
-import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.os.BadParcelableException;
 import android.os.BatteryStatsManager;
@@ -356,32 +375,46 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
+import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkMonitorUtils;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.ConstantsShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.NetworkAgentConfigShimImpl;
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.api29.ConstantsShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.BroadcastOptionsShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo;
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo;
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTest.ConnectivityServiceDependencies.ReportedInterfaces;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ClatCoordinator;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityFlags;
-import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MultinetworkPolicyTracker;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTestDependencies;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.Nat464Xlat;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.ProxyTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.QosCallbackTracker;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.UidRangeUtils;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.VpnProfileStore;
+import com.android.server.net.LockdownVpnTracker;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkPinner;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
-import com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.FunctionalUtils.Function3;
+import com.android.testutils.FunctionalUtils.ThrowingConsumer;
+import com.android.testutils.FunctionalUtils.ThrowingRunnable;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkOfferCallback;
 
+import libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.DisableCompatChanges;
+import libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.EnableCompatChanges;
+
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Assert;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -429,14 +462,13 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
 import java.util.function.Predicate;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass;
-
 /**
  * Tests for {@link ConnectivityService}.
  *
@@ -452,6 +484,9 @@
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
+    @Rule
+    public final PlatformCompatChangeRule compatChangeRule = new PlatformCompatChangeRule();
+
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000;
     // Broadcasts can take a long time to be delivered. The test will not wait for that long unless
     // there is a failure, so use a long timeout.
@@ -468,7 +503,7 @@
     // complete before callbacks are verified.
     private static final int TEST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 150;
 
-    private static final int UNREASONABLY_LONG_ALARM_WAIT_MS = 1000;
+    private static final int UNREASONABLY_LONG_ALARM_WAIT_MS = 2_000;
 
     private static final long TIMESTAMP = 1234L;
 
@@ -499,6 +534,10 @@
     private static final int TEST_PACKAGE_UID = 123;
     private static final int TEST_PACKAGE_UID2 = 321;
     private static final int TEST_PACKAGE_UID3 = 456;
+
+    private static final int PACKET_WAKEUP_MASK = 0xffff0000;
+    private static final int PACKET_WAKEUP_MARK = 0x88880000;
+
     private static final String ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE = "com.android.test.alwaysonvpn";
 
     private static final String INTERFACE_NAME = "interface";
@@ -517,13 +556,13 @@
 
     private MockContext mServiceContext;
     private HandlerThread mCsHandlerThread;
-    private HandlerThread mVMSHandlerThread;
     private ConnectivityServiceDependencies mDeps;
+    private AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerDependencies mAutoOnOffKeepaliveDependencies;
     private ConnectivityService mService;
     private WrappedConnectivityManager mCm;
-    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mWiFiNetworkAgent;
-    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mCellNetworkAgent;
-    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mEthernetNetworkAgent;
+    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mWiFiAgent;
+    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mCellAgent;
+    private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mEthernetAgent;
     private MockVpn mMockVpn;
     private Context mContext;
     private NetworkPolicyCallback mPolicyCallback;
@@ -533,7 +572,6 @@
     private TestNetIdManager mNetIdManager;
     private QosCallbackMockHelper mQosCallbackMockHelper;
     private QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
-    private VpnManagerService mVpnManagerService;
     private TestNetworkCallback mDefaultNetworkCallback;
     private TestNetworkCallback mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback;
     private TestNetworkCallback mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback;
@@ -570,6 +608,7 @@
     @Mock BpfNetMaps mBpfNetMaps;
     @Mock CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator;
     @Mock TetheringManager mTetheringManager;
+    @Mock BroadcastOptionsShim mBroadcastOptionsShim;
 
     // BatteryStatsManager is final and cannot be mocked with regular mockito, so just mock the
     // underlying binder calls.
@@ -741,7 +780,7 @@
         }
 
         private int checkMockedPermission(String permission, int pid, int uid,
-                Supplier<Integer> ifAbsent) {
+                Function3<String, Integer, Integer, Integer> ifAbsent /* perm, uid, pid -> int */) {
             final Integer granted = mMockedPermissions.get(permission + "," + pid + "," + uid);
             if (null != granted) {
                 return granted;
@@ -750,27 +789,27 @@
             if (null != allGranted) {
                 return allGranted;
             }
-            return ifAbsent.get();
+            return ifAbsent.apply(permission, pid, uid);
         }
 
         @Override
         public int checkPermission(String permission, int pid, int uid) {
             return checkMockedPermission(permission, pid, uid,
-                    () -> super.checkPermission(permission, pid, uid));
+                    (perm, p, u) -> super.checkPermission(perm, p, u));
         }
 
         @Override
         public int checkCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission) {
             return checkMockedPermission(permission, Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(),
-                    () -> super.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission));
+                    (perm, p, u) -> super.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(perm));
         }
 
         @Override
         public void enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission, String message) {
             final Integer granted = checkMockedPermission(permission,
                     Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(),
-                    () -> {
-                        super.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(permission, message);
+                    (perm, p, u) -> {
+                        super.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(perm, message);
                         // enforce will crash if the permission is not granted
                         return PERMISSION_GRANTED;
                     });
@@ -783,7 +822,7 @@
         /**
          * Mock checks for the specified permission, and have them behave as per {@code granted}.
          *
-         * This will apply across the board no matter what the checked UID and PID are.
+         * This will apply to all calls no matter what the checked UID and PID are.
          *
          * <p>Passing null reverts to default behavior, which does a real permission check on the
          * test package.
@@ -817,6 +856,27 @@
             // null should not pass the test
             return null;
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public void sendStickyBroadcast(Intent intent, Bundle options) {
+            // Verify that delivery group policy APIs were used on U.
+            if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU() && CONNECTIVITY_ACTION.equals(intent.getAction())) {
+                final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO,
+                        NetworkInfo.class);
+                try {
+                    verify(mBroadcastOptionsShim).setDeliveryGroupPolicy(
+                            eq(ConstantsShim.DELIVERY_GROUP_POLICY_MOST_RECENT));
+                    verify(mBroadcastOptionsShim).setDeliveryGroupMatchingKey(
+                            eq(CONNECTIVITY_ACTION),
+                            eq(createDeliveryGroupKeyForConnectivityAction(ni)));
+                    verify(mBroadcastOptionsShim).setDeferralPolicy(
+                            eq(ConstantsShim.DEFERRAL_POLICY_UNTIL_ACTIVE));
+                } catch (UnsupportedApiLevelException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+            super.sendStickyBroadcast(intent, options);
+        }
     }
 
     // This was only added in the T SDK, but this test needs to build against the R+S SDKs, too.
@@ -847,9 +907,9 @@
 
     private void waitForIdle() {
         HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
-        waitForIdle(mCellNetworkAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
-        waitForIdle(mWiFiNetworkAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
-        waitForIdle(mEthernetNetworkAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        waitForIdle(mCellAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        waitForIdle(mWiFiAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        waitForIdle(mEthernetAgent, TIMEOUT_MS);
         HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
         HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(ConnectivityThread.get(), TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
@@ -872,15 +932,15 @@
 
         // Bring up a network that we can use to send messages to ConnectivityService.
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
-        Network n = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        Network n = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
         assertNotNull(n);
 
         // Tests that calling waitForIdle waits for messages to be processed.
         for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
+            mWiFiAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
             waitForIdle();
             assertEquals(i, mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(n).getSignalStrength());
         }
@@ -892,16 +952,16 @@
     public void verifyThatNotWaitingForIdleCausesRaceConditions() throws Exception {
         // Bring up a network that we can use to send messages to ConnectivityService.
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
-        Network n = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        Network n = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
         assertNotNull(n);
 
         // Ensure that not calling waitForIdle causes a race condition.
         final int attempts = 50;  // Causes the test to take about 200ms on bullhead-eng.
         for (int i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
+            mWiFiAgent.setSignalStrength(i);
             if (i != mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(n).getSignalStrength()) {
                 // We hit a race condition, as expected. Pass the test.
                 return;
@@ -925,9 +985,6 @@
         private int mProbesSucceeded;
         private String mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
         private boolean mNmProvNotificationRequested = false;
-        private Runnable mCreatedCallback;
-        private Runnable mUnwantedCallback;
-        private Runnable mDisconnectedCallback;
 
         private final ConditionVariable mNetworkStatusReceived = new ConditionVariable();
         // Contains the redirectUrl from networkStatus(). Before reading, wait for
@@ -935,22 +992,34 @@
         private String mRedirectUrl;
 
         TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport) throws Exception {
-            this(transport, new LinkProperties(), null /* ncTemplate */, null /* provider */);
+            this(transport, new LinkProperties(), null /* ncTemplate */, null /* provider */, null);
         }
 
         TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties)
                 throws Exception {
-            this(transport, linkProperties, null /* ncTemplate */, null /* provider */);
+            this(transport, linkProperties, null /* ncTemplate */, null /* provider */, null);
         }
 
         private TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties,
                 NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate) throws Exception {
-            this(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, null /* provider */);
+            this(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, null /* provider */, null);
         }
 
         private TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties,
                 NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate, NetworkProvider provider) throws Exception {
-            super(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, provider, mServiceContext);
+            this(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, provider /* provider */, null);
+        }
+
+        private TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, NetworkAgentWrapper.Callbacks callbacks)
+                throws Exception {
+            this(transport, new LinkProperties(), null /* ncTemplate */, null /* provider */,
+                    callbacks);
+        }
+
+        private TestNetworkAgentWrapper(int transport, LinkProperties linkProperties,
+                NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate, NetworkProvider provider,
+                NetworkAgentWrapper.Callbacks callbacks) throws Exception {
+            super(transport, linkProperties, ncTemplate, provider, callbacks, mServiceContext);
 
             // Waits for the NetworkAgent to be registered, which includes the creation of the
             // NetworkMonitor.
@@ -971,23 +1040,6 @@
                 mNetworkStatusReceived.open();
             }
 
-            @Override
-            public void onNetworkCreated() {
-                super.onNetworkCreated();
-                if (mCreatedCallback != null) mCreatedCallback.run();
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public void onNetworkUnwanted() {
-                super.onNetworkUnwanted();
-                if (mUnwantedCallback != null) mUnwantedCallback.run();
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public void onNetworkDestroyed() {
-                super.onNetworkDestroyed();
-                if (mDisconnectedCallback != null) mDisconnectedCallback.run();
-            }
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -1063,52 +1115,71 @@
          * @param validated Indicate if network should pretend to be validated.
          */
         public void connect(boolean validated) {
-            connect(validated, true, false /* isStrictMode */);
+            connect(validated, true, false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         }
 
         /**
          * Transition this NetworkAgent to CONNECTED state.
+         *
          * @param validated Indicate if network should pretend to be validated.
+         *                  Note that if this is true, this method will mock the NetworkMonitor
+         *                  probes to pretend the network is invalid after it validated once,
+         *                  so that subsequent attempts (with mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation)
+         *                  will fail unless setNetworkValid is called again manually.
          * @param hasInternet Indicate if network should pretend to have NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET.
+         * @param privateDnsProbeSent whether the private DNS probe should be considered to have
+         *                            been sent, assuming |validated| is true.
+         *                            If |validated| is false, |privateDnsProbeSent| is not used.
+         *                            If |validated| is true and |privateDnsProbeSent| is false,
+         *                            the probe has not been sent.
+         *                            If |validated| is true and |privateDnsProbeSent| is true,
+         *                            the probe has been sent and has succeeded. When the NM probes
+         *                            are mocked to be invalid, private DNS is the reason this
+         *                            network is invalid ; see @param |validated|.
          */
-        public void connect(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) {
-            ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback callback = null;
+        public void connect(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet,
+                boolean privateDnsProbeSent) {
             final ConditionVariable validatedCv = new ConditionVariable();
+            final ConditionVariable capsChangedCv = new ConditionVariable();
+            final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                    .addTransportType(getNetworkCapabilities().getTransportTypes()[0])
+                    .clearCapabilities()
+                    .build();
             if (validated) {
-                setNetworkValid(isStrictMode);
-                NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                        .addTransportType(getNetworkCapabilities().getTransportTypes()[0])
-                        .clearCapabilities()
-                        .build();
-                callback = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
-                    public void onCapabilitiesChanged(Network network,
-                            NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
-                        if (network.equals(getNetwork()) &&
-                                networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)) {
+                setNetworkValid(privateDnsProbeSent);
+            }
+            final NetworkCallback callback = new NetworkCallback() {
+                public void onCapabilitiesChanged(Network network,
+                        NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+                    if (network.equals(getNetwork())) {
+                        capsChangedCv.open();
+                        if (networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)) {
                             validatedCv.open();
                         }
                     }
-                };
-                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
-            }
+                }
+            };
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
             if (hasInternet) {
                 addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
             }
 
             connectWithoutInternet();
+            waitFor(capsChangedCv);
 
             if (validated) {
                 // Wait for network to validate.
                 waitFor(validatedCv);
-                setNetworkInvalid(isStrictMode);
+                setNetworkInvalid(privateDnsProbeSent);
             }
-
-            if (callback != null) mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+            mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
         }
 
-        public void connectWithCaptivePortal(String redirectUrl, boolean isStrictMode) {
-            setNetworkPortal(redirectUrl, isStrictMode);
-            connect(false, true /* hasInternet */, isStrictMode);
+        public void connectWithCaptivePortal(String redirectUrl,
+                boolean privateDnsProbeSent) {
+            setNetworkPortal(redirectUrl, privateDnsProbeSent);
+            connect(false, true /* hasInternet */, privateDnsProbeSent);
         }
 
         public void connectWithPartialConnectivity() {
@@ -1116,16 +1187,16 @@
             connect(false);
         }
 
-        public void connectWithPartialValidConnectivity(boolean isStrictMode) {
-            setNetworkPartialValid(isStrictMode);
-            connect(false, true /* hasInternet */, isStrictMode);
+        public void connectWithPartialValidConnectivity(boolean privateDnsProbeSent) {
+            setNetworkPartialValid(privateDnsProbeSent);
+            connect(false, true /* hasInternet */, privateDnsProbeSent);
         }
 
-        void setNetworkValid(boolean isStrictMode) {
+        void setNetworkValid(boolean privateDnsProbeSent) {
             mNmValidationResult = NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
             mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
             int probesSucceeded = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS;
-            if (isStrictMode) {
+            if (privateDnsProbeSent) {
                 probesSucceeded |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
             }
             // The probesCompleted equals to probesSucceeded for the case of valid network, so put
@@ -1133,15 +1204,16 @@
             setProbesStatus(probesSucceeded, probesSucceeded);
         }
 
-        void setNetworkInvalid(boolean isStrictMode) {
+        void setNetworkInvalid(boolean invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns) {
             mNmValidationResult = VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID;
             mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
             int probesCompleted = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS
                     | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
             int probesSucceeded = 0;
-            // If the isStrictMode is true, it means the network is invalid when NetworkMonitor
-            // tried to validate the private DNS but failed.
-            if (isStrictMode) {
+            // If |invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns| is true, it means the network is invalid because
+            // NetworkMonitor tried to validate the private DNS but failed. Therefore it
+            // didn't get a chance to try the HTTP probe.
+            if (invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns) {
                 probesCompleted &= ~NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
                 probesSucceeded = probesCompleted;
                 probesCompleted |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
@@ -1149,14 +1221,14 @@
             setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
         }
 
-        void setNetworkPortal(String redirectUrl, boolean isStrictMode) {
-            setNetworkInvalid(isStrictMode);
+        void setNetworkPortal(String redirectUrl, boolean privateDnsProbeSent) {
+            setNetworkInvalid(privateDnsProbeSent);
             mNmValidationRedirectUrl = redirectUrl;
             // Suppose the portal is found when NetworkMonitor probes NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP
             // in the beginning, so the NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS hasn't probed yet.
             int probesCompleted = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
             int probesSucceeded = VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID;
-            if (isStrictMode) {
+            if (privateDnsProbeSent) {
                 probesCompleted |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
             }
             setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
@@ -1171,15 +1243,16 @@
             setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
         }
 
-        void setNetworkPartialValid(boolean isStrictMode) {
+        void setNetworkPartialValid(boolean privateDnsProbeSent) {
             setNetworkPartial();
             mNmValidationResult |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
+            mNmValidationRedirectUrl = null;
             int probesCompleted = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTPS
                     | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
             int probesSucceeded = NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS | NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_HTTP;
-            // Suppose the partial network cannot pass the private DNS validation as well, so only
+            // Assume the partial network cannot pass the private DNS validation as well, so only
             // add NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_DNS in probesCompleted but not probesSucceeded.
-            if (isStrictMode) {
+            if (privateDnsProbeSent) {
                 probesCompleted |= NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
             }
             setProbesStatus(probesCompleted, probesSucceeded);
@@ -1217,18 +1290,6 @@
             p.timestampMillis = DATA_STALL_TIMESTAMP;
             mNmCallbacks.notifyDataStallSuspected(p);
         }
-
-        public void setCreatedCallback(Runnable r) {
-            mCreatedCallback = r;
-        }
-
-        public void setUnwantedCallback(Runnable r) {
-            mUnwantedCallback = r;
-        }
-
-        public void setDisconnectedCallback(Runnable r) {
-            mDisconnectedCallback = r;
-        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1486,8 +1547,9 @@
             registerAgent(false /* isAlwaysMetered */, uids, makeLinkProperties());
         }
 
-        private void connect(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) {
-            mMockNetworkAgent.connect(validated, hasInternet, isStrictMode);
+        private void connect(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet,
+                boolean privateDnsProbeSent) {
+            mMockNetworkAgent.connect(validated, hasInternet, privateDnsProbeSent);
         }
 
         private void connect(boolean validated) {
@@ -1504,10 +1566,10 @@
         }
 
         public void establish(LinkProperties lp, int uid, Set<UidRange> ranges, boolean validated,
-                boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode) throws Exception {
+                boolean hasInternet, boolean privateDnsProbeSent) throws Exception {
             setOwnerAndAdminUid(uid);
             registerAgent(false, ranges, lp);
-            connect(validated, hasInternet, isStrictMode);
+            connect(validated, hasInternet, privateDnsProbeSent);
             waitForIdle();
         }
 
@@ -1520,11 +1582,11 @@
             establish(lp, uid, uidRangesForUids(uid), true, true, false);
         }
 
-        public void establishForMyUid(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet, boolean isStrictMode)
-                throws Exception {
+        public void establishForMyUid(boolean validated, boolean hasInternet,
+                boolean privateDnsProbeSent) throws Exception {
             final int uid = Process.myUid();
             establish(makeLinkProperties(), uid, uidRangesForUids(uid), validated, hasInternet,
-                    isStrictMode);
+                    privateDnsProbeSent);
         }
 
         public void establishForMyUid() throws Exception {
@@ -1601,32 +1663,6 @@
         return ranges.stream().map(r -> new UidRangeParcel(r, r)).toArray(UidRangeParcel[]::new);
     }
 
-    private VpnManagerService makeVpnManagerService() {
-        final VpnManagerService.Dependencies deps = new VpnManagerService.Dependencies() {
-            public int getCallingUid() {
-                return mDeps.getCallingUid();
-            }
-
-            public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
-                return mVMSHandlerThread;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public VpnProfileStore getVpnProfileStore() {
-                return mVpnProfileStore;
-            }
-
-            public INetd getNetd() {
-                return mMockNetd;
-            }
-
-            public INetworkManagementService getINetworkManagementService() {
-                return mNetworkManagementService;
-            }
-        };
-        return new VpnManagerService(mServiceContext, deps);
-    }
-
     private void assertVpnTransportInfo(NetworkCapabilities nc, int type) {
         assertNotNull(nc);
         final TransportInfo ti = nc.getTransportInfo();
@@ -1638,17 +1674,12 @@
 
     private void processBroadcast(Intent intent) {
         mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(intent);
-        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mVMSHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
         waitForIdle();
     }
 
     private void mockVpn(int uid) {
-        synchronized (mVpnManagerService.mVpns) {
-            int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
-            mMockVpn = new MockVpn(userId);
-            // Every running user always has a Vpn in the mVpns array, even if no VPN is running.
-            mVpnManagerService.mVpns.put(userId, mMockVpn);
-        }
+        int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
+        mMockVpn = new MockVpn(userId);
     }
 
     private void mockUidNetworkingBlocked() {
@@ -1680,12 +1711,7 @@
         volatile int mConfigMeteredMultipathPreference;
 
         WrappedMultinetworkPolicyTracker(Context c, Handler h, Runnable r) {
-            super(c, h, r);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        protected Resources getResourcesForActiveSubId() {
-            return mResources;
+            super(c, h, r, new MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTestDependencies(mResources));
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -1735,11 +1761,7 @@
         });
     }
 
-    private interface ExceptionalRunnable {
-        void run() throws Exception;
-    }
-
-    private void withPermission(String permission, ExceptionalRunnable r) throws Exception {
+    private void withPermission(String permission, ThrowingRunnable r) throws Exception {
         try {
             mServiceContext.setPermission(permission, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
             r.run();
@@ -1748,7 +1770,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void withPermission(String permission, int pid, int uid, ExceptionalRunnable r)
+    private void withPermission(String permission, int pid, int uid, ThrowingRunnable r)
             throws Exception {
         try {
             mServiceContext.setPermission(permission, pid, uid, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
@@ -1829,7 +1851,6 @@
         initAlarmManager(mAlarmManager, mAlarmManagerThread.getThreadHandler());
 
         mCsHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestConnectivityService");
-        mVMSHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestVpnManagerService");
         mProxyTracker = new ProxyTracker(mServiceContext, mock(Handler.class),
                 16 /* EVENT_PROXY_HAS_CHANGED */);
 
@@ -1837,8 +1858,9 @@
         final Context mockResContext = mock(Context.class);
         doReturn(mResources).when(mockResContext).getResources();
         ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mockResContext);
-        mDeps = new ConnectivityServiceDependencies(mockResContext);
-
+        mDeps = spy(new ConnectivityServiceDependencies(mockResContext));
+        mAutoOnOffKeepaliveDependencies =
+                new AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerDependencies(mServiceContext);
         mService = new ConnectivityService(mServiceContext,
                 mMockDnsResolver,
                 mock(IpConnectivityLog.class),
@@ -1857,8 +1879,8 @@
         // getSystemService() correctly.
         mCm = new WrappedConnectivityManager(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext(), mService);
         mService.systemReadyInternal();
-        mVpnManagerService = makeVpnManagerService();
-        mVpnManagerService.systemReady();
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver).registerUnsolicitedEventListener(any());
+
         mockVpn(Process.myUid());
         mCm.bindProcessToNetwork(null);
         mQosCallbackTracker = mock(QosCallbackTracker.class);
@@ -1889,30 +1911,25 @@
                 .getIdentifier(eq("config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount"), eq("array"), any());
         doReturn(R.array.network_switch_type_name).when(mResources)
                 .getIdentifier(eq("network_switch_type_name"), eq("array"), any());
-        doReturn(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi).when(mResources)
-                .getIdentifier(eq("config_networkAvoidBadWifi"), eq("integer"), any());
         doReturn(1).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi);
+        doReturn(0).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi);
         doReturn(true).when(mResources)
                 .getBoolean(R.bool.config_cellular_radio_timesharing_capable);
+        doReturn(PACKET_WAKEUP_MASK).when(mResources).getInteger(
+                R.integer.config_networkWakeupPacketMask);
+        doReturn(PACKET_WAKEUP_MARK).when(mResources).getInteger(
+                R.integer.config_networkWakeupPacketMark);
     }
 
-    class ConnectivityServiceDependencies extends ConnectivityService.Dependencies {
+    // ConnectivityServiceDependencies is public to use Mockito.spy
+    public class ConnectivityServiceDependencies extends ConnectivityService.Dependencies {
         final ConnectivityResources mConnRes;
-        @Mock final MockableSystemProperties mSystemProperties;
 
         ConnectivityServiceDependencies(final Context mockResContext) {
-            mSystemProperties = mock(MockableSystemProperties.class);
-            doReturn(false).when(mSystemProperties).getBoolean("ro.radio.noril", false);
-
             mConnRes = new ConnectivityResources(mockResContext);
         }
 
         @Override
-        public MockableSystemProperties getSystemProperties() {
-            return mSystemProperties;
-        }
-
-        @Override
         public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
             return mCsHandlerThread;
         }
@@ -1949,6 +1966,12 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker makeAutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(final Context c,
+                final Handler h) {
+            return new AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(c, h, mAutoOnOffKeepaliveDependencies);
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public ConnectivityResources getResources(final Context ctx) {
             return mConnRes;
         }
@@ -2064,7 +2087,7 @@
         }
 
         @Override
-        public BpfNetMaps getBpfNetMaps(INetd netd) {
+        public BpfNetMaps getBpfNetMaps(Context context, INetd netd) {
             return mBpfNetMaps;
         }
 
@@ -2098,6 +2121,63 @@
             assertNotEquals(-1L, (long) mActiveRateLimit.getOrDefault(iface, -1L));
             mActiveRateLimit.put(iface, -1L);
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public BroadcastOptionsShim makeBroadcastOptionsShim(BroadcastOptions options) {
+            reset(mBroadcastOptionsShim);
+            return mBroadcastOptionsShim;
+        }
+
+        @GuardedBy("this")
+        private boolean mForceDisableCompatChangeCheck = true;
+
+        /**
+         * By default, the {@link #isChangeEnabled(long, String, UserHandle)} will always return
+         * true as the mForceDisableCompatChangeCheck is true and compat change check logic is
+         * never executed. The compat change check logic can be turned on by calling this method.
+         * If this method is called, the
+         * {@link libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.EnableCompatChanges} or
+         * {@link libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.DisableCompatChanges} must be
+         * used to turn on/off the compat change flag.
+         */
+        private void enableCompatChangeCheck() {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                mForceDisableCompatChangeCheck = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isChangeEnabled(long changeId,
+                @NonNull final String packageName,
+                @NonNull final UserHandle user) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (mForceDisableCompatChangeCheck) {
+                    return false;
+                } else {
+                    return super.isChangeEnabled(changeId, packageName, user);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void destroyLiveTcpSockets(final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges,
+                final Set<Integer> exemptUids) {
+            // This function is empty since the invocation of this method is verified by mocks
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerDependencies
+            extends AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.Dependencies {
+        AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerDependencies(Context context) {
+            super(context);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isFeatureEnabled(@NonNull final String name, final boolean defaultEnabled) {
+            // Tests for enabling the feature are verified in AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.
+            // Assuming enabled here to focus on ConnectivityService tests.
+            return true;
+        }
     }
 
     private static void initAlarmManager(final AlarmManager am, final Handler alarmHandler) {
@@ -2131,17 +2211,17 @@
         unregisterDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
         maybeTearDownEnterpriseNetwork();
         setAlwaysOnNetworks(false);
-        if (mCellNetworkAgent != null) {
-            mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-            mCellNetworkAgent = null;
+        if (mCellAgent != null) {
+            mCellAgent.disconnect();
+            mCellAgent = null;
         }
-        if (mWiFiNetworkAgent != null) {
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+        if (mWiFiAgent != null) {
+            mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiAgent = null;
         }
-        if (mEthernetNetworkAgent != null) {
-            mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-            mEthernetNetworkAgent = null;
+        if (mEthernetAgent != null) {
+            mEthernetAgent.disconnect();
+            mEthernetAgent = null;
         }
 
         if (mQosCallbackMockHelper != null) {
@@ -2155,7 +2235,9 @@
         ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(null);
 
         mCsHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+        mCsHandlerThread.join();
         mAlarmManagerThread.quitSafely();
+        mAlarmManagerThread.join();
     }
 
     private void mockDefaultPackages() throws Exception {
@@ -2204,13 +2286,13 @@
         }
         switch (transport) {
             case TRANSPORT_WIFI:
-                assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+                assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
                 break;
             case TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
-                assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+                assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
                 break;
             case TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
-                assertEquals(mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+                assertEquals(mEthernetAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
                 break;
             default:
                 break;
@@ -2278,22 +2360,15 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** Expects that {@code count} CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcasts are received. */
-    private ExpectedBroadcast registerConnectivityBroadcast(final int count) {
-        return registerConnectivityBroadcastThat(count, intent -> true);
-    }
-
-    private ExpectedBroadcast registerConnectivityBroadcastThat(final int count,
+    private ExpectedBroadcast registerBroadcastReceiverThat(final String action, final int count,
             @NonNull final Predicate<Intent> filter) {
-        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter(CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
+        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter(action);
         // AtomicReference allows receiver to access expected even though it is constructed later.
         final AtomicReference<ExpectedBroadcast> expectedRef = new AtomicReference<>();
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
             private int mRemaining = count;
             public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
-                final int type = intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, -1);
-                final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
-                Log.d(TAG, "Received CONNECTIVITY_ACTION type=" + type + " ni=" + ni);
+                logIntent(intent);
                 if (!filter.test(intent)) return;
                 if (--mRemaining == 0) {
                     expectedRef.get().complete(intent);
@@ -2306,39 +2381,49 @@
         return expected;
     }
 
+    private void logIntent(Intent intent) {
+        final String action = intent.getAction();
+        if (CONNECTIVITY_ACTION.equals(action)) {
+            final int type = intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, -1);
+            final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
+            Log.d(TAG, "Received " + action + ", type=" + type + " ni=" + ni);
+        } else if (PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION.equals(action)) {
+            final ProxyInfo proxy = (ProxyInfo) intent.getExtra(
+                    Proxy.EXTRA_PROXY_INFO, ProxyInfo.buildPacProxy(Uri.EMPTY));
+            Log.d(TAG, "Received " + action + ", proxy = " + proxy);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported logging " + action);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Expects that {@code count} CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcasts are received. */
+    private ExpectedBroadcast expectConnectivityAction(final int count) {
+        return registerBroadcastReceiverThat(CONNECTIVITY_ACTION, count, intent -> true);
+    }
+
+    private ExpectedBroadcast expectConnectivityAction(int type, NetworkInfo.DetailedState state) {
+        return registerBroadcastReceiverThat(CONNECTIVITY_ACTION, 1, intent -> {
+            final int actualType = intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, -1);
+            final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
+            return type == actualType
+                    && state == ni.getDetailedState()
+                    && extraInfoInBroadcastHasExpectedNullness(ni);
+        });
+    }
+
+    /** Expects that PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION broadcast is received. */
+    private ExpectedBroadcast expectProxyChangeAction() {
+        return registerBroadcastReceiverThat(PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION, 1, intent -> true);
+    }
+
     private ExpectedBroadcast expectProxyChangeAction(ProxyInfo proxy) {
-        return registerPacProxyBroadcastThat(intent -> {
+        return registerBroadcastReceiverThat(PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION, 1, intent -> {
             final ProxyInfo actualProxy = (ProxyInfo) intent.getExtra(Proxy.EXTRA_PROXY_INFO,
                     ProxyInfo.buildPacProxy(Uri.EMPTY));
             return proxy.equals(actualProxy);
         });
     }
 
-    private ExpectedBroadcast registerPacProxyBroadcast() {
-        return registerPacProxyBroadcastThat(intent -> true);
-    }
-
-    private ExpectedBroadcast registerPacProxyBroadcastThat(
-            @NonNull final Predicate<Intent> filter) {
-        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter(Proxy.PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION);
-        // AtomicReference allows receiver to access expected even though it is constructed later.
-        final AtomicReference<ExpectedBroadcast> expectedRef = new AtomicReference<>();
-        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
-            public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
-                final ProxyInfo proxy = (ProxyInfo) intent.getExtra(
-                            Proxy.EXTRA_PROXY_INFO, ProxyInfo.buildPacProxy(Uri.EMPTY));
-                Log.d(TAG, "Receive PROXY_CHANGE_ACTION, proxy = " + proxy);
-                if (filter.test(intent)) {
-                    expectedRef.get().complete(intent);
-                }
-            }
-        };
-        final ExpectedBroadcast expected = new ExpectedBroadcast(receiver);
-        expectedRef.set(expected);
-        mServiceContext.registerReceiver(receiver, intentFilter);
-        return expected;
-    }
-
     private boolean extraInfoInBroadcastHasExpectedNullness(NetworkInfo ni) {
         final DetailedState state = ni.getDetailedState();
         if (state == DetailedState.CONNECTED && ni.getExtraInfo() == null) return false;
@@ -2354,16 +2439,6 @@
         return true;
     }
 
-    private ExpectedBroadcast expectConnectivityAction(int type, NetworkInfo.DetailedState state) {
-        return registerConnectivityBroadcastThat(1, intent -> {
-            final int actualType = intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_TYPE, -1);
-            final NetworkInfo ni = intent.getParcelableExtra(EXTRA_NETWORK_INFO);
-            return type == actualType
-                    && state == ni.getDetailedState()
-                    && extraInfoInBroadcastHasExpectedNullness(ni);
-        });
-    }
-
     @Test
     public void testNetworkTypes() {
         // Ensure that our mocks for the networkAttributes config variable work as expected. If they
@@ -2384,10 +2459,10 @@
     @Test
     public void testNetworkFeature() throws Exception {
         // Connect the cell agent and wait for the connected broadcast.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL);
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
 
         // Build legacy request for SUPL.
@@ -2398,56 +2473,56 @@
                 ConnectivityManager.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
 
         // File request, withdraw it and make sure no broadcast is sent
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(legacyRequest, callback);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expect(AVAILABLE, mCellAgent);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
         b.expectNoBroadcast(800);  // 800ms long enough to at least flake if this is sent
 
         // Disconnect the network and expect mobile disconnected broadcast.
         b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLingering() throws Exception {
         verifyNoNetwork();
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo());
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         // Test bringing up validated cellular.
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
-        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()) ||
-                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
-        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()) ||
-                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork())
+                || mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork())
+                || mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()));
         // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
-        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()) ||
-                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
-        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()) ||
-                mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork())
+                || mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCm.getActiveNetwork()));
+        assertTrue(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0].equals(mCellAgent.getNetwork())
+                || mCm.getAllNetworks()[1].equals(mCellAgent.getNetwork()));
         // Test cellular linger timeout.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mCellAgent.expectDisconnected();
         waitForIdle();
         assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
         assertEquals(mCm.getAllNetworks()[0], mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         // Test WiFi disconnect.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyNoNetwork();
     }
@@ -2464,43 +2539,43 @@
 
         // 1. Create a network that is not requested by anyone, and does not satisfy any of the
         // default requests. Verify that the network will be inactive instead of torn down.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         listenCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Verify that the network will be torn down after nascent expiry. A small period of time
         // is added in case of flakiness.
         final int nascentTimeoutMs =
                 mService.mNascentDelayMs + mService.mNascentDelayMs / 4;
-        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent, nascentTimeoutMs);
+        listenCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent, nascentTimeoutMs);
 
         // 2. Create a network that is satisfied by a request comes later.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
         final TestNetworkCallback wifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
-        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Verify that the network will be kept since the request is still satisfied. And is able
         // to get disconnected as usual if the request is released after the nascent timer expires.
         listenCallback.assertNoCallback(nascentTimeoutMs);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
-        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        listenCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // 3. Create a network that is satisfied by a request comes later.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        listenCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
-        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Verify that the network will still be torn down after the request gets removed.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
-        listenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        listenCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // There is no need to ensure that LOSING is never sent in the common case that the
         // network immediately satisfies a request that was already present, because it is already
@@ -2533,20 +2608,20 @@
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND).build(), fgMobileListenCallback);
 
         // Connect wifi, which satisfies default request.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        wifiListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        wifiListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Connect a cellular network, verify that satisfies only the background callback.
         setAlwaysOnNetworks(true);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        bgMobileListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        bgMobileListenCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         fgMobileListenCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellAgent));
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        bgMobileListenCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        bgMobileListenCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         fgMobileListenCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiListenCallback);
@@ -2607,38 +2682,38 @@
         doTestValidatedCellularOutscoresUnvalidatedWiFi(false);
     }
 
-    public void doTestValidatedCellularOutscoresUnvalidatedWiFi(
+    private void doTestValidatedCellularOutscoresUnvalidatedWiFi(
             final boolean cellRadioTimesharingCapable) throws Exception {
         mService.mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable = cellRadioTimesharingCapable;
         // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test cellular disconnect.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test bringing up validated cellular
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Test cellular disconnect.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test WiFi disconnect.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyNoNetwork();
     }
@@ -2655,29 +2730,29 @@
         doTestUnvalidatedWifiOutscoresUnvalidatedCellular(false);
     }
 
-    public void doTestUnvalidatedWifiOutscoresUnvalidatedCellular(
+    private void doTestUnvalidatedWifiOutscoresUnvalidatedCellular(
             final boolean cellRadioTimesharingCapable) throws Exception {
         mService.mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable = cellRadioTimesharingCapable;
         // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test WiFi disconnect.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Test cellular disconnect.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyNoNetwork();
     }
@@ -2694,32 +2769,32 @@
         doTestUnlingeringDoesNotValidate(false);
     }
 
-    public void doTestUnlingeringDoesNotValidate(
+    private void doTestUnlingeringDoesNotValidate(
             final boolean cellRadioTimesharingCapable) throws Exception {
         mService.mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable = cellRadioTimesharingCapable;
         // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         // Test bringing up validated cellular.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         // Test cellular disconnect.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Unlingering a network should not cause it to be marked as validated.
-        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
     }
 
@@ -2743,7 +2818,7 @@
         doTestRequestMigrationToSameTransport(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
     }
 
-    public void doTestRequestMigrationToSameTransport(final int transport,
+    private void doTestRequestMigrationToSameTransport(final int transport,
             final boolean expectLingering) throws Exception {
         // To speed up tests the linger delay is very short by default in tests but this
         // test needs to make sure the delay is not incurred so a longer value is safer (it
@@ -2754,7 +2829,7 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback generalCb = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultCb = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(
-                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(transport | transport).build(),
+                new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(transport).build(),
                 generalCb);
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCb);
 
@@ -2774,9 +2849,9 @@
         // Make sure the default request goes to net 2
         generalCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(net2);
         if (expectLingering) {
-            generalCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, net1);
+            generalCb.expectLosing(net1);
         }
-        generalCb.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, net2);
+        generalCb.expectCaps(net2, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         defaultCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(net2);
 
         // Make sure cell 1 is unwanted immediately if the radio can't time share, but only
@@ -2791,7 +2866,7 @@
             net1.expectDisconnected(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
         }
         net1.disconnect();
-        generalCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, net1);
+        generalCb.expect(LOST, net1);
 
         // Remove primary from net 2
         net2.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().build());
@@ -2819,15 +2894,16 @@
             // get LOSING. If the radio can't time share, this is a hard loss, since the last
             // request keeping up this network has been removed and the network isn't lingering
             // for any other request.
-            generalCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, net2);
+            generalCb.expectLosing(net2);
             net2.assertNotDisconnected(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
-            generalCb.assertNoCallback();
+            // Timeout 0 because after a while LOST will actually arrive
+            generalCb.assertNoCallback(0 /* timeoutMs */);
             net2.expectDisconnected(UNREASONABLY_LONG_ALARM_WAIT_MS);
         } else {
             net2.expectDisconnected(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
         }
         net2.disconnect();
-        generalCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, net2);
+        generalCb.expect(LOST, net2);
         defaultCb.assertNoCallback();
 
         net3.disconnect();
@@ -2848,29 +2924,29 @@
         doTestCellularOutscoresWeakWifi(false);
     }
 
-    public void doTestCellularOutscoresWeakWifi(
+    private void doTestCellularOutscoresWeakWifi(
             final boolean cellRadioTimesharingCapable) throws Exception {
         mService.mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable = cellRadioTimesharingCapable;
         // Test bringing up validated cellular.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test WiFi getting really weak.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-11);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(-11);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Test WiFi restoring signal strength.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(11);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(11);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
     }
@@ -2887,34 +2963,34 @@
         doTestReapingNetwork(false);
     }
 
-    public void doTestReapingNetwork(
+    private void doTestReapingNetwork(
             final boolean cellRadioTimesharingCapable) throws Exception {
         mService.mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable = cellRadioTimesharingCapable;
         // Test bringing up WiFi without NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET.
         // Expect it to be torn down immediately because it satisfies no requests.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
         // Test bringing up cellular without NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET.
         // Expect it to be torn down immediately because it satisfies no requests.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mCellAgent.expectDisconnected();
         // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         final ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular.
         // Expect it to be torn down because it could never be the highest scoring network
         // satisfying the default request even if it validated.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent.expectDisconnected();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
     }
 
     // TODO : migrate to @Parameterized
@@ -2929,41 +3005,41 @@
         doTestCellularFallback(false);
     }
 
-    public void doTestCellularFallback(
+    private void doTestCellularFallback(
             final boolean cellRadioTimesharingCapable) throws Exception {
         mService.mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable = cellRadioTimesharingCapable;
         // Test bringing up validated cellular.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Reevaluate WiFi (it'll instantly fail DNS).
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
-        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
         // Should quickly fall back to Cellular.
         b.expectBroadcast();
-        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Reevaluate cellular (it'll instantly fail DNS).
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
-        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mCellAgent.getNetwork());
         // Should quickly fall back to WiFi.
         b.expectBroadcast();
-        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
-        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
     }
@@ -2980,101 +3056,145 @@
         doTestWiFiFallback(false);
     }
 
-    public void doTestWiFiFallback(
+    private void doTestWiFiFallback(
             final boolean cellRadioTimesharingCapable) throws Exception {
         mService.mCellularRadioTimesharingCapable = cellRadioTimesharingCapable;
         // Test bringing up unvalidated WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Test bringing up validated cellular.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Reevaluate cellular (it'll instantly fail DNS).
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
-        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        mCm.reportBadNetwork(mCellAgent.getNetwork());
         // Should quickly fall back to WiFi.
         b.expectBroadcast();
-        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+        assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testRequiresValidation() {
-        assertTrue(NetworkMonitorUtils.isValidationRequired(
-                NetworkAgentConfigShimImpl.newInstance(null),
+        assertTrue(NetworkMonitorUtils.isValidationRequired(false /* isDunValidationRequired */,
+                false /* isVpnValidationRequired */,
                 mCm.getDefaultRequest().networkCapabilities));
     }
 
     /**
      * Utility NetworkCallback for testing. The caller must explicitly test for all the callbacks
-     * this class receives, by calling expectCallback() exactly once each time a callback is
+     * this class receives, by calling expect() exactly once each time a callback is
      * received. assertNoCallback may be called at any time.
      */
     private class TestNetworkCallback extends TestableNetworkCallback {
         TestNetworkCallback() {
-            super(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            // In the context of this test, the testable network callbacks should use waitForIdle
+            // before calling assertNoCallback in an effort to detect issues where a callback is
+            // not yet sent but a message currently in the queue of a handler will cause it to
+            // be sent soon.
+            super(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    ConnectivityServiceTest.this::waitForIdle);
         }
 
-        @Override
-        public void assertNoCallback() {
-            // TODO: better support this use case in TestableNetworkCallback
-            waitForIdle();
-            assertNoCallback(0 /* timeout */);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public <T extends CallbackEntry> T expectCallback(final KClass<T> type, final HasNetwork n,
-                final long timeoutMs) {
-            final T callback = super.expectCallback(type, n, timeoutMs);
-            if (callback instanceof CallbackEntry.Losing) {
-                // TODO : move this to the specific test(s) needing this rather than here.
-                final CallbackEntry.Losing losing = (CallbackEntry.Losing) callback;
-                final int maxMsToLive = losing.getMaxMsToLive();
-                String msg = String.format(
-                        "Invalid linger time value %d, must be between %d and %d",
-                        maxMsToLive, 0, mService.mLingerDelayMs);
-                assertTrue(msg, 0 <= maxMsToLive && maxMsToLive <= mService.mLingerDelayMs);
+        public CallbackEntry.Losing expectLosing(final HasNetwork n, final long timeoutMs) {
+            final CallbackEntry.Losing losing = expect(LOSING, n, timeoutMs);
+            final int maxMsToLive = losing.getMaxMsToLive();
+            if (maxMsToLive < 0 || maxMsToLive > mService.mLingerDelayMs) {
+                // maxMsToLive is the value that was received in the onLosing callback. That must
+                // not be negative, so check that.
+                // Also, maxMsToLive is the remaining time until the network expires.
+                // mService.mLingerDelayMs is how long the network takes from when it's first
+                // detected to be unneeded to when it expires, so maxMsToLive should never
+                // be greater than that.
+                fail(String.format("Invalid linger time value %d, must be between %d and %d",
+                        maxMsToLive, 0, mService.mLingerDelayMs));
             }
-            return callback;
+            return losing;
+        }
+
+        public CallbackEntry.Losing expectLosing(final HasNetwork n) {
+            return expectLosing(n, getDefaultTimeoutMs());
         }
     }
 
     // Can't be part of TestNetworkCallback because "cannot be declared static; static methods can
     // only be declared in a static or top level type".
+    static void assertNoCallbacks(final long timeoutMs, TestNetworkCallback ... callbacks) {
+        for (TestNetworkCallback c : callbacks) {
+            c.assertNoCallback(timeoutMs);
+        }
+    }
+
     static void assertNoCallbacks(TestNetworkCallback ... callbacks) {
         for (TestNetworkCallback c : callbacks) {
-            c.assertNoCallback();
+            c.assertNoCallback(); // each callback uses its own timeout
         }
     }
 
     static void expectOnLost(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network, TestNetworkCallback ... callbacks) {
         for (TestNetworkCallback c : callbacks) {
-            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, network);
+            c.expect(LOST, network);
         }
     }
 
     static void expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(TestNetworkAgentWrapper network,
             NetworkSpecifier specifier, TestNetworkCallback ... callbacks) {
         for (TestNetworkCallback c : callbacks) {
-            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, network);
-            c.expectCapabilitiesThat(network, (nc) ->
-                    !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
-                            && Objects.equals(specifier, nc.getNetworkSpecifier()));
-            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, network);
-            c.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, network);
+            c.expect(AVAILABLE, network);
+            c.expectCaps(network, cb -> !cb.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                    && Objects.equals(specifier, cb.getNetworkSpecifier()));
+            c.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, network);
+            c.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, network);
         }
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testNetworkDoesntMatchRequestsUntilConnected() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, cb);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        // Updating the score triggers a rematch.
+        mWiFiAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().build());
+        cb.assertNoCallback();
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        cb.assertNoCallback();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkNotVisibleUntilConnected() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, cb);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = mWiFiAgent.getNetworkCapabilities();
+        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(nc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        cb.assertNoCallback();
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        final CallbackEntry found = CollectionUtils.findLast(cb.getHistory(),
+                it -> it instanceof CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged);
+        assertTrue(((CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) found).getCaps()
+                .hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        cb.assertNoCallback();
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testStateChangeNetworkCallbacks() throws Exception {
         final TestNetworkCallback genericNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
@@ -3090,77 +3210,81 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
 
         // Test unvalidated networks
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         b.expectBroadcast();
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
 
         // This should not trigger spurious onAvailable() callbacks, b/21762680.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-1);
+        mCellAgent.adjustScore(-1);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         b.expectBroadcast();
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
 
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(2);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expect(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expect(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
 
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expect(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellAgent);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
 
         // Test validated networks
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
 
         // This should not trigger spurious onAvailable() callbacks, b/21762680.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-1);
+        mCellAgent.adjustScore(-1);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // Cell will disconnect after the lingering period. Before that elapses check that
+        // there have been no callbacks.
+        assertNoCallbacks(0 /* timeoutMs */,
+                genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
+
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
-
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        genericNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         assertNoCallbacks(genericNetworkCallback, wifiNetworkCallback, cellNetworkCallback);
     }
 
@@ -3172,10 +3296,10 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, callback);
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         final LinkProperties newLp = new LinkProperties();
         final Uri capportUrl = Uri.parse("https://capport.example.com/api");
@@ -3184,20 +3308,20 @@
 
         final Uri expectedCapportUrl = sanitized ? null : capportUrl;
         newLp.setCaptivePortalApiUrl(capportUrl);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLp);
-        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
-                Objects.equals(expectedCapportUrl, lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl()));
-        defaultCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
-                Objects.equals(expectedCapportUrl, lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl()));
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLp);
+        callback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent, cb ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportUrl, cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalApiUrl()));
+        defaultCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent, cb ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportUrl, cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalApiUrl()));
 
         final CaptivePortalData expectedCapportData = sanitized ? null : capportData;
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(capportData);
-        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
-                Objects.equals(expectedCapportData, lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
-        defaultCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, lp ->
-                Objects.equals(expectedCapportData, lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        mWiFiAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(capportData);
+        callback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent, cb ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportData, cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
+        defaultCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent, cb ->
+                Objects.equals(expectedCapportData, cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
-        final LinkProperties lp = mCm.getLinkProperties(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        final LinkProperties lp = mCm.getLinkProperties(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
         assertEquals(expectedCapportUrl, lp.getCaptivePortalApiUrl());
         assertEquals(expectedCapportData, lp.getCaptivePortalData());
     }
@@ -3232,19 +3356,18 @@
         final int originalOwnerUid = Process.myUid();
         ncTemplate.setOwnerUid(originalOwnerUid);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(),
-                ncTemplate);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(), ncTemplate);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
 
-        // Send ConnectivityService an update to the mWiFiNetworkAgent's capabilities that changes
+        // Send ConnectivityService an update to the mWiFiAgent's capabilities that changes
         // the owner UID and an unrelated capability.
-        NetworkCapabilities agentCapabilities = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities();
+        NetworkCapabilities agentCapabilities = mWiFiAgent.getNetworkCapabilities();
         assertEquals(originalOwnerUid, agentCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
         agentCapabilities.setOwnerUid(42);
         assertFalse(agentCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
         agentCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(agentCapabilities, true);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(agentCapabilities, true);
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Owner UIDs are not visible without location permission.
@@ -3252,7 +3375,7 @@
                 Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
 
         // Check that the capability change has been applied but the owner UID is not modified.
-        NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
         assertEquals(originalOwnerUid, nc.getOwnerUid());
         assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED));
     }
@@ -3262,8 +3385,10 @@
         // This test would be flaky with the default 120ms timer: that is short enough that
         // lingered networks are torn down before assertions can be run. We don't want to mock the
         // lingering timer to keep the WakeupMessage logic realistic: this has already proven useful
-        // in detecting races.
-        mService.mLingerDelayMs = 300;
+        // in detecting races. Furthermore, sometimes the test is running while Phenotype is running
+        // so hot that the test doesn't get the CPU for multiple hundreds of milliseconds, so this
+        // needs to be suitably long.
+        mService.mLingerDelayMs = 2_000;
 
         NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
@@ -3274,86 +3399,86 @@
         TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mEthernetAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         // We get AVAILABLE on wifi when wifi connects and satisfies our unmetered request.
         // We then get LOSING when wifi validates and cell is outscored.
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetAgent);
         // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        callback.expectLosing(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mEthernetAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
+        assertEquals(mEthernetAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mEthernetAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
             TestNetworkAgentWrapper oldNetwork, newNetwork;
             if (i % 2 == 0) {
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-15);
-                oldNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent;
-                newNetwork = mCellNetworkAgent;
+                mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(-15);
+                oldNetwork = mWiFiAgent;
+                newNetwork = mCellAgent;
             } else {
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(15);
-                oldNetwork = mCellNetworkAgent;
-                newNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent;
+                mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(15);
+                oldNetwork = mCellAgent;
+                newNetwork = mWiFiAgent;
 
             }
-            callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, oldNetwork);
+            callback.expectLosing(oldNetwork);
             // TODO: should we send an AVAILABLE callback to newNetwork, to indicate that it is no
             // longer lingering?
             defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(newNetwork);
             assertEquals(newNetwork.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         }
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Verify that if a network no longer satisfies a request, we send LOST and not LOSING, even
         // if the network is still up.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         // We expect a notification about the capabilities change, and nothing else.
-        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Wifi no longer satisfies our listen, which is for an unmetered network.
         // But because its score is 55, it's still up (and the default network).
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Disconnect our test networks.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
@@ -3367,64 +3492,64 @@
 
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);   // Score: 10
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);   // Score: 10
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring up wifi with a score of 20.
         // Cell stays up because it would satisfy the default request if it validated.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);   // Score: 20
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);   // Score: 20
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring up wifi, then validate it. Previous versions would immediately tear down cell, but
         // it's arguably correct to linger it, since it was the default network before it validated.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // If a network is lingering, and we add and remove a request from it, resume lingering.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         // TODO: Investigate sending validated before losing.
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -3434,14 +3559,14 @@
         // TODO: should this cause an AVAILABLE callback, to indicate that the network is no longer
         // lingering?
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(noopCallback);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
 
         // Similar to the above: lingering can start even after the lingered request is removed.
         // Disconnect wifi and switch to cell.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Cell is now the default network. Pin it with a cell-specific request.
@@ -3449,44 +3574,44 @@
         mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, noopCallback);
 
         // Now connect wifi, and expect it to become the default network.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         // The default request is lingering on cell, but nothing happens to cell, and we send no
         // callbacks for it, because it's kept up by cellRequest.
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         // Now unregister cellRequest and expect cell to start lingering.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(noopCallback);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
 
         // Let linger run its course.
-        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        callback.assertNoCallback(0 /* timeoutMs */);
         final int lingerTimeoutMs = mService.mLingerDelayMs + mService.mLingerDelayMs / 4;
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent, lingerTimeoutMs);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent, lingerTimeoutMs);
 
         // Register a TRACK_DEFAULT request and check that it does not affect lingering.
         TestNetworkCallback trackDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(trackDefaultCallback);
-        trackDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        trackDefaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        trackDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mEthernetAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        trackDefaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Let linger run its course.
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent, lingerTimeoutMs);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent, lingerTimeoutMs);
 
         // Clean up.
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        trackDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        mEthernetAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
+        trackDefaultCallback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
@@ -3501,7 +3626,12 @@
             final int uid, final String packageName) throws Exception {
         doReturn(buildPackageInfo(true /* hasSystemPermission */, uid)).when(mPackageManager)
                 .getPackageInfo(eq(packageName), eq(GET_PERMISSIONS));
-        mService.mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, uid);
+
+        // Send a broadcast indicating a package was installed.
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED);
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, uid);
+        addedIntent.setData(Uri.parse("package:" + packageName));
+        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -3517,19 +3647,19 @@
         TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
         // Wifi comes up and cell lingers.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
 
         // File a request for cellular, then release it.
         NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -3537,19 +3667,71 @@
         NetworkCallback noopCallback = new NetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, noopCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(noopCallback);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
 
         // Let linger run its course.
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         final int lingerTimeoutMs = TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS + TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS / 4;
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent,
-                lingerTimeoutMs);
+        callback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, lingerTimeoutMs,
+                c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND));
 
         // Clean up.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
     }
 
+    /** Expects the specified notification and returns the notification ID. */
+    private int expectNotification(TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent, NotificationType type) {
+        verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).notify(
+                eq(NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(agent.getNetwork().netId)),
+                eq(type.eventId), any());
+        return type.eventId;
+    }
+
+    private void expectNoNotification(@NonNull final TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent) {
+        verify(mNotificationManager, never()).notifyAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Expects the specified notification happens when the unvalidated prompt message arrives
+     *
+     * @return the notification ID.
+     **/
+    private int expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotify(TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent,
+            NotificationType type) {
+        mService.scheduleEvaluationTimeout(agent.getNetwork(), 0 /* delayMs */);
+        waitForIdle();
+        return expectNotification(agent, type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Expects that the notification for the specified network is cleared.
+     *
+     * This generally happens when the network disconnects or when the newtwork validates. During
+     * normal usage the notification is also cleared by the system when the notification is tapped.
+     */
+    private void expectClearNotification(TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent, NotificationType type) {
+        verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).cancel(
+                eq(NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(agent.getNetwork().netId)), eq(type.eventId));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Expects that no notification happens when the unvalidated prompt message arrives
+     *
+     * @return the notification ID.
+     **/
+    private void expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent) {
+        mService.scheduleEvaluationTimeout(agent.getNetwork(), 0 /*delayMs */);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNoNotification(agent);
+    }
+
+    private void expectDisconnectAndClearNotifications(TestNetworkCallback callback,
+            TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent, NotificationType type) {
+        callback.expect(LOST, agent);
+        expectClearNotification(agent, type);
+    }
+
     private NativeNetworkConfig nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(int netId, int permission) {
         return new NativeNetworkConfig(netId, NativeNetworkType.PHYSICAL, permission,
                 /*secure=*/ false, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE, /*excludeLocalRoutes=*/ false);
@@ -3568,37 +3750,35 @@
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
-        final AtomicReference<Network> wifiNetwork = new AtomicReference<>();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
 
         // Expectations for state when various callbacks fire. These expectations run on the handler
         // thread and not on the test thread because they need to prevent the handler thread from
         // advancing while they examine state.
 
         // 1. When onCreated fires, netd has been told to create the network.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setCreatedCallback(() -> {
+        final Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkCreated = (agent) -> {
             eventOrder.offer("onNetworkCreated");
-            wifiNetwork.set(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
-            assertNotNull(wifiNetwork.get());
             try {
                 verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                        wifiNetwork.get().getNetId(), INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                        agent.getNetwork().getNetId(), INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
             } catch (RemoteException impossible) {
                 fail();
             }
-        });
+        };
 
         // 2. onNetworkUnwanted isn't precisely ordered with respect to any particular events. Just
         //    check that it is fired at some point after disconnect.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setUnwantedCallback(() -> eventOrder.offer("onNetworkUnwanted"));
+        final Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkUnwanted = (agent) -> {
+            eventOrder.offer("onNetworkUnwanted");
+        };
 
         // 3. While the teardown timer is running, connectivity APIs report the network is gone, but
         //    netd has not yet been told to destroy it.
-        final Runnable duringTeardown = () -> {
+        final Consumer<Network> duringTeardown = (network) -> {
             eventOrder.offer("timePasses");
-            assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(wifiNetwork.get()));
+            assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(network));
             try {
-                verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkDestroy(wifiNetwork.get().getNetId());
+                verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkDestroy(network.getNetId());
             } catch (RemoteException impossible) {
                 fail();
             }
@@ -3606,15 +3786,20 @@
 
         // 4. After onNetworkDisconnected is called, connectivity APIs report the network is gone,
         // and netd has been told to destroy it.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setDisconnectedCallback(() -> {
+        final Consumer<NetworkAgent> onNetworkDisconnected = (agent) -> {
             eventOrder.offer("onNetworkDisconnected");
-            assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(wifiNetwork.get()));
+            assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(agent.getNetwork()));
             try {
-                verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(wifiNetwork.get().getNetId());
+                verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(agent.getNetwork().getNetId());
             } catch (RemoteException impossible) {
                 fail();
             }
-        });
+        };
+
+        final NetworkAgentWrapper.Callbacks callbacks = new NetworkAgentWrapper.Callbacks(
+                onNetworkCreated, onNetworkUnwanted, onNetworkDisconnected);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, callbacks);
 
         // Connect a network, and file a request for it after it has come up, to ensure the nascent
         // timer is cleared and the test does not have to wait for it. Filing the request after the
@@ -3622,13 +3807,13 @@
         // nascent timer if the first request satisfied by the network was filed before the network
         // connected.
         // TODO: fix this bug, file the request before connecting, and remove the waitForIdle.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
         waitForIdle();
         mCm.requestNetwork(request, callback);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Set teardown delay and make sure CS has processed it.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetworkAgent().setTeardownDelayMillis(300);
+        mWiFiAgent.getNetworkAgent().setTeardownDelayMillis(300);
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Post the duringTeardown lambda to the handler so it fires while teardown is in progress.
@@ -3636,7 +3821,7 @@
         // down the network and started the teardown timer, and short enough that the lambda is
         // scheduled to run before the teardown timer.
         final Handler h = new Handler(mCsHandlerThread.getLooper());
-        h.postDelayed(duringTeardown, 150);
+        h.postDelayed(() -> duringTeardown.accept(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()), 150);
 
         // Disconnect the network and check that events happened in the right order.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
@@ -3650,98 +3835,175 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testExplicitlySelected() throws Exception {
-        NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .build();
-        TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
-        // Bring up validated cell.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        // Bring up validated cell
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
         // Bring up unvalidated wifi with explicitlySelected=true.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
-        // Cell Remains the default.
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // Cell remains the default.
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
-        // Lower wifi's score to below than cell, and check that it doesn't disconnect because
+        // Expect a high-priority NO_INTERNET notification.
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotify(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
+
+        // Lower WiFi's score to lower than cell, and check that it doesn't disconnect because
         // it's explicitly selected.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-40);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(40);
+        mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(-40);
+        mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(40);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // If the user chooses yes on the "No Internet access, stay connected?" dialog, we switch to
         // wifi even though it's unvalidated.
-        mCm.setAcceptUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true, false);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mCm.setAcceptUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true, false);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Disconnect wifi, and then reconnect, again with explicitlySelected=true.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        expectDisconnectAndClearNotifications(callback, mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+
+        // Expect a high-priority NO_INTERNET notification.
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotify(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
 
         // If the user chooses no on the "No Internet access, stay connected?" dialog, we ask the
         // network to disconnect.
-        mCm.setAcceptUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false, false);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.setAcceptUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false, false);
+        expectDisconnectAndClearNotifications(callback, mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
+        reset(mNotificationManager);
 
         // Reconnect, again with explicitlySelected=true, but this time validate.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // Expect no notifications.
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(true, false);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(mWiFiAgent);
 
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        // Now request cell so it doesn't disconnect during the test
+        final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cellCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellCallback);
+
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mEthernetAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mEthernetAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertEquals(mEthernetAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Disconnect wifi, and then reconnect as if the user had selected "yes, don't ask again"
         // (i.e., with explicitlySelected=true and acceptUnvalidated=true). Expect to switch to
         // wifi immediately.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true, true);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(true, true);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mEthernetAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mEthernetAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Disconnect and reconnect with explicitlySelected=false and acceptUnvalidated=true.
         // Check that the network is not scored specially and that the device prefers cell data.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(false, true);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(false, true);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Clean up.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
 
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellCallback);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestFirstEvaluation(
+            @NonNull final Consumer<TestNetworkAgentWrapper> doConnect,
+            final boolean waitForSecondCaps,
+            final boolean evaluatedByValidation)
+            throws Exception {
+        final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .build();
+        TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        doConnect.accept(mWiFiAgent);
+        // Expect the available callbacks, but don't require specific values for their arguments
+        // since this method doesn't know how the network was connected.
+        callback.expect(AVAILABLE, mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expect(NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mWiFiAgent);
+        if (waitForSecondCaps) {
+            // This is necessary because of b/245893397, the same bug that happens where we use
+            // expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks.
+            callback.expect(NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mWiFiAgent);
+        }
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai =
+                mService.getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
+        final long firstEvaluation = nai.getFirstEvaluationConcludedTime();
+        if (evaluatedByValidation) {
+            assertNotEquals(0L, firstEvaluation);
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(0L, firstEvaluation);
+        }
+        mService.scheduleEvaluationTimeout(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), 0L /* timeout */);
+        waitForIdle();
+        if (evaluatedByValidation) {
+            assertEquals(firstEvaluation, nai.getFirstEvaluationConcludedTime());
+        } else {
+            assertNotEquals(0L, nai.getFirstEvaluationConcludedTime());
+        }
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEverEvaluated() throws Exception {
+        doTestFirstEvaluation(naw -> naw.connect(true /* validated */),
+                true /* waitForSecondCaps */, true /* immediatelyEvaluated */);
+        doTestFirstEvaluation(naw -> naw.connectWithPartialConnectivity(),
+                true /* waitForSecondCaps */, true /* immediatelyEvaluated */);
+        doTestFirstEvaluation(naw -> naw.connectWithCaptivePortal(TEST_REDIRECT_URL, false),
+                true /* waitForSecondCaps */, true /* immediatelyEvaluated */);
+        doTestFirstEvaluation(naw -> naw.connect(false /* validated */),
+                false /* waitForSecondCaps */, false /* immediatelyEvaluated */);
     }
 
     private void tryNetworkFactoryRequests(int capability) throws Exception {
@@ -3896,9 +4158,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRegisterIgnoringScore() throws Exception {
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(90).build());
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(90).build());
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
 
         // Make sure the factory sees the default network
         final NetworkCapabilities filter = new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -3921,13 +4183,13 @@
         testFactoryAll.expectRequestAdd();
 
         // The legacy int will be ignored anyway, set the only other knob to true
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(110)
+        mWiFiAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(110)
                 .setTransportPrimary(true).build());
 
         expectNoRequestChanged(testFactory); // still not seeing the request
         expectNoRequestChanged(testFactoryAll); // still seeing the request
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -4015,18 +4277,18 @@
     @Test
     public void testMMSonWiFi() throws Exception {
         // Test bringing up cellular without MMS NetworkRequest gets reaped
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        mCellAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mCellAgent.expectDisconnected();
         waitForIdle();
         assertEmpty(mCm.getAllNetworks());
         verifyNoNetwork();
 
         // Test bringing up validated WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         final ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
 
@@ -4037,24 +4299,24 @@
         mCm.requestNetwork(builder.build(), networkCallback);
 
         // Test bringing up unvalidated cellular with MMS
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS);
+        mCellAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
 
         // Test releasing NetworkRequest disconnects cellular with MMS
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mCellAgent.expectDisconnected();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testMMSonCell() throws Exception {
         // Test bringing up cellular without MMS
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
 
@@ -4088,129 +4350,149 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
         // Bring up validated mobile data.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
         // Bring up wifi with partial connectivity.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
 
         // Mobile data should be the default network.
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
+        // Expect a PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY notification. The notification appears as soon as partial
+        // connectivity is detected, and is low priority because the network was not explicitly
+        // selected by the user. This happens if we reconnect to a network where the user previously
+        // accepted partial connectivity without checking "always".
+        expectNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+
         // With HTTPS probe disabled, NetworkMonitor should pass the network validation with http
         // probe.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPartialValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkPartialValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         // If the user chooses yes to use this partial connectivity wifi, switch the default
         // network to wifi and check if wifi becomes valid or not.
-        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true /* accept */,
+        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true /* accept */,
                 false /* always */);
         // If user accepts partial connectivity network,
         // NetworkMonitor#setAcceptPartialConnectivity() should be called too.
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
 
-        // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that network is
+        // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that the network is
         // validated.
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        NetworkCapabilities nc = callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        NetworkCapabilities nc =
+                callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+
+        // Once the network validates, the notification disappears.
+        expectClearNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
 
         // Disconnect and reconnect wifi with partial connectivity again.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
 
         // Mobile data should be the default network.
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Expect a low-priority PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY notification as soon as partial connectivity
+        // is detected.
+        expectNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
 
         // If the user chooses no, disconnect wifi immediately.
-        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false/* accept */,
+        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false /* accept */,
                 false /* always */);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        expectClearNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
+        reset(mNotificationManager);
 
-        // If user accepted partial connectivity before, and device reconnects to that network
-        // again, but now the network has full connectivity. The network shouldn't contain
+        // If the user accepted partial connectivity before, and the device connects to that network
+        // again, but now the network has full connectivity, then the network shouldn't contain
         // NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // acceptUnvalidated is also used as setting for accepting partial networks.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true /* explicitlySelected */,
-                true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(true /* explicitlySelected */, true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // If user accepted partial connectivity network before,
         // NetworkMonitor#setAcceptPartialConnectivity() will be called in
         // ConnectivityService#updateNetworkInfo().
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        nc = callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        nc = callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
 
         // Wifi should be the default network.
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // The user accepted partial connectivity and selected "don't ask again". Now the user
         // reconnects to the partial connectivity network. Switch to wifi as soon as partial
         // connectivity is detected.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(true /* explicitlySelected */,
-                true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(true /* explicitlySelected */, true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithPartialConnectivity();
         // If user accepted partial connectivity network before,
         // NetworkMonitor#setAcceptPartialConnectivity() will be called in
         // ConnectivityService#updateNetworkInfo().
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(mWiFiAgent);
 
-        // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that network is
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+
+        // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that the network is
         // validated.
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // If the user accepted partial connectivity, and the device auto-reconnects to the partial
         // connectivity network, it should contain both PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY and VALIDATED.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.explicitlySelected(false /* explicitlySelected */,
-                true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.explicitlySelected(false /* explicitlySelected */, true /* acceptUnvalidated */);
 
         // NetworkMonitor will immediately (once the HTTPS probe fails...) report the network as
         // valid, because ConnectivityService calls setAcceptPartialConnectivity before it calls
         // notifyNetworkConnected.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithPartialValidConnectivity(false /* isStrictMode */);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(
-                NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY | NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithPartialValidConnectivity(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor, times(1)).setAcceptPartialConnectivity();
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY)
+                && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(mWiFiAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mNotificationManager);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testCaptivePortalOnPartialConnectivity() throws Exception {
-        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
-        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
-        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
 
         final TestNetworkCallback validatedCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final NetworkRequest validatedRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -4219,38 +4501,42 @@
 
         // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
         // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         String redirectUrl = "http://android.com/path";
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(redirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), redirectUrl);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(redirectUrl, false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), redirectUrl);
+
+        // This is necessary because of b/245893397, the same bug that happens where we use
+        // expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks.
+        // TODO : fix b/245893397 and remove this.
+        wifiCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL));
 
         // Check that startCaptivePortalApp sends the expected command to NetworkMonitor.
-        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
-        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1))
-                .launchCaptivePortalApp();
+        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1)).launchCaptivePortalApp();
 
         // Report that the captive portal is dismissed with partial connectivity, and check that
-        // callbacks are fired.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPartial();
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        // callbacks are fired with PARTIAL and without CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkPartial();
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
         waitForIdle();
-        captivePortalCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL));
 
         // Report partial connectivity is accepted.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPartialValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
-        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true /* accept */,
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkPartialValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        mCm.setAcceptPartialConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true /* accept */,
                 false /* always */);
         waitForIdle();
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        validatedCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        NetworkCapabilities nc =
-                validatedCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        wifiCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        validatedCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
 
-        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(captivePortalCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(validatedCallback);
     }
 
@@ -4268,39 +4554,60 @@
 
         // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
         // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         String firstRedirectUrl = "http://example.com/firstPath";
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(firstRedirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), firstRedirectUrl);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(firstRedirectUrl, false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), firstRedirectUrl);
 
         // Take down network.
         // Expect onLost callback.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
         // Expect onAvailable callback of listen for NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         String secondRedirectUrl = "http://example.com/secondPath";
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(secondRedirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), secondRedirectUrl);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(secondRedirectUrl, false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.waitForRedirectUrl(), secondRedirectUrl);
 
         // Make captive portal disappear then revalidate.
         // Expect onLost callback because network no longer provides NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Expect NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED onAvailable callback.
-        validatedCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Break network connectivity.
         // Expect NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED onLost callback.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* isStrictMode */);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
-        validatedCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+        validatedCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+    }
+
+    private Intent startCaptivePortalApp(TestNetworkAgentWrapper networkAgent) throws Exception {
+        Network network = networkAgent.getNetwork();
+        // Check that startCaptivePortalApp sends the expected command to NetworkMonitor.
+        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(network);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(networkAgent.mNetworkMonitor).launchCaptivePortalApp();
+
+        // NetworkMonitor uses startCaptivePortal(Network, Bundle) (startCaptivePortalAppInternal)
+        final Bundle testBundle = new Bundle();
+        final String testKey = "testkey";
+        final String testValue = "testvalue";
+        testBundle.putString(testKey, testValue);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+                PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(network, testBundle);
+        final Intent signInIntent = mServiceContext.expectStartActivityIntent(TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertEquals(ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN, signInIntent.getAction());
+        assertEquals(testValue, signInIntent.getStringExtra(testKey));
+        return signInIntent;
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -4316,52 +4623,72 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedRequest, validatedCallback);
 
         // Bring up wifi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        validatedCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
 
         // Check that calling startCaptivePortalApp does nothing.
         final int fastTimeoutMs = 100;
         mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(wifiNetwork);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor, never()).launchCaptivePortalApp();
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor, never()).launchCaptivePortalApp();
         mServiceContext.expectNoStartActivityIntent(fastTimeoutMs);
 
         // Turn into a captive portal.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkPortal("http://example.com", false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkPortal("http://example.com", false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(wifiNetwork, false);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        validatedCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        validatedCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        // This is necessary because of b/245893397, the same bug that happens where we use
+        // expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks.
+        // TODO : fix b/245893397 and remove this.
+        captivePortalCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent);
 
-        // Check that startCaptivePortalApp sends the expected command to NetworkMonitor.
-        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(wifiNetwork);
-        waitForIdle();
-        verify(mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor).launchCaptivePortalApp();
-
-        // NetworkMonitor uses startCaptivePortal(Network, Bundle) (startCaptivePortalAppInternal)
-        final Bundle testBundle = new Bundle();
-        final String testKey = "testkey";
-        final String testValue = "testvalue";
-        testBundle.putString(testKey, testValue);
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
-                PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-        mCm.startCaptivePortalApp(wifiNetwork, testBundle);
-        final Intent signInIntent = mServiceContext.expectStartActivityIntent(TIMEOUT_MS);
-        assertEquals(ACTION_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_SIGN_IN, signInIntent.getAction());
-        assertEquals(testValue, signInIntent.getStringExtra(testKey));
+        startCaptivePortalApp(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Report that the captive portal is dismissed, and check that callbacks are fired
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
-        validatedCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        validatedCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(validatedCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(captivePortalCallback);
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testCaptivePortalApp_IgnoreNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(TEST_REDIRECT_URL, false);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+
+        final Intent signInIntent = startCaptivePortalApp(mWiFiAgent);
+        final CaptivePortal captivePortal = signInIntent
+                .getParcelableExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
+
+        captivePortal.ignoreNetwork();
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Since network will disconnect, ensure no notification of response to NetworkMonitor
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor, never())
+                .notifyCaptivePortalAppFinished(CaptivePortal.APP_RETURN_UNWANTED);
+
+        // Report that the network is disconnected
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectPreventReconnectReceived();
+        verify(mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor).notifyNetworkDisconnected();
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(captivePortalCallback);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testAvoidOrIgnoreCaptivePortals() throws Exception {
         final TestNetworkCallback captivePortalCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final NetworkRequest captivePortalRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -4376,12 +4703,12 @@
         setCaptivePortalMode(ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID);
         // Bring up a network with a captive portal.
         // Expect it to fail to connect and not result in any callbacks.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        String firstRedirectUrl = "http://example.com/firstPath";
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final String firstRedirectUrl = "http://example.com/firstPath";
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(firstRedirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectPreventReconnectReceived();
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(firstRedirectUrl, false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectPreventReconnectReceived();
 
         assertNoCallbacks(captivePortalCallback, validatedCallback);
     }
@@ -4395,28 +4722,30 @@
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         final String redirectUrl = "http://example.com/firstPath";
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(redirectUrl, false /* isStrictMode */);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(redirectUrl,
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         final CaptivePortalData testData = new CaptivePortalData.Builder()
                 .setUserPortalUrl(Uri.parse(redirectUrl))
                 .setBytesRemaining(12345L)
                 .build();
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(testData);
+        mWiFiAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(testData);
 
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> testData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> testData.equals(cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
         final LinkProperties newLps = new LinkProperties();
         newLps.setMtu(1234);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
         // CaptivePortalData is not lost and unchanged when LPs are received from the NetworkAgent
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> testData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()) && lp.getMtu() == 1234);
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> testData.equals(cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData())
+                        && cb.getLp().getMtu() == 1234);
     }
 
     private TestNetworkCallback setupNetworkCallbackAndConnectToWifi() throws Exception {
@@ -4429,10 +4758,11 @@
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL).build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(captivePortalRequest, captivePortalCallback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(TEST_REDIRECT_URL, false /* isStrictMode */);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithCaptivePortal(TEST_REDIRECT_URL,
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        captivePortalCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         return captivePortalCallback;
     }
 
@@ -4507,53 +4837,54 @@
         final CaptivePortalTestData captivePortalTestData = setupCaptivePortalData();
 
         // Baseline capport data
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
+        mWiFiAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
 
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
         // Venue URL, T&C URL and friendly name from Network agent with Passpoint source, confirm
         // that API data gets precedence on the bytes remaining.
         final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
 
         // Make sure that the capport data is merged
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedPasspointData
-                        .equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedPasspointData.equals(
+                        cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
         // Now send this information from non-Passpoint source, confirm that Capport data takes
         // precedence
         linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaOtherData);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
 
         // Make sure that the capport data is merged
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedOtherData
-                        .equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedOtherData.equals(
+                        cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
         // Create a new LP with no Network agent capport data
         final LinkProperties newLps = new LinkProperties();
         newLps.setMtu(1234);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
         // CaptivePortalData is not lost and has the original values when LPs are received from the
         // NetworkAgent
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData())
-                        && lp.getMtu() == 1234);
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData())
+                        && cb.getLp().getMtu() == 1234);
 
         // Now send capport data only from the Network agent
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(null);
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> lp.getCaptivePortalData() == null);
+        mWiFiAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(null);
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData() == null);
 
         newLps.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLps);
 
         // Make sure that only the network agent capport data is available
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData.equals(
+                        cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -4565,28 +4896,29 @@
         // on the bytes remaining.
         final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
 
         // Make sure that the data is saved correctly
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mNaPasspointData.equals(
+                        cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
         // Expected merged data: Network agent data is preferred, and values that are not used by
         // it are merged from capport data
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
+        mWiFiAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
 
         // Make sure that the Capport data is merged correctly
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedPasspointData.equals(
-                        lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedPasspointData.equals(
+                        cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
         // Now set the naData to null
         linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(null);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
 
         // Make sure that the Capport data is retained correctly
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mCapportData.equals(cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -4599,26 +4931,101 @@
         // on the bytes remaining.
         final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         linkProperties.setCaptivePortalData(captivePortalTestData.mNaOtherData);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(linkProperties);
 
         // Make sure that the data is saved correctly
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mNaOtherData.equals(lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mNaOtherData.equals(cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
 
         // Expected merged data: Network agent data is preferred, and values that are not used by
         // it are merged from capport data
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
+        mWiFiAgent.notifyCapportApiDataChanged(captivePortalTestData.mCapportData);
 
         // Make sure that the Capport data is merged correctly
-        captivePortalCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                lp -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedOtherData.equals(
-                        lp.getCaptivePortalData()));
+        captivePortalCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mWiFiAgent,
+                cb -> captivePortalTestData.mExpectedMergedOtherData.equals(
+                        cb.getLp().getCaptivePortalData()));
     }
 
     private NetworkRequest.Builder newWifiRequestBuilder() {
         return new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
     }
 
+    // A NetworkSpecifier subclass that matches all networks but must not be visible to apps.
+    static class ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier implements
+            Parcelable {
+        public static final Parcelable.Creator<ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier> CREATOR =
+                new Parcelable.Creator<ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier>() {
+                    public ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+                        return new ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier();
+                    }
+
+                    public ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier[] newArray(int size) {
+                        return new ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier[size];
+                    }
+                };
+        @Override
+        public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int describeContents() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {}
+
+        @Override
+        public NetworkSpecifier redact() {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // A network specifier that matches either another LocalNetworkSpecifier with the same
+    // string or a ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier, and can be passed to apps as is.
+    static class LocalStringNetworkSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier implements Parcelable {
+        public static final Parcelable.Creator<LocalStringNetworkSpecifier> CREATOR =
+                new Parcelable.Creator<LocalStringNetworkSpecifier>() {
+                    public LocalStringNetworkSpecifier createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+                        return new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier(in);
+                    }
+
+                    public LocalStringNetworkSpecifier[] newArray(int size) {
+                        return new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier[size];
+                    }
+                };
+        private String mString;
+
+        LocalStringNetworkSpecifier(String string) {
+            mString = string;
+        }
+
+        LocalStringNetworkSpecifier(Parcel in) {
+            mString = in.readString();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
+            if (other instanceof LocalStringNetworkSpecifier) {
+                return TextUtils.equals(mString,
+                        ((LocalStringNetworkSpecifier) other).mString);
+            }
+            if (other instanceof ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier) return true;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int describeContents() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
+            dest.writeString(mString);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Verify request matching behavior with network specifiers.
      *
@@ -4628,56 +5035,6 @@
      */
     @Test
     public void testNetworkSpecifier() throws Exception {
-        // A NetworkSpecifier subclass that matches all networks but must not be visible to apps.
-        class ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier implements
-                Parcelable {
-            @Override
-            public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public int describeContents() {
-                return 0;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {}
-
-            @Override
-            public NetworkSpecifier redact() {
-                return null;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // A network specifier that matches either another LocalNetworkSpecifier with the same
-        // string or a ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier, and can be passed to apps as is.
-        class LocalStringNetworkSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier implements Parcelable {
-            private String mString;
-
-            LocalStringNetworkSpecifier(String string) {
-                mString = string;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
-                if (other instanceof LocalStringNetworkSpecifier) {
-                    return TextUtils.equals(mString,
-                            ((LocalStringNetworkSpecifier) other).mString);
-                }
-                if (other instanceof ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier) return true;
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            @Override
-            public int describeContents() {
-                return 0;
-            }
-            @Override
-            public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {}
-        }
-
-
         NetworkRequest rEmpty1 = newWifiRequestBuilder().build();
         NetworkRequest rEmpty2 = newWifiRequestBuilder().setNetworkSpecifier((String) null).build();
         NetworkRequest rEmpty3 = newWifiRequestBuilder().setNetworkSpecifier("").build();
@@ -4707,51 +5064,50 @@
         LocalStringNetworkSpecifier nsFoo = new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier("foo");
         LocalStringNetworkSpecifier nsBar = new LocalStringNetworkSpecifier("bar");
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, null /* specifier */,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiAgent, null /* specifier */,
                 cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4);
         assertNoCallbacks(cFoo, cBar);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(nsFoo);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, nsFoo,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(nsFoo);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiAgent, nsFoo,
                 cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo);
         cBar.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(nsFoo,
-                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
         assertNoCallbacks(cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(nsBar);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, nsBar,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(nsBar);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiAgent, nsBar,
                 cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cBar);
         cFoo.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(nsBar,
-                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cBar);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cBar);
         cFoo.assertNoCallback();
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(new ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier());
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiNetworkAgent, null /* specifier */,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkSpecifier(new ConfidentialMatchAllNetworkSpecifier());
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedWithSpecifier(mWiFiAgent, null /* specifier */,
                 cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo, cBar);
-        assertNull(
-                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
+        assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).getNetworkSpecifier());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        expectOnLost(mWiFiNetworkAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo, cBar);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        expectOnLost(mWiFiAgent, cEmpty1, cEmpty2, cEmpty3, cEmpty4, cFoo, cBar);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4761,6 +5117,29 @@
         return mContext.getAttributionTag();
     }
 
+    static class NonParcelableSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier {
+        @Override
+        public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    static class ParcelableSpecifier extends NonParcelableSpecifier implements Parcelable {
+        public static final Parcelable.Creator<NonParcelableSpecifier> CREATOR =
+                new Parcelable.Creator<NonParcelableSpecifier>() {
+                    public NonParcelableSpecifier createFromParcel(Parcel in) {
+                        return new NonParcelableSpecifier();
+                    }
+
+                    public NonParcelableSpecifier[] newArray(int size) {
+                        return new NonParcelableSpecifier[size];
+                    }
+                };
+        @Override public int describeContents() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        @Override public void writeToParcel(Parcel p, int flags) {}
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testInvalidNetworkSpecifier() {
         assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
@@ -4778,17 +5157,6 @@
                     mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
         });
 
-        class NonParcelableSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier {
-            @Override
-            public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(NetworkSpecifier other) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        };
-        class ParcelableSpecifier extends NonParcelableSpecifier implements Parcelable {
-            @Override public int describeContents() { return 0; }
-            @Override public void writeToParcel(Parcel p, int flags) {}
-        }
-
         final NetworkRequest.Builder builder =
                 new NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
         assertThrows(ClassCastException.class, () -> {
@@ -4818,8 +5186,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testNetworkRequestUidSpoofSecurityException() throws Exception {
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = newWifiRequestBuilder().build();
         TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         doThrow(new SecurityException()).when(mAppOpsManager).checkPackage(anyInt(), anyString());
@@ -4855,9 +5223,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRegisterDefaultNetworkCallback() throws Exception {
-        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -4877,35 +5242,35 @@
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Bring up cell and expect CALLBACK_AVAILABLE.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring up wifi and expect CALLBACK_AVAILABLE.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring down cell. Expect no default network callback, since it wasn't the default.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Bring up cell. Expect no default network callback, since it won't be the default.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
@@ -4913,16 +5278,16 @@
 
         // Bring down wifi. Expect the default network callback to notified of LOST wifi
         // followed by AVAILABLE cell.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
@@ -4934,7 +5299,7 @@
         assertEquals(null, systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork());
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
@@ -4949,29 +5314,28 @@
         mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
 
         // Bring up the mobile network.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         // We should get onAvailable(), onCapabilitiesChanged(), and
         // onLinkPropertiesChanged() in rapid succession. Additionally, we
         // should get onCapabilitiesChanged() when the mobile network validates.
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Update LinkProperties.
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("foonet_data0");
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         // We should get onLinkPropertiesChanged().
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Suspend the network.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.suspend();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(SUSPENDED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED, mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo().getState());
 
@@ -4980,21 +5344,21 @@
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
         // We should get onAvailable(), onCapabilitiesChanged(), onLinkPropertiesChanged(),
         // as well as onNetworkSuspended() in rapid succession.
-        dfltNetworkCallback.expectAvailableAndSuspendedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent, true);
+        dfltNetworkCallback.expectAvailableAndSuspendedCallbacks(mCellAgent, true);
         dfltNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.resume();
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(RESUMED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED, mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo().getState());
 
         dfltNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
         // This time onNetworkSuspended should not be called.
-        dfltNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        dfltNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         dfltNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(dfltNetworkCallback);
@@ -5002,9 +5366,10 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRegisterPrivilegedDefaultCallbacksRequireNetworkSettings() throws Exception {
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+    public void testRegisterPrivilegedDefaultCallbacksRequirePermissions() throws Exception {
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
 
         final Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
@@ -5015,13 +5380,26 @@
                 () -> mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(APP1_UID, callback, handler));
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
 
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETUP_WIZARD, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackForUid(APP1_UID, callback, handler);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
     }
 
@@ -5052,15 +5430,15 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(includeOtherUidsRequest, includeOtherUidsCallback);
 
         // Both callbacks see a network with no specifier that applies to their UID.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        otherUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        includeOtherUidsCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        otherUidCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        includeOtherUidsCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        otherUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        includeOtherUidsCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        otherUidCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        includeOtherUidsCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Only the includeOtherUidsCallback sees a VPN that does not apply to its UID.
         final UidRange range = UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
@@ -5071,7 +5449,7 @@
         otherUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
-        includeOtherUidsCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        includeOtherUidsCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         otherUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
     }
@@ -5136,10 +5514,10 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, emptyLp, ncTemplate);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        otherUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, emptyLp, ncTemplate);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        otherUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         includeOtherUidsCallback.assertNoCallback();
     }
 
@@ -5194,63 +5572,63 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(fgRequest, fgCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        fgCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellAgent));
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
         // When wifi connects, cell lingers.
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        fgCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiAgent));
 
         // When lingering is complete, cell is still there but is now in the background.
         waitForIdle();
         int timeoutMs = TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS + TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS / 4;
-        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent, timeoutMs);
+        fgCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent, timeoutMs);
         // Expect a network capabilities update sans FOREGROUND.
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+        callback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND));
+        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiAgent));
 
         // File a cell request and check that cell comes into the foreground.
         final NetworkRequest cellRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
         final TestNetworkCallback cellCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellCallback);
-        cellCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         // Expect a network capabilities update with FOREGROUND, because the most recent
         // request causes its state to change.
-        cellCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+        cellCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND));
+        callback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiAgent));
 
         // Release the request. The network immediately goes into the background, since it was not
         // lingering.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellCallback);
-        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        fgCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         // Expect a network capabilities update sans FOREGROUND.
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent));
+        callback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND));
+        assertFalse(isForegroundNetwork(mCellAgent));
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mWiFiAgent));
 
         // Disconnect wifi and check that cell is foreground again.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        fgCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellNetworkAgent));
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        fgCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        fgCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        assertTrue(isForegroundNetwork(mCellAgent));
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(fgCallback);
@@ -5291,11 +5669,11 @@
             }
         });
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         // Don't request that the network validate, because otherwise connect() will block until
         // the network gets NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, after all the callbacks below have fired,
         // and we won't actually measure anything.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
 
         long onAvailableDispatchingDuration = durationOf(() -> {
             await(availableLatch, 10 * CONNECT_TIME_LIMIT_MS);
@@ -5308,9 +5686,9 @@
                 onAvailableDispatchingDuration <= CONNECT_TIME_LIMIT_MS);
 
         // Give wifi a high enough score that we'll linger cell when wifi comes up.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(40);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(40);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
 
         long onLostDispatchingDuration = durationOf(() -> {
             await(losingLatch, 10 * SWITCH_TIME_LIMIT_MS);
@@ -5356,9 +5734,9 @@
             assertTrue(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
 
             // Bring up wifi. The factory stops looking for a network.
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
             // Score 60 - 40 penalty for not validated yet, then 60 when it validates
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
             // The network connects with a low score, so the offer can still beat it and
             // nothing happens. Then the network validates, and the offer with its filter score
             // of 40 can no longer beat it and the request is removed.
@@ -5377,9 +5755,9 @@
 
             // Bring up cell data and check that the factory stops looking.
             assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
-            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-            cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent, false, false, false,
+            mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellAgent.connect(false);
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mCellAgent, false, false, false,
                     TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
             // When cell connects, it will satisfy the "mobile always on request" right away
             // by virtue of being the only network that can satisfy the request. However, its
@@ -5389,11 +5767,12 @@
             // Next, cell validates. This gives it a score of 50 and the test factory can't
             // hope to beat that according to its filters. It will see the message that its
             // offer is now unnecessary.
-            mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(true);
+            mCellAgent.setNetworkValid(true);
             // Need a trigger point to let NetworkMonitor tell ConnectivityService that network is
             // validated – see testPartialConnectivity.
-            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-            cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                    c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
             testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
             testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
             // Accordingly, the factory shouldn't be started.
@@ -5406,8 +5785,8 @@
 
             // Cell disconnects. There is still the "mobile data always on" request outstanding,
             // and the test factory should see it now that it isn't hopelessly outscored.
-            mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-            cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            mCellAgent.disconnect();
+            cellNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
             // Wait for the network to be removed from internal structures before
             // calling synchronous getter
             waitForIdle();
@@ -5418,9 +5797,9 @@
             // Reconnect cell validated, see the request disappear again. Then withdraw the
             // mobile always on request. This will tear down cell, and there shouldn't be a
             // blip where the test factory briefly sees the request or anything.
-            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-            cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+            mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellAgent.connect(true);
+            cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
             waitForIdle();
             assertLength(2, mCm.getAllNetworks());
             testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
@@ -5430,7 +5809,7 @@
             testFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
             assertFalse(testFactory.getMyStartRequested());
             // ...  and cell data to be torn down immediately since it is no longer nascent.
-            cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            cellNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
             waitForIdle();
             assertLength(1, mCm.getAllNetworks());
             testFactory.terminate();
@@ -5502,6 +5881,24 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testActivelyPreferBadWifiSetting() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(1).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        waitForIdle();
+        assertTrue(mService.mNetworkRanker.getConfiguration().activelyPreferBadWifi());
+
+        doReturn(0).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+        waitForIdle();
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            // U+ ignore the setting and always actively prefers bad wifi
+            assertTrue(mService.mNetworkRanker.getConfiguration().activelyPreferBadWifi());
+        } else {
+            assertFalse(mService.mNetworkRanker.getConfiguration().activelyPreferBadWifi());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testOffersAvoidsBadWifi() throws Exception {
         // Normal mode : the carrier doesn't restrict moving away from bad wifi.
         // This has getAvoidBadWifi return true.
@@ -5557,39 +5954,40 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
 
         // Cell connects and validates.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
                 new LinkProperties(), null /* ncTemplate */, cellProvider);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         cellCallback.assertNoCallback();
         wifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Bring up wifi. At first it's invalidated, so cell is still needed.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI,
                 new LinkProperties(), null /* ncTemplate */, wifiProvider);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         cellCallback.assertNoCallback();
         wifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Wifi validates. Cell is no longer needed, because it's outscored.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         // Have CS reconsider the network (see testPartialConnectivity)
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         cellCallback.expectOnNetworkUnneeded(defaultCaps);
         wifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Wifi is no longer validated. Cell is needed again.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* isStrictMode */);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         cellCallback.expectOnNetworkNeeded(defaultCaps);
         wifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Disconnect wifi and pretend the carrier restricts moving away from bad wifi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         // This has getAvoidBadWifi return false. This test doesn't change the value of the
         // associated setting.
         doReturn(0).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi);
@@ -5597,27 +5995,75 @@
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Connect wifi again, cell is needed until wifi validates.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI,
                 new LinkProperties(), null /* ncTemplate */, wifiProvider);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         cellCallback.assertNoCallback();
         wifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), true);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         cellCallback.expectOnNetworkUnneeded(defaultCaps);
         wifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Wifi loses validation. Because the device doesn't avoid bad wifis, cell is
         // not needed.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* isStrictMode */);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         cellCallback.assertNoCallback();
         wifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
     }
 
+    public void doTestPreferBadWifi(final boolean preferBadWifi) throws Exception {
+        // Pretend we're on a carrier that restricts switching away from bad wifi, and
+        // depending on the parameter one that may indeed prefer bad wifi.
+        doReturn(0).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi);
+        doReturn(preferBadWifi ? 1 : 0).when(mResources)
+                .getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi);
+        mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
+
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
+        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .clearCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback wifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiCallback);
+
+        // Bring up validated cell and unvalidated wifi.
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        wifiCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+
+        if (preferBadWifi) {
+            expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotify(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        } else {
+            expectUnvalidationCheckWillNotNotify(mWiFiAgent);
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPreferBadWifi_doNotPrefer() throws Exception {
+        // Starting with U this mode is no longer supported and can't actually be tested
+        assumeFalse(SdkLevel.isAtLeastU());
+        doTestPreferBadWifi(false /* preferBadWifi */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPreferBadWifi_doPrefer() throws Exception {
+        doTestPreferBadWifi(true /* preferBadWifi */);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testAvoidBadWifi() throws Exception {
         final ContentResolver cr = mServiceContext.getContentResolver();
@@ -5641,28 +6087,30 @@
         TestNetworkCallback validatedWifiCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(validatedWifiRequest, validatedWifiCallback);
 
-        Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, 0);
+        // Prompt mode, so notifications can be tested
+        Settings.Global.putString(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, null);
         mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
 
         // Bring up validated cell.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        Network cellNetwork = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        Network cellNetwork = mCellAgent.getNetwork();
 
         // Bring up validated wifi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        validatedWifiCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        validatedWifiCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
 
         // Fail validation on wifi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
         mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(wifiNetwork, false);
-        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        validatedWifiCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        validatedWifiCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        expectNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
 
         // Because avoid bad wifi is off, we don't switch to cellular.
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -5676,18 +6124,24 @@
         // that we switch back to cell.
         doReturn(1).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi);
         mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
+        expectClearNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
 
         // Switch back to a restrictive carrier.
         doReturn(0).when(mResources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi);
         mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), wifiNetwork);
+        // A notification was already shown for this very network.
+        expectNoNotification(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Simulate the user selecting "switch" on the dialog, and check that we switch to cell.
+        // In principle this is a little bit unrealistic because the switch to a less restrictive
+        // carrier above should have remove the notification but this doesn't matter for the
+        // purposes of this test.
         mCm.setAvoidUnvalidated(wifiNetwork);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(wifiNetwork).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(cellNetwork).hasCapability(
@@ -5695,47 +6149,54 @@
         assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
 
         // Disconnect and reconnect wifi to clear the one-time switch above.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        validatedWifiCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        validatedWifiCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        wifiNetwork = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
 
         // Fail validation on wifi and expect the dialog to appear.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
         mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(wifiNetwork, false);
-        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        validatedWifiCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        validatedWifiCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        expectNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
 
         // Simulate the user selecting "switch" and checking the don't ask again checkbox.
         Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, 1);
         mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
 
         // We now switch to cell.
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(wifiNetwork).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(cellNetwork).hasCapability(
                 NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
+        expectClearNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
 
         // Simulate the user turning the cellular fallback setting off and then on.
         // We switch to wifi and then to cell.
         Settings.Global.putString(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, null);
         mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), wifiNetwork);
+        // Notification is cleared again because CS doesn't particularly remember that it has
+        // cleared it before, and if it hasn't cleared it before then it should do so now.
+        expectClearNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
         Settings.Global.putInt(cr, ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, 1);
         mPolicyTracker.reevaluate();
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertEquals(mCm.getActiveNetwork(), cellNetwork);
 
         // If cell goes down, we switch to wifi.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         validatedWifiCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        // Notification is cleared yet again because the device switched to wifi.
+        expectClearNotification(mWiFiAgent, NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET);
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellNetworkCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(validatedWifiCallback);
@@ -5772,9 +6233,9 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback, TEST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent, false, false, false,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mWiFiAgent, false, false, false,
                 TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
         // pass timeout and validate that UNAVAILABLE is not called
@@ -5792,12 +6253,12 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback, TEST_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent, false, false, false,
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mWiFiAgent, false, false, false,
                 TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Validate that UNAVAILABLE is not called
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -5817,11 +6278,11 @@
         mCm.requestNetwork(nr, networkCallback, timeoutMs);
 
         // pass timeout and validate that UNAVAILABLE is called
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.UNAVAILABLE, (Network) null);
+        networkCallback.expect(UNAVAILABLE);
 
         // create a network satisfying request - validate that request not triggered
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
     }
 
@@ -5843,8 +6304,8 @@
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // create a network satisfying request - validate that request not triggered
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
     }
 
@@ -5901,7 +6362,7 @@
                 // onUnavailable!
                 testFactory.triggerUnfulfillable(newRequest);
 
-                networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.UNAVAILABLE, (Network) null);
+                networkCallback.expect(UNAVAILABLE);
 
                 // Declaring a request unfulfillable releases it automatically.
                 testFactory.expectRequestRemove();
@@ -5919,6 +6380,142 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION)
+    public void testSelfCertifiedCapabilitiesDisabled()
+            throws Exception {
+        mDeps.enableCompatChangeCheck();
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+    }
+
+    /** Set the networkSliceResourceId to 0 will result in NameNotFoundException be thrown. */
+    private void setupMockForNetworkCapabilitiesResources(int networkSliceResourceId)
+            throws PackageManager.NameNotFoundException {
+        if (networkSliceResourceId == 0) {
+            doThrow(new PackageManager.NameNotFoundException()).when(mPackageManager).getProperty(
+                    ConstantsShim.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                    mContext.getPackageName());
+        } else {
+            final PackageManager.Property property = new PackageManager.Property(
+                    ConstantsShim.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                    networkSliceResourceId,
+                    true /* isResource */,
+                    mContext.getPackageName(),
+                    "dummyClass"
+            );
+            doReturn(property).when(mPackageManager).getProperty(
+                    ConstantsShim.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                    mContext.getPackageName());
+            doReturn(mContext.getResources()).when(mPackageManager).getResourcesForApplication(
+                    mContext.getPackageName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION)
+    public void requestNetwork_withoutPrioritizeBandwidthDeclaration_shouldThrowException()
+            throws Exception {
+        mDeps.enableCompatChangeCheck();
+        setupMockForNetworkCapabilitiesResources(
+                com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_latency);
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final Exception e = assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb));
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(),
+                containsString(ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION)
+    public void requestNetwork_withoutPrioritizeLatencyDeclaration_shouldThrowException()
+            throws Exception {
+        mDeps.enableCompatChangeCheck();
+        setupMockForNetworkCapabilitiesResources(
+                com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_bandwidth);
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final Exception e = assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb));
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(),
+                containsString(ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.PRIORITIZE_LATENCY));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION)
+    public void requestNetwork_withoutNetworkSliceProperty_shouldThrowException() throws Exception {
+        mDeps.enableCompatChangeCheck();
+        setupMockForNetworkCapabilitiesResources(0 /* networkSliceResourceId */);
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        final Exception e = assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb));
+        assertThat(e.getMessage(),
+                containsString(ConstantsShim.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION)
+    public void requestNetwork_withNetworkSliceDeclaration_shouldSucceed() throws Exception {
+        mDeps.enableCompatChangeCheck();
+        setupMockForNetworkCapabilitiesResources(
+                com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_both);
+
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_SELF_CERTIFIED_CAPABILITIES_DECLARATION)
+    public void requestNetwork_withNetworkSliceDeclaration_shouldUseCache() throws Exception {
+        mDeps.enableCompatChangeCheck();
+        setupMockForNetworkCapabilitiesResources(
+                com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_both);
+
+        final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+                .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+
+        // Second call should use caches
+        mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
+
+        // PackageManager's API only called once because the second call is using cache.
+        verify(mPackageManager, times(1)).getProperty(
+                ConstantsShim.PROPERTY_SELF_CERTIFIED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                mContext.getPackageName());
+        verify(mPackageManager, times(1)).getResourcesForApplication(
+                mContext.getPackageName());
+    }
+
     /**
      * Validate the service throws if request with CBS but without carrier privilege.
      */
@@ -5983,20 +6580,20 @@
             mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
         }
 
-        private void expectCallback(CallbackValue callbackValue) throws InterruptedException {
+        private void expect(CallbackValue callbackValue) throws InterruptedException {
             assertEquals(callbackValue, mCallbacks.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
         }
 
         public void expectStarted() throws Exception {
-            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+            expect(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
         }
 
         public void expectStopped() throws Exception {
-            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+            expect(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
         }
 
         public void expectError(int error) throws Exception {
-            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+            expect(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
         }
     }
 
@@ -6056,21 +6653,21 @@
             mCallbacks.add(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
         }
 
-        private void expectCallback(CallbackValue callbackValue) throws InterruptedException {
+        private void expect(CallbackValue callbackValue) throws InterruptedException {
             assertEquals(callbackValue, mCallbacks.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
 
         }
 
         public void expectStarted() throws InterruptedException {
-            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
+            expect(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STARTED));
         }
 
         public void expectStopped() throws InterruptedException {
-            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
+            expect(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_STOPPED));
         }
 
         public void expectError(int error) throws InterruptedException {
-            expectCallback(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
+            expect(new CallbackValue(CallbackType.ON_ERROR, error));
         }
 
         public void assertNoCallback() {
@@ -6082,18 +6679,18 @@
 
     private Network connectKeepaliveNetwork(LinkProperties lp) throws Exception {
         // Ensure the network is disconnected before anything else occurs
-        if (mWiFiNetworkAgent != null) {
-            assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        if (mWiFiAgent != null) {
+            assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()));
         }
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         waitForIdle();
-        return mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        return mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -6150,10 +6747,10 @@
         callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_HARDWARE_UNSUPPORTED);
 
         // Check that a started keepalive can be stopped.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
         ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
         callback.expectStarted();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
         ka.stop();
         callback.expectStopped();
 
@@ -6163,15 +6760,15 @@
         callback.expectStarted();
         bogusLp.removeLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
         bogusLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(notMyIPv4, 25));
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(bogusLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(bogusLp);
         callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
 
         // Check that a started keepalive is stopped correctly when the network disconnects.
         ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
         callback.expectStarted();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
         callback.expectError(PacketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
 
         // ... and that stopping it after that has no adverse effects.
@@ -6182,15 +6779,15 @@
 
         // Reconnect.
         myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(PacketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
 
         // Check that keepalive slots start from 1 and increment. The first one gets slot 1.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
+        mWiFiAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
         ka = mCm.startNattKeepalive(myNet, validKaInterval, callback, myIPv4, 12345, dstIPv4);
         callback.expectStarted();
 
         // The second one gets slot 2.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(2);
+        mWiFiAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(2);
         TestKeepaliveCallback callback2 = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
         PacketKeepalive ka2 = mCm.startNattKeepalive(
                 myNet, validKaInterval, callback2, myIPv4, 6789, dstIPv4);
@@ -6200,7 +6797,7 @@
         ka.stop();
         callback.expectStopped();
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
+        mWiFiAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
         TestKeepaliveCallback callback3 = new TestKeepaliveCallback();
         PacketKeepalive ka3 = mCm.startNattKeepalive(
                 myNet, validKaInterval, callback3, myIPv4, 9876, dstIPv4);
@@ -6214,7 +6811,7 @@
     }
 
     // Helper method to prepare the executor and run test
-    private void runTestWithSerialExecutors(ExceptionUtils.ThrowingConsumer<Executor> functor)
+    private void runTestWithSerialExecutors(ThrowingConsumer<Executor> functor)
             throws Exception {
         final ExecutorService executorSingleThread = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
         final Executor executorInline = (Runnable r) -> r.run();
@@ -6302,12 +6899,12 @@
         }
 
         // Check that a started keepalive can be stopped.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
         try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
                 myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
             ka.start(validKaInterval);
             callback.expectStarted();
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+            mWiFiAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
             ka.stop();
             callback.expectStopped();
 
@@ -6336,9 +6933,9 @@
             callback.expectStarted();
             bogusLp.removeLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
             bogusLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(notMyIPv4, 25));
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(bogusLp);
+            mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(bogusLp);
             callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_IP_ADDRESS);
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+            mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         }
 
         // Check that a started keepalive is stopped correctly when the network disconnects.
@@ -6346,21 +6943,20 @@
                 myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
             ka.start(validKaInterval);
             callback.expectStarted();
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+            mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
             callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK);
 
             // ... and that stopping it after that has no adverse effects.
             waitForIdle();
-            final Network myNetAlias = myNet;
-            assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(myNetAlias));
+            assertNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(myNet));
             ka.stop();
             callback.assertNoCallback();
         }
 
         // Reconnect.
         myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
 
         // Check that a stop followed by network disconnects does not result in crash.
         try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
@@ -6369,7 +6965,7 @@
             callback.expectStarted();
             // Delay the response of keepalive events in networkAgent long enough to make sure
             // the follow-up network disconnection will be processed first.
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setKeepaliveResponseDelay(3 * TIMEOUT_MS);
+            mWiFiAgent.setKeepaliveResponseDelay(3 * TIMEOUT_MS);
             ka.stop();
             // Call stop() twice shouldn't result in crash, b/182586681.
             ka.stop();
@@ -6379,8 +6975,8 @@
             waitForIdleSerialExecutor(executor, TIMEOUT_MS);
             waitForIdle();
 
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
+            mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
             callback.expectStopped();
             callback.assertNoCallback();
         }
@@ -6388,20 +6984,18 @@
         // Reconnect.
         waitForIdle();
         myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
 
         // Check that keepalive slots start from 1 and increment. The first one gets slot 1.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
-        int srcPort2 = 0;
+        mWiFiAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(1);
         try (SocketKeepalive ka = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
                 myNet, testSocket, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback)) {
             ka.start(validKaInterval);
             callback.expectStarted();
 
             // The second one gets slot 2.
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(2);
+            mWiFiAgent.setExpectedKeepaliveSlot(2);
             final UdpEncapsulationSocket testSocket2 = mIpSec.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
-            srcPort2 = testSocket2.getPort();
             TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback2 = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback(executor);
             try (SocketKeepalive ka2 = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(
                     myNet, testSocket2, myIPv4, dstIPv4, executor, callback2)) {
@@ -6424,9 +7018,9 @@
         // assertFalse(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort));
         // assertFalse(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort2));
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent = null;
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -6500,9 +7094,9 @@
         testSocketV4.close();
         testSocketV6.close();
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent = null;
     }
 
     private void doTestNattSocketKeepalivesFdWithExecutor(Executor executor) throws Exception {
@@ -6517,8 +7111,8 @@
         lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(myIPv4, 25));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.254")));
         Network myNet = connectKeepaliveNetwork(lp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStartKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
+        mWiFiAgent.setStopKeepaliveEvent(SocketKeepalive.SUCCESS);
 
         TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback(executor);
 
@@ -6553,9 +7147,9 @@
         // TODO: enable this check after ensuring a valid free port. See b/129512753#comment7.
         // assertFalse(isUdpPortInUse(srcPort));
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.expectDisconnected();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = null;
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.expectDisconnected();
+        mWiFiAgent = null;
     }
 
     private static boolean isUdpPortInUse(int port) {
@@ -6593,18 +7187,18 @@
     }
 
     private void assertPinnedToWifiWithCellDefault() {
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
     }
 
     private void assertPinnedToWifiWithWifiDefault() {
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
     }
 
     private void assertNotPinnedToWifi() {
         assertNull(mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -6617,23 +7211,23 @@
         TestNetworkPinner.pin(mServiceContext, wifiRequest);
         assertNull(mCm.getBoundNetworkForProcess());
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
 
         // When wi-fi connects, expect to be pinned.
         assertTrue(TestNetworkPinner.awaitPin(100));
         assertPinnedToWifiWithCellDefault();
 
         // Disconnect and expect the pin to drop.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         assertTrue(TestNetworkPinner.awaitUnpin(100));
         assertNotPinnedToWifi();
 
         // Reconnecting does not cause the pin to come back.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         assertFalse(TestNetworkPinner.awaitPin(100));
         assertNotPinnedToWifi();
 
@@ -6647,22 +7241,22 @@
         assertNotPinnedToWifi();
 
         // Disconnect cell and wifi.
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(3);  // cell down, wifi up, wifi down.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(3);  // cell down, wifi up, wifi down.
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
 
         // Pinning takes effect even if the pinned network is the default when the pin is set...
         TestNetworkPinner.pin(mServiceContext, wifiRequest);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
         assertTrue(TestNetworkPinner.awaitPin(100));
         assertPinnedToWifiWithWifiDefault();
 
         // ... and is maintained even when that network is no longer the default.
-        b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         b.expectBroadcast();
         assertPinnedToWifiWithCellDefault();
     }
@@ -6837,7 +7431,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testNetworkInfoOfTypeNone() throws Exception {
-        ExpectedBroadcast b = registerConnectivityBroadcast(1);
+        ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(1);
 
         verifyNoNetwork();
         TestNetworkAgentWrapper wifiAware = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE);
@@ -6855,7 +7449,7 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
         // Bring up wifi aware network.
-        wifiAware.connect(false, false, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        wifiAware.connect(false, false, false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(wifiAware);
 
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo());
@@ -6866,7 +7460,7 @@
 
         // Disconnect wifi aware network.
         wifiAware.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallbackThat(TIMEOUT_MS, (info) -> info instanceof CallbackEntry.Lost);
+        callback.expect(LOST, TIMEOUT_MS);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
 
         verifyNoNetwork();
@@ -6913,13 +7507,12 @@
         // ConnectivityService.
         TestNetworkAgentWrapper networkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
         networkAgent.connect(true);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, networkAgent);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expect(AVAILABLE, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expect(NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, networkAgent);
         CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi =
-                networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                networkAgent);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, networkAgent);
-        networkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, networkAgent);
+                networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, networkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCaps(networkAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         checkDirectlyConnectedRoutes(cbi.getLp(), asList(myIpv4Address),
                 asList(myIpv4DefaultRoute));
@@ -6933,7 +7526,7 @@
         newLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6Address1);
         newLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6Address2);
         networkAgent.sendLinkProperties(newLp);
-        cbi = networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, networkAgent);
+        cbi = networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, networkAgent);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         checkDirectlyConnectedRoutes(cbi.getLp(),
                 asList(myIpv4Address, myIpv6Address1, myIpv6Address2),
@@ -6941,17 +7534,38 @@
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
     }
 
-    private void expectNotifyNetworkStatus(List<Network> defaultNetworks, String defaultIface,
-            Integer vpnUid, String vpnIfname, List<String> underlyingIfaces) throws Exception {
+    private void expectNotifyNetworkStatus(List<Network> allNetworks, List<Network> defaultNetworks,
+            String defaultIface, Integer vpnUid, String vpnIfname, List<String> underlyingIfaces)
+            throws Exception {
         ArgumentCaptor<List<Network>> defaultNetworksCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(List.class);
         ArgumentCaptor<List<UnderlyingNetworkInfo>> vpnInfosCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(List.class);
+        ArgumentCaptor<List<NetworkStateSnapshot>> snapshotsCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(List.class);
 
         verify(mStatsManager, atLeastOnce()).notifyNetworkStatus(defaultNetworksCaptor.capture(),
-                any(List.class), eq(defaultIface), vpnInfosCaptor.capture());
+                snapshotsCaptor.capture(), eq(defaultIface), vpnInfosCaptor.capture());
 
         assertSameElements(defaultNetworks, defaultNetworksCaptor.getValue());
 
+        List<Network> snapshotNetworks = new ArrayList<Network>();
+        for (NetworkStateSnapshot ns : snapshotsCaptor.getValue()) {
+            snapshotNetworks.add(ns.getNetwork());
+        }
+        assertSameElements(allNetworks, snapshotNetworks);
+
+        if (defaultIface != null) {
+            assertNotNull(
+                    "Did not find interface " + defaultIface + " in call to notifyNetworkStatus",
+                    CollectionUtils.findFirst(snapshotsCaptor.getValue(), (ns) -> {
+                        final LinkProperties lp = ns.getLinkProperties();
+                        if (lp != null && TextUtils.equals(defaultIface, lp.getInterfaceName())) {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        return false;
+                    }));
+        }
+
         List<UnderlyingNetworkInfo> infos = vpnInfosCaptor.getValue();
         if (vpnUid != null) {
             assertEquals("Should have exactly one VPN:", 1, infos.size());
@@ -6966,66 +7580,111 @@
     }
 
     private void expectNotifyNetworkStatus(
-            List<Network> defaultNetworks, String defaultIface) throws Exception {
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(defaultNetworks, defaultIface, null, null, List.of());
+            List<Network> allNetworks, List<Network> defaultNetworks, String defaultIface)
+            throws Exception {
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(allNetworks, defaultNetworks, defaultIface, null, null,
+                List.of());
+    }
+
+    private List<Network> onlyCell() {
+        return List.of(mCellAgent.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    private List<Network> onlyWifi() {
+        return List.of(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    private List<Network> cellAndWifi() {
+        return List.of(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testStatsIfacesChanged() throws Exception {
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-
-        final List<Network> onlyCell = List.of(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
-        final List<Network> onlyWifi = List.of(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
-
         LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
         LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
 
-        // Simple connection should have updated ifaces
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+
+        // Simple connection with initial LP should have updated ifaces.
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell(), onlyCell(), MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Verify change fields other than interfaces does not trigger a notification to NSS.
+        cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.4/24"));
+        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.4"),
+                MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        cellLp.setDnsServers(List.of(InetAddress.getAllByName("8.8.8.8")));
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mStatsManager);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Default network switch should update ifaces.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(wifiLp, mService.getActiveLinkProperties());
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyWifi, WIFI_IFNAME);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellAndWifi(), onlyWifi(), WIFI_IFNAME);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Disconnecting a network updates ifaces again. The soon-to-be disconnected interface is
+        // still in the list to ensure that stats are counted on that interface.
+        // TODO: this means that if anything else uses that interface for any other reason before
+        // notifyNetworkStatus is called again, traffic on that interface will be accounted to the
+        // disconnected network. This is likely a bug in ConnectivityService; it should probably
+        // call notifyNetworkStatus again without the disconnected network.
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellAndWifi(), onlyWifi(), WIFI_IFNAME);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mStatsManager);
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Connecting a network updates ifaces even if the network doesn't become default.
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
+        waitForIdle();
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellAndWifi(), onlyWifi(), WIFI_IFNAME);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Disconnect should update ifaces.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell(), onlyCell(), MOBILE_IFNAME);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Metered change should update ifaces
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell(), onlyCell(), MOBILE_IFNAME);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell(), onlyCell(), MOBILE_IFNAME);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Temp metered change shouldn't update ifaces
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mStatsManager, never()).notifyNetworkStatus(eq(onlyCell),
+        verify(mStatsManager, never()).notifyNetworkStatus(eq(onlyCell()),
+                any(List.class), eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), any(List.class));
+        reset(mStatsManager);
+
+        // Congested change shouldn't update ifaces
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_CONGESTED);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mStatsManager, never()).notifyNetworkStatus(eq(onlyCell()),
                 any(List.class), eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), any(List.class));
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Roaming change should update ifaces
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyCell(), onlyCell(), MOBILE_IFNAME);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Test VPNs.
@@ -7035,29 +7694,27 @@
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(lp);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
 
-        final List<Network> cellAndVpn =
-                List.of(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        final List<Network> cellAndVpn = List.of(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork());
 
         // A VPN with default (null) underlying networks sets the underlying network's interfaces...
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
-                List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellAndVpn, cellAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(),
+                VPN_IFNAME, List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME));
 
         // ...and updates them as the default network switches.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
         final Network[] onlyNull = new Network[]{null};
-        final List<Network> wifiAndVpn =
-                List.of(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork());
-        final List<Network> cellAndWifi =
-                List.of(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        final List<Network> wifiAndVpn = List.of(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork());
+        final List<Network> cellWifiAndVpn = List.of(mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mMockVpn.getNetwork());
         final Network[] cellNullAndWifi =
-                new Network[]{mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), null, mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()};
+                new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork(), null, mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() };
 
         waitForIdle();
         assertEquals(wifiLp, mService.getActiveLinkProperties());
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
-                List.of(WIFI_IFNAME));
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellWifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(),
+                VPN_IFNAME, List.of(WIFI_IFNAME));
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // A VPN that sets its underlying networks passes the underlying interfaces, and influences
@@ -7066,23 +7723,23 @@
         // MOBILE_IFNAME even though the default network is wifi.
         // TODO: fix this to pass in the actual default network interface. Whether or not the VPN
         // applies to the system server UID should not have any bearing on network stats.
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell.toArray(new Network[0]));
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell().toArray(new Network[0]));
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
-                List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellWifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(),
+                VPN_IFNAME, List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME));
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(cellAndWifi.toArray(new Network[0]));
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(cellAndWifi().toArray(new Network[0]));
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
-                List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME));
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellWifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(),
+                VPN_IFNAME,  List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME));
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Null underlying networks are ignored.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(cellNullAndWifi);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
-                List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME));
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellWifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(),
+                VPN_IFNAME,  List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME));
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // If an underlying network disconnects, that interface should no longer be underlying.
@@ -7092,11 +7749,11 @@
         // could result in incorrect data usage measurements if the interface used by the
         // disconnected network is reused by a system component that does not register an agent for
         // it (e.g., tethering).
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
-        assertNull(mService.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
-                List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME));
+        assertNull(mService.getLinkProperties(mCellAgent.getNetwork()));
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(cellWifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, MOBILE_IFNAME, Process.myUid(),
+                VPN_IFNAME, List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME, WIFI_IFNAME));
 
         // Confirm that we never tell NetworkStatsService that cell is no longer the underlying
         // network for the VPN...
@@ -7110,16 +7767,16 @@
         // ... but if something else happens that causes notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats to be
         // called again, it does. For example, connect Ethernet, but with a low score, such that it
         // does not become the default network.
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.setScore(
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetAgent.setScore(
                 new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).setExiting(true).build());
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mStatsManager).notifyNetworkStatus(any(List.class),
                 any(List.class), any() /* anyString() doesn't match null */,
                 argThat(vpnInfos -> vpnInfos.get(0).getUnderlyingInterfaces().size() == 1
                         && WIFI_IFNAME.equals(vpnInfos.get(0).getUnderlyingInterfaces().get(0))));
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mEthernetAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
@@ -7131,25 +7788,25 @@
         // Also, for the same reason as above, the active interface passed in is null.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[0]);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, null);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Specifying only a null underlying network is the same as no networks.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyNull);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, null);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Specifying networks that are all disconnected is the same as specifying no networks.
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell.toArray(new Network[0]));
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(onlyCell().toArray(new Network[0]));
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, null);
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, null);
         reset(mStatsManager);
 
         // Passing in null again means follow the default network again.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(null);
         waitForIdle();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(wifiAndVpn, wifiAndVpn, WIFI_IFNAME, Process.myUid(), VPN_IFNAME,
                 List.of(WIFI_IFNAME));
         reset(mStatsManager);
     }
@@ -7159,18 +7816,17 @@
         final int[] adminUids = new int[] {Process.myUid() + 1};
         final NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate = new NetworkCapabilities();
         ncTemplate.setAdministratorUids(adminUids);
-        mCellNetworkAgent =
+        mCellAgent =
                 new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, new LinkProperties(), ncTemplate);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
 
         // Verify case where caller has permission
         mServiceContext.setPermission(
                 NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(
-                mCellNetworkAgent, nc -> Arrays.equals(adminUids, nc.getAdministratorUids()));
+        callback.expect(AVAILABLE, mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> Arrays.equals(adminUids, c.getAdministratorUids()));
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
 
         // Verify case where caller does NOT have permission
@@ -7179,9 +7835,8 @@
         mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
         callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(
-                mCellNetworkAgent, nc -> nc.getAdministratorUids().length == 0);
+        callback.expect(AVAILABLE, mCellAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.getAdministratorUids().length == 0);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -7198,13 +7853,13 @@
         // Connect a VCN-managed wifi network.
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
 
         final List<Network> none = List.of();
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(none, null);  // Wifi is not the default network
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyWifi(), none, null);  // Wifi is not the default network
 
         // Create a virtual network based on the wifi network.
         final int ownerUid = 10042;
@@ -7216,7 +7871,7 @@
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName(vcnIface);
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper vcn = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, lp, nc);
-        vcn.setUnderlyingNetworks(List.of(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        vcn.setUnderlyingNetworks(List.of(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()));
         vcn.connect(false /* validated */);
 
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
@@ -7229,10 +7884,12 @@
         assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
         assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
         final List<Network> onlyVcn = List.of(vcn.getNetwork());
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyVcn, vcnIface, ownerUid, vcnIface, List.of(WIFI_IFNAME));
+        final List<Network> vcnAndWifi = List.of(vcn.getNetwork(), mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(vcnAndWifi, onlyVcn, vcnIface, ownerUid, vcnIface,
+                List.of(WIFI_IFNAME));
 
         // Add NOT_METERED to the underlying network, check that it is not propagated.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(vcn.getNetwork());
         assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
@@ -7240,11 +7897,11 @@
         // Switch underlying networks.
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        vcn.setUnderlyingNetworks(List.of(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        vcn.setUnderlyingNetworks(List.of(mCellAgent.getNetwork()));
 
         // The underlying capability changes do not propagate to the virtual network, but
         // NetworkStatsService is informed of the new underlying interface.
@@ -7252,17 +7909,17 @@
         nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(vcn.getNetwork());
         assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
         assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
-        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyVcn, vcnIface, ownerUid, vcnIface, List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        final List<Network> vcnWifiAndCell = List.of(vcn.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCellAgent.getNetwork());
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(vcnWifiAndCell, onlyVcn, vcnIface, ownerUid, vcnIface,
+                List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testBasicDnsConfigurationPushed() throws Exception {
         setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC, "ignored.example.com");
 
-        // Clear any interactions that occur as a result of CS starting up.
-        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
-
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
@@ -7278,18 +7935,17 @@
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64"));
         cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8:1::1"),
                 MOBILE_IFNAME));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
 
-        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(
-                eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
         // CS tells dnsresolver about the empty DNS config for this network.
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
         reset(mMockDnsResolver);
 
         cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
                 mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
@@ -7301,7 +7957,7 @@
         reset(mMockDnsResolver);
 
         cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.1"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
                 mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
@@ -7319,7 +7975,7 @@
         final String TLS_SERVER6 = "2001:db8:53::53";
         final InetAddress[] TLS_IPS = new InetAddress[]{ InetAddress.getByName(TLS_SERVER6) };
         final String[] TLS_SERVERS = new String[]{ TLS_SERVER6 };
-        mCellNetworkAgent.mNmCallbacks.notifyPrivateDnsConfigResolved(
+        mCellAgent.mNmCallbacks.notifyPrivateDnsConfigResolved(
                 new PrivateDnsConfig(TLS_SPECIFIER, TLS_IPS).toParcel());
 
         waitForIdle();
@@ -7334,20 +7990,16 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testDnsConfigurationTransTypesPushed() throws Exception {
-        // Clear any interactions that occur as a result of CS starting up.
-        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
-
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .clearCapabilities().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .build();
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(
-                eq(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(eq(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId));
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(2)).setResolverConfiguration(
                 mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
         final ResolverParamsParcel resolverParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
@@ -7363,31 +8015,31 @@
         TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
         // Bring up wifi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         // Private DNS resolution failed, checking if the notification will be shown or not.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* isStrictMode */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
+        mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
         waitForIdle();
         // If network validation failed, NetworkMonitor will re-evaluate the network.
         // ConnectivityService should filter the redundant notification. This part is trying to
         // simulate that situation and check if ConnectivityService could filter that case.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1)).notify(anyString(),
                 eq(NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN.eventId), any());
         // If private DNS resolution successful, the PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN notification shouldn't be
         // shown.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+        mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1)).cancel(anyString(),
                 eq(NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN.eventId));
         // If private DNS resolution failed again, the PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN notification should be
         // shown again.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* isStrictMode */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(true /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
+        mWiFiAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mNotificationManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(2)).notify(anyString(),
                 eq(NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN.eventId), any());
@@ -7395,9 +8047,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testPrivateDnsSettingsChange() throws Exception {
-        // Clear any interactions that occur as a result of CS starting up.
-        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
-
         // The default on Android is opportunistic mode ("Automatic").
         setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC, "ignored.example.com");
 
@@ -7406,7 +8055,7 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
         mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         waitForIdle();
         // CS tells netd about the empty DNS config for this network.
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
@@ -7426,11 +8075,10 @@
         cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8::1"));
         cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("192.0.2.1"));
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(
-                eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(
                 mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.capture());
         ResolverParamsParcel resolvrParams = mResolverParamsParcelCaptor.getValue();
@@ -7442,12 +8090,11 @@
         assertTrue(new ArraySet<>(resolvrParams.tlsServers).containsAll(
                 asList("2001:db8::1", "192.0.2.1")));
         reset(mMockDnsResolver);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
-        CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(
-                CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(AVAILABLE, mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mCellAgent);
+        CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expect(
+                LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
         assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
@@ -7478,8 +8125,7 @@
         setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_PROVIDER_HOSTNAME, "strict.example.com");
         // Can't test dns configuration for strict mode without properly mocking
         // out the DNS lookups, but can test that LinkProperties is updated.
-        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertTrue(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
         assertEquals("strict.example.com", cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
@@ -7505,18 +8151,17 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
         mCm.requestNetwork(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         waitForIdle();
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.AVAILABLE, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
-        CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(
-                CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(AVAILABLE, mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mCellAgent);
+        CallbackEntry.LinkPropertiesChanged cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expect(
+                LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
         assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
@@ -7526,16 +8171,15 @@
         // Send a validation event for a server that is not part of the current
         // resolver config. The validation event should be ignored.
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
-                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, "",
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, "",
                         "145.100.185.18", VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Add a dns server to the LinkProperties.
         LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties(lp);
         lp2.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("145.100.185.16"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp2);
-        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp2);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
         assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
@@ -7545,13 +8189,13 @@
         // Send a validation event containing a hostname that is not part of
         // the current resolver config. The validation event should be ignored.
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
-                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                         "145.100.185.16", "hostname", VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Send a validation event where validation failed.
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
-                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                         "145.100.185.16", "", VALIDATION_RESULT_FAILURE));
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
@@ -7559,10 +8203,9 @@
         // the current resolver config. A LinkProperties callback with updated
         // private dns fields should be sent.
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
-                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                makePrivateDnsValidationEvent(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                         "145.100.185.16", "", VALIDATION_RESULT_SUCCESS));
-        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertTrue(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
         assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
@@ -7572,9 +8215,8 @@
         // the network agent sends unrelated changes.
         LinkProperties lp3 = new LinkProperties(lp2);
         lp3.setMtu(1300);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp3);
-        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp3);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertTrue(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
         assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
@@ -7585,9 +8227,8 @@
         // fields in LinkProperties.
         LinkProperties lp4 = new LinkProperties(lp3);
         lp4.removeDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("145.100.185.16"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp4);
-        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp4);
+        cbi = cellNetworkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertFalse(cbi.getLp().isPrivateDnsActive());
         assertNull(cbi.getLp().getPrivateDnsServerName());
@@ -7622,10 +8263,10 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testApplyUnderlyingCapabilities() throws Exception {
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
 
         final NetworkCapabilities cellNc = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
@@ -7642,12 +8283,12 @@
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(cellNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        mCellAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(cellNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
         waitForIdle();
 
-        final Network mobile = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
-        final Network wifi = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final Network mobile = mCellAgent.getNetwork();
+        final Network wifi = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
 
         final NetworkCapabilities initialCaps = new NetworkCapabilities();
         initialCaps.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN);
@@ -7778,9 +8419,7 @@
             mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[]{wifiNetwork});
             // onCapabilitiesChanged() should be called because
             // NetworkCapabilities#mUnderlyingNetworks is updated.
-            CallbackEntry ce = callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED,
-                    mMockVpn);
-            final NetworkCapabilities vpnNc1 = ((CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) ce).getCaps();
+            final NetworkCapabilities vpnNc1 = callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn);
             // Since the wifi network hasn't brought up,
             // ConnectivityService#applyUnderlyingCapabilities cannot find it. Update
             // NetworkCapabilities#mUnderlyingNetworks to an empty array, and it will be updated to
@@ -7802,9 +8441,9 @@
 
             // Make that underlying network connect, and expect to see its capabilities immediately
             // reflected in the VPN's capabilities.
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-            assertEquals(wifiNetwork, mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+            mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            assertEquals(wifiNetwork, mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
+            mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
             // TODO: the callback for the VPN happens before any callbacks are called for the wifi
             // network that has just connected. There appear to be two issues here:
             // 1. The VPN code will accept an underlying network as soon as getNetworkCapabilities()
@@ -7815,23 +8454,22 @@
             // 2. When a network connects, updateNetworkInfo propagates underlying network
             //    capabilities before rematching networks.
             // Given that this scenario can't really happen, this is probably fine for now.
-            ce = callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
-            final NetworkCapabilities vpnNc2 = ((CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged) ce).getCaps();
+            final NetworkCapabilities vpnNc2 = callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn);
             // The wifi network is brought up, NetworkCapabilities#mUnderlyingNetworks is updated to
             // it.
             underlyingNetwork.add(wifiNetwork);
             assertEquals(underlyingNetwork, vpnNc2.getUnderlyingNetworks());
-            callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+            callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
             assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
                     .hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
             assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
                     .hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
 
             // Disconnect the network, and expect to see the VPN capabilities change accordingly.
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-            callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-            callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (nc) ->
-                    nc.getTransportTypes().length == 1 && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
+            mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+            callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+            callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.getTransportTypes().length == 1
+                            && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
 
             mMockVpn.disconnect();
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
@@ -7851,15 +8489,14 @@
 
         // Connect a VPN.
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(false /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */,
-                false /* isStrictMode */);
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mMockVpn);
 
         // Connect cellular data.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
@@ -7871,11 +8508,10 @@
         assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(true);
 
         // Suspend the cellular network and expect the VPN to be suspended.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                nc -> !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+        mCellAgent.suspend();
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.expect(SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
@@ -7888,12 +8524,11 @@
         assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(false);
 
         // Switch to another network. The VPN should no longer be suspended.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        callback.expect(RESUMED, mMockVpn);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
@@ -7905,16 +8540,14 @@
         assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(true);
 
         // Unsuspend cellular and then switch back to it. The VPN remains not suspended.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
+        mCellAgent.resume();
         callback.assertNoCallback();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
         // Spurious double callback?
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
@@ -7926,11 +8559,10 @@
         assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(true);
 
         // Suspend cellular and expect no connectivity.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                nc -> !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+        mCellAgent.suspend();
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.expect(SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         assertFalse(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
@@ -7942,11 +8574,10 @@
         assertGetNetworkInfoOfGetActiveNetworkIsConnected(false);
 
         // Resume cellular and expect that connectivity comes back.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
-                        && nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+        mCellAgent.resume();
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
+        callback.expect(RESUMED, mMockVpn);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork())
@@ -7960,9 +8591,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testVpnNetworkActive() throws Exception {
-        // NETWORK_SETTINGS is necessary to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-
         final int uid = Process.myUid();
 
         final TestNetworkCallback genericNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
@@ -7988,14 +8616,14 @@
                 new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
 
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
@@ -8006,9 +8634,11 @@
         // VPN networks do not satisfy the default request and are automatically validated
         // by NetworkMonitor
         assertFalse(NetworkMonitorUtils.isValidationRequired(
-                NetworkAgentConfigShimImpl.newInstance(mMockVpn.getNetworkAgentConfig()),
+                false /* isDunValidationRequired */,
+                NetworkAgentConfigShimImpl.newInstance(mMockVpn.getNetworkAgentConfig())
+                        .isVpnValidationRequired(),
                 mMockVpn.getAgent().getNetworkCapabilities()));
-        mMockVpn.getAgent().setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mMockVpn.getAgent().setNetworkValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
 
         mMockVpn.connect(false);
 
@@ -8019,16 +8649,15 @@
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), systemDefaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork());
 
         ranges.clear();
         mMockVpn.setUids(ranges);
 
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
         genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
 
         // TODO : The default network callback should actually get a LOST call here (also see the
         // comment below for AVAILABLE). This is because ConnectivityService does not look at UID
@@ -8036,7 +8665,7 @@
         // can't currently update their UIDs without disconnecting, so this does not matter too
         // much, but that is the reason the test here has to check for an update to the
         // capabilities instead of the expected LOST then AVAILABLE.
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn);
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
@@ -8048,25 +8677,25 @@
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mMockVpn);
         // TODO : Here like above, AVAILABLE would be correct, but because this can't actually
         // happen outside of the test, ConnectivityService does not rematch callbacks.
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.NETWORK_CAPS_UPDATED, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn);
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
 
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
 
-        genericNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        genericNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
         genericNotVpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         wifiNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(null, mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
@@ -8084,14 +8713,14 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
-                false /* isStrictMode */);
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
 
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -8110,22 +8739,22 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback defaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */,
-                false /* isStrictMode */);
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
 
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         assertEquals(defaultCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
     }
@@ -8136,14 +8765,14 @@
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
 
         // Bring up Ethernet.
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Bring up a VPN that has the INTERNET capability, initially unvalidated.
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(false /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */,
-                false /* isStrictMode */);
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
 
         // Even though the VPN is unvalidated, it becomes the default network for our app.
@@ -8157,22 +8786,24 @@
         assertTrue(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET));
 
         assertFalse(NetworkMonitorUtils.isValidationRequired(
-                NetworkAgentConfigShimImpl.newInstance(mMockVpn.getNetworkAgentConfig()),
+                false /* isDunValidationRequired */,
+                NetworkAgentConfigShimImpl.newInstance(mMockVpn.getNetworkAgentConfig())
+                        .isVpnValidationRequired(),
                 mMockVpn.getAgent().getNetworkCapabilities()));
         assertTrue(NetworkMonitorUtils.isPrivateDnsValidationRequired(
                 mMockVpn.getAgent().getNetworkCapabilities()));
 
         // Pretend that the VPN network validates.
-        mMockVpn.getAgent().setNetworkValid(false /* isStrictMode */);
+        mMockVpn.getAgent().setNetworkValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         mMockVpn.getAgent().mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
         // Expect to see the validated capability, but no other changes, because the VPN is already
         // the default network for the app.
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mMockVpn);
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mEthernetAgent);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -8189,18 +8820,18 @@
 
         // Connect cell. It will become the default network, and in the absence of setting
         // underlying networks explicitly it will become the sole underlying network for the vpn.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
-                false /* isStrictMode */);
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacks(mMockVpn.getNetwork(),
                 false /* suspended */, false /* validated */, false /* blocked */, TIMEOUT_MS);
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), TIMEOUT_MS,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), TIMEOUT_MS,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
 
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
         assertTrue(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
@@ -8238,7 +8869,7 @@
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
-                false /* isStrictMode */);
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
@@ -8256,130 +8887,136 @@
         assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
 
         // Connect cell and use it as an underlying network.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork() });
+
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellAgent);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+                new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent);
-
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
-
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellAgent, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Don't disconnect, but note the VPN is not using wifi any more.
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork() });
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
         // The return value of getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser always includes the default
         // network (wifi) as well as the underlying networks (cell).
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellAgent, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Remove NOT_SUSPENDED from the only network and observe VPN is now suspended.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expect(SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
 
         // Add NOT_SUSPENDED again and observe VPN is no longer suspended.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expect(RESUMED, mMockVpn);
 
         // Use Wifi but not cell. Note the VPN is now unmetered and not suspended.
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Use both again.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+                new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellAgent, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Cell is suspended again. As WiFi is not, this should not cause a callback.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED);
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Stop using WiFi. The VPN is suspended again.
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork() });
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expect(SUSPENDED, mMockVpn);
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellAgent, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Use both again.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+                new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.RESUMED, mMockVpn);
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expect(RESUMED, mMockVpn);
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellAgent, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Disconnect cell. Receive update without even removing the dead network from the
         // underlying networks – it's dead anyway. Not metered any more.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Disconnect wifi too. No underlying networks means this is now metered.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
         // When a network disconnects, the callbacks are fired before all state is updated, so for a
         // short time, synchronous calls will behave as if the network is still connected. Wait for
         // things to settle.
@@ -8403,7 +9040,7 @@
         vpnNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid(true /* validated */, false /* hasInternet */,
-                false /* isStrictMode */);
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
 
         vpnNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
@@ -8417,35 +9054,38 @@
         assertVpnTransportInfo(nc, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
 
         // Connect to Cell; Cell is the default network.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
 
         // Connect to WiFi; WiFi is the new default.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
 
         // Disconnect Cell. The default network did not change, so there shouldn't be any changes in
         // the capabilities.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
 
         // Disconnect wifi too. Now we have no default network.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
 
-        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn,
-                (caps) -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR) && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                && !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        vpnNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mMockVpn,
+                c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                        && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
     }
@@ -8461,6 +9101,14 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
 
+        // File a VPN request to prevent VPN network being lingered.
+        final NetworkRequest vpnRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .build();
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.requestNetwork(vpnRequest, vpnCallback);
+
         // Bring up a VPN
         mMockVpn.establishForMyUid();
         assertUidRangesUpdatedForMyUid(true);
@@ -8474,60 +9122,54 @@
         assertVpnTransportInfo(nc, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
 
         // Set an underlying network and expect to see the VPN transports change.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
-                -> caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent, (caps)
-                -> caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                        && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        callback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
 
         doReturn(UserHandle.getUid(RESTRICTED_USER, VPN_UID)).when(mPackageManager)
                 .getPackageUidAsUser(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, RESTRICTED_USER);
 
-        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
-        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
-        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
-
-        // Send a USER_ADDED broadcast for it.
-        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+        // New user added
+        mMockVpn.onUserAdded(RESTRICTED_USER);
 
         // Expect that the VPN UID ranges contain both |uid| and the UID range for the newly-added
         // restricted user.
         final UidRange rRange = UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
-        final Range<Integer> restrictUidRange = new Range<Integer>(rRange.start, rRange.stop);
-        final Range<Integer> singleUidRange = new Range<Integer>(uid, uid);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
-                -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
-                && caps.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
-                && caps.getUids().contains(restrictUidRange)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        final Range<Integer> restrictUidRange = new Range<>(rRange.start, rRange.stop);
+        final Range<Integer> singleUidRange = new Range<>(uid, uid);
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c ->
+                c.getUids().size() == 2
+                && c.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
+                && c.getUids().contains(restrictUidRange)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
 
         // Change the VPN's capabilities somehow (specifically, disconnect wifi).
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
-                -> caps.getUids().size() == 2
-                && caps.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
-                && caps.getUids().contains(restrictUidRange)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c ->
+                c.getUids().size() == 2
+                && c.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
+                && c.getUids().contains(restrictUidRange)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
 
-        // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
-        final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
-        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
-        removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
-        processBroadcast(removedIntent);
+        // User removed and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
+        mMockVpn.onUserRemoved(RESTRICTED_USER);
 
         // Expect that the VPN gains the UID range for the restricted user, and that the capability
         // change made just before that (i.e., loss of TRANSPORT_WIFI) is preserved.
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, (caps)
-                -> caps.getUids().size() == 1
-                && caps.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
-                && caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
-                && !caps.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c ->
+                c.getUids().size() == 1
+                && c.getUids().contains(singleUidRange)
+                && c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                && !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnCallback);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -8550,16 +9192,15 @@
         final int uid = Process.myUid();
 
         // Connect wifi and check that UIDs in the main and restricted profiles have network access.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
         final int restrictedUid = UserHandle.getUid(RESTRICTED_USER, 42 /* appId */);
         assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
         assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
 
         // Enable always-on VPN lockdown. The main user loses network access because no VPN is up.
         final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE,
-                true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
         // This is arguably overspecified: a UID that is not running doesn't have an active network.
@@ -8573,6 +9214,7 @@
         doReturn(asList(PRIMARY_USER_INFO, RESTRICTED_USER_INFO)).when(mUserManager)
                 .getAliveUsers();
         // TODO: check that VPN app within restricted profile still has access, etc.
+        mMockVpn.onUserAdded(RESTRICTED_USER);
         final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
         addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
         addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
@@ -8584,6 +9226,7 @@
         doReturn(asList(PRIMARY_USER_INFO)).when(mUserManager).getAliveUsers();
 
         // Send a USER_REMOVED broadcast and expect to lose the UID range for the restricted user.
+        mMockVpn.onUserRemoved(RESTRICTED_USER);
         final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
         removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(RESTRICTED_USER));
         removedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, RESTRICTED_USER);
@@ -8591,8 +9234,7 @@
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(uid));
         assertNotNull(mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(restrictedUid));
 
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, null, false /* lockdown */,
-                allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
         waitForIdle();
     }
 
@@ -8600,9 +9242,9 @@
     public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverWifi() throws Exception {
         // Returns true by default when no network is available.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
 
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
@@ -8612,9 +9254,9 @@
     public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverCell() throws Exception {
         // Returns true by default when no network is available.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
 
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
@@ -8624,9 +9266,9 @@
     public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverVpnTrackingPlatformDefault() throws Exception {
         // Returns true by default when no network is available.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
@@ -8641,9 +9283,9 @@
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // Connect WiFi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         // VPN should still be the active network.
         assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
@@ -8652,13 +9294,13 @@
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // Disconnecting Cell should not affect VPN's meteredness.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
 
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // Disconnect WiFi; Now there is no platform default network.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
 
         // VPN without any underlying networks is treated as metered.
@@ -8671,15 +9313,15 @@
     public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverVpnSpecifyingUnderlyingNetworks() throws Exception {
         // Returns true by default when no network is available.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
@@ -8690,16 +9332,14 @@
         // Ensure VPN is now the active network.
         assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         // VPN is using Cell
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Expect VPN to be metered.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // VPN is now using WiFi
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Expect VPN to be unmetered
@@ -8707,7 +9347,7 @@
 
         // VPN is using Cell | WiFi.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+                new Network[] { mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Expect VPN to be metered.
@@ -8715,7 +9355,7 @@
 
         // VPN is using WiFi | Cell.
         mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+                new Network[] { mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCellAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Order should not matter and VPN should still be metered.
@@ -8735,9 +9375,9 @@
     public void testIsActiveNetworkMeteredOverAlwaysMeteredVpn() throws Exception {
         // Returns true by default when no network is available.
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
@@ -8757,8 +9397,7 @@
 
 
         // VPN explicitly declares WiFi as its underlying network.
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(
-                new Network[] { mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork() });
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Doesn't really matter whether VPN declares its underlying networks explicitly.
@@ -8766,7 +9405,7 @@
 
         // With WiFi lost, VPN is basically without any underlying networks. And in that case it is
         // anyways suppose to be metered.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
 
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
@@ -8778,11 +9417,6 @@
         public void expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(HasNetwork n, int blockedStatus) {
             super.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(n.getNetwork(), blockedStatus, TIMEOUT_MS);
         }
-        public void expectBlockedStatusCallback(HasNetwork n, int blockedStatus) {
-            // This doesn't work:
-            // super.expectBlockedStatusCallback(blockedStatus, n.getNetwork());
-            super.expectBlockedStatusCallback(blockedStatus, n.getNetwork(), TIMEOUT_MS);
-        }
         public void onBlockedStatusChanged(Network network, int blockedReasons) {
             getHistory().add(new CallbackEntry.BlockedStatusInt(network, blockedReasons));
         }
@@ -8800,80 +9434,83 @@
 
         mockUidNetworkingBlocked();
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        detailedCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellAgent);
 
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER);
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellAgent);
 
         // If blocked state does not change but blocked reason does, the boolean callback is called.
         // TODO: investigate de-duplicating.
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED);
 
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellAgent);
 
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellAgent);
 
         // Restrict the network based on UID rule and NOT_METERED capability change.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellAgent);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectCapabilitiesWithout(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellAgent);
 
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellAgent);
 
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -8881,30 +9518,31 @@
 
         // Restrict background data. Networking is not blocked because the network is unmetered.
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellAgent);
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        detailedCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(mCellNetworkAgent, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
+        detailedCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS_INT, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getReason() == BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellAgent);
 
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         detailedCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellAgent);
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellNetworkCallback);
     }
@@ -8921,34 +9559,34 @@
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
 
         // Allow to use the network after switching to NOT_METERED network.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Switch to METERED network. Restrict the use of the network.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
 
         // Network becomes NOT_METERED.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        defaultCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        defaultCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        defaultCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mCellAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
 
         // Verify there's no Networkcallbacks invoked after data saver on/off.
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER);
         setBlockedReasonChanged(BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
@@ -9012,10 +9650,9 @@
 
         // Expect exactly one blocked callback for each agent.
         for (int i = 0; i < agents.length; i++) {
-            CallbackEntry e = callback.expectCallbackThat(TIMEOUT_MS, (c) ->
-                    c instanceof CallbackEntry.BlockedStatus
-                            && ((CallbackEntry.BlockedStatus) c).getBlocked() == blocked);
-            Network network = e.getNetwork();
+            final CallbackEntry e = callback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    c -> c.getBlocked() == blocked);
+            final Network network = e.getNetwork();
             assertTrue("Received unexpected blocked callback for network " + network,
                     expectedNetworks.remove(network));
         }
@@ -9050,10 +9687,8 @@
                 new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
 
         final int uid = Process.myUid();
-        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
         final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
-                allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
         waitForIdle();
 
         final Set<Integer> excludedUids = new ArraySet<Integer>();
@@ -9068,14 +9703,14 @@
         expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, uidRangeParcels);
 
         // Connect a network when lockdown is active, expect to see it blocked.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        vpnUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        vpnUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         // Mobile is BLOCKED even though it's not actually connected.
@@ -9083,23 +9718,22 @@
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
 
         // Disable lockdown, expect to see the network unblocked.
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
-        callback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        callback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mWiFiAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
+        defaultCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mWiFiAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, uidRangeParcels);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
 
         // Add our UID to the allowlist and re-enable lockdown, expect network is not blocked.
         allowList.add(TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
-                allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -9114,22 +9748,22 @@
         final UidRangeParcel[] uidRangeParcelsAlsoExcludingUs = uidRangeParcelsExcludingUids(
                 excludedUids.toArray(new Integer[0]));
         expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, uidRangeParcelsAlsoExcludingUs);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
 
         // Connect a new network, expect it to be unblocked.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         // Cellular is DISCONNECTED because it's not the default and there are no requests for it.
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
@@ -9137,76 +9771,73 @@
 
         // Disable lockdown, remove our UID from the allowlist, and re-enable lockdown.
         // Everything should now be blocked.
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
         waitForIdle();
         expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, uidRangeParcelsAlsoExcludingUs);
         allowList.clear();
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
-                allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
         waitForIdle();
         expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, true, uidRangeParcels);
-        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mWiFiAgent, cb -> cb.getBlocked());
+        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiAgent, mCellAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
 
         // Disable lockdown. Everything is unblocked.
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
-        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, false, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        defaultCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mWiFiAgent, cb -> !cb.getBlocked());
+        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, false, mWiFiAgent, mCellAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
 
         // Enable and disable an always-on VPN package without lockdown. Expect no changes.
         reset(mMockNetd);
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, false /* lockdown */,
-                allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any());
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
 
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false /* lockdown */, allowList);
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any());
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
 
         // Enable lockdown and connect a VPN. The VPN is not blocked.
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(userId, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */,
-                allowList);
-        defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(true, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mMockVpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE, true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        defaultCallback.expect(BLOCKED_STATUS, mWiFiAgent, cb -> cb.getBlocked());
+        assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiAgent, mCellAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
@@ -9219,15 +9850,15 @@
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();  // VPN does not apply to VPN_UID
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
@@ -9246,8 +9877,8 @@
         mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
 
         // Connect Wi-Fi.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
 
         // Connect a VPN that excludes its UID from its UID ranges.
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
@@ -9256,7 +9887,7 @@
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
         ranges.add(new UidRange(0, myUid - 1));
         ranges.add(new UidRange(myUid + 1, UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE - 1));
-        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[]{mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()});
+        mMockVpn.setUnderlyingNetworks(new Network[] { mWiFiAgent.getNetwork() });
         mMockVpn.establish(lp, myUid, ranges);
 
         // Wait for validation before registering callbacks.
@@ -9278,15 +9909,15 @@
         perUidCb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mMockVpn);
         // getActiveNetwork is not affected by this bug.
         assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(myUid + 1));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(myUid));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(myUid));
 
         doAsUid(otherUid, () -> mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidCb));
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCb);
         doAsUid(Process.SYSTEM_UID, () -> mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(perUidCb));
     }
 
-    private void setupLegacyLockdownVpn() {
+    private VpnProfile setupLegacyLockdownVpn() {
         final String profileName = "testVpnProfile";
         final byte[] profileTag = profileName.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
         doReturn(profileTag).when(mVpnProfileStore).get(Credentials.LOCKDOWN_VPN);
@@ -9298,6 +9929,8 @@
         profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_IPSEC_XAUTH_PSK;
         final byte[] encodedProfile = profile.encode();
         doReturn(encodedProfile).when(mVpnProfileStore).get(Credentials.VPN + profileName);
+
+        return profile;
     }
 
     private void establishLegacyLockdownVpn(Network underlying) throws Exception {
@@ -9315,8 +9948,6 @@
     public void testLegacyLockdownVpn() throws Exception {
         mServiceContext.setPermission(
                 Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-        // For LockdownVpnTracker to call registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
 
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build();
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
@@ -9330,21 +9961,28 @@
                 new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
 
         // Pretend lockdown VPN was configured.
-        setupLegacyLockdownVpn();
+        final VpnProfile profile = setupLegacyLockdownVpn();
 
         // LockdownVpnTracker disables the Vpn teardown code and enables lockdown.
         // Check the VPN's state before it does so.
         assertTrue(mMockVpn.getEnableTeardown());
         assertFalse(mMockVpn.getLockdown());
 
-        // Send a USER_UNLOCKED broadcast so CS starts LockdownVpnTracker.
-        final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(Process.myUid());
-        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED);
-        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(userId));
-        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, userId);
-        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+        // VMSHandlerThread was used inside VpnManagerService and taken into LockDownVpnTracker.
+        // VpnManagerService was decoupled from this test but this handlerThread is still required
+        // in LockDownVpnTracker. Keep it until LockDownVpnTracker related verification is moved to
+        // its own test.
+        final HandlerThread VMSHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestVpnManagerService");
+        VMSHandlerThread.start();
 
+        // LockdownVpnTracker is created from VpnManagerService but VpnManagerService is decoupled
+        // from ConnectivityServiceTest. Create it directly to simulate LockdownVpnTracker is
+        // created.
+        // TODO: move LockdownVpnTracker related tests to its own test.
         // Lockdown VPN disables teardown and enables lockdown.
+        final LockdownVpnTracker lockdownVpnTracker = new LockdownVpnTracker(mServiceContext,
+                VMSHandlerThread.getThreadHandler(), mMockVpn, profile);
+        lockdownVpnTracker.init();
         assertFalse(mMockVpn.getEnableTeardown());
         assertTrue(mMockVpn.getLockdown());
 
@@ -9355,11 +9993,11 @@
         cellLp.setInterfaceName("rmnet0");
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
         cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("::/0"), null, "rmnet0"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNull(mMockVpn.getAgent());
 
@@ -9368,37 +10006,36 @@
         // TODO: consider fixing this.
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.2/25"));
         cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), null, "rmnet0"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED,
-                mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        callback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNull(mMockVpn.getAgent());
 
         // Disconnect, then try again with a network that supports IPv4 at connection time.
         // Expect lockdown VPN to come up.
         ExpectedBroadcast b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         b1.expectBroadcast();
 
         // When lockdown VPN is active, the NetworkInfo state in CONNECTIVITY_ACTION is overwritten
         // with the state of the VPN network. So expect a CONNECTING broadcast.
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTING);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mCellAgent);
         b1.expectBroadcast();
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mCellAgent);
 
         // TODO: it would be nice if we could simply rely on the production code here, and have
         // LockdownVpnTracker start the VPN, have the VPN code register its NetworkAgent with
@@ -9416,7 +10053,7 @@
         mMockVpn.expectStartLegacyVpnRunner();
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         ExpectedBroadcast b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        establishLegacyLockdownVpn(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        establishLegacyLockdownVpn(mCellAgent.getNetwork());
         callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -9427,7 +10064,7 @@
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mCellAgent);
         assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
         assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR));
         assertFalse(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
@@ -9442,13 +10079,13 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc = new NetworkCapabilities();
         wifiNc.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         wifiNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp, wifiNc);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp, wifiNc);
 
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         // Wifi is CONNECTING because the VPN isn't up yet.
         b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTING);
         ExpectedBroadcast b3 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
         b1.expectBroadcast();
         b2.expectBroadcast();
         b3.expectBroadcast();
@@ -9459,23 +10096,23 @@
         // connected, so the network is not considered blocked by the lockdown UID ranges? But the
         // fact that a VPN is connected should only result in the VPN itself being unblocked, not
         // any other network. Bug in isUidBlockedByVpn?
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
-        defaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // While the VPN is reconnecting on the new network, everything is blocked.
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmBlocked(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // The VPN comes up again on wifi.
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        establishLegacyLockdownVpn(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        establishLegacyLockdownVpn(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
         callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
@@ -9485,7 +10122,7 @@
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mWiFiAgent);
         vpnNc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mMockVpn.getNetwork());
         assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_VPN));
         assertTrue(vpnNc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
@@ -9493,8 +10130,8 @@
         assertTrue(vpnNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
 
         // Disconnect cell. Nothing much happens since it's not the default network.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         systemDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
@@ -9502,54 +10139,47 @@
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
         assertNetworkInfo(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
-        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        assertExtraInfoFromCmPresent(mWiFiAgent);
 
         b1 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
         b2 = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_VPN, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        systemDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        systemDefaultCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         b1.expectBroadcast();
-        callback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mMockVpn, nc -> !nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        callback.expectCaps(mMockVpn, c -> !c.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
         mMockVpn.expectStopVpnRunnerPrivileged();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mMockVpn);
+        callback.expect(LOST, mMockVpn);
         b2.expectBroadcast();
+
+        VMSHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+        VMSHandlerThread.join();
     }
 
-    @Test
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
     public void testLockdownSetFirewallUidRule() throws Exception {
-        // For ConnectivityService#setAlwaysOnVpnPackage.
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(
-                Manifest.permission.CONTROL_ALWAYS_ON_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-        // Needed to call Vpn#setAlwaysOnPackage.
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-        // Needed to call Vpn#isAlwaysOnPackageSupported.
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> lockdownRange = UidRange.toIntRanges(Set.of(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE));
         // Enable Lockdown
-        final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE,
-                true /* lockdown */, allowList);
+        mCm.setRequireVpnForUids(true /* requireVpn */, lockdownRange);
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Lockdown rule is set to apps uids
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
-                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP1_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
-                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP2_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(3)).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(true) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(APP1_UID, true /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(APP2_UID, true /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(VPN_UID, true /* add */);
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Disable lockdown
-        mVpnManagerService.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage(PRIMARY_USER, null, false /* lockdown */,
-                allowList);
+        mCm.setRequireVpnForUids(false /* requireVPN */, lockdownRange);
         waitForIdle();
 
         // Lockdown rule is removed from apps uids
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
-                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP1_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).setUidRule(
-                eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(APP2_UID), eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(3)).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(false) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(APP1_UID, false /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(APP2_UID, false /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(VPN_UID, false /* add */);
 
         // Interface rules are not changed by Lockdown mode enable/disable
         verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).addUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
@@ -9605,24 +10235,23 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void doTestReplaceFirewallChain(final int chain, final String chainName,
-            final boolean allowList) {
+    private void doTestReplaceFirewallChain(final int chain) {
         final int[] uids = new int[] {1001, 1002};
         mCm.replaceFirewallChain(chain, uids);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).replaceUidChain(chainName, allowList, uids);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).replaceUidChain(chain, uids);
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
     public void testReplaceFirewallChain() {
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, "fw_dozable", true);
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY, "fw_standby", false);
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE, "fw_powersave",  true);
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED, "fw_restricted", true);
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY, "fw_low_power_standby", true);
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1, "fw_oem_deny_1", false);
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2, "fw_oem_deny_2", false);
-        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3, "fw_oem_deny_3", false);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_1);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_2);
+        doTestReplaceFirewallChain(FIREWALL_CHAIN_OEM_DENY_3);
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
@@ -9633,8 +10262,6 @@
                 () -> mCm.setUidFirewallRule(-1 /* chain */, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
         assertThrows(expected,
                 () -> mCm.setUidFirewallRule(100 /* chain */, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
-        assertThrows(expected, () -> mCm.replaceFirewallChain(-1 /* chain */, new int[]{uid}));
-        assertThrows(expected, () -> mCm.replaceFirewallChain(100 /* chain */, new int[]{uid}));
     }
 
     @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
@@ -9670,32 +10297,32 @@
                     callbackWithoutCap);
 
             // Setup networks with testing capability and verify the default network changes.
-            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-            mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(testCap);
-            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-            callbackWithoutCap.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellAgent.addCapability(testCap);
+            mCellAgent.connect(true);
+            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+            callbackWithoutCap.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
             reset(mMockNetd);
 
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(testCap);
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-            callbackWithoutCap.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            mWiFiAgent.addCapability(testCap);
+            mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+            callbackWithoutCap.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId));
             reset(mMockNetd);
 
             // Remove the testing capability on wifi, verify the callback and default network
             // changes back to cellular.
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
-            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-            callbackWithoutCap.expectCapabilitiesWithout(testCap, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+            mWiFiAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
+            callbackWithCap.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+            callbackWithoutCap.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> !c.hasCapability(testCap));
+            verify(mMockNetd).networkSetDefault(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
             reset(mMockNetd);
 
-            mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
-            callbackWithCap.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            mCellAgent.removeCapability(testCap);
+            callbackWithCap.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
             callbackWithoutCap.assertNoCallback();
             verify(mMockNetd).networkClearDefault();
 
@@ -9708,8 +10335,8 @@
     public final void testBatteryStatsNetworkType() throws Exception {
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName("cell0");
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         final ArrayTrackRecord<ReportedInterfaces>.ReadHead readHead =
                 mDeps.mReportedInterfaceHistory.newReadHead();
@@ -9719,24 +10346,24 @@
 
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName("wifi0");
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNotNull(readHead.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, ri -> ri.contentEquals(mServiceContext,
                 wifiLp.getInterfaceName(),
                 new int[] { TRANSPORT_WIFI })));
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
 
         cellLp.setInterfaceName("wifi0");
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNotNull(readHead.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, ri -> ri.contentEquals(mServiceContext,
                 cellLp.getInterfaceName(),
                 new int[] { TRANSPORT_CELLULAR })));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -9775,6 +10402,16 @@
         return event;
     }
 
+    private void verifyWakeupModifyInterface(String iface, boolean add) throws RemoteException {
+        if (add) {
+            verify(mMockNetd).wakeupAddInterface(eq(iface), anyString(), anyInt(),
+                    anyInt());
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetd).wakeupDelInterface(eq(iface), anyString(), anyInt(),
+                    anyInt());
+        }
+    }
+
     private <T> T verifyWithOrder(@Nullable InOrder inOrder, @NonNull T t) {
         if (inOrder != null) {
             return inOrder.verify(t);
@@ -9857,14 +10494,12 @@
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6);
         cellLp.addRoute(ipv6Default);
         cellLp.addRoute(ipv6Subnet);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        reset(mMockDnsResolver);
-        reset(mMockNetd);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
         reset(mClatCoordinator);
 
         // Connect with ipv6 link properties. Expect prefix discovery to be started.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        int cellNetId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         waitForIdle();
 
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(cellNetId,
@@ -9878,7 +10513,7 @@
                 cellLp.getInterfaceName(),
                 new int[] { TRANSPORT_CELLULAR })));
 
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
 
         // Switching default network updates TCP buffer sizes.
@@ -9886,8 +10521,8 @@
         // Add an IPv4 address. Expect prefix discovery to be stopped. Netd doesn't tell us that
         // the NAT64 prefix was removed because one was never discovered.
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv4);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).stopPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, atLeastOnce()).setResolverConfiguration(any());
@@ -9909,37 +10544,37 @@
 
         // Remove IPv4 address. Expect prefix discovery to be started again.
         cellLp.removeLinkAddress(myIpv4);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
         assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);
 
         // When NAT64 prefix discovery succeeds, LinkProperties are updated and clatd is started.
-        Nat464Xlat clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getNat64Prefix());
+        Nat464Xlat clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellAgent);
+        assertNull(mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellAgent.getNetwork()).getNat64Prefix());
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
                 makeNat64PrefixEvent(cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, kNat64PrefixString, 96));
-        LinkProperties lpBeforeClat = networkCallback.expectCallback(
-                CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent).getLp();
+        LinkProperties lpBeforeClat = networkCallback.expect(
+                LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent).getLp();
         assertEquals(0, lpBeforeClat.getStackedLinks().size());
         assertEquals(kNat64Prefix, lpBeforeClat.getNat64Prefix());
         verifyClatdStart(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME, cellNetId, kNat64Prefix.toString());
 
         // Clat iface comes up. Expect stacked link to be added.
         clat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        List<LinkProperties> stackedLps = mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork())
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
+        List<LinkProperties> stackedLps = mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellAgent.getNetwork())
                 .getStackedLinks();
         assertEquals(makeClatLinkProperties(myIpv4), stackedLps.get(0));
         assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
         // Change trivial linkproperties and see if stacked link is preserved.
         cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
 
         List<LinkProperties> stackedLpsAfterChange =
-                mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).getStackedLinks();
+                mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellAgent.getNetwork()).getStackedLinks();
         assertNotEquals(stackedLpsAfterChange, Collections.EMPTY_LIST);
         assertEquals(makeClatLinkProperties(myIpv4), stackedLpsAfterChange.get(0));
 
@@ -9962,19 +10597,19 @@
         // Expect clatd to be stopped and started with the new prefix.
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
                 cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, kOtherNat64PrefixString, 96));
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 0);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getStackedLinks().size() == 0);
         verifyClatdStop(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME);
         assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
 
         verifyClatdStart(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME, cellNetId,
                 kOtherNat64Prefix.toString());
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getNat64Prefix().equals(kOtherNat64Prefix));
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getNat64Prefix().equals(kOtherNat64Prefix));
         clat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 1);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getStackedLinks().size() == 1);
         assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
         reset(mMockNetd);
@@ -9984,15 +10619,15 @@
         // linkproperties are cleaned up.
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv4);
         cellLp.addRoute(ipv4Subnet);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);
         verifyClatdStop(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME);
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).stopPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
 
         // As soon as stop is called, the linkproperties lose the stacked interface.
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        LinkProperties actualLpAfterIpv4 = mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
+        LinkProperties actualLpAfterIpv4 = mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellAgent.getNetwork());
         LinkProperties expected = new LinkProperties(cellLp);
         expected.setNat64Prefix(kOtherNat64Prefix);
         assertEquals(expected, actualLpAfterIpv4);
@@ -10003,6 +10638,11 @@
         clat.interfaceRemoved(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verifyWakeupModifyInterface(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, false);
+        }
+
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mClatCoordinator);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
@@ -10015,49 +10655,70 @@
         // Stopping prefix discovery causes netd to tell us that the NAT64 prefix is gone.
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
                 cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_REMOVED, kOtherNat64PrefixString, 96));
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getNat64Prefix() == null);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getNat64Prefix() == null);
 
         // Remove IPv4 address and expect prefix discovery and clatd to be started again.
         cellLp.removeLinkAddress(myIpv4);
         cellLp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(myIpv4, null, MOBILE_IFNAME));
         cellLp.removeDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8"));
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet);  // Directly-connected routes auto-added.
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
                 cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, kNat64PrefixString, 96));
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         verifyClatdStart(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME, cellNetId, kNat64Prefix.toString());
 
         // Clat iface comes up. Expect stacked link to be added.
         clat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 1 && lp.getNat64Prefix() != null);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getStackedLinks().size() == 1
+                        && cb.getLp().getNat64Prefix() != null);
         assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, stackedDefault);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
 
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verifyWakeupModifyInterface(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
+        }
+
         // NAT64 prefix is removed. Expect that clat is stopped.
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(makeNat64PrefixEvent(
                 cellNetId, PREFIX_OPERATION_REMOVED, kNat64PrefixString, 96));
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 0 && lp.getNat64Prefix() == null);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getStackedLinks().size() == 0
+                        && cb.getLp().getNat64Prefix() == null);
         assertRoutesRemoved(cellNetId, ipv4Subnet, stackedDefault);
 
         // Stop has no effect because clat is already stopped.
         verifyClatdStop(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME);
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 0);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getStackedLinks().size() == 0);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).interfaceGetCfg(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verifyWakeupModifyInterface(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, false);
+        }
+
         // Clean up.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(cellNetId);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verifyWakeupModifyInterface(MOBILE_IFNAME, false);
+        }
+
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mClatCoordinator);
         reset(mMockNetd);
@@ -10069,44 +10730,65 @@
         doReturn(getClatInterfaceConfigParcel(myIpv4)).when(mMockNetd)
                 .interfaceGetCfg(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
         cellLp.setNat64Prefix(kNat64Prefix);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        cellNetId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(cellNetId,
                 INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
         assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, ipv6Subnet, ipv6Default);
 
         // Clatd is started and clat iface comes up. Expect stacked link to be added.
         verifyClatdStart(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME, cellNetId, kNat64Prefix.toString());
-        clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellAgent);
         clat.interfaceLinkStateChanged(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, true /* up */);
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                (lp) -> lp.getStackedLinks().size() == 1
-                        && lp.getNat64Prefix().equals(kNat64Prefix));
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                cb -> cb.getLp().getStackedLinks().size() == 1
+                        && cb.getLp().getNat64Prefix().equals(kNat64Prefix));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkAddInterface(cellNetId, CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME);
         // assertRoutesAdded sees all calls since last mMockNetd reset, so expect IPv6 routes again.
         assertRoutesAdded(cellNetId, ipv6Subnet, ipv6Default, stackedDefault);
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verifyWakeupModifyInterface(MOBILE_IFNAME, true);
+        }
+
         reset(mMockNetd);
         reset(mClatCoordinator);
 
         // Disconnect the network. clat is stopped and the network is destroyed.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         verifyClatdStop(null /* inOrder */, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verifyWakeupModifyInterface(CLAT_MOBILE_IFNAME, false);
+        }
+
         verify(mMockNetd).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(cellNetId);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            verifyWakeupModifyInterface(MOBILE_IFNAME, false);
+        }
+
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mClatCoordinator);
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
     }
 
-    private void expectNat64PrefixChange(TestableNetworkCallback callback,
+    private void expectNat64PrefixChange(TestNetworkCallback callback,
             TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent, IpPrefix prefix) {
-        callback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(agent, x -> Objects.equals(x.getNat64Prefix(), prefix));
+        callback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, agent,
+                x -> Objects.equals(x.getLp().getNat64Prefix(), prefix));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -10136,11 +10818,11 @@
         // prefix discovery is never started.
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties(baseLp);
         lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromRa);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        final Network network = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        final Network network = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
         int netId = network.getNetId();
-        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
         verifyClatdStart(inOrder, iface, netId, pref64FromRa.toString());
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, pref64FromRa.toString());
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
@@ -10149,8 +10831,8 @@
 
         // If the RA prefix is withdrawn, clatd is stopped and prefix discovery is started.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, null);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, null);
         verifyClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
@@ -10158,8 +10840,8 @@
         // If the RA prefix appears while DNS discovery is in progress, discovery is stopped and
         // clatd is started with the prefix from the RA.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromRa);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, pref64FromRa);
         verifyClatdStart(inOrder, iface, netId, pref64FromRa.toString());
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, pref64FromRa.toString());
@@ -10167,21 +10849,21 @@
         // Withdraw the RA prefix so we can test the case where an RA prefix appears after DNS
         // discovery has succeeded.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, null);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, null);
         verifyClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
 
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
                 makeNat64PrefixEvent(netId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, pref64FromDnsStr, 96));
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromDns);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, pref64FromDns);
         verifyClatdStart(inOrder, iface, netId, pref64FromDns.toString());
 
         // If an RA advertises the same prefix that was discovered by DNS, nothing happens: prefix
         // discovery is not stopped, and there are no callbacks.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromDns);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         verifyNeverClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         verifyNeverClatdStart(inOrder, iface);
@@ -10191,7 +10873,7 @@
 
         // If the RA is later withdrawn, nothing happens again.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         verifyNeverClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         verifyNeverClatdStart(inOrder, iface);
@@ -10201,8 +10883,8 @@
 
         // If the RA prefix changes, clatd is restarted and prefix discovery is stopped.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromRa);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, pref64FromRa);
         verifyClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
 
@@ -10216,8 +10898,8 @@
 
         // If the RA prefix changes, clatd is restarted and prefix discovery is not started.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(newPref64FromRa);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, newPref64FromRa);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, newPref64FromRa);
         verifyClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
         verifyClatdStart(inOrder, iface, netId, newPref64FromRa.toString());
@@ -10227,7 +10909,7 @@
 
         // If the RA prefix changes to the same value, nothing happens.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(newPref64FromRa);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(newPref64FromRa, mCm.getLinkProperties(network).getNat64Prefix());
         verifyNeverClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
@@ -10241,19 +10923,19 @@
         // If the same prefix is learned first by DNS and then by RA, and clat is later stopped,
         // (e.g., because the network disconnects) setPrefix64(netid, "") is never called.
         lp.setNat64Prefix(null);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, null);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, null);
         verifyClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).setPrefix64(netId, "");
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver).startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
         mService.mResolverUnsolEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(
                 makeNat64PrefixEvent(netId, PREFIX_OPERATION_ADDED, pref64FromDnsStr, 96));
-        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiNetworkAgent, pref64FromDns);
+        expectNat64PrefixChange(callback, mWiFiAgent, pref64FromDns);
         verifyClatdStart(inOrder, iface, netId, pref64FromDns.toString());
         inOrder.verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).setPrefix64(eq(netId), any());
 
         lp.setNat64Prefix(pref64FromDns);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
         verifyNeverClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
         verifyNeverClatdStart(inOrder, iface);
@@ -10265,8 +10947,8 @@
         // before CONNECTIVITY_ACTION is sent. Wait for CONNECTIVITY_ACTION before verifying that
         // clat has been stopped, or the test will be flaky.
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        callback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        callback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         b.expectBroadcast();
 
         verifyClatdStop(inOrder, iface);
@@ -10293,17 +10975,17 @@
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64"));
         cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("::/0"), null, MOBILE_IFNAME));
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        final int cellNetId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         waitForIdle();
 
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, never()).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
-        Nat464Xlat clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        Nat464Xlat clat = getNat464Xlat(mCellAgent);
         assertTrue("Nat464Xlat was not IDLE", !clat.isStarted());
 
         // This cannot happen because prefix discovery cannot succeed if it is never started.
@@ -10323,25 +11005,25 @@
                 .build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
 
         // Network switch
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        networkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
@@ -10349,8 +11031,8 @@
 
         // Disconnect wifi and switch back to cell
         reset(mMockNetd);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
         assertNoCallbacks(networkCallback);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
@@ -10359,13 +11041,13 @@
 
         // reconnect wifi
         reset(mMockNetd);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        networkCallback.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        networkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerAddInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
@@ -10373,21 +11055,20 @@
 
         // Disconnect cell
         reset(mMockNetd);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         // LOST callback is triggered earlier than removing idle timer. Broadcast should also be
         // sent as network being switched. Ensure rule removal for cell will not be triggered
         // unexpectedly before network being removed.
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mMockNetd, times(0)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)));
-        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkDestroy(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
-        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1))
-                .destroyNetworkCache(eq(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkDestroy(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
+        verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).destroyNetworkCache(eq(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId));
 
         // Disconnect wifi
         ExpectedBroadcast b = expectConnectivityAction(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.DISCONNECTED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         b.expectBroadcast();
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).idletimerRemoveInterface(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt(),
                 eq(Integer.toString(TRANSPORT_WIFI)));
@@ -10414,21 +11095,21 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, networkCallback);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         reset(mMockNetd);
         // Switching default network updates TCP buffer sizes.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
         verifyTcpBufferSizeChange(ConnectivityService.DEFAULT_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES);
         // Change link Properties should have updated tcp buffer size.
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setTcpBufferSizes(testTcpBufferSizes);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent);
         verifyTcpBufferSizeChange(testTcpBufferSizes);
         // Clean up.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        networkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         networkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
     }
@@ -10436,8 +11117,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testGetGlobalProxyForNetwork() throws Exception {
         final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        final Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        final Network wifiNetwork = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork();
         mProxyTracker.setGlobalProxy(testProxyInfo);
         assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(wifiNetwork));
     }
@@ -10445,15 +11126,15 @@
     @Test
     public void testGetProxyForActiveNetwork() throws Exception {
         final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
 
         final LinkProperties testLinkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         testLinkProperties.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(testLinkProperties);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(testLinkProperties);
         waitForIdle();
 
         assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
@@ -10464,8 +11145,8 @@
         final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
 
         // Set up a WiFi network with no proxy
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
 
@@ -10478,7 +11159,7 @@
         // Test that the VPN network returns a proxy, and the WiFi does not.
         assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(mMockVpn.getNetwork()));
         assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
-        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()));
 
         // Test that the VPN network returns no proxy when it is set to null.
         testLinkProperties.setHttpProxy(null);
@@ -10489,7 +11170,7 @@
 
         // Set WiFi proxy and check that the vpn proxy is still null.
         testLinkProperties.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(testLinkProperties);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(testLinkProperties);
         waitForIdle();
         assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
 
@@ -10497,8 +11178,8 @@
         // correct proxy setting.
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
-        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()));
         assertEquals(testProxyInfo, mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
     }
 
@@ -10519,7 +11200,6 @@
         verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).addUidInterfaceRules(eq("tun0"), uidCaptor.capture());
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
-        assertTrue(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges("tun0").equals(vpnRange));
 
         mMockVpn.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
@@ -10527,72 +11207,66 @@
         // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
         assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
-        assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges("tun0"));
+    }
+
+    private void checkInterfaceFilteringRuleWithNullInterface(final LinkProperties lp,
+            final int uid) throws Exception {
+        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        mMockVpn.establish(lp, uid, vpnRange);
+        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, uid);
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            // On T and above, VPN should have rules for null interface. Null Interface is a
+            // wildcard and this accepts traffic from all the interfaces.
+            // There are two expected invocations, one during the VPN initial
+            // connection, one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
+            ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).addUidInterfaceRules(
+                    eq(null) /* iface */, uidCaptor.capture());
+            if (uid == VPN_UID) {
+                assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+                assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+            } else {
+                assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+                assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            }
+
+            mMockVpn.disconnect();
+            waitForIdle();
+
+            // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
+            if (uid == VPN_UID) {
+                assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID);
+            } else {
+                assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Before T, rules are not configured for null interface.
+            verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).addUidInterfaceRules(any(), any());
+        }
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testLegacyVpnSetInterfaceFilteringRuleWithWildcard() throws Exception {
+    public void testLegacyVpnInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
-        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
-        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
-        mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
-        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
-
-        // A connected Legacy VPN should have interface rules with null interface.
-        // Null Interface is a wildcard and this accepts traffic from all the interfaces.
-        // There are two expected invocations, one during the VPN initial connection,
-        // one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
-        ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).addUidInterfaceRules(
-                eq(null) /* iface */, uidCaptor.capture());
-        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
-        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
-        assertEquals(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */),
-                vpnRange);
-
-        mMockVpn.disconnect();
-        waitForIdle();
-
-        // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
-        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
-        assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */));
+        // Legacy VPN should have interface filtering with null interface.
+        checkInterfaceFilteringRuleWithNullInterface(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testLocalIpv4OnlyVpnSetInterfaceFilteringRuleWithWildcard() throws Exception {
+    public void testLocalIpv4OnlyVpnInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix("192.0.2.0/24"), null, "tun0"));
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), RTN_UNREACHABLE));
-        // The uid range needs to cover the test app so the network is visible to it.
-        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
-        mMockVpn.establish(lp, Process.SYSTEM_UID, vpnRange);
-        assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRange, Process.SYSTEM_UID);
-
-        // IPv6 unreachable route should not be misinterpreted as a default route
-        // A connected VPN should have interface rules with null interface.
-        // Null Interface is a wildcard and this accepts traffic from all the interfaces.
-        // There are two expected invocations, one during the VPN initial connection,
-        // one during the VPN LinkProperties update.
-        ArgumentCaptor<int[]> uidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).addUidInterfaceRules(
-                eq(null) /* iface */, uidCaptor.capture());
-        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(0), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
-        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getAllValues().get(1), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
-        assertEquals(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */),
-                vpnRange);
-
-        mMockVpn.disconnect();
-        waitForIdle();
-
-        // Disconnected VPN should have interface rules removed
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(uidCaptor.capture());
-        assertContainsExactly(uidCaptor.getValue(), APP1_UID, APP2_UID, VPN_UID);
-        assertNull(mService.mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(null /* iface */));
+        // VPN that does not provide a default route should have interface filtering with null
+        // interface.
+        checkInterfaceFilteringRuleWithNullInterface(lp, VPN_UID);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -10648,19 +11322,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testStartVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() throws Exception {
-        final String notMyVpnPkg = "com.not.my.vpn";
-        assertThrows(
-                SecurityException.class, () -> mVpnManagerService.startVpnProfile(notMyVpnPkg));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testStopVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() throws Exception {
-        final String notMyVpnPkg = "com.not.my.vpn";
-        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> mVpnManagerService.stopVpnProfile(notMyVpnPkg));
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testUidUpdateChangesInterfaceFilteringRule() throws Exception {
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
@@ -10692,15 +11353,15 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLinkPropertiesWithWakeOnLanForActiveNetwork() throws Exception {
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
 
         LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_WOL_IFNAME);
         wifiLp.setWakeOnLanSupported(false);
 
         // Default network switch should update ifaces.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
         waitForIdle();
 
         // ConnectivityService should have changed the WakeOnLanSupported to true
@@ -11092,20 +11753,19 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(),
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(),
                 ncTemplate);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false);
 
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Send network capabilities update with TransportInfo to trigger capabilities changed
         // callback.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(
-                ncTemplate.setTransportInfo(actualTransportInfo), true);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncTemplate.setTransportInfo(actualTransportInfo), true);
 
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mWiFiNetworkAgent,
-                nc -> Objects.equals(expectedOwnerUid, nc.getOwnerUid())
-                        && Objects.equals(expectedTransportInfo, nc.getTransportInfo()));
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                c -> Objects.equals(expectedOwnerUid, c.getOwnerUid())
+                        && Objects.equals(expectedTransportInfo, c.getTransportInfo()));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -11132,32 +11792,31 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 .setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo());
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(),
-                ncTemplate);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated; waits for callback */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(), ncTemplate);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated; waits for callback */);
 
         // NETWORK_SETTINGS redaction is controlled by the NETWORK_SETTINGS permission
-        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).settingsRedacted);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).settingsRedacted);
         withPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, () -> {
-            assertFalse(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).settingsRedacted);
+            assertFalse(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).settingsRedacted);
         });
-        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).settingsRedacted);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).settingsRedacted);
 
         // LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS redaction is controlled by the LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS permission
-        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
         withPermission(LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS, () -> {
-            assertFalse(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
+            assertFalse(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
         });
-        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).localMacAddressRedacted);
 
         // Synchronous getNetworkCapabilities calls never return unredacted location-sensitive
         // information.
-        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).locationRedacted);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).locationRedacted);
         setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.S, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
                 Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
-        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).locationRedacted);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).locationRedacted);
         denyAllLocationPrivilegedPermissions();
-        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiNetworkAgent).locationRedacted);
+        assertTrue(getTestTransportInfo(mWiFiAgent).locationRedacted);
     }
 
     private void setupConnectionOwnerUid(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
@@ -11582,9 +12241,9 @@
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
         final LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         linkProperties.setInterfaceName(INTERFACE_NAME);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, linkProperties);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, linkProperties);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
@@ -11621,10 +12280,10 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities ncTemplate = new NetworkCapabilities()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .setTransportInfo(new TestTransportInfo());
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, new LinkProperties(),
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, new LinkProperties(),
                 ncTemplate);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Make sure a report is sent and that the caps are suitably redacted.
@@ -11650,7 +12309,7 @@
 
         // Trigger notifyDataStallSuspected() on the INetworkMonitorCallbacks instance in the
         // cellular network agent
-        mCellNetworkAgent.notifyDataStallSuspected();
+        mCellAgent.notifyDataStallSuspected();
 
         // Verify onDataStallSuspected fired
         verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDataStallSuspected(
@@ -11661,7 +12320,7 @@
     public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnConnectivityReported() throws Exception {
         setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback();
 
-        final Network n = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final Network n = mCellAgent.getNetwork();
         final boolean hasConnectivity = true;
         mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, hasConnectivity);
 
@@ -11694,7 +12353,7 @@
 
         // report known Connectivity from a different uid. Verify that network is not re-validated
         // and this callback is not notified.
-        final Network n = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final Network n = mCellAgent.getNetwork();
         final boolean hasConnectivity = true;
         doAsUid(Process.myUid() + 1, () -> mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, hasConnectivity));
 
@@ -11746,11 +12405,11 @@
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
         final TestNetworkCallback networkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(request, networkCallback);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         reset(mMockNetd);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
-        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        final int netId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
+        networkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        final int netId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
 
         final String iface = "rmnet_data0";
         final InetAddress gateway = InetAddress.getByName("fe80::5678");
@@ -11767,8 +12426,9 @@
         lp.addRoute(direct);
         lp.addRoute(rio1);
         lp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, x -> x.getRoutes().size() == 3);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                x -> x.getLp().getRoutes().size() == 3);
 
         assertRoutesAdded(netId, direct, rio1, defaultRoute);
         reset(mMockNetd);
@@ -11782,9 +12442,9 @@
         assertFalse(lp.getRoutes().contains(defaultRoute));
         assertTrue(lp.getRoutes().contains(defaultWithMtu));
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
-        networkCallback.expectLinkPropertiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent,
-                x -> x.getRoutes().contains(rio2));
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        networkCallback.expect(LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellAgent,
+                x -> x.getLp().getRoutes().contains(rio2));
 
         assertRoutesRemoved(netId, rio1);
         assertRoutesAdded(netId, rio2);
@@ -11797,6 +12457,12 @@
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback);
     }
 
+    private void verifyDump(String[] args) {
+        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+        mService.dump(new FileDescriptor(), new PrintWriter(stringWriter), args);
+        assertFalse(stringWriter.toString().isEmpty());
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testDumpDoesNotCrash() {
         mServiceContext.setPermission(DUMP, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
@@ -11809,11 +12475,26 @@
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(genericRequest, genericNetworkCallback);
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
-        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
 
-        mService.dump(new FileDescriptor(), new PrintWriter(stringWriter), new String[0]);
+        verifyDump(new String[0]);
 
-        assertFalse(stringWriter.toString().isEmpty());
+        // Verify dump with arguments.
+        final String dumpPrio = "--dump-priority";
+        final String[] dumpArgs = {dumpPrio};
+        verifyDump(dumpArgs);
+
+        final String[] highDumpArgs = {dumpPrio, "HIGH"};
+        verifyDump(highDumpArgs);
+
+        final String[] normalDumpArgs = {dumpPrio, "NORMAL"};
+        verifyDump(normalDumpArgs);
+
+        // Invalid args should do dumpNormal w/o exception
+        final String[] unknownDumpArgs = {dumpPrio, "UNKNOWN"};
+        verifyDump(unknownDumpArgs);
+
+        final String[] invalidDumpArgs = {"UNKNOWN"};
+        verifyDump(invalidDumpArgs);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -11850,12 +12531,11 @@
 
     private void assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(boolean add, Set<UidRange> vpnRanges, int exemptUid)
             throws Exception {
-        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
-        ArgumentCaptor<int[]> exemptUidCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd, mDeps);
+        final Set<Integer> exemptUidSet = new ArraySet<>(List.of(exemptUid, Process.VPN_UID));
 
-        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).socketDestroy(eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(vpnRanges)),
-                exemptUidCaptor.capture());
-        assertContainsExactly(exemptUidCaptor.getValue(), Process.VPN_UID, exemptUid);
+        inOrder.verify(mDeps).destroyLiveTcpSockets(UidRange.toIntRanges(vpnRanges),
+                exemptUidSet);
 
         if (add) {
             inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRangesParcel(
@@ -11867,20 +12547,19 @@
                             toUidRangeStableParcels(vpnRanges), PREFERENCE_ORDER_VPN));
         }
 
-        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).socketDestroy(eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(vpnRanges)),
-                exemptUidCaptor.capture());
-        assertContainsExactly(exemptUidCaptor.getValue(), Process.VPN_UID, exemptUid);
+        inOrder.verify(mDeps).destroyLiveTcpSockets(UidRange.toIntRanges(vpnRanges),
+                exemptUidSet);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testVpnUidRangesUpdate() throws Exception {
         // Set up a WiFi network without proxy.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
         assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
 
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b1 = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b1 = expectProxyChangeAction();
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName("tun0");
         lp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null));
@@ -11893,7 +12572,7 @@
         b1.expectNoBroadcast(500);
 
         // Update to new range which is old range minus APP1, i.e. only APP2
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b2 = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b2 = expectProxyChangeAction();
         final Set<UidRange> newRanges = new HashSet<>(asList(
                 new UidRange(vpnRange.start, APP1_UID - 1),
                 new UidRange(APP1_UID + 1, vpnRange.stop)));
@@ -11907,20 +12586,20 @@
         b2.expectNoBroadcast(500);
 
         final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b3 = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b3 = expectProxyChangeAction();
         lp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
         mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(lp);
         waitForIdle();
         // Proxy is set, so send a proxy broadcast.
         b3.expectBroadcast();
 
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b4 = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b4 = expectProxyChangeAction();
         mMockVpn.setUids(vpnRanges);
         waitForIdle();
         // Uid has changed and proxy is already set, so send a proxy broadcast.
         b4.expectBroadcast();
 
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b5 = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b5 = expectProxyChangeAction();
         // Proxy is removed, send a proxy broadcast.
         lp.setHttpProxy(null);
         mMockVpn.sendLinkProperties(lp);
@@ -11928,11 +12607,11 @@
         b5.expectBroadcast();
 
         // Proxy is added in WiFi(default network), setDefaultProxy will be called.
-        final LinkProperties wifiLp = mCm.getLinkProperties(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        final LinkProperties wifiLp = mCm.getLinkProperties(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
         assertNotNull(wifiLp);
         final ExpectedBroadcast b6 = expectProxyChangeAction(testProxyInfo);
         wifiLp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(wifiLp);
         waitForIdle();
         b6.expectBroadcast();
     }
@@ -11940,8 +12619,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testProxyBroadcastWillBeSentWhenVpnHasProxyAndConnects() throws Exception {
         // Set up a WiFi network without proxy.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
         assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
 
@@ -11953,7 +12632,7 @@
         lp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
         final UidRange vpnRange = PRIMARY_UIDRANGE;
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRanges = Collections.singleton(vpnRange);
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b1 = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b1 = expectProxyChangeAction();
         mMockVpn.setOwnerAndAdminUid(VPN_UID);
         mMockVpn.registerAgent(false, vpnRanges, lp);
         // In any case, the proxy broadcast won't be sent before VPN goes into CONNECTED state.
@@ -11961,8 +12640,9 @@
         // proxy broadcast will get null.
         b1.expectNoBroadcast(500);
 
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b2 = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
-        mMockVpn.connect(true /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */, false /* isStrictMode */);
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b2 = expectProxyChangeAction();
+        mMockVpn.connect(true /* validated */, true /* hasInternet */,
+                false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         waitForIdle();
         assertVpnUidRangesUpdated(true, vpnRanges, VPN_UID);
         // Vpn is connected with proxy, so the proxy broadcast will be sent to inform the apps to
@@ -11974,31 +12654,31 @@
     public void testProxyBroadcastWillBeSentWhenTheProxyOfNonDefaultNetworkHasChanged()
             throws Exception {
         // Set up a CELLULAR network without proxy.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
         assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
         // CELLULAR network should be the default network.
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // Set up a WiFi network without proxy.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         assertNull(mService.getProxyForNetwork(null));
         assertNull(mCm.getDefaultProxy());
         // WiFi network should be the default network.
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         // CELLULAR network is not the default network.
-        assertNotEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertNotEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         // CELLULAR network is not the system default network, but it might be a per-app default
         // network. The proxy broadcast should be sent once its proxy has changed.
         final LinkProperties cellularLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellularLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
         final ProxyInfo testProxyInfo = ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("test", 8888);
-        final ExpectedBroadcast b = registerPacProxyBroadcast();
+        final ExpectedBroadcast b = expectProxyChangeAction();
         cellularLp.setHttpProxy(testProxyInfo);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellularLp);
+        mCellAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellularLp);
         b.expectBroadcast();
     }
 
@@ -12027,68 +12707,64 @@
                 .build();
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(allNetworksRequest, allNetworksCb);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
 
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
 
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
         // While the default callback doesn't see the network before it's validated, the listen
         // sees the network come up and validate later
-        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        allNetworksCb.expectCapabilitiesWith(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent,
-                TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS * 2);
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectLosing(mCellAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent, c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+        allNetworksCb.expect(LOST, mCellAgent, TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS * 2);
 
         // The cell network has disconnected (see LOST above) because it was outscored and
         // had no requests (see setAlwaysOnNetworks(false) above)
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         final NetworkScore score = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).build();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.setScore(score);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        mCellAgent.setScore(score);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
 
         // The cell network gets torn down right away.
-        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent,
-                TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS * 2);
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expect(LOST, mCellAgent, TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS * 2);
         allNetworksCb.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Now create a cell network with KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER and make sure it's
         // not disconnected immediately when outscored.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         final NetworkScore scoreKeepup = new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30)
                 .setKeepConnectedReason(KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER).build();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.setScore(scoreKeepup);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mCellAgent.setScore(scoreKeepup);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
 
-        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
 
-        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
 
         // Reconnect a WiFi network and make sure the cell network is still not torn down.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
 
-        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        allNetworksCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Now remove the reason to keep connected and make sure the network lingers and is
         // torn down.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).build());
-        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOSING, mCellNetworkAgent,
-                TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS * 2);
-        allNetworksCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent,
-                TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS * 2);
+        mCellAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).build());
+        allNetworksCb.expectLosing(mCellAgent, TEST_NASCENT_DELAY_MS * 2);
+        allNetworksCb.expect(LOST, mCellAgent, TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS * 2);
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(allNetworksCb);
@@ -12106,21 +12782,21 @@
             mFilter = mock(QosFilter.class);
 
             // Ensure the network is disconnected before anything else occurs
-            assertNull(mCellNetworkAgent);
+            assertNull(mCellAgent);
 
-            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+            mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
             verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
             waitForIdle();
-            final Network network = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+            final Network network = mCellAgent.getNetwork();
 
             final Pair<IQosCallback, IBinder> pair = createQosCallback();
             mCallback = pair.first;
 
             doReturn(network).when(mFilter).getNetwork();
             doReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE).when(mFilter).validate();
-            mAgentWrapper = mCellNetworkAgent;
+            mAgentWrapper = mCellAgent;
         }
 
         void registerQosCallback(@NonNull final QosFilter filter,
@@ -12157,16 +12833,14 @@
         mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
                 mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
 
-        final NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackRegister cbRegister1 =
-                (NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackRegister)
-                        wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
+        final OnQosCallbackRegister cbRegister1 =
+                (OnQosCallbackRegister) wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
         assertNotNull(cbRegister1);
 
         final int registerCallbackId = cbRegister1.mQosCallbackId;
         mService.unregisterQosCallback(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
-        final NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister cbUnregister;
-        cbUnregister = (NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister)
-                wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
+        final OnQosCallbackUnregister cbUnregister =
+                (OnQosCallbackUnregister) wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
         assertNotNull(cbUnregister);
         assertEquals(registerCallbackId, cbUnregister.mQosCallbackId);
         assertNull(wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(200, x -> true));
@@ -12245,6 +12919,86 @@
                         && session.getSessionType() == QosSession.TYPE_NR_BEARER));
     }
 
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+    public void testQosCallbackAvailableOnValidationError() throws Exception {
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
+        final NetworkAgentWrapper wrapper = mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper;
+        final int sessionId = 10;
+        final int qosCallbackId = 1;
+
+        doReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE)
+                .when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter).validate();
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
+                mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
+        OnQosCallbackRegister cbRegister1 =
+                (OnQosCallbackRegister) wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
+        assertNotNull(cbRegister1);
+        final int registerCallbackId = cbRegister1.mQosCallbackId;
+
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        doReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED)
+                .when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter).validate();
+        final EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes = new EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes(
+                1, 2, 3, 4, 5, new ArrayList<>());
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper.getNetworkAgent()
+                .sendQosSessionAvailable(qosCallbackId, sessionId, attributes);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister cbUnregister;
+        cbUnregister = (NetworkAgentWrapper.CallbackType.OnQosCallbackUnregister)
+                wrapper.getCallbackHistory().poll(1000, x -> true);
+        assertNotNull(cbUnregister);
+        assertEquals(registerCallbackId, cbUnregister.mQosCallbackId);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback)
+                .onError(eq(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED));
+    }
+
+    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+    public void testQosCallbackLostOnValidationError() throws Exception {
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
+        final int sessionId = 10;
+        final int qosCallbackId = 1;
+
+        doReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_NONE)
+                .when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter).validate();
+        mQosCallbackMockHelper.registerQosCallback(
+                mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter, mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+        EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes =
+                sendQosSessionEvent(qosCallbackId, sessionId, true);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback).onQosEpsBearerSessionAvailable(argThat(session ->
+                session.getSessionId() == sessionId
+                        && session.getSessionType() == QosSession.TYPE_EPS_BEARER), eq(attributes));
+
+        doReturn(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED)
+                .when(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mFilter).validate();
+
+        sendQosSessionEvent(qosCallbackId, sessionId, false);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mQosCallbackMockHelper.mCallback)
+                .onError(eq(QosCallbackException.EX_TYPE_FILTER_SOCKET_REMOTE_ADDRESS_CHANGED));
+    }
+
+    private EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes sendQosSessionEvent(
+            int qosCallbackId, int sessionId, boolean available) {
+        if (available) {
+            final EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes attributes = new EpsBearerQosSessionAttributes(
+                    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, new ArrayList<>());
+            mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper.getNetworkAgent()
+                    .sendQosSessionAvailable(qosCallbackId, sessionId, attributes);
+            return attributes;
+        } else {
+            mQosCallbackMockHelper.mAgentWrapper.getNetworkAgent()
+                    .sendQosSessionLost(qosCallbackId, sessionId, QosSession.TYPE_EPS_BEARER);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testQosCallbackTooManyRequests() throws Exception {
         mQosCallbackMockHelper = new QosCallbackMockHelper();
@@ -12632,12 +13386,12 @@
             // Corresponds to a metered cellular network. Will be used for the default network.
             case TRANSPORT_CELLULAR:
                 if (!connectAgent) {
-                    mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+                    mCellAgent.disconnect();
                     break;
                 }
-                mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-                mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-                mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+                mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+                mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+                mCellAgent.connect(true);
                 break;
             // Corresponds to a restricted ethernet network with OEM_PAID/OEM_PRIVATE.
             case TRANSPORT_ETHERNET:
@@ -12650,12 +13404,12 @@
             // Corresponds to unmetered Wi-Fi.
             case TRANSPORT_WIFI:
                 if (!connectAgent) {
-                    mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+                    mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
                     break;
                 }
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+                mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+                mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+                mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
                 break;
             default:
                 throw new AssertionError("Unsupported transport type passed in.");
@@ -12665,15 +13419,15 @@
     }
 
     private void startOemManagedNetwork(final boolean isOemPaid) throws Exception {
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetAgent.addCapability(
                 isOemPaid ? NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID : NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mEthernetAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(true);
     }
 
     private void stopOemManagedNetwork() {
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mEthernetAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
     }
 
@@ -12738,8 +13492,6 @@
             throw new IllegalStateException("Default network callbacks already registered");
         }
 
-        // Using Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS for registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback()
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
@@ -12779,6 +13531,12 @@
         if (null != mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback2) {
             mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback2);
         }
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback = null;
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback = null;
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback = null;
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback = null;
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallbackAsAppUid2 = null;
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback2 = null;
     }
 
     private void setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(
@@ -12902,7 +13660,7 @@
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
                 null,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Verify that the active network is correct
         verifyActiveNetwork(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
@@ -12923,16 +13681,16 @@
         assertTrue(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
 
         // Connect to an unmetered restricted network that will only be available to the OEM pref.
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET);
+        mEthernetAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
+        mEthernetAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mEthernetAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
 
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
                 null,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         assertFalse(mCm.isActiveNetworkMetered());
         // default NCs will be unregistered in tearDown
@@ -12963,19 +13721,18 @@
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
                 null,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // At this point with a restricted network used, the available callback should trigger.
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
         otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Now bring down the default network which should trigger a LOST callback.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
 
         // At this point, with no network is available, the lost callback should trigger
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
         otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
@@ -13008,12 +13765,11 @@
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
                 null,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // At this point with a restricted network used, the available callback should trigger
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
         otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Now bring down the default network which should trigger a LOST callback.
@@ -13021,7 +13777,7 @@
         otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // At this point, with no network is available, the lost callback should trigger
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
         otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
@@ -13054,27 +13810,26 @@
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
                 null,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // As this callback does not have access to the OEM_PAID network, it will not fire.
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
 
         // The other UID does have access, and gets a callback.
-        otherUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
 
         // Bring up unrestricted cellular. This should now satisfy the default network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // At this point with an unrestricted network used, the available callback should trigger
         // The other UID is unaffected and remains on the paid network.
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
-        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(), mCellAgent.getNetwork());
+        assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellAgent);
         otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Now bring down the per-app network.
@@ -13083,13 +13838,13 @@
         // Since the callback didn't use the per-app network, only the other UID gets a callback.
         // Because the preference specifies no fallback, it does not switch to cellular.
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        otherUidDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
 
         // Now bring down the default network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
 
         // As this callback was tracking the default, this should now trigger.
-        defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        defaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
@@ -13242,22 +13997,22 @@
         // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should have no effect as it is lower in priority then unmetered.
@@ -13271,15 +14026,15 @@
         // Disconnecting unmetered should put PANS on lowest priority fallback request.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
                 true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Disconnecting the fallback network should result in no connectivity.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
                 OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
                 true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
     }
 
@@ -13317,22 +14072,22 @@
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Disconnecting unmetered should put PANS on OEM_PAID.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
                 true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Disconnecting OEM_PAID should result in no connectivity.
@@ -13340,7 +14095,7 @@
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
                 true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
     }
 
@@ -13384,7 +14139,7 @@
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
@@ -13392,7 +14147,7 @@
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
                 true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
     }
 
@@ -13436,7 +14191,7 @@
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PRIVATE. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE.
         startOemManagedNetwork(false);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
@@ -13444,7 +14199,7 @@
         stopOemManagedNetwork();
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network.getNetId(), 1 /* times */,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
                 true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
     }
 
@@ -13477,7 +14232,7 @@
         // Test that we correctly add the expected values for multiple users.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
@@ -13485,7 +14240,7 @@
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRanges,
                 OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 0 /* times */,
                 true /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
     }
 
@@ -13520,7 +14275,7 @@
         // Test that we correctly add the expected values for multiple users.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSingleUser,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
@@ -13533,8 +14288,8 @@
 
         // Test that we correctly add values for all users and remove for the single user.
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesBothUsers, uidRangesSingleUser,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Send a broadcast indicating a user was removed.
@@ -13545,8 +14300,8 @@
 
         // Test that we correctly add values for the single user and remove for the all users.
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSingleUser, uidRangesBothUsers,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
     }
 
@@ -13576,7 +14331,7 @@
         // Test that we correctly add the expected values for installed packages.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSinglePackage,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 OEM_PREF_ANY_NET_ID, 0 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
@@ -13592,8 +14347,8 @@
 
         // Test the single package is removed and the combined packages are added.
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesAllPackages, uidRangesSinglePackage,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Set the system to no longer recognize the package to be installed
@@ -13606,8 +14361,8 @@
 
         // Test the combined packages are removed and the single package is added.
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesSinglePackage, uidRangesAllPackages,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
 
         // Set the system to change the installed package's uid
@@ -13623,8 +14378,8 @@
 
         // Test the original uid is removed and is replaced with the new uid.
         verifySetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreference(uidRangesReplacedPackage, uidRangesSinglePackage,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, 1 /* times */,
                 false /* shouldDestroyNetwork */);
     }
 
@@ -13649,32 +14404,32 @@
         // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi will put the pref on OEM_PAID and fallback on cellular.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting cellular should keep OEM network on OEM_PAID and fallback will be null.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
                 null,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting OEM_PAID will put both on null as it is the last network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
@@ -13722,8 +14477,8 @@
         oemPaidFactory.register();
         oemPaidFactory.expectRequestAdd(); // Because nobody satisfies the request
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         // A network connected that satisfies the default internet request. For the OEM_PAID
         // preference, this is not as good as an OEM_PAID network, so even if the score of
@@ -13758,7 +14513,7 @@
         expectNoRequestChanged(internetFactory);
         internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         // The network satisfying the default internet request has disconnected, so the
         // internetFactory sees the default request again. However there is a network with OEM_PAID
         // connected, so the 2nd OEM_PAID req is already satisfied, so the oemPaidFactory doesn't
@@ -13769,8 +14524,8 @@
         internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
 
         // Cell connects again, still with score 50. Back to the previous state.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         expectNoRequestChanged(oemPaidFactory);
         oemPaidFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
         internetFactory.expectRequestRemove();
@@ -13782,18 +14537,18 @@
                 wifiCallback);
 
         // Now WiFi connects and it's unmetered, but it's weaker than cell.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).setExiting(true)
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiAgent.setScore(new NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(30).setExiting(true)
                 .build()); // Not the best Internet network, but unmetered
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
         // The OEM_PAID preference prefers an unmetered network to an OEM_PAID network, so
         // the oemPaidFactory can't beat wifi no matter how high its score.
         oemPaidFactory.expectRequestRemove();
         expectNoRequestChanged(internetFactory);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         // Now that the best internet network (cell, with its 50 score compared to 30 for WiFi
         // at this point), the default internet request is satisfied by a network worse than
         // the internetFactory announced, so it gets the request. However, there is still an
@@ -13824,32 +14579,32 @@
         // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network but not the pref.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
 
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi will put the OEM pref on OEM_PAID and fallback on cellular.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting cellular should keep OEM network on OEM_PAID and fallback will be null.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
                 null,
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting OEM_PAID puts the fallback on null and the pref on the disconnected net.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
@@ -13882,32 +14637,32 @@
         // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
 
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. The OEM network shouldn't change, the fallback will take Wi-Fi.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi shouldn't change the OEM network with fallback on cellular.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting OEM_PAID will keep the fallback on cellular and nothing for OEM_PAID.
         // OEM_PAID_ONLY not supporting a fallback now uses the disconnected network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
 
         // Disconnecting cellular will put the fallback on null and the pref on disconnected.
@@ -13941,32 +14696,32 @@
         // Bring up metered cellular. This will satisfy the fallback network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
 
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PRIVATE. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE.
         startOemManagedNetwork(false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Bring up unmetered Wi-Fi. The OEM network shouldn't change, the fallback will take Wi-Fi.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting unmetered Wi-Fi shouldn't change the OEM network with fallback on cellular.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_WIFI, false);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
-                mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mEthernetAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // Disconnecting OEM_PRIVATE will keep the fallback on cellular.
         // OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY not supporting a fallback now uses to the disconnected network.
         stopOemManagedNetwork();
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mService.mNoServiceNetwork.network());
 
         // Disconnecting cellular will put the fallback on null and pref on disconnected.
@@ -13987,14 +14742,14 @@
 
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
 
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
-                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
-                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
 
         // default callbacks will be unregistered in tearDown
     }
@@ -14048,29 +14803,29 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback cellCb = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_MMS).build(),
                 cellCb);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp, cellNcTemplate);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp, cellNcTemplate);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellCb.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellAgent);
         List<NetworkStateSnapshot> snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
         assertLength(1, snapshots);
 
         // Compose the expected cellular snapshot for verification.
         final NetworkCapabilities cellNc =
-                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellAgent.getNetwork());
         final NetworkStateSnapshot cellSnapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), cellNc, cellLp,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(), cellNc, cellLp,
                 null, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE);
         assertEquals(cellSnapshot, snapshots.get(0));
 
         // Connect wifi and verify the snapshots.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
         // Compose the expected wifi snapshot for verification.
         final NetworkCapabilities wifiNc =
-                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork());
         final NetworkStateSnapshot wifiSnapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(
-                mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), wifiNc, new LinkProperties(), null,
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), wifiNc, new LinkProperties(), null,
                 ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI);
 
         snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
@@ -14078,33 +14833,33 @@
         assertContainsAll(snapshots, cellSnapshot, wifiSnapshot);
 
         // Set cellular as suspended, verify the snapshots will contain suspended networks.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.suspend();
+        mCellAgent.suspend();
         waitForIdle();
         final NetworkCapabilities cellSuspendedNc =
-                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+                mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mCellAgent.getNetwork());
         assertFalse(cellSuspendedNc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED));
         final NetworkStateSnapshot cellSuspendedSnapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), cellSuspendedNc, cellLp,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork(), cellSuspendedNc, cellLp,
                 null, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE);
         snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
         assertLength(2, snapshots);
         assertContainsAll(snapshots, cellSuspendedSnapshot, wifiSnapshot);
 
         // Disconnect wifi, verify the snapshots contain only cellular.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
         snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertLength(1, snapshots);
         assertEquals(cellSuspendedSnapshot, snapshots.get(0));
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.resume();
+        mCellAgent.resume();
         waitForIdle();
         snapshots = mCm.getAllNetworkStateSnapshots();
         assertLength(1, snapshots);
         assertEquals(cellSnapshot, snapshots.get(0));
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         waitForIdle();
         verifyNoNetwork();
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cellCb);
@@ -14175,35 +14930,35 @@
                 new NetworkRequest.Builder().addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED).build(),
                 bestMatchingCb, mCsHandlerThread.getThreadHandler());
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
 
         // Change something on cellular to trigger capabilities changed, since the callback
         // only cares about the best network, verify it received nothing from cellular.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
         bestMatchingCb.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Make cellular the best network again, verify the callback now tracks cellular.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.adjustScore(-50);
-        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.adjustScore(-50);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
 
         // Make cellular temporary non-trusted, which will not satisfying the request.
         // Verify the callback switch from/to the other network accordingly.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
-        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
-        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED);
+        bestMatchingCb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
         // Verify the callback doesn't care about wifi disconnect.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         bestMatchingCb.assertNoCallback();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        bestMatchingCb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        bestMatchingCb.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
     }
 
     private UidRangeParcel[] uidRangeFor(final UserHandle handle) {
@@ -14292,7 +15047,7 @@
      * Make sure per profile network preferences behave as expected for a given
      * profile network preference.
      */
-    public void testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+    private void doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
             ProfileNetworkPreference profileNetworkPreference,
             boolean connectWorkProfileAgentAhead,
             UserHandle testHandle,
@@ -14300,18 +15055,17 @@
             TestNetworkCallback disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback) throws Exception {
         final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
-            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(
-                    mCellNetworkAgent);
+            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         }
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
 
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent =
                 makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(profileNetworkPreference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId());
@@ -14338,7 +15092,7 @@
             // system default is not handled specially, the rules are always active as long as
             // a preference is set.
             inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                    mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                    mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                     uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreference),
                     PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
         }
@@ -14348,7 +15102,7 @@
         if (allowFallback && !connectWorkProfileAgentAhead) {
             assertNoCallbacks(profileDefaultNetworkCallback);
         } else if (!connectWorkProfileAgentAhead) {
-            profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
             if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
                 assertNoCallbacks(disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
             }
@@ -14373,29 +15127,28 @@
 
         if (allowFallback && !connectWorkProfileAgentAhead) {
             inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                    mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                    mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                     uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreference),
                     PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
         }
 
         // Make sure changes to the work agent send callbacks to the app in the work profile, but
         // not to the other apps.
-        workAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        workAgent.setNetworkValid(true /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         workAgent.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
-        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(workAgent,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
-                        && nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE)
-                        && nc.hasEnterpriseId(
-                                profileNetworkPreference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId())
-                        && nc.getEnterpriseIds().length == 1);
+        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(workAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+                        && c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE)
+                        && c.hasEnterpriseId(profileNetworkPreference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId())
+                        && c.getEnterpriseIds().length == 1);
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
             assertNoCallbacks(disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
         }
         assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
 
         workAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
-        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(workAgent, nc ->
-                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(workAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
             assertNoCallbacks(disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
         }
@@ -14403,49 +15156,47 @@
 
         // Conversely, change a capability on the system-wide default network and make sure
         // that only the apps outside of the work profile receive the callbacks.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
-                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
-                nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        mCellAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
-            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(mCellNetworkAgent, nc ->
-                    nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
+            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mCellAgent,
+                    c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED));
         }
         profileDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Disconnect and reconnect the system-wide default network and make sure that the
         // apps on this network see the appropriate callbacks, and the app on the work profile
         // doesn't because it continues to use the enterprise network.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
-            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(
-                    CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         }
         profileDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
-            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(
-                    mCellNetworkAgent);
+            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
         }
         profileDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
 
         // When the agent disconnects, test that the app on the work profile falls back to the
         // default network.
         workAgent.disconnect();
-        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent);
+        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, workAgent);
         if (allowFallback) {
-            profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+            profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
             if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
                 assertNoCallbacks(disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
             }
@@ -14453,27 +15204,26 @@
         assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
         if (allowFallback) {
             inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                    mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                    mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                     uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreference),
                     PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
         }
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(workAgent.getNetwork().netId);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
-            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(
-                    CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         }
         if (allowFallback) {
-            profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+            profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         }
 
         // Waiting for the handler to be idle before checking for networkDestroy is necessary
         // here because ConnectivityService calls onLost before the network is fully torn down.
         waitForIdle();
-        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId);
+        inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId);
 
         // If the control comes here, callbacks seem to behave correctly in the presence of
         // a default network when the enterprise network goes up and down. Now, make sure they
@@ -14493,14 +15243,13 @@
                 workAgent2.getNetwork().netId,
                 uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreference), PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
 
-        workAgent2.setNetworkValid(true /* isStrictMode */);
+        workAgent2.setNetworkValid(true /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
         workAgent2.mNetworkMonitor.forceReevaluation(Process.myUid());
-        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCapabilitiesThat(workAgent2,
-                nc -> nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE)
-                        && !nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
-                        && nc.hasEnterpriseId(
-                        profileNetworkPreference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId())
-                        && nc.getEnterpriseIds().length == 1);
+        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(workAgent2,
+                c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE)
+                        && !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                        && c.hasEnterpriseId(profileNetworkPreference.getPreferenceEnterpriseId())
+                        && c.getEnterpriseIds().length == 1);
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
             assertNoCallbacks(disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
         }
@@ -14510,7 +15259,7 @@
         // When the agent disconnects, test that the app on the work profile fall back to the
         // default network.
         workAgent2.disconnect();
-        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent2);
+        profileDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, workAgent2);
         if (disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback != null) {
             assertNoCallbacks(disAllowProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
         }
@@ -14536,7 +15285,7 @@
                 new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE);
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), false,
                 testHandle, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback, null);
     }
@@ -14555,7 +15304,7 @@
                 PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK);
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), false,
                 testHandle, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback, null);
     }
@@ -14576,7 +15325,7 @@
                 PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK);
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), true, testHandle,
                 mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback, null);
     }
@@ -14595,7 +15344,7 @@
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setIncludedUids(
                 new int[]{testHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID)});
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), false, testHandle,
                 mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback, null);
     }
@@ -14614,7 +15363,7 @@
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setIncludedUids(
                 new int[]{testHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID_2)});
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), false,
                 testHandle, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallbackAsAppUid2, null);
     }
@@ -14633,7 +15382,7 @@
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setExcludedUids(
                 new int[]{testHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID_2)});
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), false,
                 testHandle, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback,
                 mProfileDefaultNetworkCallbackAsAppUid2);
@@ -14729,7 +15478,7 @@
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE);
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), true,
                 testHandle, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback,
                 null);
@@ -14749,7 +15498,7 @@
                 PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK);
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), true,
                 testHandle, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback,
                 null);
@@ -14770,7 +15519,7 @@
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(
                 NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_2);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        testPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
+        doTestPreferenceForUserNetworkUpDownForGivenPreference(
                 profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.build(), true,
                 testHandle, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback, null);
     }
@@ -14856,23 +15605,23 @@
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(appCb3, testWorkProfileAppUid3);
 
         // Connect both a regular cell agent and an enterprise network first.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent1 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent2 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_2);
         workAgent1.connect(true);
         workAgent2.connect(true);
 
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
-        appCb1.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb2.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb3.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb1.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        appCb2.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        appCb3.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
         verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
                 workAgent1.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
@@ -14939,8 +15688,8 @@
 
         assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
         appCb3.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent1);
-        appCb2.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb1.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb2.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        appCb1.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
 
         // Set the preferences for testHandle to default.
         ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder =
@@ -14957,9 +15706,9 @@
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
 
         assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback, appCb1, appCb2);
-        appCb3.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb3.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         workAgent2.disconnect();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb1);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb2);
@@ -15004,8 +15753,8 @@
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(appCb5, testWorkProfileAppUid5);
 
         // Connect both a regular cell agent and an enterprise network first.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent1 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent2 = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_2);
@@ -15019,16 +15768,16 @@
         workAgent4.connect(true);
         workAgent5.connect(true);
 
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb1.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb2.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb3.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb4.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb5.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        appCb1.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        appCb2.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        appCb3.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        appCb4.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        appCb5.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
         verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
                 workAgent1.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
@@ -15120,36 +15869,36 @@
         workAgent4.disconnect();
         workAgent5.disconnect();
 
-        appCb1.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent1);
-        appCb2.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent2);
-        appCb3.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent3);
-        appCb4.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent4);
-        appCb5.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, workAgent5);
+        appCb1.expect(LOST, workAgent1);
+        appCb2.expect(LOST, workAgent2);
+        appCb3.expect(LOST, workAgent3);
+        appCb4.expect(LOST, workAgent4);
+        appCb5.expect(LOST, workAgent5);
 
-        appCb1.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb1.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         appCb2.assertNoCallback();
-        appCb3.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb3.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         appCb4.assertNoCallback();
-        appCb5.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        appCb5.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
 
         verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                 uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder1.build()),
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
         verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                 uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder2.build()),
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                 uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder3.build()),
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
         verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                 uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder4.build()),
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
         verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
                 uidRangeFor(testHandle, profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder5.build()),
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
 
@@ -15167,9 +15916,9 @@
         listener.expectOnComplete();
         assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback, appCb1, appCb3,
                 appCb5);
-        appCb2.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        appCb4.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        appCb2.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        appCb4.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb1);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(appCb2);
@@ -15189,8 +15938,8 @@
         final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
 
         // Connect both a regular cell agent and an enterprise network first.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent();
         workAgent.connect(true);
@@ -15200,27 +15949,27 @@
                 r -> r.run(), listener);
         listener.expectOnComplete();
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
                 workAgent.getNetwork().netId, uidRangeFor(testHandle), PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
 
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
 
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent);
 
         mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT,
                 r -> r.run(), listener);
         listener.expectOnComplete();
 
-        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback);
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
                 workAgent.getNetwork().netId, uidRangeFor(testHandle), PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
 
         workAgent.disconnect();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
 
         // Callbacks will be unregistered by tearDown()
     }
@@ -15242,18 +15991,18 @@
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(app4Cb, testWorkProfileAppUid4);
 
         // Connect both a regular cell agent and an enterprise network first.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         final TestNetworkAgentWrapper workAgent = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent();
         workAgent.connect(true);
 
-        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        app4Cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        app4Cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
                 workAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM));
 
@@ -15284,12 +16033,12 @@
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
                 workAgent.getNetwork().netId, uidRangeFor(testHandle2), PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
 
-        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         assertNoCallbacks(mSystemDefaultNetworkCallback, mDefaultNetworkCallback,
                 app4Cb);
 
         workAgent.disconnect();
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(app4Cb);
         // Other callbacks will be unregistered by tearDown()
@@ -15300,17 +16049,17 @@
         final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
         final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
 
         final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
         mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
                 r -> r.run(), listener);
         listener.expectOnComplete();
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkAddUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, uidRangeFor(testHandle),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, uidRangeFor(testHandle),
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
 
         final Intent removedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_REMOVED);
@@ -15318,10 +16067,256 @@
         processBroadcast(removedIntent);
 
         inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(new NativeUidRangeConfig(
-                mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId, uidRangeFor(testHandle),
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId, uidRangeFor(testHandle),
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_PROFILE));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testProfileNetworkPreferenceBlocking_addUser() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        doReturn(asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE)).when(mUserManager).getUserHandles(anyBoolean());
+
+        // Only one network
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // Verify uid ranges 0~99999 are allowed
+        final ArraySet<UidRange> allowedRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        allowedRanges.add(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        final NativeUidRangeConfig config1User = new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(allowedRanges),
+                0 /* subPriority */);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{config1User});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        doReturn(asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE, SECONDARY_USER_HANDLE))
+                .when(mUserManager).getUserHandles(anyBoolean());
+        final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(ACTION_USER_ADDED);
+        addedIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER, UserHandle.of(SECONDARY_USER));
+        processBroadcast(addedIntent);
+
+        // Make sure the allow list has been updated.
+        allowedRanges.add(UidRange.createForUser(SECONDARY_USER_HANDLE));
+        final NativeUidRangeConfig config2Users = new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                toUidRangeStableParcels(allowedRanges),
+                0 /* subPriority */);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{config2Users});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProfileNetworkPreferenceBlocking_changePreference() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+        doReturn(asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE, testHandle))
+                .when(mUserManager).getUserHandles(anyBoolean());
+
+        // Start with 1 default network and 1 enterprise network, both networks should
+        // not be restricted since the blocking preference is not set yet.
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // Verify uid ranges 0~99999, 200000~299999 are all allowed for cellular.
+        final UidRange profileUidRange =
+                UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID));
+        ArraySet<UidRange> allowedAllUidRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        allowedAllUidRanges.add(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        allowedAllUidRanges.add(profileUidRange);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] allowAllUidRangesParcel = toUidRangeStableParcels(
+                allowedAllUidRanges);
+        final NativeUidRangeConfig cellAllAllowedConfig = new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                allowAllUidRangesParcel,
+                0 /* subPriority */);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(
+                    new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{cellAllAllowedConfig});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        // Verify the same uid ranges are also applied for enterprise network.
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper enterpriseAgent = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(
+                NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
+        enterpriseAgent.connect(true);
+        final NativeUidRangeConfig enterpriseAllAllowedConfig = new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                enterpriseAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                allowAllUidRangesParcel,
+                0 /* subPriority */);
+        // Network agents are stored in an ArraySet which does not guarantee the order and
+        // making the order of the list undeterministic. Thus, verify this in order insensitive way.
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NativeUidRangeConfig[]> configsCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
+                NativeUidRangeConfig[].class);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(configsCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsAll(List.of(configsCaptor.getValue()),
+                    List.of(cellAllAllowedConfig, enterpriseAllAllowedConfig));
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        // Setup profile preference which only applies to test app uid on the managed profile.
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder prefBuilder = new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        prefBuilder.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING)
+                .setIncludedUids(new int[]{testHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID)})
+                .setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreferences(testHandle,
+                List.of(prefBuilder.build()),
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+
+        // Verify Netd is called for the preferences changed.
+        // Cell: 0~99999, 200000~TEST_APP_UID-1, TEST_APP_UID+1~299999
+        // Enterprise: 0~99999, 200000~299999
+        final ArraySet<UidRange> excludeAppRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        excludeAppRanges.add(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        excludeAppRanges.addAll(UidRangeUtils.removeRangeSetFromUidRange(
+                profileUidRange,
+                new ArraySet(new UidRange[]{
+                        (new UidRange(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID, TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID))})
+        ));
+        final UidRangeParcel[] excludeAppRangesParcel = toUidRangeStableParcels(excludeAppRanges);
+        final NativeUidRangeConfig cellExcludeAppConfig = new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                excludeAppRangesParcel,
+                0 /* subPriority */);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(configsCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsAll(List.of(configsCaptor.getValue()),
+                    List.of(cellExcludeAppConfig, enterpriseAllAllowedConfig));
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        // Verify unset by giving all allowed set for all users when the preference got removed.
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE,
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(configsCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsAll(List.of(configsCaptor.getValue()),
+                    List.of(cellAllAllowedConfig, enterpriseAllAllowedConfig));
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        // Verify issuing with cellular set only when a network with enterprise capability
+        // disconnects.
+        enterpriseAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(
+                    new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{cellAllAllowedConfig});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProfileNetworkPreferenceBlocking_networkChanges() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
+        doReturn(asList(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE, testHandle))
+                .when(mUserManager).getUserHandles(anyBoolean());
+
+        // Setup profile preference which only applies to test app uid on the managed profile.
+        ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder prefBuilder = new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
+        prefBuilder.setPreference(PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING)
+                .setIncludedUids(new int[]{testHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID)})
+                .setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
+        final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
+        mCm.setProfileNetworkPreferences(testHandle,
+                List.of(prefBuilder.build()),
+                r -> r.run(), listener);
+        listener.expectOnComplete();
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        // Start with 1 default network, which should be restricted since the blocking
+        // preference is already set.
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+
+        // Verify cellular network applies to the allow list.
+        // Cell: 0~99999, 200000~TEST_APP_UID-1, TEST_APP_UID+1~299999
+        // Enterprise: 0~99999, 200000~299999
+        final ArraySet<UidRange> excludeAppRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        final UidRange profileUidRange =
+                UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID));
+        excludeAppRanges.add(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        excludeAppRanges.addAll(UidRangeUtils.removeRangeSetFromUidRange(
+                profileUidRange,
+                new ArraySet(new UidRange[]{
+                        (new UidRange(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID, TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID))})
+        ));
+        final UidRangeParcel[] excludeAppRangesParcel = toUidRangeStableParcels(excludeAppRanges);
+        final NativeUidRangeConfig cellExcludeAppConfig = new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                excludeAppRangesParcel,
+                0 /* subPriority */);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(
+                    new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{cellExcludeAppConfig});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        // Verify enterprise network is not blocked for test app.
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper enterpriseAgent = makeEnterpriseNetworkAgent(
+                NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
+        enterpriseAgent.connect(true);
+        ArraySet<UidRange> allowedAllUidRanges = new ArraySet<>();
+        allowedAllUidRanges.add(PRIMARY_UIDRANGE);
+        allowedAllUidRanges.add(profileUidRange);
+        final UidRangeParcel[] allowAllUidRangesParcel = toUidRangeStableParcels(
+                allowedAllUidRanges);
+        final NativeUidRangeConfig enterpriseAllAllowedConfig = new NativeUidRangeConfig(
+                enterpriseAgent.getNetwork().netId,
+                allowAllUidRangesParcel,
+                0 /* subPriority */);
+        // Network agents are stored in an ArraySet which does not guarantee the order and
+        // making the order of the list undeterministic. Thus, verify this in order insensitive way.
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NativeUidRangeConfig[]> configsCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
+                NativeUidRangeConfig[].class);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(configsCaptor.capture());
+            assertContainsAll(List.of(configsCaptor.getValue()),
+                    List.of(enterpriseAllAllowedConfig, cellExcludeAppConfig));
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        // Verify issuing with cellular set only when enterprise network disconnects.
+        enterpriseAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(
+                    new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{cellExcludeAppConfig});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        waitForIdle();
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd).setNetworkAllowlist(new NativeUidRangeConfig[]{});
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).setNetworkAllowlist(any());
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Make sure wrong preferences for per-profile default networking are rejected.
      */
@@ -15332,7 +16327,7 @@
         ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder =
                 new ProfileNetworkPreference.Builder();
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreference(
-                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_NO_FALLBACK + 1);
+                PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_ENTERPRISE_BLOCKING + 1);
         profileNetworkPreferenceBuilder.setPreferenceEnterpriseId(NET_ENTERPRISE_ID_1);
         assertThrows("Should not be able to set an illegal preference",
                 IllegalArgumentException.class,
@@ -15488,7 +16483,7 @@
         nc.setAllowedUids(uids);
         agent.setNetworkCapabilities(nc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent, caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().equals(uids));
+            cb.expectCaps(agent, c -> c.getAllowedUids().equals(uids));
         } else {
             cb.assertNoCallback();
         }
@@ -15505,7 +16500,7 @@
         nc.setAllowedUids(uids);
         agent.setNetworkCapabilities(nc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent, caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().equals(uids));
+            cb.expectCaps(agent, c -> c.getAllowedUids().equals(uids));
             inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(uids200Parcel);
         } else {
             cb.assertNoCallback();
@@ -15516,7 +16511,7 @@
         nc.setAllowedUids(uids);
         agent.setNetworkCapabilities(nc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent, caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().equals(uids));
+            cb.expectCaps(agent, c -> c.getAllowedUids().equals(uids));
         } else {
             cb.assertNoCallback();
         }
@@ -15533,7 +16528,7 @@
         nc.setAllowedUids(uids);
         agent.setNetworkCapabilities(nc, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(agent, caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().isEmpty());
+            cb.expectCaps(agent, c -> c.getAllowedUids().isEmpty());
             inOrder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(uids600Parcel);
         } else {
             cb.assertNoCallback();
@@ -15548,20 +16543,53 @@
         mServiceContext.setPermission(NETWORK_FACTORY, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         mServiceContext.setPermission(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
 
-        // In this test the automotive feature will be enabled.
-        mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, true);
+        // Has automotive feature.
+        validateAutomotiveEthernetAllowedUids(true);
+
+        // No automotive feature.
+        validateAutomotiveEthernetAllowedUids(false);
+    }
+
+    private void validateAutomotiveEthernetAllowedUids(final boolean hasAutomotiveFeature)
+            throws Exception {
+        mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, hasAutomotiveFeature);
 
         // Simulate a restricted ethernet network.
-        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder agentNetCaps = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder ncb = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
 
-        mEthernetNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET,
-                new LinkProperties(), agentNetCaps.build());
-        validateAllowedUids(mEthernetNetworkAgent, TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, agentNetCaps, true);
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET,
+                new LinkProperties(), ncb.build());
+
+        final ArraySet<Integer> serviceUidSet = new ArraySet<>();
+        serviceUidSet.add(TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
+
+        mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+                .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                .build(), cb);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(true);
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetAgent);
+
+        // Cell gets to set the service UID as access UID
+        ncb.setAllowedUids(serviceUidSet);
+        mEthernetAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT() && hasAutomotiveFeature) {
+            cb.expectCaps(mEthernetAgent, c -> c.getAllowedUids().equals(serviceUidSet));
+        } else {
+            // S and no automotive feature must ignore access UIDs.
+            cb.assertNoCallback(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        }
+
+        mEthernetAgent.disconnect();
+        cb.expect(LOST, mEthernetAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -15575,7 +16603,7 @@
 
         // Simulate a restricted telephony network. The telephony factory is entitled to set
         // the access UID to the service package on any of its restricted networks.
-        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder agentNetCaps = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder ncb = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
@@ -15583,14 +16611,9 @@
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
                 .setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(1 /* subid */));
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
-                new LinkProperties(), agentNetCaps.build());
-        validateAllowedUids(mCellNetworkAgent, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, agentNetCaps, false);
-    }
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
+                new LinkProperties(), ncb.build());
 
-    private void validateAllowedUids(final TestNetworkAgentWrapper testAgent,
-            @NetworkCapabilities.Transport final int transportUnderTest,
-            final NetworkCapabilities.Builder ncb, final boolean forAutomotive) throws Exception {
         final ArraySet<Integer> serviceUidSet = new ArraySet<>();
         serviceUidSet.add(TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
         final ArraySet<Integer> nonServiceUidSet = new ArraySet<>();
@@ -15601,35 +16624,27 @@
 
         final TestNetworkCallback cb = new TestNetworkCallback();
 
-        /* Test setting UIDs */
         // Cell gets to set the service UID as access UID
         mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .addTransportType(transportUnderTest)
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
                 .build(), cb);
-        testAgent.connect(true);
-        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(testAgent);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         ncb.setAllowedUids(serviceUidSet);
-        testAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        mCellAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(testAgent,
-                    caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().equals(serviceUidSet));
+            cb.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.getAllowedUids().equals(serviceUidSet));
         } else {
             // S must ignore access UIDs.
             cb.assertNoCallback(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
         }
 
-        /* Test setting UIDs is rejected when expected */
-        if (forAutomotive) {
-            mockHasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE, false);
-        }
-
         // ...but not to some other UID. Rejection sets UIDs to the empty set
         ncb.setAllowedUids(nonServiceUidSet);
-        testAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        mCellAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
         if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
-            cb.expectCapabilitiesThat(testAgent,
-                    caps -> caps.getAllowedUids().isEmpty());
+            cb.expectCaps(mCellAgent, c -> c.getAllowedUids().isEmpty());
         } else {
             // S must ignore access UIDs.
             cb.assertNoCallback(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
@@ -15637,34 +16652,72 @@
 
         // ...and also not to multiple UIDs even including the service UID
         ncb.setAllowedUids(serviceUidSetPlus);
-        testAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        mCellAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
         cb.assertNoCallback(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
-        testAgent.disconnect();
-        cb.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, testAgent);
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        cb.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
 
         // Must be unset before touching the transports, because remove and add transport types
         // check the specifier on the builder immediately, contradicting normal builder semantics
         // TODO : fix the builder
         ncb.setNetworkSpecifier(null);
-        ncb.removeTransportType(transportUnderTest);
+        ncb.removeTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         ncb.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         // Wifi does not get to set access UID, even to the correct UID
         mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                 .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
                 .build(), cb);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI,
-                new LinkProperties(), ncb.build());
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, new LinkProperties(), ncb.build());
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
         ncb.setAllowedUids(serviceUidSet);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(ncb.build(), true /* sendToCS */);
         cb.assertNoCallback(TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(cb);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testSanitizedCapabilitiesFromAgentDoesNotMutateArgument()
+            throws Exception {
+        // This NetworkCapabilities builds an usual object to maximize the chance that this requires
+        // sanitization, so we have a high chance to detect any changes to the original.
+        final NetworkCapabilities unsanitized = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .withoutDefaultCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .setOwnerUid(12345)
+                .setAdministratorUids(new int[] {12345, 23456, 34567})
+                .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(20)
+                .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(10)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new EthernetNetworkSpecifier("foobar"))
+                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().setBssid("AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA").build())
+                .setSignalStrength(-75)
+                .setSsid("SSID1")
+                .setRequestorUid(98765)
+                .setRequestorPackageName("TestPackage")
+                .setSubscriptionIds(Collections.singleton(Process.myUid()))
+                .setUids(UidRange.toIntRanges(uidRangesForUids(
+                        UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER, 10100),
+                        UserHandle.getUid(SECONDARY_USER, 10101),
+                        UserHandle.getUid(TERTIARY_USER, 10043))))
+                .setAllowedUids(Set.of(45678, 56789, 65432))
+                .setUnderlyingNetworks(List.of(new Network(99999)))
+                .build();
+        final NetworkCapabilities copyOfUnsanitized = new NetworkCapabilities(unsanitized);
+        final NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE,
+                ConnectivityManager.getNetworkTypeName(TYPE_MOBILE),
+                TelephonyManager.getNetworkTypeName(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE));
+        final NetworkAgentInfo agent = fakeNai(unsanitized, info);
+        agent.setDeclaredCapabilities(unsanitized);
+        final NetworkCapabilities sanitized = agent.getDeclaredCapabilitiesSanitized(
+                null /* carrierPrivilegeAuthenticator */);
+        assertEquals(copyOfUnsanitized, unsanitized);
+        assertNotEquals(sanitized, unsanitized);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Validate request counts are counted accurately on setProfileNetworkPreference on set/replace.
      */
@@ -15673,7 +16726,7 @@
         final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
         final TestOnCompleteListener listener = new TestOnCompleteListener();
         // Leave one request available so the profile preference can be set.
-        testRequestCountLimits(1 /* countToLeaveAvailable */, () -> {
+        withRequestCountersAcquired(1 /* countToLeaveAvailable */, () -> {
             withPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
                     Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), () -> {
                         // Set initially to test the limit prior to having existing requests.
@@ -15687,12 +16740,12 @@
             final int otherAppUid = UserHandle.getUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_USER_ID,
                     UserHandle.getAppId(Process.myUid() + 1));
             final int remainingCount = ConnectivityService.MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_UID
-                    - mService.mNetworkRequestCounter.mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(otherAppUid)
+                    - mService.mNetworkRequestCounter.get(otherAppUid)
                     - 1;
             final NetworkCallback[] callbacks = new NetworkCallback[remainingCount];
             doAsUid(otherAppUid, () -> {
                 for (int i = 0; i < remainingCount; ++i) {
-                    callbacks[i] = new TestableNetworkCallback();
+                    callbacks[i] = new TestNetworkCallback();
                     mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callbacks[i]);
                 }
             });
@@ -15722,7 +16775,7 @@
         @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPref =
                 OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
         // Leave one request available so the OEM preference can be set.
-        testRequestCountLimits(1 /* countToLeaveAvailable */, () ->
+        withRequestCountersAcquired(1 /* countToLeaveAvailable */, () ->
                 withPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, () -> {
                     // Set initially to test the limit prior to having existing requests.
                     final TestOemListenerCallback listener = new TestOemListenerCallback();
@@ -15737,12 +16790,11 @@
                 }));
     }
 
-    private void testRequestCountLimits(final int countToLeaveAvailable,
-            @NonNull final ExceptionalRunnable r) throws Exception {
+    private void withRequestCountersAcquired(final int countToLeaveAvailable,
+            @NonNull final ThrowingRunnable r) throws Exception {
         final ArraySet<TestNetworkCallback> callbacks = new ArraySet<>();
         try {
-            final int requestCount = mService.mSystemNetworkRequestCounter
-                    .mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(Process.myUid());
+            final int requestCount = mService.mSystemNetworkRequestCounter.get(Process.myUid());
             // The limit is hit when total requests = limit - 1, and exceeded with a crash when
             // total requests >= limit.
             final int countToFile =
@@ -15755,8 +16807,7 @@
                     callbacks.add(cb);
                 }
                 assertEquals(MAX_NETWORK_REQUESTS_PER_SYSTEM_UID - 1 - countToLeaveAvailable,
-                        mService.mSystemNetworkRequestCounter
-                              .mUidToNetworkRequestCount.get(Process.myUid()));
+                        mService.mSystemNetworkRequestCounter.get(Process.myUid()));
             });
             // Code to run to check if it triggers a max request count limit error.
             r.run();
@@ -15810,12 +16861,12 @@
     public void testMobileDataPreferredUidsChanged() throws Exception {
         final InOrder inorder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
 
-        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        final int cellNetId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
                 cellNetId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
 
@@ -15868,13 +16919,13 @@
         cellNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
-        final int wifiNetId = mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        final int wifiNetId = mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
                 wifiNetId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
 
@@ -15895,14 +16946,14 @@
 
         // Cellular network connected. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should receive
         // callback with cellular network and net id and uid ranges should be updated to netd.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
-        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        final int cellNetId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         final NativeUidRangeConfig cellConfig = new NativeUidRangeConfig(cellNetId, uidRanges,
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERERRED);
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
@@ -15912,26 +16963,26 @@
 
         // Cellular network disconnected. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should receive
         // callback with wifi network from fallback request.
-        mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        cellNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRangesParcel(wifiConfig);
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(any());
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd).networkDestroy(cellNetId);
 
         // Cellular network comes back. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should receive
         // callback with cellular network.
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
-        final int cellNetId2 = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        final int cellNetId2 = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         final NativeUidRangeConfig cellConfig2 = new NativeUidRangeConfig(cellNetId2, uidRanges,
                 PREFERENCE_ORDER_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERERRED);
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
@@ -15941,11 +16992,11 @@
 
         // Wifi network disconnected. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should not receive
         // any callback.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
         mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
         waitForIdle();
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRangesParcel(any());
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRangesParcel(any());
@@ -15977,15 +17028,15 @@
             cellFactory.expectRequestAdds(2);
             cellFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(2);
 
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
             // The cellFactory however is outscored, and should lose default internet request.
             // But it should still see mobile data preferred request.
             cellFactory.expectRequestRemove();
             cellFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
 
-            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
             // The network satisfying the default internet request has disconnected, so the
             // cellFactory sees the default internet requests again.
             cellFactory.expectRequestAdd();
@@ -15993,6 +17044,7 @@
         } finally {
             cellFactory.terminate();
             handlerThread.quitSafely();
+            handlerThread.join();
         }
     }
 
@@ -16005,7 +17057,7 @@
         ConnectivitySettingsManager.setMobileDataPreferredUids(mServiceContext,
                 Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID)));
         // Leave one request available so MDO preference set up above can be set.
-        testRequestCountLimits(1 /* countToLeaveAvailable */, () ->
+        withRequestCountersAcquired(1 /* countToLeaveAvailable */, () ->
                 withPermission(NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
                         Process.myPid(), Process.myUid(), () -> {
                             // Set initially to test the limit prior to having existing requests.
@@ -16027,7 +17079,7 @@
         final UserHandle testHandle = setupEnterpriseNetwork();
 
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
-        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        final int cellNetId = mCellAgent.getNetwork().netId;
         inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
                 cellNetId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
 
@@ -16100,28 +17152,28 @@
 
         // Register callbacks and have wifi network as default network.
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID));
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
         // Set MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS setting with TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID and
         // TEST_PACKAGE_UID. Both mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback and
         // mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback should receive callback with cell network.
         setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(Set.of(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID, TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
+        cellNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID));
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
         // Set user profile network preference with test profile. mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback
         // should receive callback with higher priority network preference (enterprise network).
@@ -16136,7 +17188,7 @@
         assertNoCallbacks(mDefaultNetworkCallback, mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback);
         mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent);
         assertEquals(workAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID));
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
         // Set oem network preference with TEST_PACKAGE_UID. mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback
         // should receive callback with higher priority network preference (current default network)
@@ -16147,8 +17199,8 @@
         final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges1 = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(uids1));
         setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(networkPref, uidRanges1, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
         assertNoCallbacks(mDefaultNetworkCallback, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
         assertEquals(workAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID));
 
         // Set oem network preference with TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID. Both
@@ -16160,11 +17212,11 @@
         setupSetOemNetworkPreferenceForPreferenceTest(
                 networkPref, uidRanges2, "com.android.test", testHandle);
         mDefaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
-        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+        mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID));
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
         // Remove oem network preference, mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback should receive callback
         // with current highest priority network preference (enterprise network) and the others
@@ -16176,23 +17228,23 @@
         assertNoCallbacks(mDefaultNetworkCallback, mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback);
         mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(workAgent);
         assertEquals(workAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID));
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
         // Remove user profile network preference.
         mCm.setProfileNetworkPreference(testHandle, PROFILE_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_DEFAULT,
                 r -> r.run(), listener);
         listener.expectOnComplete();
         assertNoCallbacks(mDefaultNetworkCallback, mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback);
-        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(),
+        mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(),
                 mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID));
-        assertEquals(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        assertEquals(mCellAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
 
         // Disconnect wifi
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         assertNoCallbacks(mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback, mTestPackageDefaultNetworkCallback);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mWiFiAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -16206,13 +17258,13 @@
     public void testUpdateRateLimit_EnableDisable() throws Exception {
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
 
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -16245,8 +17297,8 @@
     public void testUpdateRateLimit_WhenNewNetworkIsAdded() throws Exception {
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -16261,8 +17313,8 @@
 
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false);
         assertNotNull(readHead.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, it -> it.first == cellLp.getInterfaceName()
                 && it.second == rateLimitInBytesPerSec));
     }
@@ -16272,8 +17324,8 @@
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connectWithoutInternet();
 
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -16297,8 +17349,8 @@
         // - ensure network interface is not rate limited
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
 
         final ArrayTrackRecord<Pair<String, Long>>.ReadHead readHeadWifi =
@@ -16310,14 +17362,14 @@
                 it -> it.first == wifiLp.getInterfaceName()
                         && it.second == rateLimitInBytesPerSec));
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+        mWiFiAgent.disconnect();
         assertNotNull(readHeadWifi.poll(TIMEOUT_MS,
                 it -> it.first == wifiLp.getInterfaceName() && it.second == -1));
 
         setIngressRateLimit(-1);
 
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         assertNull(readHeadWifi.poll(TIMEOUT_MS, it -> it.first == wifiLp.getInterfaceName()));
     }
 
@@ -16325,8 +17377,8 @@
     public void testUpdateRateLimit_UpdateExistingRateLimit() throws Exception {
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
 
         final ArrayTrackRecord<Pair<String, Long>>.ReadHead readHeadWifi =
@@ -16355,8 +17407,8 @@
     public void testUpdateRateLimit_DoesNothingBeforeT() throws Exception {
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
         waitForIdle();
 
         final ArrayTrackRecord<Pair<String, Long>>.ReadHead readHead =
@@ -16369,93 +17421,184 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testIgnoreValidationAfterRoamDisabled() throws Exception {
-        assumeFalse(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
-        // testIgnoreValidationAfterRoam off
-        doReturn(-1).when(mResources)
+    public void testOfferNetwork_ChecksArgumentsOutsideOfHandler() throws Exception {
+        final TestableNetworkOfferCallback callback = new TestableNetworkOfferCallback(
+                TIMEOUT_MS /* timeout */, TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS /* noCallbackTimeout */);
+        final NetworkProvider testProvider = new NetworkProvider(mServiceContext,
+                mCsHandlerThread.getLooper(), "Test provider");
+        final NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .build();
+
+        final NetworkScore score = new NetworkScore.Builder().build();
+        testProvider.registerNetworkOffer(score, caps, r -> r.run(), callback);
+        testProvider.unregisterNetworkOffer(callback);
+
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
+                () -> mService.offerNetwork(100, score, caps, null));
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> mService.unofferNetwork(null));
+    }
+
+    public void doTestIgnoreValidationAfterRoam(int resValue, final boolean enabled)
+            throws Exception {
+        doReturn(resValue).when(mResources)
                 .getInteger(R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis);
 
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        final String bssid1 = "AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA";
+        final String bssid2 = "BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB";
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellAgent.connect(true);
         NetworkCapabilities wifiNc1 = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().setBssid("AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA").build());
-        NetworkCapabilities wifiNc2 = new NetworkCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().setBssid("BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB").build());
+                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().setBssid(bssid1).build());
+        NetworkCapabilities wifiNc2 = new NetworkCapabilities(wifiNc1)
+                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().setBssid(bssid2).build());
         final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
         wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp, wifiNc1);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp, wifiNc1);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(true);
 
         // The default network will be switching to Wi-Fi Network.
         final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
-        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.requestNetwork(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
+        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
 
-        // Wi-Fi roaming from wifiNc1 to wifiNc2.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc2, true);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        // There is a bug in the current code where ignoring validation after roam will not
+        // correctly change the default network if the result if the validation is partial or
+        // captive portal. TODO : fix the bug and reinstate this code.
+        if (false) {
+            // Wi-Fi roaming from wifiNc1 to wifiNc2 but the network is now behind a captive portal.
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc2, true /* sendToConnectivityService */);
+            // The only thing changed in this CAPS is the BSSID, which can't be tested for in this
+            // test because it's redacted.
+            wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent);
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent);
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkPortal(TEST_REDIRECT_URL, false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+            // Wi-Fi is now detected to have a portal : cell should become the default network.
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+            wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                    c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+            wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                    c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL));
+
+            // Wi-Fi becomes valid again. The default network goes back to Wi-Fi.
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+            wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                    c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL));
+
+            // Wi-Fi roaming from wifiNc2 to wifiNc1, and the network now has partial connectivity.
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc1, true);
+            wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent);
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent);
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkPartial();
+            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+            // Wi-Fi now only offers partial connectivity, so in the absence of accepting partial
+            // connectivity explicitly for this network, it loses default status to cell.
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+            wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                    c -> c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
+
+            // Wi-Fi becomes valid again. The default network goes back to Wi-Fi.
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(false /* privateDnsProbeSent */);
+            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), true);
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiAgent);
+            wifiNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent,
+                    c -> !c.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY));
+        }
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(wifiNetworkCallback);
+
+        // Wi-Fi roams from wifiNc1 to wifiNc2, and now becomes really invalid. If validation
+        // failures after roam are not ignored, this will cause cell to become the default network.
+        // If they are ignored, this will not cause a switch until later.
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc2, true);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectCaps(mWiFiAgent);
+        mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false /* invalidBecauseOfPrivateDns */);
+        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+
+        if (enabled) {
+            // Network validation failed, but the result will be ignored.
+            assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
+                    NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkValid(false);
+
+            // Behavior of after config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis
+            ConditionVariable waitForValidationBlock = new ConditionVariable();
+            doReturn(50).when(mResources)
+                    .getInteger(R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis);
+            // Wi-Fi roaming from wifiNc2 to wifiNc1.
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc1, true);
+            mWiFiAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false);
+            waitForValidationBlock.block(150);
+            mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiAgent.getNetwork(), false);
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        } else {
+            mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellAgent);
+        }
+
+        // Wi-Fi is still connected and would become the default network if cell were to
+        // disconnect. This assertion ensures that the switch to cellular was not caused by
+        // Wi-Fi disconnecting (e.g., because the capability change to wifiNc2 caused it
+        // to stop satisfying the default request).
+        mCellAgent.disconnect();
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expect(LOST, mCellAgent);
+        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiAgent);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreValidationAfterRoamDisabled() throws Exception {
+        doTestIgnoreValidationAfterRoam(-1, false /* enabled */);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIgnoreValidationAfterRoamEnabled() throws Exception {
-        assumeFalse(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
-        // testIgnoreValidationAfterRoam on
-        doReturn(5000).when(mResources)
-                .getInteger(R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis);
-
-        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-        NetworkCapabilities wifiNc1 = new NetworkCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().setBssid("AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA").build());
-        NetworkCapabilities wifiNc2 = new NetworkCapabilities()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().setBssid("BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB").build());
-        final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
-        wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp, wifiNc1);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
-
-        // The default network will be switching to Wi-Fi Network.
-        final TestNetworkCallback wifiNetworkCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
-        final NetworkRequest wifiRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
-                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build();
-        mCm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, wifiNetworkCallback);
-        wifiNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-        registerDefaultNetworkCallbacks();
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
-
-        // Wi-Fi roaming from wifiNc1 to wifiNc2.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc2, true);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
-
-        // Network validation failed, but the result will be ignored.
-        assertTrue(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()).hasCapability(
-                NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED));
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkValid(false);
-
-        // Behavior of after config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis
-        ConditionVariable waitForValidationBlock = new ConditionVariable();
-        doReturn(50).when(mResources)
-                .getInteger(R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis);
-        // Wi-Fi roaming from wifiNc2 to wifiNc1.
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkCapabilities(wifiNc1, true);
-        mWiFiNetworkAgent.setNetworkInvalid(false);
-        waitForValidationBlock.block(150);
-        mCm.reportNetworkConnectivity(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), false);
-        mDefaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        final boolean enabled = !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT();
+        doTestIgnoreValidationAfterRoam(5_000, enabled);
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testShouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam() {
+        // Always disabled on T+.
+        assumeFalse(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
+
+        NetworkAgentInfo nai = fakeWifiNai(new NetworkCapabilities());
+
+        // Enabled, but never roamed.
+        doReturn(5_000).when(mResources)
+                .getInteger(R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis);
+        assertEquals(0, nai.lastRoamTime);
+        assertFalse(mService.shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(nai));
+
+        // Roamed recently.
+        nai.lastRoamTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - 500 /* ms */;
+        assertTrue(mService.shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(nai));
+
+        // Disabled due to invalid setting (maximum is 10 seconds).
+        doReturn(15_000).when(mResources)
+                .getInteger(R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis);
+        assertFalse(mService.shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(nai));
+
+        // Disabled.
+        doReturn(-1).when(mResources)
+                .getInteger(R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis);
+        assertFalse(mService.shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(nai));
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
     public void testLegacyTetheringApiGuardWithProperPermission() throws Exception {
         final String testIface = "test0";
         mServiceContext.setPermission(ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE, PERMISSION_DENIED);
@@ -16486,4 +17629,208 @@
             verify(mTetheringManager).getTetherableWifiRegexs();
         });
     }
+
+    private void verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(int mtu) throws Exception {
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).interfaceSetMtu(WIFI_IFNAME, mtu);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyMtuNeverSetOnWifiInterface() throws Exception {
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).interfaceSetMtu(eq(WIFI_IFNAME), anyInt());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendLinkPropertiesSetInterfaceMtuBeforeConnect() throws Exception {
+        final int mtu = 1281;
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        lp.setMtu(mtu);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        // The MTU is always (re-)applied when the network connects.
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendLinkPropertiesUpdateInterfaceMtuBeforeConnect() throws Exception {
+        final int mtu = 1327;
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        lp.setMtu(mtu);
+
+        // Registering an agent with an MTU doesn't set the MTU...
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyMtuNeverSetOnWifiInterface();
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        // ... but prevents future updates with the same MTU from setting the MTU.
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyMtuNeverSetOnWifiInterface();
+
+        // Updating with a different MTU does work.
+        lp.setMtu(mtu + 1);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu + 1);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        // The MTU is always (re-)applied when the network connects.
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu + 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendLinkPropertiesUpdateInterfaceMtuAfterConnect() throws Exception {
+        final int mtu = 1327;
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        lp.setMtu(mtu);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        verifyMtuNeverSetOnWifiInterface();
+
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // The MTU is always (re-)applied when the network connects.
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendLinkPropertiesSetInterfaceMtu_DifferentMtu() throws Exception {
+        final int mtu = 1328, mtu2 = 1500;
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        lp.setMtu(mtu);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        lp2.setMtu(mtu2);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(lp2);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendLinkPropertiesSetInterfaceMtu_IdenticalMtuAndIface() throws Exception {
+        final int mtu = 1329;
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        lp.setMtu(mtu);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(new LinkProperties(lp));
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyMtuNeverSetOnWifiInterface();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendLinkPropertiesSetInterfaceMtu_IdenticalMtuAndNullIface() throws Exception {
+        final int mtu = 1330;
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        lp.setMtu(mtu);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        lp2.setInterfaceName(null);
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(new LinkProperties(lp2));
+        waitForIdle();
+        verifyMtuNeverSetOnWifiInterface();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendLinkPropertiesSetInterfaceMtu_IdenticalMtuDiffIface() throws Exception {
+        final int mtu = 1331;
+        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        lp.setMtu(mtu);
+
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, lp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        verifyMtuSetOnWifiInterface(mtu);
+        reset(mMockNetd);
+
+        final String ifaceName2 = WIFI_IFNAME + "_2";
+        LinkProperties lp2 = new LinkProperties(lp);
+        lp2.setInterfaceName(ifaceName2);
+
+        mWiFiAgent.sendLinkProperties(new LinkProperties(lp2));
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).interfaceSetMtu(eq(ifaceName2), eq(mtu));
+        verifyMtuNeverSetOnWifiInterface();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateDeliveryGroupKeyForConnectivityAction() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(0 /* type */, 2 /* subtype */,
+                "MOBILE" /* typeName */, "LTE" /* subtypeName */);
+        assertEquals("0;2;null", createDeliveryGroupKeyForConnectivityAction(info));
+
+        info.setExtraInfo("test_info");
+        assertEquals("0;2;test_info", createDeliveryGroupKeyForConnectivityAction(info));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetdWakeupAddInterfaceForWifiTransport() throws Exception {
+        final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        mWiFiAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        final String expectedPrefix = makeNflogPrefix(WIFI_IFNAME,
+                mWiFiAgent.getNetwork().getNetworkHandle());
+        verify(mMockNetd).wakeupAddInterface(WIFI_IFNAME, expectedPrefix, PACKET_WAKEUP_MARK,
+                PACKET_WAKEUP_MASK);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetdWakeupAddInterfaceForCellularTransport() throws Exception {
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        mCellAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            final String expectedPrefix = makeNflogPrefix(MOBILE_IFNAME,
+                    mCellAgent.getNetwork().getNetworkHandle());
+            verify(mMockNetd).wakeupAddInterface(MOBILE_IFNAME, expectedPrefix, PACKET_WAKEUP_MARK,
+                    PACKET_WAKEUP_MASK);
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetd, never()).wakeupAddInterface(eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), anyString(), anyInt(),
+                    anyInt());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNetdWakeupAddInterfaceForEthernetTransport() throws Exception {
+        final String ethernetIface = "eth42";
+
+        final LinkProperties ethLp = new LinkProperties();
+        ethLp.setInterfaceName(ethernetIface);
+        mEthernetAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, ethLp);
+        mEthernetAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        verify(mMockNetd, never()).wakeupAddInterface(eq(ethernetIface), anyString(), anyInt(),
+                anyInt());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
index 45f3d3c..1618a62 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import static android.net.IpSecManager.DIRECTION_FWD;
 import static android.net.IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN;
 import static android.net.IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT;
+import static android.net.IpSecManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION;
 import static android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET6;
@@ -30,11 +31,16 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@@ -49,6 +55,7 @@
 import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
 import android.net.IpSecConfig;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecMigrateInfoParcel;
 import android.net.IpSecSpiResponse;
 import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.IpSecTransformResponse;
@@ -89,7 +96,7 @@
 public class IpSecServiceParameterizedTest {
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule(
-            Build.VERSION_CODES.R /* ignoreClassUpTo */);
+            Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2 /* ignoreClassUpTo */);
 
     private static final int TEST_SPI = 0xD1201D;
 
@@ -130,6 +137,9 @@
         0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7F
     };
 
+    private static final String NEW_SRC_ADDRESS = "2001:db8:2::1";
+    private static final String NEW_DST_ADDRESS = "2001:db8:2::2";
+
     AppOpsManager mMockAppOps = mock(AppOpsManager.class);
     ConnectivityManager mMockConnectivityMgr = mock(ConnectivityManager.class);
 
@@ -369,8 +379,8 @@
                 .ipSecAddSecurityAssociation(
                         eq(mUid),
                         eq(config.getMode()),
-                        eq(config.getSourceAddress()),
-                        eq(config.getDestinationAddress()),
+                        eq(mSourceAddr),
+                        eq(mDestinationAddr),
                         eq((config.getNetwork() != null) ? config.getNetwork().netId : 0),
                         eq(TEST_SPI),
                         eq(0),
@@ -748,6 +758,13 @@
         // Verify quota and RefcountedResource objects cleaned up
         assertEquals(0, userRecord.mTunnelQuotaTracker.mCurrent);
         verify(mMockNetd).ipSecRemoveTunnelInterface(eq(createTunnelResp.interfaceName));
+
+        for (int direction : new int[] {DIRECTION_OUT, DIRECTION_IN, DIRECTION_FWD}) {
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(ADDRESS_FAMILIES.length))
+                    .ipSecDeleteSecurityPolicy(
+                            anyInt(), anyInt(), eq(direction), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
+        }
+
         try {
             userRecord.mTunnelInterfaceRecords.getRefcountedResourceOrThrow(
                     createTunnelResp.resourceId);
@@ -783,6 +800,23 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testSetNetworkForTunnelInterfaceFailsForNullLp() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
+                createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        final Network newFakeNetwork = new Network(1000);
+        final int tunnelIfaceResourceId = createTunnelResp.resourceId;
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.setNetworkForTunnelInterface(
+                    tunnelIfaceResourceId, newFakeNetwork, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            fail(
+                    "Expected an IllegalArgumentException for underlying network with null"
+                            + " LinkProperties");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetNetworkForTunnelInterfaceFailsForInvalidResourceId() throws Exception {
         final IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse createTunnelResp =
                 createAndValidateTunnel(mSourceAddr, mDestinationAddr, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
@@ -886,9 +920,60 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformOutbound() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformCommon(false, DIRECTION_OUT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformOutboundReleasedSpi() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformCommon(true, DIRECTION_OUT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformInbound() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformCommon(false, DIRECTION_IN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformInboundReleasedSpi() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformCommon(true, DIRECTION_IN);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformForward() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformCommon(false, DIRECTION_FWD);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformForwardReleasedSpi() throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformCommon(true, DIRECTION_FWD);
+    }
+
     public void verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(boolean closeSpiBeforeApply, int direction)
             throws Exception {
-        IpSecConfig ipSecConfig = new IpSecConfig();
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(
+                new IpSecConfig(), closeSpiBeforeApply, false /* isMigrating */, direction);
+    }
+
+    public void verifyApplyAndMigrateTunnelModeTransformCommon(
+            boolean closeSpiBeforeApply, int direction) throws Exception {
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(
+                new IpSecConfig(), closeSpiBeforeApply, true /* isMigrating */, direction);
+    }
+
+    public int verifyApplyTunnelModeTransformCommon(
+            IpSecConfig ipSecConfig,
+            boolean closeSpiBeforeApply,
+            boolean isMigrating,
+            int direction)
+            throws Exception {
         ipSecConfig.setMode(IpSecTransform.MODE_TUNNEL);
         addDefaultSpisAndRemoteAddrToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
         addAuthAndCryptToIpSecConfig(ipSecConfig);
@@ -904,6 +989,12 @@
 
         int transformResourceId = createTransformResp.resourceId;
         int tunnelResourceId = createTunnelResp.resourceId;
+
+        if (isMigrating) {
+            mIpSecService.migrateTransform(
+                    transformResourceId, NEW_SRC_ADDRESS, NEW_DST_ADDRESS, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+        }
+
         mIpSecService.applyTunnelModeTransform(
                 tunnelResourceId, direction, transformResourceId, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
 
@@ -923,8 +1014,16 @@
 
         ipSecConfig.setXfrmInterfaceId(tunnelResourceId);
         verifyTransformNetdCalledForCreatingSA(ipSecConfig, createTransformResp);
-    }
 
+        if (isMigrating) {
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(ADDRESS_FAMILIES.length))
+                    .ipSecMigrate(any(IpSecMigrateInfoParcel.class));
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetd, never()).ipSecMigrate(any());
+        }
+
+        return tunnelResourceId;
+    }
 
     @Test
     public void testApplyTunnelModeTransformWithClosedSpi() throws Exception {
@@ -999,7 +1098,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testFeatureFlagVerification() throws Exception {
+    public void testFeatureFlagIpSecTunnelsVerification() throws Exception {
         when(mMockPkgMgr.hasSystemFeature(eq(PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNELS)))
                 .thenReturn(false);
 
@@ -1011,4 +1110,17 @@
         } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
         }
     }
+
+    @Test
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    public void testFeatureFlagIpSecTunnelMigrationVerification() throws Exception {
+        when(mMockPkgMgr.hasSystemFeature(eq(FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNEL_MIGRATION))).thenReturn(false);
+
+        try {
+            mIpSecService.migrateTransform(
+                    1 /* transformId */, NEW_SRC_ADDRESS, NEW_DST_ADDRESS, BLESSED_PACKAGE);
+            fail("Expected UnsupportedOperationException for disabled feature");
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
index 5c7ca6f..8595ab9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService.RefcountedResource}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest {
     Context mMockContext;
     IpSecService.Dependencies mMockDeps;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
index 7e6b157..4b6857c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService}. */
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpSecServiceTest {
 
     private static final int DROID_SPI = 0xD1201D;
     private static final int MAX_NUM_ENCAP_SOCKETS = 100;
     private static final int MAX_NUM_SPIS = 100;
     private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_INVALID_PORT = 100;
-    private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT_OUT_RANGE = 100000;
+    private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT_OUT_RANGE = 200000;
 
     private static final InetAddress INADDR_ANY;
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
index 811134e..f2b14a1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 import com.android.server.NetIdManager.MIN_NET_ID
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
-import com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils.ThrowingRunnable
+import com.android.testutils.FunctionalUtils.ThrowingRunnable
 import com.android.testutils.assertThrows
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 7688a6b..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,341 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server;
-
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY;
-import static android.util.DebugUtils.valueToString;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
-import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
-
-import android.annotation.NonNull;
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
-import android.net.INetd;
-import android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
-import android.net.LinkAddress;
-import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
-import android.os.BatteryStats;
-import android.os.Binder;
-import android.os.Build;
-import android.os.IBinder;
-import android.os.Process;
-import android.os.RemoteException;
-import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
-import android.util.ArrayMap;
-
-import com.android.internal.app.IBatteryStats;
-import com.android.server.NetworkManagementService.Dependencies;
-import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
-
-import org.junit.After;
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
-import org.mockito.Captor;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
-
-import java.util.function.BiFunction;
-
-/**
- * Tests for {@link NetworkManagementService}.
- */
-@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-public class NetworkManagementServiceTest {
-    private NetworkManagementService mNMService;
-    @Mock private Context mContext;
-    @Mock private ConnectivityManager mCm;
-    @Mock private IBatteryStats.Stub mBatteryStatsService;
-    @Mock private INetd.Stub mNetdService;
-
-    private static final int TEST_UID = 111;
-
-    @NonNull
-    @Captor
-    private ArgumentCaptor<INetdUnsolicitedEventListener> mUnsolListenerCaptor;
-
-    private final MockDependencies mDeps = new MockDependencies();
-
-    private final class MockDependencies extends Dependencies {
-        @Override
-        public IBinder getService(String name) {
-            switch (name) {
-                case BatteryStats.SERVICE_NAME:
-                    return mBatteryStatsService;
-                default:
-                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unknown service " + name);
-            }
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void registerLocalService(NetworkManagementInternal nmi) {
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public INetd getNetd() {
-            return mNetdService;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int getCallingUid() {
-            return Process.SYSTEM_UID;
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() throws Exception {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-        doNothing().when(mNetdService)
-                .registerUnsolicitedEventListener(mUnsolListenerCaptor.capture());
-        doReturn(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE).when(mContext).getSystemServiceName(
-                eq(ConnectivityManager.class));
-        doReturn(mCm).when(mContext).getSystemService(eq(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE));
-        // Start the service and wait until it connects to our socket.
-        mNMService = NetworkManagementService.create(mContext, mDeps);
-    }
-
-    @After
-    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
-        mNMService.shutdown();
-    }
-
-    private static <T> T expectSoon(T mock) {
-        return verify(mock, timeout(200));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Tests that network observers work properly.
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void testNetworkObservers() throws Exception {
-        BaseNetworkObserver observer = mock(BaseNetworkObserver.class);
-        doReturn(new Binder()).when(observer).asBinder();  // Used by registerObserver.
-        mNMService.registerObserver(observer);
-
-        // Forget everything that happened to the mock so far, so we can explicitly verify
-        // everything that happens and does not happen to it from now on.
-
-        INetdUnsolicitedEventListener unsolListener = mUnsolListenerCaptor.getValue();
-        reset(observer);
-        // Now call unsolListener methods and ensure that the observer methods are
-        // called. After every method we expect a callback soon after; to ensure that
-        // invalid messages don't cause any callbacks, we call verifyNoMoreInteractions at the end.
-
-        /**
-         * Interface changes.
-         */
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceAdded("rmnet12");
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceAdded("rmnet12");
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceRemoved("eth1");
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceRemoved("eth1");
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceChanged("clat4", true);
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceStatusChanged("clat4", true);
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceLinkStateChanged("rmnet0", false);
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceLinkStateChanged("rmnet0", false);
-
-        /**
-         * Bandwidth control events.
-         */
-        unsolListener.onQuotaLimitReached("data", "rmnet_usb0");
-        expectSoon(observer).limitReached("data", "rmnet_usb0");
-
-        /**
-         * Interface class activity.
-         */
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(true, 1, 1234, TEST_UID);
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceClassDataActivityChanged(1, true, 1234, TEST_UID);
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false, 9, 5678, TEST_UID);
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceClassDataActivityChanged(9, false, 5678, TEST_UID);
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(false, 9, 4321, TEST_UID);
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceClassDataActivityChanged(9, false, 4321, TEST_UID);
-
-        /**
-         * IP address changes.
-         */
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceAddressUpdated("fe80::1/64", "wlan0", 128, 253);
-        expectSoon(observer).addressUpdated("wlan0", new LinkAddress("fe80::1/64", 128, 253));
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceAddressRemoved("fe80::1/64", "wlan0", 128, 253);
-        expectSoon(observer).addressRemoved("wlan0", new LinkAddress("fe80::1/64", 128, 253));
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceAddressRemoved("2001:db8::1/64", "wlan0", 1, 0);
-        expectSoon(observer).addressRemoved("wlan0", new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64", 1, 0));
-
-        /**
-         * DNS information broadcasts.
-         */
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("rmnet_usb0", 3600, new String[]{"2001:db8::1"});
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("rmnet_usb0", 3600,
-                new String[]{"2001:db8::1"});
-
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 14400,
-                new String[]{"2001:db8::1", "2001:db8::2"});
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 14400,
-                new String[]{"2001:db8::1", "2001:db8::2"});
-
-        // We don't check for negative lifetimes, only for parse errors.
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", -3600, new String[]{"::1"});
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", -3600,
-                new String[]{"::1"});
-
-        // No syntax checking on the addresses.
-        unsolListener.onInterfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 600,
-                new String[]{"", "::", "", "foo", "::1"});
-        expectSoon(observer).interfaceDnsServerInfo("wlan0", 600,
-                new String[]{"", "::", "", "foo", "::1"});
-
-        // Make sure nothing else was called.
-        verifyNoMoreInteractions(observer);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testFirewallEnabled() {
-        mNMService.setFirewallEnabled(true);
-        assertTrue(mNMService.isFirewallEnabled());
-
-        mNMService.setFirewallEnabled(false);
-        assertFalse(mNMService.isFirewallEnabled());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNetworkRestrictedDefault() {
-        assertFalse(mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testMeteredNetworkRestrictions() throws RemoteException {
-        // Make sure the mocked netd method returns true.
-        doReturn(true).when(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(anyBoolean());
-
-        // Restrict usage of mobile data in background
-        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkDenylist(TEST_UID, true);
-        assertTrue("Should be true since mobile data usage is restricted",
-                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
-        verify(mCm).addUidToMeteredNetworkDenyList(TEST_UID);
-
-        mNMService.setDataSaverModeEnabled(true);
-        verify(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(true);
-
-        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkDenylist(TEST_UID, false);
-        assertTrue("Should be true since data saver is on and the uid is not allowlisted",
-                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
-        verify(mCm).removeUidFromMeteredNetworkDenyList(TEST_UID);
-
-        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkAllowlist(TEST_UID, true);
-        assertFalse("Should be false since data saver is on and the uid is allowlisted",
-                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
-        verify(mCm).addUidToMeteredNetworkAllowList(TEST_UID);
-
-        // remove uid from allowlist and turn datasaver off again
-        mNMService.setUidOnMeteredNetworkAllowlist(TEST_UID, false);
-        verify(mCm).removeUidFromMeteredNetworkAllowList(TEST_UID);
-        mNMService.setDataSaverModeEnabled(false);
-        verify(mNetdService).bandwidthEnableDataSaver(false);
-        assertFalse("Network should not be restricted when data saver is off",
-                mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testFirewallChains() {
-        final ArrayMap<Integer, ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean>> expected = new ArrayMap<>();
-        // Dozable chain
-        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForDozable = new ArrayMap<>();
-        isRestrictedForDozable.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
-        isRestrictedForDozable.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
-        isRestrictedForDozable.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
-        expected.put(FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, isRestrictedForDozable);
-        // Powersaver chain
-        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForPowerSave = new ArrayMap<>();
-        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
-        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
-        isRestrictedForPowerSave.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
-        expected.put(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE, isRestrictedForPowerSave);
-        // Standby chain
-        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForStandby = new ArrayMap<>();
-        isRestrictedForStandby.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, false);
-        isRestrictedForStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
-        isRestrictedForStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
-        expected.put(FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY, isRestrictedForStandby);
-        // Restricted mode chain
-        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForRestrictedMode = new ArrayMap<>();
-        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
-        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
-        isRestrictedForRestrictedMode.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
-        expected.put(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED, isRestrictedForRestrictedMode);
-        // Low Power Standby chain
-        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedForLowPowerStandby = new ArrayMap<>();
-        isRestrictedForLowPowerStandby.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
-        isRestrictedForLowPowerStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
-        isRestrictedForLowPowerStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
-        expected.put(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY, isRestrictedForLowPowerStandby);
-
-        final int[] chains = {
-                FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
-                FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
-                FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
-                FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED,
-                FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY
-        };
-        final int[] states = {
-                INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW,
-                INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY,
-                NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT
-        };
-        BiFunction<Integer, Integer, String> errorMsg = (chain, state) -> {
-            return String.format("Unexpected value for chain: %s and state: %s",
-                    valueToString(INetd.class, "FIREWALL_CHAIN_", chain),
-                    valueToString(INetd.class, "FIREWALL_RULE_", state));
-        };
-        for (int chain : chains) {
-            final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> expectedValues = expected.get(chain);
-            mNMService.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, true);
-            verify(mCm).setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, true /* enabled */);
-            for (int state : states) {
-                mNMService.setFirewallUidRule(chain, TEST_UID, state);
-                assertEquals(errorMsg.apply(chain, state),
-                        expectedValues.get(state), mNMService.isNetworkRestricted(TEST_UID));
-            }
-            mNMService.setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false);
-            verify(mCm).setFirewallChainEnabled(chain, false /* enabled */);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
index ed9e930..2ed989e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
@@ -16,15 +16,30 @@
 
 package com.android.server;
 
+import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
+import static android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges.ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND;
+import static android.net.connectivity.ConnectivityCompatChanges.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER;
+import static android.net.nsd.NsdManager.FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS;
+import static android.net.nsd.NsdManager.FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+import static android.net.nsd.NsdManager.FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING;
+
+import static com.android.server.NsdService.constructServiceType;
+import static com.android.testutils.ContextUtils.mockService;
+
 import static libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.DisableCompatChanges;
 import static libcore.junit.util.compat.CoreCompatChangeRule.EnableCompatChanges;
 
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -33,21 +48,26 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.compat.testing.PlatformCompatChangeRule;
 import android.content.ContentResolver;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.INetd;
-import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.mdns.aidl.DiscoveryInfo;
 import android.net.mdns.aidl.GetAddressInfo;
 import android.net.mdns.aidl.IMDnsEventListener;
+import android.net.mdns.aidl.RegistrationInfo;
 import android.net.mdns.aidl.ResolutionInfo;
 import android.net.nsd.INsdManagerCallback;
 import android.net.nsd.INsdServiceConnector;
 import android.net.nsd.MDnsManager;
 import android.net.nsd.NsdManager;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdManager.DiscoveryListener;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdManager.RegistrationListener;
+import android.net.nsd.NsdManager.ResolveListener;
 import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -56,10 +76,17 @@
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.RemoteException;
 
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.server.NsdService.Dependencies;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAdvertiser;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsDiscoveryManager;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceBrowserListener;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
@@ -75,7 +102,11 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Queue;
 
 // TODOs:
@@ -83,12 +114,19 @@
 //  - test NSD_ON ENABLE/DISABLED listening
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class NsdServiceTest {
-
     static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
     private static final long CLEANUP_DELAY_MS = 500;
     private static final long TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
+    private static final String SERVICE_NAME = "a_name";
+    private static final String SERVICE_TYPE = "_test._tcp";
+    private static final String SERVICE_FULL_NAME = SERVICE_NAME + "." + SERVICE_TYPE;
+    private static final String DOMAIN_NAME = "mytestdevice.local";
+    private static final int PORT = 2201;
+    private static final int IFACE_IDX_ANY = 0;
+    private static final String IPV4_ADDRESS = "192.0.2.0";
+    private static final String IPV6_ADDRESS = "2001:db8::";
 
     // Records INsdManagerCallback created when NsdService#connect is called.
     // Only accessed on the test thread, since NsdService#connect is called by the NsdManager
@@ -100,8 +138,13 @@
     @Mock Context mContext;
     @Mock ContentResolver mResolver;
     @Mock MDnsManager mMockMDnsM;
+    @Mock Dependencies mDeps;
+    @Mock MdnsDiscoveryManager mDiscoveryManager;
+    @Mock MdnsAdvertiser mAdvertiser;
+    @Mock MdnsSocketProvider mSocketProvider;
     HandlerThread mThread;
     TestHandler mHandler;
+    NsdService mService;
 
     private static class LinkToDeathRecorder extends Binder {
         IBinder.DeathRecipient mDr;
@@ -120,15 +163,23 @@
         mThread.start();
         mHandler = new TestHandler(mThread.getLooper());
         when(mContext.getContentResolver()).thenReturn(mResolver);
-        doReturn(MDnsManager.MDNS_SERVICE).when(mContext)
-                .getSystemServiceName(MDnsManager.class);
-        doReturn(mMockMDnsM).when(mContext).getSystemService(MDnsManager.MDNS_SERVICE);
+        mockService(mContext, MDnsManager.class, MDnsManager.MDNS_SERVICE, mMockMDnsM);
+        if (mContext.getSystemService(MDnsManager.class) == null) {
+            // Test is using mockito-extended
+            doCallRealMethod().when(mContext).getSystemService(MDnsManager.class);
+        }
         doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).registerService(
                 anyInt(), anyString(), anyString(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt());
         doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(anyInt());
         doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).discover(anyInt(), anyString(), anyInt());
         doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).resolve(
                 anyInt(), anyString(), anyString(), anyString(), anyInt());
+        doReturn(false).when(mDeps).isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(any(Context.class));
+        doReturn(mDiscoveryManager).when(mDeps).makeMdnsDiscoveryManager(any(), any());
+        doReturn(mSocketProvider).when(mDeps).makeMdnsSocketProvider(any(), any());
+        doReturn(mAdvertiser).when(mDeps).makeMdnsAdvertiser(any(), any(), any());
+
+        mService = makeService();
     }
 
     @After
@@ -140,20 +191,18 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    @DisableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @DisableCompatChanges({
+            RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER,
+            ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND})
     public void testPreSClients() throws Exception {
-        NsdService service = makeService();
-
         // Pre S client connected, the daemon should be started.
-        connectClient(service);
-        waitForIdle();
+        connectClient(mService);
         final INsdManagerCallback cb1 = getCallback();
         final IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient1 = verifyLinkToDeath(cb1);
         verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).registerEventListener(any());
         verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).startDaemon();
 
-        connectClient(service);
-        waitForIdle();
+        connectClient(mService);
         final INsdManagerCallback cb2 = getCallback();
         final IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient2 = verifyLinkToDeath(cb2);
         // Daemon has been started, it should not try to start it again.
@@ -171,21 +220,18 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
     public void testNoDaemonStartedWhenClientsConnect() throws Exception {
-        final NsdService service = makeService();
-
         // Creating an NsdManager will not cause daemon startup.
-        connectClient(service);
-        waitForIdle();
+        connectClient(mService);
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).registerEventListener(any());
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).startDaemon();
         final INsdManagerCallback cb1 = getCallback();
         final IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient1 = verifyLinkToDeath(cb1);
 
         // Creating another NsdManager will not cause daemon startup either.
-        connectClient(service);
-        waitForIdle();
+        connectClient(mService);
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).registerEventListener(any());
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).startDaemon();
         final INsdManagerCallback cb2 = getCallback();
@@ -209,72 +255,70 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
     public void testClientRequestsAreGCedAtDisconnection() throws Exception {
-        NsdService service = makeService();
-
-        NsdManager client = connectClient(service);
-        waitForIdle();
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
         final INsdManagerCallback cb1 = getCallback();
         final IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient = verifyLinkToDeath(cb1);
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).registerEventListener(any());
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).startDaemon();
 
-        NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
-        request.setPort(2201);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        request.setPort(PORT);
 
         // Client registration request
-        NsdManager.RegistrationListener listener1 = mock(NsdManager.RegistrationListener.class);
+        final RegistrationListener listener1 = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
         client.registerService(request, PROTOCOL, listener1);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).registerEventListener(any());
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).startDaemon();
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).registerService(
-                eq(2), eq("a_name"), eq("a_type"), eq(2201), any(), eq(0));
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerEventListener(any());
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).startDaemon();
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerService(
+                eq(2), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE), eq(PORT), any(), eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
 
         // Client discovery request
-        NsdManager.DiscoveryListener listener2 = mock(NsdManager.DiscoveryListener.class);
-        client.discoverServices("a_type", PROTOCOL, listener2);
+        final DiscoveryListener listener2 = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, listener2);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).discover(eq(3), eq("a_type"), eq(0));
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(3 /* id */, SERVICE_TYPE, IFACE_IDX_ANY);
 
         // Client resolve request
-        NsdManager.ResolveListener listener3 = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+        final ResolveListener listener3 = mock(ResolveListener.class);
         client.resolveService(request, listener3);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).resolve(
-                eq(4), eq("a_name"), eq("a_type"), eq("local."), eq(0));
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(
+                4 /* id */, SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE, "local." /* domain */, IFACE_IDX_ANY);
 
         // Client disconnects, stop the daemon after CLEANUP_DELAY_MS.
         deathRecipient.binderDied();
         verifyDelayMaybeStopDaemon(CLEANUP_DELAY_MS);
         // checks that request are cleaned
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).stopOperation(eq(2));
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).stopOperation(eq(3));
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).stopOperation(eq(4));
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(2 /* id */);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(3 /* id */);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(4 /* id */);
     }
 
     @Test
-    @EnableCompatChanges(NsdManager.RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS)
+    @EnableCompatChanges(RUN_NATIVE_NSD_ONLY_IF_LEGACY_APPS_T_AND_LATER)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
     public void testCleanupDelayNoRequestActive() throws Exception {
-        NsdService service = makeService();
-        NsdManager client = connectClient(service);
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
 
-        NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo("a_name", "a_type");
-        request.setPort(2201);
-        NsdManager.RegistrationListener listener1 = mock(NsdManager.RegistrationListener.class);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        request.setPort(PORT);
+        final RegistrationListener listener1 = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
         client.registerService(request, PROTOCOL, listener1);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).registerEventListener(any());
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).startDaemon();
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerEventListener(any());
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).startDaemon();
         final INsdManagerCallback cb1 = getCallback();
         final IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient = verifyLinkToDeath(cb1);
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).registerService(
-                eq(2), eq("a_name"), eq("a_type"), eq(2201), any(), eq(0));
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerService(
+                eq(2), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE), eq(PORT), any(), eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
 
         client.unregisterService(listener1);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mMockMDnsM, times(1)).stopOperation(eq(2));
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(2 /* id */);
 
         verifyDelayMaybeStopDaemon(CLEANUP_DELAY_MS);
         reset(mMockMDnsM);
@@ -284,38 +328,38 @@
         verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).stopDaemon();
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testDiscoverOnTetheringDownstream() throws Exception {
-        NsdService service = makeService();
-        NsdManager client = connectClient(service);
-
-        final String serviceType = "a_type";
-        final String serviceName = "a_name";
-        final String domainName = "mytestdevice.local";
-        final int interfaceIdx = 123;
-        final NsdManager.DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(NsdManager.DiscoveryListener.class);
-        client.discoverServices(serviceType, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, discListener);
-        waitForIdle();
-
+    private IMDnsEventListener getEventListener() {
         final ArgumentCaptor<IMDnsEventListener> listenerCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IMDnsEventListener.class);
         verify(mMockMDnsM).registerEventListener(listenerCaptor.capture());
+        return listenerCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testDiscoverOnTetheringDownstream() throws Exception {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final int interfaceIdx = 123;
+        final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = getEventListener();
         final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> discIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
-        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(discIdCaptor.capture(), eq(serviceType),
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(discIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
                 eq(0) /* interfaceIdx */);
         // NsdManager uses a separate HandlerThread to dispatch callbacks (on ServiceHandler), so
         // this needs to use a timeout
-        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDiscoveryStarted(serviceType);
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDiscoveryStarted(SERVICE_TYPE);
 
         final DiscoveryInfo discoveryInfo = new DiscoveryInfo(
                 discIdCaptor.getValue(),
                 IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_FOUND,
-                serviceName,
-                serviceType,
-                domainName,
+                SERVICE_NAME,
+                SERVICE_TYPE,
+                DOMAIN_NAME,
                 interfaceIdx,
                 INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID); // LOCAL_NET_ID (99) used on tethering downstreams
-        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = listenerCaptor.getValue();
         eventListener.onServiceDiscoveryStatus(discoveryInfo);
         waitForIdle();
 
@@ -323,31 +367,30 @@
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NsdServiceInfo.class);
         verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceFound(discoveredInfoCaptor.capture());
         final NsdServiceInfo foundInfo = discoveredInfoCaptor.getValue();
-        assertEquals(serviceName, foundInfo.getServiceName());
-        assertEquals(serviceType, foundInfo.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(SERVICE_NAME, foundInfo.getServiceName());
+        assertEquals(SERVICE_TYPE, foundInfo.getServiceType());
         assertNull(foundInfo.getHost());
         assertNull(foundInfo.getNetwork());
         assertEquals(interfaceIdx, foundInfo.getInterfaceIndex());
 
         // After discovering the service, verify resolving it
-        final NsdManager.ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(NsdManager.ResolveListener.class);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
         client.resolveService(foundInfo, resolveListener);
         waitForIdle();
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> resolvIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
-        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(serviceName), eq(serviceType),
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
                 eq("local.") /* domain */, eq(interfaceIdx));
 
         final int servicePort = 10123;
-        final String serviceFullName = serviceName + "." + serviceType;
         final ResolutionInfo resolutionInfo = new ResolutionInfo(
                 resolvIdCaptor.getValue(),
                 IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_RESOLVED,
                 null /* serviceName */,
                 null /* serviceType */,
                 null /* domain */,
-                serviceFullName,
-                domainName,
+                SERVICE_FULL_NAME,
+                DOMAIN_NAME,
                 servicePort,
                 new byte[0] /* txtRecord */,
                 interfaceIdx);
@@ -357,14 +400,14 @@
         waitForIdle();
 
         final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> getAddrIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
-        verify(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(getAddrIdCaptor.capture(), eq(domainName),
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(getAddrIdCaptor.capture(), eq(DOMAIN_NAME),
                 eq(interfaceIdx));
 
         final String serviceAddress = "192.0.2.123";
         final GetAddressInfo addressInfo = new GetAddressInfo(
                 getAddrIdCaptor.getValue(),
                 IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_GET_ADDR_SUCCESS,
-                serviceFullName,
+                SERVICE_FULL_NAME,
                 serviceAddress,
                 interfaceIdx,
                 INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID);
@@ -375,22 +418,881 @@
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NsdServiceInfo.class);
         verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceResolved(resInfoCaptor.capture());
         final NsdServiceInfo resolvedService = resInfoCaptor.getValue();
-        assertEquals(serviceName, resolvedService.getServiceName());
-        assertEquals("." + serviceType, resolvedService.getServiceType());
-        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(serviceAddress), resolvedService.getHost());
+        assertEquals(SERVICE_NAME, resolvedService.getServiceName());
+        assertEquals("." + SERVICE_TYPE, resolvedService.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(parseNumericAddress(serviceAddress), resolvedService.getHost());
         assertEquals(servicePort, resolvedService.getPort());
         assertNull(resolvedService.getNetwork());
         assertEquals(interfaceIdx, resolvedService.getInterfaceIndex());
     }
 
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testDiscoverOnBlackholeNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = getEventListener();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> discIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(discIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
+                eq(0) /* interfaceIdx */);
+        // NsdManager uses a separate HandlerThread to dispatch callbacks (on ServiceHandler), so
+        // this needs to use a timeout
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDiscoveryStarted(SERVICE_TYPE);
+
+        final DiscoveryInfo discoveryInfo = new DiscoveryInfo(
+                discIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_FOUND,
+                SERVICE_NAME,
+                SERVICE_TYPE,
+                DOMAIN_NAME,
+                123 /* interfaceIdx */,
+                INetd.DUMMY_NET_ID); // netId of the blackhole network
+        eventListener.onServiceDiscoveryStatus(discoveryInfo);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(discListener, never()).onServiceFound(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testServiceRegistrationSuccessfulAndFailed() throws Exception {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        request.setPort(PORT);
+        final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        client.registerService(request, PROTOCOL, regListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = getEventListener();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> regIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerService(regIdCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE), eq(PORT), any(), eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        // Register service successfully.
+        final RegistrationInfo registrationInfo = new RegistrationInfo(
+                regIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_REGISTERED,
+                SERVICE_NAME,
+                SERVICE_TYPE,
+                PORT,
+                new byte[0] /* txtRecord */,
+                IFACE_IDX_ANY);
+        eventListener.onServiceRegistrationStatus(registrationInfo);
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NsdServiceInfo> registeredInfoCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NsdServiceInfo.class);
+        verify(regListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onServiceRegistered(registeredInfoCaptor.capture());
+        final NsdServiceInfo registeredInfo = registeredInfoCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(SERVICE_NAME, registeredInfo.getServiceName());
+
+        // Fail to register service.
+        final RegistrationInfo registrationFailedInfo = new RegistrationInfo(
+                regIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_REGISTRATION_FAILED,
+                null /* serviceName */,
+                null /* registrationType */,
+                0 /* port */,
+                new byte[0] /* txtRecord */,
+                IFACE_IDX_ANY);
+        eventListener.onServiceRegistrationStatus(registrationFailedInfo);
+        verify(regListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onRegistrationFailed(any(), eq(FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testServiceDiscoveryFailed() throws Exception {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = getEventListener();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> discIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(discIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_TYPE), eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDiscoveryStarted(SERVICE_TYPE);
+
+        // Fail to discover service.
+        final DiscoveryInfo discoveryFailedInfo = new DiscoveryInfo(
+                discIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_DISCOVERY_FAILED,
+                null /* serviceName */,
+                null /* registrationType */,
+                null /* domainName */,
+                IFACE_IDX_ANY,
+                0 /* netId */);
+        eventListener.onServiceDiscoveryStatus(discoveryFailedInfo);
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onStartDiscoveryFailed(SERVICE_TYPE, FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testServiceResolutionFailed() throws Exception {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = getEventListener();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> resolvIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
+                eq("local.") /* domain */, eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        // Fail to resolve service.
+        final ResolutionInfo resolutionFailedInfo = new ResolutionInfo(
+                resolvIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_RESOLUTION_FAILED,
+                null /* serviceName */,
+                null /* serviceType */,
+                null /* domain */,
+                null /* serviceFullName */,
+                null /* domainName */,
+                0 /* port */,
+                new byte[0] /* txtRecord */,
+                IFACE_IDX_ANY);
+        eventListener.onServiceResolutionStatus(resolutionFailedInfo);
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onResolveFailed(any(), eq(FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testGettingAddressFailed() throws Exception {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = getEventListener();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> resolvIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
+                eq("local.") /* domain */, eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        // Resolve service successfully.
+        final ResolutionInfo resolutionInfo = new ResolutionInfo(
+                resolvIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_RESOLVED,
+                null /* serviceName */,
+                null /* serviceType */,
+                null /* domain */,
+                SERVICE_FULL_NAME,
+                DOMAIN_NAME,
+                PORT,
+                new byte[0] /* txtRecord */,
+                IFACE_IDX_ANY);
+        doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(anyInt(), any(), anyInt());
+        eventListener.onServiceResolutionStatus(resolutionInfo);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> getAddrIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(getAddrIdCaptor.capture(), eq(DOMAIN_NAME),
+                eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        // Fail to get service address.
+        final GetAddressInfo gettingAddrFailedInfo = new GetAddressInfo(
+                getAddrIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_GET_ADDR_FAILED,
+                null /* hostname */,
+                null /* address */,
+                IFACE_IDX_ANY,
+                0 /* netId */);
+        eventListener.onGettingServiceAddressStatus(gettingAddrFailedInfo);
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onResolveFailed(any(), eq(FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testNoCrashWhenProcessResolutionAfterBinderDied() throws Exception {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final INsdManagerCallback cb = getCallback();
+        final IBinder.DeathRecipient deathRecipient = verifyLinkToDeath(cb);
+        deathRecipient.binderDied();
+
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).registerEventListener(any());
+        verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).startDaemon();
+        verify(mMockMDnsM, never()).resolve(anyInt() /* id */, anyString() /* serviceName */,
+                anyString() /* registrationType */, anyString() /* domain */,
+                anyInt()/* interfaceIdx */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testStopServiceResolution() {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> resolvIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
+                eq("local.") /* domain */, eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        final int resolveId = resolvIdCaptor.getValue();
+        client.stopServiceResolution(resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(resolveId);
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onResolutionStopped(argThat(ns ->
+                request.getServiceName().equals(ns.getServiceName())
+                        && request.getServiceType().equals(ns.getServiceType())));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testStopResolutionFailed() {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> resolvIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
+                eq("local.") /* domain */, eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        final int resolveId = resolvIdCaptor.getValue();
+        doReturn(false).when(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(anyInt());
+        client.stopServiceResolution(resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(resolveId);
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onStopResolutionFailed(argThat(ns ->
+                        request.getServiceName().equals(ns.getServiceName())
+                                && request.getServiceType().equals(ns.getServiceType())),
+                eq(FAILURE_OPERATION_NOT_RUNNING));
+    }
+
+    @Test @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testStopResolutionDuringGettingAddress() throws RemoteException {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final IMDnsEventListener eventListener = getEventListener();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> resolvIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).resolve(resolvIdCaptor.capture(), eq(SERVICE_NAME), eq(SERVICE_TYPE),
+                eq("local.") /* domain */, eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        // Resolve service successfully.
+        final ResolutionInfo resolutionInfo = new ResolutionInfo(
+                resolvIdCaptor.getValue(),
+                IMDnsEventListener.SERVICE_RESOLVED,
+                null /* serviceName */,
+                null /* serviceType */,
+                null /* domain */,
+                SERVICE_FULL_NAME,
+                DOMAIN_NAME,
+                PORT,
+                new byte[0] /* txtRecord */,
+                IFACE_IDX_ANY);
+        doReturn(true).when(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(anyInt(), any(), anyInt());
+        eventListener.onServiceResolutionStatus(resolutionInfo);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> getAddrIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).getServiceAddress(getAddrIdCaptor.capture(), eq(DOMAIN_NAME),
+                eq(IFACE_IDX_ANY));
+
+        final int getAddrId = getAddrIdCaptor.getValue();
+        client.stopServiceResolution(resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(getAddrId);
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onResolutionStopped(argThat(ns ->
+                request.getServiceName().equals(ns.getServiceName())
+                        && request.getServiceType().equals(ns.getServiceType())));
+    }
+
+    private void verifyUpdatedServiceInfo(NsdServiceInfo info, String serviceName,
+            String serviceType, List<InetAddress> address, int port, int interfaceIndex,
+            Network network) {
+        assertEquals(serviceName, info.getServiceName());
+        assertEquals(serviceType, info.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(address, info.getHostAddresses());
+        assertEquals(port, info.getPort());
+        assertEquals(network, info.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(interfaceIndex, info.getInterfaceIndex());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterAndUnregisterServiceInfoCallback() {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback serviceInfoCallback = mock(
+                NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback.class);
+        final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        final Network network = new Network(999);
+        request.setNetwork(network);
+        client.registerServiceInfoCallback(request, Runnable::run, serviceInfoCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+        // Verify the registration callback start.
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceBrowserListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsServiceBrowserListener.class);
+        verify(mSocketProvider).startMonitoringSockets();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(eq(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain),
+                listenerCaptor.capture(), argThat(options -> network.equals(options.getNetwork())));
+
+        final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listenerCaptor.getValue();
+        final MdnsServiceInfo mdnsServiceInfo = new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                SERVICE_NAME,
+                serviceTypeWithLocalDomain.split("\\."),
+                List.of(), /* subtypes */
+                new String[]{"android", "local"}, /* hostName */
+                PORT,
+                List.of(IPV4_ADDRESS),
+                List.of(IPV6_ADDRESS),
+                List.of() /* textStrings */,
+                List.of() /* textEntries */,
+                1234,
+                network);
+
+        // Verify onServiceFound callback
+        listener.onServiceFound(mdnsServiceInfo);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NsdServiceInfo> updateInfoCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NsdServiceInfo.class);
+        verify(serviceInfoCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(1))
+                .onServiceUpdated(updateInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyUpdatedServiceInfo(updateInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(0) /* info */, SERVICE_NAME,
+                SERVICE_TYPE,
+                List.of(parseNumericAddress(IPV4_ADDRESS), parseNumericAddress(IPV6_ADDRESS)),
+                PORT, IFACE_IDX_ANY, new Network(999));
+
+        // Service addresses changed.
+        final String v4Address = "192.0.2.1";
+        final String v6Address = "2001:db8::1";
+        final MdnsServiceInfo updatedServiceInfo = new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                SERVICE_NAME,
+                serviceTypeWithLocalDomain.split("\\."),
+                List.of(), /* subtypes */
+                new String[]{"android", "local"}, /* hostName */
+                PORT,
+                List.of(v4Address),
+                List.of(v6Address),
+                List.of() /* textStrings */,
+                List.of() /* textEntries */,
+                1234,
+                network);
+
+        // Verify onServiceUpdated callback.
+        listener.onServiceUpdated(updatedServiceInfo);
+        verify(serviceInfoCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(2))
+                .onServiceUpdated(updateInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyUpdatedServiceInfo(updateInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(2) /* info */, SERVICE_NAME,
+                SERVICE_TYPE,
+                List.of(parseNumericAddress(v4Address), parseNumericAddress(v6Address)),
+                PORT, IFACE_IDX_ANY, new Network(999));
+
+        // Verify service callback unregistration.
+        client.unregisterServiceInfoCallback(serviceInfoCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(serviceInfoCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceInfoCallbackUnregistered();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterServiceCallbackFailed() {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final String invalidServiceType = "a_service";
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, invalidServiceType);
+        final NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback serviceInfoCallback = mock(
+                NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback.class);
+        client.registerServiceInfoCallback(request, Runnable::run, serviceInfoCallback);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Fail to register service callback.
+        verify(serviceInfoCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onServiceInfoCallbackRegistrationFailed(eq(FAILURE_BAD_PARAMETERS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnregisterNotRegisteredCallback() {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback serviceInfoCallback = mock(
+                NsdManager.ServiceInfoCallback.class);
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () ->
+                client.unregisterServiceInfoCallback(serviceInfoCallback));
+    }
+
+    private void setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled() {
+        doReturn(true).when(mDeps).isMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled(any(Context.class));
+    }
+
+    private void setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled() {
+        doReturn(true).when(mDeps).isMdnsAdvertiserEnabled(any(Context.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testMdnsDiscoveryManagerFeature() {
+        // Create NsdService w/o feature enabled.
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final DiscoveryListener discListenerWithoutFeature = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, discListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> legacyIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).discover(legacyIdCaptor.capture(), any(), anyInt());
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mDiscoveryManager);
+
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+        final DiscoveryListener discListenerWithFeature = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, discListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceBrowserListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsServiceBrowserListener.class);
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(eq(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain),
+                listenerCaptor.capture(), any());
+
+        client.stopServiceDiscovery(discListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(legacyIdCaptor.getValue());
+
+        client.stopServiceDiscovery(discListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).unregisterListener(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain,
+                listenerCaptor.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDiscoveryWithMdnsDiscoveryManager() {
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        final Network network = new Network(999);
+        final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        // Verify the discovery start / stop.
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceBrowserListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsServiceBrowserListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, network, r -> r.run(), discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mSocketProvider).startMonitoringSockets();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(eq(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain),
+                listenerCaptor.capture(), argThat(options -> network.equals(options.getNetwork())));
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDiscoveryStarted(SERVICE_TYPE);
+
+        final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listenerCaptor.getValue();
+        final MdnsServiceInfo foundInfo = new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                SERVICE_NAME, /* serviceInstanceName */
+                serviceTypeWithLocalDomain.split("\\."), /* serviceType */
+                List.of(), /* subtypes */
+                new String[] {"android", "local"}, /* hostName */
+                12345, /* port */
+                List.of(IPV4_ADDRESS),
+                List.of(IPV6_ADDRESS),
+                List.of(), /* textStrings */
+                List.of(), /* textEntries */
+                1234, /* interfaceIndex */
+                network);
+
+        // Verify onServiceNameDiscovered callback
+        listener.onServiceNameDiscovered(foundInfo);
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceFound(argThat(info ->
+                info.getServiceName().equals(SERVICE_NAME)
+                        && info.getServiceType().equals(SERVICE_TYPE)
+                        && info.getNetwork().equals(network)));
+
+        final MdnsServiceInfo removedInfo = new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                SERVICE_NAME, /* serviceInstanceName */
+                serviceTypeWithLocalDomain.split("\\."), /* serviceType */
+                null, /* subtypes */
+                null, /* hostName */
+                0, /* port */
+                List.of(), /* ipv4Address */
+                List.of(), /* ipv6Address */
+                null, /* textStrings */
+                null, /* textEntries */
+                1234, /* interfaceIndex */
+                network);
+        // Verify onServiceNameRemoved callback
+        listener.onServiceNameRemoved(removedInfo);
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceLost(argThat(info ->
+                info.getServiceName().equals(SERVICE_NAME)
+                        && info.getServiceType().equals(SERVICE_TYPE)
+                        && info.getNetwork().equals(network)));
+
+        client.stopServiceDiscovery(discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).unregisterListener(eq(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain), any());
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onDiscoveryStopped(SERVICE_TYPE);
+        verify(mSocketProvider, timeout(CLEANUP_DELAY_MS + TIMEOUT_MS)).requestStopWhenInactive();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDiscoveryWithMdnsDiscoveryManager_FailedWithInvalidServiceType() {
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        final Network network = new Network(999);
+        final String invalidServiceType = "a_service";
+        client.discoverServices(
+                invalidServiceType, PROTOCOL, network, r -> r.run(), discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onStartDiscoveryFailed(invalidServiceType, FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+
+        final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        client.discoverServices(
+                serviceTypeWithLocalDomain, PROTOCOL, network, r -> r.run(), discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onStartDiscoveryFailed(serviceTypeWithLocalDomain, FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+
+        final String serviceTypeWithoutTcpOrUdpEnding = "_test._com";
+        client.discoverServices(
+                serviceTypeWithoutTcpOrUdpEnding, PROTOCOL, network, r -> r.run(), discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(discListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onStartDiscoveryFailed(serviceTypeWithoutTcpOrUdpEnding, FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResolutionWithMdnsDiscoveryManager() throws UnknownHostException {
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        final Network network = new Network(999);
+        final String serviceType = "_nsd._service._tcp";
+        final String constructedServiceType = "_nsd._sub._service._tcp.local";
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceBrowserListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsServiceBrowserListener.class);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, serviceType);
+        request.setNetwork(network);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mSocketProvider).startMonitoringSockets();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(eq(constructedServiceType),
+                listenerCaptor.capture(), argThat(options ->
+                        network.equals(options.getNetwork())
+                                && SERVICE_NAME.equals(options.getResolveInstanceName())));
+
+        final MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener = listenerCaptor.getValue();
+        final MdnsServiceInfo mdnsServiceInfo = new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                SERVICE_NAME,
+                constructedServiceType.split("\\."),
+                List.of(), /* subtypes */
+                new String[]{"android", "local"}, /* hostName */
+                PORT,
+                List.of(IPV4_ADDRESS),
+                List.of("2001:db8::1", "2001:db8::2"),
+                List.of() /* textStrings */,
+                List.of(MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromBytes(new byte[]{
+                        'k', 'e', 'y', '=', (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFE})) /* textEntries */,
+                1234,
+                network);
+
+        // Verify onServiceFound callback
+        listener.onServiceFound(mdnsServiceInfo);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NsdServiceInfo> infoCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NsdServiceInfo.class);
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceResolved(infoCaptor.capture());
+        final NsdServiceInfo info = infoCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(SERVICE_NAME, info.getServiceName());
+        assertEquals("." + serviceType, info.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(PORT, info.getPort());
+        assertTrue(info.getAttributes().containsKey("key"));
+        assertEquals(1, info.getAttributes().size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFE}, info.getAttributes().get("key"));
+        assertEquals(parseNumericAddress(IPV4_ADDRESS), info.getHost());
+        assertEquals(3, info.getHostAddresses().size());
+        assertTrue(info.getHostAddresses().stream().anyMatch(
+                address -> address.equals(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::1"))));
+        assertTrue(info.getHostAddresses().stream().anyMatch(
+                address -> address.equals(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::2"))));
+        assertEquals(network, info.getNetwork());
+
+        // Verify the listener has been unregistered.
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .unregisterListener(eq(constructedServiceType), any());
+        verify(mSocketProvider, timeout(CLEANUP_DELAY_MS + TIMEOUT_MS)).requestStopWhenInactive();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testMdnsAdvertiserFeatureFlagging() {
+        // Create NsdService w/o feature enabled.
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo regInfo = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        regInfo.setHost(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"));
+        regInfo.setPort(12345);
+        final RegistrationListener regListenerWithoutFeature = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        client.registerService(regInfo, PROTOCOL, regListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> legacyIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).registerService(legacyIdCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), anyInt(),
+                any(), anyInt());
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mAdvertiser);
+
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+        final RegistrationListener regListenerWithFeature = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        client.registerService(regInfo, PROTOCOL, regListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> serviceIdCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mAdvertiser).addService(serviceIdCaptor.capture(),
+                argThat(info -> matches(info, regInfo)));
+
+        client.unregisterService(regListenerWithoutFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mMockMDnsM).stopOperation(legacyIdCaptor.getValue());
+        verify(mAdvertiser, never()).removeService(anyInt());
+
+        client.unregisterService(regListenerWithFeature);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mAdvertiser).removeService(serviceIdCaptor.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testTypeSpecificFeatureFlagging() {
+        doReturn("_type1._tcp:flag1,_type2._tcp:flag2").when(mDeps).getTypeAllowlistFlags();
+        doReturn(true).when(mDeps).isFeatureEnabled(any(),
+                eq("mdns_discovery_manager_allowlist_flag1_version"));
+        doReturn(true).when(mDeps).isFeatureEnabled(any(),
+                eq("mdns_advertiser_allowlist_flag2_version"));
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo service1 = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, "_type1._tcp");
+        service1.setHostAddresses(List.of(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123")));
+        service1.setPort(1234);
+        final NsdServiceInfo service2 = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, "_type2._tcp");
+        service2.setHostAddresses(List.of(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123")));
+        service2.setPort(1234);
+
+        client.discoverServices(service1.getServiceType(),
+                NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, mock(DiscoveryListener.class));
+        client.discoverServices(service2.getServiceType(),
+                NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, mock(DiscoveryListener.class));
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // The DiscoveryManager is enabled for _type1 but not _type2
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(eq("_type1._tcp.local"), any(), any());
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager, never()).registerListener(
+                eq("_type2._tcp.local"), any(), any());
+
+        client.resolveService(service1, mock(ResolveListener.class));
+        client.resolveService(service2, mock(ResolveListener.class));
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Same behavior for resolve
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager, times(2)).registerListener(
+                eq("_type1._tcp.local"), any(), any());
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager, never()).registerListener(
+                eq("_type2._tcp.local"), any(), any());
+
+        client.registerService(service1, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+                mock(RegistrationListener.class));
+        client.registerService(service2, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD,
+                mock(RegistrationListener.class));
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // The advertiser is enabled for _type2 but not _type1
+        verify(mAdvertiser, never()).addService(anyInt(), argThat(info -> matches(info, service1)));
+        verify(mAdvertiser).addService(anyInt(), argThat(info -> matches(info, service2)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAdvertiseWithMdnsAdvertiser() {
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        // final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback> cbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback.class);
+        verify(mDeps).makeMdnsAdvertiser(any(), any(), cbCaptor.capture());
+
+        final NsdServiceInfo regInfo = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_TYPE);
+        regInfo.setHost(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"));
+        regInfo.setPort(12345);
+        regInfo.setAttribute("testattr", "testvalue");
+        regInfo.setNetwork(new Network(999));
+
+        client.registerService(regInfo, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, Runnable::run, regListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mSocketProvider).startMonitoringSockets();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> idCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        verify(mAdvertiser).addService(idCaptor.capture(), argThat(info ->
+                matches(info, regInfo)));
+
+        // Verify onServiceRegistered callback
+        final MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback cb = cbCaptor.getValue();
+        cb.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(idCaptor.getValue(), regInfo);
+
+        verify(regListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceRegistered(argThat(info -> matches(info,
+                new NsdServiceInfo(regInfo.getServiceName(), null))));
+
+        client.unregisterService(regListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mAdvertiser).removeService(idCaptor.getValue());
+        verify(regListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceUnregistered(
+                argThat(info -> matches(info, regInfo)));
+        verify(mSocketProvider, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).requestStopWhenInactive();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAdvertiseWithMdnsAdvertiser_FailedWithInvalidServiceType() {
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        // final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback> cbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback.class);
+        verify(mDeps).makeMdnsAdvertiser(any(), any(), cbCaptor.capture());
+
+        final NsdServiceInfo regInfo = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, "invalid_type");
+        regInfo.setHost(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"));
+        regInfo.setPort(12345);
+        regInfo.setAttribute("testattr", "testvalue");
+        regInfo.setNetwork(new Network(999));
+
+        client.registerService(regInfo, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, Runnable::run, regListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mAdvertiser, never()).addService(anyInt(), any());
+
+        verify(regListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onRegistrationFailed(
+                argThat(info -> matches(info, regInfo)), eq(FAILURE_INTERNAL_ERROR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAdvertiseWithMdnsAdvertiser_LongServiceName() {
+        setMdnsAdvertiserEnabled();
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        // final String serviceTypeWithLocalDomain = SERVICE_TYPE + ".local";
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback> cbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback.class);
+        verify(mDeps).makeMdnsAdvertiser(any(), any(), cbCaptor.capture());
+
+        final NsdServiceInfo regInfo = new NsdServiceInfo("a".repeat(70), SERVICE_TYPE);
+        regInfo.setHost(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"));
+        regInfo.setPort(12345);
+        regInfo.setAttribute("testattr", "testvalue");
+        regInfo.setNetwork(new Network(999));
+
+        client.registerService(regInfo, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, Runnable::run, regListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> idCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        // Service name is truncated to 63 characters
+        verify(mAdvertiser).addService(idCaptor.capture(),
+                argThat(info -> info.getServiceName().equals("a".repeat(63))));
+
+        // Verify onServiceRegistered callback
+        final MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback cb = cbCaptor.getValue();
+        cb.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(idCaptor.getValue(), regInfo);
+
+        verify(regListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onServiceRegistered(
+                argThat(info -> matches(info, new NsdServiceInfo(regInfo.getServiceName(), null))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopServiceResolutionWithMdnsDiscoveryManager() {
+        setMdnsDiscoveryManagerEnabled();
+
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        final Network network = new Network(999);
+        final String serviceType = "_nsd._service._tcp";
+        final String constructedServiceType = "_nsd._sub._service._tcp.local";
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceBrowserListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsServiceBrowserListener.class);
+        final NsdServiceInfo request = new NsdServiceInfo(SERVICE_NAME, serviceType);
+        request.setNetwork(network);
+        client.resolveService(request, resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mSocketProvider).startMonitoringSockets();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(eq(constructedServiceType),
+                listenerCaptor.capture(), argThat(options -> network.equals(options.getNetwork())));
+
+        client.stopServiceResolution(resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify the listener has been unregistered.
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .unregisterListener(eq(constructedServiceType), eq(listenerCaptor.getValue()));
+        verify(resolveListener, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).onResolutionStopped(argThat(ns ->
+                request.getServiceName().equals(ns.getServiceName())
+                        && request.getServiceType().equals(ns.getServiceType())));
+        verify(mSocketProvider, timeout(CLEANUP_DELAY_MS + TIMEOUT_MS)).requestStopWhenInactive();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructServiceType() {
+        final String serviceType1 = "test._tcp";
+        final String serviceType2 = "_test._quic";
+        final String serviceType3 = "_123._udp.";
+        final String serviceType4 = "_TEST._999._tcp.";
+
+        assertEquals(null, constructServiceType(serviceType1));
+        assertEquals(null, constructServiceType(serviceType2));
+        assertEquals("_123._udp", constructServiceType(serviceType3));
+        assertEquals("_TEST._sub._999._tcp", constructServiceType(serviceType4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @EnableCompatChanges(ENABLE_PLATFORM_MDNS_BACKEND)
+    public void testEnablePlatformMdnsBackend() {
+        final NsdManager client = connectClient(mService);
+        final NsdServiceInfo regInfo = new NsdServiceInfo("a".repeat(70), SERVICE_TYPE);
+        final Network network = new Network(999);
+        regInfo.setHostAddresses(List.of(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123")));
+        regInfo.setPort(12345);
+        regInfo.setAttribute("testattr", "testvalue");
+        regInfo.setNetwork(network);
+
+        // Verify the registration uses MdnsAdvertiser
+        final RegistrationListener regListener = mock(RegistrationListener.class);
+        client.registerService(regInfo, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, Runnable::run, regListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mSocketProvider).startMonitoringSockets();
+        verify(mAdvertiser).addService(anyInt(), any());
+
+        // Verify the discovery uses MdnsDiscoveryManager
+        final DiscoveryListener discListener = mock(DiscoveryListener.class);
+        client.discoverServices(SERVICE_TYPE, PROTOCOL, network, r -> r.run(), discListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager).registerListener(anyString(), any(), any());
+
+        // Verify the discovery uses MdnsDiscoveryManager
+        final ResolveListener resolveListener = mock(ResolveListener.class);
+        client.resolveService(regInfo, r -> r.run(), resolveListener);
+        waitForIdle();
+        verify(mDiscoveryManager, times(2)).registerListener(anyString(), any(), any());
+    }
+
     private void waitForIdle() {
         HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
 
     NsdService makeService() {
-        final NsdService service = new NsdService(mContext, mHandler, CLEANUP_DELAY_MS) {
+        final NsdService service = new NsdService(mContext, mHandler, CLEANUP_DELAY_MS, mDeps) {
             @Override
-            public INsdServiceConnector connect(INsdManagerCallback baseCb) {
+            public INsdServiceConnector connect(INsdManagerCallback baseCb,
+                    boolean runNewMdnsBackend) {
                 // Wrap the callback in a transparent mock, to mock asBinder returning a
                 // LinkToDeathRecorder. This will allow recording the binder death recipient
                 // registered on the callback. Use a transparent mock and not a spy as the actual
@@ -399,7 +1301,7 @@
                         AdditionalAnswers.delegatesTo(baseCb));
                 doReturn(new LinkToDeathRecorder()).when(cb).asBinder();
                 mCreatedCallbacks.add(cb);
-                return super.connect(cb);
+                return super.connect(cb, runNewMdnsBackend);
             }
         };
         return service;
@@ -410,7 +1312,10 @@
     }
 
     NsdManager connectClient(NsdService service) {
-        return new NsdManager(mContext, service);
+        final NsdManager nsdManager = new NsdManager(mContext, service);
+        // Wait for client registration done.
+        waitForIdle();
+        return nsdManager;
     }
 
     void verifyDelayMaybeStopDaemon(long cleanupDelayMs) throws Exception {
@@ -424,6 +1329,19 @@
         verify(mMockMDnsM, timeout(cleanupDelayMs + TIMEOUT_MS)).stopDaemon();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Return true if two service info are the same.
+     *
+     * Useful for argument matchers as {@link NsdServiceInfo} does not implement equals.
+     */
+    private boolean matches(NsdServiceInfo a, NsdServiceInfo b) {
+        return Objects.equals(a.getServiceName(), b.getServiceName())
+                && Objects.equals(a.getServiceType(), b.getServiceType())
+                && Objects.equals(a.getHost(), b.getHost())
+                && Objects.equals(a.getNetwork(), b.getNetwork())
+                && Objects.equals(a.getAttributes(), b.getAttributes());
+    }
+
     public static class TestHandler extends Handler {
         public Message lastMessage;
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..deb56ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnManagerServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.R;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.ContextUtils.mockService;
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.annotation.UserIdInt;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.Uri;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.security.Credentials;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.VpnProfileStore;
+import com.android.server.net.LockdownVpnTracker;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(R) // VpnManagerService is not available before R
+@SmallTest
+public class VpnManagerServiceTest extends VpnTestBase {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000;
+
+    @Mock Context mContext;
+    @Mock Context mSystemContext;
+    @Mock Context mUserAllContext;
+    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+    @Mock private Vpn mVpn;
+    @Mock private INetworkManagementService mNms;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
+    @Mock private INetd mNetd;
+    @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    @Mock private VpnProfileStore mVpnProfileStore;
+    @Mock private LockdownVpnTracker mLockdownVpnTracker;
+
+    private VpnManagerServiceDependencies mDeps;
+    private VpnManagerService mService;
+    private BroadcastReceiver mUserPresentReceiver;
+    private BroadcastReceiver mIntentReceiver;
+    private final String mNotMyVpnPkg = "com.not.my.vpn";
+
+    class VpnManagerServiceDependencies extends VpnManagerService.Dependencies {
+        @Override
+        public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+            return mHandlerThread;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public INetworkManagementService getINetworkManagementService() {
+            return mNms;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public INetd getNetd() {
+            return mNetd;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Vpn createVpn(Looper looper, Context context, INetworkManagementService nms,
+                INetd netd, @UserIdInt int userId) {
+            return mVpn;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public VpnProfileStore getVpnProfileStore() {
+            return mVpnProfileStore;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public LockdownVpnTracker createLockDownVpnTracker(Context context, Handler handler,
+                Vpn vpn, VpnProfile profile) {
+            return mLockdownVpnTracker;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public @UserIdInt int getMainUserId() {
+            return UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("TestVpnManagerService");
+        mDeps = new VpnManagerServiceDependencies();
+        doReturn(mUserAllContext).when(mContext).createContextAsUser(UserHandle.ALL, 0);
+        doReturn(mSystemContext).when(mContext).createContextAsUser(UserHandle.SYSTEM, 0);
+        doReturn(mPackageManager).when(mContext).getPackageManager();
+        setMockedPackages(mPackageManager, sPackages);
+
+        mockService(mContext, ConnectivityManager.class, Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, mCm);
+        mockService(mContext, UserManager.class, Context.USER_SERVICE, mUserManager);
+        doReturn(SYSTEM_USER).when(mUserManager).getUserInfo(eq(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+
+        mService = new VpnManagerService(mContext, mDeps);
+        mService.systemReady();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> intentReceiverCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BroadcastReceiver.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> userPresentReceiverCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BroadcastReceiver.class);
+        verify(mSystemContext).registerReceiver(
+                userPresentReceiverCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), any());
+        verify(mUserAllContext, times(2)).registerReceiver(
+                intentReceiverCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), any());
+        mUserPresentReceiver = userPresentReceiverCaptor.getValue();
+        mIntentReceiver = intentReceiverCaptor.getValue();
+
+        // Add user to create vpn in mVpn
+        onUserStarted(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+        assertNotNull(mService.mVpns.get(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAppExclusionList() {
+        // Start vpn
+        mService.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        verify(mVpn).startVpnProfile(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+
+        // Remove package due to package replaced.
+        onPackageRemoved(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], true /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn, never()).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // Add package due to package replaced.
+        onPackageAdded(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], true /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn, never()).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // Remove package
+        onPackageRemoved(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], false /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // Add the package back
+        onPackageAdded(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0], false /* isReplacing */);
+        verify(mVpn, times(2)).refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() {
+        assertThrows(
+                SecurityException.class, () -> mService.startVpnProfile(mNotMyVpnPkg));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopVpnProfileFromDiffPackage() {
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> mService.stopVpnProfile(mNotMyVpnPkg));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetProvisionedVpnProfileStateFromDiffPackage() {
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () ->
+                mService.getProvisionedVpnProfileState(mNotMyVpnPkg));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetProvisionedVpnProfileState() {
+        mService.getProvisionedVpnProfileState(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        verify(mVpn).getProvisionedVpnProfileState(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+    }
+
+    private Intent buildIntent(String action, String packageName, int userId, int uid,
+            boolean isReplacing) {
+        final Intent intent = new Intent(action);
+        intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_USER_HANDLE, userId);
+        intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, uid);
+        intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_REPLACING, isReplacing);
+        if (packageName != null) {
+            intent.setData(Uri.fromParts("package" /* scheme */, packageName, null /* fragment */));
+        }
+
+        return intent;
+    }
+
+    private void sendIntent(Intent intent) {
+        sendIntent(mIntentReceiver, mContext, intent);
+    }
+
+    private void sendIntent(BroadcastReceiver receiver, Context context, Intent intent) {
+        final Handler h = mHandlerThread.getThreadHandler();
+
+        // Send in handler thread.
+        h.post(() -> receiver.onReceive(context, intent));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+    }
+
+    private void onUserStarted(int userId) {
+        sendIntent(buildIntent(Intent.ACTION_USER_STARTED,
+                null /* packageName */, userId, -1 /* uid */, false /* isReplacing */));
+    }
+
+    private void onUserUnlocked(int userId) {
+        sendIntent(buildIntent(Intent.ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED,
+                null /* packageName */, userId, -1 /* uid */, false /* isReplacing */));
+    }
+
+    private void onUserStopped(int userId) {
+        sendIntent(buildIntent(Intent.ACTION_USER_STOPPED,
+                null /* packageName */, userId, -1 /* uid */, false /* isReplacing */));
+    }
+
+    private void onLockDownReset() {
+        sendIntent(buildIntent(LockdownVpnTracker.ACTION_LOCKDOWN_RESET, null /* packageName */,
+                UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM, -1 /* uid */, false /* isReplacing */));
+    }
+
+    private void onPackageAdded(String packageName, int userId, int uid, boolean isReplacing) {
+        sendIntent(buildIntent(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED, packageName, userId, uid, isReplacing));
+    }
+
+    private void onPackageAdded(String packageName, int uid, boolean isReplacing) {
+        onPackageAdded(packageName, UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM, uid, isReplacing);
+    }
+
+    private void onPackageRemoved(String packageName, int userId, int uid, boolean isReplacing) {
+        sendIntent(buildIntent(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED, packageName, userId, uid,
+                isReplacing));
+    }
+
+    private void onPackageRemoved(String packageName, int uid, boolean isReplacing) {
+        onPackageRemoved(packageName, UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM, uid, isReplacing);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReceiveIntentFromNonHandlerThread() {
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () ->
+                mIntentReceiver.onReceive(mContext, buildIntent(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED,
+                        PKGS[0], UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM, PKG_UIDS[0], true /* isReplacing */)));
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () ->
+                mUserPresentReceiver.onReceive(mContext, new Intent(Intent.ACTION_USER_PRESENT)));
+    }
+
+    private void setupLockdownVpn(String packageName) {
+        final byte[] profileTag = packageName.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        doReturn(profileTag).when(mVpnProfileStore).get(Credentials.LOCKDOWN_VPN);
+    }
+
+    private void setupVpnProfile(String profileName) {
+        final VpnProfile profile = new VpnProfile(profileName);
+        profile.name = profileName;
+        profile.server = "192.0.2.1";
+        profile.dnsServers = "8.8.8.8";
+        profile.type = VpnProfile.TYPE_IPSEC_XAUTH_PSK;
+        final byte[] encodedProfile = profile.encode();
+        doReturn(encodedProfile).when(mVpnProfileStore).get(Credentials.VPN + profileName);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUserPresent() {
+        // Verify that LockDownVpnTracker is not created.
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker, never()).init();
+
+        setupLockdownVpn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        setupVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        // mUserPresentReceiver only registers ACTION_USER_PRESENT intent and does no verification
+        // on action, so an empty intent is enough.
+        sendIntent(mUserPresentReceiver, mSystemContext, new Intent());
+
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker).init();
+        verify(mSystemContext).unregisterReceiver(mUserPresentReceiver);
+        verify(mUserAllContext, never()).unregisterReceiver(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateLockdownVpn() {
+        setupLockdownVpn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        onUserUnlocked(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+
+        // Will not create lockDownVpnTracker w/o valid profile configured in the keystore
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker, never()).init();
+
+        setupVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        // Remove the user from mVpns
+        onUserStopped(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+        onUserUnlocked(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker, never()).init();
+
+        // Add user back
+        onUserStarted(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker).init();
+
+        // Trigger another update. The existing LockDownVpnTracker should be shut down and
+        // initialize another one.
+        onUserUnlocked(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker).shutdown();
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker, times(2)).init();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownReset() {
+        // Init LockdownVpnTracker
+        setupLockdownVpn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        setupVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        onUserUnlocked(SYSTEM_USER_ID);
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker).init();
+
+        onLockDownReset();
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker).reset();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdownResetWhenLockdownVpnTrackerIsNotInit() {
+        setupLockdownVpn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        setupVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        onLockDownReset();
+
+        // LockDownVpnTracker is not created. Lockdown reset will not take effect.
+        verify(mLockdownVpnTracker, never()).reset();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsVpnLockdownEnabled() {
+        // Vpn is created but the VPN lockdown is not enabled.
+        assertFalse(mService.isVpnLockdownEnabled(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+
+        // Set lockdown for the SYSTEM_USER_ID VPN.
+        doReturn(true).when(mVpn).getLockdown();
+        assertTrue(mService.isVpnLockdownEnabled(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+
+        // Even lockdown is enabled but no Vpn is created for SECONDARY_USER.
+        assertFalse(mService.isVpnLockdownEnabled(SECONDARY_USER.id));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetVpnLockdownAllowlist() {
+        doReturn(null).when(mVpn).getLockdownAllowlist();
+        assertNull(mService.getVpnLockdownAllowlist(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+
+        final List<String> expected = List.of(PKGS);
+        doReturn(expected).when(mVpn).getLockdownAllowlist();
+        assertEquals(expected, mService.getVpnLockdownAllowlist(SYSTEM_USER_ID));
+
+        // Even lockdown is enabled but no Vpn is created for SECONDARY_USER.
+        assertNull(mService.getVpnLockdownAllowlist(SECONDARY_USER.id));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnTestBase.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnTestBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6113872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/VpnTestBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server;
+
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_ADMIN;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
+import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
+
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
+import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/** Common variables or methods shared between VpnTest and VpnManagerServiceTest. */
+public class VpnTestBase {
+    protected static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.testvpn.vpn";
+    /**
+     * Names and UIDs for some fake packages. Important points:
+     *  - UID is ordered increasing.
+     *  - One pair of packages have consecutive UIDs.
+     */
+    protected static final String[] PKGS = {"com.example", "org.example", "net.example", "web.vpn"};
+    protected static final int[] PKG_UIDS = {10066, 10077, 10078, 10400};
+    // Mock packages
+    protected static final Map<String, Integer> sPackages = new ArrayMap<>();
+    static {
+        for (int i = 0; i < PKGS.length; i++) {
+            sPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
+        }
+        sPackages.put(TEST_VPN_PKG, Process.myUid());
+    }
+
+    // Mock users
+    protected static final int SYSTEM_USER_ID = 0;
+    protected static final UserInfo SYSTEM_USER = new UserInfo(0, "system", UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY);
+    protected static final UserInfo PRIMARY_USER = new UserInfo(27, "Primary",
+            FLAG_ADMIN | FLAG_PRIMARY);
+    protected static final UserInfo SECONDARY_USER = new UserInfo(15, "Secondary", FLAG_ADMIN);
+    protected static final UserInfo RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A = new UserInfo(40, "RestrictedA",
+            FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+    protected static final UserInfo RESTRICTED_PROFILE_B = new UserInfo(42, "RestrictedB",
+            FLAG_RESTRICTED);
+    protected static final UserInfo MANAGED_PROFILE_A = new UserInfo(45, "ManagedA",
+            FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE);
+    static {
+        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A.restrictedProfileParentId = PRIMARY_USER.id;
+        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_B.restrictedProfileParentId = SECONDARY_USER.id;
+        MANAGED_PROFILE_A.profileGroupId = PRIMARY_USER.id;
+    }
+
+    // Populate a fake packageName-to-UID mapping.
+    protected void setMockedPackages(PackageManager mockPm, final Map<String, Integer> packages) {
+        try {
+            doAnswer(invocation -> {
+                final String appName = (String) invocation.getArguments()[0];
+                final int userId = (int) invocation.getArguments()[1];
+
+                final Integer appId = packages.get(appName);
+                if (appId == null) {
+                    throw new PackageManager.NameNotFoundException(appName);
+                }
+
+                return UserHandle.getUid(userId, appId);
+            }).when(mockPm).getPackageUidAsUser(anyString(), anyInt());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected List<Integer> toList(int[] arr) {
+        return Arrays.stream(arr).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2d7aaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity
+
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+class ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesTest {
+    private val mResource = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getResources()
+    private val bandwidthCapability = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().apply {
+        addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+    }.build()
+    private val latencyCapability = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().apply {
+        addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+    }.build()
+    private val emptyCapability = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build()
+    private val bothCapabilities = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().apply {
+        addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH)
+        addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY)
+    }.build()
+
+    @Test
+    fun parseXmlWithWrongTag_shouldIgnoreWrongTag() {
+        val parser = mResource.getXml(
+            R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_wrong_tag
+        )
+        val selfDeclaredCaps = ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.createFromXml(parser)
+        selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(latencyCapability)
+        selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(bandwidthCapability)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun parseXmlWithWrongDeclaration_shouldThrowException() {
+        val parser = mResource.getXml(
+            R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_wrong_declaration
+        )
+        val exception = assertFailsWith<InvalidTagException> {
+            ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.createFromXml(parser)
+        }
+        assertThat(exception.message).contains("network-capabilities-declaration1")
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun checkIfSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared_shouldThrowExceptionWhenNoDeclaration() {
+        val parser = mResource.getXml(R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_other)
+        val selfDeclaredCaps = ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.createFromXml(parser)
+        val exception1 = assertFailsWith<SecurityException> {
+            selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(latencyCapability)
+        }
+        assertThat(exception1.message).contains(
+            ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.PRIORITIZE_LATENCY
+        )
+        val exception2 = assertFailsWith<SecurityException> {
+            selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(bandwidthCapability)
+        }
+        assertThat(exception2.message).contains(
+            ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun checkIfSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared_shouldPassIfDeclarationExist() {
+        val parser = mResource.getXml(R.xml.self_certified_capabilities_both)
+        val selfDeclaredCaps = ApplicationSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilities.createFromXml(parser)
+        selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(latencyCapability)
+        selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(bandwidthCapability)
+        selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(bothCapabilities)
+        selfDeclaredCaps.enforceSelfCertifiedNetworkCapabilitiesDeclared(emptyCapability)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e0435d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.longThat;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.app.AlarmManager;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.INetd;
+import android.net.ISocketKeepaliveCallback;
+import android.net.KeepalivePacketData;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.MarkMaskParcel;
+import android.net.NattKeepalivePacketData;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.os.IBinder;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.Message;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.KeepaliveTracker.KeepaliveInfo;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+
+import libcore.util.HexEncoding;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+public class AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest {
+    private static final String TAG = AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTrackerTest.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final int TEST_NETID = 0xA85;
+    private static final int TEST_NETID_FWMARK = 0x0A85;
+    private static final int OTHER_NETID = 0x1A85;
+    private static final int NETID_MASK = 0xffff;
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+    private static final int MOCK_RESOURCE_ID = 5;
+    private static final int TEST_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_SEC = 10;
+    private AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker mAOOKeepaliveTracker;
+    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
+
+    @Mock INetd mNetd;
+    @Mock AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.Dependencies mDependencies;
+    @Mock Context mCtx;
+    @Mock AlarmManager mAlarmManager;
+    TestKeepaliveTracker mKeepaliveTracker;
+    AOOTestHandler mTestHandler;
+
+    // Hexadecimal representation of a SOCK_DIAG response with tcp info.
+    private static final String SOCK_DIAG_TCP_INET_HEX =
+            // struct nlmsghdr.
+            "14010000" +        // length = 276
+            "1400" +            // type = SOCK_DIAG_BY_FAMILY
+            "0301" +            // flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_DUMP
+            "00000000" +        // seqno
+            "00000000" +        // pid (0 == kernel)
+            // struct inet_diag_req_v2
+            "02" +              // family = AF_INET
+            "06" +              // state
+            "00" +              // timer
+            "00" +              // retrans
+            // inet_diag_sockid
+            "DEA5" +            // idiag_sport = 42462
+            "71B9" +            // idiag_dport = 47473
+            "0a006402000000000000000000000000" + // idiag_src = 10.0.100.2
+            "08080808000000000000000000000000" + // idiag_dst = 8.8.8.8
+            "00000000" +            // idiag_if
+            "34ED000076270000" +    // idiag_cookie = 43387759684916
+            "00000000" +            // idiag_expires
+            "00000000" +            // idiag_rqueue
+            "00000000" +            // idiag_wqueue
+            "00000000" +            // idiag_uid
+            "00000000" +            // idiag_inode
+            // rtattr
+            "0500" +            // len = 5
+            "0800" +            // type = 8
+            "00000000" +        // data
+            "0800" +            // len = 8
+            "0F00" +            // type = 15(INET_DIAG_MARK)
+            "850A0C00" +        // data, socket mark=789125
+            "AC00" +            // len = 172
+            "0200" +            // type = 2(INET_DIAG_INFO)
+            // tcp_info
+            "01" +              // state = TCP_ESTABLISHED
+            "00" +              // ca_state = TCP_CA_OPEN
+            "05" +              // retransmits = 5
+            "00" +              // probes = 0
+            "00" +              // backoff = 0
+            "07" +              // option = TCPI_OPT_WSCALE|TCPI_OPT_SACK|TCPI_OPT_TIMESTAMPS
+            "88" +              // wscale = 8
+            "00" +              // delivery_rate_app_limited = 0
+            "4A911B00" +        // rto = 1806666
+            "00000000" +        // ato = 0
+            "2E050000" +        // sndMss = 1326
+            "18020000" +        // rcvMss = 536
+            "00000000" +        // unsacked = 0
+            "00000000" +        // acked = 0
+            "00000000" +        // lost = 0
+            "00000000" +        // retrans = 0
+            "00000000" +        // fackets = 0
+            "BB000000" +        // lastDataSent = 187
+            "00000000" +        // lastAckSent = 0
+            "BB000000" +        // lastDataRecv = 187
+            "BB000000" +        // lastDataAckRecv = 187
+            "DC050000" +        // pmtu = 1500
+            "30560100" +        // rcvSsthresh = 87600
+            "3E2C0900" +        // rttt = 601150
+            "1F960400" +        // rttvar = 300575
+            "78050000" +        // sndSsthresh = 1400
+            "0A000000" +        // sndCwnd = 10
+            "A8050000" +        // advmss = 1448
+            "03000000" +        // reordering = 3
+            "00000000" +        // rcvrtt = 0
+            "30560100" +        // rcvspace = 87600
+            "00000000" +        // totalRetrans = 0
+            "53AC000000000000" +    // pacingRate = 44115
+            "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF" +    // maxPacingRate = 18446744073709551615
+            "0100000000000000" +    // bytesAcked = 1
+            "0000000000000000" +    // bytesReceived = 0
+            "0A000000" +        // SegsOut = 10
+            "00000000" +        // SegsIn = 0
+            "00000000" +        // NotSentBytes = 0
+            "3E2C0900" +        // minRtt = 601150
+            "00000000" +        // DataSegsIn = 0
+            "00000000" +        // DataSegsOut = 0
+            "0000000000000000"; // deliverRate = 0
+    private static final String SOCK_DIAG_NO_TCP_INET_HEX =
+            // struct nlmsghdr
+            "14000000"     // length = 20
+            + "0300"         // type = NLMSG_DONE
+            + "0301"         // flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_DUMP
+            + "00000000"     // seqno
+            + "00000000"     // pid (0 == kernel)
+            // struct inet_diag_req_v2
+            + "02"           // family = AF_INET
+            + "06"           // state
+            + "00"           // timer
+            + "00";          // retrans
+    private static final byte[] SOCK_DIAG_NO_TCP_INET_BYTES =
+            HexEncoding.decode(SOCK_DIAG_NO_TCP_INET_HEX.toCharArray(), false);
+    private static final String TEST_RESPONSE_HEX =
+            SOCK_DIAG_TCP_INET_HEX + SOCK_DIAG_NO_TCP_INET_HEX;
+    private static final byte[] TEST_RESPONSE_BYTES =
+            HexEncoding.decode(TEST_RESPONSE_HEX.toCharArray(), false);
+
+    private class TestKeepaliveTracker extends KeepaliveTracker {
+        private KeepaliveInfo mKi;
+
+        TestKeepaliveTracker(@NonNull final Context context, @NonNull final Handler handler) {
+            super(context, handler);
+        }
+
+        public void setReturnedKeepaliveInfo(@NonNull final KeepaliveInfo ki) {
+            mKi = ki;
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        @Override
+        public KeepaliveInfo makeNattKeepaliveInfo(@Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo nai,
+                @Nullable final FileDescriptor fd, final int intervalSeconds,
+                @NonNull final ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb, @NonNull final String srcAddrString,
+                final int srcPort,
+                @NonNull final String dstAddrString, final int dstPort) {
+            if (null == mKi) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Must call setReturnedKeepaliveInfo");
+            }
+            return mKi;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        doReturn(PERMISSION_GRANTED).when(mCtx).checkPermission(any() /* permission */,
+                anyInt() /* pid */, anyInt() /* uid */);
+        ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mCtx);
+        final Resources mockResources = mock(Resources.class);
+        doReturn(new String[] { "0,3", "3,3" }).when(mockResources)
+                .getStringArray(R.array.config_networkSupportedKeepaliveCount);
+        doReturn(mockResources).when(mCtx).getResources();
+        doReturn(mNetd).when(mDependencies).getNetd();
+        doReturn(mAlarmManager).when(mDependencies).getAlarmManager(any());
+        doReturn(makeMarkMaskParcel(NETID_MASK, TEST_NETID_FWMARK)).when(mNetd)
+                .getFwmarkForNetwork(TEST_NETID);
+
+        doNothing().when(mDependencies).sendRequest(any(), any());
+
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("KeepaliveTrackerTest");
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+        mTestHandler = new AOOTestHandler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
+        mKeepaliveTracker = new TestKeepaliveTracker(mCtx, mTestHandler);
+        doReturn(mKeepaliveTracker).when(mDependencies).newKeepaliveTracker(mCtx, mTestHandler);
+        doReturn(true).when(mDependencies).isFeatureEnabled(any(), anyBoolean());
+        mAOOKeepaliveTracker =
+                new AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker(mCtx, mTestHandler, mDependencies);
+    }
+
+    private final class AOOTestHandler extends Handler {
+        public AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.AutomaticOnOffKeepalive mLastAutoKi = null;
+
+        AOOTestHandler(@NonNull final Looper looper) {
+            super(looper);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void handleMessage(@NonNull final Message msg) {
+            switch (msg.what) {
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE:
+                    Log.d(TAG, "Test handler received CMD_REQUEST_START_KEEPALIVE : " + msg);
+                    mAOOKeepaliveTracker.handleStartKeepalive(msg);
+                    break;
+                case AutomaticOnOffKeepaliveTracker.CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE:
+                    Log.d(TAG, "Test handler received CMD_MONITOR_AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE : " + msg);
+                    mLastAutoKi = mAOOKeepaliveTracker.getKeepaliveForBinder((IBinder) msg.obj);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_runOnNonHandlerThread() throws Exception {
+        setupResponseWithSocketExisting();
+        assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_withTargetNetId() throws Exception {
+        setupResponseWithSocketExisting();
+        mTestHandler.post(
+                () -> assertTrue(mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_withIncorrectNetId() throws Exception {
+        setupResponseWithSocketExisting();
+        mTestHandler.post(
+                () -> assertFalse(mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(OTHER_NETID)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsAnyTcpSocketConnected_noSocketExists() throws Exception {
+        setupResponseWithoutSocketExisting();
+        mTestHandler.post(
+                () -> assertFalse(mAOOKeepaliveTracker.isAnyTcpSocketConnected(TEST_NETID)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAlarm() throws Exception {
+        final InetAddress srcAddress = InetAddress.getByAddress(
+                new byte[] { (byte) 192, 0, 0, (byte) 129 });
+        final int srcPort = 12345;
+        final InetAddress dstAddress = InetAddress.getByAddress(new byte[] { 8, 8, 8, 8});
+        final int dstPort = 12345;
+
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = mock(NetworkAgentInfo.class);
+        nai.networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR).build();
+        nai.networkInfo = new NetworkInfo(TYPE_MOBILE, 0 /* subtype */, "LTE", "LTE");
+        nai.networkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED, "test reason",
+                "test extra info");
+        nai.linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
+        nai.linkProperties.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(srcAddress, 24));
+
+        final Socket socket = new Socket();
+        socket.bind(null);
+        final FileDescriptor fd = socket.getFileDescriptor$();
+        final IBinder binder = new Binder();
+        final ISocketKeepaliveCallback cb = mock(ISocketKeepaliveCallback.class);
+        doReturn(binder).when(cb).asBinder();
+        final Network underpinnedNetwork = mock(Network.class);
+
+        final KeepalivePacketData kpd = new NattKeepalivePacketData(srcAddress, srcPort,
+                dstAddress, dstPort, new byte[] {1});
+        final KeepaliveInfo ki = mKeepaliveTracker.new KeepaliveInfo(cb, nai, kpd,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_SEC, KeepaliveInfo.TYPE_NATT, fd);
+        mKeepaliveTracker.setReturnedKeepaliveInfo(ki);
+
+        // Mock elapsed real time to verify the alarm timer.
+        final long time = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        doReturn(time).when(mDependencies).getElapsedRealtime();
+
+        mAOOKeepaliveTracker.startNattKeepalive(nai, fd, 10 /* intervalSeconds */, cb,
+                srcAddress.toString(), srcPort, dstAddress.toString(), dstPort,
+                true /* automaticOnOffKeepalives */, underpinnedNetwork);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mTestHandler, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<AlarmManager.OnAlarmListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(AlarmManager.OnAlarmListener.class);
+        // The alarm timer should be smaller than the keepalive delay. Verify the alarm trigger time
+        // is higher than base time but smaller than the keepalive delay.
+        verify(mAlarmManager).setExact(eq(AlarmManager.ELAPSED_REALTIME),
+                longThat(t -> t > time + 1000L && t < time + TEST_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_SEC * 1000L),
+                any() /* tag */, listenerCaptor.capture(), eq(mTestHandler));
+        final AlarmManager.OnAlarmListener listener = listenerCaptor.getValue();
+
+        // For realism, the listener should be posted on the handler
+        mTestHandler.post(() -> listener.onAlarm());
+        // Wait for the listener to be called. The listener enqueues a message to the handler.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mTestHandler, TIMEOUT_MS);
+        // Wait for the message posted by the listener to be processed.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mTestHandler, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        assertNotNull(mTestHandler.mLastAutoKi);
+        assertEquals(cb, mTestHandler.mLastAutoKi.getCallback());
+        assertEquals(underpinnedNetwork, mTestHandler.mLastAutoKi.getUnderpinnedNetwork());
+        socket.close();
+    }
+
+    private void setupResponseWithSocketExisting() throws Exception {
+        final ByteBuffer tcpBufferV6 = getByteBuffer(TEST_RESPONSE_BYTES);
+        final ByteBuffer tcpBufferV4 = getByteBuffer(TEST_RESPONSE_BYTES);
+        doReturn(tcpBufferV6, tcpBufferV4).when(mDependencies).recvSockDiagResponse(any());
+    }
+
+    private void setupResponseWithoutSocketExisting() throws Exception {
+        final ByteBuffer tcpBufferV6 = getByteBuffer(SOCK_DIAG_NO_TCP_INET_BYTES);
+        final ByteBuffer tcpBufferV4 = getByteBuffer(SOCK_DIAG_NO_TCP_INET_BYTES);
+        doReturn(tcpBufferV6, tcpBufferV4).when(mDependencies).recvSockDiagResponse(any());
+    }
+
+    private MarkMaskParcel makeMarkMaskParcel(final int mask, final int mark) {
+        final MarkMaskParcel parcel = new MarkMaskParcel();
+        parcel.mask = mask;
+        parcel.mark = mark;
+        return parcel;
+    }
+
+    private ByteBuffer getByteBuffer(final byte[] bytes) {
+        final ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
+        buffer.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        return buffer;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest.java
index 157507b..3849e49 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest.java
@@ -20,18 +20,17 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 import static android.telephony.TelephonyManager.ACTION_MULTI_SIM_CONFIG_CHANGED;
 
-import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
-
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
@@ -40,14 +39,15 @@
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
-import android.net.NetworkRequest;
-import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.TelephonyManagerShimImpl;
-import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.TelephonyManagerShim;
+import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim;
 import com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.UnsupportedApiLevelException;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 
 import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
  * Tests for CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest.
  *
  * Build, install and run with:
- *  runtest frameworks-net -c com.android.server.connectivity.CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest
+ *  atest FrameworksNetTests:CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest
  */
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class CarrierPrivilegeAuthenticatorTest {
     private static final int SUBSCRIPTION_COUNT = 2;
     private static final int TEST_SUBSCRIPTION_ID = 1;
@@ -107,8 +107,7 @@
         doReturn(mPackageManager).when(mContext).getPackageManager();
         final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
         applicationInfo.uid = mCarrierConfigPkgUid;
-        doReturn(applicationInfo).when(mPackageManager)
-                .getApplicationInfo(eq(mTestPkg), anyInt());
+        doReturn(applicationInfo).when(mPackageManager).getApplicationInfo(eq(mTestPkg), anyInt());
         mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator =
                 new TestCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator(mContext, mTelephonyManager);
     }
@@ -119,21 +118,23 @@
         return captor.getValue();
     }
 
-    private List<TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim>
-            getCarrierPrivilegesListeners() {
-        final ArgumentCaptor<TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> captor =
-                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim.class);
+    private Map<Integer, CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> getCarrierPrivilegesListeners() {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Integer> slotCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Integer.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim.class);
         try {
-            verify(mTelephonyManagerShim, atLeastOnce())
-                    .addCarrierPrivilegesListener(anyInt(), any(), captor.capture());
+            verify(mTelephonyManagerShim, atLeastOnce()).addCarrierPrivilegesListener(
+                    slotCaptor.capture(), any(), listenerCaptor.capture());
         } catch (UnsupportedApiLevelException e) {
         }
-        return captor.getAllValues();
+        final Map<Integer, CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> result =
+                CollectionUtils.assoc(slotCaptor.getAllValues(), listenerCaptor.getAllValues());
+        clearInvocations(mTelephonyManagerShim);
+        return result;
     }
 
     private Intent buildTestMultiSimConfigBroadcastIntent() {
-        final Intent intent = new Intent(ACTION_MULTI_SIM_CONFIG_CHANGED);
-        return intent;
+        return new Intent(ACTION_MULTI_SIM_CONFIG_CHANGED);
     }
     @Test
     public void testConstructor() throws Exception {
@@ -146,99 +147,96 @@
         assertEquals(1, filter.countActions());
         assertTrue(filter.hasAction(ACTION_MULTI_SIM_CONFIG_CHANGED));
 
-        verify(mTelephonyManagerShim, times(2))
-                .addCarrierPrivilegesListener(anyInt(), any(), any());
-        verify(mTelephonyManagerShim)
-                .addCarrierPrivilegesListener(eq(0), any(), any());
-        verify(mTelephonyManagerShim)
-                .addCarrierPrivilegesListener(eq(1), any(), any());
-        assertEquals(2, getCarrierPrivilegesListeners().size());
+        // Two listeners originally registered, one for slot 0 and one for slot 1
+        final Map<Integer, CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> initialListeners =
+                getCarrierPrivilegesListeners();
+        assertNotNull(initialListeners.get(0));
+        assertNotNull(initialListeners.get(1));
+        assertEquals(2, initialListeners.size());
 
-        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier telephonyNetworkSpecifier =
-                new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0);
-        final NetworkRequest.Builder networkRequestBuilder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
-        networkRequestBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        networkRequestBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(telephonyNetworkSpecifier);
+        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder ncBuilder = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0));
 
         assertTrue(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, ncBuilder.build()));
         assertFalse(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid + 1, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid + 1, ncBuilder.build()));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testMultiSimConfigChanged() throws Exception {
-        doReturn(1).when(mTelephonyManager).getActiveModemCount();
-        final List<TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> carrierPrivilegesListeners =
+        // Two listeners originally registered, one for slot 0 and one for slot 1
+        final Map<Integer, CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> initialListeners =
                 getCarrierPrivilegesListeners();
+        assertNotNull(initialListeners.get(0));
+        assertNotNull(initialListeners.get(1));
+        assertEquals(2, initialListeners.size());
 
+        doReturn(1).when(mTelephonyManager).getActiveModemCount();
         mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.onReceive(
                 mContext, buildTestMultiSimConfigBroadcastIntent());
-        for (TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim carrierPrivilegesListener
-                : carrierPrivilegesListeners) {
-            verify(mTelephonyManagerShim)
-                    .removeCarrierPrivilegesListener(eq(carrierPrivilegesListener));
+        // Check all listeners have been removed
+        for (CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim listener : initialListeners.values()) {
+            verify(mTelephonyManagerShim).removeCarrierPrivilegesListener(eq(listener));
         }
 
         // Expect a new CarrierPrivilegesListener to have been registered for slot 0, and none other
-        // (2 previously registered during startup, for slots 0 & 1)
-        verify(mTelephonyManagerShim, times(3))
-                .addCarrierPrivilegesListener(anyInt(), any(), any());
-        verify(mTelephonyManagerShim, times(2))
-                .addCarrierPrivilegesListener(eq(0), any(), any());
+        final Map<Integer, CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim> newListeners =
+                getCarrierPrivilegesListeners();
+        assertNotNull(newListeners.get(0));
+        assertEquals(1, newListeners.size());
 
-        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier telephonyNetworkSpecifier =
-                new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0);
-        final NetworkRequest.Builder networkRequestBuilder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
-        networkRequestBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        networkRequestBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(telephonyNetworkSpecifier);
+        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier specifier = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0);
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+                .build();
         assertTrue(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, nc));
         assertFalse(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid + 1, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid + 1, nc));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testOnCarrierPrivilegesChanged() throws Exception {
-        final TelephonyManagerShim.CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim listener =
-                getCarrierPrivilegesListeners().get(0);
+        final CarrierPrivilegesListenerShim listener = getCarrierPrivilegesListeners().get(0);
 
-        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier telephonyNetworkSpecifier =
-                new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0);
-        final NetworkRequest.Builder networkRequestBuilder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
-        networkRequestBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        networkRequestBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(telephonyNetworkSpecifier);
+        final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier specifier = new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0);
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
+                .build();
 
         final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
         applicationInfo.uid = mCarrierConfigPkgUid + 1;
-        doReturn(applicationInfo).when(mPackageManager)
-                .getApplicationInfo(eq(mTestPkg), anyInt());
+        doReturn(applicationInfo).when(mPackageManager).getApplicationInfo(eq(mTestPkg), anyInt());
         listener.onCarrierPrivilegesChanged(Collections.emptyList(), new int[] {});
 
         assertFalse(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, nc));
         assertTrue(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid + 1, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid + 1, nc));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testDefaultSubscription() throws Exception {
-        final NetworkRequest.Builder networkRequestBuilder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
-        networkRequestBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        final NetworkCapabilities.Builder ncBuilder = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder();
+        ncBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         assertFalse(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, ncBuilder.build()));
 
-        networkRequestBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0));
+        ncBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0));
         assertTrue(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, ncBuilder.build()));
 
-        // The builder for NetworkRequest doesn't allow removing the transport as long as a
+        // The builder for NetworkCapabilities doesn't allow removing the transport as long as a
         // specifier is set, so unset it first. TODO : fix the builder
-        networkRequestBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier((NetworkSpecifier) null);
-        networkRequestBuilder.removeTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        networkRequestBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        networkRequestBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0));
+        ncBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(null);
+        ncBuilder.removeTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        ncBuilder.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        ncBuilder.setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier(0));
         assertFalse(mCarrierPrivilegeAuthenticator.hasCarrierPrivilegeForNetworkCapabilities(
-                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, networkRequestBuilder.build().networkCapabilities));
+                mCarrierConfigPkgUid, ncBuilder.build()));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java
index 7c18ecb..4158663 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6;
 
 import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_MTU;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.ClatCoordinator.AID_CLAT;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.ClatCoordinator.CLAT_MAX_MTU;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.ClatCoordinator.EGRESS;
 import static com.android.server.connectivity.ClatCoordinator.INGRESS;
@@ -30,12 +31,16 @@
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.net.INetd;
@@ -46,13 +51,17 @@
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.ClatEgress4Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.ClatEgress4Value;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.ClatIngress6Key;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.ClatIngress6Value;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.TestBpfMap;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -64,6 +73,7 @@
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.util.Objects;
@@ -101,12 +111,12 @@
     private static final int RAW_SOCK_FD = 535;
     private static final int PACKET_SOCK_FD = 536;
     private static final long RAW_SOCK_COOKIE = 27149;
-    private static final ParcelFileDescriptor TUN_PFD = new ParcelFileDescriptor(
-            new FileDescriptor());
-    private static final ParcelFileDescriptor RAW_SOCK_PFD = new ParcelFileDescriptor(
-            new FileDescriptor());
-    private static final ParcelFileDescriptor PACKET_SOCK_PFD = new ParcelFileDescriptor(
-            new FileDescriptor());
+    private static final ParcelFileDescriptor TUN_PFD = spy(new ParcelFileDescriptor(
+            new FileDescriptor()));
+    private static final ParcelFileDescriptor RAW_SOCK_PFD = spy(new ParcelFileDescriptor(
+            new FileDescriptor()));
+    private static final ParcelFileDescriptor PACKET_SOCK_PFD = spy(new ParcelFileDescriptor(
+            new FileDescriptor()));
 
     private static final String EGRESS_PROG_PATH =
             "/sys/fs/bpf/net_shared/prog_clatd_schedcls_egress4_clat_rawip";
@@ -120,11 +130,19 @@
             INET6_PFX96, INET6_LOCAL6);
     private static final ClatIngress6Value INGRESS_VALUE = new ClatIngress6Value(STACKED_IFINDEX,
             INET4_LOCAL4);
+    private static final CookieTagMapKey COOKIE_TAG_KEY = new CookieTagMapKey(RAW_SOCK_COOKIE);
+    private static final CookieTagMapValue COOKIE_TAG_VALUE = new CookieTagMapValue(AID_CLAT,
+            0 /* tag, unused */);
+
+    private final TestBpfMap<ClatIngress6Key, ClatIngress6Value> mIngressMap =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(ClatIngress6Key.class, ClatIngress6Value.class));
+    private final TestBpfMap<ClatEgress4Key, ClatEgress4Value> mEgressMap =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(ClatEgress4Key.class, ClatEgress4Value.class));
+    private final TestBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> mCookieTagMap =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(CookieTagMapKey.class, CookieTagMapValue.class));
 
     @Mock private INetd mNetd;
     @Spy private TestDependencies mDeps = new TestDependencies();
-    @Mock private IBpfMap<ClatIngress6Key, ClatIngress6Value> mIngressMap;
-    @Mock private IBpfMap<ClatEgress4Key, ClatEgress4Value> mEgressMap;
 
     /**
       * The dependency injection class is used to mock the JNI functions and system functions
@@ -202,12 +220,12 @@
          */
         @Override
         public String generateIpv6Address(@NonNull String iface, @NonNull String v4,
-                @NonNull String prefix64) throws IOException {
+                @NonNull String prefix64, int mark) throws IOException {
             if (BASE_IFACE.equals(iface) && XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR_STRING.equals(v4)
-                    && NAT64_PREFIX_STRING.equals(prefix64)) {
+                    && NAT64_PREFIX_STRING.equals(prefix64) && MARK == mark) {
                 return XLAT_LOCAL_IPV6ADDR_STRING;
             }
-            fail("unsupported args: " + iface + ", " + v4 + ", " + prefix64);
+            fail("unsupported args: " + iface + ", " + v4 + ", " + prefix64 + ", " + mark);
             return null;
         }
 
@@ -295,33 +313,17 @@
          * Stop clatd.
          */
         @Override
-        public void stopClatd(@NonNull String iface, @NonNull String pfx96, @NonNull String v4,
-                @NonNull String v6, int pid) throws IOException {
+        public void stopClatd(int pid) throws IOException {
             if (pid == -1) {
                 fail("unsupported arg: " + pid);
             }
         }
 
         /**
-         * Tag socket as clat.
+         * Get socket cookie.
          */
-        @Override
-        public long tagSocketAsClat(@NonNull FileDescriptor sock) throws IOException {
-            if (Objects.equals(RAW_SOCK_PFD.getFileDescriptor(), sock)) {
-                return RAW_SOCK_COOKIE;
-            }
-            fail("unsupported arg: " + sock);
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Untag socket.
-         */
-        @Override
-        public void untagSocket(long cookie) throws IOException {
-            if (cookie != RAW_SOCK_COOKIE) {
-                fail("unsupported arg: " + cookie);
-            }
+        public long getSocketCookie(@NonNull FileDescriptor sock) throws IOException {
+            return RAW_SOCK_COOKIE;
         }
 
         /** Get ingress6 BPF map. */
@@ -336,6 +338,12 @@
             return mEgressMap;
         }
 
+        /** Get cookie tag map */
+        @Override
+        public IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> getBpfCookieTagMap() {
+            return mCookieTagMap;
+        }
+
         /** Checks if the network interface uses an ethernet L2 header. */
         public boolean isEthernet(String iface) throws IOException {
             if (BASE_IFACE.equals(iface)) return true;
@@ -390,8 +398,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testStartStopClatd() throws Exception {
         final ClatCoordinator coordinator = makeClatCoordinator();
-        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNetd, mDeps, mIngressMap, mEgressMap);
-        clearInvocations(mNetd, mDeps, mIngressMap, mEgressMap);
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mNetd, mDeps, mIngressMap, mEgressMap, mCookieTagMap);
+        clearInvocations(mNetd, mDeps, mIngressMap, mEgressMap, mCookieTagMap);
 
         // [1] Start clatd.
         final String addr6For464xlat = coordinator.clatStart(BASE_IFACE, NETID, NAT64_IP_PREFIX);
@@ -408,7 +416,7 @@
 
         // Generate a checksum-neutral IID.
         inOrder.verify(mDeps).generateIpv6Address(eq(BASE_IFACE),
-                eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR_STRING), eq(NAT64_PREFIX_STRING));
+                eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR_STRING), eq(NAT64_PREFIX_STRING), eq(MARK));
 
         // Open, configure and bring up the tun interface.
         inOrder.verify(mDeps).createTunInterface(eq(STACKED_IFACE));
@@ -434,8 +442,9 @@
         inOrder.verify(mDeps).addAnycastSetsockopt(
                 argThat(fd -> Objects.equals(RAW_SOCK_PFD.getFileDescriptor(), fd)),
                 eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV6ADDR_STRING), eq(BASE_IFINDEX));
-        inOrder.verify(mDeps).tagSocketAsClat(
+        inOrder.verify(mDeps).getSocketCookie(
                 argThat(fd -> Objects.equals(RAW_SOCK_PFD.getFileDescriptor(), fd)));
+        inOrder.verify(mCookieTagMap).insertEntry(eq(COOKIE_TAG_KEY), eq(COOKIE_TAG_VALUE));
         inOrder.verify(mDeps).configurePacketSocket(
                 argThat(fd -> Objects.equals(PACKET_SOCK_PFD.getFileDescriptor(), fd)),
                 eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV6ADDR_STRING), eq(BASE_IFINDEX));
@@ -469,9 +478,8 @@
                 eq((short) PRIO_CLAT), eq((short) ETH_P_IP));
         inOrder.verify(mEgressMap).deleteEntry(eq(EGRESS_KEY));
         inOrder.verify(mIngressMap).deleteEntry(eq(INGRESS_KEY));
-        inOrder.verify(mDeps).stopClatd(eq(BASE_IFACE), eq(NAT64_PREFIX_STRING),
-                eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV4ADDR_STRING), eq(XLAT_LOCAL_IPV6ADDR_STRING), eq(CLATD_PID));
-        inOrder.verify(mDeps).untagSocket(eq(RAW_SOCK_COOKIE));
+        inOrder.verify(mDeps).stopClatd(eq(CLATD_PID));
+        inOrder.verify(mCookieTagMap).deleteEntry(eq(COOKIE_TAG_KEY));
         assertNull(coordinator.getClatdTrackerForTesting());
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
 
@@ -505,4 +513,227 @@
         // Expected mtu is that CLAT_MAX_MTU(65536) minus MTU_DELTA(28).
         assertEquals(65508, ClatCoordinator.adjustMtu(CLAT_MAX_MTU + 1 /* over maximum mtu */));
     }
+
+    private void verifyDump(final ClatCoordinator coordinator, boolean clatStarted) {
+        final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+        final IndentingPrintWriter ipw = new IndentingPrintWriter(stringWriter, " ");
+        coordinator.dump(ipw);
+
+        final String[] dumpStrings = stringWriter.toString().split("\n");
+        if (clatStarted) {
+            assertEquals(6, dumpStrings.length);
+            assertEquals("CLAT tracker: iface: test0 (1000), v4iface: v4-test0 (1001), "
+                    + "v4: /192.0.0.46, v6: /2001:db8:0:b11::464, pfx96: /64:ff9b::, "
+                    + "pid: 10483, cookie: 27149", dumpStrings[0].trim());
+            assertEquals("Forwarding rules:", dumpStrings[1].trim());
+            assertEquals("BPF ingress map: iif nat64Prefix v6Addr -> v4Addr oif",
+                    dumpStrings[2].trim());
+            assertEquals("1000 /64:ff9b::/96 /2001:db8:0:b11::464 -> /192.0.0.46 1001",
+                    dumpStrings[3].trim());
+            assertEquals("BPF egress map: iif v4Addr -> v6Addr nat64Prefix oif",
+                    dumpStrings[4].trim());
+            assertEquals("1001 /192.0.0.46 -> /2001:db8:0:b11::464 /64:ff9b::/96 1000 ether",
+                    dumpStrings[5].trim());
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(1, dumpStrings.length);
+            assertEquals("<not started>", dumpStrings[0].trim());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDump() throws Exception {
+        final ClatCoordinator coordinator = makeClatCoordinator();
+        verifyDump(coordinator, false /* clatStarted */);
+        coordinator.clatStart(BASE_IFACE, NETID, NAT64_IP_PREFIX);
+        verifyDump(coordinator, true /* clatStarted */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithInvalidPrefix() throws Exception {
+        final ClatCoordinator coordinator = makeClatCoordinator();
+        final IpPrefix invalidPrefix = new IpPrefix("2001:db8::/64");
+        assertThrows(IOException.class,
+                () -> coordinator.clatStart(BASE_IFACE, NETID, invalidPrefix));
+    }
+
+    private void checkNotStartClat(final TestDependencies deps, final boolean needToCloseTunFd,
+            final boolean needToClosePacketSockFd, final boolean needToCloseRawSockFd)
+            throws Exception {
+        clearInvocations(TUN_PFD, RAW_SOCK_PFD, PACKET_SOCK_PFD);
+
+        // [1] Expect that modified TestDependencies can't start clatd.
+        // Expect that the injection function of TestDependencies causes clatStart() failed.
+        final ClatCoordinator coordinatorWithBrokenDeps = new ClatCoordinator(deps);
+        assertThrows(IOException.class,
+                () -> coordinatorWithBrokenDeps.clatStart(BASE_IFACE, NETID, NAT64_IP_PREFIX));
+
+        // Use precise check to make sure that there is no unexpected file descriptor closing.
+        if (needToCloseTunFd) {
+            verify(TUN_PFD).close();
+        } else {
+            verify(TUN_PFD, never()).close();
+        }
+        if (needToClosePacketSockFd) {
+            verify(PACKET_SOCK_PFD).close();
+        } else {
+            verify(PACKET_SOCK_PFD, never()).close();
+        }
+        if (needToCloseRawSockFd) {
+            verify(RAW_SOCK_PFD).close();
+        } else {
+            verify(RAW_SOCK_PFD, never()).close();
+        }
+
+        // Check that dump doesn't crash after any clat starting failure.
+        verifyDump(coordinatorWithBrokenDeps, false /* clatStarted */);
+
+        // [2] Expect that unmodified TestDependencies can start clatd.
+        // Used to make sure that the above modified TestDependencies has really broken the
+        // clatd starting.
+        final ClatCoordinator coordinatorWithDefaultDeps = new ClatCoordinator(
+                new TestDependencies());
+        assertNotNull(coordinatorWithDefaultDeps.clatStart(BASE_IFACE, NETID, NAT64_IP_PREFIX));
+    }
+
+    // The following testNotStartClat* tests verifies bunches of code for unwinding the
+    // failure if any.
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureSelectIpv4Address() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public String selectIpv4Address(@NonNull String v4addr, int prefixlen)
+                    throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), false /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                false /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, false /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureGenerateIpv6Address() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public String generateIpv6Address(@NonNull String iface, @NonNull String v4,
+                    @NonNull String prefix64, int mark) throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), false /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                false /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, false /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureCreateTunInterface() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public int createTunInterface(@NonNull String tuniface) throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), false /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                false /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, false /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureDetectMtu() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public int detectMtu(@NonNull String platSubnet, int platSuffix, int mark)
+                    throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                false /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, false /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureOpenPacketSocket() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public int openPacketSocket() throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                false /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, false /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureOpenRawSocket6() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public int openRawSocket6(int mark) throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                true /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, false /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureAddAnycastSetsockopt() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public void addAnycastSetsockopt(@NonNull FileDescriptor sock, String v6,
+                    int ifindex) throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                true /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, true /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureConfigurePacketSocket() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public void configurePacketSocket(@NonNull FileDescriptor sock, String v6,
+                    int ifindex) throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                true /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, true /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureStartClatd() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public int startClatd(@NonNull FileDescriptor tunfd, @NonNull FileDescriptor readsock6,
+                    @NonNull FileDescriptor writesock6, @NonNull String iface,
+                    @NonNull String pfx96, @NonNull String v4, @NonNull String v6)
+                    throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                true /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, true /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNativeFailureGetSocketCookie() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public long getSocketCookie(@NonNull FileDescriptor sock) throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                true /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, true /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNotStartClatWithNullCookieTagMap() throws Exception {
+        class FailureDependencies extends TestDependencies {
+            @Override
+            public IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> getBpfCookieTagMap() {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        checkNotStartClat(new FailureDependencies(), true /* needToCloseTunFd */,
+                true /* needToClosePacketSockFd */, true /* needToCloseRawSockFd */);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
index c03a9cd..3520c5b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkScore
+import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER
 import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
 import android.os.Build
 import android.text.TextUtils
@@ -25,7 +27,9 @@
 import android.util.Log
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_DESTROYED
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_UNMETERED
@@ -40,6 +44,7 @@
 import kotlin.reflect.full.staticProperties
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
@@ -52,6 +57,7 @@
         vpn: Boolean = false,
         onceChosen: Boolean = false,
         acceptUnvalidated: Boolean = false,
+        everEvaluated: Boolean = true,
         destroyed: Boolean = false
     ): FullScore {
         val nac = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().apply {
@@ -62,7 +68,8 @@
             if (vpn) addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN)
             if (validated) addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
         }.build()
-        return mixInScore(nc, nac, validated, false /* yieldToBadWifi */, destroyed)
+        return mixInScore(nc, nac, validated, false /* avoidUnvalidated */,
+                false /* yieldToBadWifi */, everEvaluated, destroyed)
     }
 
     private val TAG = this::class.simpleName
@@ -83,33 +90,10 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testGetLegacyInt() {
-        val ns = FullScore(50, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
-        assertEquals(10, ns.legacyInt) // -40 penalty for not being validated
-        assertEquals(50, ns.legacyIntAsValidated)
-
-        val vpnNs = FullScore(101, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE).withPolicies(vpn = true)
-        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.legacyInt) // VPNs are not subject to unvalidation penalty
-        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.legacyIntAsValidated)
-        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.withPolicies(validated = true).legacyInt)
-        assertEquals(101, vpnNs.withPolicies(validated = true).legacyIntAsValidated)
-
-        val validatedNs = ns.withPolicies(validated = true)
-        assertEquals(50, validatedNs.legacyInt) // No penalty, this is validated
-        assertEquals(50, validatedNs.legacyIntAsValidated)
-
-        val chosenNs = ns.withPolicies(onceChosen = true)
-        assertEquals(10, chosenNs.legacyInt)
-        assertEquals(100, chosenNs.legacyIntAsValidated)
-        assertEquals(10, chosenNs.withPolicies(acceptUnvalidated = true).legacyInt)
-        assertEquals(50, chosenNs.withPolicies(acceptUnvalidated = true).legacyIntAsValidated)
-    }
-
-    @Test
     fun testToString() {
-        val string = FullScore(10, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        val string = FullScore(0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
                 .withPolicies(vpn = true, acceptUnvalidated = true).toString()
-        assertTrue(string.contains("Score(10"), string)
+        assertTrue(string.contains("Score("), string)
         assertTrue(string.contains("ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED"), string)
         assertTrue(string.contains("IS_VPN"), string)
         assertFalse(string.contains("IS_VALIDATED"), string)
@@ -131,7 +115,7 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testHasPolicy() {
-        val ns = FullScore(50, 0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        val ns = FullScore(0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
         assertFalse(ns.hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED))
         assertFalse(ns.hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VPN))
         assertFalse(ns.hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED))
@@ -141,6 +125,7 @@
         assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(onceChosen = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED))
         assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(acceptUnvalidated = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED))
         assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(destroyed = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_DESTROYED))
+        assertTrue(ns.withPolicies(everEvaluated = true).hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED))
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -148,12 +133,35 @@
         val policies = getAllPolicies()
 
         policies.forEach { policy ->
-            assertTrue(policy.get() as Int >= FullScore.MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY)
-            assertTrue(policy.get() as Int <= FullScore.MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY)
+            assertTrue(policy.get() as Int >= MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY)
+            assertTrue(policy.get() as Int <= MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY)
         }
-        assertEquals(FullScore.MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY,
-                policies.minOfOrNull { it.get() as Int })
-        assertEquals(FullScore.MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY,
-                policies.maxOfOrNull { it.get() as Int })
+        assertEquals(MIN_CS_MANAGED_POLICY, policies.minOfOrNull { it.get() as Int })
+        assertEquals(MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY, policies.maxOfOrNull { it.get() as Int })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEquals() {
+        val ns1 = FullScore(0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        val ns2 = FullScore(0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        val ns3 = FullScore(0L /* policy */, KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER)
+        val ns4 = NetworkScore.Builder().setLegacyInt(50).build()
+        assertEquals(ns1, ns1)
+        assertEquals(ns2, ns1)
+        assertNotEquals(ns1.withPolicies(validated = true), ns1)
+        assertNotEquals(ns3, ns1)
+        assertFalse(ns1.equals(ns4))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDescribeDifferences() {
+        val ns1 = FullScore((1L shl POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED) or (1L shl POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        val ns2 = FullScore((1L shl POLICY_IS_VALIDATED) or (1L shl POLICY_IS_VPN) or
+                (1L shl POLICY_IS_DESTROYED), KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        assertEquals("-EVER_EVALUATED+IS_DESTROYED+IS_VPN",
+                ns2.describeDifferencesFrom(ns1))
+        assertEquals("-IS_DESTROYED-IS_VPN+EVER_EVALUATED",
+                ns1.describeDifferencesFrom(ns2))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
index 063ccd3..5881a8e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@
 import android.net.metrics.ValidationProbeEvent;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
 import android.util.Base64;
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@
 
     private static final byte[] MAC_ADDR =
             {(byte)0x84, (byte)0xc9, (byte)0xb2, (byte)0x6a, (byte)0xed, (byte)0x4b};
+    private static final long NET_HANDLE = new Network(4291).getNetworkHandle();
 
     @Mock Context mCtx;
     @Mock IIpConnectivityMetrics mMockService;
@@ -138,18 +141,16 @@
     private void logDefaultNetworkEvent(long timeMs, NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             NetworkAgentInfo oldNai) {
         final Network network = (nai != null) ? nai.network() : null;
-        final int score = (nai != null) ? nai.getCurrentScore() : 0;
-        final boolean validated = (nai != null) ? nai.lastValidated : false;
+        final boolean validated = (nai != null) ? nai.isValidated() : false;
         final LinkProperties lp = (nai != null) ? nai.linkProperties : null;
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = (nai != null) ? nai.networkCapabilities : null;
 
         final Network prevNetwork = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.network() : null;
-        final int prevScore = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.getCurrentScore() : 0;
         final LinkProperties prevLp = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.linkProperties : null;
         final NetworkCapabilities prevNc = (oldNai != null) ? oldNai.networkCapabilities : null;
 
-        mService.mDefaultNetworkMetrics.logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs, network, score, validated,
-                lp, nc, prevNetwork, prevScore, prevLp, prevNc);
+        mService.mDefaultNetworkMetrics.logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs, network, 0 /* legacyScore */,
+                validated, lp, nc, prevNetwork, 0 /* prevLegacyScore */, prevLp, prevNc);
     }
     @Test
     public void testDefaultNetworkEvents() throws Exception {
@@ -158,15 +159,15 @@
 
         NetworkAgentInfo[][] defaultNetworks = {
             // nothing -> cell
-            {null, makeNai(100, 10, false, true, cell)},
+            {null, makeNai(100, false, true, cell)},
             // cell -> wifi
-            {makeNai(100, 50, true, true, cell), makeNai(101, 20, true, false, wifi)},
+            {makeNai(100, true, true, cell), makeNai(101, true, false, wifi)},
             // wifi -> nothing
-            {makeNai(101, 60, true, false, wifi), null},
+            {makeNai(101, true, false, wifi), null},
             // nothing -> cell
-            {null, makeNai(102, 10, true, true, cell)},
+            {null, makeNai(102, true, true, cell)},
             // cell -> wifi
-            {makeNai(102, 50, true, true, cell), makeNai(103, 20, true, false, wifi)},
+            {makeNai(102, true, true, cell), makeNai(103, true, false, wifi)},
         };
 
         long timeMs = mService.mDefaultNetworkMetrics.creationTimeMs;
@@ -204,8 +205,8 @@
                 "  transports: 1",
                 "  default_network_event <",
                 "    default_network_duration_ms: 2002",
-                "    final_score: 50",
-                "    initial_score: 10",
+                "    final_score: 0",
+                "    initial_score: 0",
                 "    ip_support: 3",
                 "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
                 "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 0",
@@ -221,8 +222,8 @@
                 "  transports: 2",
                 "  default_network_event <",
                 "    default_network_duration_ms: 4004",
-                "    final_score: 60",
-                "    initial_score: 20",
+                "    final_score: 0",
+                "    initial_score: 0",
                 "    ip_support: 1",
                 "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
                 "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 2",
@@ -255,8 +256,8 @@
                 "  transports: 1",
                 "  default_network_event <",
                 "    default_network_duration_ms: 16016",
-                "    final_score: 50",
-                "    initial_score: 10",
+                "    final_score: 0",
+                "    initial_score: 0",
                 "    ip_support: 3",
                 "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
                 "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 4",
@@ -348,8 +349,8 @@
         long timeMs = mService.mDefaultNetworkMetrics.creationTimeMs;
         final long cell = BitUtils.packBits(new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR});
         final long wifi = BitUtils.packBits(new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI});
-        NetworkAgentInfo cellNai = makeNai(100, 50, false, true, cell);
-        NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai = makeNai(101, 60, true, false, wifi);
+        final NetworkAgentInfo cellNai = makeNai(100, false, true, cell);
+        final NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai = makeNai(101, true, false, wifi);
         logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs + 200L, cellNai, null);
         logDefaultNetworkEvent(timeMs + 300L, wifiNai, cellNai);
 
@@ -463,8 +464,8 @@
                 "  transports: 1",
                 "  default_network_event <",
                 "    default_network_duration_ms: 100",
-                "    final_score: 50",
-                "    initial_score: 50",
+                "    final_score: 0",
+                "    initial_score: 0",
                 "    ip_support: 2",
                 "    no_default_network_duration_ms: 0",
                 "    previous_default_network_link_layer: 0",
@@ -607,17 +608,19 @@
 
     void wakeupEvent(String iface, int uid, int ether, int ip, byte[] mac, String srcIp,
             String dstIp, int sport, int dport, long now) throws Exception {
-        String prefix = NetdEventListenerService.WAKEUP_EVENT_IFACE_PREFIX + iface;
+        String prefix = NET_HANDLE + ":" + iface;
         mNetdListener.onWakeupEvent(prefix, uid, ether, ip, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
     }
 
-    NetworkAgentInfo makeNai(int netId, int score, boolean ipv4, boolean ipv6, long transports) {
+    NetworkAgentInfo makeNai(int netId, boolean ipv4, boolean ipv6, long transports) {
         NetworkAgentInfo nai = mock(NetworkAgentInfo.class);
         when(nai.network()).thenReturn(new Network(netId));
-        when(nai.getCurrentScore()).thenReturn(score);
         nai.linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         nai.networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        nai.lastValidated = true;
+        nai.setValidated(true);
+        doReturn(true).when(nai).isValidated();
+        doReturn(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()).when(nai).getFirstValidationTime();
+        doReturn(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()).when(nai).getCurrentValidationTime();
         for (int t : BitUtils.unpackBits(transports)) {
             nai.networkCapabilities.addTransportType(t);
         }
@@ -632,8 +635,6 @@
         return nai;
     }
 
-
-
     static void verifySerialization(String want, String output) {
         try {
             byte[] got = Base64.decode(output, Base64.DEFAULT);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d262255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.metrics.DailykeepaliveInfoReported;
+import com.android.metrics.DurationForNumOfKeepalive;
+import com.android.metrics.DurationPerNumOfKeepalive;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+public class KeepaliveStatsTrackerTest {
+    private static final int TEST_UID = 1234;
+
+    private KeepaliveStatsTracker mKeepaliveStatsTracker;
+    @Mock KeepaliveStatsTracker.Dependencies mDependencies;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        setUptimeMillis(0);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker = new KeepaliveStatsTracker(mDependencies);
+    }
+
+    private void setUptimeMillis(long time) {
+        doReturn(time).when(mDependencies).getUptimeMillis();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that a DurationPerNumOfKeepalive contains expected values
+     *
+     * @param expectRegisteredDurations integer array where the index is the number of concurrent
+     *     keepalives and the value is the expected duration of time that the tracker is in a state
+     *     with the given number of keepalives registered.
+     * @param expectActiveDurations integer array where the index is the number of concurrent
+     *     keepalives and the value is the expected duration of time that the tracker is in a state
+     *     with the given number of keepalives active.
+     * @param resultDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive the DurationPerNumOfKeepalive message to assert.
+     */
+    private void assertDurationMetrics(
+            int[] expectRegisteredDurations,
+            int[] expectActiveDurations,
+            DurationPerNumOfKeepalive resultDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive) {
+        final int maxNumOfKeepalive = expectRegisteredDurations.length;
+        assertEquals(maxNumOfKeepalive, expectActiveDurations.length);
+        assertEquals(
+                maxNumOfKeepalive,
+                resultDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive.getDurationForNumOfKeepaliveCount());
+        for (int numOfKeepalive = 0; numOfKeepalive < maxNumOfKeepalive; numOfKeepalive++) {
+            final DurationForNumOfKeepalive resultDurations =
+                    resultDurationsPerNumOfKeepalive.getDurationForNumOfKeepalive(numOfKeepalive);
+
+            assertEquals(numOfKeepalive, resultDurations.getNumOfKeepalive());
+            assertEquals(
+                    expectRegisteredDurations[numOfKeepalive],
+                    resultDurations.getKeepaliveRegisteredDurationsMsec());
+            assertEquals(
+                    expectActiveDurations[numOfKeepalive],
+                    resultDurations.getKeepaliveActiveDurationsMsec());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+            DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+            int[] expectRegisteredDurations,
+            int[] expectActiveDurations) {
+        // TODO(b/273451360) Assert these values when they are filled.
+        assertFalse(dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.hasKeepaliveLifetimePerCarrier());
+        assertFalse(dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.hasKeepaliveRequests());
+        assertFalse(dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.hasAutomaticKeepaliveRequests());
+        assertFalse(dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.hasDistinctUserCount());
+        assertTrue(dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.getUidList().isEmpty());
+
+        final DurationPerNumOfKeepalive resultDurations =
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported.getDurationPerNumOfKeepalive();
+        assertDurationMetrics(expectRegisteredDurations, expectActiveDurations, resultDurations);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoKeepalive() {
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // Expect that the durations are all in numOfKeepalive = 0.
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations = new int[] {writeTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations = new int[] {writeTime};
+
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive     S                          W
+     * Timeline  |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOneKeepalive_startOnly() {
+        final int startTime = 1000;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // The keepalive is never stopped, expect the duration for numberOfKeepalive of 1 to range
+        // from startTime to writeTime.
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations = new int[] {startTime, writeTime - startTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations = new int[] {startTime, writeTime - startTime};
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive     S       P                  W
+     * Timeline  |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOneKeepalive_paused() {
+        final int startTime = 1000;
+        final int pauseTime = 2030;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // The keepalive is paused but not stopped, expect the registered duration for
+        // numberOfKeepalive of 1 to still range from startTime to writeTime while the active
+        // duration stops at pauseTime.
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations = new int[] {startTime, writeTime - startTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations =
+                new int[] {startTime + (writeTime - pauseTime), pauseTime - startTime};
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive     S       P        R         W
+     * Timeline  |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOneKeepalive_resumed() {
+        final int startTime = 1000;
+        final int pauseTime = 2030;
+        final int resumeTime = 3450;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // The keepalive is paused and resumed but not stopped, expect the registered duration for
+        // numberOfKeepalive of 1 to still range from startTime to writeTime while the active
+        // duration stops at pauseTime but resumes at resumeTime and stops at writeTime.
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations = new int[] {startTime, writeTime - startTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations =
+                new int[] {
+                    startTime + (resumeTime - pauseTime),
+                    (pauseTime - startTime) + (writeTime - resumeTime)
+                };
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive     S       P      R     S     W
+     * Timeline  |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOneKeepalive_stopped() {
+        final int startTime = 1000;
+        final int pauseTime = 2930;
+        final int resumeTime = 3452;
+        final int stopTime = 4157;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // The keepalive is now stopped, expect the registered duration for numberOfKeepalive of 1
+        // to now range from startTime to stopTime while the active duration stops at pauseTime but
+        // resumes at resumeTime and stops again at stopTime.
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations =
+                new int[] {startTime + (writeTime - stopTime), stopTime - startTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations =
+                new int[] {
+                    startTime + (resumeTime - pauseTime) + (writeTime - stopTime),
+                    (pauseTime - startTime) + (stopTime - resumeTime)
+                };
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive     S       P            S     W
+     * Timeline  |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOneKeepalive_pausedStopped() {
+        final int startTime = 1000;
+        final int pauseTime = 2930;
+        final int stopTime = 4157;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ false);
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // The keepalive is stopped while paused, expect the registered duration for
+        // numberOfKeepalive of 1 to range from startTime to stopTime while the active duration
+        // simply stops at pauseTime.
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations =
+                new int[] {startTime + (writeTime - stopTime), stopTime - startTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations =
+                new int[] {startTime + (writeTime - pauseTime), (pauseTime - startTime)};
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive     S  P R P R P R       S     W
+     * Timeline  |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOneKeepalive_multiplePauses() {
+        final int startTime = 1000;
+        // Alternating timestamps of pause and resume
+        final int[] pauseResumeTimes = new int[] {1200, 1400, 1700, 2000, 2400, 2800};
+        final int stopTime = 4000;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < pauseResumeTimes.length; i++) {
+            setUptimeMillis(pauseResumeTimes[i]);
+            if (i % 2 == 0) {
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+            } else {
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+            }
+        }
+
+        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations =
+                new int[] {startTime + (writeTime - stopTime), stopTime - startTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations =
+                new int[] {
+                    startTime + /* sum of (Resume - Pause) */ (900) + (writeTime - stopTime),
+                    (pauseResumeTimes[0] - startTime)
+                            + /* sum of (Pause - Resume) */ (700)
+                            + (stopTime - pauseResumeTimes[5])
+                };
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive1    S1  P1     R1         S1    W
+     * Keepalive2           S2     P2   R2       W
+     * Timeline   |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testTwoKeepalives() {
+        // The suffix 1/2 indicates which keepalive it is referring to.
+        final int startTime1 = 1000;
+        final int pauseTime1 = 1500;
+        final int startTime2 = 2000;
+        final int resumeTime1 = 2500;
+        final int pauseTime2 = 3000;
+        final int resumeTime2 = 3500;
+        final int stopTime1 = 4157;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime1);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime1);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime2);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime1);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(pauseTime2);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onPauseKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(resumeTime2);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onResumeKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(stopTime1);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // With two keepalives, the number of concurrent keepalives can vary from 0-2 depending on
+        // both keepalive states.
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations =
+                new int[] {
+                    startTime1,
+                    // 1 registered keepalive before keepalive2 starts and after keepalive1 stops.
+                    (startTime2 - startTime1) + (writeTime - stopTime1),
+                    // 2 registered keepalives between keepalive2 start and keepalive1 stop.
+                    stopTime1 - startTime2
+                };
+
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations =
+                new int[] {
+                    // 0 active keepalives when keepalive1 is paused before keepalive2 starts.
+                    startTime1 + (startTime2 - pauseTime1),
+                    // 1 active keepalive before keepalive1 is paused.
+                    (pauseTime1 - startTime1)
+                            // before keepalive1 is resumed and after keepalive2 starts.
+                            + (resumeTime1 - startTime2)
+                            // during keepalive2 is paused since keepalive1 has been resumed.
+                            + (resumeTime2 - pauseTime2)
+                            // after keepalive1 stops since keepalive2 has been resumed.
+                            + (writeTime - stopTime1),
+                    // 2 active keepalives before keepalive2 is paused and before keepalive1 stops.
+                    (pauseTime2 - resumeTime1) + (stopTime1 - resumeTime2)
+                };
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Diagram of test (not to scale):
+     * Key: S - Start/Stop, P - Pause, R - Resume, W - Write
+     *
+     * Keepalive     S   W(reset+W)         S    W
+     * Timeline   |------------------------------|
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testResetMetrics() {
+        final int startTime = 1000;
+        final int writeTime = 5000;
+        final int stopTime = 7000;
+        final int writeTime2 = 10000;
+
+        setUptimeMillis(startTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStartKeepalive();
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        // Same expect as testOneKeepalive_startOnly
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations = new int[] {startTime, writeTime - startTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations = new int[] {startTime, writeTime - startTime};
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported,
+                expectRegisteredDurations,
+                expectActiveDurations);
+
+        // Reset metrics
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.resetMetrics();
+
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported2 =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+        // Expect the stored durations to be 0 but still contain the number of keepalive = 1.
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported2,
+                /* expectRegisteredDurations= */ new int[] {0, 0},
+                /* expectActiveDurations= */ new int[] {0, 0});
+
+        // Expect that the keepalive is still registered after resetting so it can be stopped.
+        setUptimeMillis(stopTime);
+        mKeepaliveStatsTracker.onStopKeepalive(/* wasActive= */ true);
+
+        setUptimeMillis(writeTime2);
+        final DailykeepaliveInfoReported dailyKeepaliveInfoReported3 =
+                mKeepaliveStatsTracker.buildKeepaliveMetrics();
+
+        final int[] expectRegisteredDurations2 =
+                new int[] {writeTime2 - stopTime, stopTime - writeTime};
+        final int[] expectActiveDurations2 =
+                new int[] {writeTime2 - stopTime, stopTime - writeTime};
+        assertDailyKeepaliveInfoReported(
+                dailyKeepaliveInfoReported3,
+                expectRegisteredDurations2,
+                expectActiveDurations2);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
index 58a7c89..e6c0c83 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@
 
 import android.app.PendingIntent;
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.IDnsResolver;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
@@ -85,12 +86,14 @@
     @Mock NetworkNotificationManager mNotifier;
     @Mock Resources mResources;
     @Mock QosCallbackTracker mQosCallbackTracker;
+    @Mock PackageManager mPackageManager;
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         when(mCtx.getResources()).thenReturn(mResources);
         when(mCtx.getPackageName()).thenReturn("com.android.server.connectivity");
+        doReturn(mPackageManager).when(mCtx).getPackageManager();
         ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(mCtx);
 
         mMonitor = new TestableLingerMonitor(mCtx, mNotifier, HIGH_DAILY_LIMIT, HIGH_RATE_LIMIT);
@@ -272,9 +275,8 @@
     public void testIgnoreNeverValidatedNetworks() {
         setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
         setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
-        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100, false /* setEverValidated */);
         NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
-        from.everValidated = false;
 
         mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
         verifyNoNotifications();
@@ -286,7 +288,7 @@
         setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
         NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
         NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
-        from.lastValidated = true;
+        from.setValidated(true);
 
         mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
         verifyNoNotifications();
@@ -363,7 +365,8 @@
                 eq(NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH), eq(from), eq(to), any(), eq(true));
     }
 
-    NetworkAgentInfo nai(int netId, int transport, int networkType, String networkTypeName) {
+    NetworkAgentInfo nai(int netId, int transport, int networkType, String networkTypeName,
+            boolean setEverValidated) {
         NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(networkType, 0, networkTypeName, "");
         NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities();
         caps.addCapability(0);
@@ -373,18 +376,32 @@
                 mCtx, null, new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), mConnService, mNetd,
                 mDnsResolver, NetworkProvider.ID_NONE, Binder.getCallingUid(), TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS,
                 mQosCallbackTracker, new ConnectivityService.Dependencies());
-        nai.everValidated = true;
+        if (setEverValidated) {
+            // As tests in this class deal with testing lingering, most tests are interested
+            // in networks that can be lingered, and therefore must have validated in the past.
+            // Thus, pretend the network validated once, then became invalidated.
+            nai.setValidated(true);
+            nai.setValidated(false);
+        }
         return nai;
     }
 
     NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai(int netId) {
+        return wifiNai(netId, true /* setEverValidated */);
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai(int netId, boolean setEverValidated) {
         return nai(netId, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI,
-                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, WIFI);
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, WIFI, setEverValidated);
     }
 
     NetworkAgentInfo cellNai(int netId) {
+        return cellNai(netId, true /* setEverValidated */);
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo cellNai(int netId, boolean setEverValidated) {
         return nai(netId, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
-                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, CELLULAR);
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, CELLULAR, setEverValidated);
     }
 
     public static class TestableLingerMonitor extends LingerMonitor {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
similarity index 74%
rename from tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
rename to tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
index 576b8d3..f19ba4f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package android.net.util
+package com.android.server.connectivity
 
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.res.Resources
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_HANDOVER
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_RELIABILITY
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources
 import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI
 import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE
-import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker.ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener
 import android.os.Build
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.test.TestLooper
 import android.provider.Settings
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionInfo
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager
@@ -34,18 +34,19 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MultinetworkPolicyTracker.ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.After
 import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
 import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt
-import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat
-import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
 import org.mockito.Mockito.any
 import org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod
 import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
@@ -53,20 +54,21 @@
 import org.mockito.Mockito.times
 import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
 
+const val HANDLER_TIMEOUT_MS = 400
+
 /**
  * Tests for [MultinetworkPolicyTracker].
  *
  * Build, install and run with:
- * atest android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest
+ * atest FrameworksNetTest:MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest
  */
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
 @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest {
     private val resources = mock(Resources::class.java).also {
-        doReturn(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi).`when`(it).getIdentifier(
-                eq("config_networkAvoidBadWifi"), eq("integer"), any())
         doReturn(0).`when`(it).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi)
+        doReturn(0).`when`(it).getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi)
     }
     private val telephonyManager = mock(TelephonyManager::class.java)
     private val subscriptionManager = mock(SubscriptionManager::class.java).also {
@@ -90,7 +92,11 @@
         Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, "1")
         ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(it)
     }
-    private val tracker = MultinetworkPolicyTracker(context, null /* handler */)
+    private val csLooper = TestLooper()
+    private val handler = Handler(csLooper.looper)
+    private val trackerDependencies = MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTestDependencies(resources)
+    private val tracker = MultinetworkPolicyTracker(context, handler,
+            null /* avoidBadWifiCallback */, trackerDependencies)
 
     private fun assertMultipathPreference(preference: Int) {
         Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE,
@@ -99,6 +105,11 @@
         assertEquals(preference, tracker.meteredMultipathPreference)
     }
 
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        tracker.start()
+    }
+
     @After
     fun tearDown() {
         ConnectivityResources.setResourcesContextForTest(null)
@@ -113,6 +124,7 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testUpdateAvoidBadWifi() {
+        doReturn(0).`when`(resources).getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi)
         Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI, "0")
         assertTrue(tracker.updateAvoidBadWifi())
         assertFalse(tracker.avoidBadWifi)
@@ -120,6 +132,36 @@
         doReturn(1).`when`(resources).getInteger(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi)
         assertTrue(tracker.updateAvoidBadWifi())
         assertTrue(tracker.avoidBadWifi)
+
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            // On U+, the system always prefers bad wifi.
+            assertTrue(tracker.activelyPreferBadWifi)
+        } else {
+            assertFalse(tracker.activelyPreferBadWifi)
+        }
+
+        doReturn(1).`when`(resources).getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi)
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) {
+            // On U+, this didn't change the setting
+            assertFalse(tracker.updateAvoidBadWifi())
+        } else {
+            // On T-, this must have changed the setting
+            assertTrue(tracker.updateAvoidBadWifi())
+        }
+        // In all cases, now the system actively prefers bad wifi
+        assertTrue(tracker.activelyPreferBadWifi)
+
+        // Remaining tests are only useful on T-, which support both the old and new mode.
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastU()) return
+
+        doReturn(0).`when`(resources).getInteger(R.integer.config_activelyPreferBadWifi)
+        assertTrue(tracker.updateAvoidBadWifi())
+        assertFalse(tracker.activelyPreferBadWifi)
+
+        // Simulate update of device config
+        trackerDependencies.putConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi(1)
+        csLooper.dispatchAll()
+        assertTrue(tracker.activelyPreferBadWifi)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -138,6 +180,8 @@
         Settings.Global.putString(resolver, NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE,
                 MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE.toString())
 
+        assertTrue(tracker.avoidBadWifi)
+
         val listenerCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
                 ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener::class.java)
         verify(telephonyManager, times(1))
@@ -145,10 +189,6 @@
         val listener = listenerCaptor.value
         listener.onActiveDataSubscriptionIdChanged(testSubId)
 
-        // Check it get resource value with test sub id.
-        verify(subscriptionManager, times(1)).getActiveSubscriptionInfo(testSubId)
-        verify(context).createConfigurationContext(argThat { it.mcc == 310 && it.mnc == 210 })
-
         // Check if avoidBadWifi and meteredMultipathPreference values have been updated.
         assertFalse(tracker.avoidBadWifi)
         assertEquals(MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE, tracker.meteredMultipathPreference)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTestDependencies.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTestDependencies.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c82c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTestDependencies.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package com.android.server.connectivity
+
+import android.content.res.Resources
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY
+import android.provider.DeviceConfig.OnPropertiesChangedListener
+import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy
+import com.android.server.connectivity.MultinetworkPolicyTracker.CONFIG_ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor
+
+class MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTestDependencies(private val resources: Resources) :
+        MultinetworkPolicyTracker.Dependencies() {
+    @GuardedBy("listeners")
+    private var configActivelyPreferBadWifi = 0
+    // TODO : move this to an actual fake device config object
+    @GuardedBy("listeners")
+    private val listeners = mutableListOf<Pair<Executor, OnPropertiesChangedListener>>()
+
+    fun putConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi(value: Int) {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            if (value == configActivelyPreferBadWifi) return
+            configActivelyPreferBadWifi = value
+            val p = DeviceConfig.Properties(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                    mapOf(CONFIG_ACTIVELY_PREFER_BAD_WIFI to value.toString()))
+            listeners.forEach { (executor, listener) ->
+                executor.execute { listener.onPropertiesChanged(p) }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun getConfigActivelyPreferBadWifi(): Int {
+        return synchronized(listeners) { configActivelyPreferBadWifi }
+    }
+
+    override fun addOnDevicePropertiesChangedListener(
+        e: Executor,
+        listener: OnPropertiesChangedListener
+    ) {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            listeners.add(e to listener)
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun getResourcesForActiveSubId(res: ConnectivityResources, id: Int): Resources =
+            resources
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
index 7d6c3ae..d667662 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
@@ -41,6 +42,8 @@
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
+import libcore.util.EmptyArray;
+
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -60,6 +63,9 @@
     private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV4 = "192.0.2.1";
     private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV6 = "2001:db8:1200::2:1";
 
+    private static final Network TEST_WIFI_NETWORK = new Network(5391);
+    private static final Network TEST_CELL_NETWORK = new Network(5832);
+
     private static final byte[] MAC_ADDR =
             {(byte)0x84, (byte)0xc9, (byte)0xb2, (byte)0x6a, (byte)0xed, (byte)0x4b};
 
@@ -76,6 +82,8 @@
     public void setUp() {
         mCm = mock(ConnectivityManager.class);
         mService = new NetdEventListenerService(mCm);
+        doReturn(CAPABILITIES_WIFI).when(mCm).getNetworkCapabilities(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK);
+        doReturn(CAPABILITIES_CELL).when(mCm).getNetworkCapabilities(TEST_CELL_NETWORK);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -109,19 +117,25 @@
         wakeupEvent(iface, uids[5], v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
         wakeupEvent(iface, uids[6], v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
         wakeupEvent(iface, uids[7], v6, tcp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
-        wakeupEvent(iface, uids[8], v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", uids[8], v6, udp, EmptyArray.BYTE, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now,
+                TEST_CELL_NETWORK);
 
         String[] events2 = remove(listNetdEvent(), baseline);
-        int expectedLength2 = uids.length + 1; // +1 for the WakeupStats line
+        int expectedLength2 = uids.length + 2; // +2 for the WakeupStats headers
         assertEquals(expectedLength2, events2.length);
+
         assertStringContains(events2[0], "WakeupStats");
-        assertStringContains(events2[0], "wlan0");
-        assertStringContains(events2[0], "0x800");
+        assertStringContains(events2[0], "rmnet0");
         assertStringContains(events2[0], "0x86dd");
+
+        assertStringContains(events2[1], "WakeupStats");
+        assertStringContains(events2[1], "wlan0");
+        assertStringContains(events2[1], "0x800");
+        assertStringContains(events2[1], "0x86dd");
         for (int i = 0; i < uids.length; i++) {
-            String got = events2[i+1];
+            String got = events2[i + 2];
             assertStringContains(got, "WakeupEvent");
-            assertStringContains(got, "wlan0");
+            assertStringContains(got, ((i == 8) ? "rmnet0" : "wlan0"));
             assertStringContains(got, "uid: " + uids[i]);
         }
 
@@ -132,11 +146,13 @@
         }
 
         String[] events3 = remove(listNetdEvent(), baseline);
-        int expectedLength3 = BUFFER_LENGTH + 1; // +1 for the WakeupStats line
+        int expectedLength3 = BUFFER_LENGTH + 2; // +2 for the WakeupStats headers
         assertEquals(expectedLength3, events3.length);
-        assertStringContains(events2[0], "WakeupStats");
-        assertStringContains(events2[0], "wlan0");
-        for (int i = 1; i < expectedLength3; i++) {
+        assertStringContains(events3[0], "WakeupStats");
+        assertStringContains(events3[0], "rmnet0");
+        assertStringContains(events3[1], "WakeupStats");
+        assertStringContains(events3[1], "wlan0");
+        for (int i = 2; i < expectedLength3; i++) {
             String got = events3[i];
             assertStringContains(got, "WakeupEvent");
             assertStringContains(got, "wlan0");
@@ -171,19 +187,24 @@
         final int icmp6 = 58;
 
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
-        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10123, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10123, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now,
+                TEST_CELL_NETWORK);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
-        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10008, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10008, v4, tcp, EmptyArray.BYTE, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now,
+                TEST_CELL_NETWORK);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", -1, v6, icmp6, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 10008, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
-        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 1000, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 1000, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now,
+                TEST_CELL_NETWORK);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 10004, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1000, v6, tcp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 0, v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", -1, v6, icmp6, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
-        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10052, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 10052, v4, tcp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now,
+                TEST_CELL_NETWORK);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 0, v6, udp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
-        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 1000, v6, tcp, mac, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now);
+        wakeupEvent("rmnet0", 1000, v6, tcp, null, srcIp6, dstIp6, sport, dport, now,
+                TEST_CELL_NETWORK);
         wakeupEvent("wlan0", 1010, v4, udp, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
 
         String got = flushStatistics();
@@ -212,7 +233,7 @@
                 "    >",
                 "    l2_broadcast_count: 0",
                 "    l2_multicast_count: 0",
-                "    l2_unicast_count: 5",
+                "    l2_unicast_count: 3",
                 "    no_uid_wakeups: 0",
                 "    non_application_wakeups: 0",
                 "    root_wakeups: 0",
@@ -497,8 +518,13 @@
     }
 
     void wakeupEvent(String iface, int uid, int ether, int ip, byte[] mac, String srcIp,
-            String dstIp, int sport, int dport, long now) throws Exception {
-        String prefix = NetdEventListenerService.WAKEUP_EVENT_IFACE_PREFIX + iface;
+            String dstIp, int sport, int dport, long now) {
+        wakeupEvent(iface, uid, ether, ip, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now, TEST_WIFI_NETWORK);
+    }
+
+    void wakeupEvent(String iface, int uid, int ether, int ip, byte[] mac, String srcIp,
+            String dstIp, int sport, int dport, long now, Network network) {
+        String prefix = network.getNetworkHandle() + ":" + iface;
         mService.onWakeupEvent(prefix, uid, ether, ip, mac, srcIp, dstIp, sport, dport, now);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
index 2cf5d8e..a27a0bf 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
@@ -51,13 +51,14 @@
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.testing.PollingCheck;
 import android.util.DisplayMetrics;
 import android.widget.TextView;
 
@@ -65,9 +66,11 @@
 import androidx.annotation.StringRes;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.uiautomator.By;
 import androidx.test.uiautomator.UiDevice;
 import androidx.test.uiautomator.UiObject;
 import androidx.test.uiautomator.UiSelector;
+import androidx.test.uiautomator.Until;
 
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
@@ -99,6 +102,8 @@
     private static final int TEST_NOTIF_ID = 101;
     private static final String TEST_NOTIF_TAG = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(TEST_NOTIF_ID);
     private static final long TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L;
+    private static final long UI_AUTOMATOR_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS = TEST_TIMEOUT_MS;
+
     static final NetworkCapabilities CELL_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
     static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
     static final NetworkCapabilities VPN_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -385,12 +390,29 @@
         doReturn(true).when(mResources).getBoolean(
                 R.bool.config_notifyNoInternetAsDialogWhenHighPriority);
 
+        final Instrumentation instr = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation();
+        final UiDevice uiDevice =  UiDevice.getInstance(instr);
+        final Context ctx = instr.getContext();
+        final PowerManager pm = ctx.getSystemService(PowerManager.class);
+
+        // Wake up the device (it has no effect if the device is already awake).
+        uiDevice.executeShellCommand("input keyevent KEYCODE_WAKEUP");
+        uiDevice.executeShellCommand("wm dismiss-keyguard");
+        PollingCheck.check("Wait for the screen to be turned on failed, timeout=" + TEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                TEST_TIMEOUT_MS, () -> pm.isInteractive());
+        uiDevice.pressHome();
+
+        // UiDevice.getLauncherPackageName() requires the test manifest to have a <queries> tag for
+        // the launcher intent.
+        final String launcherPackageName = uiDevice.getLauncherPackageName();
+        assertTrue(String.format("Launcher (%s) is not shown", launcherPackageName),
+                uiDevice.wait(Until.hasObject(By.pkg(launcherPackageName)),
+                        UI_AUTOMATOR_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS));
+
         mManager.showNotification(TEST_NOTIF_ID, NETWORK_SWITCH, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
         // Non-"no internet" notifications are not affected
         verify(mNotificationManager).notify(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(NETWORK_SWITCH.eventId), any());
 
-        final Instrumentation instr = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation();
-        final Context ctx = instr.getContext();
         final String testAction = "com.android.connectivity.coverage.TEST_DIALOG";
         final Intent intent = new Intent(testAction)
                 .addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK)
@@ -405,8 +427,7 @@
         verify(mNotificationManager).cancel(TEST_NOTIF_TAG, NETWORK_SWITCH.eventId);
 
         // Verify that the activity is shown (the activity shows the action on screen)
-        final UiObject actionText = UiDevice.getInstance(instr).findObject(
-                new UiSelector().text(testAction));
+        final UiObject actionText = uiDevice.findObject(new UiSelector().text(testAction));
         assertTrue("Activity not shown", actionText.waitForExists(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS));
 
         // Tapping the text should dismiss the dialog
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
index d03c567..f9a0927 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testOfferNeededUnneeded() {
-        val score = FullScore(50, POLICY_NONE, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+        val score = FullScore(POLICY_NONE, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
         val offer = NetworkOffer(score, NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(), mockCallback,
                 1 /* providerId */)
         val request1 = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
index 4408958..1e3f389 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
@@ -17,31 +17,38 @@
 package com.android.server.connectivity
 
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL as NET_CAP_PORTAL
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
-import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_EXITING
-import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY
-import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_EXITING as EXITING
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY as PRIMARY
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI as YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI
 import android.os.Build
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD
-import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED
+import com.android.connectivity.resources.R
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_AVOIDED_WHEN_UNVALIDATED as AVOIDED_UNVALID
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_EVALUATED as EVER_EVALUATED
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED as EVER_VALIDATED
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED as IS_VALIDATED
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
-import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import org.junit.Rule
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
-private fun score(vararg policies: Int) = FullScore(0,
+private fun score(vararg policies: Int) = FullScore(
         policies.fold(0L) { acc, e -> acc or (1L shl e) }, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
-private fun caps(transport: Int) = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().addTransportType(transport).build()
+private fun caps(transport: Int, vararg capabilities: Int) =
+        NetworkCapabilities.Builder().addTransportType(transport).apply {
+            capabilities.forEach { addCapability(it) }
+        }.build()
 
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
-class NetworkRankerTest {
-    private val mRanker = NetworkRanker()
+@RunWith(Parameterized::class)
+class NetworkRankerTest(private val activelyPreferBadWifi: Boolean) {
+    private val mRanker = NetworkRanker(NetworkRanker.Configuration(activelyPreferBadWifi))
 
     private class TestScore(private val sc: FullScore, private val nc: NetworkCapabilities)
             : NetworkRanker.Scoreable {
@@ -49,124 +56,144 @@
         override fun getCapsNoCopy(): NetworkCapabilities = nc
     }
 
+    @get:Rule
+    val mIgnoreRule: DevSdkIgnoreRule = DevSdkIgnoreRule(ignoreClassUpTo = Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+
+    companion object {
+        @JvmStatic
+        @Parameterized.Parameters
+        fun ranker() = listOf(true, false)
+    }
+
+    // Helpers to shorten syntax
+    private fun rank(vararg scores: TestScore) =
+            mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores.toList(), null /* currentSatisfier */)
+    val CAPS_CELL = caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+    val CAPS_WIFI = caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+    val CAPS_WIFI_PORTAL = caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI, NET_CAP_PORTAL)
+
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCell() {
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_oneCell() {
         // Only cell, it wins
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        val scores = listOf(winner)
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(cell, rank(cell))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellOneBadWiFi() {
+    fun testPreferBadWifi_oneCellOneEvaluatingWifi() {
+        val wifi = TestScore(score(), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val cell = TestScore(score(YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED, EVER_EVALUATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(cell, rank(wifi, cell))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_oneCellOneBadWiFi() {
         // Bad wifi wins against yielding validated cell
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
-                caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val badWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(badWifi, rank(badWifi, cell))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellTwoBadWiFi() {
+    fun testPreferBadWifi_oneCellOneBadWifi() {
+        val badWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        val winner = if (activelyPreferBadWifi) badWifi else cell
+        assertEquals(winner, rank(badWifi, cell))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testPreferBadWifi_oneCellOneCaptivePortalWifi() {
+        val portalWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED), CAPS_WIFI_PORTAL)
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(cell, rank(portalWifi, cell))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWifi_oneCellOneCaptivePortalWifiThatClosed() {
+        val portalWifiClosed = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED), CAPS_WIFI_PORTAL)
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(portalWifiClosed, rank(portalWifiClosed, cell))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWifi_avoidUnvalidated() {
+        // Bad wifi avoided when unvalidated loses against yielding validated cell
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        val avoidedWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED, AVOIDED_UNVALID),
+                CAPS_WIFI)
+        assertEquals(cell, rank(cell, avoidedWifi))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_oneCellTwoBadWiFi() {
         // Bad wifi wins against yielding validated cell. Prefer the one that's primary.
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
-                POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
-                        caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val primaryBadWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED, PRIMARY), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val secondaryBadWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(primaryBadWifi, rank(primaryBadWifi, secondaryBadWifi, cell))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellTwoBadWiFiOneNotAvoided() {
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_oneCellTwoBadWiFiOneNotAvoided() {
         // Bad wifi ever validated wins against bad wifi that never was validated (or was
         // avoided when bad).
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
-                caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val badWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val neverValidatedWifi = TestScore(score(), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(badWifi, rank(badWifi, neverValidatedWifi, cell))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_oneCellOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
         // Good wifi wins
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
-                POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
-                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val goodWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val badWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED, PRIMARY), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(goodWifi, rank(goodWifi, badWifi, cell))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiTwoCellsOneBadWiFi() {
+    fun testPreferBadWifi_oneCellOneBadWifiOneEvaluatingWifi() {
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        val badWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val evaluatingWifi = TestScore(score(), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val winner = if (activelyPreferBadWifi) badWifi else cell
+        assertEquals(winner, rank(cell, badWifi, evaluatingWifi))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_twoCellsOneBadWiFi() {
         // Cell that doesn't yield wins over cell that yields and bad wifi
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
-                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val cellNotYield = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        val badWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED, PRIMARY), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val cellYield = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(cellNotYield, rank(cellNotYield, badWifi, cellYield))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiTwoCellsOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_twoCellsOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
         // Good wifi wins over cell that doesn't yield and cell that yields
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
-                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)),
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val goodWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val badWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED, PRIMARY), CAPS_WIFI)
+        val cellNotYield = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        val cellYield = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        assertEquals(goodWifi, rank(goodWifi, badWifi, cellNotYield, cellYield))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneExitingGoodWiFi() {
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_oneExitingGoodWiFi() {
         // Yielding cell wins over good exiting wifi
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED, POLICY_EXITING), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        val exitingWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, IS_VALIDATED, EXITING), CAPS_WIFI)
+        assertEquals(cell, rank(cell, exitingWifi))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneExitingBadWiFi() {
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFi_oneExitingBadWiFi() {
         // Yielding cell wins over bad exiting wifi
-        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
-                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
-        val scores = listOf(
-                winner,
-                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
-                        POLICY_EXITING), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
-        )
-        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+        val cell = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, IS_VALIDATED), CAPS_CELL)
+        val badExitingWifi = TestScore(score(EVER_EVALUATED, EVER_VALIDATED, EXITING), CAPS_WIFI)
+        assertEquals(cell, rank(cell, badExitingWifi))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index ecd17ba..cf02e3a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@
 import static android.content.pm.PackageInfo.REQUESTED_PERMISSION_REQUIRED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_PERMISSIONS;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.MATCH_ANY_USER;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.INetd.PERMISSION_NETWORK;
@@ -49,7 +46,6 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.AdditionalMatchers.aryEq;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
@@ -80,6 +76,8 @@
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.SystemConfigManager;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
@@ -99,6 +97,7 @@
 import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -156,6 +155,7 @@
     private static final int VERSION_Q = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
     private static final int PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL =
             PERMISSION_INTERNET | PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000;
 
     @Mock private Context mContext;
     @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
     private PermissionMonitor mPermissionMonitor;
     private NetdMonitor mNetdMonitor;
     private BpfMapMonitor mBpfMapMonitor;
-
+    private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     private ProcessShim mProcessShim = ProcessShimImpl.newInstance();
 
     @Before
@@ -198,12 +198,17 @@
         // by default.
         doReturn(VERSION_Q).when(mDeps).getDeviceFirstSdkInt();
 
-        mPermissionMonitor = new PermissionMonitor(mContext, mNetdService, mBpfNetMaps, mDeps);
+        mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("PermissionMonitorTest");
+        mPermissionMonitor = new PermissionMonitor(
+                mContext, mNetdService, mBpfNetMaps, mDeps, mHandlerThread);
         mNetdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
         mBpfMapMonitor = new BpfMapMonitor(mBpfNetMaps);
 
+        // Start the HandlerThread after PermissionMonitor created as CS current behavior.
+        mHandlerThread.start();
+
         doReturn(List.of()).when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(anyInt(), anyInt());
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
     }
 
     private boolean hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(String partition, int targetSdkVersion,
@@ -291,9 +296,39 @@
         doReturn(newPackages).when(mPackageManager).getPackagesForUid(eq(uid));
     }
 
+    private void startMonitoring() {
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring());
+    }
+
+    private void onUserAdded(UserHandle user) {
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(user));
+    }
+
+    private void onUserRemoved(UserHandle user) {
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(user));
+    }
+
+    private void onPackageAdded(String packageName, int uid) {
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, uid));
+    }
+
+    private void onPackageRemoved(String packageName, int uid) {
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(packageName, uid));
+    }
+
+    private void sendAppIdsTrafficPermission(SparseIntArray netdPermissionsAppIds) {
+        processOnHandlerThread(() ->
+                mPermissionMonitor.sendAppIdsTrafficPermission(netdPermissionsAppIds));
+    }
+
+    private void sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(int appId, int permissions) {
+        processOnHandlerThread(() ->
+                mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(appId, permissions));
+    }
+
     private void addPackage(String packageName, int uid, String... permissions) throws Exception {
         buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(packageName, uid, permissions);
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, uid);
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, uid));
     }
 
     private void removePackage(String packageName, int uid) {
@@ -305,7 +340,7 @@
         final String[] newPackages = Arrays.stream(oldPackages).filter(e -> !e.equals(packageName))
                 .toArray(String[]::new);
         doReturn(newPackages).when(mPackageManager).getPackagesForUid(eq(uid));
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(packageName, uid);
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(packageName, uid));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -687,7 +722,7 @@
                 CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE);
 
         // Add user MOCK_USER1.
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
         // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect only have network permission.
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_APPID1);
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1},
@@ -698,13 +733,14 @@
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1},
                 SYSTEM_APPID1);
 
-        final List<PackageInfo> pkgs = List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID21,
+        final List<PackageInfo> pkgs = List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID21,
                         CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_APP_UID21, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE));
         doReturn(pkgs).when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS),
                 eq(MOCK_USER_ID2));
         // Add user MOCK_USER2.
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
                 SYSTEM_APPID1);
 
@@ -745,7 +781,7 @@
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
                 SYSTEM_APPID1);
 
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER1);
+        onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER1);
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2},
                 SYSTEM_APPID1);
         mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, SYSTEM_APPID1);
@@ -759,22 +795,23 @@
                 MOCK_APPID1);
 
         // Remove last user, expect no permission change.
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER2);
+        onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER2);
         mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_APPID1,
                 MOCK_APPID1);
     }
 
-    private void doTestuidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates(@Nullable String ifName)
+    private void doTestUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates(@Nullable String ifName)
             throws Exception {
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID12),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
         buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        // Every app on user 0 except MOCK_UID12 are under VPN.
+        startMonitoring();
+        // Every app on user 0 except MOCK_UID12 is subject to the VPN.
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange1 = Set.of(
                 new UidRange(0, MOCK_UID12 - 1),
                 new UidRange(MOCK_UID12 + 1, UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE - 1));
@@ -787,9 +824,9 @@
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // When MOCK_UID11 package is uninstalled and reinstalled, expect Netd to be updated
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        onPackageAdded(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq(ifName), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
@@ -806,30 +843,30 @@
         // When VPN is disconnected, expect rules to be torn down
         mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesRemoved(ifName, vpnRange2, VPN_UID);
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[] {MOCK_UID12}));
-        assertNull(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnInterfaceUidRanges(ifName));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates() throws Exception {
-        doTestuidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates("tun0");
+        doTestUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates("tun0");
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdatesWithWildcard()
             throws Exception {
-        doTestuidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates(null /* ifName */);
+        doTestUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates(null /* ifName */);
     }
 
     private void doTestUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall(@Nullable String ifName) throws
             Exception {
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
         buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         doReturn(List.of(MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2)).when(mUserManager).getUserHandles(eq(true));
 
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Set.of(UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER1),
                 UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER2));
         mPermissionMonitor.onVpnUidRangesAdded(ifName, vpnRange, VPN_UID);
@@ -840,7 +877,7 @@
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).addUidInterfaceRules(eq(ifName), aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID21}));
 
         // Removed package should have its uid rules removed
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         verify(mBpfNetMaps).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID11}));
         verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).removeUidInterfaceRules(aryEq(new int[]{MOCK_UID21}));
     }
@@ -857,155 +894,140 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithLockdownEnableDisable() {
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID12),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        // Every app on user 0 except MOCK_UID12 are under VPN.
-        final UidRange[] vpnRange1 = {
+        startMonitoring();
+        // Every app on user 0 except MOCK_UID12 is subject to the VPN.
+        final UidRange[] lockdownRange = {
                 new UidRange(0, MOCK_UID12 - 1),
                 new UidRange(MOCK_UID12 + 1, UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE - 1)
         };
 
-        // Add Lockdown uid range, expect a rule to be set up for user app MOCK_UID11
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange1);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(
-                        eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
-        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange1));
+        // Add Lockdown uid range, expect a rule to be set up for MOCK_UID11 and VPN_UID
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(true) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, true /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(VPN_UID, true /* add */);
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Remove Lockdown uid range, expect rules to be torn down
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange1);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
-        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges().isEmpty());
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(false) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, false /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(VPN_UID, false /* add */);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithLockdownEnableDisableWithMultiAdd() {
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        // MOCK_UID11 is under VPN.
+        startMonitoring();
+        // MOCK_UID11 is subject to the VPN.
         final UidRange range = new UidRange(MOCK_UID11, MOCK_UID11);
-        final UidRange[] vpnRange = {range};
+        final UidRange[] lockdownRange = {range};
 
         // Add Lockdown uid range at 1st time, expect a rule to be set up
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
-        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(true) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, true /* add */);
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Add Lockdown uid range at 2nd time, expect a rule not to be set up because the uid
         // already has the rule
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).setUidRule(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
-        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(),  anyBoolean());
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Remove Lockdown uid range at 1st time, expect a rule not to be torn down because we added
         // the range 2 times.
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).setUidRule(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
-        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(),  anyBoolean());
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Remove Lockdown uid range at 2nd time, expect a rule to be torn down because we added
         // twice and we removed twice.
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
-        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges().isEmpty());
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(false) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, false /* add */);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithLockdownEnableDisableWithDuplicates() {
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        // MOCK_UID11 is under VPN.
+        startMonitoring();
+        // MOCK_UID11 is subject to the VPN.
         final UidRange range = new UidRange(MOCK_UID11, MOCK_UID11);
-        final UidRange[] vpnRangeDuplicates = {range, range};
-        final UidRange[] vpnRange = {range};
+        final UidRange[] lockdownRangeDuplicates = {range, range};
+        final UidRange[] lockdownRange = {range};
 
         // Add Lockdown uid ranges which contains duplicated uid ranges
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRangeDuplicates);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
-        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, lockdownRangeDuplicates);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(true) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, true /* add */);
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Remove Lockdown uid range at 1st time, expect a rule not to be torn down because uid
         // ranges we added contains duplicated uid ranges.
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).setUidRule(anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
-        assertEquals(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges(), Set.of(vpnRange));
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never()).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), anyBoolean());
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Remove Lockdown uid range at 2nd time, expect a rule to be torn down.
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* false */, vpnRange);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
-        assertTrue(mPermissionMonitor.getVpnLockdownUidRanges().isEmpty());
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(false /* add */, lockdownRange);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(false) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, false /* add */);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownUidFilteringWithInstallAndUnInstall() {
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_APP_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
                         NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
                 buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
         doReturn(List.of(MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2)).when(mUserManager).getUserHandles(eq(true));
 
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
-        final UidRange[] vpnRange = {
+        startMonitoring();
+        final UidRange[] lockdownRange = {
                 UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER1),
                 UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER2)
         };
-        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, vpnRange);
+        mPermissionMonitor.updateVpnLockdownUidRanges(true /* add */, lockdownRange);
+
+        reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Installing package should add Lockdown rules
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_APPID1);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID21),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_DENY));
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps, times(2)).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(true) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, true /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID21, true /* add */);
 
         reset(mBpfNetMaps);
 
         // Uninstalling package should remove Lockdown rules
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps)
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID11),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
-        verify(mBpfNetMaps, never())
-                .setUidRule(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOCKDOWN_VPN), eq(MOCK_UID21),
-                        eq(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW));
+        onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(anyInt(), eq(false) /* add */);
+        verify(mBpfNetMaps).updateUidLockdownRule(MOCK_UID11, false /* add */);
     }
 
     // Normal package add/remove operations will trigger multiple intent for uids corresponding to
@@ -1013,13 +1035,15 @@
     // called multiple times with the uid corresponding to each user.
     private void addPackageForUsers(UserHandle[] users, String packageName, int appId) {
         for (final UserHandle user : users) {
-            mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, user.getUid(appId));
+            processOnHandlerThread(() ->
+                    mPermissionMonitor.onPackageAdded(packageName, user.getUid(appId)));
         }
     }
 
     private void removePackageForUsers(UserHandle[] users, String packageName, int appId) {
         for (final UserHandle user : users) {
-            mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(packageName, user.getUid(appId));
+            processOnHandlerThread(() ->
+                    mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(packageName, user.getUid(appId)));
         }
     }
 
@@ -1045,7 +1069,7 @@
         netdPermissionsAppIds.put(SYSTEM_APPID2, PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
 
         // Send the permission information to netd, expect permission updated.
-        mPermissionMonitor.sendAppIdsTrafficPermission(netdPermissionsAppIds);
+        sendAppIdsTrafficPermission(netdPermissionsAppIds);
 
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_APPID1);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, MOCK_APPID2);
@@ -1053,16 +1077,16 @@
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, SYSTEM_APPID2);
 
         // Update permission of MOCK_APPID1, expect new permission show up.
-        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(MOCK_APPID1, PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL);
+        sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(MOCK_APPID1, PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_APPID1);
 
         // Change permissions of SYSTEM_APPID2, expect new permission show up and old permission
         // revoked.
-        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(SYSTEM_APPID2, PERMISSION_INTERNET);
+        sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(SYSTEM_APPID2, PERMISSION_INTERNET);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, SYSTEM_APPID2);
 
         // Revoke permission from SYSTEM_APPID1, expect no permission stored.
-        mPermissionMonitor.sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(SYSTEM_APPID1, PERMISSION_NONE);
+        sendPackagePermissionsForAppId(SYSTEM_APPID1, PERMISSION_NONE);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, SYSTEM_APPID1);
     }
 
@@ -1092,7 +1116,7 @@
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_APPID1);
 
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID11)).thenReturn(new String[]{});
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, MOCK_APPID1);
     }
 
@@ -1102,7 +1126,7 @@
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_APPID1);
 
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID11)).thenReturn(new String[]{});
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED, MOCK_APPID1);
 
         addPackage(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11, INTERNET);
@@ -1130,7 +1154,7 @@
         // Uninstall MOCK_PACKAGE1 and expect only INTERNET permission left.
         when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(eq(MOCK_UID11)))
                 .thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE2});
-        mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
+        onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_APPID1);
     }
 
@@ -1139,8 +1163,8 @@
         // Use the real context as this test must ensure the *real* system package holds the
         // necessary permission.
         final Context realContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
-        final PermissionMonitor monitor = new PermissionMonitor(realContext, mNetdService,
-                mBpfNetMaps);
+        final PermissionMonitor monitor = new PermissionMonitor(
+                realContext, mNetdService, mBpfNetMaps, mHandlerThread);
         final PackageManager manager = realContext.getPackageManager();
         final PackageInfo systemInfo = manager.getPackageInfo(REAL_SYSTEM_PACKAGE_NAME,
                 GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER);
@@ -1154,7 +1178,7 @@
         when(mSystemConfigManager.getSystemPermissionUids(eq(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS)))
                 .thenReturn(new int[]{ MOCK_UID12 });
 
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_APPID1);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL, MOCK_APPID2);
     }
@@ -1171,12 +1195,24 @@
                     }
                     return true;
                 }), any(), any());
-        return receiverCaptor.getValue();
+        final BroadcastReceiver originalReceiver = receiverCaptor.getValue();
+        return new BroadcastReceiver() {
+            @Override
+            public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+                processOnHandlerThread(() -> originalReceiver.onReceive(context, intent));
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private void processOnHandlerThread(Runnable function) {
+        final Handler handler = mHandlerThread.getThreadHandler();
+        handler.post(() -> function.run());
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIntentReceiver() throws Exception {
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
                 Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED, Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED);
 
@@ -1203,12 +1239,18 @@
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ContentObserver.class);
         verify(mDeps).registerContentObserver(any(),
                 argThat(uri -> uri.equals(expectedUri)), anyBoolean(), captor.capture());
-        return captor.getValue();
+        final ContentObserver originalObserver = captor.getValue();
+        return new ContentObserver(null) {
+            @Override
+            public void onChange(final boolean selfChange) {
+                processOnHandlerThread(() -> originalObserver.onChange(selfChange));
+            }
+        };
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworksChanged() throws Exception {
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         final ContentObserver contentObserver = expectRegisterContentObserver(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
 
@@ -1240,7 +1282,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworksChangedWithSharedUid() throws Exception {
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         final ContentObserver contentObserver = expectRegisterContentObserver(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
 
@@ -1273,7 +1315,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworksChangedWithMultipleUsers() throws Exception {
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         final ContentObserver contentObserver = expectRegisterContentObserver(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS));
 
@@ -1294,7 +1336,7 @@
         buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID22);
         doReturn(pkgs).when(mPackageManager)
                 .getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), eq(MOCK_USER_ID2));
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
         // MOCK_APPID1 in MOCK_USER1 should have SYSTEM permission but in MOCK_USER2 should have no
         // permissions. And MOCK_APPID2 has no permissions in either users.
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1},
@@ -1313,7 +1355,7 @@
         mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_APPID1);
 
         // Remove user MOCK_USER1
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER1);
+        onUserRemoved(MOCK_USER1);
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2},
                 MOCK_APPID2);
         mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_APPID1);
@@ -1329,10 +1371,11 @@
     public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailable() throws Exception {
         // Initial the permission state. MOCK_PACKAGE1 and MOCK_PACKAGE2 are installed on external
         // and have different uids. There has no permission for both uids.
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID12)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_APPID1, MOCK_APPID2);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, MOCK_APPID1, MOCK_APPID2);
 
@@ -1358,7 +1401,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailable_AppsNotRegisteredOnStartMonitoring()
             throws Exception {
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
                 Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
 
@@ -1387,10 +1430,11 @@
             throws Exception {
         // Initial the permission state. MOCK_PACKAGE1 and MOCK_PACKAGE2 are installed on external
         // storage and shared on MOCK_UID11. There has no permission for MOCK_UID11.
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID11)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         mNetdMonitor.expectNoNetworkPerm(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, MOCK_APPID1);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_NONE, MOCK_APPID1);
 
@@ -1413,10 +1457,11 @@
         // Initial the permission state. MOCK_PACKAGE1 is installed on external storage and
         // MOCK_PACKAGE2 is installed on device. These two packages are shared on MOCK_UID11.
         // MOCK_UID11 has NETWORK and INTERNET permissions.
-        doReturn(List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
+        doReturn(List.of(
+                buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID11),
                 buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID11, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, INTERNET)))
                 .when(mPackageManager).getInstalledPackagesAsUser(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS), anyInt());
-        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        startMonitoring();
         mNetdMonitor.expectNetworkPerm(PERMISSION_NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1},
                 MOCK_APPID1);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(PERMISSION_INTERNET, MOCK_APPID1);
@@ -1481,7 +1526,7 @@
 
     private void addUserAndVerifyAppIdsPermissions(UserHandle user, int appId1Perm,
             int appId2Perm, int appId3Perm) {
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(user);
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(user));
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(appId1Perm, MOCK_APPID1);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(appId2Perm, MOCK_APPID2);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(appId3Perm, MOCK_APPID3);
@@ -1489,7 +1534,7 @@
 
     private void removeUserAndVerifyAppIdsPermissions(UserHandle user, int appId1Perm,
             int appId2Perm, int appId3Perm) {
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(user);
+        processOnHandlerThread(() -> mPermissionMonitor.onUserRemoved(user));
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(appId1Perm, MOCK_APPID1);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(appId2Perm, MOCK_APPID2);
         mBpfMapMonitor.expectTrafficPerm(appId3Perm, MOCK_APPID3);
@@ -1531,8 +1576,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testAppIdsTrafficPermission_Multiuser_PackageAdded() throws Exception {
         // Add two users with empty package list.
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
 
         final int[] netdPermissions = {PERMISSION_NONE, PERMISSION_INTERNET,
                 PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, PERMISSION_TRAFFIC_ALL};
@@ -1601,8 +1646,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testAppIdsTrafficPermission_Multiuser_PackageRemoved() throws Exception {
         // Add two users with empty package list.
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
-        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
+        onUserAdded(MOCK_USER2);
 
         int appId = MOCK_APPID1;
         // Verify that the permission combination is expected when same appId package is removed on
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtilsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtilsTest.java
index b8c552e..ad4785d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtilsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/UidRangeUtilsTest.java
@@ -402,4 +402,27 @@
         expected.add(uids20_24);
         assertEquals(expected, UidRangeUtils.convertArrayToUidRange(input));
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSortRangesByStartUid() throws Exception {
+        final UidRange uid1 = new UidRange(100, 110);
+        final UidRange uid2 = new UidRange(120, 130);
+        final UidRange[] unsortedRanges = new UidRange[] {uid2, uid1};
+        final UidRange[] sortedRanges = UidRangeUtils.sortRangesByStartUid(unsortedRanges);
+        assertEquals(uid1, sortedRanges[0]);
+        assertEquals(uid2, sortedRanges[1]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSortedRangesContainOverlap() throws Exception {
+        final UidRange uid1 = new UidRange(100, 110);
+        final UidRange uid2 = new UidRange(109, 120);
+        final UidRange uid3 = new UidRange(120, 130);
+        final UidRange[] overlapRanges1 = new UidRange[] {uid1, uid2};
+        final UidRange[] overlapRanges2 = new UidRange[] {uid2, uid3};
+        final UidRange[] notOverlapRanges = new UidRange[] {uid1, uid3};
+        assertTrue(UidRangeUtils.sortedRangesContainOverlap(overlapRanges1));
+        assertTrue(UidRangeUtils.sortedRangesContainOverlap(overlapRanges2));
+        assertFalse(UidRangeUtils.sortedRangesContainOverlap(notOverlapRanges));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 597b9a6..395e2bb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -20,18 +20,41 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.CONTROL_VPN;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_ADMIN;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY;
-import static android.content.pm.UserInfo.FLAG_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_DOWN;
 import static android.net.INetd.IF_STATE_UP;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
 import static android.net.VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM;
+import static android.net.cts.util.IkeSessionTestUtils.CHILD_PARAMS;
+import static android.net.cts.util.IkeSessionTestUtils.TEST_IDENTITY;
+import static android.net.cts.util.IkeSessionTestUtils.TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_UNSET;
+import static android.net.cts.util.IkeSessionTestUtils.getTestIkeSessionParams;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionConfiguration.EXTENSION_TYPE_MOBIKE;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_NONE;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_UDP;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.ESP_IP_VERSION_IPV4;
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.ESP_IP_VERSION_IPV6;
 import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2;
 import static android.os.UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
+import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.KEY_CARRIER_CONFIG_APPLIED_BOOL;
+import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.KEY_MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SEC_INT;
+import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.KEY_PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_INT;
 
-import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastT;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV6_MIN_MTU;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SECONDS;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.DEFAULT_LONG_LIVED_TCP_CONNS_EXPENSIVE_TIMEOUT_SEC;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.DEFAULT_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SEC_INT;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_AUTO;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV4_UDP;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_ESP;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn.PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_UDP;
+import static com.android.testutils.Cleanup.testAndCleanup;
 import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
 
@@ -39,9 +62,9 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
@@ -49,6 +72,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.longThat;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.after;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
@@ -59,6 +83,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -77,13 +102,16 @@
 import android.content.pm.ServiceInfo;
 import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
+import android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.Ikev2VpnProfile;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.IpSecTunnelInterfaceResponse;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
@@ -93,25 +121,35 @@
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
-import android.net.NetworkProvider;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
+import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnProfileState;
 import android.net.VpnService;
 import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.ChildSessionCallback;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.ChildSessionConfiguration;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeFqdnIdentification;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionCallback;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionConfiguration;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionConnectionInfo;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeTrafficSelector;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeTunnelConnectionParams;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeException;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeNetworkLostException;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeNonProtocolException;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeProtocolException;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.exceptions.IkeTimeoutException;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnTransportInfo;
+import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
-import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
+import android.os.PersistableBundle;
 import android.os.PowerWhitelistManager;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
@@ -119,8 +157,13 @@
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.security.Credentials;
+import android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager;
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionInfo;
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
+import android.util.Pair;
 import android.util.Range;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -130,14 +173,13 @@
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 import com.android.internal.util.HexDump;
-import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.server.DeviceIdleInternal;
 import com.android.server.IpSecService;
+import com.android.server.VpnTestBase;
 import com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
-import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -155,6 +197,7 @@
 import java.io.FileWriter;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -164,7 +207,11 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
@@ -176,55 +223,71 @@
  */
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
-public class VpnTest {
+@IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
+public class VpnTest extends VpnTestBase {
     private static final String TAG = "VpnTest";
 
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
-    // Mock users
-    static final UserInfo primaryUser = new UserInfo(27, "Primary", FLAG_ADMIN | FLAG_PRIMARY);
-    static final UserInfo secondaryUser = new UserInfo(15, "Secondary", FLAG_ADMIN);
-    static final UserInfo restrictedProfileA = new UserInfo(40, "RestrictedA", FLAG_RESTRICTED);
-    static final UserInfo restrictedProfileB = new UserInfo(42, "RestrictedB", FLAG_RESTRICTED);
-    static final UserInfo managedProfileA = new UserInfo(45, "ManagedA", FLAG_MANAGED_PROFILE);
-    static {
-        restrictedProfileA.restrictedProfileParentId = primaryUser.id;
-        restrictedProfileB.restrictedProfileParentId = secondaryUser.id;
-        managedProfileA.profileGroupId = primaryUser.id;
-    }
-
     static final Network EGRESS_NETWORK = new Network(101);
     static final String EGRESS_IFACE = "wlan0";
-    static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.testvpn.vpn";
+    private static final String TEST_VPN_CLIENT = "2.4.6.8";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_SERVER = "1.2.3.4";
     private static final String TEST_VPN_IDENTITY = "identity";
     private static final byte[] TEST_VPN_PSK = "psk".getBytes();
 
+    private static final int IP4_PREFIX_LEN = 32;
+    private static final int IP6_PREFIX_LEN = 64;
+    private static final int MIN_PORT = 0;
+    private static final int MAX_PORT = 65535;
+
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(TEST_VPN_CLIENT);
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(TEST_VPN_SERVER);
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP_2 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.200");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP_2 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.201");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("198.51.100.10");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP6 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::1");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("8.8.8.8");
+    private static final InetAddress TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS6 =
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:4860:4860::8888");
+
+    private static final IkeTrafficSelector IN_TS =
+            new IkeTrafficSelector(MIN_PORT, MAX_PORT, TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP, TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP);
+    private static final IkeTrafficSelector IN_TS6 =
+            new IkeTrafficSelector(
+                    MIN_PORT, MAX_PORT, TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP6, TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP6);
+    private static final IkeTrafficSelector OUT_TS =
+            new IkeTrafficSelector(MIN_PORT, MAX_PORT,
+                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("0.0.0.0"),
+                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("255.255.255.255"));
+    private static final IkeTrafficSelector OUT_TS6 =
+            new IkeTrafficSelector(
+                    MIN_PORT,
+                    MAX_PORT,
+                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("::"),
+                    InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff"));
+
     private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+    private static final Network TEST_NETWORK_2 = new Network(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1);
     private static final String TEST_IFACE_NAME = "TEST_IFACE";
     private static final int TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID = 0x2345;
     private static final long TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 500L;
+    private static final long TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS = 20_000L;
     private static final String PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY =
             "VPNAPPEXCLUDED_27_com.testvpn.vpn";
-    /**
-     * Names and UIDs for some fake packages. Important points:
-     *  - UID is ordered increasing.
-     *  - One pair of packages have consecutive UIDs.
-     */
-    static final String[] PKGS = {"com.example", "org.example", "net.example", "web.vpn"};
     static final String PKGS_BYTES = getPackageByteString(List.of(PKGS));
-    static final int[] PKG_UIDS = {10066, 10077, 10078, 10400};
-
-    // Mock packages
-    static final Map<String, Integer> mPackages = new ArrayMap<>();
-    static {
-        for (int i = 0; i < PKGS.length; i++) {
-            mPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
-        }
-    }
-    private static final Range<Integer> PRI_USER_RANGE = uidRangeForUser(primaryUser.id);
+    private static final Range<Integer> PRIMARY_USER_RANGE = uidRangeForUser(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+    private static final int TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER = 800;
+    private static final int TEST_SUB_ID = 1234;
+    private static final String TEST_MCCMNC = "12345";
 
     @Mock(answer = Answers.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS) private Context mContext;
     @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
@@ -234,14 +297,61 @@
     @Mock private AppOpsManager mAppOps;
     @Mock private NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
     @Mock private Vpn.SystemServices mSystemServices;
+    @Mock private Vpn.IkeSessionWrapper mIkeSessionWrapper;
     @Mock private Vpn.Ikev2SessionCreator mIkev2SessionCreator;
+    @Mock private Vpn.VpnNetworkAgentWrapper mMockNetworkAgent;
     @Mock private ConnectivityManager mConnectivityManager;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager mCdm;
+    @Mock private TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    @Mock private TelephonyManager mTmPerSub;
+    @Mock private CarrierConfigManager mConfigManager;
+    @Mock private SubscriptionManager mSubscriptionManager;
     @Mock private IpSecService mIpSecService;
     @Mock private VpnProfileStore mVpnProfileStore;
+    private final TestExecutor mExecutor;
     @Mock DeviceIdleInternal mDeviceIdleInternal;
     private final VpnProfile mVpnProfile;
 
     private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
+    private TestDeps mTestDeps;
+
+    public static class TestExecutor extends ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor {
+        public static final long REAL_DELAY = -1;
+
+        // For the purposes of the test, run all scheduled tasks after 10ms to save
+        // execution time, unless overridden by the specific test. Set to REAL_DELAY
+        // to actually wait for the delay specified by the real call to schedule().
+        public long delayMs = 10;
+        // If this is true, execute() will call the runnable inline. This is useful because
+        // super.execute() calls schedule(), which messes with checks that scheduled() is
+        // called a given number of times.
+        public boolean executeDirect = false;
+
+        public TestExecutor() {
+            super(1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void execute(final Runnable command) {
+            // See |executeDirect| for why this is necessary.
+            if (executeDirect) {
+                command.run();
+            } else {
+                super.execute(command);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(final Runnable command, final long delay,
+                TimeUnit unit) {
+            if (0 == delay || delayMs == REAL_DELAY) {
+                // super.execute() calls schedule() with 0, so use the real delay if it's 0.
+                return super.schedule(command, delay, unit);
+            } else {
+                return super.schedule(command, delayMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     public VpnTest() throws Exception {
         // Build an actual VPN profile that is capable of being converted to and from an
@@ -249,6 +359,8 @@
         final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
                 new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_VPN_SERVER, TEST_VPN_IDENTITY);
         builder.setAuthPsk(TEST_VPN_PSK);
+        builder.setBypassable(true /* isBypassable */);
+        mExecutor = spy(new TestExecutor());
         mVpnProfile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
     }
 
@@ -257,9 +369,14 @@
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
 
         mIpSecManager = new IpSecManager(mContext, mIpSecService);
+        mTestDeps = spy(new TestDeps());
+        doReturn(IPV6_MIN_MTU)
+                .when(mTestDeps)
+                .calculateVpnMtu(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyBoolean());
+        doReturn(1500).when(mTestDeps).getJavaNetworkInterfaceMtu(any(), anyInt());
 
         when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
-        setMockedPackages(mPackages);
+        setMockedPackages(sPackages);
 
         when(mContext.getPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         when(mContext.getOpPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -268,6 +385,13 @@
         mockService(NotificationManager.class, Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE, mNotificationManager);
         mockService(ConnectivityManager.class, Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, mConnectivityManager);
         mockService(IpSecManager.class, Context.IPSEC_SERVICE, mIpSecManager);
+        mockService(ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.class, Context.CONNECTIVITY_DIAGNOSTICS_SERVICE,
+                mCdm);
+        mockService(TelephonyManager.class, Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE, mTelephonyManager);
+        mockService(CarrierConfigManager.class, Context.CARRIER_CONFIG_SERVICE, mConfigManager);
+        mockService(SubscriptionManager.class, Context.TELEPHONY_SUBSCRIPTION_SERVICE,
+                mSubscriptionManager);
+        doReturn(mTmPerSub).when(mTelephonyManager).createForSubscriptionId(anyInt());
         when(mContext.getString(R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent))
                 .thenReturn(Resources.getSystem().getString(
                         R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent));
@@ -293,15 +417,21 @@
                         IpSecManager.Status.OK, TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID, TEST_IFACE_NAME);
         when(mIpSecService.createTunnelInterface(any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
                 .thenReturn(tunnelResp);
+        doReturn(new LinkProperties()).when(mConnectivityManager).getLinkProperties(any());
+
         // The unit test should know what kind of permission it needs and set the permission by
         // itself, so set the default value of Context#checkCallingOrSelfPermission to
         // PERMISSION_DENIED.
         doReturn(PERMISSION_DENIED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(any());
+
+        // Set up mIkev2SessionCreator and mExecutor
+        resetIkev2SessionCreator(mIkeSessionWrapper);
     }
 
-    @After
-    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
-        doReturn(PERMISSION_DENIED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(CONTROL_VPN);
+    private void resetIkev2SessionCreator(Vpn.IkeSessionWrapper ikeSession) {
+        reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
+        when(mIkev2SessionCreator.createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(ikeSession);
     }
 
     private <T> void mockService(Class<T> clazz, String name, T service) {
@@ -342,50 +472,51 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRestrictedProfilesAreAddedToVpn() {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, secondaryUser, restrictedProfileA, restrictedProfileB);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER, SECONDARY_USER, RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, RESTRICTED_PROFILE_B);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
 
         // Assume the user can have restricted profiles.
         doReturn(true).when(mUserManager).canHaveRestrictedProfile();
         final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges =
-                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id, null, null);
+                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(PRIMARY_USER.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE, uidRangeForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)), ranges);
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE, uidRangeForUser(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A.id)),
+                 ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testManagedProfilesAreNotAddedToVpn() {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, managedProfileA);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER, MANAGED_PROFILE_A);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
-                null, null);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
+                PRIMARY_USER.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE), ranges);
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testAddUserToVpnOnlyAddsOneUser() {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser, restrictedProfileA, managedProfileA);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER, RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, MANAGED_PROFILE_A);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
-        vpn.addUserToRanges(ranges, primaryUser.id, null, null);
+        vpn.addUserToRanges(ranges, PRIMARY_USER.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRI_USER_RANGE), ranges);
+        assertEquals(rangeSet(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidAllowAndDenylist() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRIMARY_USER_RANGE;
         final int userStart = user.getLower();
         final int userStop = user.getUpper();
         final String[] packages = {PKGS[0], PKGS[1], PKGS[2]};
 
         // Allowed list
-        final Set<Range<Integer>> allow = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> allow = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(PRIMARY_USER.id,
                 Arrays.asList(packages), null /* disallowedApplications */);
         assertEquals(rangeSet(
                 uidRange(userStart + PKG_UIDS[0], userStart + PKG_UIDS[0]),
@@ -398,7 +529,7 @@
 
         // Denied list
         final Set<Range<Integer>> disallow =
-                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
+                vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(PRIMARY_USER.id,
                         null /* allowedApplications */, Arrays.asList(packages));
         assertEquals(rangeSet(
                 uidRange(userStart, userStart + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
@@ -413,14 +544,14 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(String packageName) {
-        verify(mDeviceIdleInternal).addPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(anyInt(), eq(packageName),
-                anyLong(), anyInt(), eq(false), eq(PowerWhitelistManager.REASON_VPN),
-                eq("VpnManager event"));
+        verify(mDeviceIdleInternal, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).addPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(
+                anyInt(), eq(packageName), anyLong(), anyInt(), eq(false),
+                eq(PowerWhitelistManager.REASON_VPN), eq("VpnManager event"));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testGetAlwaysAndOnGetLockDown() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
 
         // Default state.
         assertFalse(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
@@ -444,8 +575,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownChangingPackage() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRIMARY_USER_RANGE;
         final int userStart = user.getLower();
         final int userStop = user.getUpper();
         // Set always-on without lockdown.
@@ -478,8 +609,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownAllowlist() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final Range<Integer> user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Range<Integer> user = PRIMARY_USER_RANGE;
         final int userStart = user.getLower();
         final int userStop = user.getUpper();
         // Set always-on with lockdown and allow app PKGS[2] from lockdown.
@@ -589,9 +720,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleRepeatability() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         final UidRangeParcel[] primaryUserRangeParcel = new UidRangeParcel[] {
-                new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRI_USER_RANGE.getUpper())};
+                new UidRangeParcel(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getUpper())};
         // Given legacy lockdown is already enabled,
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).setRequireVpnForUids(true,
@@ -622,9 +753,9 @@
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleReversibility() throws Exception {
         doReturn(PERMISSION_GRANTED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(CONTROL_VPN);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         final UidRangeParcel[] entireUser = {
-            new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRI_USER_RANGE.getUpper())
+            new UidRangeParcel(PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getLower(), PRIMARY_USER_RANGE.getUpper())
         };
         final UidRangeParcel[] exceptPkg0 = {
             new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
@@ -654,8 +785,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testPrepare_throwSecurityExceptionWhenGivenPackageDoesNotBelongToTheCaller()
             throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(isAtLeastT());
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        mTestDeps.mIgnoreCallingUidChecks = false;
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
                 () -> vpn.prepare("com.not.vpn.owner", null, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
@@ -667,24 +798,24 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testPrepare_bothOldPackageAndNewPackageAreNull() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
         assertTrue(vpn.prepare(null, null, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
 
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testIsAlwaysOnPackageSupported() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
 
         ApplicationInfo appInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
-        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(eq(PKGS[0]), anyInt(), eq(primaryUser.id)))
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(eq(PKGS[0]), anyInt(), eq(PRIMARY_USER.id)))
                 .thenReturn(appInfo);
 
         ServiceInfo svcInfo = new ServiceInfo();
         ResolveInfo resInfo = new ResolveInfo();
         resInfo.serviceInfo = svcInfo;
         when(mPackageManager.queryIntentServicesAsUser(any(), eq(PackageManager.GET_META_DATA),
-                eq(primaryUser.id)))
+                eq(PRIMARY_USER.id)))
                 .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(resInfo));
 
         // null package name should return false
@@ -708,9 +839,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testNotificationShownForAlwaysOnApp() throws Exception {
-        final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        final UserHandle userHandle = UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
         final InOrder order = inOrder(mNotificationManager);
 
@@ -743,24 +874,21 @@
      */
     @Test
     public void testGetProfileNameForPackage() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
-        final String expected = Credentials.PLATFORM_VPN + primaryUser.id + "_" + TEST_VPN_PKG;
+        final String expected = Credentials.PLATFORM_VPN + PRIMARY_USER.id + "_" + TEST_VPN_PKG;
         assertEquals(expected, vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG));
     }
 
-    private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
-        return createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(primaryUser, grantedOps);
+    private Vpn createVpn(String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
+        return createVpn(PRIMARY_USER, grantedOps);
     }
 
-    private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(UserInfo user, String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
+    private Vpn createVpn(UserInfo user, String... grantedOps) throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(user.id);
         setMockedUsers(user);
 
-        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), anyInt()))
-                .thenReturn(Process.myUid());
-
         for (final String opStr : grantedOps) {
             when(mAppOps.noteOpNoThrow(opStr, Process.myUid(), TEST_VPN_PKG,
                     null /* attributionTag */, null /* message */))
@@ -789,7 +917,7 @@
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileNoIpsecTunnels() throws Exception {
         when(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_IPSEC_TUNNELS))
                 .thenReturn(false);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             checkProvisionVpnProfile(
@@ -800,7 +928,7 @@
     }
 
     private Vpn prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY))
@@ -808,14 +936,11 @@
 
         vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         verify(mVpnProfileStore).get(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
-        vpn.mNetworkAgent = new NetworkAgent(mContext, Looper.getMainLooper(), TAG,
-                new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(), new LinkProperties(), 10 /* score */,
-                new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(),
-                new NetworkProvider(mContext, Looper.getMainLooper(), TAG)) {};
+        vpn.mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent;
         return vpn;
     }
 
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
+    @Test
     public void testSetAndGetAppExclusionList() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
         verify(mVpnProfileStore, never()).put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY), any());
@@ -824,16 +949,92 @@
                 .put(eq(PRIMARY_USER_APP_EXCLUDE_KEY),
                      eq(HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(PKGS_BYTES)));
         assertEquals(vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(
-                primaryUser.id, null, Arrays.asList(PKGS)),
+                PRIMARY_USER.id, null, Arrays.asList(PKGS)),
                 vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
     }
 
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(S_V2)
+    @Test
+    public void testRefreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList_updatesExcludedUids() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
+        vpn.setAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG, Arrays.asList(PKGS));
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendNetworkCapabilities(any());
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Remove one of the package
+        List<Integer> newExcludedUids = toList(PKG_UIDS);
+        newExcludedUids.remove((Integer) PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        sPackages.remove(PKGS[0]);
+        vpn.refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // List in keystore is not changed, but UID for the removed packages is no longer exempted.
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
+        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendNetworkCapabilities(ncCaptor.capture());
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Add the package back
+        newExcludedUids.add(PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        sPackages.put(PKGS[0], PKG_UIDS[0]);
+        vpn.refreshPlatformVpnAppExclusionList();
+
+        // List in keystore is not changed and the uid list should be updated in the net cap.
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(PKGS), vpn.getAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG));
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUids());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendNetworkCapabilities(ncCaptor.capture());
+        assertEquals(makeVpnUidRange(PRIMARY_USER.id, newExcludedUids),
+                ncCaptor.getValue().getUids());
+    }
+
+    private Set<Range<Integer>> makeVpnUidRange(int userId, List<Integer> excludedList) {
+        final SortedSet<Integer> list = new TreeSet<>();
+
+        final int userBase = userId * UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE;
+        for (int uid : excludedList) {
+            final int applicationUid = UserHandle.getUid(userId, uid);
+            list.add(applicationUid);
+            list.add(Process.toSdkSandboxUid(applicationUid)); // Add Sdk Sandbox UID
+        }
+
+        final int minUid = userBase;
+        final int maxUid = userBase + UserHandle.PER_USER_RANGE - 1;
+        final Set<Range<Integer>> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
+
+        // Iterate the list to create the ranges between each uid.
+        int start = minUid;
+        for (int uid : list) {
+            if (uid == start) {
+                start++;
+            } else {
+                ranges.add(new Range<>(start, uid - 1));
+                start = uid + 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create the range between last uid and max uid.
+        if (start <= maxUid) {
+            ranges.add(new Range<>(start, maxUid));
+        }
+
+        return ranges;
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetAndGetAppExclusionListRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = prepareVpnForVerifyAppExclusionList();
+
         // Mock it to restricted profile
-        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(anyInt())).thenReturn(restrictedProfileA);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(anyInt())).thenReturn(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A);
+
         // Restricted users cannot configure VPNs
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
                 () -> vpn.setAppExclusionList(TEST_VPN_PKG, new ArrayList<>()));
@@ -843,7 +1044,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfilePreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         checkProvisionVpnProfile(
                 vpn, true /* expectedResult */, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
@@ -851,7 +1052,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileNotPreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         // Expect that both the ACTIVATE_VPN and ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN were tried, but the caller
         // had neither.
@@ -861,14 +1062,14 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileVpnServicePreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
 
         checkProvisionVpnProfile(vpn, true /* expectedResult */, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileTooLarge() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         final VpnProfile bigProfile = new VpnProfile("");
         bigProfile.name = new String(new byte[Vpn.MAX_VPN_PROFILE_SIZE_BYTES + 1]);
@@ -883,8 +1084,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testProvisionVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+                createVpn(
+                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.provisionVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, mVpnProfile);
@@ -895,7 +1096,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testDeleteVpnProfile() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         vpn.deleteVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
 
@@ -906,8 +1107,8 @@
     @Test
     public void testDeleteVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+                createVpn(
+                        RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.deleteVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -918,7 +1119,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testGetVpnProfilePrivileged() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(new VpnProfile("").encode());
@@ -937,7 +1138,7 @@
                 eq(null) /* message */);
         verify(mAppOps).startOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_MANAGER),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(packageName),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
                 eq(null) /* message */);
@@ -947,14 +1148,14 @@
         // Add a small delay to double confirm that finishOp is only called once.
         verify(mAppOps, after(100)).finishOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_MANAGER),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(packageName),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfile() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
@@ -967,7 +1168,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileVpnServicePreconsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
@@ -981,7 +1182,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileNotConsented() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         try {
             vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1006,7 +1207,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileMissingProfile() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG))).thenReturn(null);
 
@@ -1028,9 +1229,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1041,9 +1240,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStopVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn =
-                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
-                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(RESTRICTED_PROFILE_A, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
 
         try {
             vpn.stopVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1054,8 +1251,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartOpAndFinishOpWillBeCalledWhenPlatformVpnIsOnAndOff() throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
         vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
@@ -1063,14 +1259,14 @@
         // Add a small delay to make sure that startOp is only called once.
         verify(mAppOps, after(100).times(1)).startOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_MANAGER),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
                 eq(null) /* message */);
         // Check that the startOp is not called with OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_SERVICE.
         verify(mAppOps, never()).startOp(
                 eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ESTABLISH_VPN_SERVICE),
-                eq(Process.myUid()),
+                eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                 eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                 eq(null) /* attributionTag */,
                 eq(null) /* message */);
@@ -1080,8 +1276,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testStartOpWithSeamlessHandover() throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
+        // Create with SYSTEM_USER so that establish() will match the user ID when checking
+        // against Binder.getCallerUid
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(SYSTEM_USER, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN);
         assertTrue(vpn.prepare(TEST_VPN_PKG, null, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
         final VpnConfig config = new VpnConfig();
         config.user = "VpnTest";
@@ -1112,41 +1309,74 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyVpnManagerEvent(String sessionKey, String category, int errorClass,
-            int errorCode, VpnProfileState... profileState) {
+            int errorCode, String[] packageName, @NonNull VpnProfileState... profileState) {
         final Context userContext =
-                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id), 0 /* flags */);
+                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER.id), 0 /* flags */);
         final ArgumentCaptor<Intent> intentArgumentCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Intent.class);
 
-        final int verifyTimes = (profileState == null) ? 1 : profileState.length;
+        final int verifyTimes = profileState.length;
         verify(userContext, times(verifyTimes)).startService(intentArgumentCaptor.capture());
 
         for (int i = 0; i < verifyTimes; i++) {
             final Intent intent = intentArgumentCaptor.getAllValues().get(i);
+            assertEquals(packageName[i], intent.getPackage());
             assertEquals(sessionKey, intent.getStringExtra(VpnManager.EXTRA_SESSION_KEY));
             final Set<String> categories = intent.getCategories();
             assertTrue(categories.contains(category));
+            assertEquals(1, categories.size());
             assertEquals(errorClass,
                     intent.getIntExtra(VpnManager.EXTRA_ERROR_CLASS, -1 /* defaultValue */));
             assertEquals(errorCode,
                     intent.getIntExtra(VpnManager.EXTRA_ERROR_CODE, -1 /* defaultValue */));
-            if (profileState != null) {
-                assertEquals(profileState[i], intent.getParcelableExtra(
-                        VpnManager.EXTRA_VPN_PROFILE_STATE, VpnProfileState.class));
+            // CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER & CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED won't
+            // send NetworkCapabilities & LinkProperties to VPN app.
+            // For ERROR_CODE_NETWORK_LOST, the NetworkCapabilities & LinkProperties of underlying
+            // network will be cleared. So the VPN app will receive null for those 2 extra values.
+            if (category.equals(VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER)
+                    || category.equals(VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED)
+                    || errorCode == VpnManager.ERROR_CODE_NETWORK_LOST) {
+                assertNull(intent.getParcelableExtra(
+                        VpnManager.EXTRA_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES));
+                assertNull(intent.getParcelableExtra(VpnManager.EXTRA_UNDERLYING_LINK_PROPERTIES));
+            } else {
+                assertNotNull(intent.getParcelableExtra(
+                        VpnManager.EXTRA_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES));
+                assertNotNull(intent.getParcelableExtra(
+                        VpnManager.EXTRA_UNDERLYING_LINK_PROPERTIES));
             }
+
+            assertEquals(profileState[i], intent.getParcelableExtra(
+                    VpnManager.EXTRA_VPN_PROFILE_STATE, VpnProfileState.class));
         }
         reset(userContext);
     }
 
+    private void verifyDeactivatedByUser(String sessionKey, String[] packageName) {
+        // CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER is not an error event, so both of errorClass and
+        // errorCode won't be set.
+        verifyVpnManagerEvent(sessionKey, VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER,
+                -1 /* errorClass */, -1 /* errorCode */, packageName,
+                // VPN NetworkAgnet does not switch to CONNECTED in the test, and the state is not
+                // important here. Verify that the state as it is, i.e. CONNECTING state.
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_CONNECTING,
+                        sessionKey, false /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
+    }
+
+    private void verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(String[] packageName, VpnProfileState... profileState) {
+        verifyVpnManagerEvent(null /* sessionKey */,
+                VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED, -1 /* errorClass */,
+                -1 /* errorCode */, packageName, profileState);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testVpnManagerEventForUserDeactivated() throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
         // For security reasons, Vpn#prepare() will check that oldPackage and newPackage are either
         // null or the package of the caller. This test will call Vpn#prepare() to pretend the old
         // VPN is replaced by a new one. But only Settings can change to some other packages, and
         // this is checked with CONTROL_VPN so simulate holding CONTROL_VPN in order to pass the
         // security checks.
         doReturn(PERMISSION_GRANTED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(CONTROL_VPN);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
 
@@ -1157,10 +1387,7 @@
         verifyPlatformVpnIsDeactivated(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        // CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER is not an error event, so both of errorClass and
-        // errorCode won't be set.
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(sessionKey1, VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER,
-                -1 /* errorClass */, -1 /* errorCode */, null /* profileState */);
+        verifyDeactivatedByUser(sessionKey1, new String[] {TEST_VPN_PKG});
         reset(mAppOps);
 
         // Test the case that the user chooses another vpn and the original one is replaced.
@@ -1170,26 +1397,21 @@
         verifyPlatformVpnIsDeactivated(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        // CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER is not an error event, so both of errorClass and
-        // errorCode won't be set.
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(sessionKey2, VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_DEACTIVATED_BY_USER,
-                -1 /* errorClass */, -1 /* errorCode */, null /* profileState */);
+        verifyDeactivatedByUser(sessionKey2, new String[] {TEST_VPN_PKG});
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testVpnManagerEventForAlwaysOnChanged() throws Exception {
-        assumeTrue(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
         // Calling setAlwaysOnPackage() needs to hold CONTROL_VPN.
         doReturn(PERMISSION_GRANTED).when(mContext).checkCallingOrSelfPermission(CONTROL_VPN);
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
         // Enable VPN always-on for PKGS[1].
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false /* lockdown */,
                 null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(PKGS[1]);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(null /* sessionKey */,
-                VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED, -1 /* errorClass */,
-                -1 /* errorCode */, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
+        verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(new String[] {PKGS[1]},
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
                         null /* sessionKey */, true /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
 
         // Enable VPN lockdown for PKGS[1].
@@ -1197,9 +1419,8 @@
                 null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(PKGS[1]);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(null /* sessionKey */,
-                VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED, -1 /* errorClass */,
-                -1 /* errorCode */, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
+        verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(new String[] {PKGS[1]},
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
                         null /* sessionKey */, true /* alwaysOn */, true /* lockdown */));
 
         // Disable VPN lockdown for PKGS[1].
@@ -1207,9 +1428,8 @@
                 null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(PKGS[1]);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(null /* sessionKey */,
-                VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED, -1 /* errorClass */,
-                -1 /* errorCode */, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
+        verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(new String[] {PKGS[1]},
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
                         null /* sessionKey */, true /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
 
         // Disable VPN always-on.
@@ -1217,9 +1437,8 @@
                 null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(PKGS[1]);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(null /* sessionKey */,
-                VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED, -1 /* errorClass */,
-                -1 /* errorCode */, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
+        verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(new String[] {PKGS[1]},
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
                         null /* sessionKey */, false /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
 
         // Enable VPN always-on for PKGS[1] again.
@@ -1227,9 +1446,8 @@
                 null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(PKGS[1]);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(null /* sessionKey */,
-                VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED, -1 /* errorClass */,
-                -1 /* errorCode */, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
+        verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(new String[] {PKGS[1]},
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
                         null /* sessionKey */, true /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
 
         // Enable VPN always-on for PKGS[2].
@@ -1241,64 +1459,120 @@
         // Pass 2 VpnProfileState objects to verifyVpnManagerEvent(), the first one is sent to
         // PKGS[1] to notify PKGS[1] that the VPN always-on is disabled, the second one is sent to
         // PKGS[2] to notify PKGS[2] that the VPN always-on is enabled.
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(null /* sessionKey */,
-                VpnManager.CATEGORY_EVENT_ALWAYS_ON_STATE_CHANGED, -1 /* errorClass */,
-                -1 /* errorCode */, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
+        verifyAlwaysOnStateChanged(new String[] {PKGS[1], PKGS[2]},
+                new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
                         null /* sessionKey */, false /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */),
                 new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_DISCONNECTED,
                         null /* sessionKey */, true /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testReconnectVpnManagerVpnWithAlwaysOnEnabled() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
+        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        verifyPlatformVpnIsActivated(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        // Enable VPN always-on for TEST_VPN_PKG.
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG, false /* lockdown */,
+                null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
+
+        // Reset to verify next startVpnProfile.
+        reset(mAppOps);
+
+        vpn.stopVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+
+        // Reconnect the vpn with different package will cause exception.
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> vpn.startVpnProfile(PKGS[0]));
+
+        // Reconnect the vpn again with the vpn always on package w/o exception.
+        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        verifyPlatformVpnIsActivated(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockdown_enableDisableWhileConnected() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mTestDeps);
+        order.verify(mTestDeps, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS))
+                .newNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(),
+                        argThat(config -> config.allowBypass), any(), any());
+
+        // Make VPN lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpnSnapShot.vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG, true /* lockdown */,
+                null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
+
+        order.verify(mTestDeps, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS))
+                .newNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(),
+                argThat(config -> !config.allowBypass), any(), any());
+
+        // Disable lockdown.
+        assertTrue(vpnSnapShot.vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG, false /* lockdown */,
+                null /* lockdownAllowlist */));
+
+        order.verify(mTestDeps, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS))
+                .newNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(),
+                        argThat(config -> config.allowBypass), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetPackageAuthorizationVpnService() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetPackageAuthorizationPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetPackageAuthorizationRevokeAuthorization() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn();
 
         assertTrue(vpn.setPackageAuthorization(TEST_VPN_PKG, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_NONE));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
         verify(mAppOps)
                 .setMode(
                         eq(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN),
-                        eq(Process.myUid()),
+                        eq(UserHandle.getUid(PRIMARY_USER.id, Process.myUid())),
                         eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
     }
 
     private NetworkCallback triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback() throws Exception {
+        return triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback(new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
+    }
+
+    private NetworkCallback triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback(
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
         final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> networkCallbackCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
-                .requestNetwork(any(), networkCallbackCaptor.capture());
+                .registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(networkCallbackCaptor.capture(), any());
 
         // onAvailable() will trigger onDefaultNetworkChanged(), so NetdUtils#setInterfaceUp will be
         // invoked. Set the return value of INetd#interfaceGetCfg to prevent NullPointerException.
@@ -1307,6 +1581,12 @@
         when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(anyString())).thenReturn(config);
         final NetworkCallback cb = networkCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         cb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK);
+        // Trigger onCapabilitiesChanged() and onLinkPropertiesChanged() so the test can verify that
+        // if NetworkCapabilities and LinkProperties of underlying network will be sent/cleared or
+        // not.
+        // See verifyVpnManagerEvent().
+        cb.onCapabilitiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK, caps);
+        cb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK, new LinkProperties());
         return cb;
     }
 
@@ -1321,10 +1601,15 @@
         final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> captor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
 
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
         when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
                 .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
 
+        doReturn(new NetworkCapabilities()).when(mConnectivityManager)
+                .getRedactedNetworkCapabilitiesForPackage(any(), anyInt(), anyString());
+        doReturn(new LinkProperties()).when(mConnectivityManager)
+                .getRedactedLinkPropertiesForPackage(any(), anyInt(), anyString());
+
         final String sessionKey = vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
@@ -1335,35 +1620,59 @@
         verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
                 .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), captor.capture(), any());
         reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
-        final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = captor.getValue();
-        ikeCb.onClosedWithException(exception);
+        // For network lost case, the process should be triggered by calling onLost(), which is the
+        // same process with the real case.
+        if (errorCode == VpnManager.ERROR_CODE_NETWORK_LOST) {
+            cb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+            verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+        } else {
+            final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = captor.getValue();
+            ikeCb.onClosedWithException(exception);
+        }
 
         verifyPowerSaveTempWhitelistApp(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         reset(mDeviceIdleInternal);
-        verifyVpnManagerEvent(sessionKey, category, errorType, errorCode, null /* profileState */);
+        verifyVpnManagerEvent(sessionKey, category, errorType, errorCode,
+                // VPN NetworkAgnet does not switch to CONNECTED in the test, and the state is not
+                // important here. Verify that the state as it is, i.e. CONNECTING state.
+                new String[] {TEST_VPN_PKG}, new VpnProfileState(VpnProfileState.STATE_CONNECTING,
+                        sessionKey, false /* alwaysOn */, false /* lockdown */));
         if (errorType == VpnManager.ERROR_CLASS_NOT_RECOVERABLE) {
             verify(mConnectivityManager, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
                     .unregisterNetworkCallback(eq(cb));
-        } else if (errorType == VpnManager.ERROR_CLASS_RECOVERABLE) {
-            // To prevent spending much time to test the retry function, only retry 2 times here.
+        } else if (errorType == VpnManager.ERROR_CLASS_RECOVERABLE
+                // Vpn won't retry when there is no usable underlying network.
+                && errorCode != VpnManager.ERROR_CODE_NETWORK_LOST) {
             int retryIndex = 0;
-            verify(mIkev2SessionCreator,
-                    timeout(((TestDeps) vpn.mDeps).getNextRetryDelaySeconds(retryIndex++) * 1000
-                            + TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
-                    .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), captor.capture(), any());
+            final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb2 = verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
 
-            // Capture a new IkeSessionCallback to get the latest token.
-            reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
-            final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb2 = captor.getValue();
             ikeCb2.onClosedWithException(exception);
-            verify(mIkev2SessionCreator,
-                    timeout(((TestDeps) vpn.mDeps).getNextRetryDelaySeconds(retryIndex++) * 1000
-                            + TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
-                    .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), captor.capture(), any());
-            reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
+            verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(retryIndex++);
         }
     }
 
+    private IkeSessionCallback verifyRetryAndGetNewIkeCb(int retryIndex) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> ikeCbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
+
+        // Verify retry is scheduled
+        final long expectedDelayMs = mTestDeps.getNextRetryDelayMs(retryIndex);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Long> delayCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Long.class);
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), delayCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        final List<Long> delays = delayCaptor.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(expectedDelayMs, (long) delays.get(delays.size() - 1));
+
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS + expectedDelayMs))
+                .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), ikeCbCaptor.capture(), any());
+
+        // Forget the mIkev2SessionCreator#createIkeSession call and mExecutor#schedule call
+        // for the next retry verification
+        resetIkev2SessionCreator(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+
+        return ikeCbCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpnAuthenticationFailed() throws Exception {
         final IkeProtocolException exception = mock(IkeProtocolException.class);
@@ -1430,7 +1739,7 @@
     public void testStartPlatformVpnIllegalArgumentExceptionInSetup() throws Exception {
         when(mIkev2SessionCreator.createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any()))
                 .thenThrow(new IllegalArgumentException());
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), mVpnProfile);
         final NetworkCallback cb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
@@ -1443,7 +1752,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testVpnManagerEventWillNotBeSentToSettingsVpn() throws Exception {
-        startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
+        startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), mVpnProfile);
         triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         verifyInterfaceSetCfgWithFlags(IF_STATE_UP);
@@ -1460,9 +1769,8 @@
         final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = captor.getValue();
         ikeCb.onClosedWithException(exception);
 
-        // userContext is the same Context that VPN is using, see createVpn().
         final Context userContext =
-                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.of(primaryUser.id), 0 /* flags */);
+                mContext.createContextAsUser(UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER.id), 0 /* flags */);
         verify(userContext, never()).startService(any());
     }
 
@@ -1475,18 +1783,18 @@
                 eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
 
         verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
-                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_APP), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), eq(primaryUser.id));
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_APP), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), eq(PRIMARY_USER.id));
         verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutIntForUser(
                 eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN), eq(lockdownEnabled ? 1 : 0),
-                eq(primaryUser.id));
+                eq(PRIMARY_USER.id));
         verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
-                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN_WHITELIST), eq(""), eq(primaryUser.id));
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN_WHITELIST), eq(""), eq(PRIMARY_USER.id));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSetAndStartAlwaysOnVpn() throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
         // UID checks must return a different UID; otherwise it'll be treated as already prepared.
         final int uid = Process.myUid() + 1;
@@ -1503,7 +1811,7 @@
     }
 
     private Vpn startLegacyVpn(final Vpn vpn, final VpnProfile vpnProfile) throws Exception {
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        setMockedUsers(PRIMARY_USER);
 
         // Dummy egress interface
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
@@ -1517,11 +1825,936 @@
         return vpn;
     }
 
+    private IkeSessionConnectionInfo createIkeConnectInfo() {
+        return new IkeSessionConnectionInfo(TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP, TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP, TEST_NETWORK);
+    }
+
+    private IkeSessionConnectionInfo createIkeConnectInfo_2() {
+        return new IkeSessionConnectionInfo(
+                TEST_VPN_CLIENT_IP_2, TEST_VPN_SERVER_IP_2, TEST_NETWORK_2);
+    }
+
+    private IkeSessionConfiguration createIkeConfig(
+            IkeSessionConnectionInfo ikeConnectInfo, boolean isMobikeEnabled) {
+        final IkeSessionConfiguration.Builder builder =
+                new IkeSessionConfiguration.Builder(ikeConnectInfo);
+
+        if (isMobikeEnabled) {
+            builder.addIkeExtension(EXTENSION_TYPE_MOBIKE);
+        }
+
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    private ChildSessionConfiguration createChildConfig() {
+        return new ChildSessionConfiguration.Builder(
+                        Arrays.asList(IN_TS, IN_TS6), Arrays.asList(OUT_TS, OUT_TS6))
+                .addInternalAddress(new LinkAddress(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP, IP4_PREFIX_LEN))
+                .addInternalAddress(new LinkAddress(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP6, IP6_PREFIX_LEN))
+                .addInternalDnsServer(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS)
+                .addInternalDnsServer(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS6)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private IpSecTransform createIpSecTransform() {
+        return new IpSecTransform(mContext, new IpSecConfig());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(int expectedTimes) throws Exception {
+        verify(mIpSecService, times(expectedTimes)).applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                eq(TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN),
+                anyInt(), anyString());
+        verify(mIpSecService, times(expectedTimes)).applyTunnelModeTransform(
+                eq(TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT),
+                anyInt(), anyString());
+    }
+
+    private Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> verifyCreateIkeAndCaptureCbs()
+            throws Exception {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<IkeSessionCallback> ikeCbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(IkeSessionCallback.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ChildSessionCallback> childCbCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ChildSessionCallback.class);
+
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).createIkeSession(
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), ikeCbCaptor.capture(), childCbCaptor.capture());
+
+        return new Pair<>(ikeCbCaptor.getValue(), childCbCaptor.getValue());
+    }
+
+    private static class PlatformVpnSnapshot {
+        public final Vpn vpn;
+        public final NetworkCallback nwCb;
+        public final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb;
+        public final ChildSessionCallback childCb;
+
+        PlatformVpnSnapshot(Vpn vpn, NetworkCallback nwCb,
+                IkeSessionCallback ikeCb, ChildSessionCallback childCb) {
+            this.vpn = vpn;
+            this.nwCb = nwCb;
+            this.ikeCb = ikeCb;
+            this.childCb = childCb;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private PlatformVpnSnapshot verifySetupPlatformVpn(IkeSessionConfiguration ikeConfig)
+            throws Exception {
+        return verifySetupPlatformVpn(ikeConfig, true);
+    }
+
+    private PlatformVpnSnapshot verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+            IkeSessionConfiguration ikeConfig, boolean mtuSupportsIpv6) throws Exception {
+        return verifySetupPlatformVpn(mVpnProfile, ikeConfig, mtuSupportsIpv6);
+    }
+
+    private PlatformVpnSnapshot verifySetupPlatformVpn(VpnProfile vpnProfile,
+            IkeSessionConfiguration ikeConfig, boolean mtuSupportsIpv6) throws Exception {
+        return verifySetupPlatformVpn(vpnProfile, ikeConfig,
+                new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build() /* underlying network caps */,
+                mtuSupportsIpv6, false /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    private PlatformVpnSnapshot verifySetupPlatformVpn(VpnProfile vpnProfile,
+            IkeSessionConfiguration ikeConfig,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities underlyingNetworkCaps,
+            boolean mtuSupportsIpv6,
+            boolean areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive) throws Exception {
+        if (!mtuSupportsIpv6) {
+            doReturn(IPV6_MIN_MTU - 1).when(mTestDeps).calculateVpnMtu(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(),
+                    anyBoolean());
+        }
+
+        doReturn(mMockNetworkAgent).when(mTestDeps)
+                .newNetworkAgent(
+                        any(), any(), anyString(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+        doReturn(TEST_NETWORK).when(mMockNetworkAgent).getNetwork();
+
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(AppOpsManager.OPSTR_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+        when(mVpnProfileStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(vpnProfile.encode());
+
+        vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        final NetworkCallback nwCb = triggerOnAvailableAndGetCallback(underlyingNetworkCaps);
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+        reset(mExecutor);
+
+        // Mock the setup procedure by firing callbacks
+        final Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> cbPair =
+                verifyCreateIkeAndCaptureCbs();
+        final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = cbPair.first;
+        final ChildSessionCallback childCb = cbPair.second;
+
+        ikeCb.onOpened(ikeConfig);
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN);
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT);
+        childCb.onOpened(createChildConfig());
+
+        // Verification VPN setup
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(1);
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
+        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkAgentConfig> nacCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkAgentConfig.class);
+        verify(mTestDeps).newNetworkAgent(
+                any(), any(), anyString(), ncCaptor.capture(), lpCaptor.capture(),
+                any(), nacCaptor.capture(), any(), any());
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).setUnderpinnedNetwork(TEST_NETWORK);
+        // Check LinkProperties
+        final LinkProperties lp = lpCaptor.getValue();
+        final List<RouteInfo> expectedRoutes =
+                new ArrayList<>(
+                        Arrays.asList(
+                                new RouteInfo(
+                                        new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0),
+                                        null /* gateway */,
+                                        TEST_IFACE_NAME,
+                                        RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST)));
+        final List<LinkAddress> expectedAddresses =
+                new ArrayList<>(
+                        Arrays.asList(new LinkAddress(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP, IP4_PREFIX_LEN)));
+        final List<InetAddress> expectedDns = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS));
+
+        if (mtuSupportsIpv6) {
+            expectedRoutes.add(
+                    new RouteInfo(
+                            new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0),
+                            null /* gateway */,
+                            TEST_IFACE_NAME,
+                            RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST));
+            expectedAddresses.add(new LinkAddress(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_IP6, IP6_PREFIX_LEN));
+            expectedDns.add(TEST_VPN_INTERNAL_DNS6);
+        } else {
+            expectedRoutes.add(
+                    new RouteInfo(
+                            new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0),
+                            null /* gateway */,
+                            TEST_IFACE_NAME,
+                            RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(expectedRoutes, lp.getRoutes());
+        assertEquals(expectedAddresses, lp.getLinkAddresses());
+        assertEquals(expectedDns, lp.getDnsServers());
+
+        // Check NetworkCapabilities
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList(TEST_NETWORK), ncCaptor.getValue().getUnderlyingNetworks());
+
+        // Check if allowBypass is set or not.
+        assertTrue(nacCaptor.getValue().isBypassableVpn());
+        final VpnTransportInfo info = (VpnTransportInfo) ncCaptor.getValue().getTransportInfo();
+        assertTrue(info.isBypassable());
+        assertEquals(areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive,
+                info.areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive());
+        return new PlatformVpnSnapshot(vpn, nwCb, ikeCb, childCb);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testStartPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
-        startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), mVpnProfile);
-        // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
-        // a subsequent patch.
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams_AutoTimerNoTimer() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams(
+                false /* isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                true /* isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_UNSET /* keepaliveInProfile */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* ipVersionInProfile */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* encapTypeInProfile */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams_AutoTimerTimerSet() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams(
+                false /* isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                true /* isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER /* keepaliveInProfile */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* ipVersionInProfile */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* encapTypeInProfile */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams_AutoIp() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams(
+                true /* isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                false /* isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_UNSET /* keepaliveInProfile */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* ipVersionInProfile */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* encapTypeInProfile */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams_AssignedIpProtocol() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams(
+                false /* isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                false /* isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_UNSET /* keepaliveInProfile */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_IPV4 /* ipVersionInProfile */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_UDP /* encapTypeInProfile */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateIkeSession_FromNotIkeTunnConnParams_AutoTimer() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromNotIkeTunnConnParams(
+                false /* isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                true /* isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateIkeSession_FromNotIkeTunnConnParams_AutoIp() throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromNotIkeTunnConnParams(
+                true /* isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                false /* isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromNotIkeTunnConnParams(
+            boolean isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled,
+            boolean isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled) throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_VPN_SERVER, TEST_VPN_IDENTITY)
+                        .setAuthPsk(TEST_VPN_PSK)
+                        .setBypassable(true /* isBypassable */)
+                        .setAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled(isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled)
+                        .setAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled(isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled)
+                        .build();
+
+        final int expectedKeepalive = isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled
+                ? AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SECONDS
+                : DEFAULT_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SEC_INT;
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile(),
+                expectedKeepalive,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* expectedEncapType */,
+                new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
+    }
+
+    private Ikev2VpnProfile makeIkeV2VpnProfile(
+            boolean isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled,
+            boolean isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled,
+            int keepaliveInProfile,
+            int ipVersionInProfile,
+            int encapTypeInProfile) {
+        // TODO: Update helper function in IkeSessionTestUtils to support building IkeSessionParams
+        // with IP version and encap type when mainline-prod branch support these two APIs.
+        final IkeSessionParams params = getTestIkeSessionParams(true /* testIpv6 */,
+                new IkeFqdnIdentification(TEST_IDENTITY), keepaliveInProfile);
+        final IkeSessionParams ikeSessionParams = new IkeSessionParams.Builder(params)
+                .setIpVersion(ipVersionInProfile)
+                .setEncapType(encapTypeInProfile)
+                .build();
+
+        final IkeTunnelConnectionParams tunnelParams =
+                new IkeTunnelConnectionParams(ikeSessionParams, CHILD_PARAMS);
+        return new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(tunnelParams)
+                .setBypassable(true)
+                .setAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled(isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled)
+                .setAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled(isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private void doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams(
+            boolean isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled,
+            boolean isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled,
+            int keepaliveInProfile,
+            int ipVersionInProfile,
+            int encapTypeInProfile) throws Exception {
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams(isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled,
+                isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled, keepaliveInProfile, ipVersionInProfile,
+                encapTypeInProfile, new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
+    }
+
+    private void doTestMigrateIkeSession_FromIkeTunnConnParams(
+            boolean isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled,
+            boolean isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled,
+            int keepaliveInProfile,
+            int ipVersionInProfile,
+            int encapTypeInProfile,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities nc) throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = makeIkeV2VpnProfile(
+                isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled,
+                isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled,
+                keepaliveInProfile,
+                ipVersionInProfile,
+                encapTypeInProfile);
+
+        final IkeSessionParams ikeSessionParams =
+                ikeProfile.getIkeTunnelConnectionParams().getIkeSessionParams();
+        final int expectedKeepalive = isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled
+                ? AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SECONDS
+                : ikeSessionParams.getNattKeepAliveDelaySeconds();
+        final int expectedIpVersion = isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled
+                ? ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO
+                : ikeSessionParams.getIpVersion();
+        final int expectedEncapType = isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled
+                ? ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO
+                : ikeSessionParams.getEncapType();
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile(), expectedKeepalive,
+                expectedIpVersion, expectedEncapType, nc);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void doTestMigrateIkeSession_Vcn() throws Exception {
+        final int expectedKeepalive = 2097; // Any unlikely number will do
+        final NetworkCapabilities vcnNc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setTransportInfo(new VcnTransportInfo(TEST_SUB_ID, expectedKeepalive))
+                .build();
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikev2VpnProfile = makeIkeV2VpnProfile(
+                true /* isAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled */,
+                true /* isAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled */,
+                234 /* keepaliveInProfile */, // Should be ignored, any value will do
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_IPV4, // Should be ignored
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_UDP // Should be ignored
+        );
+        doTestMigrateIkeSession(
+                ikev2VpnProfile.toVpnProfile(),
+                expectedKeepalive,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* expectedEncapType */,
+                vcnNc);
+    }
+
+    private void doTestMigrateIkeSession(
+            @NonNull final VpnProfile profile,
+            final int expectedKeepalive,
+            final int expectedIpVersion,
+            final int expectedEncapType,
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot =
+                verifySetupPlatformVpn(profile,
+                        createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */),
+                        caps /* underlying network capabilities */,
+                        false /* mtuSupportsIpv6 */,
+                        expectedKeepalive < DEFAULT_LONG_LIVED_TCP_CONNS_EXPENSIVE_TIMEOUT_SEC);
+        // Simulate a new network coming up
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, never()).setNetwork(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
+
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, caps);
+        // Verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                expectedIpVersion, expectedEncapType, expectedKeepalive);
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkPropertiesUpdateTriggerReevaluation() throws Exception {
+        final boolean hasV6 = true;
+
+        mockCarrierConfig(TEST_SUB_ID, TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_ESP);
+        final IkeSessionParams params = getTestIkeSessionParams(hasV6,
+                new IkeFqdnIdentification(TEST_IDENTITY), TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+        final IkeTunnelConnectionParams tunnelParams =
+                new IkeTunnelConnectionParams(params, CHILD_PARAMS);
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile = new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(tunnelParams)
+                .setBypassable(true)
+                .setAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled(false)
+                .setAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled(true)
+                .build();
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot =
+                verifySetupPlatformVpn(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile(),
+                        createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build() /* underlying network caps */,
+                        hasV6 /* mtuSupportsIpv6 */,
+                        false /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+        reset(mExecutor);
+
+        // Simulate a new network coming up
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.0.2.2/32"));
+
+        // Have the executor use the real delay to make sure schedule() was called only
+        // once for all calls. Also, arrange for execute() not to call schedule() to avoid
+        // messing with the checks for schedule().
+        mExecutor.delayMs = TestExecutor.REAL_DELAY;
+        mExecutor.executeDirect = true;
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(
+                TEST_NETWORK_2, new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        verify(mExecutor).schedule(any(Runnable.class), longThat(it -> it > 0), any());
+        reset(mExecutor);
+
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+
+        // Verify the network is started
+        order.verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO, ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+
+        // Send the same properties, check that no migration is scheduled
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        verify(mExecutor, never()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+
+        // Add v6 address, verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("2001:db8::1/64"));
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        order.verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO, ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+
+        // Add another v4 address, verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        final LinkProperties stacked = new LinkProperties();
+        stacked.setInterfaceName("v4-" + lp.getInterfaceName());
+        stacked.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress("192.168.0.1/32"));
+        lp.addStackedLink(stacked);
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, new LinkProperties(lp));
+        order.verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TIMEOUT_CROSSTHREAD_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO, ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER);
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    private void mockCarrierConfig(int subId, int simStatus, int keepaliveTimer, int ikeProtocol) {
+        final SubscriptionInfo subscriptionInfo = mock(SubscriptionInfo.class);
+        doReturn(subId).when(subscriptionInfo).getSubscriptionId();
+        doReturn(List.of(subscriptionInfo)).when(mSubscriptionManager)
+                .getActiveSubscriptionInfoList();
+
+        doReturn(simStatus).when(mTmPerSub).getSimApplicationState();
+        doReturn(TEST_MCCMNC).when(mTmPerSub).getSimOperator(subId);
+
+        final PersistableBundle persistableBundle = new PersistableBundle();
+        persistableBundle.putInt(KEY_MIN_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SEC_INT, keepaliveTimer);
+        persistableBundle.putInt(KEY_PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_INT, ikeProtocol);
+        // For CarrierConfigManager.isConfigForIdentifiedCarrier check
+        persistableBundle.putBoolean(KEY_CARRIER_CONFIG_APPLIED_BOOL, true);
+        doReturn(persistableBundle).when(mConfigManager).getConfigForSubId(subId);
+    }
+
+    private CarrierConfigManager.CarrierConfigChangeListener getCarrierConfigListener() {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<CarrierConfigManager.CarrierConfigChangeListener> listenerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(CarrierConfigManager.CarrierConfigChangeListener.class);
+
+        verify(mConfigManager).registerCarrierConfigChangeListener(any(), listenerCaptor.capture());
+
+        return listenerCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNattKeepaliveTimerFromCarrierConfig_noSubId() throws Exception {
+        doTestReadCarrierConfig(new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV4_UDP,
+                AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SECONDS /* expectedKeepaliveTimer */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* expectedEncapType */,
+                false /* expectedReadFromCarrierConfig*/,
+                true /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNattKeepaliveTimerFromCarrierConfig_simAbsent() throws Exception {
+        doTestReadCarrierConfig(new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build(),
+                TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_ABSENT,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV4_UDP,
+                AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SECONDS /* expectedKeepaliveTimer */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* expectedEncapType */,
+                false /* expectedReadFromCarrierConfig*/,
+                true /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNattKeepaliveTimerFromCarrierConfig() throws Exception {
+        doTestReadCarrierConfig(createTestCellNc(),
+                TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_AUTO,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER /* expectedKeepaliveTimer */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* expectedEncapType */,
+                true /* expectedReadFromCarrierConfig*/,
+                false /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNattKeepaliveTimerFromCarrierConfig_NotCell() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                .setTransportInfo(new WifiInfo.Builder().build())
+                .build();
+        doTestReadCarrierConfig(nc,
+                TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV4_UDP,
+                AUTOMATIC_KEEPALIVE_DELAY_SECONDS /* expectedKeepaliveTimer */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO /* expectedEncapType */,
+                false /* expectedReadFromCarrierConfig*/,
+                true /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPreferredIpProtocolFromCarrierConfig_v4UDP() throws Exception {
+        doTestReadCarrierConfig(createTestCellNc(),
+                TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV4_UDP,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER /* expectedKeepaliveTimer */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_IPV4 /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_UDP /* expectedEncapType */,
+                true /* expectedReadFromCarrierConfig*/,
+                false /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPreferredIpProtocolFromCarrierConfig_v6ESP() throws Exception {
+        doTestReadCarrierConfig(createTestCellNc(),
+                TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_ESP,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER /* expectedKeepaliveTimer */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_IPV6 /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_NONE /* expectedEncapType */,
+                true /* expectedReadFromCarrierConfig*/,
+                false /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPreferredIpProtocolFromCarrierConfig_v6UDP() throws Exception {
+        doTestReadCarrierConfig(createTestCellNc(),
+                TelephonyManager.SIM_STATE_LOADED,
+                PREFERRED_IKE_PROTOCOL_IPV6_UDP,
+                TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER /* expectedKeepaliveTimer */,
+                ESP_IP_VERSION_IPV6 /* expectedIpVersion */,
+                ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_UDP /* expectedEncapType */,
+                true /* expectedReadFromCarrierConfig*/,
+                false /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkCapabilities createTestCellNc() {
+        return new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
+                        .setSubscriptionId(TEST_SUB_ID)
+                        .build())
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private void doTestReadCarrierConfig(NetworkCapabilities nc, int simState, int preferredIpProto,
+            int expectedKeepaliveTimer, int expectedIpVersion, int expectedEncapType,
+            boolean expectedReadFromCarrierConfig,
+            boolean areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive)
+            throws Exception {
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile ikeProfile =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_VPN_SERVER, TEST_VPN_IDENTITY)
+                        .setAuthPsk(TEST_VPN_PSK)
+                        .setBypassable(true /* isBypassable */)
+                        .setAutomaticNattKeepaliveTimerEnabled(true)
+                        .setAutomaticIpVersionSelectionEnabled(true)
+                        .build();
+
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot =
+                verifySetupPlatformVpn(ikeProfile.toVpnProfile(),
+                        createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */),
+                        new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build() /* underlying network caps */,
+                        false /* mtuSupportsIpv6 */,
+                        true /* areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive */);
+
+        final CarrierConfigManager.CarrierConfigChangeListener listener =
+                getCarrierConfigListener();
+
+        // Simulate a new network coming up
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        // Migration will not be started until receiving network capabilities change.
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, never()).setNetwork(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
+
+        reset(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+        mockCarrierConfig(TEST_SUB_ID, simState, TEST_KEEPALIVE_TIMER, preferredIpProto);
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2, nc);
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                expectedIpVersion, expectedEncapType, expectedKeepaliveTimer);
+        if (expectedReadFromCarrierConfig) {
+            final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCapabilities> ncCaptor =
+                    ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCapabilities.class);
+            verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendNetworkCapabilities(ncCaptor.capture());
+
+            final VpnTransportInfo info =
+                    (VpnTransportInfo) ncCaptor.getValue().getTransportInfo();
+            assertEquals(areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive,
+                    info.areLongLivedTcpConnectionsExpensive());
+        } else {
+            verify(mMockNetworkAgent, never()).doSendNetworkCapabilities(any());
+        }
+
+        reset(mExecutor);
+        reset(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Trigger carrier config change
+        listener.onCarrierConfigChanged(1 /* logicalSlotIndex */, TEST_SUB_ID,
+                -1 /* carrierId */, -1 /* specificCarrierId */);
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).setNetwork(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                expectedIpVersion, expectedEncapType, expectedKeepaliveTimer);
+        // Expect no NetworkCapabilities change.
+        // Call to doSendNetworkCapabilities() will not be triggered.
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent, never()).doSendNetworkCapabilities(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpn_mtuDoesNotSupportIpv6() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot =
+                verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                        createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */),
+                        false /* mtuSupportsIpv6 */);
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnMobility_mobikeEnabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        // Set new MTU on a different network
+        final int newMtu = IPV6_MIN_MTU + 1;
+        doReturn(newMtu).when(mTestDeps).calculateVpnMtu(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyBoolean());
+
+        // Mock network loss and verify a cleanup task is scheduled
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+
+        // Mock new network comes up and the cleanup task is cancelled
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, never()).setNetwork(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyInt());
+
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK_2,
+                new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
+        // Verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).setNetwork(eq(TEST_NETWORK_2),
+                eq(ESP_IP_VERSION_AUTO) /* ipVersion */,
+                eq(ESP_ENCAP_TYPE_AUTO) /* encapType */,
+                eq(DEFAULT_UDP_PORT_4500_NAT_TIMEOUT_SEC_INT) /* keepaliveDelay */);
+
+        // Mock the MOBIKE procedure
+        vpnSnapShot.ikeCb.onIkeSessionConnectionInfoChanged(createIkeConnectInfo_2());
+        vpnSnapShot.childCb.onIpSecTransformsMigrated(
+                createIpSecTransform(), createIpSecTransform());
+
+        verify(mIpSecService).setNetworkForTunnelInterface(
+                eq(TEST_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(TEST_NETWORK_2), anyString());
+
+        // Expect 2 times: one for initial setup and one for MOBIKE
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(2);
+
+        // Verify mNetworkCapabilities and mNetworkAgent are updated
+        assertEquals(
+                Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2),
+                vpnSnapShot.vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUnderlyingNetworks());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent)
+                .doSetUnderlyingNetworks(Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2));
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).doSendLinkProperties(argThat(lp -> lp.getMtu() == newMtu));
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent, never()).unregister();
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnMobility_mobikeEnabledMtuDoesNotSupportIpv6() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot =
+                verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                        createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        // Set MTU below 1280
+        final int newMtu = IPV6_MIN_MTU - 1;
+        doReturn(newMtu).when(mTestDeps).calculateVpnMtu(any(), anyInt(), anyInt(), anyBoolean());
+
+        // Mock new network available & MOBIKE procedures
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        vpnSnapShot.ikeCb.onIkeSessionConnectionInfoChanged(createIkeConnectInfo_2());
+        vpnSnapShot.childCb.onIpSecTransformsMigrated(
+                createIpSecTransform(), createIpSecTransform());
+
+        // Verify removal of IPv6 addresses and routes triggers a network agent restart
+        final ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+        verify(mTestDeps, times(2))
+                .newNetworkAgent(any(), any(), anyString(), any(), lpCaptor.capture(), any(), any(),
+                        any(), any());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).unregister();
+        // mMockNetworkAgent is an old NetworkAgent, so it won't update LinkProperties after
+        // unregistering.
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent, never()).doSendLinkProperties(any());
+
+        final LinkProperties lp = lpCaptor.getValue();
+
+        for (LinkAddress addr : lp.getLinkAddresses()) {
+            if (addr.isIpv6()) {
+                fail("IPv6 address found on VPN with MTU < IPv6 minimum MTU");
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (InetAddress dnsAddr : lp.getDnsServers()) {
+            if (dnsAddr instanceof Inet6Address) {
+                fail("IPv6 DNS server found on VPN with MTU < IPv6 minimum MTU");
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (RouteInfo routeInfo : lp.getRoutes()) {
+            if (routeInfo.getDestinationLinkAddress().isIpv6()
+                    && !routeInfo.isIPv6UnreachableDefault()) {
+                fail("IPv6 route found on VPN with MTU < IPv6 minimum MTU");
+            }
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(newMtu, lp.getMtu());
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnReestablishes_mobikeDisabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        // Forget the first IKE creation to be prepared to capture callbacks of the second
+        // IKE session
+        resetIkev2SessionCreator(mock(Vpn.IkeSessionWrapper.class));
+
+        // Mock network switch
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onAvailable(TEST_NETWORK_2);
+        // The old IKE Session will not be killed until receiving network capabilities change.
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, never()).kill();
+
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onCapabilitiesChanged(
+                TEST_NETWORK_2, new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build());
+        // Verify the old IKE Session is killed
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).kill();
+
+        // Capture callbacks of the new IKE Session
+        final Pair<IkeSessionCallback, ChildSessionCallback> cbPair =
+                verifyCreateIkeAndCaptureCbs();
+        final IkeSessionCallback ikeCb = cbPair.first;
+        final ChildSessionCallback childCb = cbPair.second;
+
+        // Mock the IKE Session setup
+        ikeCb.onOpened(createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo_2(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN);
+        childCb.onIpSecTransformCreated(createIpSecTransform(), IpSecManager.DIRECTION_OUT);
+        childCb.onOpened(createChildConfig());
+
+        // Expect 2 times since there have been two Session setups
+        verifyApplyTunnelModeTransforms(2);
+
+        // Verify mNetworkCapabilities and mNetworkAgent are updated
+        assertEquals(
+                Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2),
+                vpnSnapShot.vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUnderlyingNetworks());
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent)
+                .doSetUnderlyingNetworks(Collections.singletonList(TEST_NETWORK_2));
+
+        vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner.exitVpnRunner();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyHandlingNetworkLoss(PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot) throws Exception {
+        // Forget the #sendLinkProperties during first setup.
+        reset(mMockNetworkAgent);
+
+        // Mock network loss
+        vpnSnapShot.nwCb.onLost(TEST_NETWORK);
+
+        // Mock the grace period expires
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<LinkProperties> lpCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(LinkProperties.class);
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .doSendLinkProperties(lpCaptor.capture());
+        final LinkProperties lp = lpCaptor.getValue();
+
+        assertNull(lp.getInterfaceName());
+        final List<RouteInfo> expectedRoutes = Arrays.asList(
+                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0), null /* gateway */,
+                        null /* iface */, RTN_UNREACHABLE),
+                new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet6Address.ANY, 0), null /* gateway */,
+                        null /* iface */, RTN_UNREACHABLE));
+        assertEquals(expectedRoutes, lp.getRoutes());
+
+        verify(mMockNetworkAgent).unregister();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnHandlesNetworkLoss_mobikeEnabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+        verifyHandlingNetworkLoss(vpnSnapShot);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartPlatformVpnHandlesNetworkLoss_mobikeDisabled() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+        verifyHandlingNetworkLoss(vpnSnapShot);
+    }
+
+    private ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback getConnectivityDiagCallback() {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> cdcCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.class);
+        verify(mCdm).registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
+                any(), any(), cdcCaptor.capture());
+        return cdcCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    private DataStallReport createDataStallReport() {
+        return new DataStallReport(TEST_NETWORK, 1234 /* reportTimestamp */,
+                1 /* detectionMethod */, new LinkProperties(), new NetworkCapabilities(),
+                new PersistableBundle());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyMobikeTriggered(List<Network> expected) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Network> networkCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Network.class);
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper).setNetwork(networkCaptor.capture(),
+                anyInt() /* ipVersion */, anyInt() /* encapType */, anyInt() /* keepaliveDelay */);
+        assertEquals(expected, Collections.singletonList(networkCaptor.getValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDataStallInIkev2VpnMobikeDisabled() throws Exception {
+        verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), false /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        doReturn(TEST_NETWORK).when(mMockNetworkAgent).getNetwork();
+        final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback connectivityDiagCallback =
+                getConnectivityDiagCallback();
+        final DataStallReport report = createDataStallReport();
+        connectivityDiagCallback.onDataStallSuspected(report);
+
+        // Should not trigger MOBIKE if MOBIKE is not enabled
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, never()).setNetwork(any() /* network */,
+                anyInt() /* ipVersion */, anyInt() /* encapType */, anyInt() /* keepaliveDelay */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDataStallInIkev2VpnRecoveredByMobike() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        doReturn(TEST_NETWORK).when(mMockNetworkAgent).getNetwork();
+        final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback connectivityDiagCallback =
+                getConnectivityDiagCallback();
+        final DataStallReport report = createDataStallReport();
+        connectivityDiagCallback.onDataStallSuspected(report);
+
+        // Verify MOBIKE is triggered
+        verifyMobikeTriggered(vpnSnapShot.vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUnderlyingNetworks());
+
+        // Expect to skip other data stall event if MOBIKE was started.
+        reset(mIkeSessionWrapper);
+        connectivityDiagCallback.onDataStallSuspected(report);
+        verify(mIkeSessionWrapper, never()).setNetwork(any() /* network */,
+                anyInt() /* ipVersion */, anyInt() /* encapType */, anyInt() /* keepaliveDelay */);
+
+        reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
+
+        // Send validation status update.
+        // Recovered and get network validated. It should not trigger the ike session reset.
+        ((Vpn.IkeV2VpnRunner) vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner).onValidationStatus(
+                NetworkAgent.VALIDATION_STATUS_VALID);
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, never()).createIkeSession(
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+
+        // Send invalid result to verify no ike session reset since the data stall suspected
+        // variables(timer counter and boolean) was reset.
+        ((Vpn.IkeV2VpnRunner) vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner).onValidationStatus(
+                NetworkAgent.VALIDATION_STATUS_NOT_VALID);
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, never()).createIkeSession(
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDataStallInIkev2VpnNotRecoveredByMobike() throws Exception {
+        final PlatformVpnSnapshot vpnSnapShot = verifySetupPlatformVpn(
+                createIkeConfig(createIkeConnectInfo(), true /* isMobikeEnabled */));
+
+        final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback connectivityDiagCallback =
+                getConnectivityDiagCallback();
+
+        doReturn(TEST_NETWORK).when(mMockNetworkAgent).getNetwork();
+        final DataStallReport report = createDataStallReport();
+        connectivityDiagCallback.onDataStallSuspected(report);
+
+        verifyMobikeTriggered(vpnSnapShot.vpn.mNetworkCapabilities.getUnderlyingNetworks());
+
+        reset(mIkev2SessionCreator);
+
+        // Send validation status update should result in ike session reset.
+        ((Vpn.IkeV2VpnRunner) vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner).onValidationStatus(
+                NetworkAgent.VALIDATION_STATUS_NOT_VALID);
+
+        // Verify reset is scheduled and run.
+        verify(mExecutor, atLeastOnce()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+
+        // Another invalid status reported should not trigger other scheduled recovery.
+        reset(mExecutor);
+        ((Vpn.IkeV2VpnRunner) vpnSnapShot.vpn.mVpnRunner).onValidationStatus(
+                NetworkAgent.VALIDATION_STATUS_NOT_VALID);
+        verify(mExecutor, never()).schedule(any(Runnable.class), anyLong(), any());
+
+        verify(mIkev2SessionCreator, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .createIkeSession(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1564,11 +2797,10 @@
         doReturn(new Network(102)).when(mConnectivityManager).registerNetworkAgent(any(), any(),
                 any(), any(), any(), any(), anyInt());
 
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), profile);
         final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
 
-        // TODO: use import when this is merged in all branches and there's no merge conflict
-        com.android.testutils.Cleanup.testAndCleanup(() -> {
+        testAndCleanup(() -> {
             final String[] mtpdArgs = deps.mtpdArgs.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
             final String[] argsPrefix = new String[]{
                     EGRESS_IFACE, "pptp", profile.server, "1723", "name", profile.username,
@@ -1616,7 +2848,7 @@
                     legacyRunnerReady.open();
                     return new Network(102);
                 });
-        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(primaryUser.id), profile);
+        final Vpn vpn = startLegacyVpn(createVpn(PRIMARY_USER.id), profile);
         final TestDeps deps = (TestDeps) vpn.mDeps;
         try {
             // udppsk and 1701 are the values for TYPE_L2TP_IPSEC_PSK
@@ -1657,7 +2889,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private final class TestDeps extends Vpn.Dependencies {
+    // Make it public and un-final so as to spy it
+    public class TestDeps extends Vpn.Dependencies {
         public final CompletableFuture<String[]> racoonArgs = new CompletableFuture();
         public final CompletableFuture<String[]> mtpdArgs = new CompletableFuture();
         public final File mStateFile;
@@ -1792,9 +3025,23 @@
             return mDeviceIdleInternal;
         }
 
-        public long getNextRetryDelaySeconds(int retryCount) {
+        @Override
+        public long getNextRetryDelayMs(int retryCount) {
             // Simply return retryCount as the delay seconds for retrying.
-            return retryCount;
+            return retryCount * 1000;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor newScheduledThreadPoolExecutor() {
+            return mExecutor;
+        }
+
+        public boolean mIgnoreCallingUidChecks = true;
+        @Override
+        public void verifyCallingUidAndPackage(Context context, String packageName, int userId) {
+            if (!mIgnoreCallingUidChecks) {
+                super.verifyCallingUidAndPackage(context, packageName, userId);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1807,7 +3054,7 @@
         when(mContext.createContextAsUser(eq(UserHandle.of(userId)), anyInt()))
                 .thenReturn(asUserContext);
         final TestLooper testLooper = new TestLooper();
-        final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
+        final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, mTestDeps, mNetService,
                 mNetd, userId, mVpnProfileStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkProvider(argThat(
                 provider -> provider.getName().contains("VpnNetworkProvider")
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManagerTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManagerTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fb7be1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManagerTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkRequest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+/** Tests for {@link ConnectivityMonitor}. */
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManagerTests {
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityMonitor.Listener mockListener;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityManager mConnectivityManager;
+
+    private ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager monitor;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        doReturn(mConnectivityManager).when(mContext)
+                .getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
+        monitor = new ConnectivityMonitorWithConnectivityManager(mContext, mockListener);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitialState_shouldNotRegisterNetworkCallback() {
+        verifyNetworkCallbackRegistered(0 /* time */);
+        verifyNetworkCallbackUnregistered(0 /* time */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartDiscovery_shouldRegisterNetworkCallback() {
+        monitor.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+        verifyNetworkCallbackRegistered(1 /* time */);
+        verifyNetworkCallbackUnregistered(0 /* time */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartDiscoveryTwice_shouldRegisterOneNetworkCallback() {
+        monitor.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+        monitor.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+        verifyNetworkCallbackRegistered(1 /* time */);
+        verifyNetworkCallbackUnregistered(0 /* time */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopDiscovery_shouldUnregisterNetworkCallback() {
+        monitor.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+        monitor.stopWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+        verifyNetworkCallbackRegistered(1 /* time */);
+        verifyNetworkCallbackUnregistered(1 /* time */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopDiscoveryTwice_shouldUnregisterNetworkCallback() {
+        monitor.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+        monitor.stopWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+        verifyNetworkCallbackRegistered(1 /* time */);
+        verifyNetworkCallbackUnregistered(1 /* time */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIntentFired_shouldNotifyListener() {
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockListener);
+        monitor.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> callbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkCallback(
+                any(NetworkRequest.class), callbackCaptor.capture());
+
+        final NetworkCallback callback = callbackCaptor.getValue();
+        final Network testNetwork = mock(Network.class);
+
+        // Simulate network available.
+        callback.onAvailable(testNetwork);
+        inOrder.verify(mockListener).onConnectivityChanged();
+
+        // Simulate network lost.
+        callback.onLost(testNetwork);
+        inOrder.verify(mockListener).onConnectivityChanged();
+
+        // Simulate network unavailable.
+        callback.onUnavailable();
+        inOrder.verify(mockListener).onConnectivityChanged();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyNetworkCallbackRegistered(int time) {
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(time)).registerNetworkCallback(
+                any(NetworkRequest.class), any(NetworkCallback.class));
+    }
+
+    private void verifyNetworkCallbackUnregistered(int time) {
+        verify(mConnectivityManager, times(time))
+                .unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiserTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiserTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a917361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAdvertiserTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.net.LinkAddress
+import android.net.Network
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAdvertiser.AdvertiserCallback
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.waitForIdle
+import java.util.Objects
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt
+import org.mockito.Mockito.argThat
+import org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.never
+import org.mockito.Mockito.times
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+
+private const val SERVICE_ID_1 = 1
+private const val SERVICE_ID_2 = 2
+private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L
+private val TEST_ADDR = parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123")
+private val TEST_LINKADDR = LinkAddress(TEST_ADDR, 64 /* prefixLength */)
+private val TEST_NETWORK_1 = mock(Network::class.java)
+private val TEST_NETWORK_2 = mock(Network::class.java)
+private val TEST_HOSTNAME = arrayOf("Android_test", "local")
+
+private val SERVICE_1 = NsdServiceInfo("TestServiceName", "_advertisertest._tcp").apply {
+    port = 12345
+    host = TEST_ADDR
+    network = TEST_NETWORK_1
+}
+
+private val ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE = NsdServiceInfo("TestServiceName", "_advertisertest._tcp").apply {
+    port = 12345
+    host = TEST_ADDR
+    network = null
+}
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsAdvertiserTest {
+    private val thread = HandlerThread(MdnsAdvertiserTest::class.simpleName)
+    private val handler by lazy { Handler(thread.looper) }
+    private val socketProvider = mock(MdnsSocketProvider::class.java)
+    private val cb = mock(AdvertiserCallback::class.java)
+
+    private val mockSocket1 = mock(MdnsInterfaceSocket::class.java)
+    private val mockSocket2 = mock(MdnsInterfaceSocket::class.java)
+    private val mockInterfaceAdvertiser1 = mock(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser::class.java)
+    private val mockInterfaceAdvertiser2 = mock(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser::class.java)
+    private val mockDeps = mock(MdnsAdvertiser.Dependencies::class.java)
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        thread.start()
+        doReturn(TEST_HOSTNAME).`when`(mockDeps).generateHostname()
+        doReturn(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).`when`(mockDeps).makeAdvertiser(eq(mockSocket1),
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), eq(TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        )
+        doReturn(mockInterfaceAdvertiser2).`when`(mockDeps).makeAdvertiser(eq(mockSocket2),
+                any(), any(), any(), any(), eq(TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        )
+        doReturn(true).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).isProbing(anyInt())
+        doReturn(true).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser2).isProbing(anyInt())
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        thread.quitSafely()
+        thread.join()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddService_OneNetwork() {
+        val advertiser = MdnsAdvertiser(thread.looper, socketProvider, cb, mockDeps)
+        postSync { advertiser.addService(SERVICE_ID_1, SERVICE_1) }
+
+        val socketCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SocketCallback::class.java)
+        verify(socketProvider).requestSocket(eq(TEST_NETWORK_1), socketCbCaptor.capture())
+
+        val socketCb = socketCbCaptor.value
+        postSync { socketCb.onSocketCreated(TEST_NETWORK_1, mockSocket1, listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)) }
+
+        val intAdvCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback::class.java)
+        verify(mockDeps).makeAdvertiser(
+            eq(mockSocket1),
+            eq(listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)),
+            eq(thread.looper),
+            any(),
+            intAdvCbCaptor.capture(),
+            eq(TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        )
+
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).isProbing(SERVICE_ID_1)
+        postSync { intAdvCbCaptor.value.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(
+                mockInterfaceAdvertiser1, SERVICE_ID_1) }
+        verify(cb).onRegisterServiceSucceeded(eq(SERVICE_ID_1), argThat { it.matches(SERVICE_1) })
+
+        postSync { socketCb.onInterfaceDestroyed(TEST_NETWORK_1, mockSocket1) }
+        verify(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).destroyNow()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddService_AllNetworks() {
+        val advertiser = MdnsAdvertiser(thread.looper, socketProvider, cb, mockDeps)
+        postSync { advertiser.addService(SERVICE_ID_1, ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE) }
+
+        val socketCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SocketCallback::class.java)
+        verify(socketProvider).requestSocket(eq(ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE.network),
+                socketCbCaptor.capture())
+
+        val socketCb = socketCbCaptor.value
+        postSync { socketCb.onSocketCreated(TEST_NETWORK_1, mockSocket1, listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)) }
+        postSync { socketCb.onSocketCreated(TEST_NETWORK_2, mockSocket2, listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)) }
+
+        val intAdvCbCaptor1 = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback::class.java)
+        val intAdvCbCaptor2 = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback::class.java)
+        verify(mockDeps).makeAdvertiser(eq(mockSocket1), eq(listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)),
+                eq(thread.looper), any(), intAdvCbCaptor1.capture(), eq(TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        )
+        verify(mockDeps).makeAdvertiser(eq(mockSocket2), eq(listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)),
+                eq(thread.looper), any(), intAdvCbCaptor2.capture(), eq(TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        )
+
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).isProbing(SERVICE_ID_1)
+        postSync { intAdvCbCaptor1.value.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(
+                mockInterfaceAdvertiser1, SERVICE_ID_1) }
+
+        // Need both advertisers to finish probing and call onRegisterServiceSucceeded
+        verify(cb, never()).onRegisterServiceSucceeded(anyInt(), any())
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser2).isProbing(SERVICE_ID_1)
+        postSync { intAdvCbCaptor2.value.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(
+                mockInterfaceAdvertiser2, SERVICE_ID_1) }
+        verify(cb).onRegisterServiceSucceeded(eq(SERVICE_ID_1),
+                argThat { it.matches(ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE) })
+
+        // Unregister the service
+        postSync { advertiser.removeService(SERVICE_ID_1) }
+        verify(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).removeService(SERVICE_ID_1)
+        verify(mockInterfaceAdvertiser2).removeService(SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        // Interface advertisers call onDestroyed after sending exit announcements
+        postSync { intAdvCbCaptor1.value.onDestroyed(mockSocket1) }
+        verify(socketProvider, never()).unrequestSocket(any())
+        postSync { intAdvCbCaptor2.value.onDestroyed(mockSocket2) }
+        verify(socketProvider).unrequestSocket(socketCb)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddService_Conflicts() {
+        val advertiser = MdnsAdvertiser(thread.looper, socketProvider, cb, mockDeps)
+        postSync { advertiser.addService(SERVICE_ID_1, SERVICE_1) }
+
+        val oneNetSocketCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SocketCallback::class.java)
+        verify(socketProvider).requestSocket(eq(TEST_NETWORK_1), oneNetSocketCbCaptor.capture())
+        val oneNetSocketCb = oneNetSocketCbCaptor.value
+
+        // Register a service with the same name on all networks (name conflict)
+        postSync { advertiser.addService(SERVICE_ID_2, ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE) }
+        val allNetSocketCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SocketCallback::class.java)
+        verify(socketProvider).requestSocket(eq(null), allNetSocketCbCaptor.capture())
+        val allNetSocketCb = allNetSocketCbCaptor.value
+
+        // Callbacks for matching network and all networks both get the socket
+        postSync {
+            oneNetSocketCb.onSocketCreated(TEST_NETWORK_1, mockSocket1, listOf(TEST_LINKADDR))
+            allNetSocketCb.onSocketCreated(TEST_NETWORK_1, mockSocket1, listOf(TEST_LINKADDR))
+        }
+
+        val expectedRenamed = NsdServiceInfo(
+                "${ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE.serviceName} (2)", ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE.serviceType).apply {
+            port = ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE.port
+            host = ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE.host
+            network = ALL_NETWORKS_SERVICE.network
+        }
+
+        val intAdvCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback::class.java)
+        verify(mockDeps).makeAdvertiser(eq(mockSocket1), eq(listOf(TEST_LINKADDR)),
+                eq(thread.looper), any(), intAdvCbCaptor.capture(), eq(TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        )
+        verify(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).addService(eq(SERVICE_ID_1),
+                argThat { it.matches(SERVICE_1) })
+        verify(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).addService(eq(SERVICE_ID_2),
+                argThat { it.matches(expectedRenamed) })
+
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).isProbing(SERVICE_ID_1)
+        postSync { intAdvCbCaptor.value.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(
+                mockInterfaceAdvertiser1, SERVICE_ID_1) }
+        verify(cb).onRegisterServiceSucceeded(eq(SERVICE_ID_1), argThat { it.matches(SERVICE_1) })
+
+        doReturn(false).`when`(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1).isProbing(SERVICE_ID_2)
+        postSync { intAdvCbCaptor.value.onRegisterServiceSucceeded(
+                mockInterfaceAdvertiser1, SERVICE_ID_2) }
+        verify(cb).onRegisterServiceSucceeded(eq(SERVICE_ID_2),
+                argThat { it.matches(expectedRenamed) })
+
+        postSync { oneNetSocketCb.onInterfaceDestroyed(TEST_NETWORK_1, mockSocket1) }
+        postSync { allNetSocketCb.onInterfaceDestroyed(TEST_NETWORK_1, mockSocket1) }
+
+        // destroyNow can be called multiple times
+        verify(mockInterfaceAdvertiser1, atLeastOnce()).destroyNow()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRemoveService_whenAllServiceRemoved_thenUpdateHostName() {
+        val advertiser = MdnsAdvertiser(thread.looper, socketProvider, cb, mockDeps)
+        verify(mockDeps, times(1)).generateHostname()
+        postSync { advertiser.addService(SERVICE_ID_1, SERVICE_1) }
+        postSync { advertiser.removeService(SERVICE_ID_1) }
+        verify(mockDeps, times(2)).generateHostname()
+    }
+
+    private fun postSync(r: () -> Unit) {
+        handler.post(r)
+        handler.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS)
+    }
+}
+
+// NsdServiceInfo does not implement equals; this is useful to use in argument matchers
+private fun NsdServiceInfo.matches(other: NsdServiceInfo): Boolean {
+    return Objects.equals(serviceName, other.serviceName) &&
+            Objects.equals(serviceType, other.serviceType) &&
+            Objects.equals(attributes, other.attributes) &&
+            Objects.equals(host, other.host) &&
+            port == other.port &&
+            Objects.equals(network, other.network)
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnnouncerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnnouncerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c6cb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsAnnouncerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import android.os.SystemClock
+import com.android.internal.util.HexDump
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAnnouncer.AnnouncementInfo
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAnnouncer.BaseAnnouncementInfo
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsRecordRepository.getReverseDnsAddress
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import java.net.DatagramPacket
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.atLeast
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.timeout
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+
+private const val FIRST_ANNOUNCES_DELAY = 100L
+private const val FIRST_ANNOUNCES_COUNT = 2
+private const val NEXT_ANNOUNCES_DELAY = 1L
+private const val TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 1000L
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsAnnouncerTest {
+
+    private val thread = HandlerThread(MdnsAnnouncerTest::class.simpleName)
+    private val socket = mock(MdnsInterfaceSocket::class.java)
+    private val buffer = ByteArray(1500)
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        doReturn(true).`when`(socket).hasJoinedIpv6()
+        thread.start()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        thread.quitSafely()
+        thread.join()
+    }
+
+    private class TestAnnouncementInfo(
+        announcedRecords: List<MdnsRecord>,
+        additionalRecords: List<MdnsRecord>
+    ) : AnnouncementInfo(1 /* serviceId */, announcedRecords, additionalRecords) {
+        override fun getDelayMs(nextIndex: Int) =
+                if (nextIndex < FIRST_ANNOUNCES_COUNT) {
+                    FIRST_ANNOUNCES_DELAY
+                } else {
+                    NEXT_ANNOUNCES_DELAY
+                }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAnnounce() {
+        val replySender = MdnsReplySender("testiface", thread.looper, socket, buffer)
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        val cb = mock(MdnsPacketRepeater.PacketRepeaterCallback::class.java)
+                as MdnsPacketRepeater.PacketRepeaterCallback<BaseAnnouncementInfo>
+        val announcer = MdnsAnnouncer("testiface", thread.looper, replySender, cb)
+        /*
+        The expected packet replicates records announced when registering a service, as observed in
+        the legacy mDNS implementation (some ordering differs to be more readable).
+        Obtained with scapy 2.5.0 RC3 (2.4.5 does not compress TLDs like .arpa properly) with:
+        scapy.raw(scapy.dns_compress(scapy.DNS(rd=0, qr=1, aa=1,
+        qd = None,
+        an =
+        scapy.DNSRR(type='PTR', rrname='123.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.', rdata='Android.local',
+            rclass=0x8001, ttl=120) /
+        scapy.DNSRR(type='PTR',
+            rrname='3.2.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
+            rdata='Android.local', rclass=0x8001, ttl=120) /
+        scapy.DNSRR(type='PTR',
+            rrname='6.5.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
+            rdata='Android.local', rclass=0x8001, ttl=120) /
+        scapy.DNSRR(type='PTR', rrname='_testtype._tcp.local',
+            rdata='testservice._testtype._tcp.local', rclass='IN', ttl=4500) /
+	    scapy.DNSRRSRV(rrname='testservice._testtype._tcp.local', rclass=0x8001, port=31234,
+	        target='Android.local', ttl=120) /
+	    scapy.DNSRR(type='TXT', rrname='testservice._testtype._tcp.local', rclass=0x8001, rdata='',
+	        ttl=4500) /
+        scapy.DNSRR(type='A', rrname='Android.local', rclass=0x8001, rdata='192.0.2.123', ttl=120) /
+        scapy.DNSRR(type='AAAA', rrname='Android.local', rclass=0x8001, rdata='2001:db8::123',
+            ttl=120) /
+        scapy.DNSRR(type='AAAA', rrname='Android.local', rclass=0x8001, rdata='2001:db8::456',
+            ttl=120),
+        ar =
+        scapy.DNSRRNSEC(rrname='123.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.', rclass=0x8001, ttl=120,
+            nextname='123.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.', typebitmaps=[12]) /
+        scapy.DNSRRNSEC(
+            rrname='3.2.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
+            rclass=0x8001, ttl=120,
+            nextname='3.2.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
+            typebitmaps=[12]) /
+        scapy.DNSRRNSEC(
+            rrname='6.5.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
+            rclass=0x8001, ttl=120,
+            nextname='6.5.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
+            typebitmaps=[12]) /
+	    scapy.DNSRRNSEC(
+	        rrname='testservice._testtype._tcp.local', rclass=0x8001, ttl=4500,
+	        nextname='testservice._testtype._tcp.local', typebitmaps=[16, 33]) /
+        scapy.DNSRRNSEC(
+            rrname='Android.local', rclass=0x8001, ttl=120, nextname='Android.local',
+            typebitmaps=[1, 28]))
+        )).hex().upper()
+        */
+        val expected = "00008400000000090000000503313233013201300331393207696E2D61646472046172706" +
+                "100000C800100000078000F07416E64726F6964056C6F63616C00013301320131013001300130013" +
+                "00130013001300130013001300130013001300130013001300130013001300130013001380142014" +
+                "40130013101300130013203697036C020000C8001000000780002C030013601350134C045000C800" +
+                "1000000780002C030095F7465737474797065045F746370C038000C000100001194000E0B7465737" +
+                "473657276696365C0A5C0C000218001000000780008000000007A02C030C0C000108001000011940" +
+                "000C03000018001000000780004C000027BC030001C800100000078001020010DB80000000000000" +
+                "00000000123C030001C800100000078001020010DB8000000000000000000000456C00C002F80010" +
+                "00000780006C00C00020008C03F002F8001000000780006C03F00020008C091002F8001000000780" +
+                "006C09100020008C0C0002F8001000011940009C0C000050000800040C030002F800100000078000" +
+                "8C030000440000008"
+
+        val hostname = arrayOf("Android", "local")
+        val serviceType = arrayOf("_testtype", "_tcp", "local")
+        val serviceName = arrayOf("testservice", "_testtype", "_tcp", "local")
+        val v4Addr = parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123")
+        val v6Addr1 = parseNumericAddress("2001:DB8::123")
+        val v6Addr2 = parseNumericAddress("2001:DB8::456")
+        val v4AddrRev = getReverseDnsAddress(v4Addr)
+        val v6Addr1Rev = getReverseDnsAddress(v6Addr1)
+        val v6Addr2Rev = getReverseDnsAddress(v6Addr2)
+
+        val announcedRecords = listOf(
+                // Reverse address records
+                MdnsPointerRecord(v4AddrRev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        hostname),
+                MdnsPointerRecord(v6Addr1Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        hostname),
+                MdnsPointerRecord(v6Addr2Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        hostname),
+                // Service registration records (RFC6763)
+                MdnsPointerRecord(
+                        serviceType,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        // Not a unique name owned by the announcer, so cacheFlush=false
+                        false /* cacheFlush */,
+                        4500000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        serviceName),
+                MdnsServiceRecord(
+                        serviceName,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        0 /* servicePriority */,
+                        0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                        31234 /* servicePort */,
+                        hostname),
+                MdnsTextRecord(
+                        serviceName,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        4500000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        emptyList() /* entries */),
+                // Address records for the hostname
+                MdnsInetAddressRecord(hostname,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v4Addr),
+                MdnsInetAddressRecord(hostname,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v6Addr1),
+                MdnsInetAddressRecord(hostname,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v6Addr2))
+        // Negative responses (RFC6762 6.1)
+        val additionalRecords = listOf(
+                MdnsNsecRecord(v4AddrRev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v4AddrRev,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(v6Addr1Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v6Addr1Rev,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(v6Addr2Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v6Addr2Rev,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(serviceName,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        4500000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        serviceName,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT, MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(hostname,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        hostname,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA)))
+        val request = TestAnnouncementInfo(announcedRecords, additionalRecords)
+
+        val timeStart = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
+        val startDelay = 50L
+        val sendId = 1
+        announcer.startSending(sendId, request, startDelay)
+
+        val captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(DatagramPacket::class.java)
+        repeat(FIRST_ANNOUNCES_COUNT) { i ->
+            verify(cb, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).onSent(i, request)
+            verify(socket, atLeast(i + 1)).send(any())
+            val now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
+            assertTrue(now > timeStart + startDelay + i * FIRST_ANNOUNCES_DELAY)
+            // Loops can be much slower than the expected timing (>100ms delay), use
+            // TEST_TIMEOUT_MS as tolerance.
+            assertTrue(now < timeStart + startDelay + (i + 1) * FIRST_ANNOUNCES_DELAY +
+                TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        }
+
+        // Subsequent announces should happen quickly (NEXT_ANNOUNCES_DELAY)
+        verify(socket, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS).times(MdnsAnnouncer.ANNOUNCEMENT_COUNT))
+                .send(captor.capture())
+        verify(cb, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).onFinished(request)
+
+        captor.allValues.forEach {
+            assertEquals(expected, HexDump.toHexString(it.data))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e7e6a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Pair;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketClientBase.SocketCreationCallback;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/** Tests for {@link MdnsDiscoveryManager}. */
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsDiscoveryManagerTests {
+
+    private static final String SERVICE_TYPE_1 = "_googlecast._tcp.local";
+    private static final String SERVICE_TYPE_2 = "_test._tcp.local";
+    private static final Pair<String, Network> PER_NETWORK_SERVICE_TYPE_1 =
+            Pair.create(SERVICE_TYPE_1, null);
+    private static final Pair<String, Network> PER_NETWORK_SERVICE_TYPE_2 =
+            Pair.create(SERVICE_TYPE_2, null);
+
+    @Mock private ExecutorProvider executorProvider;
+    @Mock private MdnsSocketClientBase socketClient;
+    @Mock private MdnsServiceTypeClient mockServiceTypeClientOne;
+    @Mock private MdnsServiceTypeClient mockServiceTypeClientTwo;
+
+    @Mock MdnsServiceBrowserListener mockListenerOne;
+    @Mock MdnsServiceBrowserListener mockListenerTwo;
+    private MdnsDiscoveryManager discoveryManager;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        when(mockServiceTypeClientOne.getServiceTypeLabels())
+                .thenReturn(TextUtils.split(SERVICE_TYPE_1, "\\."));
+        when(mockServiceTypeClientTwo.getServiceTypeLabels())
+                .thenReturn(TextUtils.split(SERVICE_TYPE_2, "\\."));
+
+        discoveryManager = new MdnsDiscoveryManager(executorProvider, socketClient) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsServiceTypeClient createServiceTypeClient(@NonNull String serviceType,
+                            @Nullable Network network) {
+                        final Pair<String, Network> perNetworkServiceType =
+                                Pair.create(serviceType, network);
+                        if (perNetworkServiceType.equals(PER_NETWORK_SERVICE_TYPE_1)) {
+                            return mockServiceTypeClientOne;
+                        } else if (perNetworkServiceType.equals(PER_NETWORK_SERVICE_TYPE_2)) {
+                            return mockServiceTypeClientTwo;
+                        }
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                };
+    }
+
+    private void verifyListenerRegistration(String serviceType, MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener,
+            MdnsServiceTypeClient client) throws IOException {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<SocketCreationCallback> callbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SocketCreationCallback.class);
+        discoveryManager.registerListener(serviceType, listener,
+                MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+        verify(socketClient).startDiscovery();
+        verify(socketClient).notifyNetworkRequested(
+                eq(listener), any(), callbackCaptor.capture());
+        final SocketCreationCallback callback = callbackCaptor.getValue();
+        callback.onSocketCreated(null /* network */);
+        verify(client).startSendAndReceive(listener, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void registerListener_unregisterListener() throws IOException {
+        verifyListenerRegistration(SERVICE_TYPE_1, mockListenerOne, mockServiceTypeClientOne);
+
+        when(mockServiceTypeClientOne.stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne)).thenReturn(true);
+        discoveryManager.unregisterListener(SERVICE_TYPE_1, mockListenerOne);
+        verify(mockServiceTypeClientOne).stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        verify(socketClient).stopDiscovery();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void registerMultipleListeners() throws IOException {
+        verifyListenerRegistration(SERVICE_TYPE_1, mockListenerOne, mockServiceTypeClientOne);
+        verifyListenerRegistration(SERVICE_TYPE_2, mockListenerTwo, mockServiceTypeClientTwo);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void onResponseReceived() throws IOException {
+        verifyListenerRegistration(SERVICE_TYPE_1, mockListenerOne, mockServiceTypeClientOne);
+        verifyListenerRegistration(SERVICE_TYPE_2, mockListenerTwo, mockServiceTypeClientTwo);
+
+        MdnsPacket responseForServiceTypeOne = createMdnsPacket(SERVICE_TYPE_1);
+        final int ifIndex = 1;
+        discoveryManager.onResponseReceived(responseForServiceTypeOne, ifIndex, null /* network */);
+        verify(mockServiceTypeClientOne).processResponse(responseForServiceTypeOne, ifIndex,
+                null /* network */);
+
+        MdnsPacket responseForServiceTypeTwo = createMdnsPacket(SERVICE_TYPE_2);
+        discoveryManager.onResponseReceived(responseForServiceTypeTwo, ifIndex, null /* network */);
+        verify(mockServiceTypeClientTwo).processResponse(responseForServiceTypeTwo, ifIndex,
+                null /* network */);
+
+        MdnsPacket responseForSubtype = createMdnsPacket("subtype._sub._googlecast._tcp.local");
+        discoveryManager.onResponseReceived(responseForSubtype, ifIndex, null /* network */);
+        verify(mockServiceTypeClientOne).processResponse(responseForSubtype, ifIndex,
+                null /* network */);
+    }
+
+    private MdnsPacket createMdnsPacket(String serviceType) {
+        final String[] type = TextUtils.split(serviceType, "\\.");
+        final ArrayList<String> name = new ArrayList<>(type.length + 1);
+        name.add("TestName");
+        name.addAll(Arrays.asList(type));
+        return new MdnsPacket(0 /* flags */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* questions */,
+                List.of(new MdnsPointerRecord(
+                        type,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        false /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000 /* ttlMillis */,
+                        name.toArray(new String[0])
+                        )) /* answers */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* additionalRecords */);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiserTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiserTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c0abfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsInterfaceAdvertiserTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.net.LinkAddress
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAnnouncer.AnnouncementInfo
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAnnouncer.BaseAnnouncementInfo
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAnnouncer.ExitAnnouncementInfo
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.EXIT_ANNOUNCEMENT_DELAY_MS
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsPacketRepeater.PacketRepeaterCallback
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsProber.ProbingInfo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.waitForIdle
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress
+import kotlin.test.assertContentEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt
+import org.mockito.Mockito.anyString
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.eq
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.times
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+
+private const val LOG_TAG = "testlogtag"
+private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L
+
+private val TEST_ADDRS = listOf(LinkAddress(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123"), 64))
+private val TEST_BUFFER = ByteArray(1300)
+private val TEST_HOSTNAME = arrayOf("Android_test", "local")
+
+private const val TEST_SERVICE_ID_1 = 42
+private val TEST_SERVICE_1 = NsdServiceInfo().apply {
+    serviceType = "_testservice._tcp"
+    serviceName = "MyTestService"
+    port = 12345
+}
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsInterfaceAdvertiserTest {
+    private val socket = mock(MdnsInterfaceSocket::class.java)
+    private val thread = HandlerThread(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiserTest::class.simpleName)
+    private val cb = mock(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Callback::class.java)
+    private val deps = mock(MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser.Dependencies::class.java)
+    private val repository = mock(MdnsRecordRepository::class.java)
+    private val replySender = mock(MdnsReplySender::class.java)
+    private val announcer = mock(MdnsAnnouncer::class.java)
+    private val prober = mock(MdnsProber::class.java)
+    private val sharedlog = mock(SharedLog::class.java)
+    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+    private val probeCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(PacketRepeaterCallback::class.java)
+            as ArgumentCaptor<PacketRepeaterCallback<ProbingInfo>>
+    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+    private val announceCbCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(PacketRepeaterCallback::class.java)
+            as ArgumentCaptor<PacketRepeaterCallback<BaseAnnouncementInfo>>
+    private val packetHandlerCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
+            MulticastPacketReader.PacketHandler::class.java)
+
+    private val probeCb get() = probeCbCaptor.value
+    private val announceCb get() = announceCbCaptor.value
+    private val packetHandler get() = packetHandlerCaptor.value
+
+    private val advertiser by lazy {
+        MdnsInterfaceAdvertiser(
+            LOG_TAG,
+            socket,
+            TEST_ADDRS,
+            thread.looper,
+            TEST_BUFFER,
+            cb,
+            deps,
+            TEST_HOSTNAME,
+            sharedlog
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        doReturn(repository).`when`(deps).makeRecordRepository(any(),
+            eq(TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        )
+        doReturn(replySender).`when`(deps).makeReplySender(anyString(), any(), any(), any())
+        doReturn(announcer).`when`(deps).makeMdnsAnnouncer(anyString(), any(), any(), any())
+        doReturn(prober).`when`(deps).makeMdnsProber(anyString(), any(), any(), any())
+
+        val knownServices = mutableSetOf<Int>()
+        doAnswer { inv ->
+            knownServices.add(inv.getArgument(0))
+            -1
+        }.`when`(repository).addService(anyInt(), any())
+        doAnswer { inv ->
+            knownServices.remove(inv.getArgument(0))
+            null
+        }.`when`(repository).removeService(anyInt())
+        doAnswer {
+            knownServices.toIntArray().also { knownServices.clear() }
+        }.`when`(repository).clearServices()
+        doAnswer { inv ->
+            knownServices.contains(inv.getArgument(0))
+        }.`when`(repository).hasActiveService(anyInt())
+        thread.start()
+        advertiser.start()
+
+        verify(socket).addPacketHandler(packetHandlerCaptor.capture())
+        verify(deps).makeMdnsProber(any(), any(), any(), probeCbCaptor.capture())
+        verify(deps).makeMdnsAnnouncer(any(), any(), any(), announceCbCaptor.capture())
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        thread.quitSafely()
+        thread.join()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddRemoveService() {
+        val testAnnouncementInfo = addServiceAndFinishProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+
+        verify(announcer).startSending(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, testAnnouncementInfo,
+                0L /* initialDelayMs */)
+
+        thread.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS)
+        verify(cb).onRegisterServiceSucceeded(advertiser, TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        // Remove the service: expect exit announcements
+        val testExitInfo = mock(ExitAnnouncementInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(testExitInfo).`when`(repository).exitService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        advertiser.removeService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        verify(prober).stop(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        verify(announcer).stop(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        verify(announcer).startSending(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, testExitInfo, EXIT_ANNOUNCEMENT_DELAY_MS)
+
+        // Exit announcements finish: the advertiser has no left service and destroys itself
+        announceCb.onFinished(testExitInfo)
+        thread.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS)
+        verify(cb).onDestroyed(socket)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDoubleRemove() {
+        addServiceAndFinishProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+
+        val testExitInfo = mock(ExitAnnouncementInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(testExitInfo).`when`(repository).exitService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        advertiser.removeService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        verify(prober).stop(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        verify(announcer).stop(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        verify(announcer).startSending(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, testExitInfo, EXIT_ANNOUNCEMENT_DELAY_MS)
+
+        doReturn(false).`when`(repository).hasActiveService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        advertiser.removeService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        // Prober, announcer were still stopped only one time
+        verify(prober, times(1)).stop(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        verify(announcer, times(1)).stop(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testReplyToQuery() {
+        addServiceAndFinishProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+
+        val mockReply = mock(MdnsRecordRepository.ReplyInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(mockReply).`when`(repository).getReply(any(), any())
+
+        // Query obtained with:
+        // scapy.raw(scapy.DNS(
+        //  qd = scapy.DNSQR(qtype='PTR', qname='_testservice._tcp.local'))
+        // ).hex().upper()
+        val query = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "0000010000010000000000000C5F7465737473657276696365045F746370056C6F63616C00000C0001"
+        )
+        val src = InetSocketAddress(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::456"), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT)
+        packetHandler.handlePacket(query, query.size, src)
+
+        val packetCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsPacket::class.java)
+        verify(repository).getReply(packetCaptor.capture(), eq(src))
+
+        packetCaptor.value.let {
+            assertEquals(1, it.questions.size)
+            assertEquals(0, it.answers.size)
+            assertEquals(0, it.authorityRecords.size)
+            assertEquals(0, it.additionalRecords.size)
+
+            assertTrue(it.questions[0] is MdnsPointerRecord)
+            assertContentEquals(arrayOf("_testservice", "_tcp", "local"), it.questions[0].name)
+        }
+
+        verify(replySender).queueReply(mockReply)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConflict() {
+        addServiceAndFinishProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        doReturn(setOf(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)).`when`(repository).getConflictingServices(any())
+
+        // Reply obtained with:
+        // scapy.raw(scapy.DNS(
+        //    qd = None,
+        //    an = scapy.DNSRR(type='TXT', rrname='_testservice._tcp.local'))
+        // ).hex().upper()
+        val query = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray("0000010000000001000000000C5F7465737473657276696" +
+                "365045F746370056C6F63616C0000100001000000000000")
+        val src = InetSocketAddress(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::456"), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT)
+        packetHandler.handlePacket(query, query.size, src)
+
+        val packetCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsPacket::class.java)
+        verify(repository).getConflictingServices(packetCaptor.capture())
+
+        packetCaptor.value.let {
+            assertEquals(0, it.questions.size)
+            assertEquals(1, it.answers.size)
+            assertEquals(0, it.authorityRecords.size)
+            assertEquals(0, it.additionalRecords.size)
+
+            assertTrue(it.answers[0] is MdnsTextRecord)
+            assertContentEquals(arrayOf("_testservice", "_tcp", "local"), it.answers[0].name)
+        }
+
+        thread.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS)
+        verify(cb).onServiceConflict(advertiser, TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRestartProbingForConflict() {
+        val mockProbingInfo = mock(ProbingInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(mockProbingInfo).`when`(repository).setServiceProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        advertiser.restartProbingForConflict(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        verify(prober).restartForConflict(mockProbingInfo)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testRenameServiceForConflict() {
+        val mockProbingInfo = mock(ProbingInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(mockProbingInfo).`when`(repository).renameServiceForConflict(
+                TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+
+        advertiser.renameServiceForConflict(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+
+        verify(prober).restartForConflict(mockProbingInfo)
+    }
+
+    private fun addServiceAndFinishProbing(serviceId: Int, serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo):
+            AnnouncementInfo {
+        val testProbingInfo = mock(ProbingInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(serviceId).`when`(testProbingInfo).serviceId
+        doReturn(testProbingInfo).`when`(repository).setServiceProbing(serviceId)
+
+        advertiser.addService(serviceId, serviceInfo)
+        verify(repository).addService(serviceId, serviceInfo)
+        verify(prober).startProbing(testProbingInfo)
+
+        // Simulate probing success: continues to announcing
+        val testAnnouncementInfo = mock(AnnouncementInfo::class.java)
+        doReturn(testAnnouncementInfo).`when`(repository).onProbingSucceeded(testProbingInfo)
+        probeCb.onFinished(testProbingInfo)
+        return testAnnouncementInfo
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90c43e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MulticastPacketReader.PacketHandler;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+public class MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest {
+    private static final byte[] BUFFER = new byte[10];
+    private static final long DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 2000L;
+    @Mock private Network mNetwork;
+    @Mock private MdnsSocketProvider mProvider;
+    @Mock private MdnsInterfaceSocket mSocket;
+    @Mock private MdnsServiceBrowserListener mListener;
+    @Mock private MdnsSocketClientBase.Callback mCallback;
+    @Mock private MdnsSocketClientBase.SocketCreationCallback mSocketCreationCallback;
+    private MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient mSocketClient;
+    private Handler mHandler;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws SocketException {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        final HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("MdnsMultinetworkSocketClientTest");
+        thread.start();
+        mHandler = new Handler(thread.getLooper());
+        mSocketClient = new MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient(thread.getLooper(), mProvider);
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketClient.setCallback(mCallback));
+    }
+
+    private SocketCallback expectSocketCallback() {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<SocketCallback> callbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SocketCallback.class);
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketClient.notifyNetworkRequested(
+                mListener, mNetwork, mSocketCreationCallback));
+        verify(mProvider, timeout(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT))
+                .requestSocket(eq(mNetwork), callbackCaptor.capture());
+        return callbackCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    private NetworkInterface createEmptyNetworkInterface() {
+        try {
+            Constructor<NetworkInterface> constructor =
+                    NetworkInterface.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
+            constructor.setAccessible(true);
+            return constructor.newInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendPacket() throws IOException {
+        final SocketCallback callback = expectSocketCallback();
+        final DatagramPacket ipv4Packet = new DatagramPacket(BUFFER, 0 /* offset */, BUFFER.length,
+                InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.1"), 0 /* port */);
+        final DatagramPacket ipv6Packet = new DatagramPacket(BUFFER, 0 /* offset */, BUFFER.length,
+                InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::"), 0 /* port */);
+        doReturn(true).when(mSocket).hasJoinedIpv4();
+        doReturn(true).when(mSocket).hasJoinedIpv6();
+        doReturn(createEmptyNetworkInterface()).when(mSocket).getInterface();
+        // Notify socket created
+        callback.onSocketCreated(mNetwork, mSocket, List.of());
+        verify(mSocketCreationCallback).onSocketCreated(mNetwork);
+
+        // Send packet to IPv4 with target network and verify sending has been called.
+        mSocketClient.sendMulticastPacket(ipv4Packet, mNetwork);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mSocket).send(ipv4Packet);
+
+        // Send packet to IPv6 without target network and verify sending has been called.
+        mSocketClient.sendMulticastPacket(ipv6Packet);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mSocket).send(ipv6Packet);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReceivePacket() {
+        final SocketCallback callback = expectSocketCallback();
+        final byte[] data = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                // scapy.raw(scapy.dns_compress(
+                //     scapy.DNS(rd=0, qr=1, aa=1, qd = None,
+                //     an =
+                //     scapy.DNSRR(type='PTR', rrname='_testtype._tcp.local',
+                //         rdata='testservice._testtype._tcp.local', rclass='IN', ttl=4500) /
+                //     scapy.DNSRRSRV(rrname='testservice._testtype._tcp.local', rclass=0x8001,
+                //         port=31234, target='Android.local', ttl=120))
+                // )).hex().upper()
+                "000084000000000200000000095F7465737474797065045F746370056C6F63616C00000C0001000011"
+                        + "94000E0B7465737473657276696365C00CC02C00218001000000780010000000007A0207"
+                        + "416E64726F6964C01B");
+
+        doReturn(createEmptyNetworkInterface()).when(mSocket).getInterface();
+        // Notify socket created
+        callback.onSocketCreated(mNetwork, mSocket, List.of());
+        verify(mSocketCreationCallback).onSocketCreated(mNetwork);
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<PacketHandler> handlerCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(PacketHandler.class);
+        verify(mSocket).addPacketHandler(handlerCaptor.capture());
+
+        // Send the data and verify the received records.
+        final PacketHandler handler = handlerCaptor.getValue();
+        handler.handlePacket(data, data.length, null /* src */);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<MdnsPacket> responseCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MdnsPacket.class);
+        verify(mCallback).onResponseReceived(responseCaptor.capture(), anyInt(), any());
+        final MdnsPacket response = responseCaptor.getValue();
+        assertEquals(0, response.questions.size());
+        assertEquals(0, response.additionalRecords.size());
+        assertEquals(0, response.authorityRecords.size());
+
+        final String[] serviceName = "testservice._testtype._tcp.local".split("\\.");
+        assertEquals(List.of(
+                new MdnsPointerRecord("_testtype._tcp.local".split("\\."),
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, false /* cacheFlush */, 4500000 /* ttlMillis */,
+                        serviceName),
+                new MdnsServiceRecord(serviceName, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        false /* cacheFlush */, 4500000 /* ttlMillis */, 0 /* servicePriority */,
+                        0 /* serviceWeight */, 31234 /* servicePort */,
+                        new String[] { "Android", "local" } /* serviceHost */)
+        ), response.answers);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReaderTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReaderTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19d8a00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketReaderTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsPacketReaderTests {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLimits() throws IOException {
+        byte[] data = new byte[25];
+        DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length);
+
+        // After creating a new reader, confirm that the remaining is equal to the packet length
+        // (or that there is no temporary limit).
+        MdnsPacketReader packetReader = new MdnsPacketReader(datagramPacket);
+        assertEquals(data.length, packetReader.getRemaining());
+
+        // Confirm that we can set the temporary limit to 0.
+        packetReader.setLimit(0);
+        assertEquals(0, packetReader.getRemaining());
+
+        // Confirm that we can clear the temporary limit, and restore to the length of the packet.
+        packetReader.clearLimit();
+        assertEquals(data.length, packetReader.getRemaining());
+
+        // Confirm that we can set the temporary limit to the actual length of the packet.
+        // While parsing packets, it is common to set the limit to the length of the packet.
+        packetReader.setLimit(data.length);
+        assertEquals(data.length, packetReader.getRemaining());
+
+        // Confirm that we ignore negative limits.
+        packetReader.setLimit(-10);
+        assertEquals(data.length, packetReader.getRemaining());
+
+        // Confirm that we can set the temporary limit to something less than the packet length.
+        packetReader.setLimit(data.length / 2);
+        assertEquals(data.length / 2, packetReader.getRemaining());
+
+        // Confirm that we throw an exception if trying to set the temporary limit beyond the
+        // packet length.
+        packetReader.clearLimit();
+        try {
+            packetReader.setLimit(data.length * 2 + 1);
+            fail("Should have thrown an IOException when trying to set the temporary limit beyond "
+                    + "the packet length");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // Expected
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail(String.format(
+                    Locale.ROOT,
+                    "Should not have thrown any other exception except " + "for IOException: %s",
+                    e.getMessage()));
+        }
+        assertEquals(data.length, packetReader.getRemaining());
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f88da1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import kotlin.test.assertContentEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+class MdnsPacketTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testParseQuery() {
+        // Probe packet with 1 question for Android.local, and 4 additionalRecords with 4 addresses
+        // for Android.local (similar to legacy mdnsresponder probes, although it used to put 4
+        // identical questions(!!) for Android.local when there were 4 addresses).
+        val packetHex = "00000000000100000004000007416e64726f6964056c6f63616c0000ff0001c00c000100" +
+                "01000000780004c000027bc00c001c000100000078001020010db8000000000000000000000123c0" +
+                "0c001c000100000078001020010db8000000000000000000000456c00c001c000100000078001020" +
+                "010db8000000000000000000000789"
+
+        val bytes = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(packetHex)
+        val reader = MdnsPacketReader(bytes, bytes.size)
+        val packet = MdnsPacket.parse(reader)
+
+        assertEquals(1, packet.questions.size)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.answers.size)
+        assertEquals(4, packet.authorityRecords.size)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.additionalRecords.size)
+
+        val hostname = arrayOf("Android", "local")
+        packet.questions[0].let {
+            assertTrue(it is MdnsAnyRecord)
+            assertContentEquals(hostname, it.name)
+        }
+
+        packet.authorityRecords.forEach {
+            assertTrue(it is MdnsInetAddressRecord)
+            assertContentEquals(hostname, it.name)
+            assertEquals(120000, it.ttl)
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"),
+                (packet.authorityRecords[0] as MdnsInetAddressRecord).inet4Address)
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123"),
+                (packet.authorityRecords[1] as MdnsInetAddressRecord).inet6Address)
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::456"),
+                (packet.authorityRecords[2] as MdnsInetAddressRecord).inet6Address)
+        assertEquals(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::789"),
+                (packet.authorityRecords[3] as MdnsInetAddressRecord).inet6Address)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketWriterTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketWriterTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c9c294
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsPacketWriterTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses
+import android.os.Build
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress
+import kotlin.test.assertContentEquals
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsPacketWriterTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testNameCompression() {
+        val writer = MdnsPacketWriter(ByteArray(1000))
+        writer.writeLabels(arrayOf("my", "first", "name"))
+        writer.writeLabels(arrayOf("my", "second", "name"))
+        writer.writeLabels(arrayOf("other", "first", "name"))
+        writer.writeLabels(arrayOf("my", "second", "name"))
+        writer.writeLabels(arrayOf("unrelated"))
+
+        val packet = writer.getPacket(
+                InetSocketAddress(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123"), 123))
+
+        // Each label takes length + 1. So "first.name" offset = 3, "name" offset = 9
+        val expected = "my".label() + "first".label() + "name".label() + 0x00.toByte() +
+                // "my.second.name" offset = 15
+                "my".label() + "second".label() + byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 9) +
+                "other".label() + byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 3) +
+                byteArrayOf(0xC0.toByte(), 15) +
+                "unrelated".label() + 0x00.toByte()
+
+        assertContentEquals(expected, packet.data.copyOfRange(0, packet.length))
+    }
+}
+
+private fun String.label() = byteArrayOf(length.toByte()) + encodeToByteArray()
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsProberTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsProberTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b5423b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsProberTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import android.os.Looper
+import com.android.internal.util.HexDump
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsProber.ProbingInfo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import java.net.DatagramPacket
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.atLeast
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.never
+import org.mockito.Mockito.timeout
+import org.mockito.Mockito.times
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+
+private const val TEST_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000L
+private const val SHORT_TIMEOUT_MS = 200L
+
+private val TEST_SERVICE_NAME_1 = arrayOf("testservice", "_nmt", "_tcp", "local")
+private val TEST_SERVICE_NAME_2 = arrayOf("testservice2", "_nmt", "_tcp", "local")
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsProberTest {
+    private val thread = HandlerThread(MdnsProberTest::class.simpleName)
+    private val socket = mock(MdnsInterfaceSocket::class.java)
+    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+    private val cb = mock(MdnsPacketRepeater.PacketRepeaterCallback::class.java)
+        as MdnsPacketRepeater.PacketRepeaterCallback<ProbingInfo>
+    private val buffer = ByteArray(1500)
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        doReturn(true).`when`(socket).hasJoinedIpv6()
+        thread.start()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        thread.quitSafely()
+        thread.join()
+    }
+
+    private class TestProbeInfo(probeRecords: List<MdnsRecord>, private val delayMs: Long = 1L) :
+            ProbingInfo(1 /* serviceId */, probeRecords) {
+        // Just send the packets quickly. Timing-related tests for MdnsPacketRepeater are already
+        // done in MdnsAnnouncerTest.
+        override fun getDelayMs(nextIndex: Int) = delayMs
+    }
+
+    private class TestProber(
+        looper: Looper,
+        replySender: MdnsReplySender,
+        cb: PacketRepeaterCallback<ProbingInfo>
+    ) : MdnsProber("testiface", looper, replySender, cb) {
+        override fun getInitialDelay() = 0L
+    }
+
+    private fun assertProbesSent(probeInfo: TestProbeInfo, expectedHex: String) {
+        repeat(probeInfo.numSends) { i ->
+            verify(cb, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).onSent(i, probeInfo)
+            // If the probe interval is short, more than (i+1) probes may have been sent already
+            verify(socket, atLeast(i + 1)).send(any())
+        }
+
+        val captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(DatagramPacket::class.java)
+        // There should be exactly numSends probes sent at the end
+        verify(socket, times(probeInfo.numSends)).send(captor.capture())
+
+        captor.allValues.forEach {
+            assertEquals(expectedHex, HexDump.toHexString(it.data))
+        }
+        verify(cb, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).onFinished(probeInfo)
+    }
+
+    private fun makeServiceRecord(name: Array<String>, port: Int) = MdnsServiceRecord(
+            name,
+            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+            false /* cacheFlush */,
+            120_000L /* ttlMillis */,
+            0 /* servicePriority */,
+            0 /* serviceWeight */,
+            port,
+            arrayOf("myhostname", "local"))
+
+    @Test
+    fun testProbe() {
+        val replySender = MdnsReplySender("testiface", thread.looper, socket, buffer)
+        val prober = TestProber(thread.looper, replySender, cb)
+        val probeInfo = TestProbeInfo(
+                listOf(makeServiceRecord(TEST_SERVICE_NAME_1, 37890)))
+        prober.startProbing(probeInfo)
+
+        // Inspect with python3:
+        // import scapy.all as scapy; scapy.DNS(bytes.fromhex('[bytes]')).show2()
+        val expected = "0000000000010000000100000B7465737473657276696365045F6E6D74045F746370056C" +
+                "6F63616C0000FF0001C00C002100010000007800130000000094020A6D79686F73746E616D65C022"
+        assertProbesSent(probeInfo, expected)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testProbeMultipleRecords() {
+        val replySender = MdnsReplySender("testiface", thread.looper, socket, buffer)
+        val prober = TestProber(thread.looper, replySender, cb)
+        val probeInfo = TestProbeInfo(listOf(
+                makeServiceRecord(TEST_SERVICE_NAME_1, 37890),
+                makeServiceRecord(TEST_SERVICE_NAME_2, 37891),
+                MdnsTextRecord(
+                        // Same name as the first record; there should not be 2 duplicated questions
+                        TEST_SERVICE_NAME_1,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        false /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120_000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        listOf(MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry("testKey", "testValue")))))
+        prober.startProbing(probeInfo)
+
+        /*
+        Expected data obtained with:
+        scapy.raw(scapy.dns_compress(scapy.DNS(rd=0,
+            qd =
+                scapy.DNSQR(qname='testservice._nmt._tcp.local.', qtype='ALL') /
+                scapy.DNSQR(qname='testservice2._nmt._tcp.local.', qtype='ALL'),
+            ns=
+                scapy.DNSRRSRV(rrname='testservice._nmt._tcp.local.', type='SRV', ttl=120,
+                    port=37890, target='myhostname.local.') /
+                scapy.DNSRRSRV(rrname='testservice2._nmt._tcp.local.', type='SRV', ttl=120,
+                    port=37891, target='myhostname.local.') /
+                scapy.DNSRR(type='TXT', ttl=120, rrname='testservice._nmt._tcp.local.',
+                    rdata='testKey=testValue'))
+        )).hex().upper()
+         */
+        val expected = "0000000000020000000300000B7465737473657276696365045F6E6D74045F746370056C6" +
+                "F63616C0000FF00010C746573747365727669636532C01800FF0001C00C002100010000007800130" +
+                "000000094020A6D79686F73746E616D65C022C02D00210001000000780008000000009403C052C00" +
+                "C0010000100000078001211746573744B65793D7465737456616C7565"
+        assertProbesSent(probeInfo, expected)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testStopProbing() {
+        val replySender = MdnsReplySender("testiface", thread.looper, socket, buffer)
+        val prober = TestProber(thread.looper, replySender, cb)
+        val probeInfo = TestProbeInfo(
+                listOf(makeServiceRecord(TEST_SERVICE_NAME_1, 37890)),
+                // delayMs is the delay between each probe, so does not apply to the first one
+                delayMs = SHORT_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        prober.startProbing(probeInfo)
+
+        // Expect the initial probe
+        verify(cb, timeout(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS)).onSent(0, probeInfo)
+
+        // Stop probing
+        val stopResult = CompletableFuture<Boolean>()
+        Handler(thread.looper).post { stopResult.complete(prober.stop(probeInfo.serviceId)) }
+        assertTrue(stopResult.get(TEST_TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS),
+                "stop should return true when probing was in progress")
+
+        // Wait for a bit (more than the probe delay) to ensure no more probes were sent
+        Thread.sleep(SHORT_TIMEOUT_MS * 2)
+        verify(cb, never()).onSent(1, probeInfo)
+        verify(cb, never()).onFinished(probeInfo)
+
+        // Only one sent packet
+        verify(socket, times(1)).send(any())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepositoryTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepositoryTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44e0d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordRepositoryTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress
+import android.net.LinkAddress
+import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsAnnouncer.AnnouncementInfo
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsRecordRepository.Dependencies
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsRecordRepository.getReverseDnsAddress
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress
+import java.net.NetworkInterface
+import java.util.Collections
+import kotlin.test.assertContentEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+private const val TEST_SERVICE_ID_1 = 42
+private const val TEST_SERVICE_ID_2 = 43
+private const val TEST_PORT = 12345
+private val TEST_HOSTNAME = arrayOf("Android_000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F", "local")
+private val TEST_ADDRESSES = listOf(
+        LinkAddress(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.111"), 24),
+        LinkAddress(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::111"), 64),
+        LinkAddress(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::222"), 64))
+
+private val TEST_SERVICE_1 = NsdServiceInfo().apply {
+    serviceType = "_testservice._tcp"
+    serviceName = "MyTestService"
+    port = TEST_PORT
+}
+
+private val TEST_SERVICE_2 = NsdServiceInfo().apply {
+    serviceType = "_testservice._tcp"
+    serviceName = "MyOtherTestService"
+    port = TEST_PORT
+}
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsRecordRepositoryTest {
+    private val thread = HandlerThread(MdnsRecordRepositoryTest::class.simpleName)
+    private val deps = object : Dependencies() {
+        override fun getInterfaceInetAddresses(iface: NetworkInterface) =
+                Collections.enumeration(TEST_ADDRESSES.map { it.address })
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        thread.start()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        thread.quitSafely()
+        thread.join()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddServiceAndProbe() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        assertEquals(0, repository.servicesCount)
+        assertEquals(-1, repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1))
+        assertEquals(1, repository.servicesCount)
+
+        val probingInfo = repository.setServiceProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        assertNotNull(probingInfo)
+        assertTrue(repository.isProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1))
+
+        assertEquals(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, probingInfo.serviceId)
+        val packet = probingInfo.getPacket(0)
+
+        assertEquals(MdnsConstants.FLAGS_QUERY, packet.flags)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.answers.size)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.additionalRecords.size)
+
+        assertEquals(1, packet.questions.size)
+        val expectedName = arrayOf("MyTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local")
+        assertEquals(MdnsAnyRecord(expectedName, false /* unicast */), packet.questions[0])
+
+        assertEquals(1, packet.authorityRecords.size)
+        assertEquals(MdnsServiceRecord(expectedName,
+                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                120_000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                0 /* servicePriority */, 0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                TEST_PORT, TEST_HOSTNAME), packet.authorityRecords[0])
+
+        assertContentEquals(intArrayOf(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1), repository.clearServices())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddAndConflicts() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        assertFailsWith(NameConflictException::class) {
+            repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_2, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testInvalidReuseOfServiceId() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        assertFailsWith(IllegalArgumentException::class) {
+            repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_2)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testHasActiveService() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        assertFalse(repository.hasActiveService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1))
+
+        repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        assertTrue(repository.hasActiveService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1))
+
+        val probingInfo = repository.setServiceProbing(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        repository.onProbingSucceeded(probingInfo)
+        repository.onAdvertisementSent(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        assertTrue(repository.hasActiveService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1))
+
+        repository.exitService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        assertFalse(repository.hasActiveService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExitAnnouncements() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        repository.initWithService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        repository.onAdvertisementSent(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        val exitAnnouncement = repository.exitService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        assertNotNull(exitAnnouncement)
+        assertEquals(1, repository.servicesCount)
+        val packet = exitAnnouncement.getPacket(0)
+
+        assertEquals(0x8400 /* response, authoritative */, packet.flags)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.questions.size)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.authorityRecords.size)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.additionalRecords.size)
+
+        assertContentEquals(listOf(
+                MdnsPointerRecord(
+                        arrayOf("_testservice", "_tcp", "local"),
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        0L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        arrayOf("MyTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local"))
+        ), packet.answers)
+
+        repository.removeService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        assertEquals(0, repository.servicesCount)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExitingServiceReAdded() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        repository.initWithService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        repository.onAdvertisementSent(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        repository.exitService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+
+        assertEquals(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_2, TEST_SERVICE_1))
+        assertEquals(1, repository.servicesCount)
+
+        repository.removeService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_2)
+        assertEquals(0, repository.servicesCount)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testOnProbingSucceeded() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        val announcementInfo = repository.initWithService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        repository.onAdvertisementSent(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1)
+        val packet = announcementInfo.getPacket(0)
+
+        assertEquals(0x8400 /* response, authoritative */, packet.flags)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.questions.size)
+        assertEquals(0, packet.authorityRecords.size)
+
+        val serviceType = arrayOf("_testservice", "_tcp", "local")
+        val serviceName = arrayOf("MyTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local")
+        val v4AddrRev = getReverseDnsAddress(TEST_ADDRESSES[0].address)
+        val v6Addr1Rev = getReverseDnsAddress(TEST_ADDRESSES[1].address)
+        val v6Addr2Rev = getReverseDnsAddress(TEST_ADDRESSES[2].address)
+
+        assertContentEquals(listOf(
+                // Reverse address and address records for the hostname
+                MdnsPointerRecord(v4AddrRev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        TEST_HOSTNAME),
+                MdnsInetAddressRecord(TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        TEST_ADDRESSES[0].address),
+                MdnsPointerRecord(v6Addr1Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        TEST_HOSTNAME),
+                MdnsInetAddressRecord(TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        TEST_ADDRESSES[1].address),
+                MdnsPointerRecord(v6Addr2Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        TEST_HOSTNAME),
+                MdnsInetAddressRecord(TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        TEST_ADDRESSES[2].address),
+                // Service registration records (RFC6763)
+                MdnsPointerRecord(
+                        serviceType,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        // Not a unique name owned by the announcer, so cacheFlush=false
+                        false /* cacheFlush */,
+                        4500000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        serviceName),
+                MdnsServiceRecord(
+                        serviceName,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        0 /* servicePriority */,
+                        0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                        TEST_PORT /* servicePort */,
+                        TEST_HOSTNAME),
+                MdnsTextRecord(
+                        serviceName,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        4500000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        emptyList() /* entries */),
+                // Service type enumeration record (RFC6763 9.)
+                MdnsPointerRecord(
+                        arrayOf("_services", "_dns-sd", "_udp", "local"),
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        false /* cacheFlush */,
+                        4500000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        serviceType)
+        ), packet.answers)
+
+        assertContentEquals(listOf(
+                MdnsNsecRecord(v4AddrRev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v4AddrRev,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(v6Addr1Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v6Addr1Rev,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(v6Addr2Rev,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        120000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        v6Addr2Rev,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR)),
+                MdnsNsecRecord(serviceName,
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        true /* cacheFlush */,
+                        4500000L /* ttlMillis */,
+                        serviceName,
+                        intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT, MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV))
+        ), packet.additionalRecords)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetReverseDnsAddress() {
+        val expectedV6 = "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa"
+                .split(".").toTypedArray()
+        assertContentEquals(expectedV6, getReverseDnsAddress(parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::1")))
+        val expectedV4 = "123.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa".split(".").toTypedArray()
+        assertContentEquals(expectedV4, getReverseDnsAddress(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123")))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetReply() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        repository.initWithService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        val questions = listOf(MdnsPointerRecord(arrayOf("_testservice", "_tcp", "local"),
+                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                // TTL and data is empty for a question
+                0L /* ttlMillis */,
+                null /* pointer */))
+        val query = MdnsPacket(0 /* flags */, questions, listOf() /* answers */,
+                listOf() /* authorityRecords */, listOf() /* additionalRecords */)
+        val src = InetSocketAddress(parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123"), 5353)
+        val reply = repository.getReply(query, src)
+
+        assertNotNull(reply)
+        // Source address is IPv4
+        assertEquals(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), reply.destination.address)
+        assertEquals(MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT, reply.destination.port)
+
+        // TTLs as per RFC6762 10.
+        val longTtl = 4_500_000L
+        val shortTtl = 120_000L
+        val serviceName = arrayOf("MyTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local")
+
+        assertEquals(listOf(
+                MdnsPointerRecord(
+                        arrayOf("_testservice", "_tcp", "local"),
+                        0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                        false /* cacheFlush */,
+                        longTtl,
+                        serviceName),
+        ), reply.answers)
+
+        assertEquals(listOf(
+            MdnsTextRecord(
+                    serviceName,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    longTtl,
+                    listOf() /* entries */),
+            MdnsServiceRecord(
+                    serviceName,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    shortTtl,
+                    0 /* servicePriority */,
+                    0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                    TEST_PORT,
+                    TEST_HOSTNAME),
+            MdnsInetAddressRecord(
+                    TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    shortTtl,
+                    TEST_ADDRESSES[0].address),
+            MdnsInetAddressRecord(
+                    TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    shortTtl,
+                    TEST_ADDRESSES[1].address),
+            MdnsInetAddressRecord(
+                    TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    shortTtl,
+                    TEST_ADDRESSES[2].address),
+            MdnsNsecRecord(
+                    serviceName,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    longTtl,
+                    serviceName /* nextDomain */,
+                    intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT, MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV)),
+            MdnsNsecRecord(
+                    TEST_HOSTNAME,
+                    0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    true /* cacheFlush */,
+                    shortTtl,
+                    TEST_HOSTNAME /* nextDomain */,
+                    intArrayOf(MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA)),
+        ), reply.additionalAnswers)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetConflictingServices() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_2, TEST_SERVICE_2)
+
+        val packet = MdnsPacket(
+                0 /* flags */,
+                emptyList() /* questions */,
+                listOf(
+                    MdnsServiceRecord(
+                            arrayOf("MyTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local"),
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, true /* cacheFlush */, 0L /* ttlMillis */,
+                            0 /* servicePriority */, 0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                            TEST_SERVICE_1.port + 1,
+                            TEST_HOSTNAME),
+                    MdnsTextRecord(
+                            arrayOf("MyOtherTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local"),
+                            0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, true /* cacheFlush */, 0L /* ttlMillis */,
+                            listOf(TextEntry.fromString("somedifferent=entry"))),
+                ) /* answers */,
+                emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                emptyList() /* additionalRecords */)
+
+        assertEquals(setOf(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_ID_2),
+                repository.getConflictingServices(packet))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetConflictingServices_IdenticalService() {
+        val repository = MdnsRecordRepository(thread.looper, deps, TEST_HOSTNAME)
+        repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_1, TEST_SERVICE_1)
+        repository.addService(TEST_SERVICE_ID_2, TEST_SERVICE_2)
+
+        val otherTtlMillis = 1234L
+        val packet = MdnsPacket(
+                0 /* flags */,
+                emptyList() /* questions */,
+                listOf(
+                        MdnsServiceRecord(
+                                arrayOf("MyTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local"),
+                                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, true /* cacheFlush */,
+                                otherTtlMillis, 0 /* servicePriority */, 0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                                TEST_SERVICE_1.port,
+                                TEST_HOSTNAME),
+                        MdnsTextRecord(
+                                arrayOf("MyOtherTestService", "_testservice", "_tcp", "local"),
+                                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, true /* cacheFlush */,
+                                otherTtlMillis, emptyList()),
+                ) /* answers */,
+                emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                emptyList() /* additionalRecords */)
+
+        // Above records are identical to the actual registrations: no conflict
+        assertEquals(emptySet(), repository.getConflictingServices(packet))
+    }
+}
+
+private fun MdnsRecordRepository.initWithService(serviceId: Int, serviceInfo: NsdServiceInfo):
+        AnnouncementInfo {
+    updateAddresses(TEST_ADDRESSES)
+    addService(serviceId, serviceInfo)
+    val probingInfo = setServiceProbing(serviceId)
+    assertNotNull(probingInfo)
+    return onProbingSucceeded(probingInfo)
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55c2846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsRecordTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.List;
+
+// The record test data does not use compressed names (label pointers), since that would require
+// additional data to populate the label dictionary accordingly.
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsRecordTests {
+    private static final String TAG = "MdnsRecordTests";
+    private static final int MAX_PACKET_SIZE = 4096;
+    private static final InetSocketAddress MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS =
+            new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+    private static final InetSocketAddress MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS =
+            new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInet4AddressRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "0474657374000001" + "0001000011940004" + "0A010203");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        String dataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(1, name.length);
+        assertEquals("test", name[0]);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("test", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, type);
+
+        MdnsInetAddressRecord record = new MdnsInetAddressRecord(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, reader);
+        Inet4Address addr = record.getInet4Address();
+        assertEquals("/10.1.2.3", addr.toString());
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        Log.d(TAG, dataOutText);
+
+        assertEquals(dataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTypeAAAInet6AddressRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "047465737400001C"
+                        + "0001000011940010"
+                        + "AABBCCDD11223344"
+                        + "A0B0C0D010203040");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        String dataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        packet.setSocketAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT));
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(1, name.length);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("test", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA, type);
+
+        MdnsInetAddressRecord record = new MdnsInetAddressRecord(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA,
+                reader);
+        assertNull(record.getInet4Address());
+        Inet6Address addr = record.getInet6Address();
+        assertEquals("/aabb:ccdd:1122:3344:a0b0:c0d0:1020:3040", addr.toString());
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        Log.d(TAG, dataOutText);
+
+        assertEquals(dataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTypeAAAInet4AddressRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "047465737400001C"
+                        + "0001000011940010"
+                        + "0000000000000000"
+                        + "0000FFFF10203040");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        packet.setSocketAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT));
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(1, name.length);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("test", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA, type);
+
+        MdnsInetAddressRecord record = new MdnsInetAddressRecord(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA,
+                reader);
+        assertNull(record.getInet6Address());
+        Inet4Address addr = record.getInet4Address();
+        assertEquals("/16.32.48.64", addr.toString());
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        Log.d(TAG, dataOutText);
+
+        final byte[] expectedDataIn =
+                HexDump.hexStringToByteArray("047465737400001C000100001194000410203040");
+        assertNotNull(expectedDataIn);
+        String expectedDataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(expectedDataIn, 0, expectedDataIn.length);
+
+        assertEquals(expectedDataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPointerRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "047465737400000C"
+                        + "000100001194000E"
+                        + "03666F6F03626172"
+                        + "047175787800");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        String dataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(1, name.length);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("test", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR, type);
+
+        MdnsPointerRecord record = new MdnsPointerRecord(name, reader);
+        String[] pointer = record.getPointer();
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.quxx", MdnsRecord.labelsToString(pointer));
+
+        assertFalse(record.hasSubtype());
+        assertNull(record.getSubtype());
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        Log.d(TAG, dataOutText);
+
+        assertEquals(dataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testServiceRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "0474657374000021"
+                        + "0001000011940014"
+                        + "000100FF1F480366"
+                        + "6F6F036261720471"
+                        + "75787800");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        String dataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(1, name.length);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("test", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV, type);
+
+        MdnsServiceRecord record = new MdnsServiceRecord(name, reader);
+
+        int servicePort = record.getServicePort();
+        assertEquals(8008, servicePort);
+
+        String serviceHost = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(record.getServiceHost());
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.quxx", serviceHost);
+
+        assertEquals(1, record.getServicePriority());
+        assertEquals(255, record.getServiceWeight());
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        Log.d(TAG, dataOutText);
+
+        assertEquals(dataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAnyRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "047465737407616E64726F696403636F6D0000FF0001000000000000");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        String dataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(3, name.length);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("test.android.com", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_ANY, type);
+
+        MdnsAnyRecord record = new MdnsAnyRecord(name, reader);
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        Log.d(TAG, dataOutText);
+
+        assertEquals(dataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNsecRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                // record.android.com
+                "067265636F726407616E64726F696403636F6D00"
+                        // Type 0x002f (NSEC), cache flush set on class IN (0x8001)
+                        + "002F8001"
+                        // TTL 0x0000003c (60 secs)
+                        + "0000003C"
+                        // Data length
+                        + "0031"
+                        // nextdomain.android.com, with compression for android.com
+                        + "0A6E657874646F6D61696EC007"
+                        // Type bitmaps: window block 0x00, bitmap length 0x05,
+                        // bits 16 (TXT) and 33 (SRV) set: 0x0000800040
+                        + "00050000800040"
+                        // For 1234, 4*256 + 210 = 1234, so window block 0x04, bitmap length 27/0x1B
+                        // (26*8 + 2 = 210, need 27 bytes to set bit 210),
+                        // bit 2 set on byte 27 (0x20).
+                        + "041B000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        String dataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(3, name.length);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("record.android.com", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_NSEC, type);
+
+        MdnsNsecRecord record = new MdnsNsecRecord(name, reader);
+        assertTrue(record.getCacheFlush());
+        assertEquals(60_000L, record.getTtl());
+        assertEquals("nextdomain.android.com", MdnsRecord.labelsToString(record.getNextDomain()));
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] { MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT,
+                MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV,
+                // Non-existing record type, > 256
+                1234 }, record.getTypes());
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        assertEquals(dataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTextRecord() throws IOException {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "0474657374000010"
+                        + "0001000011940024"
+                        + "0D613D68656C6C6F"
+                        + "2074686572650C62"
+                        + "3D31323334353637"
+                        + "3839300878797A3D"
+                        + "21402324");
+        assertNotNull(dataIn);
+        String dataInText = HexDump.dumpHexString(dataIn, 0, dataIn.length);
+
+        // Decode
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        assertNotNull(name);
+        assertEquals(1, name.length);
+        String fqdn = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        assertEquals("test", fqdn);
+
+        int type = reader.readUInt16();
+        assertEquals(MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT, type);
+
+        MdnsTextRecord record = new MdnsTextRecord(name, reader);
+
+        List<String> strings = record.getStrings();
+        assertNotNull(strings);
+        assertEquals(3, strings.size());
+
+        assertEquals("a=hello there", strings.get(0));
+        assertEquals("b=1234567890", strings.get(1));
+        assertEquals("xyz=!@#$", strings.get(2));
+
+        List<TextEntry> entries = record.getEntries();
+        assertNotNull(entries);
+        assertEquals(3, entries.size());
+
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("a", "hello there"), entries.get(0));
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("b", "1234567890"), entries.get(1));
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("xyz", "!@#$"), entries.get(2));
+
+        String dataOutText = toHex(record);
+        Log.d(TAG, dataOutText);
+
+        assertEquals(dataInText, dataOutText);
+    }
+
+    private static String toHex(MdnsRecord record) throws IOException {
+        MdnsPacketWriter writer = new MdnsPacketWriter(MAX_PACKET_SIZE);
+        record.write(writer, record.getReceiptTime());
+
+        // The address does not matter as only the data is used
+        final DatagramPacket packet = writer.getPacket(MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS);
+        final byte[] dataOut = packet.getData();
+
+        return HexDump.dumpHexString(dataOut, 0, packet.getLength());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textRecord_recordDoesNotHaveDataOfGivenLength_throwsEOFException()
+            throws Exception {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "0474657374000010"
+                        + "000100001194000D"
+                        + "0D613D68656C6C6F" //The TXT entry starts with length of 13, but only 12
+                        + "2074686572"); // characters are following it.
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        reader.readUInt16();
+
+        assertThrows(EOFException.class, () -> new MdnsTextRecord(name, reader));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textRecord_entriesIncludeNonUtf8Bytes_returnsTheSameUtf8Bytes() throws Exception {
+        final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                "0474657374000010"
+                        + "0001000011940024"
+                        + "0D613D68656C6C6F"
+                        + "2074686572650C62"
+                        + "3D31323334353637"
+                        + "3839300878797A3D"
+                        + "FFEFDFCF");
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataIn, dataIn.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        MdnsRecord.labelsToString(name);
+        reader.readUInt16();
+
+        MdnsTextRecord record = new MdnsTextRecord(name, reader);
+
+        List<TextEntry> entries = record.getEntries();
+        assertNotNull(entries);
+        assertEquals(3, entries.size());
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("a", "hello there"), entries.get(0));
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("b", "1234567890"), entries.get(1));
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("xyz", HexDump.hexStringToByteArray("FFEFDFCF")),
+                entries.get(2));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoderTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoderTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0a1f18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseDecoderTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsResponseDecoder.Clock;
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsResponseTests.MdnsInet4AddressRecord;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsResponseTests.MdnsInet6AddressRecord;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsResponseDecoderTests {
+    private static final byte[] data = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0000840000000004"
+            + "00000003134A6F68"
+            + "6E6E792773204368"
+            + "726F6D6563617374"
+            + "0B5F676F6F676C65"
+            + "63617374045F7463"
+            + "70056C6F63616C00"
+            + "0010800100001194"
+            + "006C2369643D3937"
+            + "3062663534376237"
+            + "3533666336336332"
+            + "6432613336626238"
+            + "3936616261380576"
+            + "653D30320D6D643D"
+            + "4368726F6D656361"
+            + "73741269633D2F73"
+            + "657475702F69636F"
+            + "6E2E706E6716666E"
+            + "3D4A6F686E6E7927"
+            + "73204368726F6D65"
+            + "636173740463613D"
+            + "350473743D30095F"
+            + "7365727669636573"
+            + "075F646E732D7364"
+            + "045F756470C03100"
+            + "0C00010000119400"
+            + "02C020C020000C00"
+            + "01000011940002C0"
+            + "0CC00C0021800100"
+            + "000078001C000000"
+            + "001F49134A6F686E"
+            + "6E79277320436872"
+            + "6F6D6563617374C0"
+            + "31C0F30001800100"
+            + "0000780004C0A864"
+            + "68C0F3002F800100"
+            + "0000780005C0F300"
+            + "0140C00C002F8001"
+            + "000011940009C00C"
+            + "00050000800040");
+
+    private static final byte[] data6 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0000840000000001000000030B5F676F6F676C656361737404"
+            + "5F746370056C6F63616C00000C000100000078003330476F6F676C"
+            + "652D486F6D652D4D61782D61363836666331323961366638636265"
+            + "31643636353139343065336164353766C00CC02E00108001000011"
+            + "9400C02369643D6136383666633132396136663863626531643636"
+            + "3531393430653361643537662363643D4133304233303032363546"
+            + "36384341313233353532434639344141353742314613726D3D4335"
+            + "35393134383530383841313638330576653D3035126D643D476F6F"
+            + "676C6520486F6D65204D61781269633D2F73657475702F69636F6E"
+            + "2E706E6710666E3D417474696320737065616B65720863613D3130"
+            + "3234340473743D320F62733D464138464341363734453537046E66"
+            + "3D320372733DC02E0021800100000078002D000000001F49246136"
+            + "3836666331322D396136662D386362652D316436362D3531393430"
+            + "65336164353766C01DC13F001C8001000000780010200033330000"
+            + "0000DA6C63FFFE7C74830109018001000000780004C0A801026C6F"
+            + "63616C0000018001000000780004C0A8010A000001800100000078"
+            + "0004C0A8010A00000000000000");
+
+    // Expected to contain two SRV records which point to the same hostname.
+    private static final byte[] matterDuplicateHostname = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "00008000000000080000000A095F7365727669636573075F646E732D73"
+            + "64045F756470056C6F63616C00000C000100000078000F075F6D61"
+            + "74746572045F746370C023C00C000C000100000078001A125F4943"
+            + "324639453337374632454139463430045F737562C034C034000C00"
+            + "0100000078002421433246394533373746324541394634302D3030"
+            + "3030303030304534443041334641C034C04F000C00010000007800"
+            + "02C075C00C000C0001000000780002C034C00C000C000100000078"
+            + "0015125F4941413035363731333439334135343144C062C034000C"
+            + "000100000078002421414130353637313334393341353431442D30"
+            + "303030303030304331324446303344C034C0C1000C000100000078"
+            + "0002C0E2C075002100010000007800150000000015A40C33433631"
+            + "3035304338394638C023C07500100001000011940015084352493D"
+            + "35303030074352413D33303003543D31C126001C00010000007800"
+            + "10FE800000000000003E6105FFFE0C89F8C126001C000100000078"
+            + "00102605A601A84657003E6105FFFE0C89F8C12600010001000000"
+            + "780004C0A8018AC0E2002100010000007800080000000015A4C126"
+            + "C0E200100001000011940015084352493D35303030074352413D33"
+            + "303003543D31C126001C0001000000780010FE800000000000003E"
+            + "6105FFFE0C89F8C126001C00010000007800102605A601A8465700"
+            + "3E6105FFFE0C89F8C12600010001000000780004C0A8018A313035"
+            + "304338394638C02300010001000000780004C0A8018AC0A0001000"
+            + "0100001194003A0E56503D36353532312B3332373639084352493D"
+            + "35303030074352413D33303003543D3106443D3236353704434D3D"
+            + "320550483D33360350493D21433246394533373746324541394634"
+            + "302D30303030303030304534443041334641C0F700210001000000"
+            + "7800150000000015A40C334336313035304338394638C023214332"
+            + "46394533373746324541394634302D303030303030303045344430"
+            + "41334641C0F700100001000011940015084352493D353030300743"
+            + "52413D33303003543D310C334336313035304338394638C023001C"
+            + "0001000000780010FE800000000000003E6105FFFE0C89F80C3343"
+            + "36313035304338394638C023001C00010000007800102605A601A8"
+            + "4657003E6105FFFE0C89F80C334336313035304338394638C02300"
+            + "010001000000780004C0A8018A0000000000000000000000000000"
+            + "000000");
+
+    // MDNS record for name "testhost1" with an IPv4 address of 10.1.2.3. Also set cache flush bit
+    // for the records changed.
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_IPV4_1 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0974657374686f73743100000180010000007800040a010203");
+    // MDNS record for name "testhost1" with an IPv4 address of 10.1.2.4. Also set cache flush bit
+    // for the records changed.
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_IPV4_2 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0974657374686f73743100000180010000007800040a010204");
+    // MDNS record w/name "testhost1" & IPv6 address of aabb:ccdd:1122:3344:a0b0:c0d0:1020:3040.
+    // Also set cache flush bit for the records changed.
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_IPV6_1 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0974657374686f73743100001c8001000000780010aabbccdd11223344a0b0c0d010203040");
+    // MDNS record w/name "testhost1" & IPv6 address of aabb:ccdd:1122:3344:a0b0:c0d0:1020:3030.
+    // Also set cache flush bit for the records changed.
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_IPV6_2 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0974657374686f73743100001c8001000000780010aabbccdd11223344a0b0c0d010203030");
+    // MDNS record w/name "test" & PTR to foo.bar.quxx
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_PTR_1 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "047465737400000C000100001194000E03666F6F03626172047175787800");
+    // MDNS record w/name "test" & PTR to foo.bar.quxy
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_PTR_2 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "047465737400000C000100001194000E03666F6F03626172047175787900");
+    // SRV record for: scapy.DNSRRSRV(rrname='foo.bar.quxx', ttl=120, port=1234, target='testhost1')
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_SERVICE_1 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "03666f6f03626172047175787800002100010000007800110000000004d20974657374686f73743100");
+    // SRV record for: scapy.DNSRRSRV(rrname='foo.bar.quxx', ttl=120, port=1234, target='testhost2')
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_SERVICE_2 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "03666f6f03626172047175787800002100010000007800110000000004d20974657374686f73743200");
+    // TXT record for: scapy.DNSRR(rrname='foo.bar.quxx', type='TXT', ttl=120,
+    //     rdata=[b'a=hello there', b'b=1234567890', b'xyz=!$$$'])
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_TEXT_1 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "03666f6f03626172047175787800001000010000007800240d613d68656c6c6f2074686572650c623d3132"
+                    + "33343536373839300878797a3d21242424");
+
+    // TXT record for: scapy.DNSRR(rrname='foo.bar.quxx', type='TXT', ttl=120,
+    //     rdata=[b'a=hello there', b'b=1234567890', b'xyz=!$$$'])
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_TEXT_2 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "03666f6f03626172047175787800001000010000007800240d613d68656c6c6f2074686572650c623d3132"
+                    + "33343536373839300878797a3d21402324");
+
+    private static final String[] DATAIN_SERVICE_NAME_1 = new String[] { "foo", "bar", "quxx" };
+
+    private static final String CAST_SERVICE_NAME = "_googlecast";
+    private static final String[] CAST_SERVICE_TYPE =
+            new String[] {CAST_SERVICE_NAME, "_tcp", "local"};
+    private static final String MATTER_SERVICE_NAME = "_matter";
+    private static final String[] MATTER_SERVICE_TYPE =
+            new String[] {MATTER_SERVICE_NAME, "_tcp", "local"};
+
+    private ArraySet<MdnsResponse> responses;
+
+    private final Clock mClock = mock(Clock.class);
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, CAST_SERVICE_TYPE);
+        assertNotNull(data);
+        responses = decode(decoder, data);
+        assertEquals(1, responses.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithNullServiceType() throws Exception {
+        MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, null);
+        responses = decode(decoder, data);
+        assertEquals(2, responses.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeMultipleAnswerPacket() throws IOException {
+        MdnsResponse response = responses.valueAt(0);
+        assertTrue(response.isComplete());
+
+        MdnsInetAddressRecord inet4AddressRecord = response.getInet4AddressRecord();
+        Inet4Address inet4Addr = inet4AddressRecord.getInet4Address();
+
+        assertNotNull(inet4Addr);
+        assertEquals("/192.168.100.104", inet4Addr.toString());
+
+        MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord = response.getServiceRecord();
+        String serviceName = serviceRecord.getServiceName();
+        assertEquals(CAST_SERVICE_NAME, serviceName);
+
+        String serviceInstanceName = serviceRecord.getServiceInstanceName();
+        assertEquals("Johnny's Chromecast", serviceInstanceName);
+
+        String serviceHost = MdnsRecord.labelsToString(serviceRecord.getServiceHost());
+        assertEquals("Johnny's Chromecast.local", serviceHost);
+
+        int serviceProto = serviceRecord.getServiceProtocol();
+        assertEquals(MdnsServiceRecord.PROTO_TCP, serviceProto);
+
+        int servicePort = serviceRecord.getServicePort();
+        assertEquals(8009, servicePort);
+
+        int servicePriority = serviceRecord.getServicePriority();
+        assertEquals(0, servicePriority);
+
+        int serviceWeight = serviceRecord.getServiceWeight();
+        assertEquals(0, serviceWeight);
+
+        MdnsTextRecord textRecord = response.getTextRecord();
+        List<String> textStrings = textRecord.getStrings();
+        assertEquals(7, textStrings.size());
+        assertEquals("id=970bf547b753fc63c2d2a36bb896aba8", textStrings.get(0));
+        assertEquals("ve=02", textStrings.get(1));
+        assertEquals("md=Chromecast", textStrings.get(2));
+        assertEquals("ic=/setup/icon.png", textStrings.get(3));
+        assertEquals("fn=Johnny's Chromecast", textStrings.get(4));
+        assertEquals("ca=5", textStrings.get(5));
+        assertEquals("st=0", textStrings.get(6));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeIPv6AnswerPacket() throws IOException {
+        MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, CAST_SERVICE_TYPE);
+        assertNotNull(data6);
+
+        responses = decode(decoder, data6);
+        assertEquals(1, responses.size());
+        MdnsResponse response = responses.valueAt(0);
+        assertTrue(response.isComplete());
+
+        MdnsInetAddressRecord inet6AddressRecord = response.getInet6AddressRecord();
+        assertNotNull(inet6AddressRecord);
+        Inet4Address inet4Addr = inet6AddressRecord.getInet4Address();
+        assertNull(inet4Addr);
+
+        Inet6Address inet6Addr = inet6AddressRecord.getInet6Address();
+        assertNotNull(inet6Addr);
+        assertEquals(inet6Addr.getHostAddress(), "2000:3333::da6c:63ff:fe7c:7483");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsComplete() {
+        MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(responses.valueAt(0));
+        assertTrue(response.isComplete());
+
+        response.clearPointerRecords();
+        // The service name is still known in MdnsResponse#getServiceName
+        assertTrue(response.isComplete());
+
+        response = new MdnsResponse(responses.valueAt(0));
+        response.clearInet4AddressRecords();
+        assertFalse(response.isComplete());
+
+        response.addInet6AddressRecord(new MdnsInetAddressRecord(new String[] { "testhostname" },
+                0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, false /* cacheFlush */, 1234L /* ttlMillis */,
+                parseNumericAddress("2008:db1::123")));
+        assertTrue(response.isComplete());
+
+        response.clearInet6AddressRecords();
+        assertFalse(response.isComplete());
+
+        response = new MdnsResponse(responses.valueAt(0));
+        response.setServiceRecord(null);
+        assertFalse(response.isComplete());
+
+        response = new MdnsResponse(responses.valueAt(0));
+        response.setTextRecord(null);
+        assertFalse(response.isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void decode_withInterfaceIndex_populatesInterfaceIndex() throws Exception {
+        MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, CAST_SERVICE_TYPE);
+        assertNotNull(data6);
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data6, data6.length);
+        packet.setSocketAddress(
+                new InetSocketAddress(MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT));
+
+        final MdnsPacket parsedPacket = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(data6, data6.length);
+        assertNotNull(parsedPacket);
+
+        final Network network = mock(Network.class);
+        responses = decoder.augmentResponses(parsedPacket,
+                /* existingResponses= */ Collections.emptyList(),
+                /* interfaceIndex= */ 10, network /* expireOnExit= */);
+
+        assertEquals(responses.size(), 1);
+        assertEquals(responses.valueAt(0).getInterfaceIndex(), 10);
+        assertEquals(network, responses.valueAt(0).getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void decode_singleHostname_multipleSrvRecords_flagEnabled_multipleCompleteResponses()
+            throws Exception {
+        //MdnsScannerConfigsFlagsImpl.allowMultipleSrvRecordsPerHost.override(true);
+        MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, MATTER_SERVICE_TYPE);
+        assertNotNull(matterDuplicateHostname);
+
+        responses = decode(decoder, matterDuplicateHostname);
+
+        // This should emit two records:
+        assertEquals(2, responses.size());
+
+        MdnsResponse response1 = responses.valueAt(0);
+        MdnsResponse response2 = responses.valueAt(0);
+
+        // Both of which are complete:
+        assertTrue(response1.isComplete());
+        assertTrue(response2.isComplete());
+
+        // And should both have the same IPv6 address:
+        assertTrue(response1.getInet6AddressRecords().stream().anyMatch(
+                record -> record.getInet6Address().equals(
+                        parseNumericAddress("2605:a601:a846:5700:3e61:5ff:fe0c:89f8"))));
+        assertTrue(response2.getInet6AddressRecords().stream().anyMatch(
+                record -> record.getInet6Address().equals(
+                        parseNumericAddress("2605:a601:a846:5700:3e61:5ff:fe0c:89f8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void decode_singleHostname_multipleSrvRecords_flagDisabled_singleCompleteResponse()
+            throws Exception {
+        //MdnsScannerConfigsFlagsImpl.allowMultipleSrvRecordsPerHost.override(false);
+        MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, MATTER_SERVICE_TYPE);
+        assertNotNull(matterDuplicateHostname);
+
+        responses = decode(decoder, matterDuplicateHostname);
+
+        // This should emit only two records:
+        assertEquals(2, responses.size());
+
+        // But only the first is complete:
+        assertTrue(responses.valueAt(0).isComplete());
+        assertFalse(responses.valueAt(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithIpv4AddressChange() throws IOException {
+        MdnsResponse response = makeMdnsResponse(0, DATAIN_SERVICE_NAME_1, List.of(
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_PTR_1,
+                        MdnsPointerRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_SERVICE_1,
+                        MdnsServiceRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_IPV4_1,
+                        MdnsInet4AddressRecord.class)));
+        // Now update the response with another address
+        final MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, null);
+        final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> updatedResponses = decode(
+                decoder, makeResponsePacket(DATAIN_IPV4_2), List.of(response));
+        assertEquals(1, updatedResponses.size());
+        assertEquals(parseNumericAddress("10.1.2.4"),
+                updatedResponses.valueAt(0).getInet4AddressRecord().getInet4Address());
+        assertEquals(parseNumericAddress("10.1.2.3"),
+                response.getInet4AddressRecord().getInet4Address());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithIpv6AddressChange() throws IOException {
+        MdnsResponse response = makeMdnsResponse(0, DATAIN_SERVICE_NAME_1, List.of(
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_PTR_1,
+                        MdnsPointerRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_SERVICE_1,
+                        MdnsServiceRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_IPV6_1,
+                        MdnsInet6AddressRecord.class)));
+        // Now update the response with another address
+        final MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, null);
+        final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> updatedResponses = decode(
+                decoder, makeResponsePacket(DATAIN_IPV6_2), List.of(response));
+        assertEquals(1, updatedResponses.size());
+        assertEquals(parseNumericAddress("aabb:ccdd:1122:3344:a0b0:c0d0:1020:3030"),
+                updatedResponses.valueAt(0).getInet6AddressRecord().getInet6Address());
+        assertEquals(parseNumericAddress("aabb:ccdd:1122:3344:a0b0:c0d0:1020:3040"),
+                response.getInet6AddressRecord().getInet6Address());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithChangeOnText() throws IOException {
+        MdnsResponse response = makeMdnsResponse(0, DATAIN_SERVICE_NAME_1, List.of(
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_PTR_1,
+                        MdnsPointerRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_SERVICE_1,
+                        MdnsServiceRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_TEXT_1,
+                        MdnsTextRecord.class)));
+        // Now update the response with another address
+        final MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, null);
+        final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> updatedResponses = decode(
+                decoder, makeResponsePacket(DATAIN_TEXT_2), List.of(response));
+        assertEquals(1, updatedResponses.size());
+        assertEquals(List.of(
+                new MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry("a", "hello there"),
+                new MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry("b", "1234567890"),
+                new MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry("xyz", "!@#$")),
+                updatedResponses.valueAt(0).getTextRecord().getEntries());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithChangeOnService() throws IOException {
+        MdnsResponse response = makeMdnsResponse(0, DATAIN_SERVICE_NAME_1, List.of(
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_PTR_1,
+                        MdnsPointerRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_SERVICE_1,
+                        MdnsServiceRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_IPV4_1,
+                        MdnsInet4AddressRecord.class)));
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[] { "testhost1" },
+                response.getServiceRecord().getServiceHost());
+        assertNotNull(response.getInet4AddressRecord());
+        // Now update the response with another hostname
+        final MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, null);
+        final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> updatedResponses = decode(
+                decoder, makeResponsePacket(DATAIN_SERVICE_2), List.of(response));
+        assertEquals(1, updatedResponses.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[] { "testhost2" },
+                updatedResponses.valueAt(0).getServiceRecord().getServiceHost());
+        // Hostname changed, so address records are dropped
+        assertNull(updatedResponses.valueAt(0).getInet4AddressRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithChangeOnPtr() throws IOException {
+        MdnsResponse response = makeMdnsResponse(0, DATAIN_SERVICE_NAME_1, List.of(
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_PTR_1,
+                        MdnsPointerRecord.class),
+                new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_SERVICE_1,
+                        MdnsServiceRecord.class)));
+        // Now update the response with another address
+        final MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, null);
+        final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> updatedResponses = decode(
+                decoder, makeResponsePacket(DATAIN_PTR_2), List.of(response));
+        assertEquals(1, updatedResponses.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[] { "foo", "bar", "quxy" },
+                updatedResponses.valueAt(0).getPointerRecords().get(0).getPointer());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithNoChange() throws IOException {
+        List<PacketAndRecordClass> recordList =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_IPV4_1, MdnsInet4AddressRecord.class),
+                        new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_IPV6_1, MdnsInet6AddressRecord.class),
+                        new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_PTR_1, MdnsPointerRecord.class),
+                        new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_SERVICE_2, MdnsServiceRecord.class),
+                        new PacketAndRecordClass(DATAIN_TEXT_1, MdnsTextRecord.class));
+        // Create a two identical responses.
+        MdnsResponse response = makeMdnsResponse(0, DATAIN_SERVICE_NAME_1, recordList);
+
+        final MdnsResponseDecoder decoder = new MdnsResponseDecoder(mClock, null);
+        final byte[] identicalResponse = makeResponsePacket(
+                recordList.stream().map(p -> p.packetData).collect(Collectors.toList()));
+        final ArraySet<MdnsResponse> changes = decode(
+                decoder, identicalResponse, List.of(response));
+
+        // Decoding should not indicate any change.
+        assertEquals(0, changes.size());
+    }
+
+    private static MdnsResponse makeMdnsResponse(long time, String[] serviceName,
+            List<PacketAndRecordClass> responseList) throws IOException {
+        final MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(
+                time, serviceName, 999 /* interfaceIndex */, mock(Network.class));
+        for (PacketAndRecordClass responseData : responseList) {
+            DatagramPacket packet =
+                    new DatagramPacket(responseData.packetData, responseData.packetData.length);
+            MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+            String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+            reader.skip(2); // skip record type indication.
+            // Apply the right kind of record to the response.
+            if (responseData.recordClass == MdnsInet4AddressRecord.class) {
+                response.addInet4AddressRecord(new MdnsInet4AddressRecord(name, reader));
+            } else if (responseData.recordClass == MdnsInet6AddressRecord.class) {
+                response.addInet6AddressRecord(new MdnsInet6AddressRecord(name, reader));
+            } else if (responseData.recordClass == MdnsPointerRecord.class) {
+                response.addPointerRecord(new MdnsPointerRecord(name, reader));
+            } else if (responseData.recordClass == MdnsServiceRecord.class) {
+                response.setServiceRecord(new MdnsServiceRecord(name, reader));
+            } else if (responseData.recordClass == MdnsTextRecord.class) {
+                response.setTextRecord(new MdnsTextRecord(name, reader));
+            } else {
+                fail("Unsupported/unexpected MdnsRecord subtype used in test - invalid test!");
+            }
+        }
+        return response;
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] makeResponsePacket(byte[] responseRecord) throws IOException {
+        return makeResponsePacket(List.of(responseRecord));
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] makeResponsePacket(List<byte[]> responseRecords) throws IOException {
+        final MdnsPacketWriter writer = new MdnsPacketWriter(1500);
+        writer.writeUInt16(0); // Transaction ID (advertisement: 0)
+        writer.writeUInt16(0x8400); // Flags: response, authoritative
+        writer.writeUInt16(0); // questions count
+        writer.writeUInt16(responseRecords.size()); // answers count
+        writer.writeUInt16(0); // authority entries count
+        writer.writeUInt16(0); // additional records count
+
+        for (byte[] record : responseRecords) {
+            writer.writeBytes(record);
+        }
+        final DatagramPacket packet = writer.getPacket(new InetSocketAddress(0 /* port */));
+        return Arrays.copyOf(packet.getData(), packet.getLength());
+    }
+
+
+    // This helper class just wraps the data bytes of a response packet with the contained record
+    // type.
+    // Its only purpose is to make the test code a bit more readable.
+    private static class PacketAndRecordClass {
+        public final byte[] packetData;
+        public final Class<?> recordClass;
+
+        PacketAndRecordClass(byte[] data, Class<?> c) {
+            packetData = data;
+            recordClass = c;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ArraySet<MdnsResponse> decode(MdnsResponseDecoder decoder, byte[] data)
+            throws MdnsPacket.ParseException {
+        return decode(decoder, data, Collections.emptyList());
+    }
+
+    private ArraySet<MdnsResponse> decode(MdnsResponseDecoder decoder, byte[] data,
+            Collection<MdnsResponse> existingResponses) throws MdnsPacket.ParseException {
+        final MdnsPacket parsedPacket = MdnsResponseDecoder.parseResponse(data, data.length);
+        assertNotNull(parsedPacket);
+
+        return decoder.augmentResponses(parsedPacket,
+                existingResponses,
+                MdnsSocket.INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED, mock(Network.class));
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f5e7a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsResponseTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static android.net.InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import static java.util.Collections.emptyList;
+
+import android.net.Network;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.util.List;
+
+// The record test data does not use compressed names (label pointers), since that would require
+// additional data to populate the label dictionary accordingly.
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsResponseTests {
+    private static final String TAG = "MdnsResponseTests";
+    // MDNS response packet for name "test" with an IPv4 address of 10.1.2.3
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_IPV4 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0474657374000001" + "0001000011940004" + "0A010203");
+    // MDNS response w/name "test" & IPv6 address of aabb:ccdd:1122:3344:a0b0:c0d0:1020:3040
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_IPV6 = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "047465737400001C" + "0001000011940010" + "AABBCCDD11223344" + "A0B0C0D010203040");
+    // MDNS response w/name "test" & PTR to foo.bar.quxx
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_PTR = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "047465737400000C" + "000100001194000E" + "03666F6F03626172" + "047175787800");
+    // MDNS response w/name "test" & Service for host foo.bar.quxx
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_SERVICE = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0474657374000021"
+            + "0001000011940014"
+            + "000100FF1F480366"
+            + "6F6F036261720471"
+            + "75787800");
+    // MDNS response w/name "test" & the following text strings:
+    // "a=hello there", "b=1234567890", and "xyz=!$$$"
+    private static final byte[] DATAIN_TEXT = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+            "0474657374000010"
+            + "0001000011940024"
+            + "0D613D68656C6C6F"
+            + "2074686572650C62"
+            + "3D31323334353637"
+            + "3839300878797A3D"
+            + "21242424");
+    private static final String[] TEST_SERVICE_NAME =
+            new String[] { "test", "_type", "_tcp", "local" };
+
+    private static final int INTERFACE_INDEX = 999;
+    private static final int TEST_TTL_MS = 120_000;
+    private final Network mNetwork = mock(Network.class);
+
+    // The following helper classes act as wrappers so that IPv4 and IPv6 address records can
+    // be explicitly created by type using same constructor signature as all other records.
+    static class MdnsInet4AddressRecord extends MdnsInetAddressRecord {
+        public MdnsInet4AddressRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+            super(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, reader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class MdnsInet6AddressRecord extends MdnsInetAddressRecord {
+        public MdnsInet6AddressRecord(String[] name, MdnsPacketReader reader) throws IOException {
+            super(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA, reader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MdnsResponse makeCompleteResponse(int recordsTtlMillis) {
+        final String[] hostname = new String[] { "MyHostname" };
+        final String[] serviceName = new String[] { "MyService", "_type", "_tcp", "local" };
+        final String[] serviceType = new String[] { "_type", "_tcp", "local" };
+        final MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(/* now= */ 0, serviceName, INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mNetwork);
+        response.addPointerRecord(new MdnsPointerRecord(serviceType, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */, recordsTtlMillis, serviceName));
+        response.setServiceRecord(new MdnsServiceRecord(serviceName, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                true /* cacheFlush */, recordsTtlMillis, 0 /* servicePriority */,
+                0 /* serviceWeight */, 0 /* servicePort */, hostname));
+        response.setTextRecord(new MdnsTextRecord(serviceName, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                true /* cacheFlush */, recordsTtlMillis, emptyList() /* entries */));
+        response.addInet4AddressRecord(new MdnsInetAddressRecord(
+                hostname, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, true /* cacheFlush */,
+                recordsTtlMillis, parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.123")));
+        response.addInet6AddressRecord(new MdnsInetAddressRecord(
+                hostname, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */, true /* cacheFlush */,
+                recordsTtlMillis, parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::123")));
+        return response;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getInet4AddressRecord_returnsAddedRecord() throws IOException {
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(DATAIN_IPV4, DATAIN_IPV4.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        reader.skip(2); // skip record type indication.
+        MdnsInetAddressRecord record = new MdnsInetAddressRecord(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_A, reader);
+        MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(0, TEST_SERVICE_NAME, INTERFACE_INDEX, mNetwork);
+        assertFalse(response.hasInet4AddressRecord());
+        assertTrue(response.addInet4AddressRecord(record));
+        assertEquals(response.getInet4AddressRecord(), record);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getInet6AddressRecord_returnsAddedRecord() throws IOException {
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(DATAIN_IPV6, DATAIN_IPV6.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        reader.skip(2); // skip record type indication.
+        MdnsInetAddressRecord record =
+                new MdnsInetAddressRecord(name, MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA, reader);
+        MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(0, TEST_SERVICE_NAME, INTERFACE_INDEX, mNetwork);
+        assertFalse(response.hasInet6AddressRecord());
+        assertTrue(response.addInet6AddressRecord(record));
+        assertEquals(response.getInet6AddressRecord(), record);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getPointerRecords_returnsAddedRecord() throws IOException {
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(DATAIN_PTR, DATAIN_PTR.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        reader.skip(2); // skip record type indication.
+        MdnsPointerRecord record = new MdnsPointerRecord(name, reader);
+        MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(0, record.getPointer(), INTERFACE_INDEX, mNetwork);
+        assertFalse(response.hasPointerRecords());
+        assertTrue(response.addPointerRecord(record));
+        List<MdnsPointerRecord> recordList = response.getPointerRecords();
+        assertNotNull(recordList);
+        assertEquals(1, recordList.size());
+        assertEquals(record, recordList.get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getServiceRecord_returnsAddedRecord() throws IOException {
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(DATAIN_SERVICE, DATAIN_SERVICE.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        reader.skip(2); // skip record type indication.
+        MdnsServiceRecord record = new MdnsServiceRecord(name, reader);
+        MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(0, name, INTERFACE_INDEX, mNetwork);
+        assertFalse(response.hasServiceRecord());
+        assertTrue(response.setServiceRecord(record));
+        assertEquals(response.getServiceRecord(), record);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getTextRecord_returnsAddedRecord() throws IOException {
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(DATAIN_TEXT, DATAIN_TEXT.length);
+        MdnsPacketReader reader = new MdnsPacketReader(packet);
+        String[] name = reader.readLabels();
+        reader.skip(2); // skip record type indication.
+        MdnsTextRecord record = new MdnsTextRecord(name, reader);
+        MdnsResponse response = new MdnsResponse(0, name, INTERFACE_INDEX, mNetwork);
+        assertFalse(response.hasTextRecord());
+        assertTrue(response.setTextRecord(record));
+        assertEquals(response.getTextRecord(), record);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getInterfaceIndex() {
+        final MdnsResponse response1 = new MdnsResponse(/* now= */ 0, TEST_SERVICE_NAME,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mNetwork);
+        assertEquals(INTERFACE_INDEX, response1.getInterfaceIndex());
+
+        final MdnsResponse response2 = new MdnsResponse(/* now= */ 0, TEST_SERVICE_NAME,
+                1234 /* interfaceIndex */, mNetwork);
+        assertEquals(1234, response2.getInterfaceIndex());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNetwork() {
+        final MdnsResponse response1 = new MdnsResponse(/* now= */ 0, TEST_SERVICE_NAME,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, null /* network */);
+        assertNull(response1.getNetwork());
+
+        final MdnsResponse response2 = new MdnsResponse(/* now= */ 0, TEST_SERVICE_NAME,
+                1234 /* interfaceIndex */, mNetwork);
+        assertEquals(mNetwork, response2.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void copyConstructor() {
+        final MdnsResponse response = makeCompleteResponse(TEST_TTL_MS);
+        final MdnsResponse copy = new MdnsResponse(response);
+
+        assertEquals(response.getInet6AddressRecord(), copy.getInet6AddressRecord());
+        assertEquals(response.getInet4AddressRecord(), copy.getInet4AddressRecord());
+        assertEquals(response.getPointerRecords(), copy.getPointerRecords());
+        assertEquals(response.getServiceRecord(), copy.getServiceRecord());
+        assertEquals(response.getTextRecord(), copy.getTextRecord());
+        assertEquals(response.getRecords(), copy.getRecords());
+        assertEquals(response.getNetwork(), copy.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(response.getInterfaceIndex(), copy.getInterfaceIndex());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addRecords_noChange() {
+        final MdnsResponse response = makeCompleteResponse(TEST_TTL_MS);
+
+        assertFalse(response.addPointerRecord(response.getPointerRecords().get(0)));
+        assertFalse(response.addInet6AddressRecord(response.getInet6AddressRecord()));
+        assertFalse(response.addInet4AddressRecord(response.getInet4AddressRecord()));
+        assertFalse(response.setServiceRecord(response.getServiceRecord()));
+        assertFalse(response.setTextRecord(response.getTextRecord()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void addRecords_ttlChange() {
+        final MdnsResponse response = makeCompleteResponse(TEST_TTL_MS);
+        final MdnsResponse ttlZeroResponse = makeCompleteResponse(0);
+
+        assertTrue(response.addPointerRecord(ttlZeroResponse.getPointerRecords().get(0)));
+        assertEquals(1, response.getPointerRecords().size());
+        assertEquals(0, response.getPointerRecords().get(0).getTtl());
+        assertTrue(response.getRecords().stream().anyMatch(r ->
+                r == response.getPointerRecords().get(0)));
+
+        assertTrue(response.addInet6AddressRecord(ttlZeroResponse.getInet6AddressRecord()));
+        assertEquals(1, response.getInet6AddressRecords().size());
+        assertEquals(0, response.getInet6AddressRecord().getTtl());
+        assertTrue(response.getRecords().stream().anyMatch(r ->
+                r == response.getInet6AddressRecord()));
+
+        assertTrue(response.addInet4AddressRecord(ttlZeroResponse.getInet4AddressRecord()));
+        assertEquals(1, response.getInet4AddressRecords().size());
+        assertEquals(0, response.getInet4AddressRecord().getTtl());
+        assertTrue(response.getRecords().stream().anyMatch(r ->
+                r == response.getInet4AddressRecord()));
+
+        assertTrue(response.setServiceRecord(ttlZeroResponse.getServiceRecord()));
+        assertEquals(0, response.getServiceRecord().getTtl());
+        assertTrue(response.getRecords().stream().anyMatch(r ->
+                r == response.getServiceRecord()));
+
+        assertTrue(response.setTextRecord(ttlZeroResponse.getTextRecord()));
+        assertEquals(0, response.getTextRecord().getTtl());
+        assertTrue(response.getRecords().stream().anyMatch(r ->
+                r == response.getTextRecord()));
+
+        // All records were replaced, not added
+        assertEquals(ttlZeroResponse.getRecords().size(), response.getRecords().size());
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f091eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceCacheTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns
+
+import android.net.Network
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNull
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
+
+private const val SERVICE_NAME_1 = "service-instance-1"
+private const val SERVICE_NAME_2 = "service-instance-2"
+private const val SERVICE_TYPE_1 = "_test1._tcp.local"
+private const val SERVICE_TYPE_2 = "_test2._tcp.local"
+private const val INTERFACE_INDEX = 999
+private const val DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000L
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsServiceCacheTest {
+    private val network = mock(Network::class.java)
+    private val thread = HandlerThread(MdnsServiceCacheTest::class.simpleName)
+    private val handler by lazy {
+        Handler(thread.looper)
+    }
+    private val serviceCache by lazy {
+        MdnsServiceCache(thread.looper)
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        thread.start()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        thread.quitSafely()
+    }
+
+    private fun <T> runningOnHandlerAndReturn(functor: (() -> T)): T {
+        val future = CompletableFuture<T>()
+        handler.post {
+            future.complete(functor())
+        }
+        return future.get(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+    }
+
+    private fun addOrUpdateService(serviceType: String, network: Network, service: MdnsResponse):
+            Unit = runningOnHandlerAndReturn {
+        serviceCache.addOrUpdateService(serviceType, network, service) }
+
+    private fun removeService(serviceName: String, serviceType: String, network: Network):
+            Unit = runningOnHandlerAndReturn {
+        serviceCache.removeService(serviceName, serviceType, network) }
+
+    private fun getService(serviceName: String, serviceType: String, network: Network):
+            MdnsResponse? = runningOnHandlerAndReturn {
+        serviceCache.getCachedService(serviceName, serviceType, network) }
+
+    private fun getServices(serviceType: String, network: Network): List<MdnsResponse> =
+        runningOnHandlerAndReturn { serviceCache.getCachedServices(serviceType, network) }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAddAndRemoveService() {
+        addOrUpdateService(SERVICE_TYPE_1, network, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1))
+        var response = getService(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1, network)
+        assertNotNull(response)
+        assertEquals(SERVICE_NAME_1, response.serviceInstanceName)
+        removeService(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1, network)
+        response = getService(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1, network)
+        assertNull(response)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testGetCachedServices_multipleServiceTypes() {
+        addOrUpdateService(SERVICE_TYPE_1, network, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_1, SERVICE_TYPE_1))
+        addOrUpdateService(SERVICE_TYPE_1, network, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_1))
+        addOrUpdateService(SERVICE_TYPE_2, network, createResponse(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_2))
+
+        val responses1 = getServices(SERVICE_TYPE_1, network)
+        assertEquals(2, responses1.size)
+        assertTrue(responses1.stream().anyMatch { response ->
+            response.serviceInstanceName == SERVICE_NAME_1
+        })
+        assertTrue(responses1.any { response ->
+            response.serviceInstanceName == SERVICE_NAME_2
+        })
+        val responses2 = getServices(SERVICE_TYPE_2, network)
+        assertEquals(1, responses2.size)
+        assertTrue(responses2.any { response ->
+            response.serviceInstanceName == SERVICE_NAME_2
+        })
+
+        removeService(SERVICE_NAME_2, SERVICE_TYPE_1, network)
+        val responses3 = getServices(SERVICE_TYPE_1, network)
+        assertEquals(1, responses3.size)
+        assertTrue(responses3.any { response ->
+            response.serviceInstanceName == SERVICE_NAME_1
+        })
+        val responses4 = getServices(SERVICE_TYPE_2, network)
+        assertEquals(1, responses4.size)
+        assertTrue(responses4.any { response ->
+            response.serviceInstanceName == SERVICE_NAME_2
+        })
+    }
+
+    private fun createResponse(serviceInstanceName: String, serviceType: String) = MdnsResponse(
+        0 /* now */, "$serviceInstanceName.$serviceType".split(".").toTypedArray(),
+            INTERFACE_INDEX, network)
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceInfoTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7d7a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceInfoTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocket.INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED;
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.Parcel;
+
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsServiceInfoTest {
+    @Test
+    public void constructor_createWithOnlyTextStrings_correctAttributes() {
+        MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        List.of("vn=Google Inc.", "mn=Google Nest Hub Max"),
+                        /* textEntries= */ null);
+
+        assertTrue(info.getAttributeByKey("vn").equals("Google Inc."));
+        assertTrue(info.getAttributeByKey("mn").equals("Google Nest Hub Max"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void constructor_createWithOnlyTextEntries_correctAttributes() {
+        MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        /* textStrings= */ null,
+                        List.of(MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("vn=Google Inc."),
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("mn=Google Nest Hub Max")));
+
+        assertTrue(info.getAttributeByKey("vn").equals("Google Inc."));
+        assertTrue(info.getAttributeByKey("mn").equals("Google Nest Hub Max"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void constructor_createWithBothTextStringsAndTextEntries_acceptsOnlyTextEntries() {
+        MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        List.of("vn=Alphabet Inc.", "mn=Google Nest Hub Max", "id=12345"),
+                        List.of(
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("vn=Google Inc."),
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("mn=Google Nest Hub Max")));
+
+        assertEquals(Map.of("vn", "Google Inc.", "mn", "Google Nest Hub Max"),
+                info.getAttributes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void constructor_createWithDuplicateKeys_acceptsTheFirstOne() {
+        MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        List.of("vn=Alphabet Inc.", "mn=Google Nest Hub Max", "id=12345"),
+                        List.of(MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("vn=Google Inc."),
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("mn=Google Nest Hub Max"),
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("mn=Google WiFi Router")));
+
+        assertEquals(Map.of("vn", "Google Inc.", "mn", "Google Nest Hub Max"),
+                info.getAttributes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void constructor_createWithUppercaseKeys_correctAttributes() {
+        MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_testtype", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        List.of("KEY=Value"),
+                        /* textEntries= */ null);
+
+        assertEquals("Value", info.getAttributeByKey("key"));
+        assertEquals("Value", info.getAttributeByKey("KEY"));
+        assertEquals(1, info.getAttributes().size());
+        assertEquals("KEY", info.getAttributes().keySet().iterator().next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getInterfaceIndex_constructorWithDefaultValues_returnsMinusOne() {
+        MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        List.of());
+
+        assertEquals(info.getInterfaceIndex(), INTERFACE_INDEX_UNSPECIFIED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getInterfaceIndex_constructorWithInterfaceIndex_returnsProvidedIndex() {
+        MdnsServiceInfo info =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        List.of(),
+                        /* textEntries= */ null,
+                        /* interfaceIndex= */ 20);
+
+        assertEquals(info.getInterfaceIndex(), 20);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNetwork() {
+        final MdnsServiceInfo info1 =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        "192.168.1.1",
+                        "2001::1",
+                        List.of(),
+                        /* textEntries= */ null,
+                        /* interfaceIndex= */ 20);
+
+        assertNull(info1.getNetwork());
+
+        final Network network = mock(Network.class);
+        final MdnsServiceInfo info2 =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        List.of("192.168.1.1"),
+                        List.of("2001::1"),
+                        List.of(),
+                        /* textEntries= */ null,
+                        /* interfaceIndex= */ 20,
+                        network);
+
+        assertEquals(network, info2.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parcelable_canBeParceledAndUnparceled() {
+        Parcel parcel = Parcel.obtain();
+        MdnsServiceInfo beforeParcel =
+                new MdnsServiceInfo(
+                        "my-mdns-service",
+                        new String[] {"_googlecast", "_tcp"},
+                        List.of(),
+                        new String[] {"my-host", "local"},
+                        12345,
+                        List.of("192.168.1.1", "192.168.1.2"),
+                        List.of("2001::1", "2001::2"),
+                        List.of("vn=Alphabet Inc.", "mn=Google Nest Hub Max", "id=12345"),
+                        List.of(
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("vn=Google Inc."),
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("mn=Google Nest Hub Max"),
+                                MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry.fromString("test=")),
+                        20 /* interfaceIndex */,
+                        new Network(123));
+
+        beforeParcel.writeToParcel(parcel, 0);
+        parcel.setDataPosition(0);
+        MdnsServiceInfo afterParcel = MdnsServiceInfo.CREATOR.createFromParcel(parcel);
+
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getServiceInstanceName(), afterParcel.getServiceInstanceName());
+        assertArrayEquals(beforeParcel.getServiceType(), afterParcel.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getSubtypes(), afterParcel.getSubtypes());
+        assertArrayEquals(beforeParcel.getHostName(), afterParcel.getHostName());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getPort(), afterParcel.getPort());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getIpv4Address(), afterParcel.getIpv4Address());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getIpv4Addresses(), afterParcel.getIpv4Addresses());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getIpv6Address(), afterParcel.getIpv6Address());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getIpv6Addresses(), afterParcel.getIpv6Addresses());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getAttributes(), afterParcel.getAttributes());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getInterfaceIndex(), afterParcel.getInterfaceIndex());
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel.getNetwork(), afterParcel.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_parcelable_canBeParceledAndUnparceled() {
+        Parcel parcel = Parcel.obtain();
+        TextEntry beforeParcel = new TextEntry("AA", new byte[] {(byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFC});
+
+        beforeParcel.writeToParcel(parcel, 0);
+        parcel.setDataPosition(0);
+        TextEntry afterParcel = TextEntry.CREATOR.createFromParcel(parcel);
+
+        assertEquals(beforeParcel, afterParcel);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromString_keyValueAreExpected() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromString("AA=xxyyzz");
+
+        assertEquals("AA", entry.getKey());
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] {'x', 'x', 'y', 'y', 'z', 'z'}, entry.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromStringToString_textUnchanged() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromString("AA=xxyyzz");
+
+        assertEquals("AA=xxyyzz", entry.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromStringWithoutAssignPunc_noValue() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromString("AA");
+
+        assertEquals("AA", entry.getKey());
+        assertNull(entry.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromStringAssignPuncAtBeginning_returnsNull() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromString("=AA");
+
+        assertNull(entry);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromBytes_keyAndValueAreExpected() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromBytes(
+                new byte[] {'A', 'A', '=', 'x', 'x', 'y', 'y', 'z', 'z'});
+
+        assertEquals("AA", entry.getKey());
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] {'x', 'x', 'y', 'y', 'z', 'z'}, entry.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromBytesToBytes_textUnchanged() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromBytes(
+                new byte[] {'A', 'A', '=', 'x', 'x', 'y', 'y', 'z', 'z'});
+
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] {'A', 'A', '=', 'x', 'x', 'y', 'y', 'z', 'z'},
+                entry.toBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromBytesWithoutAssignPunc_noValue() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromBytes(new byte[] {'A', 'A'});
+
+        assertEquals("AA", entry.getKey());
+        assertNull(entry.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromBytesAssignPuncAtBeginning_returnsNull() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromBytes(new byte[] {'=', 'A', 'A'});
+
+        assertNull(entry);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromNonUtf8Bytes_keyValueAreExpected() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromBytes(
+                new byte[] {'A', 'A', '=', (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFE, (byte) 0xFD});
+
+        assertEquals("AA", entry.getKey());
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] {(byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFE, (byte) 0xFD}, entry.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_equals() {
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("AA", "xxyyzz"), new TextEntry("AA", "xxyyzz"));
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("BB", "xxyyzz"), new TextEntry("BB", "xxyyzz"));
+        assertEquals(new TextEntry("AA", "XXYYZZ"), new TextEntry("AA", "XXYYZZ"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void textEntry_fromString_valueIsEmpty() {
+        TextEntry entry = TextEntry.fromString("AA=");
+
+        assertEquals("AA", entry.getKey());
+        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] {}, entry.getValue());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34b44fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsServiceTypeClientTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1225 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceInfo.TextEntry;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsServiceTypeClient.QueryTaskConfig;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+/** Tests for {@link MdnsServiceTypeClient}. */
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsServiceTypeClientTests {
+    private static final int INTERFACE_INDEX = 999;
+    private static final String SERVICE_TYPE = "_googlecast._tcp.local";
+    private static final String[] SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS = TextUtils.split(SERVICE_TYPE, "\\.");
+    private static final InetSocketAddress IPV4_ADDRESS = new InetSocketAddress(
+            MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+    private static final InetSocketAddress IPV6_ADDRESS = new InetSocketAddress(
+            MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+
+    private static final long TEST_TTL = 120000L;
+    private static final long TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME = 123L;
+
+    @Mock
+    private MdnsServiceBrowserListener mockListenerOne;
+    @Mock
+    private MdnsServiceBrowserListener mockListenerTwo;
+    @Mock
+    private MdnsPacketWriter mockPacketWriter;
+    @Mock
+    private MdnsMultinetworkSocketClient mockSocketClient;
+    @Mock
+    private Network mockNetwork;
+    @Mock
+    private MdnsResponseDecoder.Clock mockDecoderClock;
+    @Mock
+    private SharedLog mockSharedLog;
+    @Captor
+    private ArgumentCaptor<MdnsServiceInfo> serviceInfoCaptor;
+
+    private final byte[] buf = new byte[10];
+
+    private DatagramPacket[] expectedIPv4Packets;
+    private DatagramPacket[] expectedIPv6Packets;
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>[] expectedSendFutures;
+    private FakeExecutor currentThreadExecutor = new FakeExecutor();
+
+    private MdnsServiceTypeClient client;
+
+    @Before
+    @SuppressWarnings("DoNotMock")
+    public void setUp() throws IOException {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME).when(mockDecoderClock).elapsedRealtime();
+
+        expectedIPv4Packets = new DatagramPacket[16];
+        expectedIPv6Packets = new DatagramPacket[16];
+        expectedSendFutures = new ScheduledFuture<?>[16];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < expectedSendFutures.length; ++i) {
+            expectedIPv4Packets[i] = new DatagramPacket(buf, 0 /* offset */, 5 /* length */,
+                    MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv4Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+            expectedIPv6Packets[i] = new DatagramPacket(buf, 0 /* offset */, 5 /* length */,
+                    MdnsConstants.getMdnsIPv6Address(), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+            expectedSendFutures[i] = Mockito.mock(ScheduledFuture.class);
+        }
+        when(mockPacketWriter.getPacket(IPV4_ADDRESS))
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[0])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[1])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[2])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[3])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[4])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[5])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[6])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[7])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[8])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[9])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[10])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[11])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[12])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[13])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[14])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv4Packets[15]);
+
+        when(mockPacketWriter.getPacket(IPV6_ADDRESS))
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[0])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[1])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[2])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[3])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[4])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[5])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[6])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[7])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[8])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[9])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[10])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[11])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[12])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[13])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[14])
+                .thenReturn(expectedIPv6Packets[15]);
+
+        client =
+                new MdnsServiceTypeClient(SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor,
+                        mockDecoderClock, mockNetwork, mockSharedLog) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsPacketWriter createMdnsPacketWriter() {
+                        return mockPacketWriter;
+                    }
+                };
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendQueries_activeScanMode() {
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(false).build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+
+        // First burst, 3 queries.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(0, 0, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ true);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                1, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                2, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        // Second burst will be sent after initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs, 3 queries.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                3, MdnsConfigs.initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                4, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                5, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        // Third burst will be sent after initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs * 2, 3 queries.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                6, MdnsConfigs.initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs() * 2, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */
+                false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                7, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                8, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        // Forth burst will be sent after initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs * 4, 3 queries.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                9, MdnsConfigs.initialTimeBetweenBurstsMs() * 4, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */
+                false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                10, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                11, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        // Fifth burst will be sent after timeBetweenBurstsMs, 3 queries.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(12, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenBurstsMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */
+                false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                13, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                14, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+
+        // Stop sending packets.
+        client.stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        verify(expectedSendFutures[15]).cancel(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendQueries_reentry_activeScanMode() {
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(false).build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+
+        // First burst, first query is sent.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(0, 0, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ true);
+
+        // After the first query is sent, change the subtypes, and restart.
+        searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                        .addSubtype("12345")
+                        .addSubtype("abcde")
+                        .setIsPassiveMode(false)
+                        .build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+        // The previous scheduled task should be canceled.
+        verify(expectedSendFutures[1]).cancel(true);
+
+        // Queries should continue to be sent.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(1, 0, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ true);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                2, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                3, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+
+        // Stop sending packets.
+        client.stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        verify(expectedSendFutures[5]).cancel(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendQueries_passiveScanMode() {
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(true).build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+
+        // First burst, 3 query.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(0, 0, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ true);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                1, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                2, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        // Second burst will be sent after timeBetweenBurstsMs, 1 query.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(3, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenBurstsMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */
+                false);
+        // Third burst will be sent after timeBetweenBurstsMs, 1 query.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(4, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenBurstsMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */
+                false);
+
+        // Stop sending packets.
+        client.stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        verify(expectedSendFutures[5]).cancel(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendQueries_reentry_passiveScanMode() {
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(true).build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+
+        // First burst, first query is sent.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(0, 0, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ true);
+
+        // After the first query is sent, change the subtypes, and restart.
+        searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                        .addSubtype("12345")
+                        .addSubtype("abcde")
+                        .setIsPassiveMode(true)
+                        .build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+        // The previous scheduled task should be canceled.
+        verify(expectedSendFutures[1]).cancel(true);
+
+        // Queries should continue to be sent.
+        verifyAndSendQuery(1, 0, /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ true);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                2, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                3, MdnsConfigs.timeBetweenQueriesInBurstMs(), /* expectsUnicastResponse= */ false);
+
+        // Stop sending packets.
+        client.stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        verify(expectedSendFutures[5]).cancel(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void testQueryTaskConfig_alwaysAskForUnicastResponse() {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.alwaysAskForUnicastResponseInEachBurst.override(true);
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(false).build();
+        QueryTaskConfig config = new QueryTaskConfig(
+                searchOptions.getSubtypes(), searchOptions.isPassiveMode(), 1, mockNetwork);
+
+        // This is the first query. We will ask for unicast response.
+        assertTrue(config.expectUnicastResponse);
+        assertEquals(config.subtypes, searchOptions.getSubtypes());
+        assertEquals(config.transactionId, 1);
+
+        // For the rest of queries in this burst, we will NOT ask for unicast response.
+        for (int i = 1; i < MdnsConfigs.queriesPerBurst(); i++) {
+            int oldTransactionId = config.transactionId;
+            config = config.getConfigForNextRun();
+            assertFalse(config.expectUnicastResponse);
+            assertEquals(config.subtypes, searchOptions.getSubtypes());
+            assertEquals(config.transactionId, oldTransactionId + 1);
+        }
+
+        // This is the first query of a new burst. We will ask for unicast response.
+        int oldTransactionId = config.transactionId;
+        config = config.getConfigForNextRun();
+        assertTrue(config.expectUnicastResponse);
+        assertEquals(config.subtypes, searchOptions.getSubtypes());
+        assertEquals(config.transactionId, oldTransactionId + 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryTaskConfig_askForUnicastInFirstQuery() {
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(false).build();
+        QueryTaskConfig config = new QueryTaskConfig(
+                searchOptions.getSubtypes(), searchOptions.isPassiveMode(), 1, mockNetwork);
+
+        // This is the first query. We will ask for unicast response.
+        assertTrue(config.expectUnicastResponse);
+        assertEquals(config.subtypes, searchOptions.getSubtypes());
+        assertEquals(config.transactionId, 1);
+
+        // For the rest of queries in this burst, we will NOT ask for unicast response.
+        for (int i = 1; i < MdnsConfigs.queriesPerBurst(); i++) {
+            int oldTransactionId = config.transactionId;
+            config = config.getConfigForNextRun();
+            assertFalse(config.expectUnicastResponse);
+            assertEquals(config.subtypes, searchOptions.getSubtypes());
+            assertEquals(config.transactionId, oldTransactionId + 1);
+        }
+
+        // This is the first query of a new burst. We will NOT ask for unicast response.
+        int oldTransactionId = config.transactionId;
+        config = config.getConfigForNextRun();
+        assertFalse(config.expectUnicastResponse);
+        assertEquals(config.subtypes, searchOptions.getSubtypes());
+        assertEquals(config.transactionId, oldTransactionId + 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void testIfPreviousTaskIsCanceledWhenNewSessionStarts() {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.useSessionIdToScheduleMdnsTask.override(true);
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(true).build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+        Runnable firstMdnsTask = currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearSubmittedRunnable();
+
+        // Change the sutypes and start a new session.
+        searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                        .addSubtype("12345")
+                        .addSubtype("abcde")
+                        .setIsPassiveMode(true)
+                        .build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+
+        // Clear the scheduled runnable.
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable();
+
+        // Simulate the case where the first mdns task is not successful canceled and it gets
+        // executed anyway.
+        firstMdnsTask.run();
+
+        // Although it gets executes, no more task gets scheduled.
+        assertNull(currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void testIfPreviousTaskIsCanceledWhenSessionStops() {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.shouldCancelScanTaskWhenFutureIsNull.override(true);
+        MdnsSearchOptions searchOptions =
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().addSubtype("12345").setIsPassiveMode(true).build();
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, searchOptions);
+        // Change the sutypes and start a new session.
+        client.stopSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne);
+        // Clear the scheduled runnable.
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable();
+
+        // Simulate the case where the first mdns task is not successful canceled and it gets
+        // executed anyway.
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearSubmittedRunnable().run();
+
+        // Although it gets executes, no more task gets scheduled.
+        assertNull(currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable());
+    }
+
+    private static void verifyServiceInfo(MdnsServiceInfo serviceInfo, String serviceName,
+            String[] serviceType, List<String> ipv4Addresses, List<String> ipv6Addresses, int port,
+            List<String> subTypes, Map<String, String> attributes, int interfaceIndex,
+            Network network) {
+        assertEquals(serviceName, serviceInfo.getServiceInstanceName());
+        assertArrayEquals(serviceType, serviceInfo.getServiceType());
+        assertEquals(ipv4Addresses, serviceInfo.getIpv4Addresses());
+        assertEquals(ipv6Addresses, serviceInfo.getIpv6Addresses());
+        assertEquals(port, serviceInfo.getPort());
+        assertEquals(subTypes, serviceInfo.getSubtypes());
+        for (String key : attributes.keySet()) {
+            assertTrue(attributes.containsKey(key));
+            assertEquals(attributes.get(key), serviceInfo.getAttributeByKey(key));
+        }
+        assertEquals(interfaceIndex, serviceInfo.getInterfaceIndex());
+        assertEquals(network, serviceInfo.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void processResponse_incompleteResponse() {
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", null /* host */, 0 /* port */,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameDiscovered(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(0),
+                "service-instance-1",
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                /* ipv4Addresses= */ List.of(),
+                /* ipv6Addresses= */ List.of(),
+                /* port= */ 0,
+                /* subTypes= */ List.of(),
+                Collections.emptyMap(),
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceFound(any(MdnsServiceInfo.class));
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceUpdated(any(MdnsServiceInfo.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void processIPv4Response_completeResponseForNewServiceInstance() throws Exception {
+        final String ipV4Address = "192.168.1.1";
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", ipV4Address, 5353,
+                /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), /* interfaceIndex= */ 20, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Process a second response with a different port and updated text attributes.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", ipV4Address, 5354,
+                /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", "value"), TEST_TTL),
+                /* interfaceIndex= */ 20, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceNameDiscovered was called once for the initial response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameDiscovered(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(0),
+                "service-instance-1",
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of(ipV4Address) /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of() /* ipv6Address */,
+                5353 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList("ABCDE") /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", null) /* attributes */,
+                20 /* interfaceIndex */,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceFound was called once for the initial response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceFound(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        MdnsServiceInfo initialServiceInfo = serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(1);
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getServiceInstanceName(), "service-instance-1");
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getIpv4Address(), ipV4Address);
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getPort(), 5353);
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getSubtypes(), Collections.singletonList("ABCDE"));
+        assertNull(initialServiceInfo.getAttributeByKey("key"));
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getInterfaceIndex(), 20);
+        assertEquals(mockNetwork, initialServiceInfo.getNetwork());
+
+        // Verify onServiceUpdated was called once for the second response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceUpdated(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        MdnsServiceInfo updatedServiceInfo = serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(2);
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getServiceInstanceName(), "service-instance-1");
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getIpv4Address(), ipV4Address);
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getPort(), 5354);
+        assertTrue(updatedServiceInfo.hasSubtypes());
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getSubtypes(), Collections.singletonList("ABCDE"));
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getAttributeByKey("key"), "value");
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getInterfaceIndex(), 20);
+        assertEquals(mockNetwork, updatedServiceInfo.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void processIPv6Response_getCorrectServiceInfo() throws Exception {
+        final String ipV6Address = "2000:3333::da6c:63ff:fe7c:7483";
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", ipV6Address, 5353,
+                /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), /* interfaceIndex= */ 20, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Process a second response with a different port and updated text attributes.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", ipV6Address, 5354,
+                /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", "value"), TEST_TTL),
+                /* interfaceIndex= */ 20, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceNameDiscovered was called once for the initial response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameDiscovered(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(0),
+                "service-instance-1",
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of() /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of(ipV6Address) /* ipv6Address */,
+                5353 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList("ABCDE") /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", null) /* attributes */,
+                20 /* interfaceIndex */,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceFound was called once for the initial response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceFound(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        MdnsServiceInfo initialServiceInfo = serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(1);
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getServiceInstanceName(), "service-instance-1");
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getIpv6Address(), ipV6Address);
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getPort(), 5353);
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getSubtypes(), Collections.singletonList("ABCDE"));
+        assertNull(initialServiceInfo.getAttributeByKey("key"));
+        assertEquals(initialServiceInfo.getInterfaceIndex(), 20);
+        assertEquals(mockNetwork, initialServiceInfo.getNetwork());
+
+        // Verify onServiceUpdated was called once for the second response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceUpdated(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        MdnsServiceInfo updatedServiceInfo = serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(2);
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getServiceInstanceName(), "service-instance-1");
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getIpv6Address(), ipV6Address);
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getPort(), 5354);
+        assertTrue(updatedServiceInfo.hasSubtypes());
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getSubtypes(), Collections.singletonList("ABCDE"));
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getAttributeByKey("key"), "value");
+        assertEquals(updatedServiceInfo.getInterfaceIndex(), 20);
+        assertEquals(mockNetwork, updatedServiceInfo.getNetwork());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyServiceRemovedNoCallback(MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener) {
+        verify(listener, never()).onServiceRemoved(any());
+        verify(listener, never()).onServiceNameRemoved(any());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyServiceRemovedCallback(MdnsServiceBrowserListener listener,
+            String serviceName, String[] serviceType, int interfaceIndex, Network network) {
+        verify(listener).onServiceRemoved(argThat(
+                info -> serviceName.equals(info.getServiceInstanceName())
+                        && Arrays.equals(serviceType, info.getServiceType())
+                        && info.getInterfaceIndex() == interfaceIndex
+                        && network.equals(info.getNetwork())));
+        verify(listener).onServiceNameRemoved(argThat(
+                info -> serviceName.equals(info.getServiceInstanceName())
+                        && Arrays.equals(serviceType, info.getServiceType())
+                        && info.getInterfaceIndex() == interfaceIndex
+                        && network.equals(info.getNetwork())));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void processResponse_goodBye() throws Exception {
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerTwo, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        final String serviceName = "service-instance-1";
+        final String ipV6Address = "2000:3333::da6c:63ff:fe7c:7483";
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceName, ipV6Address, 5353,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "goodbye-service", ipV6Address, 5353,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), /* ptrTtlMillis= */ 0L), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify removed callback won't be called if the service is not existed.
+        verifyServiceRemovedNoCallback(mockListenerOne);
+        verifyServiceRemovedNoCallback(mockListenerTwo);
+
+        // Verify removed callback would be called.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceName, ipV6Address, 5353,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), 0L), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+        verifyServiceRemovedCallback(
+                mockListenerOne, serviceName, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS, INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+        verifyServiceRemovedCallback(
+                mockListenerTwo, serviceName, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS, INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void reportExistingServiceToNewlyRegisteredListeners() throws Exception {
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", "192.168.1.1", 5353,
+                /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        // Verify onServiceNameDiscovered was called once for the existing response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameDiscovered(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(0),
+                "service-instance-1",
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of("192.168.1.1") /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of() /* ipv6Address */,
+                5353 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList("ABCDE") /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", null) /* attributes */,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceFound was called once for the existing response.
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceFound(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        MdnsServiceInfo existingServiceInfo = serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(1);
+        assertEquals(existingServiceInfo.getServiceInstanceName(), "service-instance-1");
+        assertEquals(existingServiceInfo.getIpv4Address(), "192.168.1.1");
+        assertEquals(existingServiceInfo.getPort(), 5353);
+        assertEquals(existingServiceInfo.getSubtypes(), Collections.singletonList("ABCDE"));
+        assertNull(existingServiceInfo.getAttributeByKey("key"));
+
+        // Process a goodbye message for the existing response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                "service-instance-1", "192.168.1.1", 5353,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), /* ptrTtlMillis= */ 0L), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerTwo, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        // Verify onServiceFound was not called on the newly registered listener after the existing
+        // response is gone.
+        verify(mockListenerTwo, never()).onServiceNameDiscovered(any(MdnsServiceInfo.class));
+        verify(mockListenerTwo, never()).onServiceFound(any(MdnsServiceInfo.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void processResponse_notAllowRemoveSearch_shouldNotRemove() throws Exception {
+        final String serviceInstanceName = "service-instance-1";
+        client.startSendAndReceive(
+                mockListenerOne,
+                MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder().build());
+        Runnable firstMdnsTask = currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearSubmittedRunnable();
+
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceInstanceName, "192.168.1.1", 5353, /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Clear the scheduled runnable.
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable();
+
+        // Simulate the case where the response is after TTL.
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME + TEST_TTL + 1L).when(mockDecoderClock).elapsedRealtime();
+        firstMdnsTask.run();
+
+        // Verify removed callback was not called.
+        verifyServiceRemovedNoCallback(mockListenerOne);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void processResponse_allowSearchOptionsToRemoveExpiredService_shouldRemove()
+            throws Exception {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.allowSearchOptionsToRemoveExpiredService.override(true);
+        final String serviceInstanceName = "service-instance-1";
+        client =
+                new MdnsServiceTypeClient(SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor,
+                        mockDecoderClock, mockNetwork, mockSharedLog) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsPacketWriter createMdnsPacketWriter() {
+                        return mockPacketWriter;
+                    }
+                };
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+        Runnable firstMdnsTask = currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearSubmittedRunnable();
+
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceInstanceName, "192.168.1.1", 5353, /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Clear the scheduled runnable.
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable();
+
+        // Simulate the case where the response is under TTL.
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME + TEST_TTL - 1L).when(mockDecoderClock).elapsedRealtime();
+        firstMdnsTask.run();
+
+        // Verify removed callback was not called.
+        verifyServiceRemovedNoCallback(mockListenerOne);
+
+        // Simulate the case where the response is after TTL.
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME + TEST_TTL + 1L).when(mockDecoderClock).elapsedRealtime();
+        firstMdnsTask.run();
+
+        // Verify removed callback was called.
+        verifyServiceRemovedCallback(mockListenerOne, serviceInstanceName, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void processResponse_searchOptionsNotEnableServiceRemoval_shouldNotRemove()
+            throws Exception {
+        final String serviceInstanceName = "service-instance-1";
+        client =
+                new MdnsServiceTypeClient(SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor,
+                        mockDecoderClock, mockNetwork, mockSharedLog) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsPacketWriter createMdnsPacketWriter() {
+                        return mockPacketWriter;
+                    }
+                };
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+        Runnable firstMdnsTask = currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearSubmittedRunnable();
+
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceInstanceName, "192.168.1.1", 5353, /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Clear the scheduled runnable.
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable();
+
+        // Simulate the case where the response is after TTL.
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME + TEST_TTL + 1L).when(mockDecoderClock).elapsedRealtime();
+        firstMdnsTask.run();
+
+        // Verify removed callback was not called.
+        verifyServiceRemovedNoCallback(mockListenerOne);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void processResponse_removeServiceAfterTtlExpiresEnabled_shouldRemove()
+            throws Exception {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.removeServiceAfterTtlExpires.override(true);
+        final String serviceInstanceName = "service-instance-1";
+        client =
+                new MdnsServiceTypeClient(SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor,
+                        mockDecoderClock, mockNetwork, mockSharedLog) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsPacketWriter createMdnsPacketWriter() {
+                        return mockPacketWriter;
+                    }
+                };
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+        Runnable firstMdnsTask = currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearSubmittedRunnable();
+
+        // Process the initial response.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceInstanceName, "192.168.1.1", 5353, /* subtype= */ "ABCDE",
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Clear the scheduled runnable.
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable();
+
+        // Simulate the case where the response is after TTL.
+        doReturn(TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME + TEST_TTL + 1L).when(mockDecoderClock).elapsedRealtime();
+        firstMdnsTask.run();
+
+        // Verify removed callback was called.
+        verifyServiceRemovedCallback(mockListenerOne, serviceInstanceName, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProcessResponse_InOrder() throws Exception {
+        final String serviceName = "service-instance";
+        final String ipV4Address = "192.0.2.0";
+        final String ipV6Address = "2001:db8::";
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockListenerOne);
+
+        // Process the initial response which is incomplete.
+        final String subtype = "ABCDE";
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceName, null, 5353, subtype,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Process a second response which has ip address to make response become complete.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceName, ipV4Address, 5353, subtype,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Process a third response with a different ip address, port and updated text attributes.
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceName, ipV6Address, 5354, subtype,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", "value"), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Process the last response which is goodbye message (with the main type, not subtype).
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                serviceName, ipV6Address, 5354, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", "value"), /* ptrTtlMillis= */ 0L),
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceNameDiscovered was first called for the initial response.
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameDiscovered(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(0),
+                serviceName,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of() /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of() /* ipv6Address */,
+                5353 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList(subtype) /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", null) /* attributes */,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceFound was second called for the second response.
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceFound(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(1),
+                serviceName,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of(ipV4Address) /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of() /* ipv6Address */,
+                5353 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList(subtype) /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", null) /* attributes */,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceUpdated was third called for the third response.
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceUpdated(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(2),
+                serviceName,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of(ipV4Address) /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of(ipV6Address) /* ipv6Address */,
+                5354 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList(subtype) /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", "value") /* attributes */,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceRemoved was called for the last response.
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceRemoved(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(3),
+                serviceName,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of(ipV4Address) /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of(ipV6Address) /* ipv6Address */,
+                5354 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList("ABCDE") /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", "value") /* attributes */,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+
+        // Verify onServiceNameRemoved was called for the last response.
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameRemoved(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getAllValues().get(4),
+                serviceName,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of(ipV4Address) /* ipv4Address */,
+                List.of(ipV6Address) /* ipv6Address */,
+                5354 /* port */,
+                Collections.singletonList("ABCDE") /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.singletonMap("key", "value") /* attributes */,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProcessResponse_Resolve() throws Exception {
+        client = new MdnsServiceTypeClient(
+                SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor, mockNetwork, mockSharedLog);
+
+        final String instanceName = "service-instance";
+        final String[] hostname = new String[] { "testhost "};
+        final String ipV4Address = "192.0.2.0";
+        final String ipV6Address = "2001:db8::";
+
+        final MdnsSearchOptions resolveOptions = MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                .setResolveInstanceName(instanceName).build();
+
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, resolveOptions);
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockListenerOne, mockSocketClient);
+
+        // Verify a query for SRV/TXT was sent, but no PTR query
+        final ArgumentCaptor<DatagramPacket> srvTxtQueryCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(DatagramPacket.class);
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable().run();
+        // Send twice for IPv4 and IPv6
+        inOrder.verify(mockSocketClient, times(2)).sendUnicastPacket(srvTxtQueryCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(null) /* network */);
+
+        final MdnsPacket srvTxtQueryPacket = MdnsPacket.parse(
+                new MdnsPacketReader(srvTxtQueryCaptor.getValue()));
+        final List<MdnsRecord> srvTxtQuestions = srvTxtQueryPacket.questions;
+
+        final String[] serviceName = Stream.concat(Stream.of(instanceName),
+                Arrays.stream(SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS)).toArray(String[]::new);
+        assertFalse(srvTxtQuestions.stream().anyMatch(q -> q.getType() == MdnsRecord.TYPE_PTR));
+        assertTrue(srvTxtQuestions.stream().anyMatch(q ->
+                q.getType() == MdnsRecord.TYPE_SRV && Arrays.equals(q.name, serviceName)));
+        assertTrue(srvTxtQuestions.stream().anyMatch(q ->
+                q.getType() == MdnsRecord.TYPE_TXT && Arrays.equals(q.name, serviceName)));
+
+        // Process a response with SRV+TXT
+        final MdnsPacket srvTxtResponse = new MdnsPacket(
+                0 /* flags */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* questions */,
+                List.of(
+                        new MdnsServiceRecord(serviceName, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                                true /* cacheFlush */, TEST_TTL, 0 /* servicePriority */,
+                                0 /* serviceWeight */, 1234 /* servicePort */, hostname),
+                        new MdnsTextRecord(serviceName, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                                true /* cacheFlush */, TEST_TTL,
+                                Collections.emptyList() /* entries */)),
+                Collections.emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* additionalRecords */);
+
+        client.processResponse(srvTxtResponse, INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Expect a query for A/AAAA
+        final ArgumentCaptor<DatagramPacket> addressQueryCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(DatagramPacket.class);
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable().run();
+        inOrder.verify(mockSocketClient, times(2)).sendMulticastPacket(addressQueryCaptor.capture(),
+                eq(null) /* network */);
+
+        final MdnsPacket addressQueryPacket = MdnsPacket.parse(
+                new MdnsPacketReader(addressQueryCaptor.getValue()));
+        final List<MdnsRecord> addressQueryQuestions = addressQueryPacket.questions;
+        assertTrue(addressQueryQuestions.stream().anyMatch(q ->
+                q.getType() == MdnsRecord.TYPE_A && Arrays.equals(q.name, hostname)));
+        assertTrue(addressQueryQuestions.stream().anyMatch(q ->
+                q.getType() == MdnsRecord.TYPE_AAAA && Arrays.equals(q.name, hostname)));
+
+        // Process a response with address records
+        final MdnsPacket addressResponse = new MdnsPacket(
+                0 /* flags */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* questions */,
+                List.of(
+                        new MdnsInetAddressRecord(hostname, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                                true /* cacheFlush */, TEST_TTL,
+                                InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(ipV4Address)),
+                        new MdnsInetAddressRecord(hostname, 0L /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                                true /* cacheFlush */, TEST_TTL,
+                                InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(ipV6Address))),
+                Collections.emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* additionalRecords */);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceNameDiscovered(any());
+        client.processResponse(addressResponse, INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceFound(serviceInfoCaptor.capture());
+        verifyServiceInfo(serviceInfoCaptor.getValue(),
+                instanceName,
+                SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                List.of(ipV4Address),
+                List.of(ipV6Address),
+                1234 /* port */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* subTypes */,
+                Collections.emptyMap() /* attributes */,
+                INTERFACE_INDEX,
+                mockNetwork);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProcessResponse_ResolveExcludesOtherServices() {
+        client = new MdnsServiceTypeClient(
+                SERVICE_TYPE, mockSocketClient, currentThreadExecutor, mockNetwork, mockSharedLog);
+
+        final String requestedInstance = "instance1";
+        final String otherInstance = "instance2";
+        final String ipV4Address = "192.0.2.0";
+        final String ipV6Address = "2001:db8::";
+
+        final MdnsSearchOptions resolveOptions = MdnsSearchOptions.newBuilder()
+                // Use different case in the options
+                .setResolveInstanceName("Instance1").build();
+
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerOne, resolveOptions);
+        client.startSendAndReceive(mockListenerTwo, MdnsSearchOptions.getDefaultOptions());
+
+        // Complete response from instanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                requestedInstance, ipV4Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                        Collections.emptyMap() /* textAttributes */, TEST_TTL),
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Complete response from otherInstanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                otherInstance, ipV4Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                        Collections.emptyMap() /* textAttributes */, TEST_TTL),
+                INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Address update from otherInstanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                otherInstance, ipV6Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), TEST_TTL), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // Goodbye from otherInstanceName
+        client.processResponse(createResponse(
+                otherInstance, ipV6Address, 5353, SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS,
+                Collections.emptyMap(), 0L /* ttl */), INTERFACE_INDEX, mockNetwork);
+
+        // mockListenerOne gets notified for the requested instance
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceNameDiscovered(matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+
+        // ...but does not get any callback for the other instance
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceNameDiscovered(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceUpdated(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        verify(mockListenerOne, never()).onServiceRemoved(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+
+        // mockListenerTwo gets notified for both though
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockListenerTwo);
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceNameDiscovered(
+                matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(requestedInstance));
+
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceNameDiscovered(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceFound(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceUpdated(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+        inOrder.verify(mockListenerTwo).onServiceRemoved(matchServiceName(otherInstance));
+    }
+
+    private static MdnsServiceInfo matchServiceName(String name) {
+        return argThat(info -> info.getServiceInstanceName().equals(name));
+    }
+
+    // verifies that the right query was enqueued with the right delay, and send query by executing
+    // the runnable.
+    private void verifyAndSendQuery(int index, long timeInMs, boolean expectsUnicastResponse) {
+        verifyAndSendQuery(
+                index, timeInMs, expectsUnicastResponse, true /* multipleSocketDiscovery */);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyAndSendQuery(int index, long timeInMs, boolean expectsUnicastResponse,
+            boolean multipleSocketDiscovery) {
+        assertEquals(currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledDelayInMs(), timeInMs);
+        currentThreadExecutor.getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable().run();
+        if (expectsUnicastResponse) {
+            verify(mockSocketClient).sendUnicastPacket(
+                    expectedIPv4Packets[index], null /* network */);
+            if (multipleSocketDiscovery) {
+                verify(mockSocketClient).sendUnicastPacket(
+                        expectedIPv6Packets[index], null /* network */);
+            }
+        } else {
+            verify(mockSocketClient).sendMulticastPacket(
+                    expectedIPv4Packets[index], null /* network */);
+            if (multipleSocketDiscovery) {
+                verify(mockSocketClient).sendMulticastPacket(
+                        expectedIPv6Packets[index], null /* network */);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // A fake ScheduledExecutorService that keeps tracking the last scheduled Runnable and its delay
+    // time.
+    private class FakeExecutor extends ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor {
+        private long lastScheduledDelayInMs;
+        private Runnable lastScheduledRunnable;
+        private Runnable lastSubmittedRunnable;
+        private int futureIndex;
+
+        FakeExecutor() {
+            super(1);
+            lastScheduledDelayInMs = -1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Future<?> submit(Runnable command) {
+            Future<?> future = super.submit(command);
+            lastSubmittedRunnable = command;
+            return future;
+        }
+
+        // Don't call through the real implementation, just track the scheduled Runnable, and
+        // returns a ScheduledFuture.
+        @Override
+        public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
+            lastScheduledDelayInMs = delay;
+            lastScheduledRunnable = command;
+            return expectedSendFutures[futureIndex++];
+        }
+
+        // Returns the delay of the last scheduled task, and clear it.
+        long getAndClearLastScheduledDelayInMs() {
+            long val = lastScheduledDelayInMs;
+            lastScheduledDelayInMs = -1;
+            return val;
+        }
+
+        // Returns the last scheduled task, and clear it.
+        Runnable getAndClearLastScheduledRunnable() {
+            Runnable val = lastScheduledRunnable;
+            lastScheduledRunnable = null;
+            return val;
+        }
+
+        Runnable getAndClearSubmittedRunnable() {
+            Runnable val = lastSubmittedRunnable;
+            lastSubmittedRunnable = null;
+            return val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MdnsPacket createResponse(
+            @NonNull String serviceInstanceName,
+            @Nullable String host,
+            int port,
+            @NonNull String subtype,
+            @NonNull Map<String, String> textAttributes,
+            long ptrTtlMillis)
+            throws Exception {
+        final ArrayList<String> type = new ArrayList<>();
+        type.add(subtype);
+        type.add(MdnsConstants.SUBTYPE_LABEL);
+        type.addAll(Arrays.asList(SERVICE_TYPE_LABELS));
+        return createResponse(serviceInstanceName, host, port, type.toArray(new String[0]),
+                textAttributes, ptrTtlMillis);
+    }
+
+    // Creates a mDNS response.
+    private MdnsPacket createResponse(
+            @NonNull String serviceInstanceName,
+            @Nullable String host,
+            int port,
+            @NonNull String[] type,
+            @NonNull Map<String, String> textAttributes,
+            long ptrTtlMillis) {
+
+        final ArrayList<MdnsRecord> answerRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        // Set PTR record
+        final ArrayList<String> serviceNameList = new ArrayList<>();
+        serviceNameList.add(serviceInstanceName);
+        serviceNameList.addAll(Arrays.asList(type));
+        final String[] serviceName = serviceNameList.toArray(new String[0]);
+        final MdnsPointerRecord pointerRecord = new MdnsPointerRecord(
+                type,
+                TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                ptrTtlMillis,
+                serviceName);
+        answerRecords.add(pointerRecord);
+
+        // Set SRV record.
+        final MdnsServiceRecord serviceRecord = new MdnsServiceRecord(
+                serviceName,
+                TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                TEST_TTL,
+                0 /* servicePriority */,
+                0 /* serviceWeight */,
+                port,
+                new String[]{"hostname"});
+        answerRecords.add(serviceRecord);
+
+        // Set A/AAAA record.
+        if (host != null) {
+            final InetAddress addr = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(host);
+            final MdnsInetAddressRecord inetAddressRecord = new MdnsInetAddressRecord(
+                    new String[] {"hostname"} /* name */,
+                    TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                    false /* cacheFlush */,
+                    TEST_TTL,
+                    addr);
+            answerRecords.add(inetAddressRecord);
+        }
+
+        // Set TXT record.
+        final List<TextEntry> textEntries = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, String> kv : textAttributes.entrySet()) {
+            textEntries.add(new TextEntry(kv.getKey(), kv.getValue().getBytes(UTF_8)));
+        }
+        final MdnsTextRecord textRecord = new MdnsTextRecord(
+                serviceName,
+                TEST_ELAPSED_REALTIME /* receiptTimeMillis */,
+                false /* cacheFlush */,
+                TEST_TTL,
+                textEntries);
+        answerRecords.add(textRecord);
+        return new MdnsPacket(
+                0 /* flags */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* questions */,
+                answerRecords,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* authorityRecords */,
+                Collections.emptyList() /* additionalRecords */
+        );
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abb1747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketClientTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.Manifest.permission;
+import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
+import android.net.wifi.WifiManager.MulticastLock;
+import android.text.format.DateUtils;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.HexDump;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+/** Tests for {@link MdnsSocketClient} */
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsSocketClientTests {
+    private static final long TIMEOUT = 500;
+    private final byte[] buf = new byte[10];
+    final AtomicBoolean enableMulticastResponse = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+    final AtomicBoolean enableUnicastResponse = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private WifiManager mockWifiManager;
+    @Mock private MdnsSocket mockMulticastSocket;
+    @Mock private MdnsSocket mockUnicastSocket;
+    @Mock private MulticastLock mockMulticastLock;
+    @Mock private MdnsSocketClient.Callback mockCallback;
+
+    private MdnsSocketClient mdnsClient;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() throws RuntimeException, IOException {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        when(mockWifiManager.createMulticastLock(ArgumentMatchers.anyString()))
+                .thenReturn(mockMulticastLock);
+
+        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsSocket createMdnsSocket(int port) throws IOException {
+                        if (port == MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT) {
+                            return mockMulticastSocket;
+                        }
+                        return mockUnicastSocket;
+                    }
+                };
+        mdnsClient.setCallback(mockCallback);
+
+        doAnswer(
+                (InvocationOnMock invocationOnMock) -> {
+                    final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                            "0000840000000004"
+                            + "00000003134A6F68"
+                            + "6E6E792773204368"
+                            + "726F6D6563617374"
+                            + "0B5F676F6F676C65"
+                            + "63617374045F7463"
+                            + "70056C6F63616C00"
+                            + "0010800100001194"
+                            + "006C2369643D3937"
+                            + "3062663534376237"
+                            + "3533666336336332"
+                            + "6432613336626238"
+                            + "3936616261380576"
+                            + "653D30320D6D643D"
+                            + "4368726F6D656361"
+                            + "73741269633D2F73"
+                            + "657475702F69636F"
+                            + "6E2E706E6716666E"
+                            + "3D4A6F686E6E7927"
+                            + "73204368726F6D65"
+                            + "636173740463613D"
+                            + "350473743D30095F"
+                            + "7365727669636573"
+                            + "075F646E732D7364"
+                            + "045F756470C03100"
+                            + "0C00010000119400"
+                            + "02C020C020000C00"
+                            + "01000011940002C0"
+                            + "0CC00C0021800100"
+                            + "000078001C000000"
+                            + "001F49134A6F686E"
+                            + "6E79277320436872"
+                            + "6F6D6563617374C0"
+                            + "31C0F30001800100"
+                            + "0000780004C0A864"
+                            + "68C0F3002F800100"
+                            + "0000780005C0F300"
+                            + "0140C00C002F8001"
+                            + "000011940009C00C"
+                            + "00050000800040");
+                    if (enableMulticastResponse.get()) {
+                        DatagramPacket packet = invocationOnMock.getArgument(0);
+                        packet.setData(dataIn);
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                })
+                .when(mockMulticastSocket)
+                .receive(any(DatagramPacket.class));
+        doAnswer(
+                (InvocationOnMock invocationOnMock) -> {
+                    final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray(
+                            "0000840000000004"
+                            + "00000003134A6F68"
+                            + "6E6E792773204368"
+                            + "726F6D6563617374"
+                            + "0B5F676F6F676C65"
+                            + "63617374045F7463"
+                            + "70056C6F63616C00"
+                            + "0010800100001194"
+                            + "006C2369643D3937"
+                            + "3062663534376237"
+                            + "3533666336336332"
+                            + "6432613336626238"
+                            + "3936616261380576"
+                            + "653D30320D6D643D"
+                            + "4368726F6D656361"
+                            + "73741269633D2F73"
+                            + "657475702F69636F"
+                            + "6E2E706E6716666E"
+                            + "3D4A6F686E6E7927"
+                            + "73204368726F6D65"
+                            + "636173740463613D"
+                            + "350473743D30095F"
+                            + "7365727669636573"
+                            + "075F646E732D7364"
+                            + "045F756470C03100"
+                            + "0C00010000119400"
+                            + "02C020C020000C00"
+                            + "01000011940002C0"
+                            + "0CC00C0021800100"
+                            + "000078001C000000"
+                            + "001F49134A6F686E"
+                            + "6E79277320436872"
+                            + "6F6D6563617374C0"
+                            + "31C0F30001800100"
+                            + "0000780004C0A864"
+                            + "68C0F3002F800100"
+                            + "0000780005C0F300"
+                            + "0140C00C002F8001"
+                            + "000011940009C00C"
+                            + "00050000800040");
+                    if (enableUnicastResponse.get()) {
+                        DatagramPacket packet = invocationOnMock.getArgument(0);
+                        packet.setData(dataIn);
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                })
+                .when(mockUnicastSocket)
+                .receive(any(DatagramPacket.class));
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void testSendPackets_useSeparateSocketForUnicast()
+            throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.useSeparateSocketToSendUnicastQuery.override(true);
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.checkMulticastResponse.override(true);
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs
+        //        .override(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+        Thread multicastReceiverThread = mdnsClient.multicastReceiveThread;
+        Thread unicastReceiverThread = mdnsClient.unicastReceiveThread;
+        Thread sendThread = mdnsClient.sendThread;
+
+        assertTrue(multicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+        assertTrue(sendThread.isAlive());
+        assertTrue(unicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+
+        // Sends a packet.
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, 0, 5);
+        mdnsClient.sendMulticastPacket(packet);
+        // mockMulticastSocket.send() will be called on another thread. If we verify it immediately,
+        // it may not be called yet. So timeout is added.
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(1)).send(packet);
+        verify(mockUnicastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(0)).send(packet);
+
+        // Verify the packet is sent by the unicast socket.
+        mdnsClient.sendUnicastPacket(packet);
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(1)).send(packet);
+        verify(mockUnicastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(1)).send(packet);
+
+        // Stop the MdnsClient, and ensure that it stops in a reasonable amount of time.
+        // Run part of the test logic in a background thread, in case stopDiscovery() blocks
+        // for a long time (the foreground thread can fail the test early).
+        final CountDownLatch stopDiscoveryLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        Thread testThread =
+                new Thread(
+                        new Runnable() {
+                            @RequiresPermission(permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE)
+                            @Override
+                            public void run() {
+                                mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+                                stopDiscoveryLatch.countDown();
+                            }
+                        });
+        testThread.start();
+        assertTrue(stopDiscoveryLatch.await(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+
+        // We should be able to join in a reasonable amount of time, to prove that the
+        // the MdnsClient exited without sending the large queue of packets.
+        testThread.join(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        assertFalse(multicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+        assertFalse(sendThread.isAlive());
+        assertFalse(unicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendPackets_useSameSocketForMulticastAndUnicast()
+            throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+        Thread multicastReceiverThread = mdnsClient.multicastReceiveThread;
+        Thread unicastReceiverThread = mdnsClient.unicastReceiveThread;
+        Thread sendThread = mdnsClient.sendThread;
+
+        assertTrue(multicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+        assertTrue(sendThread.isAlive());
+        assertNull(unicastReceiverThread);
+
+        // Sends a packet.
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, 0, 5);
+        mdnsClient.sendMulticastPacket(packet);
+        // mockMulticastSocket.send() will be called on another thread. If we verify it immediately,
+        // it may not be called yet. So timeout is added.
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(1)).send(packet);
+        verify(mockUnicastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(0)).send(packet);
+
+        // Verify the packet is sent by the multicast socket as well.
+        mdnsClient.sendUnicastPacket(packet);
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(2)).send(packet);
+        verify(mockUnicastSocket, timeout(TIMEOUT).times(0)).send(packet);
+
+        // Stop the MdnsClient, and ensure that it stops in a reasonable amount of time.
+        // Run part of the test logic in a background thread, in case stopDiscovery() blocks
+        // for a long time (the foreground thread can fail the test early).
+        final CountDownLatch stopDiscoveryLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        Thread testThread =
+                new Thread(
+                        new Runnable() {
+                            @RequiresPermission(permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE)
+                            @Override
+                            public void run() {
+                                mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+                                stopDiscoveryLatch.countDown();
+                            }
+                        });
+        testThread.start();
+        assertTrue(stopDiscoveryLatch.await(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+
+        // We should be able to join in a reasonable amount of time, to prove that the
+        // the MdnsClient exited without sending the large queue of packets.
+        testThread.join(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        assertFalse(multicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+        assertFalse(sendThread.isAlive());
+        assertNull(unicastReceiverThread);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartStop() throws IOException {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+            Thread multicastReceiverThread = mdnsClient.multicastReceiveThread;
+            Thread socketThread = mdnsClient.sendThread;
+
+            assertTrue(multicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+            assertTrue(socketThread.isAlive());
+
+            mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+
+            assertFalse(multicastReceiverThread.isAlive());
+            assertFalse(socketThread.isAlive());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopDiscovery_queueIsCleared() throws IOException {
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+        mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+        mdnsClient.sendMulticastPacket(new DatagramPacket(buf, 0, 5));
+
+        synchronized (mdnsClient.multicastPacketQueue) {
+            assertTrue(mdnsClient.multicastPacketQueue.isEmpty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSendPacket_afterDiscoveryStops() throws IOException {
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+        mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+        mdnsClient.sendMulticastPacket(new DatagramPacket(buf, 0, 5));
+
+        synchronized (mdnsClient.multicastPacketQueue) {
+            assertTrue(mdnsClient.multicastPacketQueue.isEmpty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void testSendPacket_queueReachesSizeLimit() throws IOException {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.mdnsPacketQueueMaxSize.override(2L);
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            mdnsClient.sendMulticastPacket(new DatagramPacket(buf, 0, 5));
+        }
+
+        synchronized (mdnsClient.multicastPacketQueue) {
+            assertTrue(mdnsClient.multicastPacketQueue.size() <= 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMulticastResponseReceived_useSeparateSocketForUnicast() throws IOException {
+        mdnsClient.setCallback(mockCallback);
+
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT).atLeast(1))
+                .onResponseReceived(any(MdnsPacket.class), anyInt(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMulticastResponseReceived_useSameSocketForMulticastAndUnicast()
+            throws Exception {
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT).atLeastOnce())
+                .onResponseReceived(any(MdnsPacket.class), anyInt(), any());
+
+        mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFailedToParseMdnsResponse_useSeparateSocketForUnicast() throws IOException {
+        mdnsClient.setCallback(mockCallback);
+
+        // Both multicast socket and unicast socket receive malformed responses.
+        byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray("0000840000000004");
+        doAnswer(
+                (InvocationOnMock invocationOnMock) -> {
+                    // Malformed data.
+                    DatagramPacket packet = invocationOnMock.getArgument(0);
+                    packet.setData(dataIn);
+                    return null;
+                })
+                .when(mockMulticastSocket)
+                .receive(any(DatagramPacket.class));
+        doAnswer(
+                (InvocationOnMock invocationOnMock) -> {
+                    // Malformed data.
+                    DatagramPacket packet = invocationOnMock.getArgument(0);
+                    packet.setData(dataIn);
+                    return null;
+                })
+                .when(mockUnicastSocket)
+                .receive(any(DatagramPacket.class));
+
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT).atLeast(1))
+                .onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(
+                        anyInt(), eq(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_END_OF_FILE), any());
+
+        mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFailedToParseMdnsResponse_useSameSocketForMulticastAndUnicast()
+            throws IOException {
+        doAnswer(
+                (InvocationOnMock invocationOnMock) -> {
+                    final byte[] dataIn = HexDump.hexStringToByteArray("0000840000000004");
+                    DatagramPacket packet = invocationOnMock.getArgument(0);
+                    packet.setData(dataIn);
+                    return null;
+                })
+                .when(mockMulticastSocket)
+                .receive(any(DatagramPacket.class));
+
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT).atLeast(1))
+                .onFailedToParseMdnsResponse(
+                        eq(1), eq(MdnsResponseErrorCode.ERROR_END_OF_FILE), any());
+
+        mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void testMulticastResponseIsNotReceived() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.checkMulticastResponse.override(true);
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs
+        //        .override(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.useSeparateSocketToSendUnicastQuery.override(true);
+        enableMulticastResponse.set(false);
+        enableUnicastResponse.set(true);
+
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, 0, 5);
+        mdnsClient.sendUnicastPacket(packet);
+        mdnsClient.sendMulticastPacket(packet);
+
+        // Wait for the timer to be triggered.
+        Thread.sleep(MdnsConfigs.checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs() * 2);
+
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.receivedMulticastResponse);
+        assertTrue(mdnsClient.receivedUnicastResponse);
+        assertTrue(mdnsClient.cannotReceiveMulticastResponse.get());
+
+        // Allow multicast response and verify the states again.
+        enableMulticastResponse.set(true);
+        Thread.sleep(DateUtils.SECOND_IN_MILLIS);
+
+        // Verify cannotReceiveMulticastResponse is reset to false.
+        assertTrue(mdnsClient.receivedMulticastResponse);
+        assertTrue(mdnsClient.receivedUnicastResponse);
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.cannotReceiveMulticastResponse.get());
+
+        // Stop the discovery and start a new session. Don't respond the unicsat query either in
+        // this session.
+        enableMulticastResponse.set(false);
+        enableUnicastResponse.set(false);
+        mdnsClient.stopDiscovery();
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+        // Verify the states are reset.
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.receivedMulticastResponse);
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.receivedUnicastResponse);
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.cannotReceiveMulticastResponse.get());
+
+        mdnsClient.sendUnicastPacket(packet);
+        mdnsClient.sendMulticastPacket(packet);
+        Thread.sleep(MdnsConfigs.checkMulticastResponseIntervalMs() * 2);
+
+        // Verify cannotReceiveMulticastResponse is not set the true because we didn't receive the
+        // unicast response either. This is expected for users who don't have any cast device.
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.receivedMulticastResponse);
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.receivedUnicastResponse);
+        assertFalse(mdnsClient.cannotReceiveMulticastResponse.get());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startDiscovery_andPropagateInterfaceIndex_includesInterfaceIndex()
+            throws Exception {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.allowNetworkInterfaceIndexPropagation.override(true);
+
+        when(mockMulticastSocket.getInterfaceIndex()).thenReturn(21);
+        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsSocket createMdnsSocket(int port) {
+                        if (port == MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT) {
+                            return mockMulticastSocket;
+                        }
+                        return mockUnicastSocket;
+                    }
+                };
+        mdnsClient.setCallback(mockCallback);
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT).atLeastOnce())
+                .onResponseReceived(any(), eq(21), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("MdnsConfigs is not configurable currently.")
+    public void startDiscovery_andDoNotPropagateInterfaceIndex_doesNotIncludeInterfaceIndex()
+            throws Exception {
+        //MdnsConfigsFlagsImpl.allowNetworkInterfaceIndexPropagation.override(false);
+
+        when(mockMulticastSocket.getInterfaceIndex()).thenReturn(21);
+        mdnsClient = new MdnsSocketClient(mContext, mockMulticastLock) {
+                    @Override
+                    MdnsSocket createMdnsSocket(int port) {
+                        if (port == MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT) {
+                            return mockMulticastSocket;
+                        }
+                        return mockUnicastSocket;
+                    }
+                };
+        mdnsClient.setCallback(mockCallback);
+        mdnsClient.startDiscovery();
+
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket, never()).getInterfaceIndex();
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT).atLeast(1)).onResponseReceived(any(), eq(-1), any());
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProviderTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProviderTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f3322b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketProviderTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_ACK;
+import static com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr.NLM_F_REQUEST;
+import static com.android.testutils.ContextUtils.mockService;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doCallRealMethod;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.LinkAddress;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.TetheringManager;
+import android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringEventCallback;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
+
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
+import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.RtNetlinkAddressMessage;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructIfaddrMsg;
+import com.android.net.module.util.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.MdnsSocketProvider.Dependencies;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.internal.SocketNetlinkMonitor;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+public class MdnsSocketProviderTest {
+    private static final String TAG = MdnsSocketProviderTest.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String TEST_IFACE_NAME = "test";
+    private static final String LOCAL_ONLY_IFACE_NAME = "local_only";
+    private static final String TETHERED_IFACE_NAME = "tethered";
+    private static final int TETHERED_IFACE_IDX = 32;
+    private static final long DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 2000L;
+    private static final long NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT = 200L;
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV4 = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.0/24");
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6 =
+            new LinkAddress("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64");
+
+    private static final LinkAddress LINKADDRV6_FLAG_CHANGE =
+            new LinkAddress("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64", 1 /* flags */,
+                    0 /* scope */);
+    private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(123);
+    @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private Dependencies mDeps;
+    @Mock private ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    @Mock private TetheringManager mTm;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper mLocalOnlyIfaceWrapper;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper mTetheredIfaceWrapper;
+    private Handler mHandler;
+    private MdnsSocketProvider mSocketProvider;
+    private NetworkCallback mNetworkCallback;
+    private TetheringEventCallback mTetheringEventCallback;
+
+    private TestNetlinkMonitor mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor;
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws IOException {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mockService(mContext, ConnectivityManager.class, Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, mCm);
+        if (mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class) == null) {
+            // Test is using mockito-extended
+            doCallRealMethod().when(mContext).getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        }
+        mockService(mContext, TetheringManager.class, Context.TETHERING_SERVICE, mTm);
+        if (mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class) == null) {
+            // Test is using mockito-extended
+            doCallRealMethod().when(mContext).getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
+        }
+        doReturn(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).when(mDeps).getNetworkInterfaceByName(anyString());
+        doReturn(true).when(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).isUp();
+        doReturn(true).when(mLocalOnlyIfaceWrapper).isUp();
+        doReturn(true).when(mTetheredIfaceWrapper).isUp();
+        doReturn(true).when(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).supportsMulticast();
+        doReturn(true).when(mLocalOnlyIfaceWrapper).supportsMulticast();
+        doReturn(true).when(mTetheredIfaceWrapper).supportsMulticast();
+        doReturn(mLocalOnlyIfaceWrapper).when(mDeps)
+                .getNetworkInterfaceByName(LOCAL_ONLY_IFACE_NAME);
+        doReturn(mTetheredIfaceWrapper).when(mDeps).getNetworkInterfaceByName(TETHERED_IFACE_NAME);
+        doReturn(mock(MdnsInterfaceSocket.class))
+                .when(mDeps).createMdnsInterfaceSocket(any(), anyInt(), any(), any());
+        doReturn(TETHERED_IFACE_IDX).when(mDeps).getNetworkInterfaceIndexByName(
+                TETHERED_IFACE_NAME);
+        final HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("MdnsSocketProviderTest");
+        thread.start();
+        mHandler = new Handler(thread.getLooper());
+
+        doReturn(mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor).when(mDeps).createSocketNetlinkMonitor(any(), any(),
+                any());
+        doAnswer(inv -> {
+            mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor = new TestNetlinkMonitor(inv.getArgument(0),
+                    inv.getArgument(1),
+                    inv.getArgument(2));
+            return mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor;
+        }).when(mDeps).createSocketNetlinkMonitor(any(), any(),
+                any());
+        mSocketProvider = new MdnsSocketProvider(mContext, thread.getLooper(), mDeps);
+    }
+
+    private void startMonitoringSockets() {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkCallback> nwCallbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkCallback.class);
+        final ArgumentCaptor<TetheringEventCallback> teCallbackCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(TetheringEventCallback.class);
+
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::startMonitoringSockets);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm).registerNetworkCallback(any(), nwCallbackCaptor.capture(), any());
+        verify(mTm).registerTetheringEventCallback(any(), teCallbackCaptor.capture());
+
+        mNetworkCallback = nwCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        mTetheringEventCallback = teCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::startNetLinkMonitor);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    private static class TestNetlinkMonitor extends SocketNetlinkMonitor {
+        TestNetlinkMonitor(@NonNull Handler handler,
+                @NonNull SharedLog log,
+                @Nullable MdnsSocketProvider.NetLinkMonitorCallBack cb) {
+            super(handler, log, cb);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startMonitoring() { }
+
+        @Override
+        public void stopMonitoring() { }
+    }
+
+    private class TestSocketCallback implements MdnsSocketProvider.SocketCallback {
+        private class SocketEvent {
+            public final Network mNetwork;
+            public final List<LinkAddress> mAddresses;
+
+            SocketEvent(Network network, List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+                mNetwork = network;
+                mAddresses = Collections.unmodifiableList(addresses);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class SocketCreatedEvent extends SocketEvent {
+            SocketCreatedEvent(Network nw, List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+                super(nw, addresses);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class InterfaceDestroyedEvent extends SocketEvent {
+            InterfaceDestroyedEvent(Network nw, List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+                super(nw, addresses);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class AddressesChangedEvent extends SocketEvent {
+            AddressesChangedEvent(Network nw, List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+                super(nw, addresses);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private final ArrayTrackRecord<SocketEvent>.ReadHead mHistory =
+                new ArrayTrackRecord<SocketEvent>().newReadHead();
+
+        @Override
+        public void onSocketCreated(Network network, MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
+                List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            mHistory.add(new SocketCreatedEvent(network, addresses));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onInterfaceDestroyed(Network network, MdnsInterfaceSocket socket) {
+            mHistory.add(new InterfaceDestroyedEvent(network, List.of()));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onAddressesChanged(Network network, MdnsInterfaceSocket socket,
+                List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            mHistory.add(new AddressesChangedEvent(network, addresses));
+        }
+
+        public void expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(Network network, List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            final SocketEvent event = mHistory.poll(0L /* timeoutMs */, c -> true);
+            assertNotNull(event);
+            assertTrue(event instanceof SocketCreatedEvent);
+            assertEquals(network, event.mNetwork);
+            assertEquals(addresses, event.mAddresses);
+        }
+
+        public void expectedInterfaceDestroyedForNetwork(Network network) {
+            final SocketEvent event = mHistory.poll(0L /* timeoutMs */, c -> true);
+            assertNotNull(event);
+            assertTrue(event instanceof InterfaceDestroyedEvent);
+            assertEquals(network, event.mNetwork);
+        }
+
+        public void expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(Network network,
+                List<LinkAddress> addresses) {
+            final SocketEvent event = mHistory.poll(0L /* timeoutMs */, c -> true);
+            assertNotNull(event);
+            assertTrue(event instanceof AddressesChangedEvent);
+            assertEquals(network, event.mNetwork);
+            assertEquals(event.mAddresses, addresses);
+        }
+
+        public void expectedNoCallback() {
+            final SocketEvent event = mHistory.poll(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT, c -> true);
+            assertNull(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkCapabilities makeCapabilities(int... transports) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
+        for (int transport : transports) {
+            nc.addTransportType(transport);
+        }
+        return nc;
+    }
+
+    private void postNetworkAvailable(int... transports) {
+        final LinkProperties testLp = new LinkProperties();
+        testLp.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE_NAME);
+        testLp.setLinkAddresses(List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+        final NetworkCapabilities testNc = makeCapabilities(transports);
+        mHandler.post(() -> mNetworkCallback.onCapabilitiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK, testNc));
+        mHandler.post(() -> mNetworkCallback.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK, testLp));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSocketRequestAndUnrequestSocket() {
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback1 = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback1));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        testCallback1.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback2 = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback2));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback3 = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(null /* network */, testCallback3));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback3.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+
+        mHandler.post(() -> mTetheringEventCallback.onLocalOnlyInterfacesChanged(
+                List.of(LOCAL_ONLY_IFACE_NAME)));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mLocalOnlyIfaceWrapper).getNetworkInterface();
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback3.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of());
+
+        mHandler.post(() -> mTetheringEventCallback.onTetheredInterfacesChanged(
+                List.of(TETHERED_IFACE_NAME)));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mTetheredIfaceWrapper).getNetworkInterface();
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback3.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of());
+
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.unrequestSocket(testCallback1));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback3.expectedNoCallback();
+
+        mHandler.post(() -> mNetworkCallback.onLost(TEST_NETWORK));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedInterfaceDestroyedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK);
+        testCallback3.expectedInterfaceDestroyedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK);
+
+        mHandler.post(() -> mTetheringEventCallback.onLocalOnlyInterfacesChanged(List.of()));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback3.expectedInterfaceDestroyedForNetwork(null /* network */);
+
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.unrequestSocket(testCallback3));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback1.expectedNoCallback();
+        testCallback2.expectedNoCallback();
+        // Expect the socket destroy for tethered interface.
+        testCallback3.expectedInterfaceDestroyedForNetwork(null /* network */);
+    }
+
+    private RtNetlinkAddressMessage createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+            short msgType, LinkAddress linkAddress, int ifIndex, int flags) {
+        final StructNlMsgHdr nlmsghdr = new StructNlMsgHdr();
+        nlmsghdr.nlmsg_type = msgType;
+        nlmsghdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+        nlmsghdr.nlmsg_seq = 1;
+
+        InetAddress ip = linkAddress.getAddress();
+
+        final byte family =
+                (byte) ((ip instanceof Inet6Address) ? OsConstants.AF_INET6 : OsConstants.AF_INET);
+        StructIfaddrMsg structIfaddrMsg = new StructIfaddrMsg(family,
+                (short) linkAddress.getPrefixLength(),
+                (short) linkAddress.getFlags(), (short) linkAddress.getScope(), ifIndex);
+
+        return new RtNetlinkAddressMessage(nlmsghdr, structIfaddrMsg, ip,
+                null /* structIfacacheInfo */, flags);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDownstreamNetworkAddressUpdateFromNetlink() {
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallbackAll = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(null /* network */, testCallbackAll));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+
+        // Address add message arrived before the interface is created.
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage addIpv4AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR,
+                LINKADDRV4,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                0 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(addIpv4AddrMsg,
+                        0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+
+        // Interface is created.
+        mHandler.post(() -> mTetheringEventCallback.onTetheredInterfacesChanged(
+                List.of(TETHERED_IFACE_NAME)));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mTetheredIfaceWrapper).getNetworkInterface();
+        testCallbackAll.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+
+        // Old Address removed.
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage removeIpv4AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_DELADDR,
+                LINKADDRV4,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                0 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(removeIpv4AddrMsg,
+                        0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallbackAll.expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of());
+
+        // New address added.
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage addIpv6AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR,
+                LINKADDRV6,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                0 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(() -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(addIpv6AddrMsg,
+                0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallbackAll.expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(null /* network */, List.of(LINKADDRV6));
+
+        // Address updated
+        RtNetlinkAddressMessage updateIpv6AddrMsg = createNetworkAddressUpdateNetLink(
+                NetlinkConstants.RTM_NEWADDR,
+                LINKADDRV6,
+                TETHERED_IFACE_IDX,
+                1 /* flags */);
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> mTestSocketNetLinkMonitor.processNetlinkMessage(updateIpv6AddrMsg,
+                        0 /* whenMs */));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallbackAll.expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(null /* network */,
+                List.of(LINKADDRV6_FLAG_CHANGE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddressesChanged() throws Exception {
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        testCallback.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+
+        final LinkProperties newTestLp = new LinkProperties();
+        newTestLp.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE_NAME);
+        newTestLp.setLinkAddresses(List.of(LINKADDRV4, LINKADDRV6));
+        mHandler.post(() -> mNetworkCallback.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK, newTestLp));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback.expectedAddressesChangedForNetwork(
+                TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4, LINKADDRV6));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartAndStopMonitoringSockets() {
+        // Stop monitoring sockets before start. Should not unregister any network callback.
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::requestStopWhenInactive);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm, never()).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        verify(mTm, never()).unregisterTetheringEventCallback(any(TetheringEventCallback.class));
+
+        // Start sockets monitoring.
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+        // Request a socket then unrequest it. Expect no network callback unregistration.
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+        mHandler.post(()-> mSocketProvider.unrequestSocket(testCallback));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm, never()).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        verify(mTm, never()).unregisterTetheringEventCallback(any(TetheringEventCallback.class));
+        // Request stop and it should unregister network callback immediately because there is no
+        // socket request.
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::requestStopWhenInactive);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm, times(1)).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        verify(mTm, times(1)).unregisterTetheringEventCallback(any(TetheringEventCallback.class));
+
+        // Start sockets monitoring and request a socket again.
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::startMonitoringSockets);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm, times(2)).registerNetworkCallback(any(), any(NetworkCallback.class), any());
+        verify(mTm, times(2)).registerTetheringEventCallback(
+                any(), any(TetheringEventCallback.class));
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback2 = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback2));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback2.expectedNoCallback();
+        // Try to stop monitoring sockets but should be ignored and wait until all socket are
+        // unrequested.
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::requestStopWhenInactive);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm, times(1)).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        verify(mTm, times(1)).unregisterTetheringEventCallback(any());
+        // Unrequest the socket then network callbacks should be unregistered.
+        mHandler.post(()-> mSocketProvider.unrequestSocket(testCallback2));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm, times(2)).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        verify(mTm, times(2)).unregisterTetheringEventCallback(any(TetheringEventCallback.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLinkPropertiesAreClearedAfterStopMonitoringSockets() {
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        // Request a socket with null network.
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(null, testCallback));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+
+        // Notify a LinkPropertiesChanged with TEST_NETWORK.
+        final LinkProperties testLp = new LinkProperties();
+        testLp.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE_NAME);
+        testLp.setLinkAddresses(List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+        mHandler.post(() -> mNetworkCallback.onLinkPropertiesChanged(TEST_NETWORK, testLp));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper, times(1)).getNetworkInterface();
+        testCallback.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+
+        // Try to stop monitoring and unrequest the socket.
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::requestStopWhenInactive);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        mHandler.post(()-> mSocketProvider.unrequestSocket(testCallback));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback.expectedInterfaceDestroyedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK);
+        verify(mCm, times(1)).unregisterNetworkCallback(any(NetworkCallback.class));
+        verify(mTm, times(1)).unregisterTetheringEventCallback(any());
+
+        // Start sockets monitoring and request a socket again. Expected no socket created callback
+        // because all saved LinkProperties has been cleared.
+        mHandler.post(mSocketProvider::startMonitoringSockets);
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mCm, times(2)).registerNetworkCallback(any(), any(NetworkCallback.class), any());
+        verify(mTm, times(2)).registerTetheringEventCallback(
+                any(), any(TetheringEventCallback.class));
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(null, testCallback));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+
+        // Notify a LinkPropertiesChanged with another network.
+        final LinkProperties otherLp = new LinkProperties();
+        final LinkAddress otherAddress = new LinkAddress("192.0.2.1/24");
+        final Network otherNetwork = new Network(456);
+        otherLp.setInterfaceName("test2");
+        otherLp.setLinkAddresses(List.of(otherAddress));
+        mHandler.post(() -> mNetworkCallback.onLinkPropertiesChanged(otherNetwork, otherLp));
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandler, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
+        verify(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper, times(2)).getNetworkInterface();
+        testCallback.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(otherNetwork, List.of(otherAddress));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoSocketCreatedForCellular() {
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoSocketCreatedForNonMulticastInterface() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(false).when(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).supportsMulticast();
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSocketCreatedForMulticastInterface() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(true).when(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).supportsMulticast();
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH);
+        testCallback.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoSocketCreatedForPTPInterface() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(true).when(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).isPointToPoint();
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoSocketCreatedForVPNInterface() throws Exception {
+        // VPN interfaces generally also have IFF_POINTOPOINT, but even if they don't, they should
+        // not be included even with TRANSPORT_WIFI.
+        doReturn(false).when(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).supportsMulticast();
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_VPN, TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        testCallback.expectedNoCallback();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSocketCreatedForWifiWithoutMulticastFlag() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(false).when(mTestNetworkIfaceWrapper).supportsMulticast();
+        startMonitoringSockets();
+
+        final TestSocketCallback testCallback = new TestSocketCallback();
+        mHandler.post(() -> mSocketProvider.requestSocket(TEST_NETWORK, testCallback));
+
+        postNetworkAvailable(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        testCallback.expectedSocketCreatedForNetwork(TEST_NETWORK, List.of(LINKADDRV4));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73dbd38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MdnsSocketTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.MulticastSocket;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+/** Tests for {@link MdnsSocket}. */
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MdnsSocketTests {
+
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper;
+    @Mock private MulticastSocket mockMulticastSocket;
+    @Mock private MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider;
+    private SocketAddress socketIPv4Address;
+    private SocketAddress socketIPv6Address;
+
+    private final byte[] data = new byte[25];
+    private final DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length);
+    private NetworkInterface networkInterface;
+
+    private MdnsSocket mdnsSocket;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        networkInterface = createEmptyNetworkInterface();
+        when(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper.getNetworkInterface()).thenReturn(networkInterface);
+        when(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces())
+                .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper));
+        socketIPv4Address = new InetSocketAddress(
+                InetAddress.getByName("224.0.0.251"), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+        socketIPv6Address = new InetSocketAddress(
+                InetAddress.getByName("FF02::FB"), MdnsConstants.MDNS_PORT);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mdnsSocket_basicFunctionality() throws IOException {
+        mdnsSocket = new MdnsSocket(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider, mockMulticastSocket);
+        mdnsSocket.send(datagramPacket);
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).setNetworkInterface(networkInterface);
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).send(datagramPacket);
+
+        mdnsSocket.receive(datagramPacket);
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).receive(datagramPacket);
+
+        mdnsSocket.joinGroup();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).joinGroup(socketIPv4Address, networkInterface);
+
+        mdnsSocket.leaveGroup();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).leaveGroup(socketIPv4Address, networkInterface);
+
+        mdnsSocket.close();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void ipv6OnlyNetwork_ipv6Enabled() throws IOException {
+        // Have mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider send back an IPv6Only networkInterfaceWrapper
+        networkInterface = createEmptyNetworkInterface();
+        when(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper.getNetworkInterface()).thenReturn(networkInterface);
+        when(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces())
+                .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper));
+
+        mdnsSocket = new MdnsSocket(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider, mockMulticastSocket);
+
+        when(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(
+                Collections.singletonList(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper)))
+                .thenReturn(true);
+
+        mdnsSocket.joinGroup();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).joinGroup(socketIPv6Address, networkInterface);
+
+        mdnsSocket.leaveGroup();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).leaveGroup(socketIPv6Address, networkInterface);
+
+        mdnsSocket.close();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void ipv6OnlyNetwork_ipv6Toggle() throws IOException {
+        // Have mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider send back a networkInterfaceWrapper
+        networkInterface = createEmptyNetworkInterface();
+        when(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper.getNetworkInterface()).thenReturn(networkInterface);
+        when(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces())
+                .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper));
+
+        mdnsSocket = new MdnsSocket(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider, mockMulticastSocket);
+
+        when(mockMulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(
+                Collections.singletonList(mockNetworkInterfaceWrapper)))
+                .thenReturn(true);
+
+        mdnsSocket.joinGroup();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).joinGroup(socketIPv6Address, networkInterface);
+
+        mdnsSocket.leaveGroup();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).leaveGroup(socketIPv6Address, networkInterface);
+
+        mdnsSocket.close();
+        verify(mockMulticastSocket).close();
+    }
+
+    private NetworkInterface createEmptyNetworkInterface() {
+        try {
+            Constructor<NetworkInterface> constructor =
+                    NetworkInterface.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
+            constructor.setAccessible(true);
+            return constructor.newInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastNetworkInterfaceProviderTests.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastNetworkInterfaceProviderTests.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2268dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/MulticastNetworkInterfaceProviderTests.java
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns;
+
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.content.Context;
+
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InterfaceAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/** Tests for {@link MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider}. */
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
+public class MulticastNetworkInterfaceProviderTests {
+
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper loopbackInterface;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper pointToPointInterface;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper virtualInterface;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper inactiveMulticastInterface;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper activeIpv6MulticastInterface;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper activeIpv6MulticastInterfaceTwo;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper nonMulticastInterface;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper multicastInterfaceOne;
+    @Mock private NetworkInterfaceWrapper multicastInterfaceTwo;
+
+    private final List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> networkInterfaces = new ArrayList<>();
+    private MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider provider;
+    private Context context;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                loopbackInterface,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                true /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                false /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                pointToPointInterface,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                true /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                false /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                virtualInterface,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                true /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                false /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                inactiveMulticastInterface,
+                false /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                false /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                nonMulticastInterface,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                false /* supportsMulticast */,
+                false /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                activeIpv6MulticastInterface,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                true /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                activeIpv6MulticastInterfaceTwo,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                true /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                multicastInterfaceOne,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                false /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        setupNetworkInterface(
+                multicastInterfaceTwo,
+                true /* isUp */,
+                false /* isLoopBack */,
+                false /* isPointToPoint */,
+                false /* isVirtual */,
+                true /* supportsMulticast */,
+                false /* isIpv6 */);
+
+        provider =
+                new MulticastNetworkInterfaceProvider(context) {
+                    @Override
+                    List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> getNetworkInterfaces() {
+                        return networkInterfaces;
+                    }
+                };
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMulticastNetworkInterfaces() {
+        // getNetworkInterfaces returns 1 multicast interface and 5 interfaces that can not be used
+        // to send and receive multicast packets.
+        networkInterfaces.add(loopbackInterface);
+        networkInterfaces.add(pointToPointInterface);
+        networkInterfaces.add(virtualInterface);
+        networkInterfaces.add(inactiveMulticastInterface);
+        networkInterfaces.add(nonMulticastInterface);
+        networkInterfaces.add(multicastInterfaceOne);
+
+        assertEquals(Collections.singletonList(multicastInterfaceOne),
+                provider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces());
+
+        // getNetworkInterfaces returns 2 multicast interfaces after a connectivity change.
+        networkInterfaces.clear();
+        networkInterfaces.add(multicastInterfaceOne);
+        networkInterfaces.add(multicastInterfaceTwo);
+
+        provider.connectivityMonitor.notifyConnectivityChange();
+
+        assertEquals(networkInterfaces, provider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartWatchingConnectivityChanges() {
+        ConnectivityMonitor mockMonitor = mock(ConnectivityMonitor.class);
+        provider.connectivityMonitor = mockMonitor;
+
+        InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockMonitor);
+
+        provider.startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+        inOrder.verify(mockMonitor).startWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+
+        provider.stopWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+        inOrder.verify(mockMonitor).stopWatchingConnectivityChanges();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpV6OnlyNetwork_EmptyNetwork() {
+        // getNetworkInterfaces returns no network interfaces.
+        assertFalse(provider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(networkInterfaces));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpV6OnlyNetwork_IPv4Only() {
+        // getNetworkInterfaces returns two IPv4 network interface.
+        networkInterfaces.add(multicastInterfaceOne);
+        networkInterfaces.add(multicastInterfaceTwo);
+        assertFalse(provider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(networkInterfaces));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpV6OnlyNetwork_MixedNetwork() {
+        // getNetworkInterfaces returns one IPv6 network interface.
+        networkInterfaces.add(activeIpv6MulticastInterface);
+        networkInterfaces.add(multicastInterfaceOne);
+        networkInterfaces.add(activeIpv6MulticastInterfaceTwo);
+        networkInterfaces.add(multicastInterfaceTwo);
+        assertFalse(provider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(networkInterfaces));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpV6OnlyNetwork_IPv6Only() {
+        // getNetworkInterfaces returns one IPv6 network interface.
+        networkInterfaces.add(activeIpv6MulticastInterface);
+        networkInterfaces.add(activeIpv6MulticastInterfaceTwo);
+        assertTrue(provider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(networkInterfaces));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIpV6OnlyNetwork_IPv6Enabled() {
+        // getNetworkInterfaces returns one IPv6 network interface.
+        networkInterfaces.add(activeIpv6MulticastInterface);
+        assertTrue(provider.isOnIpV6OnlyNetwork(networkInterfaces));
+
+        final List<NetworkInterfaceWrapper> interfaces = provider.getMulticastNetworkInterfaces();
+        assertEquals(Collections.singletonList(activeIpv6MulticastInterface), interfaces);
+    }
+
+    private void setupNetworkInterface(
+            @NonNull NetworkInterfaceWrapper networkInterfaceWrapper,
+            boolean isUp,
+            boolean isLoopback,
+            boolean isPointToPoint,
+            boolean isVirtual,
+            boolean supportsMulticast,
+            boolean isIpv6)
+            throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
+        when(networkInterfaceWrapper.isUp()).thenReturn(isUp);
+        when(networkInterfaceWrapper.isLoopback()).thenReturn(isLoopback);
+        when(networkInterfaceWrapper.isPointToPoint()).thenReturn(isPointToPoint);
+        when(networkInterfaceWrapper.isVirtual()).thenReturn(isVirtual);
+        when(networkInterfaceWrapper.supportsMulticast()).thenReturn(supportsMulticast);
+        if (isIpv6) {
+            InterfaceAddress interfaceAddress = mock(InterfaceAddress.class);
+            InetAddress ip6Address = Inet6Address.getByName("2001:4860:0:1001::68");
+            when(interfaceAddress.getAddress()).thenReturn(ip6Address);
+            when(networkInterfaceWrapper.getInterfaceAddresses())
+                    .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(interfaceAddress));
+        } else {
+            Inet4Address ip = (Inet4Address) Inet4Address.getByName("192.168.0.1");
+            InterfaceAddress interfaceAddress = mock(InterfaceAddress.class);
+            when(interfaceAddress.getAddress()).thenReturn(ip);
+            when(networkInterfaceWrapper.getInterfaceAddresses())
+                    .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(interfaceAddress));
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsUtilsTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsUtilsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f584ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/mdns/util/MdnsUtilsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util
+
+import android.os.Build
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.equalsIgnoreDnsCase
+import com.android.server.connectivity.mdns.util.MdnsUtils.toDnsLowerCase
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
+class MdnsUtilsTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testToDnsLowerCase() {
+        assertEquals("test", toDnsLowerCase("TEST"))
+        assertEquals("test", toDnsLowerCase("TeSt"))
+        assertEquals("test", toDnsLowerCase("test"))
+        assertEquals("tÉst", toDnsLowerCase("TÉST"))
+        assertEquals("ţést", toDnsLowerCase("ţést"))
+        // Unicode characters 0x10000 (𐀀), 0x10001 (𐀁), 0x10041 (𐁁)
+        // Note the last 2 bytes of 0x10041 are identical to 'A', but it should remain unchanged.
+        assertEquals("test: -->\ud800\udc00 \ud800\udc01 \ud800\udc41<-- ",
+                toDnsLowerCase("Test: -->\ud800\udc00 \ud800\udc01 \ud800\udc41<-- "))
+        // Also test some characters where the first surrogate is not \ud800
+        assertEquals("test: >\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40" +
+                "\udc77\udb40\udc6c\udb40\udc73\udb40\udc7f<",
+                toDnsLowerCase("Test: >\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40" +
+                        "\udc77\udb40\udc6c\udb40\udc73\udb40\udc7f<"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEqualsIgnoreDnsCase() {
+        assertTrue(equalsIgnoreDnsCase("TEST", "Test"))
+        assertTrue(equalsIgnoreDnsCase("TEST", "test"))
+        assertTrue(equalsIgnoreDnsCase("test", "TeSt"))
+        assertTrue(equalsIgnoreDnsCase("Tést", "tést"))
+        assertFalse(equalsIgnoreDnsCase("ŢÉST", "ţést"))
+        // Unicode characters 0x10000 (𐀀), 0x10001 (𐀁), 0x10041 (𐁁)
+        // Note the last 2 bytes of 0x10041 are identical to 'A', but it should remain unchanged.
+        assertTrue(equalsIgnoreDnsCase("test: -->\ud800\udc00 \ud800\udc01 \ud800\udc41<-- ",
+                "Test: -->\ud800\udc00 \ud800\udc01 \ud800\udc41<-- "))
+        // Also test some characters where the first surrogate is not \ud800
+        assertTrue(equalsIgnoreDnsCase("test: >\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40" +
+                "\udc77\udb40\udc6c\udb40\udc73\udb40\udc7f<",
+                "Test: >\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40" +
+                        "\udc77\udb40\udc6c\udb40\udc73\udb40\udc7f<"))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
index 6f8eb06..949e0c2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetNetworkFactoryTest.java
@@ -16,19 +16,15 @@
 
 package com.android.server.ethernet;
 
-import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
-
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.same;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
@@ -40,9 +36,7 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
-import android.net.EthernetNetworkManagementException;
 import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier;
-import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
@@ -55,16 +49,16 @@
 import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
 import android.net.ip.IpClientCallbacks;
 import android.net.ip.IpClientManager;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
-import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -75,16 +69,13 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.util.Objects;
-import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class EthernetNetworkFactoryTest {
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 2_000;
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test123";
-    private static final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver NULL_LISTENER = null;
     private static final String IP_ADDR = "192.0.2.2/25";
     private static final LinkAddress LINK_ADDR = new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR);
     private static final String HW_ADDR = "01:02:03:04:05:06";
@@ -241,7 +232,7 @@
         final IpConfiguration ipConfig = createDefaultIpConfig();
         mNetFactory.addInterface(iface, HW_ADDR, ipConfig,
                 createInterfaceCapsBuilder(transportType).build());
-        assertTrue(mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, true, NULL_LISTENER));
+        assertTrue(mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, true));
 
         ArgumentCaptor<NetworkOfferCallback> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
                 NetworkOfferCallback.class);
@@ -295,7 +286,7 @@
         // then calling onNetworkUnwanted.
         mNetFactory.addInterface(iface, HW_ADDR, createDefaultIpConfig(),
                 createInterfaceCapsBuilder(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET).build());
-        assertTrue(mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, true, NULL_LISTENER));
+        assertTrue(mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(iface, true));
 
         clearInvocations(mIpClient);
         clearInvocations(mNetworkAgent);
@@ -305,81 +296,23 @@
     public void testUpdateInterfaceLinkStateForActiveProvisioningInterface() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
         createInterfaceUndergoingProvisioning(TEST_IFACE);
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
 
         // verify that the IpClient gets shut down when interface state changes to down.
-        final boolean ret =
-                mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false /* up */, listener);
+        final boolean ret = mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false /* up */);
 
         assertTrue(ret);
         verify(mIpClient).shutdown();
-        assertEquals(listener.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceLinkStateForProvisionedInterface() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listenerDown = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listenerUp = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
-
-        final boolean retDown =
-                mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false /* up */, listenerDown);
-
-        assertTrue(retDown);
-        verifyStop();
-        assertEquals(listenerDown.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
-
-        final boolean retUp =
-                mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, true /* up */, listenerUp);
-
-        assertTrue(retUp);
-        assertEquals(listenerUp.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceLinkStateForUnprovisionedInterface() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createUnprovisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
-
-        final boolean ret =
-                mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false /* up */, listener);
-
-        assertTrue(ret);
-        // There should not be an active IPClient or NetworkAgent.
-        verify(mDeps, never()).makeIpClient(any(), any(), any());
-        verify(mDeps, never())
-                .makeEthernetNetworkAgent(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
-        assertEquals(listener.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUpdateInterfaceLinkStateForNonExistingInterface() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
 
         // if interface was never added, link state cannot be updated.
-        final boolean ret =
-                mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, true /* up */, listener);
+        final boolean ret = mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, true /* up */);
 
         assertFalse(ret);
         verifyNoStopOrStart();
-        listener.expectOnError();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceLinkStateWithNoChanges() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
-
-        final boolean ret =
-                mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, true /* up */, listener);
-
-        assertFalse(ret);
-        verifyNoStopOrStart();
-        listener.expectOnError();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -416,17 +349,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testLinkPropertiesChanged() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-
-        LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        mIpClientCallbacks.onLinkPropertiesChange(lp);
-        mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mNetworkAgent).sendLinkPropertiesImpl(same(lp));
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testNetworkUnwanted() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
         createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
@@ -571,129 +493,16 @@
         verify(mNetworkAgent).markConnected();
     }
 
-    private static final class TestNetworkManagementListener
-            implements INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver {
-        private final CompletableFuture<String> mResult = new CompletableFuture<>();
-
-        @Override
-        public void onResult(@NonNull String iface) {
-            mResult.complete(iface);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onError(@NonNull EthernetNetworkManagementException exception) {
-            mResult.completeExceptionally(exception);
-        }
-
-        String expectOnResult() throws Exception {
-            return mResult.get(TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-        }
-
-        void expectOnError() throws Exception {
-            assertThrows(EthernetNetworkManagementException.class, () -> {
-                try {
-                    mResult.get();
-                } catch (ExecutionException e) {
-                    throw e.getCause();
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public IBinder asBinder() {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceCallsListenerCorrectlyOnSuccess() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
-        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = createDefaultFilterCaps();
-        final IpConfiguration ipConfiguration = createStaticIpConfig();
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
-
-        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, ipConfiguration, capabilities, listener);
-        triggerOnProvisioningSuccess();
-
-        assertEquals(listener.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
-    }
-
-    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceAbortsOnConcurrentRemoveInterface() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        verifyNetworkManagementCallIsAbortedWhenInterrupted(
-                TEST_IFACE,
-                () -> mNetFactory.removeInterface(TEST_IFACE));
-    }
-
-    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceAbortsOnConcurrentUpdateInterfaceLinkState() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        verifyNetworkManagementCallIsAbortedWhenInterrupted(
-                TEST_IFACE,
-                () -> mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false, NULL_LISTENER));
-    }
-
-    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2) // TODO: Use to Build.VERSION_CODES.SC_V2 when available
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceAbortsOnNetworkUneededRemovesAllRequests() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        verifyNetworkManagementCallIsAbortedWhenInterrupted(
-                TEST_IFACE,
-                () -> mNetworkOfferCallback.onNetworkUnneeded(mRequestToKeepNetworkUp));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUpdateInterfaceCallsListenerCorrectlyOnConcurrentRequests() throws Exception {
-        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
-        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = createDefaultFilterCaps();
-        final IpConfiguration ipConfiguration = createStaticIpConfig();
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener successfulListener =
-                new TestNetworkManagementListener();
-
-        // If two calls come in before the first one completes, the first listener will be aborted
-        // and the second one will be successful.
-        verifyNetworkManagementCallIsAbortedWhenInterrupted(
-                TEST_IFACE,
-                () -> {
-                    mNetFactory.updateInterface(
-                            TEST_IFACE, ipConfiguration, capabilities, successfulListener);
-                    triggerOnProvisioningSuccess();
-                });
-
-        assertEquals(successfulListener.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
-    }
-
-    private void verifyNetworkManagementCallIsAbortedWhenInterrupted(
-            @NonNull final String iface,
-            @NonNull final Runnable interruptingRunnable) throws Exception {
-        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(iface);
-        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = createDefaultFilterCaps();
-        final IpConfiguration ipConfiguration = createStaticIpConfig();
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener failedListener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
-
-        // An active update request will be aborted on interrupt prior to provisioning completion.
-        mNetFactory.updateInterface(iface, ipConfiguration, capabilities, failedListener);
-        interruptingRunnable.run();
-
-        failedListener.expectOnError();
-    }
-
     @Test
     public void testUpdateInterfaceRestartsAgentCorrectly() throws Exception {
         initEthernetNetworkFactory();
         createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = createDefaultFilterCaps();
         final IpConfiguration ipConfiguration = createStaticIpConfig();
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
 
-        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, ipConfiguration, capabilities, listener);
+        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, ipConfiguration, capabilities);
         triggerOnProvisioningSuccess();
 
-        assertEquals(listener.expectOnResult(), TEST_IFACE);
         verify(mDeps).makeEthernetNetworkAgent(any(), any(),
                 eq(capabilities), any(), any(), any(), any());
         verifyRestart(ipConfiguration);
@@ -705,12 +514,10 @@
         // No interface exists due to not calling createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(...).
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = createDefaultFilterCaps();
         final IpConfiguration ipConfiguration = createStaticIpConfig();
-        final TestNetworkManagementListener listener = new TestNetworkManagementListener();
 
-        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, ipConfiguration, capabilities, listener);
+        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, ipConfiguration, capabilities);
 
         verifyNoStopOrStart();
-        listener.expectOnError();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -719,8 +526,8 @@
         createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
 
         final IpConfiguration initialIpConfig = createStaticIpConfig();
-        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, initialIpConfig, null /*capabilities*/,
-                null /*listener*/);
+        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, initialIpConfig, null /*capabilities*/);
+
         triggerOnProvisioningSuccess();
         verifyRestart(initialIpConfig);
 
@@ -731,9 +538,20 @@
 
 
         // verify that sending a null ipConfig does not update the current ipConfig.
-        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, null /*ipConfig*/, null /*capabilities*/,
-                null /*listener*/);
+        mNetFactory.updateInterface(TEST_IFACE, null /*ipConfig*/, null /*capabilities*/);
         triggerOnProvisioningSuccess();
         verifyRestart(initialIpConfig);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnNetworkNeededOnStaleNetworkOffer() throws Exception {
+        initEthernetNetworkFactory();
+        createAndVerifyProvisionedInterface(TEST_IFACE);
+        mNetFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(TEST_IFACE, false);
+        verify(mNetworkProvider).unregisterNetworkOffer(mNetworkOfferCallback);
+        // It is possible that even after a network offer is unregistered, CS still sends it
+        // onNetworkNeeded() callbacks.
+        mNetworkOfferCallback.onNetworkNeeded(createDefaultRequest());
+        verify(mIpClient, never()).startProvisioning(any());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java
index dd1f1ed..de0af94 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetServiceImplTest.java
@@ -16,16 +16,18 @@
 
 package com.android.server.ethernet;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.isNull;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -35,29 +37,37 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
-import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
+import android.net.EthernetNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest;
+import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.StringNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class EthernetServiceImplTest {
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test123";
+    private static final NetworkCapabilities DEFAULT_CAPS = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+            .setNetworkSpecifier(new EthernetNetworkSpecifier(TEST_IFACE))
+            .build();
     private static final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest UPDATE_REQUEST =
             new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
                     .setIpConfiguration(new IpConfiguration())
-                    .setNetworkCapabilities(new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build())
+                    .setNetworkCapabilities(DEFAULT_CAPS)
                     .build();
     private static final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_CAPABILITIES =
             new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
@@ -65,18 +75,21 @@
                     .build();
     private static final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_IP_CONFIG =
             new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
-                    .setNetworkCapabilities(new NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build())
+                    .setNetworkCapabilities(DEFAULT_CAPS)
                     .build();
     private static final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver NULL_LISTENER = null;
     private EthernetServiceImpl mEthernetServiceImpl;
-    @Mock private Context mContext;
-    @Mock private Handler mHandler;
-    @Mock private EthernetTracker mEthernetTracker;
-    @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
+    private Context mContext;
+    private Handler mHandler;
+    private EthernetTracker mEthernetTracker;
+    private PackageManager mPackageManager;
 
     @Before
     public void setup() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        mContext = mock(Context.class);
+        mHandler = mock(Handler.class);
+        mEthernetTracker = mock(EthernetTracker.class);
+        mPackageManager = mock(PackageManager.class);
         doReturn(mPackageManager).when(mContext).getPackageManager();
         mEthernetServiceImpl = new EthernetServiceImpl(mContext, mHandler, mEthernetTracker);
         mEthernetServiceImpl.mStarted.set(true);
@@ -111,18 +124,18 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
         mEthernetServiceImpl.mStarted.set(false);
         assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsWhenEthNotStarted() {
         mEthernetServiceImpl.mStarted.set(false);
         assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface("" /* iface */, null /* listener */);
         });
     }
 
@@ -134,16 +147,16 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsNullIface() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsNullIface() {
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsNullIface() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsNullIface() {
         assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(null /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
@@ -156,29 +169,49 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testUpdateConfigurationRejectsWithInvalidSpecifierType() {
+        final StringNetworkSpecifier invalidSpecifierType = new StringNetworkSpecifier("123");
+        final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest request =
+                new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
+                        .setNetworkCapabilities(
+                                new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                                        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+                                        .setNetworkSpecifier(invalidSpecifierType)
+                                        .build()
+                        ).build();
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.updateConfiguration(
+                    "" /* iface */, request, null /* listener */);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateConfigurationRejectsWithInvalidSpecifierName() {
+        final String ifaceToUpdate = "eth0";
+        final String ifaceOnSpecifier = "wlan0";
+        EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest request =
+                new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
+                        .setNetworkCapabilities(
+                                new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                                        .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET)
+                                        .setNetworkSpecifier(
+                                                new EthernetNetworkSpecifier(ifaceOnSpecifier))
+                                        .build()
+                        ).build();
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.updateConfiguration(ifaceToUpdate, request, null /* listener */);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testUpdateConfigurationWithCapabilitiesWithAutomotiveFeature() {
         toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
         mEthernetServiceImpl.updateConfiguration(TEST_IFACE, UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_CAPABILITIES,
                 NULL_LISTENER);
         verify(mEthernetTracker).updateConfiguration(eq(TEST_IFACE),
                 eq(UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_CAPABILITIES.getIpConfiguration()),
-                eq(UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_CAPABILITIES.getNetworkCapabilities()), isNull());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsWithoutAutomotiveFeature() {
-        toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
-        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork("" /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
-        });
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsWithoutAutomotiveFeature() {
-        toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
-        assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork("" /* iface */, NULL_LISTENER);
-        });
+                eq(UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_CAPABILITIES.getNetworkCapabilities()),
+                any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     private void denyManageEthPermission() {
@@ -202,18 +235,18 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
         denyManageEthPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsWithoutManageEthPermission() {
         denyManageEthPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
@@ -231,20 +264,20 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         denyManageTestNetworksPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceRejectsTestRequestWithoutTestPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         denyManageTestNetworksPermission();
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> {
-            mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+            mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
         });
     }
 
@@ -254,19 +287,40 @@
         verify(mEthernetTracker).updateConfiguration(
                 eq(TEST_IFACE),
                 eq(UPDATE_REQUEST.getIpConfiguration()),
-                eq(UPDATE_REQUEST.getNetworkCapabilities()), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+                eq(UPDATE_REQUEST.getNetworkCapabilities()),
+                any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetwork() {
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).connectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+    public void testUpdateConfigurationAddsSpecifierWhenNotSet() {
+        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET).build();
+        final EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest requestSansSpecifier =
+                new EthernetNetworkUpdateRequest.Builder()
+                        .setNetworkCapabilities(nc)
+                        .build();
+        final NetworkCapabilities ncWithSpecifier = new NetworkCapabilities(nc)
+                .setNetworkSpecifier(new EthernetNetworkSpecifier(TEST_IFACE));
+
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.updateConfiguration(TEST_IFACE, requestSansSpecifier, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).updateConfiguration(
+                eq(TEST_IFACE),
+                isNull(),
+                eq(ncWithSpecifier), any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetwork() {
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).disconnectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+    public void testEnableInterface() {
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).setInterfaceEnabled(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(true),
+                any(EthernetCallback.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDisableInterface() {
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).setInterfaceEnabled(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(false),
+                any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -279,7 +333,7 @@
         mEthernetServiceImpl.updateConfiguration(TEST_IFACE, request, NULL_LISTENER);
         verify(mEthernetTracker).updateConfiguration(eq(TEST_IFACE),
                 eq(request.getIpConfiguration()),
-                eq(request.getNetworkCapabilities()), isNull());
+                eq(request.getNetworkCapabilities()), any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -288,7 +342,8 @@
                 NULL_LISTENER);
         verify(mEthernetTracker).updateConfiguration(eq(TEST_IFACE),
                 eq(UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_IP_CONFIG.getIpConfiguration()),
-                eq(UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_IP_CONFIG.getNetworkCapabilities()), isNull());
+                eq(UPDATE_REQUEST_WITHOUT_IP_CONFIG.getNetworkCapabilities()),
+                any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -320,27 +375,29 @@
         verify(mEthernetTracker).updateConfiguration(
                 eq(TEST_IFACE),
                 eq(request.getIpConfiguration()),
-                eq(request.getNetworkCapabilities()), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+                eq(request.getNetworkCapabilities()), any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkForTestRequestDoesNotRequireAutoOrNetPermission() {
+    public void testEnableInterfaceForTestRequestDoesNotRequireNetPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
         denyManageEthPermission();
 
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).connectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.enableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).setInterfaceEnabled(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(true),
+                any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkForTestRequestDoesNotRequireAutoOrNetPermission() {
+    public void testDisableInterfaceForTestRequestDoesNotRequireAutoOrNetPermission() {
         enableTestInterface();
         toggleAutomotiveFeature(false);
         denyManageEthPermission();
 
-        mEthernetServiceImpl.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        verify(mEthernetTracker).disconnectNetwork(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+        mEthernetServiceImpl.disableInterface(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
+        verify(mEthernetTracker).setInterfaceEnabled(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(false),
+                any(EthernetCallback.class));
     }
 
     private void denyPermissions(String... permissions) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
index 93789ca..e6aba22 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
@@ -23,60 +23,49 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.EthernetManager;
-import android.net.IEthernetServiceListener;
 import android.net.INetd;
-import android.net.INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
-import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.ProxySettings;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class EthernetTrackerTest {
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test123";
     private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 1_000;
     private static final String THREAD_NAME = "EthernetServiceThread";
-    private static final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver NULL_LISTENER = null;
+    private static final EthernetCallback NULL_CB = new EthernetCallback(null);
     private EthernetTracker tracker;
     private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     @Mock private Context mContext;
@@ -88,8 +77,8 @@
     public void setUp() throws RemoteException {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         initMockResources();
-        when(mFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(anyString(), anyBoolean(), any())).thenReturn(false);
-        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[0]);
+        doReturn(false).when(mFactory).updateInterfaceLinkState(anyString(), anyBoolean());
+        doReturn(new String[0]).when(mNetd).interfaceGetList();
         mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread(THREAD_NAME);
         mHandlerThread.start();
         tracker = new EthernetTracker(mContext, mHandlerThread.getThreadHandler(), mFactory, mNetd,
@@ -97,13 +86,14 @@
     }
 
     @After
-    public void cleanUp() {
+    public void cleanUp() throws InterruptedException {
         mHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+        mHandlerThread.join();
     }
 
     private void initMockResources() {
-        when(mDeps.getInterfaceRegexFromResource(eq(mContext))).thenReturn("");
-        when(mDeps.getInterfaceConfigFromResource(eq(mContext))).thenReturn(new String[0]);
+        doReturn("").when(mDeps).getInterfaceRegexFromResource(eq(mContext));
+        doReturn(new String[0]).when(mDeps).getInterfaceConfigFromResource(eq(mContext));
     }
 
     private void waitForIdle() {
@@ -344,31 +334,13 @@
                 new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder().setIpAddress(linkAddr).build();
         final IpConfiguration ipConfig =
                 new IpConfiguration.Builder().setStaticIpConfiguration(staticIpConfig).build();
-        final INetworkInterfaceOutcomeReceiver listener = null;
+        final EthernetCallback listener = new EthernetCallback(null);
 
         tracker.updateConfiguration(TEST_IFACE, ipConfig, capabilities, listener);
         waitForIdle();
 
         verify(mFactory).updateInterface(
-                eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(ipConfig), eq(capabilities), eq(listener));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testConnectNetworkCorrectlyCallsFactory() {
-        tracker.connectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        waitForIdle();
-
-        verify(mFactory).updateInterfaceLinkState(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(true /* up */),
-                eq(NULL_LISTENER));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testDisconnectNetworkCorrectlyCallsFactory() {
-        tracker.disconnectNetwork(TEST_IFACE, NULL_LISTENER);
-        waitForIdle();
-
-        verify(mFactory).updateInterfaceLinkState(eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(false /* up */),
-                eq(NULL_LISTENER));
+                eq(TEST_IFACE), eq(ipConfig), eq(capabilities));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -403,113 +375,4 @@
 
         assertTrue(isValidTestInterface);
     }
-
-    public static class EthernetStateListener extends IEthernetServiceListener.Stub {
-        @Override
-        public void onEthernetStateChanged(int state) { }
-
-        @Override
-        public void onInterfaceStateChanged(String iface, int state, int role,
-                IpConfiguration configuration) { }
-    }
-
-    private InterfaceConfigurationParcel createMockedIfaceParcel(final String ifname,
-            final String hwAddr) {
-        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel ifaceParcel = new InterfaceConfigurationParcel();
-        ifaceParcel.ifName = ifname;
-        ifaceParcel.hwAddr = hwAddr;
-        ifaceParcel.flags = new String[] {INetd.IF_STATE_UP};
-        return ifaceParcel;
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testListenEthernetStateChange() throws Exception {
-        tracker.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
-        waitForIdle();
-
-        final String testIface = "testtap123";
-        final String testHwAddr = "11:22:33:44:55:66";
-        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel ifaceParcel = createMockedIfaceParcel(testIface,
-                testHwAddr);
-        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[] {testIface});
-        when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(eq(testIface))).thenReturn(ifaceParcel);
-        doReturn(new String[] {testIface}).when(mFactory).getAvailableInterfaces(anyBoolean());
-
-        final AtomicBoolean ifaceUp = new AtomicBoolean(true);
-        doAnswer(inv -> ifaceUp.get()).when(mFactory).hasInterface(testIface);
-        doAnswer(inv ->
-                ifaceUp.get() ? EthernetManager.STATE_LINK_UP : EthernetManager.STATE_ABSENT)
-                .when(mFactory).getInterfaceState(testIface);
-        doAnswer(inv -> {
-            ifaceUp.set(true);
-            return null;
-        }).when(mFactory).addInterface(eq(testIface), eq(testHwAddr), any(), any());
-        doAnswer(inv -> {
-            ifaceUp.set(false);
-            return null;
-        }).when(mFactory).removeInterface(testIface);
-
-        final EthernetStateListener listener = spy(new EthernetStateListener());
-        tracker.addListener(listener, true /* canUseRestrictedNetworks */);
-        // Check default state.
-        waitForIdle();
-        verify(listener).onInterfaceStateChanged(eq(testIface), eq(EthernetManager.STATE_LINK_UP),
-                anyInt(), any());
-        verify(listener).onEthernetStateChanged(eq(EthernetManager.ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED));
-        reset(listener);
-
-        tracker.setEthernetEnabled(false);
-        waitForIdle();
-        verify(mFactory).removeInterface(eq(testIface));
-        verify(listener).onEthernetStateChanged(eq(EthernetManager.ETHERNET_STATE_DISABLED));
-        verify(listener).onInterfaceStateChanged(eq(testIface), eq(EthernetManager.STATE_ABSENT),
-                anyInt(), any());
-        reset(listener);
-
-        tracker.setEthernetEnabled(true);
-        waitForIdle();
-        verify(mFactory).addInterface(eq(testIface), eq(testHwAddr), any(), any());
-        verify(listener).onEthernetStateChanged(eq(EthernetManager.ETHERNET_STATE_ENABLED));
-        verify(listener).onInterfaceStateChanged(eq(testIface), eq(EthernetManager.STATE_LINK_UP),
-                anyInt(), any());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testListenEthernetStateChange_unsolicitedEventListener() throws Exception {
-        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[] {});
-        doReturn(new String[] {}).when(mFactory).getAvailableInterfaces(anyBoolean());
-
-        tracker.setIncludeTestInterfaces(true);
-        tracker.start();
-
-        final ArgumentCaptor<EthernetTracker.InterfaceObserver> captor =
-                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(EthernetTracker.InterfaceObserver.class);
-        verify(mNetd, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).registerUnsolicitedEventListener(captor.capture());
-        final EthernetTracker.InterfaceObserver observer = captor.getValue();
-
-        tracker.setEthernetEnabled(false);
-        waitForIdle();
-        reset(mFactory);
-        reset(mNetd);
-
-        final String testIface = "testtap1";
-        observer.onInterfaceAdded(testIface);
-        verify(mFactory, never()).addInterface(eq(testIface), anyString(), any(), any());
-        observer.onInterfaceRemoved(testIface);
-        verify(mFactory, never()).removeInterface(eq(testIface));
-
-        final String testHwAddr = "11:22:33:44:55:66";
-        final InterfaceConfigurationParcel testIfaceParce =
-                createMockedIfaceParcel(testIface, testHwAddr);
-        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[] {testIface});
-        when(mNetd.interfaceGetCfg(eq(testIface))).thenReturn(testIfaceParce);
-        doReturn(new String[] {testIface}).when(mFactory).getAvailableInterfaces(anyBoolean());
-        tracker.setEthernetEnabled(true);
-        waitForIdle();
-        reset(mFactory);
-
-        final String testIface2 = "testtap2";
-        observer.onInterfaceRemoved(testIface2);
-        verify(mFactory, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)).removeInterface(eq(testIface2));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java
index 987b7b7..c730856 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest.java
@@ -16,7 +16,14 @@
 
 package com.android.server.net;
 
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EPERM;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@@ -24,16 +31,21 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+import com.android.testutils.TestBpfMap;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -42,8 +54,12 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
 @SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public final class BpfInterfaceMapUpdaterTest {
     private static final int TEST_INDEX = 1;
     private static final int TEST_INDEX2 = 2;
@@ -53,13 +69,14 @@
     private final TestLooper mLooper = new TestLooper();
     private BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener mListener;
     private BpfInterfaceMapUpdater mUpdater;
-    @Mock private IBpfMap<U32, InterfaceMapValue> mBpfMap;
+    private IBpfMap<S32, InterfaceMapValue> mBpfMap =
+            spy(new TestBpfMap<>(S32.class, InterfaceMapValue.class));
     @Mock private INetd mNetd;
     @Mock private Context mContext;
 
     private class TestDependencies extends BpfInterfaceMapUpdater.Dependencies {
         @Override
-        public IBpfMap<U32, InterfaceMapValue> getInterfaceMap() {
+        public IBpfMap<S32, InterfaceMapValue> getInterfaceMap() {
             return mBpfMap;
         }
 
@@ -97,7 +114,7 @@
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BaseNetdUnsolicitedEventListener.class);
         verify(mNetd).registerUnsolicitedEventListener(listenerCaptor.capture());
         mListener = listenerCaptor.getValue();
-        verify(mBpfMap).updateEntry(eq(new U32(TEST_INDEX)),
+        verify(mBpfMap).updateEntry(eq(new S32(TEST_INDEX)),
                 eq(new InterfaceMapValue(TEST_INTERFACE_NAME)));
     }
 
@@ -107,7 +124,7 @@
 
         mListener.onInterfaceAdded(TEST_INTERFACE_NAME2);
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        verify(mBpfMap).updateEntry(eq(new U32(TEST_INDEX2)),
+        verify(mBpfMap).updateEntry(eq(new S32(TEST_INDEX2)),
                 eq(new InterfaceMapValue(TEST_INTERFACE_NAME2)));
 
         // Check that when onInterfaceRemoved is called, nothing happens.
@@ -115,4 +132,43 @@
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mBpfMap);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetIfNameByIndex() throws Exception {
+        mBpfMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_INDEX), new InterfaceMapValue(TEST_INTERFACE_NAME));
+        assertEquals(TEST_INTERFACE_NAME, mUpdater.getIfNameByIndex(TEST_INDEX));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetIfNameByIndexNoEntry() {
+        assertNull(mUpdater.getIfNameByIndex(TEST_INDEX));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetIfNameByIndexException() throws Exception {
+        doThrow(new ErrnoException("", EPERM)).when(mBpfMap).getValue(new S32(TEST_INDEX));
+        assertNull(mUpdater.getIfNameByIndex(TEST_INDEX));
+    }
+
+    private void assertDumpContains(final String dump, final String message) {
+        assertTrue(String.format("dump(%s) does not contain '%s'", dump, message),
+                dump.contains(message));
+    }
+
+    private String getDump() {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        mUpdater.dump(new IndentingPrintWriter(new PrintWriter(sw), " "));
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDump() throws ErrnoException {
+        mBpfMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_INDEX), new InterfaceMapValue(TEST_INTERFACE_NAME));
+        mBpfMap.updateEntry(new S32(TEST_INDEX2), new InterfaceMapValue(TEST_INTERFACE_NAME2));
+
+        final String dump = getDump();
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "IfaceIndexNameMap: OK");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "ifaceIndex=1 ifaceName=test1");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "ifaceIndex=2 ifaceName=test2");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/InterfaceMapValueTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/InterfaceMapValueTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee13d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/InterfaceMapValueTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.net;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class InterfaceMapValueTest {
+    private static final String IF_NAME = "wlan0";
+    private static final byte[] IF_NAME_BYTE = new byte[]{'w', 'l', 'a', 'n', '0'};
+    private static final byte[] IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING =
+            new byte[]{'w', 'l', 'a', 'n', '0', 0, 0, 0,
+                    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING.length = 16
+    private static final byte[] IF_NAME_BYTE_LONG =
+            new byte[]{'w', 'l', 'a', 'n', '0', 0, 0, 0,
+                    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // IF_NAME_BYTE_LONG.length = 24
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInterfaceMapValueFromString() {
+        final InterfaceMapValue value = new InterfaceMapValue(IF_NAME);
+        assertArrayEquals(IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING, value.interfaceName);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInterfaceMapValueFromByte() {
+        final InterfaceMapValue value = new InterfaceMapValue(IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING);
+        assertArrayEquals(IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING, value.interfaceName);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInterfaceMapValueFromByteShort() {
+        final InterfaceMapValue value = new InterfaceMapValue(IF_NAME_BYTE);
+        assertArrayEquals(IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING, value.interfaceName);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInterfaceMapValueFromByteLong() {
+        final InterfaceMapValue value = new InterfaceMapValue(IF_NAME_BYTE_LONG);
+        assertArrayEquals(IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING, value.interfaceName);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetInterfaceNameString() {
+        final InterfaceMapValue value = new InterfaceMapValue(IF_NAME_BYTE_WITH_PADDING);
+        assertEquals(IF_NAME, value.getInterfaceNameString());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java
index e9a5309..dcf0f75 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/IpConfigStoreTest.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration;
 import android.net.IpConfiguration.IpAssignment;
@@ -27,9 +28,14 @@
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
 import android.net.StaticIpConfiguration;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -37,17 +43,21 @@
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  * Unit tests for {@link IpConfigStore}
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.S_V2)
 public class IpConfigStoreTest {
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000;
     private static final int KEY_CONFIG = 17;
     private static final String IFACE_1 = "eth0";
     private static final String IFACE_2 = "eth1";
@@ -56,6 +66,22 @@
     private static final String DNS_IP_ADDR_1 = "1.2.3.4";
     private static final String DNS_IP_ADDR_2 = "5.6.7.8";
 
+    private static final ArrayList<InetAddress> DNS_SERVERS = new ArrayList<>(List.of(
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_1),
+            InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_2)));
+    private static final StaticIpConfiguration STATIC_IP_CONFIG_1 =
+            new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
+                    .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_1))
+                    .setDnsServers(DNS_SERVERS)
+                    .build();
+    private static final StaticIpConfiguration STATIC_IP_CONFIG_2 =
+            new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
+                    .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_2))
+                    .setDnsServers(DNS_SERVERS)
+                    .build();
+    private static final ProxyInfo PROXY_INFO =
+            ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("10.10.10.10", 88, Arrays.asList("host1", "host2"));
+
     @Test
     public void backwardCompatibility2to3() throws IOException {
         ByteArrayOutputStream byteStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
@@ -79,40 +105,75 @@
 
     @Test
     public void staticIpMultiNetworks() throws Exception {
-        final ArrayList<InetAddress> dnsServers = new ArrayList<>();
-        dnsServers.add(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_1));
-        dnsServers.add(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(DNS_IP_ADDR_2));
-        final StaticIpConfiguration staticIpConfiguration1 = new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
-                .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_1))
-                .setDnsServers(dnsServers).build();
-        final StaticIpConfiguration staticIpConfiguration2 = new StaticIpConfiguration.Builder()
-                .setIpAddress(new LinkAddress(IP_ADDR_2))
-                .setDnsServers(dnsServers).build();
+        final IpConfiguration expectedConfig1 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
+                ProxySettings.STATIC, STATIC_IP_CONFIG_1, PROXY_INFO);
+        final IpConfiguration expectedConfig2 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
+                ProxySettings.STATIC, STATIC_IP_CONFIG_2, PROXY_INFO);
 
-        ProxyInfo proxyInfo =
-                ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("10.10.10.10", 88, Arrays.asList("host1", "host2"));
-
-        IpConfiguration expectedConfig1 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
-                ProxySettings.STATIC, staticIpConfiguration1, proxyInfo);
-        IpConfiguration expectedConfig2 = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
-                ProxySettings.STATIC, staticIpConfiguration2, proxyInfo);
-
-        ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> expectedNetworks = new ArrayMap<>();
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> expectedNetworks = new ArrayMap<>();
         expectedNetworks.put(IFACE_1, expectedConfig1);
         expectedNetworks.put(IFACE_2, expectedConfig2);
 
-        MockedDelayedDiskWrite writer = new MockedDelayedDiskWrite();
-        IpConfigStore store = new IpConfigStore(writer);
+        final MockedDelayedDiskWrite writer = new MockedDelayedDiskWrite();
+        final IpConfigStore store = new IpConfigStore(writer);
         store.writeIpConfigurations("file/path/not/used/", expectedNetworks);
 
-        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(writer.mByteStream.toByteArray());
-        ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> actualNetworks = IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(in);
+        final InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(writer.mByteStream.toByteArray());
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> actualNetworks =
+                IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(in);
         assertNotNull(actualNetworks);
         assertEquals(2, actualNetworks.size());
         assertEquals(expectedNetworks.get(IFACE_1), actualNetworks.get(IFACE_1));
         assertEquals(expectedNetworks.get(IFACE_2), actualNetworks.get(IFACE_2));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void readIpConfigurationFromFilePath() throws Exception {
+        final HandlerThread testHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("IpConfigStoreTest");
+        final DelayedDiskWrite.Dependencies dependencies =
+                new DelayedDiskWrite.Dependencies() {
+                    @Override
+                    public HandlerThread makeHandlerThread() {
+                        return testHandlerThread;
+                    }
+                    @Override
+                    public void quitHandlerThread(HandlerThread handlerThread) {
+                        // Don't join in here, quitHandlerThread runs on the
+                        // handler thread itself.
+                        testHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+                    }
+        };
+
+        final IpConfiguration ipConfig = newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment.STATIC,
+                ProxySettings.STATIC, STATIC_IP_CONFIG_1, PROXY_INFO);
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> expectedNetworks = new ArrayMap<>();
+        expectedNetworks.put(IFACE_1, ipConfig);
+
+        // Write IP config to specific file path and read it later.
+        final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
+        final File configFile = new File(context.getFilesDir().getPath(),
+                "IpConfigStoreTest-ipconfig.txt");
+        final DelayedDiskWrite writer = new DelayedDiskWrite(dependencies);
+        final IpConfigStore store = new IpConfigStore(writer);
+        store.writeIpConfigurations(configFile.getPath(), expectedNetworks);
+        testHandlerThread.join();
+
+        // Read IP config from the file path.
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> actualNetworks =
+                IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations(configFile.getPath());
+        assertNotNull(actualNetworks);
+        assertEquals(1, actualNetworks.size());
+        assertEquals(expectedNetworks.get(IFACE_1), actualNetworks.get(IFACE_1));
+
+        // Return an empty array when reading IP configuration from an non-exist config file.
+        final ArrayMap<String, IpConfiguration> emptyNetworks =
+                IpConfigStore.readIpConfigurations("/dev/null");
+        assertNotNull(emptyNetworks);
+        assertEquals(0, emptyNetworks.size());
+
+        configFile.delete();
+    }
+
     private IpConfiguration newIpConfiguration(IpAssignment ipAssignment,
             ProxySettings proxySettings, StaticIpConfiguration staticIpConfig, ProxyInfo info) {
         final IpConfiguration config = new IpConfiguration();
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
index 79744b1..63daebc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
@@ -25,30 +25,35 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_FOREGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsFactory.kernelToTag;
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
-import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
 import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+import com.android.internal.util.ProcFileReader;
+import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
-import libcore.io.Streams;
 import libcore.testing.io.TestIoUtils;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -59,21 +64,21 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.io.File;
-import java.io.FileOutputStream;
-import java.io.FileWriter;
-import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.ProtocolException;
 
 /** Tests for {@link NetworkStatsFactory}. */
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
 public class NetworkStatsFactoryTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
     private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
 
     private File mTestProc;
     private NetworkStatsFactory mFactory;
     @Mock private Context mContext;
+    @Mock private NetworkStatsFactory.Dependencies mDeps;
+    @Mock private BpfNetMaps mBpfNetMaps;
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -84,7 +89,9 @@
         // applications. So in order to have a test support native library, the native code
         // related to networkStatsFactory is compiled to a minimal native library and loaded here.
         System.loadLibrary("networkstatsfactorytestjni");
-        mFactory = new NetworkStatsFactory(mContext, mTestProc, false);
+        doReturn(mBpfNetMaps).when(mDeps).createBpfNetMaps(any());
+
+        mFactory = new NetworkStatsFactory(mContext, mDeps);
         mFactory.updateUnderlyingNetworkInfos(new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
     }
 
@@ -95,7 +102,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testNetworkStatsDetail() throws Exception {
-        final NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_typical);
+        final NetworkStats stats = factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_typical);
 
         assertEquals(70, stats.size());
         assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 18621L, 2898L);
@@ -120,8 +127,8 @@
         // over VPN.
         //
         // VPN UID rewrites packets read from TUN back to TUN, plus some of its own traffic
-
-        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self);
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TUN_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
                 DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L, 0);
@@ -162,7 +169,8 @@
         // UID_RED: 2000 bytes, 200 packets
         // UID_BLUE: 1000 bytes, 100 packets
         // UID_VPN: 6300 bytes, 0 packets
-        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat);
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000, 100L);
         assertValues(tunStats, CLAT_PREFIX + TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
@@ -186,7 +194,8 @@
         // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 150 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
         // Of 3300 bytes received over WiFi, expect 2000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 1000 bytes
         // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 300 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
-        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying);
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
@@ -215,7 +224,7 @@
         // Of 8800 bytes received over WiFi, expect 2000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 1000 bytes
         // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 5800 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
         final NetworkStats tunStats =
-                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic);
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
@@ -237,7 +246,7 @@
         // Of 1000 bytes over WiFi, expect 250 bytes attributed UID_RED and 750 bytes to UID_BLUE,
         // with nothing attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
         final NetworkStats tunStats =
-                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression);
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 250L, 25L, 250L, 25L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 750L, 75L, 750L, 75L);
@@ -261,7 +270,7 @@
         // - 500 bytes rx/tx each over WiFi/Cell attributed to both UID_RED and UID_BLUE.
         // - 1200 bytes rx/tx each over WiFi/Cell for VPN_UID.
         final NetworkStats tunStats =
-                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication);
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 500L, 50L, 500L, 50L);
@@ -301,7 +310,7 @@
         // Of 3850 bytes received over Cell, expect 3000 bytes attributed to UID_RED, 500 bytes
         // attributed to UID_BLUE, and 350 bytes attributed to UID_VPN.
         final NetworkStats tunStats =
-                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn);
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 2000L, 200L, 1000L, 100L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 1000L, 100L, 500L, 50L);
@@ -331,7 +340,8 @@
         //
         // For UID_VPN, expect 60 bytes attributed over WiFi and 40 bytes over Cell for tx traffic.
         // And, 30 bytes over WiFi and 20 bytes over Cell for rx traffic.
-        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split);
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 300L, 30L, 600L, 60L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 30L, 0L, 60L, 0L);
@@ -355,7 +365,8 @@
         // rx/tx.
         // UID_VPN gets nothing attributed to it (avoiding negative stats).
         final NetworkStats tunStats =
-                parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression);
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(
+                        R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 600L, 60L, 600L, 60L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
@@ -376,7 +387,8 @@
         // 1000 bytes (100 packets) were sent/received by UID_RED over VPN.
         // VPN sent/received 1100 bytes (100 packets) over Cell.
         // Of 1100 bytes over Cell, expect all of it attributed to UID_VPN for both rx/tx traffic.
-        final NetworkStats tunStats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface);
+        final NetworkStats tunStats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface);
 
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
         assertValues(tunStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_VPN, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
@@ -401,7 +413,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testNetworkStatsWithSet() throws Exception {
-        final NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_typical);
+        final NetworkStats stats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_typical);
+
         assertEquals(70, stats.size());
         assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet1", 10021, SET_DEFAULT, 0x30100000, 219110L, 578L, 227423L,
                 676L);
@@ -409,29 +423,6 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testNetworkStatsSingle() throws Exception {
-        stageFile(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_iface_typical, file("net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_all"));
-
-        final NetworkStats stats = mFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryDev();
-        assertEquals(6, stats.size());
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet0", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 2112L, 24L, 700L, 10L);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "test1", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 6L, 8L, 10L, 12L);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "test2", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNetworkStatsXt() throws Exception {
-        stageFile(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical, file("net/xt_qtaguid/iface_stat_fmt"));
-
-        final NetworkStats stats = mFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryXt();
-        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet0", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 6824L, 16L, 5692L, 10L);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet1", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 11153922L, 8051L, 190226L,
-                2468L);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "rmnet2", UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, 4968L, 35L, 3081L, 39L);
-    }
-
-    @Test
     public void testDoubleClatAccountingSimple() throws Exception {
         mFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
 
@@ -439,7 +430,8 @@
         //  - 213 received 464xlat packets of size 200 bytes
         //  - 41 sent 464xlat packets of size 100 bytes
         //  - no other traffic on base interface for root uid.
-        NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple);
+        final NetworkStats stats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_simple);
         assertEquals(3, stats.size());
 
         assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10060, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 46860L, 4920L);
@@ -450,7 +442,8 @@
     public void testDoubleClatAccounting() throws Exception {
         mFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
 
-        NetworkStats stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat);
+        final NetworkStats stats =
+                factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat);
         assertEquals(42, stats.size());
 
         assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, 356L, 276L);
@@ -472,64 +465,114 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDoubleClatAccounting100MBDownload() throws Exception {
-        // Downloading 100mb from an ipv4 only destination in a foreground activity
+    public void testRemoveUidsStats() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        256L, 16L, 512L, 32L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_GREEN, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 64L, 3L, 1024L, 8L, 0L);
 
-        long appRxBytesBefore = 328684029L;
-        long appRxBytesAfter = 439237478L;
-        assertEquals("App traffic should be ~100MB", 110553449, appRxBytesAfter - appRxBytesBefore);
+        doReturn(stats).when(mDeps).getNetworkStatsDetail();
 
-        long rootRxBytes = 330187296L;
+        final String[] ifaces = new String[]{TEST_IFACE};
+        final NetworkStats res = mFactory.readNetworkStatsDetail(UID_ALL, ifaces, TAG_ALL);
 
-        mFactory.noteStackedIface("v4-wlan0", "wlan0");
-        NetworkStats stats;
+        // Verify that the result of the mocked stats are expected.
+        assertValues(res, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L);
+        assertValues(res, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 256L, 16L, 512L, 32L);
+        assertValues(res, TEST_IFACE, UID_GREEN, 64L, 3L, 1024L, 8L);
 
-        // Stats snapshot before the download
-        stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10106, SET_FOREGROUND, 0x0, appRxBytesBefore, 5199872L);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, rootRxBytes, 0L);
+        // Assume the apps were removed.
+        final int[] removedUids = new int[]{UID_RED, UID_BLUE};
+        mFactory.removeUidsLocked(removedUids);
 
-        // Stats snapshot after the download
-        stats = parseDetailedStats(R.raw.xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "v4-wlan0", 10106, SET_FOREGROUND, 0x0, appRxBytesAfter, 7867488L);
-        assertStatsEntry(stats, "wlan0", 0, SET_DEFAULT, 0x0, rootRxBytes, 0L);
+        // Return empty stats for reading the result of removing uids stats later.
+        doReturn(buildEmptyStats()).when(mDeps).getNetworkStatsDetail();
+
+        final NetworkStats removedUidsStats =
+                mFactory.readNetworkStatsDetail(UID_ALL, ifaces, TAG_ALL);
+
+        // Verify that the stats of the removed uids were removed.
+        assertValues(removedUidsStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(removedUidsStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L);
+        assertValues(removedUidsStats, TEST_IFACE, UID_GREEN, 64L, 3L, 1024L, 8L);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Copy a {@link Resources#openRawResource(int)} into {@link File} for
-     * testing purposes.
-     */
-    private void stageFile(int rawId, File file) throws Exception {
-        new File(file.getParent()).mkdirs();
-        InputStream in = null;
-        OutputStream out = null;
+    private NetworkStats buildEmptyStats() {
+        return new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), 0);
+    }
+
+    private NetworkStats parseNetworkStatsFromGoldenSample(int resourceId, int initialSize,
+            boolean consumeHeader, boolean checkActive, boolean isUidData) throws IOException {
+        final NetworkStats stats =
+                new NetworkStats(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(), initialSize);
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry();
+        ProcFileReader reader = null;
+        int idx = 1;
+        int lastIdx = 1;
         try {
-            in = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getResources().openRawResource(rawId);
-            out = new FileOutputStream(file);
-            Streams.copy(in, out);
+            reader = new ProcFileReader(InstrumentationRegistry.getContext().getResources()
+                            .openRawResource(resourceId));
+
+            if (consumeHeader) {
+                reader.finishLine();
+            }
+
+            while (reader.hasMoreData()) {
+                if (isUidData) {
+                    idx = reader.nextInt();
+                    if (idx != lastIdx + 1) {
+                        throw new ProtocolException(
+                                "inconsistent idx=" + idx + " after lastIdx=" + lastIdx);
+                    }
+                    lastIdx = idx;
+                }
+
+                entry.iface = reader.nextString();
+                // Read the uid based information from file. Otherwise, assign with target value.
+                entry.tag = isUidData ? kernelToTag(reader.nextString()) : TAG_NONE;
+                entry.uid = isUidData ? reader.nextInt() : UID_ALL;
+                entry.set = isUidData ? reader.nextInt() : SET_ALL;
+
+                // For fetching active numbers. Dev specific
+                final boolean active = checkActive ? reader.nextInt() != 0 : false;
+
+                // Always include snapshot values
+                entry.rxBytes = reader.nextLong();
+                entry.rxPackets = reader.nextLong();
+                entry.txBytes = reader.nextLong();
+                entry.txPackets = reader.nextLong();
+
+                // Fold in active numbers, but only when active
+                if (active) {
+                    entry.rxBytes += reader.nextLong();
+                    entry.rxPackets += reader.nextLong();
+                    entry.txBytes += reader.nextLong();
+                    entry.txPackets += reader.nextLong();
+                }
+
+                stats.insertEntry(entry);
+                reader.finishLine();
+            }
+        } catch (NullPointerException | NumberFormatException e) {
+            final String errMsg = isUidData
+                    ? "problem parsing idx " + idx : "problem parsing stats";
+            final ProtocolException pe = new ProtocolException(errMsg);
+            pe.initCause(e);
+            throw pe;
         } finally {
-            IoUtils.closeQuietly(in);
-            IoUtils.closeQuietly(out);
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
         }
+        return stats;
     }
 
-    private void stageLong(long value, File file) throws Exception {
-        new File(file.getParent()).mkdirs();
-        FileWriter out = null;
-        try {
-            out = new FileWriter(file);
-            out.write(Long.toString(value));
-        } finally {
-            IoUtils.closeQuietly(out);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private File file(String path) throws Exception {
-        return new File(mTestProc, path);
-    }
-
-    private NetworkStats parseDetailedStats(int resourceId) throws Exception {
-        stageFile(resourceId, file("net/xt_qtaguid/stats"));
+    private NetworkStats factoryReadNetworkStatsDetail(int resourceId) throws Exception {
+        // Choose a general detail stats sample size from the experiences to prevent from
+        // frequently allocating buckets.
+        final NetworkStats statsFromResource = parseNetworkStatsFromGoldenSample(resourceId,
+                24 /* initialSize */, true /* consumeHeader */, false /* checkActive */,
+                true /* isUidData */);
+        doReturn(statsFromResource).when(mDeps).getNetworkStatsDetail();
         return mFactory.readNetworkStatsDetail();
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
index 5747e10..292f77e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
@@ -21,11 +21,12 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_NO;
+import static android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_YES;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.SET_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
 
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
  * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsObservers}.
@@ -84,10 +86,13 @@
     private static final int SUBID_1 = 1;
     private static final String TEST_SSID = "AndroidAP";
 
-    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateWifi = buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
-    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi1 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_1);
-    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi2 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_2);
-
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateWifi = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build();
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi1 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+            .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(IMSI_1))
+            .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi2 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+            .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(IMSI_2))
+            .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
     private static final int PID_SYSTEM = 1234;
     private static final int PID_RED = 1235;
     private static final int PID_BLUE = 1236;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index e03b4fe..99f6d63 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.server.net;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.DUMP;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
 import static android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager.PREFIX_DEV;
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID;
 import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE;
@@ -46,14 +48,11 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.TAG_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_TEST;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_YES;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileAll;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWithRatType;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi;
-import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.MB_IN_BYTES;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.net.TrafficStats.UID_TETHERING;
@@ -65,7 +64,6 @@
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.MINUTE_IN_MILLIS;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.WEEK_IN_MILLIS;
 
-import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.ACTION_NETWORK_STATS_POLL;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NETSTATS_IMPORT_ATTEMPTS_COUNTER_NAME;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NETSTATS_IMPORT_FALLBACKS_COUNTER_NAME;
@@ -77,6 +75,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.AdditionalMatchers.aryEq;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
@@ -88,8 +87,8 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.app.AlarmManager;
@@ -97,7 +96,6 @@
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.database.ContentObserver;
-import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
 import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsSession;
@@ -111,6 +109,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.TestNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
 import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
@@ -125,7 +124,9 @@
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
@@ -134,10 +135,16 @@
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.internal.util.FileRotator;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.LocationPermissionChecker;
-import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct;
+import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.S32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapKey;
+import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.CookieTagMapValue;
+import com.android.server.BpfNetMaps;
+import com.android.server.connectivity.ConnectivityResources;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.AlertObserver;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NetworkStatsSettings;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NetworkStatsSettings.Config;
@@ -147,21 +154,6 @@
 import com.android.testutils.TestBpfMap;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder;
 
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
-import java.nio.file.Path;
-import java.time.Clock;
-import java.time.ZoneId;
-import java.time.ZoneOffset;
-import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
-import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Objects;
-import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
-
 import libcore.testing.io.TestIoUtils;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -173,6 +165,26 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.time.Clock;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
 /**
  * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsService}.
  *
@@ -192,22 +204,32 @@
     private static final String IMSI_2 = "310260";
     private static final String TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY = "WifiNetworkKey";
 
-    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateWifi = buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY);
-    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateCarrierWifi1 =
-            buildTemplateWifi(NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL, IMSI_1);
-    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi1 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_1);
-    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi2 = buildTemplateMobileAll(IMSI_2);
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateWifi = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+            .setWifiNetworkKeys(Set.of(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY)).build();
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateCarrierWifi1 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+            .setSubscriberIds(Set.of(IMSI_1)).build();
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi1 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+            .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).setSubscriberIds(Set.of(IMSI_1)).build();
+    private static NetworkTemplate sTemplateImsi2 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+            .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).setSubscriberIds(Set.of(IMSI_2)).build();
 
     private static final Network WIFI_NETWORK =  new Network(100);
     private static final Network MOBILE_NETWORK =  new Network(101);
     private static final Network VPN_NETWORK = new Network(102);
+    private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(103);
 
     private static final Network[] NETWORKS_WIFI = new Network[]{ WIFI_NETWORK };
     private static final Network[] NETWORKS_MOBILE = new Network[]{ MOBILE_NETWORK };
+    private static final Network[] NETWORKS_TEST = new Network[]{ TEST_NETWORK };
 
     private static final long WAIT_TIMEOUT = 2 * 1000;  // 2 secs
     private static final int INVALID_TYPE = -1;
 
+    private static final String DUMPSYS_BPF_RAW_MAP = "--bpfRawMap";
+    private static final String DUMPSYS_COOKIE_TAG_MAP = "--cookieTagMap";
+    private static final String LINE_DELIMITER = "\\n";
+
+
     private long mElapsedRealtime;
 
     private File mStatsDir;
@@ -228,7 +250,11 @@
     private HandlerThread mHandlerThread;
     @Mock
     private LocationPermissionChecker mLocationPermissionChecker;
-    private TestBpfMap<U32, U8> mUidCounterSetMap = spy(new TestBpfMap<>(U32.class, U8.class));
+    private TestBpfMap<S32, U8> mUidCounterSetMap = spy(new TestBpfMap<>(S32.class, U8.class));
+    @Mock
+    private BpfNetMaps mBpfNetMaps;
+    @Mock
+    private SkDestroyListener mSkDestroyListener;
 
     private TestBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> mCookieTagMap = new TestBpfMap<>(
             CookieTagMapKey.class, CookieTagMapValue.class);
@@ -238,7 +264,8 @@
             StatsMapValue.class);
     private TestBpfMap<UidStatsMapKey, StatsMapValue> mAppUidStatsMap = new TestBpfMap<>(
             UidStatsMapKey.class, StatsMapValue.class);
-
+    private TestBpfMap<S32, StatsMapValue> mIfaceStatsMap = new TestBpfMap<>(
+            S32.class, StatsMapValue.class);
     private NetworkStatsService mService;
     private INetworkStatsSession mSession;
     private AlertObserver mAlertObserver;
@@ -283,6 +310,7 @@
                 case PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK:
                 case READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY:
                 case UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS:
+                case DUMP:
                     return PERMISSION_GRANTED;
                 default:
                     return PERMISSION_DENIED;
@@ -322,9 +350,9 @@
 
         final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
         mServiceContext = new MockContext(context);
-        when(mLocationPermissionChecker.checkCallersLocationPermission(
-                any(), any(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), any())).thenReturn(true);
-        when(sWifiInfo.getNetworkKey()).thenReturn(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY);
+        doReturn(true).when(mLocationPermissionChecker).checkCallersLocationPermission(
+                any(), any(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), any());
+        doReturn(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY).when(sWifiInfo).getNetworkKey();
         mStatsDir = TestIoUtils.createTemporaryDirectory(getClass().getSimpleName());
         mLegacyStatsDir = TestIoUtils.createTemporaryDirectory(
                 getClass().getSimpleName() + "-legacy");
@@ -341,9 +369,9 @@
 
         mElapsedRealtime = 0L;
 
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectSystemReady();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        prepareForSystemReady();
         mService.systemReady();
         // Verify that system ready fetches realtime stats
         verify(mStatsFactory).readNetworkStatsDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL);
@@ -452,7 +480,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public IBpfMap<U32, U8> getUidCounterSetMap() {
+            public IBpfMap<S32, U8> getUidCounterSetMap() {
                 return mUidCounterSetMap;
             }
 
@@ -477,9 +505,25 @@
             }
 
             @Override
+            public IBpfMap<S32, StatsMapValue> getIfaceStatsMap() {
+                return mIfaceStatsMap;
+            }
+
+            @Override
             public boolean isDebuggable() {
                 return mIsDebuggable == Boolean.TRUE;
             }
+
+            @Override
+            public BpfNetMaps makeBpfNetMaps(Context ctx) {
+                return mBpfNetMaps;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public SkDestroyListener makeSkDestroyListener(
+                    IBpfMap<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> cookieTagMap, Handler handler) {
+                return mSkDestroyListener;
+            }
         };
     }
 
@@ -495,15 +539,16 @@
         mService = null;
 
         mHandlerThread.quitSafely();
+        mHandlerThread.join();
     }
 
     private void initWifiStats(NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot) throws Exception {
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {snapshot};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
@@ -512,10 +557,10 @@
     private void incrementWifiStats(long durationMillis, String iface,
             long rxb, long rxp, long txb, long txp) throws Exception {
         incrementCurrentTime(durationMillis);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(iface, rxb, rxp, txb, txp));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
     }
 
@@ -581,10 +626,10 @@
 
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
@@ -595,10 +640,10 @@
 
         // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 256L, 2L, 128L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
@@ -609,7 +654,7 @@
         mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 4);
         mService.noteUidForeground(UID_RED, true);
         verify(mUidCounterSetMap).updateEntry(
-                eq(new U32(UID_RED)), eq(new U8((short) SET_FOREGROUND)));
+                eq(new S32(UID_RED)), eq(new U8((short) SET_FOREGROUND)));
         mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 6);
 
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
@@ -626,14 +671,14 @@
 
         // graceful shutdown system, which should trigger persist of stats, and
         // clear any values in memory.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SHUTDOWN));
         assertStatsFilesExist(true);
 
         // boot through serviceReady() again
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectSystemReady();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        prepareForSystemReady();
 
         mService.systemReady();
 
@@ -658,20 +703,20 @@
 
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
-        expectSettings(0L, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        mockSettings(HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
         incrementCurrentTime(2 * HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectSettings(0L, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockSettings(HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // verify service recorded history
@@ -683,9 +728,9 @@
 
         // now change bucket duration setting and trigger another poll with
         // exact same values, which should resize existing buckets.
-        expectSettings(0L, 30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockSettings(30 * MINUTE_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // verify identical stats, but spread across 4 buckets now
@@ -699,20 +744,20 @@
     @Test
     public void testUidStatsAcrossNetworks() throws Exception {
         // pretend first mobile network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(IMSI_1)};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // create some traffic on first network
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L));
@@ -730,11 +775,11 @@
         // now switch networks; this also tests that we're okay with interfaces
         // disappearing, to verify we don't count backwards.
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(IMSI_2)};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L));
@@ -746,10 +791,10 @@
 
         // create traffic on second network
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 2176L, 17L, 1536L, 12L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1536L, 12L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 512L, 4L, 512L, 4L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 640L, 5L, 1024L, 8L, 0L)
@@ -774,20 +819,20 @@
     @Test
     public void testUidRemovedIsMoved() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // create some traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 4128L, 258L, 544L, 34L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
@@ -803,13 +848,12 @@
         assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 4096L, 258L, 512L, 32L, 0);
         assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_GREEN, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0);
 
-
         // now pretend two UIDs are uninstalled, which should migrate stats to
         // special "removed" bucket.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 4128L, 258L, 544L, 34L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
@@ -833,21 +877,21 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testMobileStatsByRatType() throws Exception {
-        final NetworkTemplate template3g =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS,
-                METERED_YES);
-        final NetworkTemplate template4g =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE,
-                METERED_YES);
-        final NetworkTemplate template5g =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR,
-                METERED_YES);
+        final NetworkTemplate template3g = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate template4g = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate template5g = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
         final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
                 new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobileState(IMSI_1)};
 
         // 3G network comes online.
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
@@ -855,9 +899,9 @@
 
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify 3g templates gets stats.
@@ -869,13 +913,13 @@
         // 4G network comes online.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
         setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 // Append more traffic on existing 3g stats entry.
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        16L, 22L, 17L, 2L, 0L))
+                         METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 16L, 22L, 17L, 2L, 0L))
                 // Add entry that is new on 4g.
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
-                        33L, 27L, 8L, 10L, 1L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 33L, 27L, 8L, 10L, 1L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify ALL_MOBILE template gets all. 3g template counters do not increase.
@@ -889,15 +933,15 @@
         // 5g network comes online.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
         setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 // Existing stats remains.
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        16L, 22L, 17L, 2L, 0L))
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 16L, 22L, 17L, 2L, 0L))
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
-                        33L, 27L, 8L, 10L, 1L))
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 33L, 27L, 8L, 10L, 1L))
                 // Add some traffic on 5g.
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                5L, 13L, 31L, 9L, 2L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 5L, 13L, 31L, 9L, 2L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify ALL_MOBILE template gets all.
@@ -912,21 +956,24 @@
     @Test
     public void testMobileStatsMeteredness() throws Exception {
         // Create metered 5g template.
-        final NetworkTemplate templateMetered5g =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR,
-                METERED_YES);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateMetered5g = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
         // Create non-metered 5g template
-        final NetworkTemplate templateNonMetered5g =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR, METERED_NO);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateNonMetered5g = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_NO).build();
 
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         // Pretend that 5g mobile network comes online
         final NetworkStateSnapshot[] mobileStates =
-                new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(IMSI_1), buildMobileState(TEST_IFACE2,
-                IMSI_1, true /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */)};
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(IMSI_1), buildStateOfTransport(
+                        NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TYPE_MOBILE,
+                        TEST_IFACE2, IMSI_1, null /* wifiNetworkKey */,
+                        true /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */)};
         setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, mobileStates,
                 getActiveIface(mobileStates), new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
@@ -936,7 +983,7 @@
         // and DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, because these three properties aren't tracked at that layer.
         // They are layered on top by inspecting the iface properties.
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_YES, ROAMING_NO,
@@ -944,99 +991,86 @@
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify service recorded history.
-        assertUidTotal(templateMetered5g, UID_RED, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0);
-        assertUidTotal(templateNonMetered5g, UID_RED, 256, 3L, 128L, 5L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateMetered5g, UID_RED, 384L, 5L, 256L, 7L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateNonMetered5g, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testMobileStatsOemManaged() throws Exception {
-        final NetworkTemplate templateOemPaid = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
-                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null,
-                /*matchWifiNetworkKeys=*/new String[0], METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_PAID, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemPaid = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setOemManaged(OEM_PAID).build();
 
-        final NetworkTemplate templateOemPrivate = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
-                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null,
-                /*matchWifiNetworkKeys=*/new String[0], METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_PRIVATE, SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemPrivate = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setOemManaged(OEM_PRIVATE).build();
 
-        final NetworkTemplate templateOemAll = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
-                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null,
-                /*matchWifiNetworkKeys=*/new String[0], METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_PAID | OEM_PRIVATE,
-                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemAll = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setOemManaged(OEM_PAID | OEM_PRIVATE).build();
 
-        final NetworkTemplate templateOemYes = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
-                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null,
-                /*matchWifiNetworkKeys=*/new String[0], METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_YES,
-                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemYes = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setOemManaged(OEM_MANAGED_YES).build();
 
-        final NetworkTemplate templateOemNone = new NetworkTemplate(MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD,
-                /*subscriberId=*/null, /*matchSubscriberIds=*/null,
-                /*matchWifiNetworkKeys=*/new String[0], METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
-                DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_NO,
-                SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateOemNone = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setOemManaged(OEM_MANAGED_NO).build();
 
         // OEM_PAID network comes online.
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
                 buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
                 new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID})};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        36L, 41L, 24L, 96L, 0L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 36L, 41L, 24L, 96L, 0L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // OEM_PRIVATE network comes online.
         states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
                 new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE})};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        49L, 71L, 72L, 48L, 0L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 49L, 71L, 72L, 48L, 0L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // OEM_PAID + OEM_PRIVATE network comes online.
         states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
                 new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE,
                           NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID})};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        57L, 86L, 83L, 93L, 0L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 57L, 86L, 83L, 93L, 0L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // OEM_NONE network comes online.
         states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false, new int[]{})};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        29L, 73L, 34L, 31L, 0L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 29L, 73L, 34L, 31L, 0L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify OEM_PAID template gets only relevant stats.
@@ -1068,8 +1102,8 @@
 
     // TODO: support per IMSI state
     private void setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(int ratType) {
-        when(mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor.getRatTypeForSubscriberId(anyString()))
-                .thenReturn(ratType);
+        doReturn(ratType).when(mNetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor)
+                .getRatTypeForSubscriberId(anyString());
         mService.handleOnCollapsedRatTypeChanged();
         HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mHandlerThread, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
     }
@@ -1077,19 +1111,19 @@
     @Test
     public void testSummaryForAllUid() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // create some traffic for two apps
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 10L, 1L, 10L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L));
@@ -1104,9 +1138,9 @@
 
         // now create more traffic in next hour, but only for one app
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 10L, 1L, 10L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
@@ -1136,10 +1170,10 @@
     @Test
     public void testGetLatestSummary() throws Exception {
         // Pretend that network comes online.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
@@ -1147,16 +1181,19 @@
         // Increase arbitrary time which does not align to the bucket edge, create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(1751000L);
         NetworkStats.Entry entry = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                TEST_IFACE, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 51L, 1L, 3L);
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1).insertEntry(entry));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_ALL, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50L, 5L, 51L, 1L, 3L);
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1).insertEntry(entry));
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify the mocked stats is returned by querying with the range of the latest bucket.
         final ZonedDateTime end =
                 ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(mClock.instant(), ZoneId.systemDefault());
         final ZonedDateTime start = end.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.HOURS);
-        NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForNetwork(buildTemplateWifi(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY),
+        NetworkStats stats = mSession.getSummaryForNetwork(
+                new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(Set.of(TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY)).build(),
                 start.toInstant().toEpochMilli(), end.toInstant().toEpochMilli());
         assertEquals(1, stats.size());
         assertValues(stats, IFACE_ALL, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
@@ -1168,61 +1205,127 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testUidStatsForTransport() throws Exception {
-        // pretend that network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+    public void testQueryTestNetworkUsage() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkTemplate templateTestAll = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate templateTestIface1 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(Set.of(TEST_IFACE)).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate templateTestIface2 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(Set.of(TEST_IFACE2)).build();
+        // Test networks might use interface as subscriberId to identify individual networks.
+        // Simulate both cases.
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildTestState(TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE),
+                        buildTestState(TEST_IFACE2, null /* wifiNetworkKey */)};
 
-        mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+        // Test networks comes online.
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_TEST, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
-        NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L);
-        NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 0L);
-        NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
-                TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xBEEF, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 0L);
+        // Create some traffic on both interfaces.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L))
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 7L, 3L, 5L, 1L, 1L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
+        // Verify test network templates gets stats. Stats of test networks without subscriberId
+        // can only be matched by templates without subscriberId requirement.
+        assertUidTotal(templateTestAll, UID_RED, 19L, 21L, 19L, 2L, 1);
+        assertUidTotal(templateTestIface1, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateTestIface2, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUidStatsForTransport() throws Exception {
+        // Setup both wifi and mobile networks, and set mobile network as the default interface.
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot mobileState = buildStateOfTransport(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TYPE_MOBILE,
+                TEST_IFACE2, IMSI_1, null /* wifiNetworkKey */,
+                false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */);
+
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {
+                mobileState, buildWifiState()};
+        mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+        setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
+
+        // Mock traffic on wifi network.
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 1L);
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry2 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 1L);
+        final NetworkStats.Entry entry3 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
+                TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xBEEF, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 2L);
+
+        final TetherStatsParcel[] emptyTetherStats = {};
+        // The interfaces that expect to be used to query the stats.
+        final String[] wifiIfaces = {TEST_IFACE};
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
                 .insertEntry(entry1)
                 .insertEntry(entry2)
-                .insertEntry(entry3));
+                .insertEntry(entry3), emptyTetherStats, wifiIfaces);
+
+        // getUidStatsForTransport (through getNetworkStatsUidDetail) adds all operation counts
+        // with active interface, and the interface here is mobile interface, so this test makes
+        // sure these operations are not surfaced in getUidStatsForTransport if the transport
+        // doesn't match them.
         mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 1);
+        final NetworkStats wifiStats = mService.getUidStatsForTransport(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
 
-        NetworkStats stats = mService.getUidStatsForTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+        assertEquals(3, wifiStats.size());
+        // The iface field of the returned stats should be null because getUidStatsForTransport
+        // clears the interface fields before it returns the result.
+        assertValues(wifiStats, null /* iface */, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, METERED_NO, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 1L);
+        assertValues(wifiStats, null /* iface */, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, METERED_NO, 50L, 5L, 50L, 5L, 1L);
+        assertValues(wifiStats, null /* iface */, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, 0xBEEF,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, METERED_NO, 1024L, 8L, 512L, 4L, 2L);
 
-        assertEquals(3, stats.size());
-        entry1.operations = 1;
-        entry1.iface = null;
-        assertEquals(entry1, stats.getValues(0, null));
-        entry2.operations = 1;
-        entry2.iface = null;
-        assertEquals(entry2, stats.getValues(1, null));
-        entry3.iface = null;
-        assertEquals(entry3, stats.getValues(2, null));
+        final String[] mobileIfaces = {TEST_IFACE2};
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats(), emptyTetherStats, mobileIfaces);
+        final NetworkStats mobileStats = mService.getUidStatsForTransport(
+                NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+
+        assertEquals(2, mobileStats.size());
+        // Verify the operation count stats that caused by incrementOperationCount only appears
+        // on the mobile interface since incrementOperationCount attributes them onto the active
+        // interface.
+        assertValues(mobileStats, null /* iface */, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 1);
+        assertValues(mobileStats, null /* iface */, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 1);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testForegroundBackground() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // create some initial traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 0L));
         mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xF00D, 1);
@@ -1235,16 +1338,16 @@
 
         // now switch to foreground
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, 64L, 1L, 64L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 32L, 2L, 32L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, 0xFAAD, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 0L));
         mService.noteUidForeground(UID_RED, true);
         verify(mUidCounterSetMap).updateEntry(
-                eq(new U32(UID_RED)), eq(new U8((short) SET_FOREGROUND)));
+                eq(new S32(UID_RED)), eq(new U8((short) SET_FOREGROUND)));
         mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 1);
 
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
@@ -1269,23 +1372,23 @@
     @Test
     public void testMetered() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
                 new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // create some initial traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         // Note that all traffic from NetworkManagementService is tagged as METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO
         // and DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, because these three properties aren't tracked at that layer.
         // We layer them on top by inspecting the iface properties.
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES, 128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
@@ -1309,24 +1412,26 @@
     @Test
     public void testRoaming() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
-            new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(TEST_IFACE, IMSI_1,
-            false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, true /* isRoaming */)};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+            new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildStateOfTransport(
+                    NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TYPE_MOBILE,
+                    TEST_IFACE,  IMSI_1, null /* wifiNetworkKey */,
+                    false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, true /* isRoaming */)};
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // Create some traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         // Note that all traffic from NetworkManagementService is tagged as METERED_NO and
         // ROAMING_NO, because metered and roaming isn't tracked at that layer. We layer it
         // on top by inspecting the iface properties.
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_NO,
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_YES,  128L, 2L, 128L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xF00D, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_NO,
@@ -1349,18 +1454,18 @@
     @Test
     public void testTethering() throws Exception {
         // pretend first mobile network comes online
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
                 new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobileState(IMSI_1)};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // create some tethering traffic
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
 
         // Register custom provider and retrieve callback.
         final TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder provider =
@@ -1392,8 +1497,8 @@
         final TetherStatsParcel[] tetherStatsParcels =
                 {buildTetherStatsParcel(TEST_IFACE, 1408L, 10L, 256L, 1L, 0)};
 
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(swIfaceStats);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(localUidStats, tetherStatsParcels);
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(swIfaceStats);
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(localUidStats, tetherStatsParcels, INTERFACES_ALL);
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // verify service recorded history
@@ -1406,10 +1511,10 @@
     public void testRegisterUsageCallback() throws Exception {
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
@@ -1421,9 +1526,9 @@
                 DataUsageRequest.REQUEST_ID_UNSET, sTemplateWifi, thresholdInBytes);
 
         // Force poll
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         // Register and verify request and that binder was called
         DataUsageRequest request = mService.registerUsageCallback(
@@ -1441,10 +1546,10 @@
         // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
         // not enough traffic to call data usage callback
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 1L, 2048L, 2L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // verify service recorded history
@@ -1456,10 +1561,10 @@
         // and bump forward again, with counters going higher. this is
         // important, since it will trigger the data usage callback
         incrementCurrentTime(DAY_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 4096000L, 4L, 8192000L, 8L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // verify service recorded history
@@ -1470,8 +1575,8 @@
         mUsageCallback.expectOnThresholdReached(request);
 
         // Allow binder to disconnect
-        when(mUsageCallbackBinder.unlinkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt()))
-                .thenReturn(true);
+        doReturn(true).when(mUsageCallbackBinder)
+                .unlinkToDeath(any(IBinder.DeathRecipient.class), anyInt());
 
         // Unregister request
         mService.unregisterUsageRequest(request);
@@ -1496,11 +1601,11 @@
     @Test
     public void testStatsProviderUpdateStats() throws Exception {
         // Pretend that network comes online.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
                 new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         // Register custom provider and retrieve callback.
         final TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder provider =
@@ -1529,7 +1634,7 @@
         // Make another empty mutable stats object. This is necessary since the new NetworkStats
         // object will be used to compare with the old one in NetworkStatsRecoder, two of them
         // cannot be the same object.
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
@@ -1558,14 +1663,14 @@
     @Test
     public void testDualVilteProviderStats() throws Exception {
         // Pretend that network comes online.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         final int subId1 = 1;
         final int subId2 = 2;
         final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
                 buildImsState(IMSI_1, subId1, TEST_IFACE),
                 buildImsState(IMSI_2, subId2, TEST_IFACE2)};
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         // Register custom provider and retrieve callback.
         final TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder provider =
@@ -1596,7 +1701,7 @@
         // Make another empty mutable stats object. This is necessary since the new NetworkStats
         // object will be used to compare with the old one in NetworkStatsRecoder, two of them
         // cannot be the same object.
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
@@ -1629,7 +1734,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testStatsProviderSetAlert() throws Exception {
         // Pretend that network comes online.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
                 new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
@@ -1653,7 +1758,7 @@
     }
 
     private void setCombineSubtypeEnabled(boolean enable) {
-        when(mSettings.getCombineSubtypeEnabled()).thenReturn(enable);
+        doReturn(enable).when(mSettings).getCombineSubtypeEnabled();
         mHandler.post(() -> mContentObserver.onChange(false, Settings.Global
                     .getUriFor(Settings.Global.NETSTATS_COMBINE_SUBTYPE_ENABLED)));
         waitForIdle();
@@ -1668,19 +1773,19 @@
     public void testDynamicWatchForNetworkRatTypeChanges() throws Exception {
         // Build 3G template, type unknown template to get stats while network type is unknown
         // and type all template to get the sum of all network type stats.
-        final NetworkTemplate template3g =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS,
-                METERED_YES);
-        final NetworkTemplate templateUnknown =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
-                METERED_YES);
-        final NetworkTemplate templateAll =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, METERED_YES);
+        final NetworkTemplate template3g = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate templateUnknown = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setRatType(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate templateAll = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
         final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
                 new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobileState(IMSI_1)};
 
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
         // 3G network comes online.
         setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UMTS);
@@ -1689,9 +1794,9 @@
 
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Since CombineSubtypeEnabled is false by default in unit test, the generated traffic
@@ -1713,11 +1818,12 @@
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
         // Append more traffic on existing snapshot.
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        12L + 4L, 18L + 4L, 14L + 3L, 1L + 1L, 0L))
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 12L + 4L, 18L + 4L, 14L + 3L,
+                        1L + 1L, 0L))
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
-                        35L, 29L, 7L, 11L, 1L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 35L, 29L, 7L, 11L, 1L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify 3G counters do not increase, while template with unknown RAT type gets new
@@ -1735,11 +1841,11 @@
         // Create some traffic.
         incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
         // Append more traffic on existing snapshot.
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
-                        22L, 26L, 19L, 5L, 0L))
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 22L, 26L, 19L, 5L, 0L))
                 .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE,
-                        35L, 29L, 7L, 11L, 1L)));
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 35L, 29L, 7L, 11L, 1L)));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify traffic is split by RAT type, no increase on template with unknown RAT type
@@ -1752,16 +1858,16 @@
     @Test
     public void testOperationCount_nonDefault_traffic() throws Exception {
         // Pretend mobile network comes online, but wifi is the default network.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
                 buildWifiState(true /*isMetered*/, TEST_IFACE2), buildMobileState(IMSI_1)};
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
         // Create some traffic on mobile network.
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 4)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 4)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
                         DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2L, 1L, 3L, 4L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
@@ -1772,8 +1878,8 @@
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // Verify mobile summary is not changed by the operation count.
-        final NetworkTemplate templateMobile =
-                buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, METERED_YES);
+        final NetworkTemplate templateMobile = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_MOBILE)
+                .setMeteredness(METERED_YES).build();
         final NetworkStats statsMobile = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
                 templateMobile, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
         assertValues(statsMobile, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
@@ -1784,7 +1890,7 @@
         // Verify the operation count is blamed onto the default network.
         // TODO: Blame onto the default network is not very reasonable. Consider blame onto the
         //  network that generates the traffic.
-        final NetworkTemplate templateWifi = buildTemplateWifiWildcard();
+        final NetworkTemplate templateWifi = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_WIFI).build();
         final NetworkStats statsWifi = mSession.getSummaryForAllUid(
                 templateWifi, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, true);
         assertValues(statsWifi, IFACE_ALL, UID_RED, SET_ALL, 0xF00D, METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL,
@@ -1812,8 +1918,8 @@
      */
     @Test
     public void testEnforceTemplateLocationPermission() throws Exception {
-        when(mLocationPermissionChecker.checkCallersLocationPermission(
-                any(), any(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), any())).thenReturn(false);
+        doReturn(false).when(mLocationPermissionChecker)
+                .checkCallersLocationPermission(any(), any(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), any());
         initWifiStats(buildWifiState(true, TEST_IFACE, IMSI_1));
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () ->
                 assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0));
@@ -1821,8 +1927,8 @@
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateCarrierWifi1, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateImsi1, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
 
-        when(mLocationPermissionChecker.checkCallersLocationPermission(
-                any(), any(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), any())).thenReturn(true);
+        doReturn(true).when(mLocationPermissionChecker)
+                .checkCallersLocationPermission(any(), any(), anyInt(), anyBoolean(), any());
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateCarrierWifi1, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateWifi, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
         assertNetworkTotal(sTemplateImsi1, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
@@ -1834,7 +1940,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testDataMigration() throws Exception {
         assertStatsFilesExist(false);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
 
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
 
@@ -1843,10 +1949,9 @@
 
         // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        // expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 2)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, 0xFAAD, 256L, 2L, 128L, 1L, 0L)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_FOREGROUND, TAG_NONE, 512L, 4L, 256L, 2L, 0L)
@@ -1858,7 +1963,7 @@
         mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 4);
         mService.noteUidForeground(UID_RED, true);
         verify(mUidCounterSetMap).updateEntry(
-                eq(new U32(UID_RED)), eq(new U8((short) SET_FOREGROUND)));
+                eq(new S32(UID_RED)), eq(new U8((short) SET_FOREGROUND)));
         mService.incrementOperationCount(UID_RED, 0xFAAD, 6);
 
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
@@ -1883,9 +1988,9 @@
                 getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_UID_TAG, true /* includeTags */));
 
         // Mock zero usage and boot through serviceReady(), verify there is no imported data.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectSystemReady();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        prepareForSystemReady();
         mService.systemReady();
         assertStatsFilesExist(false);
 
@@ -1896,9 +2001,9 @@
         assertStatsFilesExist(false);
 
         // Boot through systemReady() again.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectSystemReady();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        prepareForSystemReady();
         mService.systemReady();
 
         // After systemReady(), the service should have historical stats loaded again.
@@ -1919,7 +2024,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testDataMigration_differentFromFallback() throws Exception {
         assertStatsFilesExist(false);
-        expectDefaultSettings();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
 
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState()};
 
@@ -1928,9 +2033,9 @@
 
         // modify some number on wifi, and trigger poll event
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 1024L, 8L, 2048L, 16L));
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 128L, 1L, 128L, 1L, 0L));
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
         // Simulate shutdown to force persisting data
@@ -1971,9 +2076,9 @@
                 getLegacyCollection(PREFIX_UID_TAG, true /* includeTags */));
 
         // Mock zero usage and boot through serviceReady(), verify there is no imported data.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectSystemReady();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        prepareForSystemReady();
         mService.systemReady();
         assertStatsFilesExist(false);
 
@@ -1984,9 +2089,9 @@
         assertStatsFilesExist(false);
 
         // Boot through systemReady() again.
-        expectDefaultSettings();
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
-        expectSystemReady();
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        prepareForSystemReady();
         mService.systemReady();
 
         // Verify the result read from public API matches the result returned from the importer.
@@ -2019,6 +2124,59 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testStatsFactoryRemoveUids() throws Exception {
+        // pretend that network comes online
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+
+        mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic
+        incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
+        mockDefaultSettings();
+        final NetworkStats stats = new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_BLUE, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        4096L, 258L, 512L, 32L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, UID_GREEN, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, 64L, 3L, 1024L, 8L, 0L);
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(stats);
+
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify service recorded history
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 4096L, 258L, 512L, 32L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_GREEN, 64L, 3L, 1024L, 8L, 0);
+
+        // Simulate that the apps are removed.
+        final Intent intentBlue = new Intent(ACTION_UID_REMOVED);
+        intentBlue.putExtra(EXTRA_UID, UID_BLUE);
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(intentBlue);
+
+        final Intent intentRed = new Intent(ACTION_UID_REMOVED);
+        intentRed.putExtra(EXTRA_UID, UID_RED);
+        mServiceContext.sendBroadcast(intentRed);
+
+        final int[] removedUids = {UID_BLUE, UID_RED};
+
+        final ArgumentCaptor<int[]> removedUidsCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(int[].class);
+        verify(mStatsFactory, times(2)).removeUidsLocked(removedUidsCaptor.capture());
+        final List<int[]> captureRemovedUids = removedUidsCaptor.getAllValues();
+        // Simulate that the stats are removed in NetworkStatsFactory.
+        if (captureRemovedUids.contains(removedUids)) {
+            stats.removeUids(removedUids);
+        }
+
+        // Verify the stats of the removed uid is removed.
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_GREEN, 64L, 3L, 1024L, 8L, 0);
+    }
+
     private void assertShouldRunComparison(boolean expected, boolean isDebuggable) {
         assertEquals("shouldRunComparison (debuggable=" + isDebuggable + "): ",
                 expected, mService.shouldRunComparison());
@@ -2036,7 +2194,7 @@
 
     private NetworkStatsCollection getLegacyCollection(String prefix, boolean includeTags) {
         final NetworkStatsRecorder recorder = makeTestRecorder(mLegacyStatsDir, prefix,
-                mSettings.getDevConfig(), includeTags, false);
+                mSettings.getXtConfig(), includeTags, false);
         return recorder.getOrLoadCompleteLocked();
     }
 
@@ -2081,8 +2239,8 @@
                 rxBytes, rxPackets, txBytes, txPackets, operations);
     }
 
-    private void expectSystemReady() throws Exception {
-        expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+    private void prepareForSystemReady() throws Exception {
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
     }
 
     private String getActiveIface(NetworkStateSnapshot... states) throws Exception {
@@ -2092,57 +2250,48 @@
         return states[0].getLinkProperties().getInterfaceName();
     }
 
-    // TODO: These expect* methods are used to have NetworkStatsService returns the given stats
-    //       instead of expecting anything. Therefore, these methods should be renamed properly.
-    private void expectNetworkStatsSummary(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
-        expectNetworkStatsSummaryDev(summary.clone());
-        expectNetworkStatsSummaryXt(summary.clone());
+    private void mockNetworkStatsSummary(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
+        mockNetworkStatsSummaryXt(summary.clone());
     }
 
-    private void expectNetworkStatsSummaryDev(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
-        when(mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryDev()).thenReturn(summary);
+    private void mockNetworkStatsSummaryXt(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
+        doReturn(summary).when(mStatsFactory).readNetworkStatsSummaryXt();
     }
 
-    private void expectNetworkStatsSummaryXt(NetworkStats summary) throws Exception {
-        when(mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsSummaryXt()).thenReturn(summary);
-    }
-
-    private void expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(NetworkStats detail) throws Exception {
+    private void mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(NetworkStats detail) throws Exception {
         final TetherStatsParcel[] tetherStatsParcels = {};
-        expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(detail, tetherStatsParcels);
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(detail, tetherStatsParcels, INTERFACES_ALL);
     }
 
-    private void expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(NetworkStats detail,
-            TetherStatsParcel[] tetherStatsParcels) throws Exception {
-        when(mStatsFactory.readNetworkStatsDetail(UID_ALL, INTERFACES_ALL, TAG_ALL))
-                .thenReturn(detail);
+    private void mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(NetworkStats detail,
+            TetherStatsParcel[] tetherStatsParcels, String[] ifaces) throws Exception {
+
+        doReturn(detail).when(mStatsFactory)
+                .readNetworkStatsDetail(eq(UID_ALL), aryEq(ifaces), eq(TAG_ALL));
 
         // also include tethering details, since they are folded into UID
-        when(mNetd.tetherGetStats()).thenReturn(tetherStatsParcels);
+        doReturn(tetherStatsParcels).when(mNetd).tetherGetStats();
     }
 
-    private void expectDefaultSettings() throws Exception {
-        expectSettings(0L, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
+    private void mockDefaultSettings() throws Exception {
+        mockSettings(HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
     }
 
-    private void expectSettings(long persistBytes, long bucketDuration, long deleteAge)
-            throws Exception {
-        when(mSettings.getPollInterval()).thenReturn(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
-        when(mSettings.getPollDelay()).thenReturn(0L);
-        when(mSettings.getSampleEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
-        when(mSettings.getCombineSubtypeEnabled()).thenReturn(false);
+    private void mockSettings(long bucketDuration, long deleteAge) throws Exception {
+        doReturn(HOUR_IN_MILLIS).when(mSettings).getPollInterval();
+        doReturn(0L).when(mSettings).getPollDelay();
+        doReturn(true).when(mSettings).getSampleEnabled();
+        doReturn(false).when(mSettings).getCombineSubtypeEnabled();
 
         final Config config = new Config(bucketDuration, deleteAge, deleteAge);
-        when(mSettings.getDevConfig()).thenReturn(config);
-        when(mSettings.getXtConfig()).thenReturn(config);
-        when(mSettings.getUidConfig()).thenReturn(config);
-        when(mSettings.getUidTagConfig()).thenReturn(config);
+        doReturn(config).when(mSettings).getXtConfig();
+        doReturn(config).when(mSettings).getUidConfig();
+        doReturn(config).when(mSettings).getUidTagConfig();
 
-        when(mSettings.getGlobalAlertBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
-        when(mSettings.getDevPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
-        when(mSettings.getXtPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
-        when(mSettings.getUidPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
-        when(mSettings.getUidTagPersistBytes(anyLong())).thenReturn(MB_IN_BYTES);
+        doReturn(MB_IN_BYTES).when(mSettings).getGlobalAlertBytes(anyLong());
+        doReturn(MB_IN_BYTES).when(mSettings).getXtPersistBytes(anyLong());
+        doReturn(MB_IN_BYTES).when(mSettings).getUidPersistBytes(anyLong());
+        doReturn(MB_IN_BYTES).when(mSettings).getUidTagPersistBytes(anyLong());
     }
 
     private void assertStatsFilesExist(boolean exist) {
@@ -2184,24 +2333,34 @@
     }
 
     private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobileState(String subscriberId) {
-        return buildMobileState(TEST_IFACE, subscriberId, false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */,
-                false /* isRoaming */);
+        return buildStateOfTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TYPE_MOBILE,
+                TEST_IFACE, subscriberId, null /* wifiNetworkKey */,
+                false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */);
     }
 
-    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobileState(String iface, String subscriberId,
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildTestState(@NonNull String iface,
+            @Nullable String wifiNetworkKey) {
+        return buildStateOfTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST, TYPE_TEST,
+                iface, null /* subscriberId */, wifiNetworkKey,
+                false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildStateOfTransport(int transport, int legacyType,
+            String iface, String subscriberId, String wifiNetworkKey,
             boolean isTemporarilyNotMetered, boolean isRoaming) {
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(iface);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
 
-        if (isTemporarilyNotMetered) {
-            capabilities.addCapability(
-                    NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
-        }
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED,
+                isTemporarilyNotMetered);
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !isRoaming);
-        capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        capabilities.addTransportType(transport);
+        if (legacyType == TYPE_TEST && !TextUtils.isEmpty(wifiNetworkKey)) {
+            capabilities.setNetworkSpecifier(new TestNetworkSpecifier(wifiNetworkKey));
+        }
         return new NetworkStateSnapshot(
-                MOBILE_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, subscriberId, TYPE_MOBILE);
+                MOBILE_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, subscriberId, legacyType);
     }
 
     private NetworkStats buildEmptyStats() {
@@ -2295,13 +2454,13 @@
 
         mAppUidStatsMap.insertEntry(new UidStatsMapKey(uid), new StatsMapValue(10, 10000, 6, 6000));
 
-        mUidCounterSetMap.insertEntry(new U32(uid), new U8((short) 1));
+        mUidCounterSetMap.insertEntry(new S32(uid), new U8((short) 1));
 
         assertTrue(cookieTagMapContainsUid(uid));
         assertTrue(statsMapContainsUid(mStatsMapA, uid));
         assertTrue(statsMapContainsUid(mStatsMapB, uid));
         assertTrue(mAppUidStatsMap.containsKey(new UidStatsMapKey(uid)));
-        assertTrue(mUidCounterSetMap.containsKey(new U32(uid)));
+        assertTrue(mUidCounterSetMap.containsKey(new S32(uid)));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -2318,13 +2477,130 @@
         assertFalse(statsMapContainsUid(mStatsMapA, UID_BLUE));
         assertFalse(statsMapContainsUid(mStatsMapB, UID_BLUE));
         assertFalse(mAppUidStatsMap.containsKey(new UidStatsMapKey(UID_BLUE)));
-        assertFalse(mUidCounterSetMap.containsKey(new U32(UID_BLUE)));
+        assertFalse(mUidCounterSetMap.containsKey(new S32(UID_BLUE)));
 
         // assert that UID_RED related tag data is still in the maps.
         assertTrue(cookieTagMapContainsUid(UID_RED));
         assertTrue(statsMapContainsUid(mStatsMapA, UID_RED));
         assertTrue(statsMapContainsUid(mStatsMapB, UID_RED));
         assertTrue(mAppUidStatsMap.containsKey(new UidStatsMapKey(UID_RED)));
-        assertTrue(mUidCounterSetMap.containsKey(new U32(UID_RED)));
+        assertTrue(mUidCounterSetMap.containsKey(new S32(UID_RED)));
+    }
+
+    private void assertDumpContains(final String dump, final String message) {
+        assertTrue(String.format("dump(%s) does not contain '%s'", dump, message),
+                dump.contains(message));
+    }
+
+    private String getDump(final String[] args) {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        mService.dump(new FileDescriptor(), new PrintWriter(sw), args);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    private String getDump() {
+        return getDump(new String[]{});
+    }
+
+    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> Map<K, V> parseBpfRawMap(
+            Class<K> keyClass, Class<V> valueClass, String dumpStr) {
+        final HashMap<K, V> map = new HashMap<>();
+        for (final String line : dumpStr.split(LINE_DELIMITER)) {
+            final Pair<K, V> keyValue =
+                    BpfDump.fromBase64EncodedString(keyClass, valueClass, line.trim());
+            map.put(keyValue.first, keyValue.second);
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpCookieTagMap() throws ErrnoException {
+        initBpfMapsWithTagData(UID_BLUE);
+
+        final String dump = getDump();
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "mCookieTagMap: OK");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "cookie=2002 tag=0x1 uid=1002");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "cookie=3002 tag=0x2 uid=1002");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpCookieTagMapBpfRawMap() throws ErrnoException {
+        initBpfMapsWithTagData(UID_BLUE);
+
+        final String dump = getDump(new String[]{DUMPSYS_BPF_RAW_MAP, DUMPSYS_COOKIE_TAG_MAP});
+        Map<CookieTagMapKey, CookieTagMapValue> cookieTagMap = parseBpfRawMap(
+                CookieTagMapKey.class, CookieTagMapValue.class, dump);
+
+        final CookieTagMapValue val1 = cookieTagMap.get(new CookieTagMapKey(2002));
+        assertEquals(1, val1.tag);
+        assertEquals(1002, val1.uid);
+
+        final CookieTagMapValue val2 = cookieTagMap.get(new CookieTagMapKey(3002));
+        assertEquals(2, val2.tag);
+        assertEquals(1002, val2.uid);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpUidCounterSetMap() throws ErrnoException {
+        initBpfMapsWithTagData(UID_BLUE);
+
+        final String dump = getDump();
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "mUidCounterSetMap: OK");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "uid=1002 set=1");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAppUidStatsMap() throws ErrnoException {
+        initBpfMapsWithTagData(UID_BLUE);
+
+        final String dump = getDump();
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "mAppUidStatsMap: OK");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "uid rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "1002 10000 10 6000 6");
+    }
+
+    private void doTestDumpStatsMap(final String expectedIfaceName) throws ErrnoException {
+        initBpfMapsWithTagData(UID_BLUE);
+
+        final String dump = getDump();
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "mStatsMapA: OK");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "mStatsMapB: OK");
+        assertDumpContains(dump,
+                "ifaceIndex ifaceName tag_hex uid_int cnt_set rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "10 " + expectedIfaceName + " 0x2 1002 0 5000 5 3000 3");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "10 " + expectedIfaceName + " 0x1 1002 0 5000 5 3000 3");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpStatsMap() throws ErrnoException {
+        doReturn("wlan0").when(mBpfInterfaceMapUpdater).getIfNameByIndex(10 /* index */);
+        doTestDumpStatsMap("wlan0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpStatsMapUnknownInterface() throws ErrnoException {
+        doReturn(null).when(mBpfInterfaceMapUpdater).getIfNameByIndex(10 /* index */);
+        doTestDumpStatsMap("unknown");
+    }
+
+    void doTestDumpIfaceStatsMap(final String expectedIfaceName) throws Exception {
+        mIfaceStatsMap.insertEntry(new S32(10), new StatsMapValue(3, 3000, 3, 3000));
+
+        final String dump = getDump();
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "mIfaceStatsMap: OK");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "ifaceIndex ifaceName rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
+        assertDumpContains(dump, "10 " + expectedIfaceName + " 3000 3 3000 3");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpIfaceStatsMap() throws Exception {
+        doReturn("wlan0").when(mBpfInterfaceMapUpdater).getIfNameByIndex(10 /* index */);
+        doTestDumpIfaceStatsMap("wlan0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDumpIfaceStatsMapUnknownInterface() throws Exception {
+        doReturn(null).when(mBpfInterfaceMapUpdater).getIfNameByIndex(10 /* index */);
+        doTestDumpIfaceStatsMap("unknown");
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
index 0d34609..622f2be 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 import static android.telephony.TelephonyDisplayInfo.OVERRIDE_NETWORK_TYPE_NONE;
 import static android.telephony.TelephonyDisplayInfo.OVERRIDE_NETWORK_TYPE_NR_NSA;
 
+import static com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.SC_V2;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
@@ -37,7 +39,6 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 
 @RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
-@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(SC_V2)
 public final class NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest {
     private static final int TEST_SUBID1 = 3;
     private static final int TEST_SUBID2 = 5;
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical
deleted file mode 100644
index 656d5bb..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_fmt_typical
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-ifname total_skb_rx_bytes total_skb_rx_packets total_skb_tx_bytes total_skb_tx_packets
-rmnet2 4968 35 3081 39
-rmnet1 11153922 8051 190226 2468
-rmnet0 6824 16 5692 10
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_typical b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_typical
deleted file mode 100644
index 610723a..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_iface_typical
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-rmnet3 1 0 0 0 0 20822 501 1149991 815
-rmnet2 1 0 0 0 0 1594 15 1313 15
-rmnet1 1 0 0 0 0 207398 458 166918 565
-rmnet0 1 0 0 0 0 2112 24 700 10
-test1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-test2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface
index fc92715..8b75565 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_incorrect_iface
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
 2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-3 test1 0x0 1004 0 1100 100 1100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+3 test1 0x0 1004 0 1100 100 1100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying
index 1ef1889..2b7cce1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 4 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+5 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression
index 6d6bf55..2028910 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_compression
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
 2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 3000 300 3000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4 test0 0x0 1004 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+4 test0 0x0 1004 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic
index 2c2e5d2..602f8ec 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_own_traffic
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 4 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1004 0 5000 500 6000 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 5 test0 0x0 1004 0 8800 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 8250 750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+6 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 8250 750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn
index eb0513b..dbe05f0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_one_underlying_two_vpn
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@
 6 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 7 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 8 test1 0x0 1004 0 3850 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-9 test1 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1045 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+9 test1 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1045 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self
index afcdd71..a84a0fe 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_rewrite_through_self
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 500 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 4 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1004 0 0 0 1600 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 5 test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1760 176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+6 test0 0x0 1004 0 3300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication
index d7c7eb9..7a53bc5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_duplication
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 3 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1002 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 4 test0 0x0 1004 0 2200 200 2200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5 test1 0x0 1004 0 2200 200 2200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+5 test1 0x0 1004 0 2200 200 2200 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split
index 38a3dce..0e4c1b9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
 2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 500 50 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 3 test0 0x0 1004 0 330 30 660 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4 test1 0x0 1004 0 220 20 440 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+4 test1 0x0 1004 0 220 20 440 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression
index d35244b..00a1b65 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_two_underlying_split_compression
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
 2 test_nss_tun0 0x0 1001 0 1000 100 1000 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 3 test0 0x0 1004 0 600 60 600 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4 test1 0x0 1004 0 200 20 200 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+4 test1 0x0 1004 0 200 20 200 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat
index 0d893d5..88770a7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat
+++ b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_vpn_with_clat
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
 5 v4-test0 0x0 1004 1 0 0 1650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 6 test0 0x0 0 0 9300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 7 test0 0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-8 test0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 4650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
\ No newline at end of file
+8 test0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 4650 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after
deleted file mode 100644
index 12d98ca..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_after
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
-2 r_rmnet_data0 0x0 0 0 0 0 392 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 392 6
-3 r_rmnet_data0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 0 58952 2072 2888 65 264 6 0 0 58688 2066 132 3 0 0 2756 62
-5 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6 v4-wlan0 0x0 10034 0 6192 11 1445 11 6192 11 0 0 0 0 1445 11 0 0 0 0
-7 v4-wlan0 0x0 10034 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-8 v4-wlan0 0x0 10057 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-9 v4-wlan0 0x0 10057 1 728 7 392 7 0 0 728 7 0 0 0 0 392 7 0 0
-10 v4-wlan0 0x0 10106 0 2232 18 2232 18 0 0 2232 18 0 0 0 0 2232 18 0 0
-11 v4-wlan0 0x0 10106 1 432952718 314238 5442288 121260 432950238 314218 2480 20 0 0 5433900 121029 8388 231 0 0
-12 wlan0 0x0 0 0 330187296 250652 0 0 329106990 236273 226202 1255 854104 13124 0 0 0 0 0 0
-13 wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-14 wlan0 0x0 1000 0 77113 272 56151 575 77113 272 0 0 0 0 19191 190 36960 385 0 0
-15 wlan0 0x0 1000 1 20227 80 8356 72 18539 74 1688 6 0 0 7562 66 794 6 0 0
-16 wlan0 0x0 10006 0 80755 92 9122 99 80755 92 0 0 0 0 9122 99 0 0 0 0
-17 wlan0 0x0 10006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-18 wlan0 0x0 10015 0 4390 7 14824 252 4390 7 0 0 0 0 14824 252 0 0 0 0
-19 wlan0 0x0 10015 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-20 wlan0 0x0 10018 0 4928 11 1741 14 4928 11 0 0 0 0 1741 14 0 0 0 0
-21 wlan0 0x0 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-22 wlan0 0x0 10020 0 21163552 34395 2351650 15326 21162947 34390 605 5 0 0 2351045 15321 605 5 0 0
-23 wlan0 0x0 10020 1 13835740 12938 1548795 6365 13833754 12920 1986 18 0 0 1546809 6347 1986 18 0 0
-24 wlan0 0x0 10023 0 13405 40 5042 44 13405 40 0 0 0 0 5042 44 0 0 0 0
-25 wlan0 0x0 10023 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-26 wlan0 0x0 10034 0 436394741 342648 6237981 80442 436394741 342648 0 0 0 0 6237981 80442 0 0 0 0
-27 wlan0 0x0 10034 1 64860872 51297 1335539 15546 64860872 51297 0 0 0 0 1335539 15546 0 0 0 0
-28 wlan0 0x0 10044 0 17614444 14774 521004 5694 17329882 14432 284562 342 0 0 419974 5408 101030 286 0 0
-29 wlan0 0x0 10044 1 17701 33 3100 28 17701 33 0 0 0 0 3100 28 0 0 0 0
-30 wlan0 0x0 10057 0 12312074 9339 436098 5450 12248060 9263 64014 76 0 0 414224 5388 21874 62 0 0
-31 wlan0 0x0 10057 1 1332953195 954797 31849632 457698 1331933207 953569 1019988 1228 0 0 31702284 456899 147348 799 0 0
-32 wlan0 0x0 10060 0 32972 200 433705 380 32972 200 0 0 0 0 433705 380 0 0 0 0
-33 wlan0 0x0 10060 1 32106 66 37789 87 32106 66 0 0 0 0 37789 87 0 0 0 0
-34 wlan0 0x0 10061 0 7675 23 2509 22 7675 23 0 0 0 0 2509 22 0 0 0 0
-35 wlan0 0x0 10061 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-36 wlan0 0x0 10074 0 38355 82 10447 97 38355 82 0 0 0 0 10447 97 0 0 0 0
-37 wlan0 0x0 10074 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-38 wlan0 0x0 10078 0 49013 79 7167 69 49013 79 0 0 0 0 7167 69 0 0 0 0
-39 wlan0 0x0 10078 1 5872 8 1236 10 5872 8 0 0 0 0 1236 10 0 0 0 0
-40 wlan0 0x0 10082 0 8301 13 1981 15 8301 13 0 0 0 0 1981 15 0 0 0 0
-41 wlan0 0x0 10082 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-42 wlan0 0x0 10086 0 7001 14 1579 15 7001 14 0 0 0 0 1579 15 0 0 0 0
-43 wlan0 0x0 10086 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-44 wlan0 0x0 10090 0 24327795 20224 920502 14661 24327795 20224 0 0 0 0 920502 14661 0 0 0 0
-45 wlan0 0x0 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-46 wlan0 0x0 10092 0 36849 78 12449 81 36849 78 0 0 0 0 12449 81 0 0 0 0
-47 wlan0 0x0 10092 1 60 1 103 1 60 1 0 0 0 0 103 1 0 0 0 0
-48 wlan0 0x0 10095 0 131962 223 37069 241 131962 223 0 0 0 0 37069 241 0 0 0 0
-49 wlan0 0x0 10095 1 12949 21 3930 21 12949 21 0 0 0 0 3930 21 0 0 0 0
-50 wlan0 0x0 10106 0 30899554 22679 632476 12296 30895334 22645 4220 34 0 0 628256 12262 4220 34 0 0
-51 wlan0 0x0 10106 1 88923475 64963 1606962 35612 88917201 64886 3586 29 2688 48 1602032 35535 4930 77 0 0
-52 wlan0 0x40700000000 10020 0 705732 10589 404428 5504 705732 10589 0 0 0 0 404428 5504 0 0 0 0
-53 wlan0 0x40700000000 10020 1 2376 36 1296 18 2376 36 0 0 0 0 1296 18 0 0 0 0
-54 wlan0 0x40800000000 10020 0 34624 146 122525 160 34624 146 0 0 0 0 122525 160 0 0 0 0
-55 wlan0 0x40800000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-56 wlan0 0x40b00000000 10020 0 22411 85 7364 57 22411 85 0 0 0 0 7364 57 0 0 0 0
-57 wlan0 0x40b00000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-58 wlan0 0x120300000000 10020 0 76641 241 32783 169 76641 241 0 0 0 0 32783 169 0 0 0 0
-59 wlan0 0x120300000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-60 wlan0 0x130100000000 10020 0 73101 287 23236 203 73101 287 0 0 0 0 23236 203 0 0 0 0
-61 wlan0 0x130100000000 10020 1 264 4 144 2 264 4 0 0 0 0 144 2 0 0 0 0
-62 wlan0 0x180300000000 10020 0 330648 399 24736 232 330648 399 0 0 0 0 24736 232 0 0 0 0
-63 wlan0 0x180300000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-64 wlan0 0x180400000000 10020 0 21865 59 5022 42 21865 59 0 0 0 0 5022 42 0 0 0 0
-65 wlan0 0x180400000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-66 wlan0 0x300000000000 10020 0 15984 65 26927 57 15984 65 0 0 0 0 26927 57 0 0 0 0
-67 wlan0 0x300000000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-68 wlan0 0x1065fff00000000 10020 0 131871 599 93783 445 131871 599 0 0 0 0 93783 445 0 0 0 0
-69 wlan0 0x1065fff00000000 10020 1 264 4 144 2 264 4 0 0 0 0 144 2 0 0 0 0
-70 wlan0 0x1b24f4600000000 10034 0 15445 42 23329 45 15445 42 0 0 0 0 23329 45 0 0 0 0
-71 wlan0 0x1b24f4600000000 10034 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-72 wlan0 0x1000010000000000 10020 0 5542 9 1364 10 5542 9 0 0 0 0 1364 10 0 0 0 0
-73 wlan0 0x1000010000000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-74 wlan0 0x1000040100000000 10020 0 47196 184 213319 257 47196 184 0 0 0 0 213319 257 0 0 0 0
-75 wlan0 0x1000040100000000 10020 1 60 1 103 1 60 1 0 0 0 0 103 1 0 0 0 0
-76 wlan0 0x1000040700000000 10020 0 11599 50 10786 47 11599 50 0 0 0 0 10786 47 0 0 0 0
-77 wlan0 0x1000040700000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-78 wlan0 0x1000040800000000 10020 0 21902 145 174139 166 21902 145 0 0 0 0 174139 166 0 0 0 0
-79 wlan0 0x1000040800000000 10020 1 8568 88 105743 90 8568 88 0 0 0 0 105743 90 0 0 0 0
-80 wlan0 0x1000100300000000 10020 0 55213 118 194551 199 55213 118 0 0 0 0 194551 199 0 0 0 0
-81 wlan0 0x1000100300000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-82 wlan0 0x1000120300000000 10020 0 50826 74 21153 70 50826 74 0 0 0 0 21153 70 0 0 0 0
-83 wlan0 0x1000120300000000 10020 1 72 1 175 2 72 1 0 0 0 0 175 2 0 0 0 0
-84 wlan0 0x1000180300000000 10020 0 744198 657 65437 592 744198 657 0 0 0 0 65437 592 0 0 0 0
-85 wlan0 0x1000180300000000 10020 1 144719 132 10989 108 144719 132 0 0 0 0 10989 108 0 0 0 0
-86 wlan0 0x1000180600000000 10020 0 4599 8 1928 10 4599 8 0 0 0 0 1928 10 0 0 0 0
-87 wlan0 0x1000180600000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-88 wlan0 0x1000250000000000 10020 0 57740 98 13076 88 57740 98 0 0 0 0 13076 88 0 0 0 0
-89 wlan0 0x1000250000000000 10020 1 328 3 414 4 207 2 121 1 0 0 293 3 121 1 0 0
-90 wlan0 0x1000300000000000 10020 0 7675 30 31331 32 7675 30 0 0 0 0 31331 32 0 0 0 0
-91 wlan0 0x1000300000000000 10020 1 30173 97 101335 100 30173 97 0 0 0 0 101335 100 0 0 0 0
-92 wlan0 0x1000310200000000 10020 0 1681 9 2194 9 1681 9 0 0 0 0 2194 9 0 0 0 0
-93 wlan0 0x1000310200000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-94 wlan0 0x1000360000000000 10020 0 5606 20 2831 20 5606 20 0 0 0 0 2831 20 0 0 0 0
-95 wlan0 0x1000360000000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-96 wlan0 0x11065fff00000000 10020 0 18363 91 83367 104 18363 91 0 0 0 0 83367 104 0 0 0 0
-97 wlan0 0x11065fff00000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-98 wlan0 0x3000009600000000 10020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-99 wlan0 0x3000009600000000 10020 1 6163 18 2424 18 6163 18 0 0 0 0 2424 18 0 0 0 0
-100 wlan0 0x3000009800000000 10020 0 23337 46 8723 39 23337 46 0 0 0 0 8723 39 0 0 0 0
-101 wlan0 0x3000009800000000 10020 1 33744 93 72437 89 33744 93 0 0 0 0 72437 89 0 0 0 0
-102 wlan0 0x3000020000000000 10020 0 4124 11 8969 19 4124 11 0 0 0 0 8969 19 0 0 0 0
-103 wlan0 0x3000020000000000 10020 1 5993 11 3815 14 5993 11 0 0 0 0 3815 14 0 0 0 0
-104 wlan0 0x3000040100000000 10020 0 113809 342 135666 308 113809 342 0 0 0 0 135666 308 0 0 0 0
-105 wlan0 0x3000040100000000 10020 1 142508 642 500579 637 142508 642 0 0 0 0 500579 637 0 0 0 0
-106 wlan0 0x3000040700000000 10020 0 365815 5119 213340 2733 365815 5119 0 0 0 0 213340 2733 0 0 0 0
-107 wlan0 0x3000040700000000 10020 1 30747 130 18408 100 30747 130 0 0 0 0 18408 100 0 0 0 0
-108 wlan0 0x3000040800000000 10020 0 34672 112 68623 92 34672 112 0 0 0 0 68623 92 0 0 0 0
-109 wlan0 0x3000040800000000 10020 1 78443 199 140944 192 78443 199 0 0 0 0 140944 192 0 0 0 0
-110 wlan0 0x3000040b00000000 10020 0 14949 33 4017 26 14949 33 0 0 0 0 4017 26 0 0 0 0
-111 wlan0 0x3000040b00000000 10020 1 996 15 576 8 996 15 0 0 0 0 576 8 0 0 0 0
-112 wlan0 0x3000090000000000 10020 0 11826 67 7309 52 11826 67 0 0 0 0 7309 52 0 0 0 0
-113 wlan0 0x3000090000000000 10020 1 24805 41 4785 41 24805 41 0 0 0 0 4785 41 0 0 0 0
-114 wlan0 0x3000100300000000 10020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-115 wlan0 0x3000100300000000 10020 1 3112 10 1628 10 3112 10 0 0 0 0 1628 10 0 0 0 0
-116 wlan0 0x3000120300000000 10020 0 38249 107 20374 85 38249 107 0 0 0 0 20374 85 0 0 0 0
-117 wlan0 0x3000120300000000 10020 1 122581 174 36792 143 122581 174 0 0 0 0 36792 143 0 0 0 0
-118 wlan0 0x3000130100000000 10020 0 2700 41 1524 21 2700 41 0 0 0 0 1524 21 0 0 0 0
-119 wlan0 0x3000130100000000 10020 1 22515 59 8366 52 22515 59 0 0 0 0 8366 52 0 0 0 0
-120 wlan0 0x3000180200000000 10020 0 6411 18 14511 20 6411 18 0 0 0 0 14511 20 0 0 0 0
-121 wlan0 0x3000180200000000 10020 1 336 5 319 4 336 5 0 0 0 0 319 4 0 0 0 0
-122 wlan0 0x3000180300000000 10020 0 129301 136 17622 97 129301 136 0 0 0 0 17622 97 0 0 0 0
-123 wlan0 0x3000180300000000 10020 1 464787 429 41703 336 464787 429 0 0 0 0 41703 336 0 0 0 0
-124 wlan0 0x3000180400000000 10020 0 11014 39 2787 25 11014 39 0 0 0 0 2787 25 0 0 0 0
-125 wlan0 0x3000180400000000 10020 1 144040 139 7540 80 144040 139 0 0 0 0 7540 80 0 0 0 0
-126 wlan0 0x3000210100000000 10020 0 10278 44 4579 33 10278 44 0 0 0 0 4579 33 0 0 0 0
-127 wlan0 0x3000210100000000 10020 1 31151 73 14159 47 31151 73 0 0 0 0 14159 47 0 0 0 0
-128 wlan0 0x3000250000000000 10020 0 132 2 72 1 132 2 0 0 0 0 72 1 0 0 0 0
-129 wlan0 0x3000250000000000 10020 1 76614 143 17711 130 76080 137 534 6 0 0 17177 124 534 6 0 0
-130 wlan0 0x3000260100000000 10020 0 9426 26 3535 20 9426 26 0 0 0 0 3535 20 0 0 0 0
-131 wlan0 0x3000260100000000 10020 1 468 7 288 4 468 7 0 0 0 0 288 4 0 0 0 0
-132 wlan0 0x3000300000000000 10020 0 7241 29 12055 26 7241 29 0 0 0 0 12055 26 0 0 0 0
-133 wlan0 0x3000300000000000 10020 1 3273 23 11232 21 3273 23 0 0 0 0 11232 21 0 0 0 0
-134 wlan0 0x3000310000000000 10020 0 132 2 72 1 132 2 0 0 0 0 72 1 0 0 0 0
-135 wlan0 0x3000310000000000 10020 1 53425 64 8721 62 53425 64 0 0 0 0 8721 62 0 0 0 0
-136 wlan0 0x3000310500000000 10020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-137 wlan0 0x3000310500000000 10020 1 9929 16 3879 18 9929 16 0 0 0 0 3879 18 0 0 0 0
-138 wlan0 0x3000320100000000 10020 0 6844 14 3745 13 6844 14 0 0 0 0 3745 13 0 0 0 0
-139 wlan0 0x3000320100000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-140 wlan0 0x3000360000000000 10020 0 8855 43 4749 31 8855 43 0 0 0 0 4749 31 0 0 0 0
-141 wlan0 0x3000360000000000 10020 1 5597 19 2456 19 5597 19 0 0 0 0 2456 19 0 0 0 0
-142 wlan0 0x3010000000000000 10090 0 605140 527 38435 429 605140 527 0 0 0 0 38435 429 0 0 0 0
-143 wlan0 0x3010000000000000 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-144 wlan0 0x31065fff00000000 10020 0 22011 67 29665 64 22011 67 0 0 0 0 29665 64 0 0 0 0
-145 wlan0 0x31065fff00000000 10020 1 10695 34 18347 35 10695 34 0 0 0 0 18347 35 0 0 0 0
-146 wlan0 0x32e544f900000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-147 wlan0 0x32e544f900000000 10034 1 40143 54 7299 61 40143 54 0 0 0 0 7299 61 0 0 0 0
-148 wlan0 0x58872a4400000000 10018 0 4928 11 1669 13 4928 11 0 0 0 0 1669 13 0 0 0 0
-149 wlan0 0x58872a4400000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-150 wlan0 0x5caeaa7b00000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-151 wlan0 0x5caeaa7b00000000 10034 1 74971 73 7103 75 74971 73 0 0 0 0 7103 75 0 0 0 0
-152 wlan0 0x9e00923800000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-153 wlan0 0x9e00923800000000 10034 1 72385 98 13072 110 72385 98 0 0 0 0 13072 110 0 0 0 0
-154 wlan0 0xb972bdd400000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-155 wlan0 0xb972bdd400000000 10034 1 15282 24 3034 27 15282 24 0 0 0 0 3034 27 0 0 0 0
-156 wlan0 0xc7c9f7ba00000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-157 wlan0 0xc7c9f7ba00000000 10034 1 194915 185 13316 138 194915 185 0 0 0 0 13316 138 0 0 0 0
-158 wlan0 0xc9395b2600000000 10034 0 6991 13 6215 14 6991 13 0 0 0 0 6215 14 0 0 0 0
-159 wlan0 0xc9395b2600000000 10034 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-160 wlan0 0xdaddf21100000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-161 wlan0 0xdaddf21100000000 10034 1 928676 849 81570 799 928676 849 0 0 0 0 81570 799 0 0 0 0
-162 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10020 0 516 8 288 4 516 8 0 0 0 0 288 4 0 0 0 0
-163 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10020 1 5905 15 2622 15 5905 15 0 0 0 0 2622 15 0 0 0 0
-164 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10034 0 236640 524 312523 555 236640 524 0 0 0 0 312523 555 0 0 0 0
-165 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10034 1 319028 539 188776 553 319028 539 0 0 0 0 188776 553 0 0 0 0
-166 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10006 0 80755 92 9122 99 80755 92 0 0 0 0 9122 99 0 0 0 0
-167 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-168 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10020 0 17874405 14068 223987 3065 17874405 14068 0 0 0 0 223987 3065 0 0 0 0
-169 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10020 1 11011258 8672 177693 2407 11011258 8672 0 0 0 0 177693 2407 0 0 0 0
-170 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10034 0 436062595 341880 5843990 79630 436062595 341880 0 0 0 0 5843990 79630 0 0 0 0
-171 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10034 1 63201220 49447 1005882 13713 63201220 49447 0 0 0 0 1005882 13713 0 0 0 0
-172 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10044 0 17159287 13702 356212 4778 17159287 13702 0 0 0 0 356212 4778 0 0 0 0
-173 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10044 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-174 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10078 0 10439 17 1665 15 10439 17 0 0 0 0 1665 15 0 0 0 0
-175 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10078 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-176 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10090 0 23722655 19697 881995 14231 23722655 19697 0 0 0 0 881995 14231 0 0 0 0
-177 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-178 wlan0 0xffffff0500000000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-179 wlan0 0xffffff0500000000 1000 1 1592 5 314 1 0 0 1592 5 0 0 0 0 314 1 0 0
-180 wlan0 0xffffff0600000000 1000 0 0 0 36960 385 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36960 385 0 0
-181 wlan0 0xffffff0600000000 1000 1 96 1 480 5 0 0 96 1 0 0 0 0 480 5 0 0
-182 wlan0 0xffffff0700000000 1000 0 38732 229 16567 163 38732 229 0 0 0 0 16567 163 0 0 0 0
-183 wlan0 0xffffff0700000000 1000 1 18539 74 7562 66 18539 74 0 0 0 0 7562 66 0 0 0 0
-184 wlan0 0xffffff0900000000 1000 0 38381 43 2624 27 38381 43 0 0 0 0 2624 27 0 0 0 0
-185 wlan0 0xffffff0900000000 1000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-186 dummy0 0x0 0 0 0 0 168 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 3
-187 dummy0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-188 wlan0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 8524052 130894 0 0 0 0 0 0 7871216 121284 108568 1325 544268 8285
-189 wlan0 0x0 1029 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before b/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before
deleted file mode 100644
index ce4bcc3..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/res/raw/xt_qtaguid_with_clat_100mb_download_before
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-idx iface acct_tag_hex uid_tag_int cnt_set rx_bytes rx_packets tx_bytes tx_packets rx_tcp_bytes rx_tcp_packets rx_udp_bytes rx_udp_packets rx_other_bytes rx_other_packets tx_tcp_bytes tx_tcp_packets tx_udp_bytes tx_udp_packets tx_other_bytes tx_other_packets
-2 r_rmnet_data0 0x0 0 0 0 0 392 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 392 6
-3 r_rmnet_data0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-4 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 0 58848 2070 2836 64 160 4 0 0 58688 2066 80 2 0 0 2756 62
-5 v4-wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-6 v4-wlan0 0x0 10034 0 6192 11 1445 11 6192 11 0 0 0 0 1445 11 0 0 0 0
-7 v4-wlan0 0x0 10034 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-8 v4-wlan0 0x0 10057 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-9 v4-wlan0 0x0 10057 1 728 7 392 7 0 0 728 7 0 0 0 0 392 7 0 0
-10 v4-wlan0 0x0 10106 0 1488 12 1488 12 0 0 1488 12 0 0 0 0 1488 12 0 0
-11 v4-wlan0 0x0 10106 1 323981189 235142 3509032 84542 323979453 235128 1736 14 0 0 3502676 84363 6356 179 0 0
-12 wlan0 0x0 0 0 330187296 250652 0 0 329106990 236273 226202 1255 854104 13124 0 0 0 0 0 0
-13 wlan0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-14 wlan0 0x0 1000 0 77113 272 56151 575 77113 272 0 0 0 0 19191 190 36960 385 0 0
-15 wlan0 0x0 1000 1 20227 80 8356 72 18539 74 1688 6 0 0 7562 66 794 6 0 0
-16 wlan0 0x0 10006 0 80755 92 9122 99 80755 92 0 0 0 0 9122 99 0 0 0 0
-17 wlan0 0x0 10006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-18 wlan0 0x0 10015 0 4390 7 14824 252 4390 7 0 0 0 0 14824 252 0 0 0 0
-19 wlan0 0x0 10015 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-20 wlan0 0x0 10018 0 4928 11 1741 14 4928 11 0 0 0 0 1741 14 0 0 0 0
-21 wlan0 0x0 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-22 wlan0 0x0 10020 0 21141412 34316 2329881 15262 21140807 34311 605 5 0 0 2329276 15257 605 5 0 0
-23 wlan0 0x0 10020 1 13835740 12938 1548555 6362 13833754 12920 1986 18 0 0 1546569 6344 1986 18 0 0
-24 wlan0 0x0 10023 0 13405 40 5042 44 13405 40 0 0 0 0 5042 44 0 0 0 0
-25 wlan0 0x0 10023 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-26 wlan0 0x0 10034 0 436394741 342648 6237981 80442 436394741 342648 0 0 0 0 6237981 80442 0 0 0 0
-27 wlan0 0x0 10034 1 64860872 51297 1335539 15546 64860872 51297 0 0 0 0 1335539 15546 0 0 0 0
-28 wlan0 0x0 10044 0 17614444 14774 521004 5694 17329882 14432 284562 342 0 0 419974 5408 101030 286 0 0
-29 wlan0 0x0 10044 1 17701 33 3100 28 17701 33 0 0 0 0 3100 28 0 0 0 0
-30 wlan0 0x0 10057 0 12311735 9335 435954 5448 12247721 9259 64014 76 0 0 414080 5386 21874 62 0 0
-31 wlan0 0x0 10057 1 1332953195 954797 31849632 457698 1331933207 953569 1019988 1228 0 0 31702284 456899 147348 799 0 0
-32 wlan0 0x0 10060 0 32972 200 433705 380 32972 200 0 0 0 0 433705 380 0 0 0 0
-33 wlan0 0x0 10060 1 32106 66 37789 87 32106 66 0 0 0 0 37789 87 0 0 0 0
-34 wlan0 0x0 10061 0 7675 23 2509 22 7675 23 0 0 0 0 2509 22 0 0 0 0
-35 wlan0 0x0 10061 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-36 wlan0 0x0 10074 0 38355 82 10447 97 38355 82 0 0 0 0 10447 97 0 0 0 0
-37 wlan0 0x0 10074 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-38 wlan0 0x0 10078 0 49013 79 7167 69 49013 79 0 0 0 0 7167 69 0 0 0 0
-39 wlan0 0x0 10078 1 5872 8 1236 10 5872 8 0 0 0 0 1236 10 0 0 0 0
-40 wlan0 0x0 10082 0 8301 13 1981 15 8301 13 0 0 0 0 1981 15 0 0 0 0
-41 wlan0 0x0 10082 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-42 wlan0 0x0 10086 0 7001 14 1579 15 7001 14 0 0 0 0 1579 15 0 0 0 0
-43 wlan0 0x0 10086 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-44 wlan0 0x0 10090 0 24327795 20224 920502 14661 24327795 20224 0 0 0 0 920502 14661 0 0 0 0
-45 wlan0 0x0 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-46 wlan0 0x0 10092 0 36849 78 12449 81 36849 78 0 0 0 0 12449 81 0 0 0 0
-47 wlan0 0x0 10092 1 60 1 103 1 60 1 0 0 0 0 103 1 0 0 0 0
-48 wlan0 0x0 10095 0 131962 223 37069 241 131962 223 0 0 0 0 37069 241 0 0 0 0
-49 wlan0 0x0 10095 1 12949 21 3930 21 12949 21 0 0 0 0 3930 21 0 0 0 0
-50 wlan0 0x0 10106 0 30899554 22679 632476 12296 30895334 22645 4220 34 0 0 628256 12262 4220 34 0 0
-51 wlan0 0x0 10106 1 88922349 64952 1605126 35599 88916075 64875 3586 29 2688 48 1600196 35522 4930 77 0 0
-52 wlan0 0x40700000000 10020 0 705732 10589 404428 5504 705732 10589 0 0 0 0 404428 5504 0 0 0 0
-53 wlan0 0x40700000000 10020 1 2376 36 1296 18 2376 36 0 0 0 0 1296 18 0 0 0 0
-54 wlan0 0x40800000000 10020 0 34624 146 122525 160 34624 146 0 0 0 0 122525 160 0 0 0 0
-55 wlan0 0x40800000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-56 wlan0 0x40b00000000 10020 0 22411 85 7364 57 22411 85 0 0 0 0 7364 57 0 0 0 0
-57 wlan0 0x40b00000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-58 wlan0 0x120300000000 10020 0 76641 241 32783 169 76641 241 0 0 0 0 32783 169 0 0 0 0
-59 wlan0 0x120300000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-60 wlan0 0x130100000000 10020 0 73101 287 23236 203 73101 287 0 0 0 0 23236 203 0 0 0 0
-61 wlan0 0x130100000000 10020 1 264 4 144 2 264 4 0 0 0 0 144 2 0 0 0 0
-62 wlan0 0x180300000000 10020 0 330648 399 24736 232 330648 399 0 0 0 0 24736 232 0 0 0 0
-63 wlan0 0x180300000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-64 wlan0 0x180400000000 10020 0 21865 59 5022 42 21865 59 0 0 0 0 5022 42 0 0 0 0
-65 wlan0 0x180400000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-66 wlan0 0x300000000000 10020 0 15984 65 26927 57 15984 65 0 0 0 0 26927 57 0 0 0 0
-67 wlan0 0x300000000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-68 wlan0 0x1065fff00000000 10020 0 131871 599 93783 445 131871 599 0 0 0 0 93783 445 0 0 0 0
-69 wlan0 0x1065fff00000000 10020 1 264 4 144 2 264 4 0 0 0 0 144 2 0 0 0 0
-70 wlan0 0x1b24f4600000000 10034 0 15445 42 23329 45 15445 42 0 0 0 0 23329 45 0 0 0 0
-71 wlan0 0x1b24f4600000000 10034 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-72 wlan0 0x1000010000000000 10020 0 5542 9 1364 10 5542 9 0 0 0 0 1364 10 0 0 0 0
-73 wlan0 0x1000010000000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-74 wlan0 0x1000040100000000 10020 0 47196 184 213319 257 47196 184 0 0 0 0 213319 257 0 0 0 0
-75 wlan0 0x1000040100000000 10020 1 60 1 103 1 60 1 0 0 0 0 103 1 0 0 0 0
-76 wlan0 0x1000040700000000 10020 0 11599 50 10786 47 11599 50 0 0 0 0 10786 47 0 0 0 0
-77 wlan0 0x1000040700000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-78 wlan0 0x1000040800000000 10020 0 21902 145 174139 166 21902 145 0 0 0 0 174139 166 0 0 0 0
-79 wlan0 0x1000040800000000 10020 1 8568 88 105743 90 8568 88 0 0 0 0 105743 90 0 0 0 0
-80 wlan0 0x1000100300000000 10020 0 55213 118 194551 199 55213 118 0 0 0 0 194551 199 0 0 0 0
-81 wlan0 0x1000100300000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-82 wlan0 0x1000120300000000 10020 0 50826 74 21153 70 50826 74 0 0 0 0 21153 70 0 0 0 0
-83 wlan0 0x1000120300000000 10020 1 72 1 175 2 72 1 0 0 0 0 175 2 0 0 0 0
-84 wlan0 0x1000180300000000 10020 0 744198 657 65437 592 744198 657 0 0 0 0 65437 592 0 0 0 0
-85 wlan0 0x1000180300000000 10020 1 144719 132 10989 108 144719 132 0 0 0 0 10989 108 0 0 0 0
-86 wlan0 0x1000180600000000 10020 0 4599 8 1928 10 4599 8 0 0 0 0 1928 10 0 0 0 0
-87 wlan0 0x1000180600000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-88 wlan0 0x1000250000000000 10020 0 57740 98 13076 88 57740 98 0 0 0 0 13076 88 0 0 0 0
-89 wlan0 0x1000250000000000 10020 1 328 3 414 4 207 2 121 1 0 0 293 3 121 1 0 0
-90 wlan0 0x1000300000000000 10020 0 7675 30 31331 32 7675 30 0 0 0 0 31331 32 0 0 0 0
-91 wlan0 0x1000300000000000 10020 1 30173 97 101335 100 30173 97 0 0 0 0 101335 100 0 0 0 0
-92 wlan0 0x1000310200000000 10020 0 1681 9 2194 9 1681 9 0 0 0 0 2194 9 0 0 0 0
-93 wlan0 0x1000310200000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-94 wlan0 0x1000360000000000 10020 0 5606 20 2831 20 5606 20 0 0 0 0 2831 20 0 0 0 0
-95 wlan0 0x1000360000000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-96 wlan0 0x11065fff00000000 10020 0 18363 91 83367 104 18363 91 0 0 0 0 83367 104 0 0 0 0
-97 wlan0 0x11065fff00000000 10020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-98 wlan0 0x3000009600000000 10020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-99 wlan0 0x3000009600000000 10020 1 6163 18 2424 18 6163 18 0 0 0 0 2424 18 0 0 0 0
-100 wlan0 0x3000009800000000 10020 0 23337 46 8723 39 23337 46 0 0 0 0 8723 39 0 0 0 0
-101 wlan0 0x3000009800000000 10020 1 33744 93 72437 89 33744 93 0 0 0 0 72437 89 0 0 0 0
-102 wlan0 0x3000020000000000 10020 0 4124 11 8969 19 4124 11 0 0 0 0 8969 19 0 0 0 0
-103 wlan0 0x3000020000000000 10020 1 5993 11 3815 14 5993 11 0 0 0 0 3815 14 0 0 0 0
-104 wlan0 0x3000040100000000 10020 0 106718 322 121557 287 106718 322 0 0 0 0 121557 287 0 0 0 0
-105 wlan0 0x3000040100000000 10020 1 142508 642 500579 637 142508 642 0 0 0 0 500579 637 0 0 0 0
-106 wlan0 0x3000040700000000 10020 0 365419 5113 213124 2730 365419 5113 0 0 0 0 213124 2730 0 0 0 0
-107 wlan0 0x3000040700000000 10020 1 30747 130 18408 100 30747 130 0 0 0 0 18408 100 0 0 0 0
-108 wlan0 0x3000040800000000 10020 0 34672 112 68623 92 34672 112 0 0 0 0 68623 92 0 0 0 0
-109 wlan0 0x3000040800000000 10020 1 78443 199 140944 192 78443 199 0 0 0 0 140944 192 0 0 0 0
-110 wlan0 0x3000040b00000000 10020 0 14949 33 4017 26 14949 33 0 0 0 0 4017 26 0 0 0 0
-111 wlan0 0x3000040b00000000 10020 1 996 15 576 8 996 15 0 0 0 0 576 8 0 0 0 0
-112 wlan0 0x3000090000000000 10020 0 4017 28 3610 25 4017 28 0 0 0 0 3610 25 0 0 0 0
-113 wlan0 0x3000090000000000 10020 1 24805 41 4545 38 24805 41 0 0 0 0 4545 38 0 0 0 0
-114 wlan0 0x3000100300000000 10020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-115 wlan0 0x3000100300000000 10020 1 3112 10 1628 10 3112 10 0 0 0 0 1628 10 0 0 0 0
-116 wlan0 0x3000120300000000 10020 0 38249 107 20374 85 38249 107 0 0 0 0 20374 85 0 0 0 0
-117 wlan0 0x3000120300000000 10020 1 122581 174 36792 143 122581 174 0 0 0 0 36792 143 0 0 0 0
-118 wlan0 0x3000130100000000 10020 0 2700 41 1524 21 2700 41 0 0 0 0 1524 21 0 0 0 0
-119 wlan0 0x3000130100000000 10020 1 22515 59 8366 52 22515 59 0 0 0 0 8366 52 0 0 0 0
-120 wlan0 0x3000180200000000 10020 0 6411 18 14511 20 6411 18 0 0 0 0 14511 20 0 0 0 0
-121 wlan0 0x3000180200000000 10020 1 336 5 319 4 336 5 0 0 0 0 319 4 0 0 0 0
-122 wlan0 0x3000180300000000 10020 0 129301 136 17622 97 129301 136 0 0 0 0 17622 97 0 0 0 0
-123 wlan0 0x3000180300000000 10020 1 464787 429 41703 336 464787 429 0 0 0 0 41703 336 0 0 0 0
-124 wlan0 0x3000180400000000 10020 0 11014 39 2787 25 11014 39 0 0 0 0 2787 25 0 0 0 0
-125 wlan0 0x3000180400000000 10020 1 144040 139 7540 80 144040 139 0 0 0 0 7540 80 0 0 0 0
-126 wlan0 0x3000210100000000 10020 0 10278 44 4579 33 10278 44 0 0 0 0 4579 33 0 0 0 0
-127 wlan0 0x3000210100000000 10020 1 31151 73 14159 47 31151 73 0 0 0 0 14159 47 0 0 0 0
-128 wlan0 0x3000250000000000 10020 0 132 2 72 1 132 2 0 0 0 0 72 1 0 0 0 0
-129 wlan0 0x3000250000000000 10020 1 76614 143 17711 130 76080 137 534 6 0 0 17177 124 534 6 0 0
-130 wlan0 0x3000260100000000 10020 0 9426 26 3535 20 9426 26 0 0 0 0 3535 20 0 0 0 0
-131 wlan0 0x3000260100000000 10020 1 468 7 288 4 468 7 0 0 0 0 288 4 0 0 0 0
-132 wlan0 0x3000300000000000 10020 0 7241 29 12055 26 7241 29 0 0 0 0 12055 26 0 0 0 0
-133 wlan0 0x3000300000000000 10020 1 3273 23 11232 21 3273 23 0 0 0 0 11232 21 0 0 0 0
-134 wlan0 0x3000310000000000 10020 0 132 2 72 1 132 2 0 0 0 0 72 1 0 0 0 0
-135 wlan0 0x3000310000000000 10020 1 53425 64 8721 62 53425 64 0 0 0 0 8721 62 0 0 0 0
-136 wlan0 0x3000310500000000 10020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-137 wlan0 0x3000310500000000 10020 1 9929 16 3879 18 9929 16 0 0 0 0 3879 18 0 0 0 0
-138 wlan0 0x3000360000000000 10020 0 8855 43 4749 31 8855 43 0 0 0 0 4749 31 0 0 0 0
-139 wlan0 0x3000360000000000 10020 1 5597 19 2456 19 5597 19 0 0 0 0 2456 19 0 0 0 0
-140 wlan0 0x3010000000000000 10090 0 605140 527 38435 429 605140 527 0 0 0 0 38435 429 0 0 0 0
-141 wlan0 0x3010000000000000 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-142 wlan0 0x31065fff00000000 10020 0 22011 67 29665 64 22011 67 0 0 0 0 29665 64 0 0 0 0
-143 wlan0 0x31065fff00000000 10020 1 10695 34 18347 35 10695 34 0 0 0 0 18347 35 0 0 0 0
-144 wlan0 0x32e544f900000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-145 wlan0 0x32e544f900000000 10034 1 40143 54 7299 61 40143 54 0 0 0 0 7299 61 0 0 0 0
-146 wlan0 0x58872a4400000000 10018 0 4928 11 1669 13 4928 11 0 0 0 0 1669 13 0 0 0 0
-147 wlan0 0x58872a4400000000 10018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-148 wlan0 0x5caeaa7b00000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-149 wlan0 0x5caeaa7b00000000 10034 1 74971 73 7103 75 74971 73 0 0 0 0 7103 75 0 0 0 0
-150 wlan0 0x9e00923800000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-151 wlan0 0x9e00923800000000 10034 1 72385 98 13072 110 72385 98 0 0 0 0 13072 110 0 0 0 0
-152 wlan0 0xb972bdd400000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-153 wlan0 0xb972bdd400000000 10034 1 15282 24 3034 27 15282 24 0 0 0 0 3034 27 0 0 0 0
-154 wlan0 0xc7c9f7ba00000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-155 wlan0 0xc7c9f7ba00000000 10034 1 194915 185 13316 138 194915 185 0 0 0 0 13316 138 0 0 0 0
-156 wlan0 0xc9395b2600000000 10034 0 6991 13 6215 14 6991 13 0 0 0 0 6215 14 0 0 0 0
-157 wlan0 0xc9395b2600000000 10034 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-158 wlan0 0xdaddf21100000000 10034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-159 wlan0 0xdaddf21100000000 10034 1 928676 849 81570 799 928676 849 0 0 0 0 81570 799 0 0 0 0
-160 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10020 0 516 8 288 4 516 8 0 0 0 0 288 4 0 0 0 0
-161 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10020 1 5905 15 2622 15 5905 15 0 0 0 0 2622 15 0 0 0 0
-162 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10034 0 236640 524 312523 555 236640 524 0 0 0 0 312523 555 0 0 0 0
-163 wlan0 0xe8d195d100000000 10034 1 319028 539 188776 553 319028 539 0 0 0 0 188776 553 0 0 0 0
-164 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10006 0 80755 92 9122 99 80755 92 0 0 0 0 9122 99 0 0 0 0
-165 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-166 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10020 0 17874405 14068 223987 3065 17874405 14068 0 0 0 0 223987 3065 0 0 0 0
-167 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10020 1 11011258 8672 177693 2407 11011258 8672 0 0 0 0 177693 2407 0 0 0 0
-168 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10034 0 436062595 341880 5843990 79630 436062595 341880 0 0 0 0 5843990 79630 0 0 0 0
-169 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10034 1 63201220 49447 1005882 13713 63201220 49447 0 0 0 0 1005882 13713 0 0 0 0
-170 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10044 0 17159287 13702 356212 4778 17159287 13702 0 0 0 0 356212 4778 0 0 0 0
-171 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10044 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-172 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10078 0 10439 17 1665 15 10439 17 0 0 0 0 1665 15 0 0 0 0
-173 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10078 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-174 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10090 0 23722655 19697 881995 14231 23722655 19697 0 0 0 0 881995 14231 0 0 0 0
-175 wlan0 0xffffff0100000000 10090 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-176 wlan0 0xffffff0500000000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-177 wlan0 0xffffff0500000000 1000 1 1592 5 314 1 0 0 1592 5 0 0 0 0 314 1 0 0
-178 wlan0 0xffffff0600000000 1000 0 0 0 36960 385 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36960 385 0 0
-179 wlan0 0xffffff0600000000 1000 1 96 1 480 5 0 0 96 1 0 0 0 0 480 5 0 0
-180 wlan0 0xffffff0700000000 1000 0 38732 229 16567 163 38732 229 0 0 0 0 16567 163 0 0 0 0
-181 wlan0 0xffffff0700000000 1000 1 18539 74 7562 66 18539 74 0 0 0 0 7562 66 0 0 0 0
-182 wlan0 0xffffff0900000000 1000 0 38381 43 2624 27 38381 43 0 0 0 0 2624 27 0 0 0 0
-183 wlan0 0xffffff0900000000 1000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-184 dummy0 0x0 0 0 0 0 168 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 3
-185 dummy0 0x0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-186 wlan0 0x0 1029 0 0 0 5855801 94173 0 0 0 0 0 0 5208040 84634 103637 1256 544124 8283
-187 wlan0 0x0 1029 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_bandwidth.xml b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_bandwidth.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01fdca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_bandwidth.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH"/>
+</network-capabilities-declaration>
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_both.xml b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_both.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4066be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_both.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH"/>
+</network-capabilities-declaration>
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_latency.xml b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_latency.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c4a0e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_latency.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+</network-capabilities-declaration>
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_other.xml b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_other.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b6649c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_other.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="other"/>
+</network-capabilities-declaration>
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_wrong_declaration.xml b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_wrong_declaration.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6082356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_wrong_declaration.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<network-capabilities-declaration1 xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+</network-capabilities-declaration1>
diff --git a/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_wrong_tag.xml b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_wrong_tag.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9ecc0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/res/xml/self_certified_capabilities_wrong_tag.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<network-capabilities-declaration xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <uses-network-capability1 android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_LATENCY"/>
+    <uses-network-capability android:name="NET_CAPABILITY_PRIORITIZE_BANDWIDTH"/>
+</network-capabilities-declaration>
diff --git a/tools/Android.bp b/tools/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ce76f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+// Build tool used to generate jarjar rules for all classes in a jar, except those that are
+// API, UnsupportedAppUsage or otherwise excluded.
+python_binary_host {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-generator",
+    srcs: [
+        "gen_jarjar.py",
+    ],
+    main: "gen_jarjar.py",
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
+genrule_defaults {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-combine-defaults",
+    // Concat files with a line break in the middle
+    cmd: "for src in $(in); do cat $${src}; echo; done > $(out)",
+    defaults_visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-generator-testjavalib",
+    srcs: ["testdata/java/**/*.java"],
+    libs: ["unsupportedappusage"],
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
+// TODO(b/233723405) - Remove this workaround.
+// Temporary work around of b/233723405. Using the module_lib stub directly
+// in the test causes it to sometimes get the dex jar and sometimes get the
+// classes jar due to b/233111644. Statically including it here instead
+// ensures that it will always get the classes jar.
+java_library {
+    name: "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib-for-test",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib",
+    ],
+    // Not strictly necessary but specified as this MUST not have generate
+    // a dex jar as that will break the tests.
+    compile_dex: false,
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib-for-test",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib",
+    ],
+    // Not strictly necessary but specified as this MUST not have generate
+    // a dex jar as that will break the tests.
+    compile_dex: false,
+}
+
+python_test_host {
+    name: "jarjar-rules-generator-test",
+    srcs: [
+        "gen_jarjar.py",
+        "gen_jarjar_test.py",
+    ],
+    data: [
+        "testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt",
+        // two unsupportedappusage lists with different classes to test using multiple lists
+        "testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt",
+        "testdata/test-other-unsupportedappusage.txt",
+        ":framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib-for-test",
+        ":framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib-for-test",
+        ":jarjar-rules-generator-testjavalib",
+    ],
+    main: "gen_jarjar_test.py",
+}
diff --git a/tools/gen_jarjar.py b/tools/gen_jarjar.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5129128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/gen_jarjar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+""" This script generates jarjar rule files to add a jarjar prefix to all classes, except those
+that are API, unsupported API or otherwise excluded."""
+
+import argparse
+import io
+import re
+import subprocess
+from xml import sax
+from xml.sax.handler import ContentHandler
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+
+
+def parse_arguments(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        'jars', nargs='+',
+        help='Path to pre-jarjar JAR. Multiple jars can be specified.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--prefix', required=True,
+        help='Package prefix to use for jarjared classes, '
+             'for example "com.android.connectivity" (does not end with a dot).')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--output', required=True, help='Path to output jarjar rules file.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--apistubs', action='append', default=[],
+        help='Path to API stubs jar. Classes that are API will not be jarjared. Can be repeated to '
+             'specify multiple jars.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--unsupportedapi',
+        help='Column(:)-separated paths to UnsupportedAppUsage hidden API .txt lists. '
+             'Classes that have UnsupportedAppUsage API will not be jarjared.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--excludes', action='append', default=[],
+        help='Path to files listing classes that should not be jarjared. Can be repeated to '
+             'specify multiple files.'
+             'Each file should contain one full-match regex per line. Empty lines or lines '
+             'starting with "#" are ignored.')
+    return parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+
+def _list_toplevel_jar_classes(jar):
+    """List all classes in a .class .jar file that are not inner classes."""
+    return {_get_toplevel_class(c) for c in _list_jar_classes(jar)}
+
+def _list_jar_classes(jar):
+    with ZipFile(jar, 'r') as zip:
+        files = zip.namelist()
+        assert 'classes.dex' not in files, f'Jar file {jar} is dexed, ' \
+                                           'expected an intermediate zip of .class files'
+        class_len = len('.class')
+        return [f.replace('/', '.')[:-class_len] for f in files
+                if f.endswith('.class') and not f.endswith('/package-info.class')]
+
+
+def _list_hiddenapi_classes(txt_file):
+    out = set()
+    with open(txt_file, 'r') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            if not line.strip():
+                continue
+            assert line.startswith('L') and ';' in line, f'Class name not recognized: {line}'
+            clazz = line.replace('/', '.').split(';')[0][1:]
+            out.add(_get_toplevel_class(clazz))
+    return out
+
+
+def _get_toplevel_class(clazz):
+    """Return the name of the toplevel (not an inner class) enclosing class of the given class."""
+    if '$' not in clazz:
+        return clazz
+    return clazz.split('$')[0]
+
+
+def _get_excludes(path):
+    out = []
+    with open(path, 'r') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            stripped = line.strip()
+            if not stripped or stripped.startswith('#'):
+                continue
+            out.append(re.compile(stripped))
+    return out
+
+
+def make_jarjar_rules(args):
+    excluded_classes = set()
+    for apistubs_file in args.apistubs:
+        excluded_classes.update(_list_toplevel_jar_classes(apistubs_file))
+
+    unsupportedapi_files = (args.unsupportedapi and args.unsupportedapi.split(':')) or []
+    for unsupportedapi_file in unsupportedapi_files:
+        if unsupportedapi_file:
+            excluded_classes.update(_list_hiddenapi_classes(unsupportedapi_file))
+
+    exclude_regexes = []
+    for exclude_file in args.excludes:
+        exclude_regexes.extend(_get_excludes(exclude_file))
+
+    with open(args.output, 'w') as outfile:
+        for jar in args.jars:
+            jar_classes = _list_jar_classes(jar)
+            jar_classes.sort()
+            for clazz in jar_classes:
+                if (not clazz.startswith(args.prefix + '.') and
+                        _get_toplevel_class(clazz) not in excluded_classes and
+                        not any(r.fullmatch(clazz) for r in exclude_regexes)):
+                    outfile.write(f'rule {clazz} {args.prefix}.@0\n')
+                    # Also include jarjar rules for unit tests of the class if it's not explicitly
+                    # excluded, so the package matches
+                    if not any(r.fullmatch(clazz + 'Test') for r in exclude_regexes):
+                        outfile.write(f'rule {clazz}Test {args.prefix}.@0\n')
+                        outfile.write(f'rule {clazz}Test$* {args.prefix}.@0\n')
+
+
+def _main():
+    # Pass in None to use argv
+    args = parse_arguments(None)
+    make_jarjar_rules(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _main()
diff --git a/tools/gen_jarjar_test.py b/tools/gen_jarjar_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5bf499
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/gen_jarjar_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#  Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+import gen_jarjar
+import unittest
+
+
+class TestGenJarjar(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_gen_rules(self):
+        args = gen_jarjar.parse_arguments([
+            "jarjar-rules-generator-testjavalib.jar",
+            "--prefix", "jarjar.prefix",
+            "--output", "test-output-rules.txt",
+            "--apistubs", "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib.jar",
+            "--unsupportedapi", ":testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt",
+            "--excludes", "testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt",
+        ])
+        gen_jarjar.make_jarjar_rules(args)
+
+        with open(args.output) as out:
+            lines = out.readlines()
+
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertListEqual([
+            'rule android.net.IpSecTransform jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule android.net.IpSecTransformTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule android.net.IpSecTransformTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.unsupportedappusage.OtherUnsupportedUsageClass jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.unsupportedappusage.OtherUnsupportedUsageClassTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.unsupportedappusage.OtherUnsupportedUsageClassTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClassTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClassTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClass jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClassTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClassTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n'
+        ], lines)
+
+    def test_gen_rules_repeated_args(self):
+        args = gen_jarjar.parse_arguments([
+            "jarjar-rules-generator-testjavalib.jar",
+            "--prefix", "jarjar.prefix",
+            "--output", "test-output-rules.txt",
+            "--apistubs", "framework-connectivity.stubs.module_lib.jar",
+            "--apistubs", "framework-connectivity-t.stubs.module_lib.jar",
+            "--unsupportedapi",
+            "testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt:testdata/test-other-unsupportedappusage.txt",
+            "--excludes", "testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt",
+        ])
+        gen_jarjar.make_jarjar_rules(args)
+
+        with open(args.output) as out:
+            lines = out.readlines()
+
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertListEqual([
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClassTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClassTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClass jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClassTest jarjar.prefix.@0\n',
+            'rule test.utils.TestUtilClass$TestInnerClassTest$* jarjar.prefix.@0\n'], lines)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # Need verbosity=2 for the test results parser to find results
+    unittest.main(verbosity=2)
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/android/net/IpSecTransform.java b/tools/testdata/java/android/net/IpSecTransform.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0140bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/android/net/IpSecTransform.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+/**
+ * Test class with a name matching a public API in a secondary (framework-connectivity-t) stubs jar.
+ */
+public class IpSecTransform {
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java b/tools/testdata/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdca377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/android/net/LinkProperties.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+/**
+ * Test class with a name matching a public API.
+ */
+public class LinkProperties {
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/jarjar/prefix/AlreadyInTargetPackageClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/jarjar/prefix/AlreadyInTargetPackageClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6859020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/jarjar/prefix/AlreadyInTargetPackageClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package jarjar.prefix;
+
+/**
+ * Sample class to test jarjar rules, already in the "jarjar.prefix" package.
+ */
+public class AlreadyInTargetPackageClass {
+    /** Test inner class that should not be jarjared either */
+    public static class TestInnerClass {}
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/test/jarjarexcluded/JarjarExcludedClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/test/jarjarexcluded/JarjarExcludedClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e3bee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/test/jarjarexcluded/JarjarExcludedClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test.jarjarexcluded;
+
+/**
+ * Test class that is excluded from jarjar.
+ */
+public class JarjarExcludedClass {
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/OtherUnsupportedUsageClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/OtherUnsupportedUsageClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d3ae2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/OtherUnsupportedUsageClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test.unsupportedappusage;
+
+import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
+
+public class OtherUnsupportedUsageClass {
+    // The annotation is just for completeness, what matters is the unsupportedappusage.txt file
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    public void testSecondMethod() {}
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..460c91b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/test/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test.unsupportedappusage;
+
+
+import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
+
+public class TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass {
+    // The annotation is just for completeness, what matters is the unsupportedappusage.txt file
+    @UnsupportedAppUsage
+    public void testMethod() {}
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/java/test/utils/TestUtilClass.java b/tools/testdata/java/test/utils/TestUtilClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2162e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/java/test/utils/TestUtilClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test.utils;
+
+/**
+ * Sample class to test jarjar rules.
+ */
+public class TestUtilClass {
+    public static class TestInnerClass {}
+}
diff --git a/tools/testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt b/tools/testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35d97a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/test-jarjar-excludes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Test file for excluded classes
+test\.jarj.rexcluded\.JarjarExcludedCla.s
+test\.jarjarexcluded\.JarjarExcludedClass\$TestInnerCl.ss
diff --git a/tools/testdata/test-other-unsupportedappusage.txt b/tools/testdata/test-other-unsupportedappusage.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7d74a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/test-other-unsupportedappusage.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Ltest/unsupportedappusage/OtherUnsupportedUsageClass;->testSecondMethod()V
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tools/testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt b/tools/testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..331eff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testdata/test-unsupportedappusage.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Ltest/unsupportedappusage/TestUnsupportedAppUsageClass;->testMethod()V
\ No newline at end of file