diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index a42c864..cdaf655 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
 import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
@@ -5152,7 +5153,7 @@
                 loge("Starting user already has a VPN");
                 return;
             }
-            userVpn = new Vpn(mHandler.getLooper(), mContext, mNMS, userId, mKeyStore);
+            userVpn = new Vpn(mHandler.getLooper(), mContext, mNMS, mNetd, userId, mKeyStore);
             mVpns.put(userId, userVpn);
             if (mUserManager.getUserInfo(userId).isPrimary() && LockdownVpnTracker.isEnabled()) {
                 updateLockdownVpn();
@@ -6621,6 +6622,16 @@
                 && (lp.hasIpv6DefaultRoute() || lp.hasIpv6UnreachableDefaultRoute());
     }
 
+    private static UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
+        final UidRangeParcel[] stableRanges = new UidRangeParcel[ranges.size()];
+        int index = 0;
+        for (UidRange range : ranges) {
+            stableRanges[index] = new UidRangeParcel(range.start, range.stop);
+            index++;
+        }
+        return stableRanges;
+    }
+
     private void updateUids(NetworkAgentInfo nai, NetworkCapabilities prevNc,
             NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
         Set<UidRange> prevRanges = null == prevNc ? null : prevNc.getUids();
@@ -6640,14 +6651,11 @@
             // removing old range works because, unlike the filtering rules below, it's possible to
             // add duplicate UID routing rules.
             if (!newRanges.isEmpty()) {
-                final UidRange[] addedRangesArray = new UidRange[newRanges.size()];
-                newRanges.toArray(addedRangesArray);
-                mNMS.addVpnUidRanges(nai.network.getNetId(), addedRangesArray);
+                mNetd.networkAddUidRanges(nai.network.netId, toUidRangeStableParcels(newRanges));
             }
             if (!prevRanges.isEmpty()) {
-                final UidRange[] removedRangesArray = new UidRange[prevRanges.size()];
-                prevRanges.toArray(removedRangesArray);
-                mNMS.removeVpnUidRanges(nai.network.getNetId(), removedRangesArray);
+                mNetd.networkRemoveUidRanges(
+                        nai.network.netId, toUidRangeStableParcels(prevRanges));
             }
             final boolean wasFiltering = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, prevNc, nai.linkProperties);
             final boolean shouldFilter = requiresVpnIsolation(nai, newNc, nai.linkProperties);
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index deda927..691fc46 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@
 import android.net.RouteInfoParcel;
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
 import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
@@ -1053,7 +1054,7 @@
 
         public MockVpn(int userId) {
             super(startHandlerThreadAndReturnLooper(), mServiceContext, mNetworkManagementService,
-                    userId, mock(KeyStore.class));
+                    mMockNetd, userId, mock(KeyStore.class));
             mConfig = new VpnConfig();
         }
 
@@ -1092,10 +1093,11 @@
             mMockNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_VPN, lp,
                     mNetworkCapabilities);
             mMockNetworkAgent.waitForIdle(TIMEOUT_MS);
-            verify(mNetworkManagementService, times(1))
-                    .addVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), eq(uids.toArray(new UidRange[0])));
-            verify(mNetworkManagementService, never())
-                    .removeVpnUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), any());
+
+            verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()),
+                    eq(toUidRangeStableParcels(uids)));
+            verify(mMockNetd, never())
+                    .networkRemoveUidRanges(eq(mMockVpn.getNetId()), any());
             mAgentRegistered = true;
             mNetworkCapabilities.set(mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities());
             mNetworkAgent = mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkAgent();
@@ -1167,6 +1169,11 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private UidRangeParcel[] toUidRangeStableParcels(final @NonNull Set<UidRange> ranges) {
+        return ranges.stream().map(
+                r -> new UidRangeParcel(r.start, r.stop)).toArray(UidRangeParcel[]::new);
+    }
+
     private void mockVpn(int uid) {
         synchronized (mService.mVpns) {
             int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 337507a..6e380be 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.INetd;
 import android.net.Ikev2VpnProfile;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.UidRange;
+import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionCallback;
@@ -172,11 +174,13 @@
             mPackages.put(PKGS[i], PKG_UIDS[i]);
         }
     }
+    private static final UidRange PRI_USER_RANGE = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
 
     @Mock(answer = Answers.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS) private Context mContext;
     @Mock private UserManager mUserManager;
     @Mock private PackageManager mPackageManager;
     @Mock private INetworkManagementService mNetService;
+    @Mock private INetd mNetd;
     @Mock private AppOpsManager mAppOps;
     @Mock private NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
     @Mock private Vpn.SystemServices mSystemServices;
@@ -256,8 +260,7 @@
                 null, null);
 
         assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id),
-            UidRange.createForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)
+                PRI_USER_RANGE, UidRange.createForUser(restrictedProfileA.id)
         })), ranges);
     }
 
@@ -269,9 +272,7 @@
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = vpn.createUserAndRestrictedProfilesRanges(primaryUser.id,
                 null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)
-        })), ranges);
+        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] { PRI_USER_RANGE })), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -282,15 +283,13 @@
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
         vpn.addUserToRanges(ranges, primaryUser.id, null, null);
 
-        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)
-        })), ranges);
+        assertEquals(new ArraySet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] { PRI_USER_RANGE })), ranges);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testUidAllowAndDenylist() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
         final String[] packages = {PKGS[0], PKGS[1], PKGS[2]};
 
         // Allowed list
@@ -339,62 +338,67 @@
     @Test
     public void testLockdownChangingPackage() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
 
         // Default state.
-        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
+        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Set always-on without lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, null, mKeyStore));
-        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
+        assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Set always-on with lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
+
+        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1]);
 
         // Switch to another app.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
+        assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1],
+                user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownAllowlist() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
 
         // Set always-on with lockdown and allow app PKGS[2] from lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[2]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
-
         // Change allowed app list to PKGS[3].
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
@@ -402,25 +406,25 @@
         // Change the VPN app.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Remove the list of allowed packages.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop),
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop),
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2],
                 user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
@@ -429,12 +433,12 @@
         // Add the list of allowed packages.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[1]), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
         assertBlocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1]);
@@ -447,13 +451,13 @@
         // allowed package should change from PGKS[1] to PKGS[2].
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
                 PKGS[0], true, Arrays.asList("com.foo.app", PKGS[2], "com.bar.app"), mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[]{
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[]{
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[]{
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] - 1),
-                new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[]{
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
     }
 
@@ -467,86 +471,86 @@
                 restrictedProfileA.flags);
         tempProfile.restrictedProfileParentId = primaryUser.id;
 
-        final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
+        final UidRange user = PRI_USER_RANGE;
         final UidRange profile = UidRange.createForUser(tempProfile.id);
 
         // Set lockdown.
         assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null, mKeyStore));
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
-
         // Verify restricted user isn't affected at first.
         assertUnblocked(vpn, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[0]);
 
         // Add the restricted user.
         setMockedUsers(primaryUser, tempProfile);
         vpn.onUserAdded(tempProfile.id);
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
         }));
 
         // Remove the restricted user.
         tempProfile.partial = true;
         vpn.onUserRemoved(tempProfile.id);
-        verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
-            new UidRange(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
-            new UidRange(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start, profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
+                new UidRangeParcel(profile.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, profile.stop)
         }));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleRepeatability() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-
+        final UidRangeParcel[] primaryUserRangeParcel = new UidRangeParcel[] {
+                new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.start, PRI_USER_RANGE.stop)};
         // Given legacy lockdown is already enabled,
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
-        verify(mNetService, times(1)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(
-                eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)}));
+
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(primaryUserRangeParcel));
 
         // Enabling legacy lockdown twice should do nothing.
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
-        verify(mNetService, times(1)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(anyBoolean(), any(UidRange[].class));
+        verify(mNetd, times(1))
+                .networkRejectNonSecureVpn(anyBoolean(), any(UidRangeParcel[].class));
 
         // And disabling should remove the rules exactly once.
         vpn.setLockdown(false);
-        verify(mNetService, times(1)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(
-                eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)}));
+        verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(primaryUserRangeParcel));
 
         // Removing the lockdown again should have no effect.
         vpn.setLockdown(false);
-        verify(mNetService, times(2)).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(anyBoolean(), any(UidRange[].class));
+        verify(mNetd, times(2)).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(
+                anyBoolean(), any(UidRangeParcel[].class));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testLockdownRuleReversibility() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-
-        final UidRange[] entireUser = {
-            UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id)
+        final UidRangeParcel[] entireUser = {
+            new UidRangeParcel(PRI_USER_RANGE.start, PRI_USER_RANGE.stop)
         };
-        final UidRange[] exceptPkg0 = {
-            new UidRange(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
-            new UidRange(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, entireUser[0].stop)
+        final UidRangeParcel[] exceptPkg0 = {
+            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start, entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] - 1),
+            new UidRangeParcel(entireUser[0].start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, entireUser[0].stop)
         };
 
-        final InOrder order = inOrder(mNetService);
+        final InOrder order = inOrder(mNetd);
 
         // Given lockdown is enabled with no package (legacy VPN),
         vpn.setLockdown(true);
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
 
         // When a new VPN package is set the rules should change to cover that package.
         vpn.prepare(null, PKGS[0], VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(entireUser));
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(entireUser));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
 
         // When that VPN package is unset, everything should be undone again in reverse.
         vpn.prepare(null, VpnConfig.LEGACY_VPN, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
-        order.verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(false), aryEq(exceptPkg0));
+        order.verify(mNetd).networkRejectNonSecureVpn(eq(true), aryEq(entireUser));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1186,7 +1190,7 @@
                 .thenReturn(asUserContext);
         final TestLooper testLooper = new TestLooper();
         final Vpn vpn = new Vpn(testLooper.getLooper(), mContext, new TestDeps(), mNetService,
-                userId, mKeyStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
+                mNetd, userId, mKeyStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
         verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkProvider(argThat(
                 provider -> provider.getName().contains("VpnNetworkProvider")
         ));