diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index baf5c2e..d498ed9 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -40,6 +40,16 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_UNSPEC;
 
 import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runShellCommand;
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.app.Instrumentation;
@@ -78,17 +88,22 @@
 import android.os.VintfRuntimeInfo;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
 import android.provider.Settings;
-import android.test.AndroidTestCase;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 
 import libcore.io.Streams;
 
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
@@ -114,7 +129,8 @@
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
-public class ConnectivityManagerTest extends AndroidTestCase {
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class ConnectivityManagerTest {
 
     private static final String TAG = ConnectivityManagerTest.class.getSimpleName();
 
@@ -126,7 +142,10 @@
     private static final int INTERVAL_KEEPALIVE_RETRY_MS = 500;
     private static final int MAX_KEEPALIVE_RETRY_COUNT = 3;
     private static final int MIN_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL = 10;
-    private static final int NETWORK_CHANGE_METEREDNESS_TIMEOUT = 5000;
+
+    // Changing meteredness on wifi involves reconnecting, which can take several seconds (involves
+    // re-associating, DHCP...)
+    private static final int NETWORK_CHANGE_METEREDNESS_TIMEOUT = 30_000;
     private static final int NUM_TRIES_MULTIPATH_PREF_CHECK = 20;
     private static final long INTERVAL_MULTIPATH_PREF_CHECK_MS = 500;
     // device could have only one interface: data, wifi.
@@ -150,22 +169,19 @@
     private PackageManager mPackageManager;
     private final HashMap<Integer, NetworkConfig> mNetworks =
             new HashMap<Integer, NetworkConfig>();
-    boolean mWifiConnectAttempted;
+    boolean mWifiWasDisabled;
     private UiAutomation mUiAutomation;
     private CtsNetUtils mCtsNetUtils;
-    private boolean mShellPermissionIdentityAdopted;
 
-    @Override
-    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
-        super.setUp();
-        Looper.prepare();
-        mContext = getContext();
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mInstrumentation = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation();
+        mContext = mInstrumentation.getContext();
         mCm = (ConnectivityManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
         mWifiManager = (WifiManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
         mPackageManager = mContext.getPackageManager();
         mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mContext);
-        mWifiConnectAttempted = false;
+        mWifiWasDisabled = false;
 
         // Get com.android.internal.R.array.networkAttributes
         int resId = mContext.getResources().getIdentifier("networkAttributes", "array", "android");
@@ -182,20 +198,17 @@
             } catch (Exception e) {}
         }
         mUiAutomation = mInstrumentation.getUiAutomation();
-        mShellPermissionIdentityAdopted = false;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
         // Return WiFi to its original disabled state after tests that explicitly connect.
-        if (mWifiConnectAttempted) {
+        if (mWifiWasDisabled) {
             mCtsNetUtils.disconnectFromWifi(null);
         }
         if (mCtsNetUtils.cellConnectAttempted()) {
             mCtsNetUtils.disconnectFromCell();
         }
-        dropShellPermissionIdentity();
-        super.tearDown();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -204,13 +217,12 @@
      * automatically in tearDown().
      */
     private Network ensureWifiConnected() {
-        if (mWifiManager.isWifiEnabled()) {
-            return mCtsNetUtils.getWifiNetwork();
-        }
-        mWifiConnectAttempted = true;
+        mWifiWasDisabled = !mWifiManager.isWifiEnabled();
+        // Even if wifi is enabled, the network may not be connected or ready yet
         return mCtsNetUtils.connectToWifi();
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testIsNetworkTypeValid() {
         assertTrue(ConnectivityManager.isNetworkTypeValid(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE));
         assertTrue(ConnectivityManager.isNetworkTypeValid(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI));
@@ -240,12 +252,14 @@
 
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testSetNetworkPreference() {
         // getNetworkPreference() and setNetworkPreference() are both deprecated so they do
         // not preform any action.  Verify they are at least still callable.
         mCm.setNetworkPreference(mCm.getNetworkPreference());
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testGetActiveNetworkInfo() {
         NetworkInfo ni = mCm.getActiveNetworkInfo();
 
@@ -254,6 +268,7 @@
         assertTrue(ni.getState() == State.CONNECTED);
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testGetActiveNetwork() {
         Network network = mCm.getActiveNetwork();
         assertNotNull("You must have an active network connection to complete CTS", network);
@@ -266,6 +281,7 @@
         assertTrue(ni.getState() == State.CONNECTED);
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testGetNetworkInfo() {
         for (int type = -1; type <= ConnectivityManager.MAX_NETWORK_TYPE+1; type++) {
             if (shouldBeSupported(type)) {
@@ -284,6 +300,7 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testGetAllNetworkInfo() {
         NetworkInfo[] ni = mCm.getAllNetworkInfo();
         assertTrue(ni.length >= MIN_NUM_NETWORK_TYPES);
@@ -307,6 +324,7 @@
      * and that they are made from different IP addresses.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testOpenConnection() throws Exception {
         boolean canRunTest = mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)
                 && mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY);
@@ -386,6 +404,7 @@
         } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {}
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testStartUsingNetworkFeature() {
 
         final String invalidateFeature = "invalidateFeature";
@@ -415,6 +434,7 @@
                (networkType == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET && shouldEthernetBeSupported());
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testIsNetworkSupported() {
         for (int type = -1; type <= ConnectivityManager.MAX_NETWORK_TYPE; type++) {
             boolean supported = mCm.isNetworkSupported(type);
@@ -426,12 +446,14 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testRequestRouteToHost() {
         for (int type = -1 ; type <= ConnectivityManager.MAX_NETWORK_TYPE; type++) {
             assertRequestRouteToHostUnsupported(type, HOST_ADDRESS);
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
     public void testTest() {
         mCm.getBackgroundDataSetting();
     }
@@ -452,6 +474,7 @@
      * that it would increase test coverage by much (how many devices have 3G radio but not Wifi?).
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testRegisterNetworkCallback() {
         if (!mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testRegisterNetworkCallback cannot execute unless device supports WiFi");
@@ -493,6 +516,7 @@
      * of a {@code NetworkCallback}.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testRegisterNetworkCallback_withPendingIntent() {
         if (!mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testRegisterNetworkCallback cannot execute unless device supports WiFi");
@@ -538,6 +562,7 @@
      * see if we get a callback for an INTERNET request.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE permission can't be granted to instant apps")
+    @Test
     public void testRequestNetworkCallback() {
         final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         mCm.requestNetwork(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -561,6 +586,7 @@
      * fail. Use WIFI and switch Wi-Fi off.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testRequestNetworkCallback_onUnavailable() {
         final boolean previousWifiEnabledState = mWifiManager.isWifiEnabled();
         if (previousWifiEnabledState) {
@@ -598,6 +624,7 @@
 
     /** Verify restricted networks cannot be requested. */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE permission can't be granted to instant apps")
+    @Test
     public void testRestrictedNetworks() {
         // Verify we can request unrestricted networks:
         NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
@@ -719,6 +746,7 @@
      * for metered and unmetered networks.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testGetMultipathPreference() throws Exception {
         final ContentResolver resolver = mContext.getContentResolver();
         ensureWifiConnected();
@@ -887,18 +915,6 @@
                 keepalivesPerTransport, nc);
     }
 
-    private void adoptShellPermissionIdentity() {
-        mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
-        mShellPermissionIdentityAdopted = true;
-    }
-
-    private void dropShellPermissionIdentity() {
-        if (mShellPermissionIdentityAdopted) {
-            mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
-            mShellPermissionIdentityAdopted = false;
-        }
-    }
-
     private static boolean isTcpKeepaliveSupportedByKernel() {
         final String kVersionString = VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion();
         return compareMajorMinorVersion(kVersionString, "4.8") >= 0;
@@ -933,6 +949,7 @@
      * Verifies that version string compare logic returns expected result for various cases.
      * Note that only major and minor number are compared.
      */
+    @Test
     public void testMajorMinorVersionCompare() {
         assertEquals(0, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.8.1", "4.8"));
         assertEquals(1, compareMajorMinorVersion("4.9", "4.8.1"));
@@ -952,6 +969,7 @@
      * keepalives is set to 0.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testKeepaliveWifiUnsupported() throws Exception {
         if (!mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testKeepaliveUnsupported cannot execute unless device"
@@ -961,32 +979,36 @@
 
         final Network network = ensureWifiConnected();
         if (getSupportedKeepalivesForNet(network) != 0) return;
+        final InetAddress srcAddr = getFirstV4Address(network);
+        assumeTrue("This test requires native IPv4", srcAddr != null);
 
-        adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
-
-        assertEquals(0, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, 1, 0));
-        assertEquals(0, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, 0, 1));
-
-        dropShellPermissionIdentity();
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            assertEquals(0, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, 1, 0));
+            assertEquals(0, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, 0, 1));
+        });
     }
 
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testCreateTcpKeepalive() throws Exception {
         if (!mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testCreateTcpKeepalive cannot execute unless device supports WiFi");
             return;
         }
 
-        adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
-
         final Network network = ensureWifiConnected();
         if (getSupportedKeepalivesForNet(network) == 0) return;
+        final InetAddress srcAddr = getFirstV4Address(network);
+        assumeTrue("This test requires native IPv4", srcAddr != null);
+
         // If kernel < 4.8 then it doesn't support TCP keepalive, but it might still support
         // NAT-T keepalive. If keepalive limits from resource overlay is not zero, TCP keepalive
         // needs to be supported except if the kernel doesn't support it.
         if (!isTcpKeepaliveSupportedByKernel()) {
             // Sanity check to ensure the callback result is expected.
-            assertEquals(0, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, 0, 1));
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+                assertEquals(0, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, 0, 1));
+            });
             Log.i(TAG, "testCreateTcpKeepalive is skipped for kernel "
                     + VintfRuntimeInfo.getKernelVersion());
             return;
@@ -1000,6 +1022,8 @@
             // Should able to start keep alive offload when socket is idle.
             final Executor executor = mContext.getMainExecutor();
             final TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback();
+
+            mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
             try (SocketKeepalive sk = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(network, s, executor, callback)) {
                 sk.start(MIN_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL);
                 callback.expectStarted();
@@ -1021,6 +1045,8 @@
                 // Stop.
                 sk.stop();
                 callback.expectStopped();
+            } finally {
+                mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
             }
 
             // Ensure socket is still connected.
@@ -1049,9 +1075,12 @@
 
             // Should get ERROR_SOCKET_NOT_IDLE because there is still data in the receive queue
             // that has not been read.
+            mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
             try (SocketKeepalive sk = mCm.createSocketKeepalive(network, s, executor, callback)) {
                 sk.start(MIN_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL);
                 callback.expectError(SocketKeepalive.ERROR_SOCKET_NOT_IDLE);
+            } finally {
+                mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1096,7 +1125,7 @@
     }
 
     private @NonNull ArrayList<SocketKeepalive> createConcurrentNattSocketKeepalives(
-            @NonNull Network network, int requestCount,
+            @NonNull Network network, @NonNull InetAddress srcAddr, int requestCount,
             @NonNull TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback)  throws Exception {
 
         final Executor executor = mContext.getMainExecutor();
@@ -1104,7 +1133,6 @@
         // Initialize a real NaT-T socket.
         final IpSecManager mIpSec = (IpSecManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE);
         final UdpEncapsulationSocket nattSocket = mIpSec.openUdpEncapsulationSocket();
-        final InetAddress srcAddr = getFirstV4Address(network);
         final InetAddress dstAddr = getAddrByName(TEST_HOST, AF_INET);
         assertNotNull(srcAddr);
         assertNotNull(dstAddr);
@@ -1145,11 +1173,12 @@
      * @return the total number of keepalives created.
      */
     private int createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(
-            @NonNull Network network, int nattCount, int tcpCount) throws Exception {
+            @NonNull Network network, @NonNull InetAddress srcAddr, int nattCount, int tcpCount)
+            throws Exception {
         final ArrayList<SocketKeepalive> kalist = new ArrayList<>();
         final TestSocketKeepaliveCallback callback = new TestSocketKeepaliveCallback();
 
-        kalist.addAll(createConcurrentNattSocketKeepalives(network, nattCount, callback));
+        kalist.addAll(createConcurrentNattSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, nattCount, callback));
         kalist.addAll(createConcurrentTcpSocketKeepalives(network, tcpCount, callback));
 
         final int ret = kalist.size();
@@ -1169,6 +1198,7 @@
      * get leaked after iterations.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testSocketKeepaliveLimitWifi() throws Exception {
         if (!mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testSocketKeepaliveLimitWifi cannot execute unless device"
@@ -1181,33 +1211,39 @@
         if (supported == 0) {
             return;
         }
+        final InetAddress srcAddr = getFirstV4Address(network);
+        assumeTrue("This test requires native IPv4", srcAddr != null);
 
-        adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            // Verifies that the supported keepalive slots meet MIN_SUPPORTED_KEEPALIVE_COUNT.
+            assertGreaterOrEqual(supported, MIN_SUPPORTED_WIFI_KEEPALIVE_COUNT);
 
-        // Verifies that the supported keepalive slots meet MIN_SUPPORTED_KEEPALIVE_COUNT.
-        assertGreaterOrEqual(supported, MIN_SUPPORTED_WIFI_KEEPALIVE_COUNT);
-
-        // Verifies that Nat-T keepalives can be established.
-        assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, supported + 1, 0));
-        // Verifies that keepalives don't get leaked in second round.
-        assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, supported, 0));
+            // Verifies that Nat-T keepalives can be established.
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr,
+                    supported + 1, 0));
+            // Verifies that keepalives don't get leaked in second round.
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, supported,
+                    0));
+        });
 
         // If kernel < 4.8 then it doesn't support TCP keepalive, but it might still support
         // NAT-T keepalive. Test below cases only if TCP keepalive is supported by kernel.
-        if (isTcpKeepaliveSupportedByKernel()) {
-            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, 0, supported + 1));
+        if (!isTcpKeepaliveSupportedByKernel()) return;
+
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, 0,
+                    supported + 1));
 
             // Verifies that different types can be established at the same time.
-            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network,
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr,
                     supported / 2, supported - supported / 2));
 
             // Verifies that keepalives don't get leaked in second round.
-            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, 0, supported));
-            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network,
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, 0,
+                    supported));
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr,
                     supported / 2, supported - supported / 2));
-        }
-
-        dropShellPermissionIdentity();
+        });
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1215,6 +1251,7 @@
      * don't get leaked after iterations.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot request network in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testSocketKeepaliveLimitTelephony() throws Exception {
         if (!mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY)) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testSocketKeepaliveLimitTelephony cannot execute unless device"
@@ -1231,18 +1268,19 @@
 
         final Network network = mCtsNetUtils.connectToCell();
         final int supported = getSupportedKeepalivesForNet(network);
+        final InetAddress srcAddr = getFirstV4Address(network);
+        assumeTrue("This test requires native IPv4", srcAddr != null);
 
-        adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
-
-        // Verifies that the supported keepalive slots meet minimum requirement.
-        assertGreaterOrEqual(supported, MIN_SUPPORTED_CELLULAR_KEEPALIVE_COUNT);
-
-        // Verifies that Nat-T keepalives can be established.
-        assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, supported + 1, 0));
-        // Verifies that keepalives don't get leaked in second round.
-        assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, supported, 0));
-
-        dropShellPermissionIdentity();
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() -> {
+            // Verifies that the supported keepalive slots meet minimum requirement.
+            assertGreaterOrEqual(supported, MIN_SUPPORTED_CELLULAR_KEEPALIVE_COUNT);
+            // Verifies that Nat-T keepalives can be established.
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr,
+                    supported + 1, 0));
+            // Verifies that keepalives don't get leaked in second round.
+            assertEquals(supported, createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, supported,
+                    0));
+        });
     }
 
     private int getIntResourceForName(@NonNull String resName) {
@@ -1255,6 +1293,7 @@
      * Verifies that the keepalive slots are limited as customized for unprivileged requests.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testSocketKeepaliveUnprivileged() throws Exception {
         if (!mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_WIFI)) {
             Log.i(TAG, "testSocketKeepaliveUnprivileged cannot execute unless device"
@@ -1267,6 +1306,8 @@
         if (supported == 0) {
             return;
         }
+        final InetAddress srcAddr = getFirstV4Address(network);
+        assumeTrue("This test requires native IPv4", srcAddr != null);
 
         // Resource ID might be shifted on devices that compiled with different symbols.
         // Thus, resolve ID at runtime is needed.
@@ -1282,7 +1323,7 @@
         final int expectedUnprivileged =
                 Math.min(allowedUnprivilegedPerUid, supported - reservedPrivilegedSlots);
         assertEquals(expectedUnprivileged,
-                createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, supported + 1, 0));
+                createConcurrentSocketKeepalives(network, srcAddr, supported + 1, 0));
     }
 
     private static void assertGreaterOrEqual(long greater, long lesser) {
@@ -1296,6 +1337,7 @@
      * See. b/144679405.
      */
     @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
     public void testRestrictedNetworkPermission() throws Exception {
         // Ensure that CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS isn't granted to this package.
         final PackageInfo app = mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(mContext.getPackageName(),