diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
index 155333a..00d9152 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
@@ -1362,7 +1362,7 @@
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_STATS)) {
             try (IBpfMap<TetherStatsKey, TetherStatsValue> statsMap = mDeps.getBpfStatsMap()) {
                 BpfDump.dumpRawMap(statsMap, pw);
-            } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
+            } catch (IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping stats map: " + e);
             }
             return;
@@ -1370,7 +1370,7 @@
         if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, DUMPSYS_RAWMAP_ARG_UPSTREAM4)) {
             try (IBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map()) {
                 BpfDump.dumpRawMap(upstreamMap, pw);
-            } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
+            } catch (IOException e) {
                 pw.println("Error dumping IPv4 map: " + e);
             }
             return;
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java b/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java
index 8efb182..6b18629 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/apf/ApfCapabilities.java
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@
     /**
      * Determines whether the APF interpreter advertises support for the data buffer access opcodes
      * LDDW (LoaD Data Word) and STDW (STore Data Word). Full LDDW (LoaD Data Word) and
-     * STDW (STore Data Word) support is present from APFv4 on.
+     * STDW (STore Data Word) support is present from APFv3 on.
      *
      * @return {@code true} if the IWifiStaIface#readApfPacketFilterData is supported.
      */
     public boolean hasDataAccess() {
-        return apfVersionSupported >= 4;
+        return apfVersionSupported > 2;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index ca99935..bb77a9d 100755
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -403,6 +403,8 @@
     private static final String NETWORK_ARG = "networks";
     private static final String REQUEST_ARG = "requests";
     private static final String TRAFFICCONTROLLER_ARG = "trafficcontroller";
+    public static final String CLATEGRESS4RAWBPFMAP_ARG = "clatEgress4RawBpfMap";
+    public static final String CLATINGRESS6RAWBPFMAP_ARG = "clatIngress6RawBpfMap";
 
     private static final boolean DBG = true;
     private static final boolean DDBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
@@ -4141,6 +4143,12 @@
             boolean verbose = !CollectionUtils.contains(args, SHORT_ARG);
             dumpTrafficController(pw, fd, verbose);
             return;
+        } else if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, CLATEGRESS4RAWBPFMAP_ARG)) {
+            dumpClatBpfRawMap(pw, true /* isEgress4Map */);
+            return;
+        } else if (CollectionUtils.contains(args, CLATINGRESS6RAWBPFMAP_ARG)) {
+            dumpClatBpfRawMap(pw, false /* isEgress4Map */);
+            return;
         }
 
         pw.println("NetworkProviders for:");
@@ -4400,6 +4408,15 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void dumpClatBpfRawMap(IndentingPrintWriter pw, boolean isEgress4Map) {
+        for (NetworkAgentInfo nai : networksSortedById()) {
+            if (nai.clatd != null) {
+                nai.clatd.dumpRawBpfMap(pw, isEgress4Map);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     private void dumpAllRequestInfoLogsToLogcat() {
         try (PrintWriter logPw = new PrintWriter(new Writer() {
             @Override
@@ -4777,7 +4794,15 @@
                 final String logMsg = !TextUtils.isEmpty(redirectUrl)
                         ? " with redirect to " + redirectUrl
                         : "";
-                log(nai.toShortString() + " validation " + (valid ? "passed" : "failed") + logMsg);
+                final String statusMsg;
+                if (valid) {
+                    statusMsg = "passed";
+                } else if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(redirectUrl)) {
+                    statusMsg = "detected a portal";
+                } else {
+                    statusMsg = "failed";
+                }
+                log(nai.toShortString() + " validation " + statusMsg + logMsg);
             }
             if (valid != wasValidated) {
                 final FullScore oldScore = nai.getScore();
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
index 2933324..d886182 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/ClatCoordinator.java
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.net.module.util.BpfDump;
 import com.android.net.module.util.BpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.IBpfMap;
 import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
@@ -794,6 +795,29 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Dump raw BPF map into base64 encoded strings {@literal "<base64 key>,<base64 value>"}.
+     * Allow to dump only one map in each call. For test only.
+     *
+     * @param pw print writer.
+     * @param isEgress4Map whether to dump the egress4 map (true) or the ingress6 map (false).
+     *
+     * Usage:
+     * $ dumpsys connectivity {clatEgress4RawBpfMap|clatIngress6RawBpfMap}
+     *
+     * Output:
+     * {@literal <base64 encoded key #1>,<base64 encoded value #1>}
+     * {@literal <base64 encoded key #2>,<base64 encoded value #2>}
+     * ..
+     */
+    public void dumpRawMap(@NonNull IndentingPrintWriter pw, boolean isEgress4Map) {
+        if (isEgress4Map) {
+            BpfDump.dumpRawMap(mEgressMap, pw);
+        } else {
+            BpfDump.dumpRawMap(mIngressMap, pw);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Dump the coordinator information.
      *
      * @param pw print writer.
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
index 489dab5..a979681 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464Xlat.java
@@ -622,6 +622,18 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Dump the raw BPF maps in 464XLAT
+     *
+     * @param pw print writer.
+     * @param isEgress4Map whether to dump the egress4 map (true) or the ingress6 map (false).
+     */
+    public void dumpRawBpfMap(IndentingPrintWriter pw, boolean isEgress4Map) {
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastT()) {
+            mClatCoordinator.dumpRawMap(pw, isEgress4Map);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return "mBaseIface: " + mBaseIface + ", mIface: " + mIface + ", mState: " + mState;
diff --git a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java
index 914c4ee..4227194 100644
--- a/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java
+++ b/staticlibs/device/com/android/net/module/util/BpfDump.java
@@ -84,16 +84,20 @@
      * Dump the BpfMap entries with base64 format encoding.
      */
     public static <K extends Struct, V extends Struct> void dumpRawMap(IBpfMap<K, V> map,
-            PrintWriter pw) throws ErrnoException {
-        if (map == null) {
-            pw.println("BPF map is null");
-            return;
+            PrintWriter pw) {
+        try {
+            if (map == null) {
+                pw.println("BPF map is null");
+                return;
+            }
+            if (map.isEmpty()) {
+                pw.println("No entries");
+                return;
+            }
+            map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(toBase64EncodedString(k, v)));
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            pw.println("Map dump end with error: " + Os.strerror(e.errno));
         }
-        if (map.isEmpty()) {
-            pw.println("No entries");
-            return;
-        }
-        map.forEach((k, v) -> pw.println(toBase64EncodedString(k, v)));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp b/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp
index 5ac4229..5f9b3ef 100644
--- a/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/cts/multidevices/Android.bp
@@ -14,12 +14,16 @@
 
 package {
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+    default_team: "trendy_team_fwk_core_networking",
 }
 
 python_test_host {
     name: "CtsConnectivityMultiDevicesTestCases",
     main: "connectivity_multi_devices_test.py",
-    srcs: ["connectivity_multi_devices_test.py"],
+    srcs: [
+        "connectivity_multi_devices_test.py",
+        "tether_utils.py",
+    ],
     libs: [
         "mobly",
     ],
diff --git a/tests/cts/multidevices/connectivity_multi_devices_test.py b/tests/cts/multidevices/connectivity_multi_devices_test.py
index ab88504..417db99 100644
--- a/tests/cts/multidevices/connectivity_multi_devices_test.py
+++ b/tests/cts/multidevices/connectivity_multi_devices_test.py
@@ -1,23 +1,16 @@
 # Lint as: python3
 """Connectivity multi devices tests."""
-import base64
 import sys
-import uuid
-
-from mobly import asserts
 from mobly import base_test
 from mobly import test_runner
 from mobly import utils
 from mobly.controllers import android_device
+import tether_utils
+from tether_utils import UpstreamType
 
 CONNECTIVITY_MULTI_DEVICES_SNIPPET_PACKAGE = "com.google.snippet.connectivity"
 
 
-class UpstreamType:
-  CELLULAR = 1
-  WIFI = 2
-
-
 class ConnectivityMultiDevicesTest(base_test.BaseTestClass):
 
   def setup_class(self):
@@ -40,66 +33,27 @@
         raise_on_exception=True,
     )
 
-  @staticmethod
-  def generate_uuid32_base64():
-    """Generates a UUID32 and encodes it in Base64.
-
-    Returns:
-        str: The Base64-encoded UUID32 string. Which is 22 characters.
-    """
-    return base64.b64encode(uuid.uuid1().bytes).decode("utf-8").strip("=")
-
-  def _do_test_hotspot_for_upstream_type(self, upstream_type):
-    """Test hotspot with the specified upstream type.
-
-    This test create a hotspot, make the client connect
-    to it, and verify the packet is forwarded by the hotspot.
-    """
-    server = self.serverDevice.connectivity_multi_devices_snippet
-    client = self.clientDevice.connectivity_multi_devices_snippet
-
-    # Assert pre-conditions specific to each upstream type.
-    asserts.skip_if(not client.hasWifiFeature(), "Client requires Wifi feature")
-    asserts.skip_if(
-      not server.hasHotspotFeature(), "Server requires hotspot feature"
-    )
-    if upstream_type == UpstreamType.CELLULAR:
-      asserts.skip_if(
-          not server.hasTelephonyFeature(), "Server requires Telephony feature"
-      )
-      server.requestCellularAndEnsureDefault()
-    elif upstream_type == UpstreamType.WIFI:
-      asserts.skip_if(
-          not server.isStaApConcurrencySupported(),
-          "Server requires Wifi AP + STA concurrency",
-      )
-      server.ensureWifiIsDefault()
-    else:
-      raise ValueError(f"Invalid upstream type: {upstream_type}")
-
-    # Generate ssid/passphrase with random characters to make sure nearby devices won't
-    # connect unexpectedly. Note that total length of ssid cannot go over 32.
-    testSsid = "HOTSPOT-" + self.generate_uuid32_base64()
-    testPassphrase = self.generate_uuid32_base64()
-
-    try:
-      # Create a hotspot with fixed SSID and password.
-      server.startHotspot(testSsid, testPassphrase)
-
-      # Make the client connects to the hotspot.
-      client.connectToWifi(testSsid, testPassphrase, True)
-
-    finally:
-      if upstream_type == UpstreamType.CELLULAR:
-        server.unrequestCellular()
-      # Teardown the hotspot.
-      server.stopAllTethering()
-
   def test_hotspot_upstream_wifi(self):
-    self._do_test_hotspot_for_upstream_type(UpstreamType.WIFI)
+    try:
+      # Connectivity of the client verified by asserting the validated capability.
+      tether_utils.setup_hotspot_and_client_for_upstream_type(
+          self.serverDevice, self.clientDevice, UpstreamType.WIFI
+      )
+    finally:
+      tether_utils.cleanup_tethering_for_upstream_type(
+          self.serverDevice, UpstreamType.WIFI
+      )
 
   def test_hotspot_upstream_cellular(self):
-    self._do_test_hotspot_for_upstream_type(UpstreamType.CELLULAR)
+    try:
+      # Connectivity of the client verified by asserting the validated capability.
+      tether_utils.setup_hotspot_and_client_for_upstream_type(
+          self.serverDevice, self.clientDevice, UpstreamType.CELLULAR
+      )
+    finally:
+      tether_utils.cleanup_tethering_for_upstream_type(
+          self.serverDevice, UpstreamType.CELLULAR
+      )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/ConnectivityMultiDevicesSnippet.kt b/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/ConnectivityMultiDevicesSnippet.kt
index 258648f..8805edd 100644
--- a/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/ConnectivityMultiDevicesSnippet.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/multidevices/snippet/ConnectivityMultiDevicesSnippet.kt
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 
 package com.google.snippet.connectivity
 
+import android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS
 import android.Manifest.permission.OVERRIDE_WIFI_CONFIG
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_TELEPHONY
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager
-import android.net.Network
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkRequest
@@ -30,20 +30,24 @@
 import android.net.wifi.SoftApConfiguration
 import android.net.wifi.SoftApConfiguration.SECURITY_TYPE_WPA2_PSK
 import android.net.wifi.WifiConfiguration
+import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager
 import android.net.wifi.WifiNetworkSpecifier
 import android.net.wifi.WifiSsid
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
+import com.android.testutils.AutoReleaseNetworkCallbackRule
 import com.android.testutils.ConnectUtil
 import com.android.testutils.NetworkCallbackHelper
-import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.Available
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry.CapabilitiesChanged
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
 import com.android.testutils.runAsShell
 import com.google.android.mobly.snippet.Snippet
 import com.google.android.mobly.snippet.rpc.Rpc
+import org.junit.Rule
 
 class ConnectivityMultiDevicesSnippet : Snippet {
+    @get:Rule
+    val networkCallbackRule = AutoReleaseNetworkCallbackRule()
     private val context = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getTargetContext()
     private val wifiManager = context.getSystemService(WifiManager::class.java)!!
     private val cm = context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)!!
@@ -88,10 +92,8 @@
     // Suppress warning because WifiManager methods to connect to a config are
     // documented not to be deprecated for privileged users.
     @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
-    fun connectToWifi(ssid: String, passphrase: String, requireValidation: Boolean): Network {
+    fun connectToWifi(ssid: String, passphrase: String): Long {
         val specifier = WifiNetworkSpecifier.Builder()
-            .setSsid(ssid)
-            .setWpa2Passphrase(passphrase)
             .setBand(ScanResult.WIFI_BAND_24_GHZ)
             .build()
         val wifiConfig = WifiConfiguration()
@@ -102,27 +104,28 @@
         wifiConfig.allowedPairwiseCiphers.set(WifiConfiguration.PairwiseCipher.TKIP)
         wifiConfig.allowedPairwiseCiphers.set(WifiConfiguration.PairwiseCipher.CCMP)
 
-        // Register network callback for the specific wifi.
+        // Add the test configuration and connect to it.
+        val connectUtil = ConnectUtil(context)
+        connectUtil.connectToWifiConfig(wifiConfig)
+
+        // Implement manual SSID matching. Specifying the SSID in
+        // NetworkSpecifier is ineffective
+        // (see WifiNetworkAgentSpecifier#canBeSatisfiedBy for details).
+        // Note that holding permission is necessary when waiting for
+        // the callbacks. The handler thread checks permission; if
+        // it's not present, the SSID will be redacted.
         val networkCallback = TestableNetworkCallback()
-        val wifiRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-            .setNetworkSpecifier(specifier)
-            .build()
-        cm.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, networkCallback)
-
-        try {
-            // Add the test configuration and connect to it.
-            val connectUtil = ConnectUtil(context)
-            connectUtil.connectToWifiConfig(wifiConfig)
-
-            val event = networkCallback.expect<Available>()
-            if (requireValidation) {
-                networkCallback.eventuallyExpect<CapabilitiesChanged> {
-                    it.caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
-                }
-            }
-            return event.network
-        } finally {
-            cm.unregisterNetworkCallback(networkCallback)
+        val wifiRequest = NetworkRequest.Builder().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI).build()
+        return runAsShell(NETWORK_SETTINGS) {
+            // Register the network callback is needed here.
+            // This is to avoid the race condition where callback is fired before
+            // acquiring permission.
+            networkCallbackRule.registerNetworkCallback(wifiRequest, networkCallback)
+            return@runAsShell networkCallback.eventuallyExpect<CapabilitiesChanged> {
+                // Remove double quotes.
+                val ssidFromCaps = (WifiInfo::sanitizeSsid)(it.caps.ssid)
+                ssidFromCaps == ssid && it.caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED)
+            }.network.networkHandle
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/cts/multidevices/tether_utils.py b/tests/cts/multidevices/tether_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2d703c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/multidevices/tether_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#  Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+import base64
+import uuid
+
+from mobly import asserts
+from mobly.controllers import android_device
+
+
+class UpstreamType:
+  CELLULAR = 1
+  WIFI = 2
+
+
+def generate_uuid32_base64() -> str:
+  """Generates a UUID32 and encodes it in Base64.
+
+  Returns:
+      str: The Base64-encoded UUID32 string. Which is 22 characters.
+  """
+  # Strip padding characters to make it safer for hotspot name length limit.
+  return base64.b64encode(uuid.uuid1().bytes).decode("utf-8").strip("=")
+
+
+def setup_hotspot_and_client_for_upstream_type(
+    server_device: android_device,
+    client_device: android_device,
+    upstream_type: UpstreamType,
+) -> (str, int):
+  """Setup the hotspot with a connected client with the specified upstream type.
+
+  This creates a hotspot, make the client connect
+  to it, and verify the packet is forwarded by the hotspot.
+  And returns interface name of both if successful.
+  """
+  server = server_device.connectivity_multi_devices_snippet
+  client = client_device.connectivity_multi_devices_snippet
+
+  # Assert pre-conditions specific to each upstream type.
+  asserts.skip_if(not client.hasWifiFeature(), "Client requires Wifi feature")
+  asserts.skip_if(
+      not server.hasHotspotFeature(), "Server requires hotspot feature"
+  )
+  if upstream_type == UpstreamType.CELLULAR:
+    asserts.skip_if(
+        not server.hasTelephonyFeature(), "Server requires Telephony feature"
+    )
+    server.requestCellularAndEnsureDefault()
+  elif upstream_type == UpstreamType.WIFI:
+    asserts.skip_if(
+        not server.isStaApConcurrencySupported(),
+        "Server requires Wifi AP + STA concurrency",
+    )
+    server.ensureWifiIsDefault()
+  else:
+    raise ValueError(f"Invalid upstream type: {upstream_type}")
+
+  # Generate ssid/passphrase with random characters to make sure nearby devices won't
+  # connect unexpectedly. Note that total length of ssid cannot go over 32.
+  test_ssid = "HOTSPOT-" + generate_uuid32_base64()
+  test_passphrase = generate_uuid32_base64()
+
+  # Create a hotspot with fixed SSID and password.
+  hotspot_interface = server.startHotspot(test_ssid, test_passphrase)
+
+  # Make the client connects to the hotspot.
+  client_network = client.connectToWifi(test_ssid, test_passphrase)
+
+  return hotspot_interface, client_network
+
+
+def cleanup_tethering_for_upstream_type(
+    server_device: android_device, upstream_type: UpstreamType
+) -> None:
+  server = server_device.connectivity_multi_devices_snippet
+  if upstream_type == UpstreamType.CELLULAR:
+    server.unrequestCellular()
+  # Teardown the hotspot.
+  server.stopAllTethering()