diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
index 776832f..3cad1c6 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 
-import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap.ThrowingBiConsumer;
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
 import com.android.net.module.util.bpf.Tether4Key;
@@ -66,31 +66,31 @@
 
     // BPF map for downstream IPv4 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map;
 
     // BPF map for upstream IPv4 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map;
 
     // BPF map for downstream IPv6 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
 
     // BPF map for upstream IPv6 forwarding.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map;
 
     // BPF map of tethering statistics of the upstream interface since tethering startup.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap;
 
     // BPF map of per-interface quota for tethering offload.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap;
 
     // BPF map of interface index mapping for XDP.
     @Nullable
-    private final BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
 
     // Tracking IPv4 rule count while any rule is using the given upstream interfaces. Used for
     // reducing the BPF map iteration query. The count is increased or decreased when the rule is
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
         return true;
     }
 
-    private String mapStatus(BpfMap m, String name) {
+    private String mapStatus(IBpfMap m, String name) {
         return name + "{" + (m != null ? "OK" : "ERROR") + "}";
     }
 
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
index 05a2884..142a0b9 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
@@ -320,7 +321,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get downstream4 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_DOWNSTREAM4_MAP_PATH,
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get upstream4 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_UPSTREAM4_MAP_PATH,
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get downstream6 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_DOWNSTREAM6_FS_PATH,
@@ -356,7 +357,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get upstream6 BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_UPSTREAM6_FS_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR,
@@ -368,7 +369,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get stats BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_STATS_MAP_PATH,
@@ -380,7 +381,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get limit BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_LIMIT_MAP_PATH,
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@
         }
 
         /** Get dev BPF map. */
-        @Nullable public BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
+        @Nullable public IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
             if (!isAtLeastS()) return null;
             try {
                 return new BpfMap<>(TETHER_DEV_MAP_PATH,
@@ -1047,7 +1048,7 @@
         }
     }
     private void dumpBpfStats(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> map = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> map = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
             if (map == null) {
                 pw.println("No BPF stats map");
                 return;
@@ -1102,7 +1103,7 @@
     }
 
     private void dumpIpv6UpstreamRules(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = mDeps.getBpfUpstream6Map()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = mDeps.getBpfUpstream6Map()) {
             if (map == null) {
                 pw.println("No IPv6 upstream");
                 return;
@@ -1130,7 +1131,7 @@
     }
 
     private void dumpIpv6DownstreamRules(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = mDeps.getBpfDownstream6Map()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> map = mDeps.getBpfDownstream6Map()) {
             if (map == null) {
                 pw.println("No IPv6 downstream");
                 return;
@@ -1161,7 +1162,7 @@
         pw.decreaseIndent();
     }
 
-    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpRawMap(BpfMap<K, V> map,
+    private <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpRawMap(IBpfMap<K, V> map,
             IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
         if (map == null) {
             pw.println("No BPF support");
@@ -1192,7 +1193,7 @@
         // expected argument order.
         // TODO: dump downstream4 map.
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS)) {
-            try (BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
+            try (IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
                 dumpRawMap(statsMap, pw);
             } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping stats map: " + e);
@@ -1200,7 +1201,7 @@
             return;
         }
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4)) {
-            try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map()) {
+            try (IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map()) {
                 dumpRawMap(upstreamMap, pw);
             } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping IPv4 map: " + e);
@@ -1245,7 +1246,7 @@
     }
 
     private void dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(long now, boolean downstream,
-            BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> map, IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
+            IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> map, IndentingPrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
         if (map == null) {
             pw.println("No IPv4 support");
             return;
@@ -1260,8 +1261,8 @@
     private void dumpBpfForwardingRulesIpv4(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtimeNanos();
 
-        try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map();
-                BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> downstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfDownstream4Map()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map();
+                IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> downstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfDownstream4Map()) {
             pw.println("IPv4 Upstream: proto [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> "
                     + "dst [outDstMac] age");
             pw.increaseIndent();
@@ -1283,7 +1284,7 @@
             pw.println("No counter support");
             return;
         }
-        try (BpfMap<S32, S32> map = new BpfMap<>(TETHER_ERROR_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDONLY,
+        try (IBpfMap<S32, S32> map = new BpfMap<>(TETHER_ERROR_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDONLY,
                 S32.class, S32.class)) {
 
             map.forEach((k, v) -> {
@@ -1304,7 +1305,7 @@
     }
 
     private void dumpDevmap(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
-        try (BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> map = mDeps.getBpfDevMap()) {
+        try (IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> map = mDeps.getBpfDevMap()) {
             if (map == null) {
                 pw.println("No devmap support");
                 return;
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
index b100f58..758b533 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito;
-import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
 import com.android.net.module.util.SharedLog;
@@ -362,9 +362,9 @@
     @Mock private IpServer mIpServer2;
     @Mock private TetheringConfiguration mTetherConfig;
     @Mock private ConntrackMonitor mConntrackMonitor;
-    @Mock private BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
-    @Mock private BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map;
-    @Mock private BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
+    @Mock private IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfDownstream6Map;
+    @Mock private IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> mBpfUpstream6Map;
+    @Mock private IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> mBpfDevMap;
 
     // Late init since methods must be called by the thread that created this object.
     private TestableNetworkStatsProviderCbBinder mTetherStatsProviderCb;
@@ -379,13 +379,13 @@
     private final ArgumentCaptor<ArrayList> mStringArrayCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ArrayList.class);
     private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map =
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfDownstream4Map =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class));
-    private final BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map =
+    private final IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> mBpfUpstream4Map =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class));
-    private final TestBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap =
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(TetherStatsKey.class, TetherStatsValue.class));
-    private final TestBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap =
+    private final IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> mBpfLimitMap =
             spy(new TestBpfMap<>(TetherLimitKey.class, TetherLimitValue.class));
     private BpfCoordinator.Dependencies mDeps =
             spy(new BpfCoordinator.Dependencies() {
@@ -424,37 +424,37 @@
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
                         return mBpfDownstream4Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfUpstream4Map() {
                         return mBpfUpstream4Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherDownstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfDownstream6Map() {
                         return mBpfDownstream6Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherUpstream6Key, Tether6Value> getBpfUpstream6Map() {
                         return mBpfUpstream6Map;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> getBpfStatsMap() {
                         return mBpfStatsMap;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherLimitKey, TetherLimitValue> getBpfLimitMap() {
                         return mBpfLimitMap;
                     }
 
                     @Nullable
-                    public BpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
+                    public IBpfMap<TetherDevKey, TetherDevValue> getBpfDevMap() {
                         return mBpfDevMap;
                     }
             });
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
index da5f88d..350ed86 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
@@ -85,6 +85,12 @@
 
     private static final long SUPPORTED_OEM_MANAGED_TYPES = OEM_PAID | OEM_PRIVATE;
 
+    // Need to be synchronized with ConnectivityManager.
+    // TODO: Use {@code ConnectivityManager#*} when visible.
+    static final int TYPE_TEST = 18;
+    private static final int MAX_NETWORK_TYPE = TYPE_TEST;
+    private static final int MIN_NETWORK_TYPE = TYPE_MOBILE;
+
     final int mType;
     final int mRatType;
     final int mSubId;
@@ -346,11 +352,6 @@
      * Builder class for {@link NetworkIdentity}.
      */
     public static final class Builder {
-        // Need to be synchronized with ConnectivityManager.
-        // TODO: Use {@link ConnectivityManager#MAX_NETWORK_TYPE} when this file is in the module.
-        private static final int MAX_NETWORK_TYPE = 18; // TYPE_TEST
-        private static final int MIN_NETWORK_TYPE = TYPE_MOBILE;
-
         private int mType;
         private int mRatType;
         private String mSubscriberId;
@@ -413,6 +414,12 @@
                     final WifiInfo info = (WifiInfo) transportInfo;
                     setWifiNetworkKey(info.getNetworkKey());
                 }
+            } else if (mType == TYPE_TEST) {
+                final NetworkSpecifier ns = snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().getNetworkSpecifier();
+                if (ns instanceof TestNetworkSpecifier) {
+                    // Reuse the wifi network key field to identify individual test networks.
+                    setWifiNetworkKey(((TestNetworkSpecifier) ns).getInterfaceName());
+                }
             }
             return this;
         }
@@ -574,7 +581,7 @@
             }
 
             // Assert non-wifi network cannot have a wifi network key.
-            if (mType != TYPE_WIFI && mWifiNetworkKey != null) {
+            if (mType != TYPE_WIFI && mType != TYPE_TEST && mWifiNetworkKey != null) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid wifi network key for type " + mType);
             }
         }
diff --git a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
index b82a126..b6bd1a5 100644
--- a/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
+++ b/framework-t/src/android/net/NetworkTemplate.java
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkIdentityUtils;
 import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStatsUtils;
@@ -114,6 +115,14 @@
      * may offer non-cellular networks like WiFi, which will be matched by this rule.
      */
     public static final int MATCH_CARRIER = 10;
+    /**
+     * Match rule to match networks with {@link ConnectivityManager#TYPE_TEST} as the legacy
+     * network type.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static final int MATCH_TEST = 11;
 
     // TODO: Remove this and replace all callers with WIFI_NETWORK_KEY_ALL.
     /** @hide */
@@ -176,6 +185,7 @@
             case MATCH_BLUETOOTH:
             case MATCH_PROXY:
             case MATCH_CARRIER:
+            case MATCH_TEST:
                 return true;
 
             default:
@@ -666,6 +676,8 @@
                 return matchesProxy(ident);
             case MATCH_CARRIER:
                 return matchesCarrier(ident);
+            case MATCH_TEST:
+                return matchesTest(ident);
             default:
                 // We have no idea what kind of network template we are, so we
                 // just claim not to match anything.
@@ -776,6 +788,17 @@
                 && CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchSubscriberIds, ident.mSubscriberId);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Check if matches test network. If the wifiNetworkKeys in the template is specified, Then it
+     * will only match a network containing any of the specified the wifi network key. Otherwise,
+     * all test networks would be matched.
+     */
+    private boolean matchesTest(NetworkIdentity ident) {
+        return ident.mType == NetworkIdentity.TYPE_TEST
+                && ((CollectionUtils.isEmpty(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys)
+                || CollectionUtils.contains(mMatchWifiNetworkKeys, ident.mWifiNetworkKey)));
+    }
+
     private boolean matchesMobileWildcard(NetworkIdentity ident) {
         if (ident.mType == TYPE_WIMAX) {
             return true;
@@ -829,6 +852,8 @@
                 return "PROXY";
             case MATCH_CARRIER:
                 return "CARRIER";
+            case MATCH_TEST:
+                return "TEST";
             default:
                 return "UNKNOWN(" + matchRule + ")";
         }
@@ -1079,7 +1104,9 @@
         }
 
         private void validateWifiNetworkKeys() {
-            if (mMatchRule != MATCH_WIFI && !mMatchWifiNetworkKeys.isEmpty()) {
+            // Also allow querying test networks which use wifi network key as identifier.
+            if (mMatchRule != MATCH_WIFI && mMatchRule != MATCH_TEST
+                    && !mMatchWifiNetworkKeys.isEmpty()) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Trying to build non wifi match rule: "
                         + mMatchRule + " with wifi network keys");
             }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index 1fbbd25..547b4ba 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -1167,6 +1167,8 @@
                 return "PROXY";
             case TYPE_VPN:
                 return "VPN";
+            case TYPE_TEST:
+                return "TEST";
             default:
                 return Integer.toString(type);
         }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
index b6f3314..da12a0a 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
@@ -188,7 +188,8 @@
      * Set to true if the PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN notification has shown for this network.
      * Reset this bit when private DNS mode is changed from strict mode to opportunistic/off mode.
      *
-     * This is not parceled, because it would not make sense.
+     * This is not parceled, because it would not make sense. It's also ignored by the
+     * equals() and hashcode() methods.
      *
      * @hide
      */
@@ -503,8 +504,10 @@
                 && provisioningNotificationDisabled == that.provisioningNotificationDisabled
                 && skip464xlat == that.skip464xlat
                 && legacyType == that.legacyType
+                && legacySubType == that.legacySubType
                 && Objects.equals(subscriberId, that.subscriberId)
                 && Objects.equals(legacyTypeName, that.legacyTypeName)
+                && Objects.equals(legacySubTypeName, that.legacySubTypeName)
                 && Objects.equals(mLegacyExtraInfo, that.mLegacyExtraInfo)
                 && excludeLocalRouteVpn == that.excludeLocalRouteVpn
                 && mVpnRequiresValidation == that.mVpnRequiresValidation;
@@ -514,8 +517,8 @@
     public int hashCode() {
         return Objects.hash(allowBypass, explicitlySelected, acceptUnvalidated,
                 acceptPartialConnectivity, provisioningNotificationDisabled, subscriberId,
-                skip464xlat, legacyType, legacyTypeName, mLegacyExtraInfo, excludeLocalRouteVpn,
-                mVpnRequiresValidation);
+                skip464xlat, legacyType, legacySubType, legacyTypeName, legacySubTypeName,
+                mLegacyExtraInfo, excludeLocalRouteVpn, mVpnRequiresValidation);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -529,8 +532,10 @@
                 + ", subscriberId = '" + subscriberId + '\''
                 + ", skip464xlat = " + skip464xlat
                 + ", legacyType = " + legacyType
+                + ", legacySubType = " + legacySubType
                 + ", hasShownBroken = " + hasShownBroken
                 + ", legacyTypeName = '" + legacyTypeName + '\''
+                + ", legacySubTypeName = '" + legacySubTypeName + '\''
                 + ", legacyExtraInfo = '" + mLegacyExtraInfo + '\''
                 + ", excludeLocalRouteVpn = '" + excludeLocalRouteVpn + '\''
                 + ", vpnRequiresValidation = '" + mVpnRequiresValidation + '\''
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
index 994db1d..3f7ed2a 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.cpp
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@
 }
 
 Status BpfHandler::initMaps() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mCookieTagMap.init(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapA.init(STATS_MAP_A_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapB.init(STATS_MAP_B_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.init(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidPermissionMap.init(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH));
+    // initialized last so mCookieTagMap.isValid() implies everything else is valid too
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mCookieTagMap.init(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH));
     ALOGI("%s successfully", __func__);
 
     return netdutils::status::ok;
@@ -133,7 +133,6 @@
 }
 
 int BpfHandler::tagSocket(int sockFd, uint32_t tag, uid_t chargeUid, uid_t realUid) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
     if (!mCookieTagMap.isValid()) return -EPERM;
 
     if (chargeUid != realUid && !hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(realUid)) return -EPERM;
@@ -185,9 +184,9 @@
     uint32_t perUidEntryCount = 0;
     // Now we go through the stats map and count how many entries are associated
     // with chargeUid. If the uid entry hit the limit for each chargeUid, we block
-    // the request to prevent the map from overflow. It is safe here to iterate
-    // over the map since when mMutex is hold, system server cannot toggle
-    // the live stats map and clean it. So nobody can delete entries from the map.
+    // the request to prevent the map from overflow. Note though that it isn't really
+    // safe here to iterate over the map since it might be modified by the system server,
+    // which might toggle the live stats map and clean it.
     const auto countUidStatsEntries = [chargeUid, &totalEntryCount, &perUidEntryCount](
                                               const StatsKey& key,
                                               const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>&) {
@@ -227,9 +226,9 @@
     }
     // Update the tag information of a socket to the cookieUidMap. Use BPF_ANY
     // flag so it will insert a new entry to the map if that value doesn't exist
-    // yet. And update the tag if there is already a tag stored. Since the eBPF
+    // yet and update the tag if there is already a tag stored. Since the eBPF
     // program in kernel only read this map, and is protected by rcu read lock. It
-    // should be fine to cocurrently update the map while eBPF program is running.
+    // should be fine to concurrently update the map while eBPF program is running.
     res = mCookieTagMap.writeValue(sock_cookie, newKey, BPF_ANY);
     if (!res.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Failed to tag the socket: %s, fd: %d", strerror(res.error().code()),
@@ -240,8 +239,6 @@
 }
 
 int BpfHandler::untagSocket(int sockFd) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-
     uint64_t sock_cookie = getSocketCookie(sockFd);
     if (sock_cookie == NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) return -errno;
 
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandler.h b/netd/BpfHandler.h
index 5ee04d1..925a725 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandler.h
+++ b/netd/BpfHandler.h
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <mutex>
-
 #include <netdutils/Status.h>
 #include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
 #include "bpf_shared.h"
@@ -66,8 +64,6 @@
     BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> mConfigurationMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mUidPermissionMap;
 
-    std::mutex mMutex;
-
     // The limit on the number of stats entries a uid can have in the per uid stats map. BpfHandler
     // will block that specific uid from tagging new sockets after the limit is reached.
     const uint32_t mPerUidStatsEntriesLimit;
diff --git a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
index 99160da..f5c9a68 100644
--- a/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
+++ b/netd/BpfHandlerTest.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidPermissionMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mBh.mMutex);
         ASSERT_EQ(0, setrlimitForTest());
 
         mFakeCookieTagMap.resetMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE);
diff --git a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
index 6605428..28de881 100644
--- a/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
+++ b/service-t/native/libs/libnetworkstats/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@
 
 using base::Result;
 
-// The target map for stats reading should be the inactive map, which is opposite
-// from the config value.
-static constexpr char const* STATS_MAP_PATH[] = {STATS_MAP_B_PATH, STATS_MAP_A_PATH};
-
 int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, Stats* stats,
                            const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& appUidStatsMap) {
     auto statsEntry = appUidStatsMap.readValue(uid);
@@ -171,30 +167,42 @@
                                int limitUid) {
     static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
     static BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint32_t> configurationMap(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH);
+    static BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapA(STATS_MAP_A_PATH);
+    static BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapB(STATS_MAP_B_PATH);
     auto configuration = configurationMap.readValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
     if (!configuration.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot read the old configuration from map: %s",
               configuration.error().message().c_str());
         return -configuration.error().code();
     }
-    if (configuration.value() != SELECT_MAP_A && configuration.value() != SELECT_MAP_B) {
+    // The target map for stats reading should be the inactive map, which is opposite
+    // from the config value.
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> *inactiveStatsMap;
+    switch (configuration.value()) {
+      case SELECT_MAP_A:
+        inactiveStatsMap = &statsMapB;
+        break;
+      case SELECT_MAP_B:
+        inactiveStatsMap = &statsMapA;
+        break;
+      default:
         ALOGE("%s unknown configuration value: %d", __func__, configuration.value());
         return -EINVAL;
     }
-    const char* statsMapPath = STATS_MAP_PATH[configuration.value()];
-    // TODO: fix this to not constantly reopen the bpf map
-    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMap(statsMapPath);
 
     // It is safe to read and clear the old map now since the
     // networkStatsFactory should call netd to swap the map in advance already.
-    int ret = parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, limitIfaces, limitTag, limitUid, statsMap,
-                                                 ifaceIndexNameMap);
+    // TODO: the above comment feels like it may be obsolete / out of date,
+    // since we no longer swap the map via netd binder rpc - though we do
+    // still swap it.
+    int ret = parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(lines, limitIfaces, limitTag, limitUid,
+                                                 *inactiveStatsMap, ifaceIndexNameMap);
     if (ret) {
         ALOGE("parse detail network stats failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
 
-    Result<void> res = statsMap.clear();
+    Result<void> res = inactiveStatsMap->clear();
     if (!res.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Clean up current stats map failed: %s", strerror(res.error().code()));
         return -res.error().code();
diff --git a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
index 309c9dd..b08879e 100644
--- a/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
+++ b/service-t/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
@@ -2819,24 +2819,10 @@
         if (mCookieTagMap == null) {
             return;
         }
-        pw.println("mCookieTagMap:");
-        pw.increaseIndent();
-        try {
-            mCookieTagMap.forEach((key, value) -> {
-                // value could be null if there is a concurrent entry deletion.
-                // http://b/220084230.
-                if (value != null) {
-                    pw.println("cookie=" + key.socketCookie
-                            + " tag=0x" + Long.toHexString(value.tag)
-                            + " uid=" + value.uid);
-                } else {
-                    pw.println("Entry is deleted while dumping, iterating from first entry");
-                }
-            });
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-            pw.println("mCookieTagMap dump end with error: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
-        }
-        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mCookieTagMap, pw, "mCookieTagMap",
+                (key, value) -> "cookie=" + key.socketCookie
+                        + " tag=0x" + Long.toHexString(value.tag)
+                        + " uid=" + value.uid);
     }
 
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
@@ -2844,22 +2830,8 @@
         if (mUidCounterSetMap == null) {
             return;
         }
-        pw.println("mUidCounterSetMap:");
-        pw.increaseIndent();
-        try {
-            mUidCounterSetMap.forEach((uid, set) -> {
-                // set could be null if there is a concurrent entry deletion.
-                // http://b/220084230.
-                if (set != null) {
-                    pw.println("uid=" + uid.val + " set=" + set.val);
-                } else {
-                    pw.println("Entry is deleted while dumping, iterating from first entry");
-                }
-            });
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-            pw.println("mUidCounterSetMap dump end with error: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
-        }
-        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mUidCounterSetMap, pw, "mUidCounterSetMap",
+                (uid, set) -> "uid=" + uid.val + " set=" + set.val);
     }
 
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
@@ -2867,27 +2839,13 @@
         if (mAppUidStatsMap == null) {
             return;
         }
-        pw.println("mAppUidStatsMap:");
-        pw.increaseIndent();
-        pw.println("uid rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
-        try {
-            mAppUidStatsMap.forEach((key, value) -> {
-                // value could be null if there is a concurrent entry deletion.
-                // http://b/220084230.
-                if (value != null) {
-                    pw.println(key.uid + " "
-                            + value.rxBytes + " "
-                            + value.rxPackets + " "
-                            + value.txBytes + " "
-                            + value.txPackets);
-                } else {
-                    pw.println("Entry is deleted while dumping, iterating from first entry");
-                }
-            });
-        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-            pw.println("mAppUidStatsMap dump end with error: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
-        }
-        pw.decreaseIndent();
+        BpfDump.dumpMap(mAppUidStatsMap, pw, "mAppUidStatsMap",
+                "uid rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets",
+                (key, value) -> key.uid + " "
+                        + value.rxBytes + " "
+                        + value.rxPackets + " "
+                        + value.txBytes + " "
+                        + value.txPackets);
     }
 
     private NetworkStats readNetworkStatsSummaryDev() {
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
index 6bb8115..dc5c4c7 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/BpfNetMaps.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8;
 
@@ -99,10 +100,10 @@
     private static final long STATS_SELECT_MAP_A = 0;
     private static final long STATS_SELECT_MAP_B = 1;
 
-    private static BpfMap<U32, U32> sConfigurationMap = null;
+    private static IBpfMap<U32, U32> sConfigurationMap = null;
     // BpfMap for UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH. This map is not accessed by others.
-    private static BpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> sUidOwnerMap = null;
-    private static BpfMap<U32, U8> sUidPermissionMap = null;
+    private static IBpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> sUidOwnerMap = null;
+    private static IBpfMap<U32, U8> sUidPermissionMap = null;
 
     // LINT.IfChange(match_type)
     @VisibleForTesting public static final long NO_MATCH = 0;
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@
      * Set configurationMap for test.
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public static void setConfigurationMapForTest(BpfMap<U32, U32> configurationMap) {
+    public static void setConfigurationMapForTest(IBpfMap<U32, U32> configurationMap) {
         sConfigurationMap = configurationMap;
     }
 
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@
      * Set uidOwnerMap for test.
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public static void setUidOwnerMapForTest(BpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> uidOwnerMap) {
+    public static void setUidOwnerMapForTest(IBpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> uidOwnerMap) {
         sUidOwnerMap = uidOwnerMap;
     }
 
@@ -148,11 +149,11 @@
      * Set uidPermissionMap for test.
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
-    public static void setUidPermissionMapForTest(BpfMap<U32, U8> uidPermissionMap) {
+    public static void setUidPermissionMapForTest(IBpfMap<U32, U8> uidPermissionMap) {
         sUidPermissionMap = uidPermissionMap;
     }
 
-    private static BpfMap<U32, U32> getConfigurationMap() {
+    private static IBpfMap<U32, U32> getConfigurationMap() {
         try {
             return new BpfMap<>(
                     CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, U32.class, U32.class);
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static BpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> getUidOwnerMap() {
+    private static IBpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> getUidOwnerMap() {
         try {
             return new BpfMap<>(
                     UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, U32.class, UidOwnerValue.class);
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static BpfMap<U32, U8> getUidPermissionMap() {
+    private static IBpfMap<U32, U8> getUidPermissionMap() {
         try {
             return new BpfMap<>(
                     UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH, BpfMap.BPF_F_RDWR, U32.class, U8.class);
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index 218cbde..afb3ca2
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -1744,7 +1744,8 @@
         synchronized (mNetworkForNetId) {
             for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkForNetId.size(); i++) {
                 final NetworkAgentInfo nai = mNetworkForNetId.valueAt(i);
-                if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected && nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid)) {
+                if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected()
+                        && nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid)) {
                     return nai;
                 }
             }
@@ -2478,7 +2479,7 @@
         final ArrayList<NetworkStateSnapshot> result = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Network network : getAllNetworks()) {
             final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-            if (nai != null && nai.everConnected) {
+            if (nai != null && nai.everConnected()) {
                 // TODO (b/73321673) : NetworkStateSnapshot contains a copy of the
                 // NetworkCapabilities, which may contain UIDs of apps to which the
                 // network applies. Should the UIDs be cleared so as not to leak or
@@ -3531,7 +3532,7 @@
             }
 
             // If the network has been destroyed, the only thing that it can do is disconnect.
-            if (nai.destroyed && !isDisconnectRequest(msg)) {
+            if (nai.isDestroyed() && !isDisconnectRequest(msg)) {
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -3560,7 +3561,7 @@
                     break;
                 }
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_SET_EXPLICITLY_SELECTED: {
-                    if (nai.everConnected) {
+                    if (nai.everConnected()) {
                         loge("ERROR: cannot call explicitlySelected on already-connected network");
                         // Note that if the NAI had been connected, this would affect the
                         // score, and therefore would require re-mixing the score and performing
@@ -3690,7 +3691,7 @@
             final int netId = msg.arg2;
             final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(netId);
             // If a network has already been destroyed, all NetworkMonitor updates are ignored.
-            if (nai != null && nai.destroyed) return true;
+            if (nai != null && nai.isDestroyed()) return true;
             switch (msg.what) {
                 default:
                     return false;
@@ -3739,12 +3740,10 @@
                 case EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION: {
                     final boolean visible = toBool(msg.arg1);
                     // If captive portal status has changed, update capabilities or disconnect.
-                    if (nai != null && (visible != nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected)) {
-                        nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected = visible;
-                        nai.everCaptivePortalDetected |= visible;
-                        if (nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected &&
-                                ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID
-                                        == getCaptivePortalMode()) {
+                    if (nai != null && (visible != nai.captivePortalDetected())) {
+                        nai.setCaptivePortalDetected(visible);
+                        if (visible && ConnectivitySettingsManager.CAPTIVE_PORTAL_MODE_AVOID
+                                == getCaptivePortalMode()) {
                             if (DBG) log("Avoiding captive portal network: " + nai.toShortString());
                             nai.onPreventAutomaticReconnect();
                             teardownUnneededNetwork(nai);
@@ -3796,11 +3795,10 @@
                 return;
             }
 
-            final boolean wasValidated = nai.lastValidated;
-            final boolean wasPartial = nai.partialConnectivity;
-            nai.partialConnectivity = ((testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL) != 0);
-            final boolean partialConnectivityChanged =
-                    (wasPartial != nai.partialConnectivity);
+            final boolean wasValidated = nai.isValidated();
+            final boolean wasPartial = nai.partialConnectivity();
+            nai.setPartialConnectivity((testResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL) != 0);
+            final boolean partialConnectivityChanged = (wasPartial != nai.partialConnectivity());
 
             if (DBG) {
                 final String logMsg = !TextUtils.isEmpty(redirectUrl)
@@ -3808,10 +3806,9 @@
                         : "";
                 log(nai.toShortString() + " validation " + (valid ? "passed" : "failed") + logMsg);
             }
-            if (valid != nai.lastValidated) {
+            if (valid != nai.isValidated()) {
                 final FullScore oldScore = nai.getScore();
-                nai.lastValidated = valid;
-                nai.everValidated |= valid;
+                nai.setValidated(valid);
                 updateCapabilities(oldScore, nai, nai.networkCapabilities);
                 if (valid) {
                     handleFreshlyValidatedNetwork(nai);
@@ -3844,13 +3841,13 @@
             // EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED arrives, show the partial connectivity notification
             // immediately. Re-notify partial connectivity silently if no internet
             // notification already there.
-            if (!wasPartial && nai.partialConnectivity) {
+            if (!wasPartial && nai.partialConnectivity()) {
                 // Remove delayed message if there is a pending message.
                 mHandler.removeMessages(EVENT_PROMPT_UNVALIDATED, nai.network);
                 handlePromptUnvalidated(nai.network);
             }
 
-            if (wasValidated && !nai.lastValidated) {
+            if (wasValidated && !nai.isValidated()) {
                 handleNetworkUnvalidated(nai);
             }
         }
@@ -4197,7 +4194,7 @@
     }
 
     private static boolean shouldDestroyNativeNetwork(@NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
-        return nai.created && !nai.destroyed;
+        return nai.isCreated() && !nai.isDestroyed();
     }
 
     private boolean shouldIgnoreValidationFailureAfterRoam(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
@@ -4207,8 +4204,8 @@
                 R.integer.config_validationFailureAfterRoamIgnoreTimeMillis));
         if (blockTimeOut <= MAX_VALIDATION_FAILURE_BLOCKING_TIME_MS
                 && blockTimeOut >= 0) {
-            final long currentTimeMs  = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
-            long timeSinceLastRoam = currentTimeMs - nai.lastRoamTimestamp;
+            final long currentTimeMs = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            long timeSinceLastRoam = currentTimeMs - nai.lastRoamTime;
             if (timeSinceLastRoam <= blockTimeOut) {
                 log ("blocked because only " + timeSinceLastRoam + "ms after roam");
                 return true;
@@ -4312,7 +4309,7 @@
         }
 
         // Delayed teardown.
-        if (nai.created) {
+        if (nai.isCreated()) {
             try {
                 mNetd.networkSetPermissionForNetwork(nai.network.netId, INetd.PERMISSION_SYSTEM);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
@@ -4333,7 +4330,7 @@
             // for an unnecessarily long time.
             destroyNativeNetwork(nai);
         }
-        if (!nai.created && !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+        if (!nai.isCreated() && !SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
             // Backwards compatibility: send onNetworkDestroyed even if network was never created.
             // This can never run if the code above runs because shouldDestroyNativeNetwork is
             // false if the network was never created.
@@ -4394,11 +4391,11 @@
         mDnsManager.removeNetwork(nai.network);
 
         // clean up tc police filters on interface.
-        if (nai.everConnected && canNetworkBeRateLimited(nai) && mIngressRateLimit >= 0) {
+        if (nai.everConnected() && canNetworkBeRateLimited(nai) && mIngressRateLimit >= 0) {
             mDeps.disableIngressRateLimit(nai.linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
         }
 
-        nai.destroyed = true;
+        nai.setDestroyed();
         nai.onNetworkDestroyed();
     }
 
@@ -4527,7 +4524,7 @@
     private boolean unneeded(NetworkAgentInfo nai, UnneededFor reason) {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
 
-        if (!nai.everConnected || nai.isVPN() || nai.isInactive()
+        if (!nai.everConnected() || nai.isVPN() || nai.isInactive()
                 || nai.getScore().getKeepConnectedReason() != NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -4859,7 +4856,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        if (nai.everValidated) {
+        if (nai.everValidated()) {
             // The network validated while the dialog box was up. Take no action.
             return;
         }
@@ -4904,7 +4901,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        if (nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (nai.isValidated()) {
             // The network validated while the dialog box was up. Take no action.
             return;
         }
@@ -4936,12 +4933,12 @@
 
     private void handleSetAvoidUnvalidated(Network network) {
         NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-        if (nai == null || nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (nai == null || nai.isValidated()) {
             // Nothing to do. The network either disconnected or revalidated.
             return;
         }
-        if (!nai.avoidUnvalidated) {
-            nai.avoidUnvalidated = true;
+        if (0L == nai.getAvoidUnvalidated()) {
+            nai.setAvoidUnvalidated();
             nai.updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate();
             rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
         }
@@ -5091,7 +5088,7 @@
         pw.println("Network overrides:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
-            if (nai.avoidUnvalidated) {
+            if (0L != nai.getAvoidUnvalidated()) {
                 pw.println(nai.toShortString());
             }
         }
@@ -5162,7 +5159,7 @@
     private boolean shouldPromptUnvalidated(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         // Don't prompt if the network is validated, and don't prompt on captive portals
         // because we're already prompting the user to sign in.
-        if (nai.everValidated || nai.everCaptivePortalDetected) {
+        if (nai.everValidated() || nai.everCaptivePortalDetected()) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -5170,8 +5167,8 @@
         // partial connectivity and selected don't ask again. This ensures that if the device
         // automatically connects to a network that has partial Internet access, the user will
         // always be able to use it, either because they've already chosen "don't ask again" or
-        // because we have prompt them.
-        if (nai.partialConnectivity && !nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity) {
+        // because we have prompted them.
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity() && !nai.networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity) {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -5203,7 +5200,7 @@
         // TODO: Evaluate if it's needed to wait 8 seconds for triggering notification when
         // NetworkMonitor detects the network is partial connectivity. Need to change the design to
         // popup the notification immediately when the network is partial connectivity.
-        if (nai.partialConnectivity) {
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity()) {
             showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
         } else {
             showNetworkNotification(nai, NotificationType.NO_INTERNET);
@@ -5557,7 +5554,7 @@
             return;
         }
         // Revalidate if the app report does not match our current validated state.
-        if (hasConnectivity == nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (hasConnectivity == nai.isValidated()) {
             mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
                     mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
                             ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED,
@@ -5571,7 +5568,7 @@
         }
         // Validating a network that has not yet connected could result in a call to
         // rematchNetworkAndRequests() which is not meant to work on such networks.
-        if (!nai.everConnected) {
+        if (!nai.everConnected()) {
             return;
         }
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
@@ -6923,6 +6920,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void unofferNetwork(@NonNull final INetworkOfferCallback callback) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(callback);
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER, callback));
     }
 
@@ -7470,9 +7468,7 @@
             notifyIfacesChangedForNetworkStats();
             networkAgent.networkMonitor().notifyLinkPropertiesChanged(
                     new LinkProperties(newLp, true /* parcelSensitiveFields */));
-            if (networkAgent.everConnected) {
-                notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED);
-            }
+            notifyNetworkCallbacks(networkAgent, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED);
         }
 
         mKeepaliveTracker.handleCheckKeepalivesStillValid(networkAgent);
@@ -7751,7 +7747,7 @@
             @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities newNc) {
         final int oldPermission = getNetworkPermission(nai.networkCapabilities);
         final int newPermission = getNetworkPermission(newNc);
-        if (oldPermission != newPermission && nai.created && !nai.isVPN()) {
+        if (oldPermission != newPermission && nai.isCreated() && !nai.isVPN()) {
             try {
                 mNetd.networkSetPermissionForNetwork(nai.network.getNetId(), newPermission);
             } catch (RemoteException | ServiceSpecificException e) {
@@ -7841,9 +7837,9 @@
          // causing a connect/teardown loop.
          // TODO: remove this altogether and make it the responsibility of the NetworkProviders to
          // avoid connect/teardown loops.
-        if (nai.everConnected &&
-                !nai.isVPN() &&
-                !nai.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(nc)) {
+        if (nai.everConnected()
+                && !nai.isVPN()
+                && !nai.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(nc)) {
             // TODO: consider not complaining when a network agent degrades its capabilities if this
             // does not cause any request (that is not a listen) currently matching that agent to
             // stop being matched by the updated agent.
@@ -7855,12 +7851,12 @@
 
         // Don't modify caller's NetworkCapabilities.
         final NetworkCapabilities newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
-        if (nai.lastValidated) {
+        if (nai.isValidated()) {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
         } else {
             newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
         }
-        if (nai.lastCaptivePortalDetected) {
+        if (nai.captivePortalDetected()) {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
         } else {
             newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
@@ -7870,7 +7866,7 @@
         } else {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
         }
-        if (nai.partialConnectivity) {
+        if (nai.partialConnectivity()) {
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
         } else {
             newNc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY);
@@ -8117,7 +8113,7 @@
         //  that happens to prevent false alarms.
         final Set<UidRange> prevUids = prevNc == null ? null : prevNc.getUidRanges();
         final Set<UidRange> newUids = newNc == null ? null : newNc.getUidRanges();
-        if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected && !UidRange.hasSameUids(prevUids, newUids)
+        if (nai.isVPN() && nai.everConnected() && !UidRange.hasSameUids(prevUids, newUids)
                 && (nai.linkProperties.getHttpProxy() != null || isProxySetOnAnyDefaultNetwork())) {
             mProxyTracker.sendProxyBroadcast();
         }
@@ -8237,8 +8233,8 @@
         }
         if (VDBG || DDBG) {
             log("Update of LinkProperties for " + nai.toShortString()
-                    + "; created=" + nai.created
-                    + "; everConnected=" + nai.everConnected);
+                    + "; created=" + nai.getCreatedTime()
+                    + "; firstConnected=" + nai.getConnectedTime());
         }
         // TODO: eliminate this defensive copy after confirming that updateLinkProperties does not
         // modify its oldLp parameter.
@@ -8670,7 +8666,7 @@
                 }
                 previousSatisfier.removeRequest(previousRequest.requestId);
                 if (canSupportGracefulNetworkSwitch(previousSatisfier, newSatisfier)
-                        && !previousSatisfier.destroyed) {
+                        && !previousSatisfier.isDestroyed()) {
                     // If this network switch can't be supported gracefully, the request is not
                     // lingered. This allows letting go of the network sooner to reclaim some
                     // performance on the new network, since the radio can't do both at the same
@@ -8732,9 +8728,6 @@
         // Gather the list of all relevant agents.
         final ArrayList<NetworkAgentInfo> nais = new ArrayList<>();
         for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (!nai.everConnected) {
-                continue;
-            }
             nais.add(nai);
         }
 
@@ -8858,7 +8851,6 @@
         }
 
         for (final NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
-            if (!nai.everConnected) continue;
             final boolean oldBackground = oldBgNetworks.contains(nai);
             // Process listen requests and update capabilities if the background state has
             // changed for this network. For consistency with previous behavior, send onLost
@@ -8942,7 +8934,7 @@
                 // The new default network can be newly null if and only if the old default
                 // network doesn't satisfy the default request any more because it lost a
                 // capability.
-                mDefaultInetConditionPublished = newDefaultNetwork.lastValidated ? 100 : 0;
+                mDefaultInetConditionPublished = newDefaultNetwork.isValidated() ? 100 : 0;
                 mLegacyTypeTracker.add(
                         newDefaultNetwork.networkInfo.getType(), newDefaultNetwork);
             }
@@ -8963,7 +8955,7 @@
         // they may get old info. Reverse this after the old startUsing api is removed.
         // This is on top of the multiple intent sequencing referenced in the todo above.
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : nais) {
-            if (nai.everConnected) {
+            if (nai.everConnected()) {
                 addNetworkToLegacyTypeTracker(nai);
             }
         }
@@ -9089,12 +9081,12 @@
 
     private void updateInetCondition(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         // Don't bother updating until we've graduated to validated at least once.
-        if (!nai.everValidated) return;
+        if (!nai.everValidated()) return;
         // For now only update icons for the default connection.
         // TODO: Update WiFi and cellular icons separately. b/17237507
         if (!isDefaultNetwork(nai)) return;
 
-        int newInetCondition = nai.lastValidated ? 100 : 0;
+        int newInetCondition = nai.isValidated() ? 100 : 0;
         // Don't repeat publish.
         if (newInetCondition == mDefaultInetConditionPublished) return;
 
@@ -9121,7 +9113,7 @@
             // SUSPENDED state is currently only overridden from CONNECTED state. In the case the
             // network agent is created, then goes to suspended, then goes out of suspended without
             // ever setting connected. Check if network agent is ever connected to update the state.
-            newInfo.setDetailedState(nai.everConnected
+            newInfo.setDetailedState(nai.everConnected()
                     ? NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED
                     : NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTING,
                     info.getReason(),
@@ -9146,7 +9138,7 @@
                     + oldInfo.getState() + " to " + state);
         }
 
-        if (!networkAgent.created
+        if (!networkAgent.isCreated()
                 && (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED
                 || (state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTING && networkAgent.isVPN()))) {
 
@@ -9160,13 +9152,13 @@
                 // anything happens to the network.
                 updateCapabilitiesForNetwork(networkAgent);
             }
-            networkAgent.created = true;
+            networkAgent.setCreated();
             networkAgent.onNetworkCreated();
             updateAllowedUids(networkAgent, null, networkAgent.networkCapabilities);
         }
 
-        if (!networkAgent.everConnected && state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED) {
-            networkAgent.everConnected = true;
+        if (!networkAgent.everConnected() && state == NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED) {
+            networkAgent.setConnected();
 
             // NetworkCapabilities need to be set before sending the private DNS config to
             // NetworkMonitor, otherwise NetworkMonitor cannot determine if validation is required.
@@ -9250,8 +9242,8 @@
                 // TODO(b/122649188): send the broadcast only to VPN users.
                 mProxyTracker.sendProxyBroadcast();
             }
-        } else if (networkAgent.created && (oldInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED ||
-                state == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED)) {
+        } else if (networkAgent.isCreated() && (oldInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED
+                || state == NetworkInfo.State.SUSPENDED)) {
             mLegacyTypeTracker.update(networkAgent);
         }
     }
@@ -9451,7 +9443,7 @@
             }
         }
         for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (nai.everConnected && (activeNetIds.contains(nai.network().netId) || nai.isVPN())) {
+            if (activeNetIds.contains(nai.network().netId) || nai.isVPN()) {
                 defaultNetworks.add(nai.network);
             }
         }
@@ -9679,7 +9671,7 @@
             return;
         }
         if (!TextUtils.equals(((WifiInfo)prevInfo).getBSSID(), ((WifiInfo)newInfo).getBSSID())) {
-            nai.lastRoamTimestamp = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+            nai.lastRoamTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
index 032612c..df34ce7 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitor.java
@@ -229,8 +229,8 @@
             @Nullable final NetworkAgentInfo toNai) {
         if (VDBG) {
             Log.d(TAG, "noteLingerDefaultNetwork from=" + fromNai.toShortString()
-                    + " everValidated=" + fromNai.everValidated
-                    + " lastValidated=" + fromNai.lastValidated
+                    + " firstValidated=" + fromNai.getFirstValidationTime()
+                    + " lastValidated=" + fromNai.getCurrentValidationTime()
                     + " to=" + toNai.toShortString());
         }
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
         // 1. User connects to wireless printer.
         // 2. User turns on cellular data.
         // 3. We show a notification.
-        if (!fromNai.everValidated) return;
+        if (!fromNai.everValidated()) return;
 
         // If this network is a captive portal, don't notify. This cannot happen on initial connect
         // to a captive portal, because the everValidated check above will fail. However, it can
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
         // because its score changed.
         // TODO: instead of just skipping notification, keep a note of it, and show it if it becomes
         // unvalidated.
-        if (fromNai.lastValidated) return;
+        if (fromNai.isValidated()) return;
 
         if (!isNotificationEnabled(fromNai, toNai)) return;
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
index e4ad391..a57e992 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
                 && nai.netAgentConfig().skip464xlat;
 
         return (supported || isTestNetwork) && connected && isIpv6OnlyNetwork && !skip464xlat
-                && !nai.destroyed && (nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                && !nai.isDestroyed() && (nai.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 ? isCellular464XlatEnabled() : true);
     }
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index 04f378f..d4d7d96 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -189,42 +189,193 @@
     // field instead.
     private @Nullable NetworkCapabilities mDeclaredCapabilitiesUnsanitized;
 
-    // Indicates if netd has been told to create this Network. From this point on the appropriate
-    // routing rules are setup and routes are added so packets can begin flowing over the Network.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
-    public boolean created;
-    // Set to true after the first time this network is marked as CONNECTED. Once set, the network
-    // shows up in API calls, is able to satisfy NetworkRequests and can become the default network.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
-    public boolean everConnected;
-    // Whether this network has been destroyed and is being kept temporarily until it is replaced.
-    public boolean destroyed;
-    // To check how long it has been since last roam.
-    public long lastRoamTimestamp;
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) when netd has been told to create this Network, or
+    // 0 if it hasn't been done yet.
+    // From this point on, the appropriate routing rules are setup and routes are added so packets
+    // can begin flowing over the Network.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set != 0 it is never changed.
+    private long mCreatedTime;
 
-    // Set to true if this Network successfully passed validation or if it did not satisfy the
-    // default NetworkRequest in which case validation will not be attempted.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared even if future validation attempts fail.
-    public boolean everValidated;
+    /** Notify this NAI that netd was just told to create this network */
+    public void setCreated() {
+        if (0L != mCreatedTime) throw new IllegalStateException("Already created");
+        mCreatedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
 
-    // The result of the last validation attempt on this network (true if validated, false if not).
-    public boolean lastValidated;
+    /** Returns whether netd was told to create this network */
+    public boolean isCreated() {
+        return mCreatedTime != 0L;
+    }
 
-    // If true, becoming unvalidated will lower the network's score. This is only meaningful if the
-    // system is configured not to do this for certain networks, e.g., if the
-    // config_networkAvoidBadWifi option is set to 0 and the user has not overridden that via
-    // Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI.
-    public boolean avoidUnvalidated;
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime) when this network was created (or 0 if never).
+    public long getCreatedTime() {
+        return mCreatedTime;
+    }
 
-    // Whether a captive portal was ever detected on this network.
-    // This is a sticky bit; once set it is never cleared.
-    public boolean everCaptivePortalDetected;
+    // Timestamp of the first time (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) this network is marked as
+    // connected, or 0 if this network has never been marked connected. Once set to non-zero, the
+    // network shows up in API calls, is able to satisfy NetworkRequests and can become the default
+    // network.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set != 0 it is never changed.
+    private long mConnectedTime;
 
-    // Whether a captive portal was found during the last network validation attempt.
-    public boolean lastCaptivePortalDetected;
+    /** Notify this NAI that this network just connected */
+    public void setConnected() {
+        if (0L != mConnectedTime) throw new IllegalStateException("Already connected");
+        mConnectedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
 
-    // Set to true when partial connectivity was detected.
-    public boolean partialConnectivity;
+    /** Return whether this network ever connected */
+    public boolean everConnected() {
+        return mConnectedTime != 0L;
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was first connected, or 0 if
+    // never.
+    public long getConnectedTime() {
+        return mConnectedTime;
+    }
+
+    // When this network has been destroyed and is being kept temporarily until it is replaced,
+    // this is set to that timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()). Zero otherwise.
+    private long mDestroyedTime;
+
+    /** Notify this NAI that this network was destroyed */
+    public void setDestroyed() {
+        if (0L != mDestroyedTime) throw new IllegalStateException("Already destroyed");
+        mDestroyedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this network was destroyed */
+    public boolean isDestroyed() {
+        return 0L != mDestroyedTime;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp of the last roaming (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) or 0 if never roamed.
+    public long lastRoamTime;
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) of the first time this network successfully
+    // passed validation or was deemed exempt of validation (see
+    // {@link NetworkMonitorUtils#isValidationRequired}). Zero if the network requires
+    // validation but never passed it successfully.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set it is never changed even if further validation attempts are
+    // made (whether they succeed or fail).
+    private long mFirstValidationTime;
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the latest validation attempt succeeded,
+    // or 0 if the latest validation attempt failed.
+    private long mCurrentValidationTime;
+
+    /** Notify this NAI that this network just finished a validation check */
+    public void setValidated(final boolean validated) {
+        final long nowOrZero = validated ? SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() : 0L;
+        if (validated && 0L == mFirstValidationTime) {
+            mFirstValidationTime = nowOrZero;
+        }
+        mCurrentValidationTime = nowOrZero;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether this network is currently validated.
+     *
+     * This is the result of the latest validation check. {@see #getCurrentValidationTime} for
+     * when that check was performed.
+     */
+    public boolean isValidated() {
+        return 0L != mCurrentValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether this network ever passed the validation checks successfully.
+     *
+     * Note that the network may no longer be validated at this time ever if this is true.
+     * @see #isValidated
+     */
+    public boolean everValidated() {
+        return 0L != mFirstValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was most recently validated,
+    // or 0 if this network was found not to validate on the last attempt.
+    public long getCurrentValidationTime() {
+        return mCurrentValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was validated for the first
+    // time (or 0 if never).
+    public long getFirstValidationTime() {
+        return mFirstValidationTime;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the user requested this network be
+    // avoided when unvalidated. Zero if this never happened for this network.
+    // This is only meaningful if the system is configured to have some cell networks yield
+    // to bad wifi, e.g., if the config_networkAvoidBadWifi option is set to 0 and the user has
+    // not overridden that via Settings.Global.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI.
+    //
+    // Normally the system always prefers a validated network to a non-validated one, even if
+    // the non-validated one is cheaper. However, some cell networks may be configured by the
+    // setting above to yield to WiFi even if that WiFi network goes bad. When this configuration
+    // is active, specific networks can be marked to override this configuration so that the
+    // system will revert to preferring such a cell to this network when this network goes bad. This
+    // is achieved by calling {@link ConnectivityManager#setAvoidUnvalidated()}, and this field
+    // is set to non-zero when this happened to this network.
+    private long mAvoidUnvalidated;
+
+    /** Set this network as being avoided when unvalidated. {@see mAvoidUnvalidated} */
+    public void setAvoidUnvalidated() {
+        if (0L != mAvoidUnvalidated) throw new IllegalStateException("Already avoided unvalidated");
+        mAvoidUnvalidated = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+    }
+
+    // Get the time (SystemClock.elapsedRealTime()) when this network was set to being avoided
+    // when unvalidated, or 0 if this never happened.
+    public long getAvoidUnvalidated() {
+        return mAvoidUnvalidated;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which a captive portal was first detected
+    // on this network, or zero if this never happened.
+    // This is a sticky value; once set != 0 it is never changed.
+    private long mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the latest validation attempt found a
+    // captive portal, or zero if the latest attempt didn't find a captive portal.
+    private long mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+
+    /** Notify this NAI that a captive portal has just been detected on this network */
+    public void setCaptivePortalDetected(final boolean hasCaptivePortal) {
+        if (!hasCaptivePortal) {
+            mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime = 0L;
+            return;
+        }
+        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
+        if (0L == mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime) mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime = now;
+        mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime = now;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether a captive portal has ever been detected on this network */
+    public boolean everCaptivePortalDetected() {
+        return 0L != mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this network has been detected to be behind a captive portal at the moment */
+    public boolean captivePortalDetected() {
+        return 0L != mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime;
+    }
+
+    // Timestamp (SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()) at which the latest validation attempt found
+    // partial connectivity, or zero if the latest attempt didn't find partial connectivity.
+    private long mPartialConnectivityTime;
+
+    public void setPartialConnectivity(final boolean value) {
+        mPartialConnectivityTime = value ? SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() : 0L;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this NAI has partial connectivity */
+    public boolean partialConnectivity() {
+        return 0L != mPartialConnectivityTime;
+    }
 
     // Delay between when the network is disconnected and when the native network is destroyed.
     public int teardownDelayMs;
@@ -820,7 +971,7 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities oldNc = networkCapabilities;
         networkCapabilities = nc;
         mScore = mScore.mixInScore(networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig, everValidatedForYield(),
-                yieldToBadWiFi(), destroyed);
+                yieldToBadWiFi(), isDestroyed());
         final NetworkMonitorManager nm = mNetworkMonitor;
         if (nm != null) {
             nm.notifyNetworkCapabilitiesChanged(nc);
@@ -983,13 +1134,13 @@
 
     // Does this network satisfy request?
     public boolean satisfies(NetworkRequest request) {
-        return created &&
-                request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
+        return everConnected()
+                && request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
     }
 
     public boolean satisfiesImmutableCapabilitiesOf(NetworkRequest request) {
-        return created &&
-                request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(
+        return everConnected()
+                && request.networkCapabilities.satisfiedByImmutableNetworkCapabilities(
                         networkCapabilities);
     }
 
@@ -1023,7 +1174,7 @@
      */
     public void setScore(final NetworkScore score) {
         mScore = FullScore.fromNetworkScore(score, networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig,
-                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi(), destroyed);
+                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi(), isDestroyed());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1033,11 +1184,11 @@
      */
     public void updateScoreForNetworkAgentUpdate() {
         mScore = mScore.mixInScore(networkCapabilities, networkAgentConfig,
-                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi(), destroyed);
+                everValidatedForYield(), yieldToBadWiFi(), isDestroyed());
     }
 
     private boolean everValidatedForYield() {
-        return everValidated && !avoidUnvalidated;
+        return everValidated() && 0L == mAvoidUnvalidated;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1324,14 +1475,17 @@
                 + networkInfo.toShortString() + "} "
                 + "created=" + Instant.ofEpochMilli(mCreationTime) + " "
                 + mScore + " "
-                + (created ? " created" : "")
-                + (destroyed ? " destroyed" : "")
+                + (isCreated() ? " created " + getCreatedTime() : "")
+                + (isDestroyed() ? " destroyed " + mDestroyedTime : "")
                 + (isNascent() ? " nascent" : (isLingering() ? " lingering" : ""))
-                + (everValidated ? " everValidated" : "")
-                + (lastValidated ? " lastValidated" : "")
-                + (partialConnectivity ? " partialConnectivity" : "")
-                + (everCaptivePortalDetected ? " everCaptivePortal" : "")
-                + (lastCaptivePortalDetected ? " isCaptivePortal" : "")
+                + (everValidated() ? " firstValidated " + getFirstValidationTime() : "")
+                + (isValidated() ? " lastValidated " + getCurrentValidationTime() : "")
+                + (partialConnectivity()
+                        ? " partialConnectivity " + mPartialConnectivityTime : "")
+                + (everCaptivePortalDetected()
+                        ? " firstCaptivePortalDetected " + mFirstCaptivePortalDetectedTime : "")
+                + (captivePortalDetected()
+                        ? " currentCaptivePortalDetected " + mCurrentCaptivePortalDetectedTime : "")
                 + (networkAgentConfig.explicitlySelected ? " explicitlySelected" : "")
                 + (networkAgentConfig.acceptUnvalidated ? " acceptUnvalidated" : "")
                 + (networkAgentConfig.acceptPartialConnectivity ? " acceptPartialConnectivity" : "")
@@ -1349,7 +1503,7 @@
      *
      * This is often not enough for debugging purposes for anything complex, but the full form
      * is very long and hard to read, so this is useful when there isn't a lot of ambiguity.
-     * This represents the network with something like "[100 WIFI|VPN]" or "[108 MOBILE]".
+     * This represents the network with something like "[100 WIFI|VPN]" or "[108 CELLULAR]".
      */
     public String toShortString() {
         return "[" + network.getNetId() + " "
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DeviceConfigRule.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DeviceConfigRule.kt
index 9599d4e..3a36cee 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DeviceConfigRule.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/DeviceConfigRule.kt
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
 import org.junit.rules.TestRule
 import org.junit.runner.Description
 import org.junit.runners.model.Statement
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 
 private val TAG = DeviceConfigRule::class.simpleName
 
@@ -110,17 +113,60 @@
      * Set a configuration key/value. After the test case ends, it will be restored to the value it
      * had when this method was first called.
      */
-    fun setConfig(namespace: String, key: String, value: String?) {
-        runAsShell(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG) {
-            val keyPair = Pair(namespace, key)
-            if (!originalConfig.containsKey(keyPair)) {
-                originalConfig[keyPair] = DeviceConfig.getProperty(namespace, key)
+    fun setConfig(namespace: String, key: String, value: String?): String? {
+        Log.i(TAG, "Setting config \"$key\" to \"$value\"")
+        val readWritePermissions = arrayOf(READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, WRITE_DEVICE_CONFIG)
+
+        val keyPair = Pair(namespace, key)
+        val existingValue = runAsShell(*readWritePermissions) {
+            DeviceConfig.getProperty(namespace, key)
+        }
+        if (!originalConfig.containsKey(keyPair)) {
+            originalConfig[keyPair] = existingValue
+        }
+        usedConfig[keyPair] = value
+        if (existingValue == value) {
+            // Already the correct value. There may be a race if a change is already in flight,
+            // but if multiple threads update the config there is no way to fix that anyway.
+            Log.i(TAG, "\"$key\" already had value \"$value\"")
+            return value
+        }
+
+        val future = CompletableFuture<String>()
+        val listener = DeviceConfig.OnPropertiesChangedListener {
+            // The listener receives updates for any change to any key, so don't react to
+            // changes that do not affect the relevant key
+            if (!it.keyset.contains(key)) return@OnPropertiesChangedListener
+            // "null" means absent in DeviceConfig : there is no such thing as a present but
+            // null value, so the following works even if |value| is null.
+            if (it.getString(key, null) == value) {
+                future.complete(value)
             }
-            usedConfig[keyPair] = value
-            DeviceConfig.setProperty(namespace, key, value, false /* makeDefault */)
+        }
+
+        return tryTest {
+            runAsShell(*readWritePermissions) {
+                DeviceConfig.addOnPropertiesChangedListener(
+                        DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                        inlineExecutor,
+                        listener)
+                DeviceConfig.setProperty(
+                        DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
+                        key,
+                        value,
+                        false /* makeDefault */)
+                // Don't drop the permission until the config is applied, just in case
+                future.get(NetworkValidationTestUtil.TIMEOUT_MS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+            }.also {
+                Log.i(TAG, "Config \"$key\" successfully set to \"$value\"")
+            }
+        } cleanup {
+            DeviceConfig.removeOnPropertiesChangedListener(listener)
         }
     }
 
+    private val inlineExecutor get() = Executor { r -> r.run() }
+
     /**
      * Add an action to be run after config cleanup when the current test case ends.
      */
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index 3e9662d..6c39169 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager.NETWORK_TYPE_5G_NSA
 import android.content.Context
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE
@@ -31,6 +34,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_TEST
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL
@@ -97,6 +101,14 @@
                     (oemManaged and OEM_PAID) == OEM_PAID)
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE,
                     (oemManaged and OEM_PRIVATE) == OEM_PRIVATE)
+            if (type == TYPE_TEST) {
+                wifiKey?.let { TestNetworkSpecifier(it) }?.let {
+                    // Must have a single non-test transport specified to use setNetworkSpecifier.
+                    // Put an arbitrary transport type which is not used in this test.
+                    addTransportType(TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                    addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                    setNetworkSpecifier(it) }
+            }
             setTransportInfo(mockWifiInfo)
         }
         return NetworkStateSnapshot(mock(Network::class.java), caps, lp, subscriberId, type)
@@ -233,6 +245,32 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    fun testTestNetworkTemplateMatches() {
+        val templateTestKey1 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+            .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY1)).build()
+        val templateTestKey2 = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+            .setWifiNetworkKeys(setOf(TEST_WIFI_KEY2)).build()
+        val templateTestAll = NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST).build()
+
+        val stateWifiKey1 = buildNetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, null /* subscriberId */, TEST_WIFI_KEY1,
+            OEM_NONE, true /* metered */)
+        val stateTestKey1 = buildNetworkState(TYPE_TEST, null /* subscriberId */, TEST_WIFI_KEY1,
+            OEM_NONE, true /* metered */)
+        val identWifi1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, stateWifiKey1,
+            false /* defaultNetwork */, NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL)
+        val identTest1 = buildNetworkIdentity(mockContext, stateTestKey1,
+            false /* defaultNetwork */, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL)
+
+        // Verify that the template matches corresponding type and the subscriberId.
+        templateTestKey1.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi1)
+        templateTestKey1.assertMatches(identTest1)
+        templateTestKey2.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi1)
+        templateTestKey2.assertDoesNotMatch(identTest1)
+        templateTestAll.assertDoesNotMatch(identWifi1)
+        templateTestAll.assertMatches(identTest1)
+    }
+
+    @Test
     fun testCarrierMeteredMatches() {
         val templateCarrierImsi1Metered = buildTemplateCarrierMetered(TEST_IMSI1)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
index be286ec..15a2e56 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/BpfNetMapsTest.java
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
 import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
-import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
+import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U32;
 import com.android.net.module.util.Struct.U8;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@
     @Mock INetd mNetd;
     @Mock BpfNetMaps.Dependencies mDeps;
     @Mock Context mContext;
-    private final BpfMap<U32, U32> mConfigurationMap = new TestBpfMap<>(U32.class, U32.class);
-    private final BpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> mUidOwnerMap =
+    private final IBpfMap<U32, U32> mConfigurationMap = new TestBpfMap<>(U32.class, U32.class);
+    private final IBpfMap<U32, UidOwnerValue> mUidOwnerMap =
             new TestBpfMap<>(U32.class, UidOwnerValue.class);
-    private final BpfMap<U32, U8> mUidPermissionMap = new TestBpfMap<>(U32.class, U8.class);
+    private final IBpfMap<U32, U8> mUidPermissionMap = new TestBpfMap<>(U32.class, U8.class);
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index d7440bb..e23e72d
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -16452,6 +16452,26 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testOfferNetwork_ChecksArgumentsOutsideOfHandler() throws Exception {
+        final TestableNetworkOfferCallback callback = new TestableNetworkOfferCallback(
+                TIMEOUT_MS /* timeout */, TEST_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS /* noCallbackTimeout */);
+        final NetworkProvider testProvider = new NetworkProvider(mServiceContext,
+                mCsHandlerThread.getLooper(), "Test provider");
+        final NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                .build();
+
+        final NetworkScore score = new NetworkScore.Builder().build();
+        testProvider.registerNetworkOffer(score, caps, r -> r.run(), callback);
+        testProvider.unregisterNetworkOffer(callback);
+
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class,
+                () -> mService.offerNetwork(100, score, caps, null));
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> mService.unofferNetwork(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testIgnoreValidationAfterRoamDisabled() throws Exception {
         assumeFalse(SdkLevel.isAtLeastT());
         // testIgnoreValidationAfterRoam off
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
index ad8613f..719314a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@
 import android.net.metrics.ValidationProbeEvent;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
 import android.util.Base64;
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@
     private void logDefaultNetworkEvent(long timeMs, NetworkAgentInfo nai,
             NetworkAgentInfo oldNai) {
         final Network network = (nai != null) ? nai.network() : null;
-        final boolean validated = (nai != null) ? nai.lastValidated : false;
+        final boolean validated = (nai != null) ? nai.isValidated() : false;
         final LinkProperties lp = (nai != null) ? nai.linkProperties : null;
         final NetworkCapabilities nc = (nai != null) ? nai.networkCapabilities : null;
 
@@ -614,7 +616,10 @@
         when(nai.network()).thenReturn(new Network(netId));
         nai.linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         nai.networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        nai.lastValidated = true;
+        nai.setValidated(true);
+        doReturn(true).when(nai).isValidated();
+        doReturn(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()).when(nai).getFirstValidationTime();
+        doReturn(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()).when(nai).getCurrentValidationTime();
         for (int t : BitUtils.unpackBits(transports)) {
             nai.networkCapabilities.addTransportType(t);
         }
@@ -629,8 +634,6 @@
         return nai;
     }
 
-
-
     static void verifySerialization(String want, String output) {
         try {
             byte[] got = Base64.decode(output, Base64.DEFAULT);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
index 58a7c89..01249a1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
@@ -272,9 +272,8 @@
     public void testIgnoreNeverValidatedNetworks() {
         setNotificationType(LingerMonitor.NOTIFY_TYPE_TOAST);
         setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
-        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
+        NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100, false /* setEverValidated */);
         NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
-        from.everValidated = false;
 
         mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
         verifyNoNotifications();
@@ -286,7 +285,7 @@
         setNotificationSwitch(transition(WIFI, CELLULAR));
         NetworkAgentInfo from = wifiNai(100);
         NetworkAgentInfo to = cellNai(101);
-        from.lastValidated = true;
+        from.setValidated(true);
 
         mMonitor.noteLingerDefaultNetwork(from, to);
         verifyNoNotifications();
@@ -363,7 +362,8 @@
                 eq(NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH), eq(from), eq(to), any(), eq(true));
     }
 
-    NetworkAgentInfo nai(int netId, int transport, int networkType, String networkTypeName) {
+    NetworkAgentInfo nai(int netId, int transport, int networkType, String networkTypeName,
+            boolean setEverValidated) {
         NetworkInfo info = new NetworkInfo(networkType, 0, networkTypeName, "");
         NetworkCapabilities caps = new NetworkCapabilities();
         caps.addCapability(0);
@@ -373,18 +373,32 @@
                 mCtx, null, new NetworkAgentConfig.Builder().build(), mConnService, mNetd,
                 mDnsResolver, NetworkProvider.ID_NONE, Binder.getCallingUid(), TEST_LINGER_DELAY_MS,
                 mQosCallbackTracker, new ConnectivityService.Dependencies());
-        nai.everValidated = true;
+        if (setEverValidated) {
+            // As tests in this class deal with testing lingering, most tests are interested
+            // in networks that can be lingered, and therefore must have validated in the past.
+            // Thus, pretend the network validated once, then became invalidated.
+            nai.setValidated(true);
+            nai.setValidated(false);
+        }
         return nai;
     }
 
     NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai(int netId) {
+        return wifiNai(netId, true /* setEverValidated */);
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo wifiNai(int netId, boolean setEverValidated) {
         return nai(netId, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI,
-                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, WIFI);
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, WIFI, setEverValidated);
     }
 
     NetworkAgentInfo cellNai(int netId) {
+        return cellNai(netId, true /* setEverValidated */);
+    }
+
+    NetworkAgentInfo cellNai(int netId, boolean setEverValidated) {
         return nai(netId, NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR,
-                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, CELLULAR);
+                ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE, CELLULAR, setEverValidated);
     }
 
     public static class TestableLingerMonitor extends LingerMonitor {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
index 082a016..ea3d392 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ethernet/EthernetTrackerTest.java
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@
     public void setUp() throws RemoteException {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
         initMockResources();
-        when(mFactory.updateInterfaceLinkState(anyString(), anyBoolean())).thenReturn(false);
-        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[0]);
+        doReturn(false).when(mFactory).updateInterfaceLinkState(anyString(), anyBoolean());
+        doReturn(new String[0]).when(mNetd).interfaceGetList();
         mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread(THREAD_NAME);
         mHandlerThread.start();
         tracker = new EthernetTracker(mContext, mHandlerThread.getThreadHandler(), mFactory, mNetd,
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@
     }
 
     private void initMockResources() {
-        when(mDeps.getInterfaceRegexFromResource(eq(mContext))).thenReturn("");
-        when(mDeps.getInterfaceConfigFromResource(eq(mContext))).thenReturn(new String[0]);
+        doReturn("").when(mDeps).getInterfaceRegexFromResource(eq(mContext));
+        doReturn(new String[0]).when(mDeps).getInterfaceConfigFromResource(eq(mContext));
     }
 
     private void waitForIdle() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index 992c078..2febd2f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_TEST;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID;
 import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE;
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.UID_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkStatsHistory.FIELD_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
+import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_TEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_NO;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_YES;
@@ -108,6 +110,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.TestNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
 import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
@@ -122,6 +125,7 @@
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
@@ -211,9 +215,11 @@
     private static final Network WIFI_NETWORK =  new Network(100);
     private static final Network MOBILE_NETWORK =  new Network(101);
     private static final Network VPN_NETWORK = new Network(102);
+    private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(103);
 
     private static final Network[] NETWORKS_WIFI = new Network[]{ WIFI_NETWORK };
     private static final Network[] NETWORKS_MOBILE = new Network[]{ MOBILE_NETWORK };
+    private static final Network[] NETWORKS_TEST = new Network[]{ TEST_NETWORK };
 
     private static final long WAIT_TIMEOUT = 2 * 1000;  // 2 secs
     private static final int INVALID_TYPE = -1;
@@ -819,7 +825,6 @@
         assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_BLUE, 4096L, 258L, 512L, 32L, 0);
         assertUidTotal(sTemplateWifi, UID_GREEN, 16L, 1L, 16L, 1L, 0);
 
-
         // now pretend two UIDs are uninstalled, which should migrate stats to
         // special "removed" bucket.
         mockDefaultSettings();
@@ -942,8 +947,10 @@
 
         // Pretend that 5g mobile network comes online
         final NetworkStateSnapshot[] mobileStates =
-                new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(IMSI_1), buildMobileState(TEST_IFACE2,
-                IMSI_1, true /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */)};
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(IMSI_1), buildStateOfTransport(
+                        NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TYPE_MOBILE,
+                        TEST_IFACE2, IMSI_1, null /* wifiNetworkKey */,
+                        true /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */)};
         setMobileRatTypeAndWaitForIdle(TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
         mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_MOBILE, mobileStates,
                 getActiveIface(mobileStates), new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
@@ -1175,6 +1182,41 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testQueryTestNetworkUsage() throws Exception {
+        final NetworkTemplate templateTestAll = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate templateTestIface1 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(Set.of(TEST_IFACE)).build();
+        final NetworkTemplate templateTestIface2 = new NetworkTemplate.Builder(MATCH_TEST)
+                .setWifiNetworkKeys(Set.of(TEST_IFACE2)).build();
+        // Test networks might use interface as subscriberId to identify individual networks.
+        // Simulate both cases.
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildTestState(TEST_IFACE, TEST_IFACE),
+                        buildTestState(TEST_IFACE2, null /* wifiNetworkKey */)};
+
+        // Test networks comes online.
+        mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
+        mService.notifyNetworkStatus(NETWORKS_TEST, states, getActiveIface(states),
+                new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
+
+        // Create some traffic on both interfaces.
+        incrementCurrentTime(MINUTE_IN_MILLIS);
+        mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0L))
+                .addEntry(new NetworkStats.Entry(TEST_IFACE2, UID_RED, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE,
+                        METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 7L, 3L, 5L, 1L, 1L)));
+        forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
+
+        // Verify test network templates gets stats. Stats of test networks without subscriberId
+        // can only be matched by templates without subscriberId requirement.
+        assertUidTotal(templateTestAll, UID_RED, 19L, 21L, 19L, 2L, 1);
+        assertUidTotal(templateTestIface1, UID_RED, 12L, 18L, 14L, 1L, 0);
+        assertUidTotal(templateTestIface2, UID_RED, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testUidStatsForTransport() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
         mockDefaultSettings();
@@ -1321,8 +1363,10 @@
         // pretend that network comes online
         mockDefaultSettings();
         NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
-            new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobileState(TEST_IFACE, IMSI_1,
-            false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, true /* isRoaming */)};
+            new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildStateOfTransport(
+                    NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TYPE_MOBILE,
+                    TEST_IFACE,  IMSI_1, null /* wifiNetworkKey */,
+                    false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, true /* isRoaming */)};
         mockNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         mockNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -2244,24 +2288,34 @@
     }
 
     private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobileState(String subscriberId) {
-        return buildMobileState(TEST_IFACE, subscriberId, false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */,
-                false /* isRoaming */);
+        return buildStateOfTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TYPE_MOBILE,
+                TEST_IFACE, subscriberId, null /* wifiNetworkKey */,
+                false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */);
     }
 
-    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobileState(String iface, String subscriberId,
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildTestState(@NonNull String iface,
+            @Nullable String wifiNetworkKey) {
+        return buildStateOfTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST, TYPE_TEST,
+                iface, null /* subscriberId */, wifiNetworkKey,
+                false /* isTemporarilyNotMetered */, false /* isRoaming */);
+    }
+
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildStateOfTransport(int transport, int legacyType,
+            String iface, String subscriberId, String wifiNetworkKey,
             boolean isTemporarilyNotMetered, boolean isRoaming) {
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(iface);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
 
-        if (isTemporarilyNotMetered) {
-            capabilities.addCapability(
-                    NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
-        }
+        capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED,
+                isTemporarilyNotMetered);
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !isRoaming);
-        capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        capabilities.addTransportType(transport);
+        if (legacyType == TYPE_TEST && !TextUtils.isEmpty(wifiNetworkKey)) {
+            capabilities.setNetworkSpecifier(new TestNetworkSpecifier(wifiNetworkKey));
+        }
         return new NetworkStateSnapshot(
-                MOBILE_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, subscriberId, TYPE_MOBILE);
+                MOBILE_NETWORK, capabilities, prop, subscriberId, legacyType);
     }
 
     private NetworkStats buildEmptyStats() {