diff --git a/framework/Android.bp b/framework/Android.bp
index 657d5a3..3553c1f 100644
--- a/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/framework/Android.bp
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp",
     ],
+    shared_libs: ["libandroid_net"],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
         "com.android.tethering",
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "jni/onload.cpp",
     ],
+    shared_libs: ["libandroid"],
     static_libs: ["libconnectivityframeworkutils"],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
diff --git a/framework/api/current.txt b/framework/api/current.txt
index ad44b27..0a9560a 100644
--- a/framework/api/current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/current.txt
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
     method public boolean bindProcessToNetwork(@Nullable android.net.Network);
     method @NonNull public android.net.SocketKeepalive createSocketKeepalive(@NonNull android.net.Network, @NonNull android.net.IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.net.InetAddress, @NonNull java.util.concurrent.Executor, @NonNull android.net.SocketKeepalive.Callback);
     method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.Network getActiveNetwork();
+    method @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK) public android.net.Network getActiveNetworkForUid(int);
     method @Deprecated @Nullable @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.NetworkInfo getActiveNetworkInfo();
     method @Deprecated @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.NetworkInfo[] getAllNetworkInfo();
     method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE) public android.net.Network[] getAllNetworks();
@@ -387,7 +388,9 @@
   public class NetworkRequest implements android.os.Parcelable {
     method public boolean canBeSatisfiedBy(@Nullable android.net.NetworkCapabilities);
     method public int describeContents();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getCapabilities();
     method @Nullable public android.net.NetworkSpecifier getNetworkSpecifier();
+    method @NonNull public int[] getTransportTypes();
     method public boolean hasCapability(int);
     method public boolean hasTransport(int);
     method public void writeToParcel(android.os.Parcel, int);
diff --git a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
index b179c6d..f7c3965 100644
--- a/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/module-lib-current.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     method @Nullable public android.net.ProxyInfo getGlobalProxy();
     method @NonNull public static android.util.Range<java.lang.Integer> getIpSecNetIdRange();
     method @NonNull public static String getPrivateDnsMode(@NonNull android.content.Context);
+    method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(int, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS}) public void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback, @NonNull android.os.Handler);
     method @RequiresPermission(anyOf={android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, android.net.NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) public void requestBackgroundNetwork(@NonNull android.net.NetworkRequest, @NonNull android.os.Handler, @NonNull android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback);
     method @Deprecated public boolean requestRouteToHostAddress(int, java.net.InetAddress);
@@ -36,9 +37,11 @@
 
   public final class NetworkAgentConfig implements android.os.Parcelable {
     method @Nullable public String getSubscriberId();
+    method public boolean isBypassableVpn();
   }
 
   public static final class NetworkAgentConfig.Builder {
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setBypassableVpn(boolean);
     method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkAgentConfig.Builder setSubscriberId(@Nullable String);
   }
 
@@ -59,6 +62,7 @@
   }
 
   public class NetworkRequest implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method @NonNull public int[] getUnwantedCapabilities();
     method public boolean hasUnwantedCapability(int);
   }
 
diff --git a/framework/api/system-current.txt b/framework/api/system-current.txt
index c19fcdd..b19efa3 100644
--- a/framework/api/system-current.txt
+++ b/framework/api/system-current.txt
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@
 
   public abstract class NetworkAgent {
     ctor public NetworkAgent(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.os.Looper, @NonNull String, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, @NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, int, @NonNull android.net.NetworkAgentConfig, @Nullable android.net.NetworkProvider);
+    ctor public NetworkAgent(@NonNull android.content.Context, @NonNull android.os.Looper, @NonNull String, @NonNull android.net.NetworkCapabilities, @NonNull android.net.LinkProperties, @NonNull android.net.NetworkScore, @NonNull android.net.NetworkAgentConfig, @Nullable android.net.NetworkProvider);
     method @Nullable public android.net.Network getNetwork();
     method public void markConnected();
     method public void onAddKeepalivePacketFilter(int, @NonNull android.net.KeepalivePacketData);
@@ -323,6 +324,19 @@
     method @NonNull @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SIGNAL_STRENGTH_WAKEUP) public android.net.NetworkRequest.Builder setSignalStrength(int);
   }
 
+  public final class NetworkScore implements android.os.Parcelable {
+    method public int describeContents();
+    method public int getLegacyInt();
+    method public void writeToParcel(@NonNull android.os.Parcel, int);
+    field @NonNull public static final android.os.Parcelable.Creator<android.net.NetworkScore> CREATOR;
+  }
+
+  public static final class NetworkScore.Builder {
+    ctor public NetworkScore.Builder();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkScore build();
+    method @NonNull public android.net.NetworkScore.Builder setLegacyInt(int);
+  }
+
   public final class OemNetworkPreferences implements android.os.Parcelable {
     method public int describeContents();
     method @NonNull public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Integer> getNetworkPreferences();
diff --git a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
index c5b1ff8..fd4d9db 100644
--- a/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
+++ b/framework/jni/android_net_NetworkUtils.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android/file_descriptor_jni.h>
+#include <android/multinetwork.h>
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <linux/filter.h>
 #include <linux/if_arp.h>
@@ -94,14 +95,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-static jboolean android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetwork(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jint netId)
+static jboolean android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkHandle(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
+        jlong netHandle)
 {
-    return (jboolean) !setNetworkForProcess(netId);
+    return (jboolean) !android_setprocnetwork(netHandle);
 }
 
-static jint android_net_utils_getBoundNetworkForProcess(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz)
+static jlong android_net_utils_getBoundNetworkHandleForProcess(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz)
 {
-    return getNetworkForProcess();
+    net_handle_t network;
+    if (android_getprocnetwork(&network) != 0) {
+        jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/lang/IllegalStateException",
+                "android_getprocnetwork(): %s", strerror(errno));
+        return NETWORK_UNSPECIFIED;
+    }
+    return (jlong) network;
 }
 
 static jboolean android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkForHostResolution(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
@@ -115,11 +123,6 @@
     return setNetworkForSocket(netId, AFileDescriptor_getFD(env, javaFd));
 }
 
-static jboolean android_net_utils_queryUserAccess(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jint uid, jint netId)
-{
-    return (jboolean) !queryUserAccess(uid, netId);
-}
-
 static bool checkLenAndCopy(JNIEnv* env, const jbyteArray& addr, int len, void* dst)
 {
     if (env->GetArrayLength(addr) != len) {
@@ -255,11 +258,10 @@
 // clang-format off
 static const JNINativeMethod gNetworkUtilMethods[] = {
     /* name, signature, funcPtr */
-    { "bindProcessToNetwork", "(I)Z", (void*) android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetwork },
-    { "getBoundNetworkForProcess", "()I", (void*) android_net_utils_getBoundNetworkForProcess },
+    { "bindProcessToNetworkHandle", "(J)Z", (void*) android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkHandle },
+    { "getBoundNetworkHandleForProcess", "()J", (void*) android_net_utils_getBoundNetworkHandleForProcess },
     { "bindProcessToNetworkForHostResolution", "(I)Z", (void*) android_net_utils_bindProcessToNetworkForHostResolution },
     { "bindSocketToNetwork", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;I)I", (void*) android_net_utils_bindSocketToNetwork },
-    { "queryUserAccess", "(II)Z", (void*)android_net_utils_queryUserAccess },
     { "attachDropAllBPFFilter", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)V", (void*) android_net_utils_attachDropAllBPFFilter },
     { "detachBPFFilter", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)V", (void*) android_net_utils_detachBPFFilter },
     { "getTcpRepairWindow", "(Ljava/io/FileDescriptor;)Landroid/net/TcpRepairWindow;", (void*) android_net_utils_getTcpRepairWindow },
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index f207830..20ff93f 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -1083,8 +1083,7 @@
      *
      * @return a {@link Network} object for the current default network for the
      *         given UID or {@code null} if no default network is currently active
-     *
-     * @hide
+     * TODO: b/183465229 Cleanup getActiveNetworkForUid once b/165835257 is fixed
      */
     @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK)
     @Nullable
@@ -3705,8 +3704,9 @@
     private static final HashMap<NetworkRequest, NetworkCallback> sCallbacks = new HashMap<>();
     private static CallbackHandler sCallbackHandler;
 
-    private NetworkRequest sendRequestForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities need, NetworkCallback callback,
-            int timeoutMs, NetworkRequest.Type reqType, int legacyType, CallbackHandler handler) {
+    private NetworkRequest sendRequestForNetwork(int asUid, NetworkCapabilities need,
+            NetworkCallback callback, int timeoutMs, NetworkRequest.Type reqType, int legacyType,
+            CallbackHandler handler) {
         printStackTrace();
         checkCallbackNotNull(callback);
         if (reqType != TRACK_DEFAULT && reqType != TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT && need == null) {
@@ -3731,8 +3731,8 @@
                             getAttributionTag());
                 } else {
                     request = mService.requestNetwork(
-                            need, reqType.ordinal(), messenger, timeoutMs, binder, legacyType,
-                            callbackFlags, callingPackageName, getAttributionTag());
+                            asUid, need, reqType.ordinal(), messenger, timeoutMs, binder,
+                            legacyType, callbackFlags, callingPackageName, getAttributionTag());
                 }
                 if (request != null) {
                     sCallbacks.put(request, callback);
@@ -3747,6 +3747,12 @@
         return request;
     }
 
+    private NetworkRequest sendRequestForNetwork(NetworkCapabilities need, NetworkCallback callback,
+            int timeoutMs, NetworkRequest.Type reqType, int legacyType, CallbackHandler handler) {
+        return sendRequestForNetwork(Process.INVALID_UID, need, callback, timeoutMs, reqType,
+                legacyType, handler);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Helper function to request a network with a particular legacy type.
      *
@@ -4232,8 +4238,40 @@
     @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE)
     public void registerDefaultNetworkCallback(@NonNull NetworkCallback networkCallback,
             @NonNull Handler handler) {
+        registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(Process.INVALID_UID, networkCallback, handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers to receive notifications about changes in the default network for the specified
+     * UID. This may be a physical network or a virtual network, such as a VPN that applies to the
+     * UID. The callbacks will continue to be called until either the application exits or
+     * {@link #unregisterNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback)} is called.
+     *
+     * <p>To avoid performance issues due to apps leaking callbacks, the system will limit the
+     * number of outstanding requests to 100 per app (identified by their UID), shared with
+     * all variants of this method, of {@link #requestNetwork} as well as
+     * {@link ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager#registerConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback}.
+     * Requesting a network with this method will count toward this limit. If this limit is
+     * exceeded, an exception will be thrown. To avoid hitting this issue and to conserve resources,
+     * make sure to unregister the callbacks with
+     * {@link #unregisterNetworkCallback(NetworkCallback)}.
+     *
+     * @param uid the UID for which to track default network changes.
+     * @param networkCallback The {@link NetworkCallback} that the system will call as the
+     *                        UID's default network changes.
+     * @param handler {@link Handler} to specify the thread upon which the callback will be invoked.
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the app already has too many callbacks registered.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+    @SuppressLint({"ExecutorRegistration", "PairedRegistration"})
+    @RequiresPermission(anyOf = {
+            NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK,
+            android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS})
+    public void registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(int uid,
+            @NonNull NetworkCallback networkCallback, @NonNull Handler handler) {
         CallbackHandler cbHandler = new CallbackHandler(handler);
-        sendRequestForNetwork(null /* NetworkCapabilities need */, networkCallback, 0,
+        sendRequestForNetwork(uid, null /* need */, networkCallback, 0 /* timeoutMs */,
                 TRACK_DEFAULT, TYPE_NONE, cbHandler);
     }
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl b/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
index 3300fa8..0826922 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
             in NetworkCapabilities nc, in NetworkScore score, in NetworkAgentConfig config,
             in int factorySerialNumber);
 
-    NetworkRequest requestNetwork(in NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, int reqType,
+    NetworkRequest requestNetwork(int uid, in NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities, int reqType,
             in Messenger messenger, int timeoutSec, in IBinder binder, int legacy,
             int callbackFlags, String callingPackageName, String callingAttributionTag);
 
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/Network.java b/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
index 0741414..41fad63 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
-import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 
@@ -526,11 +525,4 @@
     public String toString() {
         return Integer.toString(netId);
     }
-
-    /** @hide */
-    public void dumpDebug(ProtoOutputStream proto, long fieldId) {
-        final long token = proto.start(fieldId);
-        proto.write(NetworkProto.NET_ID, netId);
-        proto.end(token);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index 1ff0140..b3d9616 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -389,7 +389,6 @@
      * @param score the initial score of this network. Update with sendNetworkScore.
      * @param config an immutable {@link NetworkAgentConfig} for this agent.
      * @param provider the {@link NetworkProvider} managing this agent.
-     * @hide TODO : unhide when impl is complete
      */
     public NetworkAgent(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull String logTag,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc, @NonNull LinkProperties lp,
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
index fb6fcc1..3f058d8 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkAgentConfig.java
@@ -64,6 +64,16 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * @return whether this VPN connection can be bypassed by the apps.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+    public boolean isBypassableVpn() {
+        return allowBypass;
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Set if the user desires to use this network even if it is unvalidated. This field has meaning
      * only if {@link explicitlySelected} is true. If it is, this field must also be set to the
      * appropriate value based on previous user choice.
@@ -382,6 +392,19 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Sets whether the apps can bypass the VPN connection.
+         *
+         * @return this builder, to facilitate chaining.
+         * @hide
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        @SystemApi(client = MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+        public Builder setBypassableVpn(boolean allowBypass) {
+            mConfig.allowBypass = allowBypass;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Returns the constructed {@link NetworkAgentConfig} object.
          */
         @NonNull
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index 881fa8c..27f7ee2 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Range;
-import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
@@ -538,43 +537,6 @@
             | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
 
     /**
-     * Capabilities that suggest that a network is restricted.
-     * {@see #maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted}, {@see #FORCE_RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES}
-     */
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    /* package */ static final long RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES =
-            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_CBS)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_DUN)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_FOTA)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_IA)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_IMS)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_MCX)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_RCS)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_VEHICLE_INTERNAL)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_XCAP)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE);
-
-    /**
-     * Capabilities that force network to be restricted.
-     * {@see #maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted}.
-     */
-    private static final long FORCE_RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES =
-            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE);
-
-    /**
-     * Capabilities that suggest that a network is unrestricted.
-     * {@see #maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted}.
-     */
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    /* package */ static final long UNRESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES =
-            (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_MMS)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_SUPL)
-            | (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_WIFI_P2P);
-
-    /**
      * Capabilities that are managed by ConnectivityService.
      */
     private static final long CONNECTIVITY_MANAGED_CAPABILITIES =
@@ -811,37 +773,12 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Deduces that all the capabilities it provides are typically provided by restricted networks
-     * or not.
-     *
-     * @return {@code true} if the network should be restricted.
-     * @hide
-     */
-    public boolean deduceRestrictedCapability() {
-        // Check if we have any capability that forces the network to be restricted.
-        final boolean forceRestrictedCapability =
-                (mNetworkCapabilities & FORCE_RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES) != 0;
-
-        // Verify there aren't any unrestricted capabilities.  If there are we say
-        // the whole thing is unrestricted unless it is forced to be restricted.
-        final boolean hasUnrestrictedCapabilities =
-                (mNetworkCapabilities & UNRESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES) != 0;
-
-        // Must have at least some restricted capabilities.
-        final boolean hasRestrictedCapabilities =
-                (mNetworkCapabilities & RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES) != 0;
-
-        return forceRestrictedCapability
-                || (hasRestrictedCapabilities && !hasUnrestrictedCapabilities);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Removes the NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED capability if deducing the network is restricted.
+     * Removes the NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED capability if inferring the network is restricted.
      *
      * @hide
      */
     public void maybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted() {
-        if (deduceRestrictedCapability()) {
+        if (NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.inferRestrictedCapability(this)) {
             removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED);
         }
     }
@@ -2087,34 +2024,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** @hide */
-    public void dumpDebug(@NonNull ProtoOutputStream proto, long fieldId) {
-        final long token = proto.start(fieldId);
-
-        for (int transport : getTransportTypes()) {
-            proto.write(NetworkCapabilitiesProto.TRANSPORTS, transport);
-        }
-
-        for (int capability : getCapabilities()) {
-            proto.write(NetworkCapabilitiesProto.CAPABILITIES, capability);
-        }
-
-        proto.write(NetworkCapabilitiesProto.LINK_UP_BANDWIDTH_KBPS, mLinkUpBandwidthKbps);
-        proto.write(NetworkCapabilitiesProto.LINK_DOWN_BANDWIDTH_KBPS, mLinkDownBandwidthKbps);
-
-        if (mNetworkSpecifier != null) {
-            proto.write(NetworkCapabilitiesProto.NETWORK_SPECIFIER, mNetworkSpecifier.toString());
-        }
-        if (mTransportInfo != null) {
-            // TODO b/120653863: write transport-specific info to proto?
-        }
-
-        proto.write(NetworkCapabilitiesProto.CAN_REPORT_SIGNAL_STRENGTH, hasSignalStrength());
-        proto.write(NetworkCapabilitiesProto.SIGNAL_STRENGTH, mSignalStrength);
-
-        proto.end(token);
-    }
-
     /**
      * @hide
      */
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
index bcbc04f7..5313f08 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkRequest.java
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Range;
-import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;
 
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -675,18 +674,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /** @hide */
-    public void dumpDebug(ProtoOutputStream proto, long fieldId) {
-        final long token = proto.start(fieldId);
-
-        proto.write(NetworkRequestProto.TYPE, typeToProtoEnum(type));
-        proto.write(NetworkRequestProto.REQUEST_ID, requestId);
-        proto.write(NetworkRequestProto.LEGACY_TYPE, legacyType);
-        networkCapabilities.dumpDebug(proto, NetworkRequestProto.NETWORK_CAPABILITIES);
-
-        proto.end(token);
-    }
-
     public boolean equals(@Nullable Object obj) {
         if (obj instanceof NetworkRequest == false) return false;
         NetworkRequest that = (NetworkRequest)obj;
@@ -699,4 +686,43 @@
     public int hashCode() {
         return Objects.hash(requestId, legacyType, networkCapabilities, type);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the capabilities set on this {@code NetworkRequest} instance.
+     *
+     * @return an array of capability values for this instance.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public @NetCapability int[] getCapabilities() {
+        // No need to make a defensive copy here as NC#getCapabilities() already returns
+        // a new array.
+        return networkCapabilities.getCapabilities();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the unwanted capabilities set on this {@code NetworkRequest} instance.
+     *
+     * @return an array of unwanted capability values for this instance.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    @SystemApi(client = SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES)
+    public @NetCapability int[] getUnwantedCapabilities() {
+        // No need to make a defensive copy here as NC#getUnwantedCapabilities() already returns
+        // a new array.
+        return networkCapabilities.getUnwantedCapabilities();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the transports set on this {@code NetworkRequest} instance.
+     *
+     * @return an array of transport type values for this instance.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public @Transport int[] getTransportTypes() {
+        // No need to make a defensive copy here as NC#getTransportTypes() already returns
+        // a new array.
+        return networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java
index eadcb2d..6584993 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkScore.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package android.net;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@
  * network is considered for a particular use.
  * @hide
  */
-// TODO : @SystemApi when the implementation is complete
+@SystemApi
 public final class NetworkScore implements Parcelable {
     // This will be removed soon. Do *NOT* depend on it for any new code that is not part of
     // a migration.
@@ -62,6 +63,8 @@
 
     /**
      * @return whether this score has a particular policy.
+     *
+     * @hide
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     public boolean hasPolicy(final int policy) {
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
index c4bebc0..f524859 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/NetworkUtils.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.NETID_UNSET;
+
 import android.compat.annotation.UnsupportedAppUsage;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
@@ -55,6 +57,8 @@
      */
     public static native void detachBPFFilter(FileDescriptor fd) throws SocketException;
 
+    private static native boolean bindProcessToNetworkHandle(long netHandle);
+
     /**
      * Binds the current process to the network designated by {@code netId}.  All sockets created
      * in the future (and not explicitly bound via a bound {@link SocketFactory} (see
@@ -63,13 +67,20 @@
      * is by design so an application doesn't accidentally use sockets it thinks are still bound to
      * a particular {@code Network}.  Passing NETID_UNSET clears the binding.
      */
-    public native static boolean bindProcessToNetwork(int netId);
+    public static boolean bindProcessToNetwork(int netId) {
+        return bindProcessToNetworkHandle(new Network(netId).getNetworkHandle());
+    }
+
+    private static native long getBoundNetworkHandleForProcess();
 
     /**
      * Return the netId last passed to {@link #bindProcessToNetwork}, or NETID_UNSET if
      * {@link #unbindProcessToNetwork} has been called since {@link #bindProcessToNetwork}.
      */
-    public native static int getBoundNetworkForProcess();
+    public static int getBoundNetworkForProcess() {
+        final long netHandle = getBoundNetworkHandleForProcess();
+        return netHandle == 0L ? NETID_UNSET : Network.fromNetworkHandle(netHandle).getNetId();
+    }
 
     /**
      * Binds host resolutions performed by this process to the network designated by {@code netId}.
@@ -92,7 +103,10 @@
      * Determine if {@code uid} can access network designated by {@code netId}.
      * @return {@code true} if {@code uid} can access network, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
-    public native static boolean queryUserAccess(int uid, int netId);
+    public static boolean queryUserAccess(int uid, int netId) {
+        // TODO (b/183485986): remove this method
+        return false;
+    }
 
     /**
      * DNS resolver series jni method.
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 1330e71..37dd9ff 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -51,22 +51,33 @@
 
 java_library {
     name: "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
+    sdk_version: "system_server_current",
     srcs: [
-        ":framework-connectivity-shared-srcs",
         ":connectivity-service-srcs",
+        ":framework-connectivity-shared-srcs",
+        ":services-connectivity-shared-srcs",
+        // TODO: move to net-utils-device-common, enable shrink optimization to avoid extra classes
+        ":net-module-utils-srcs",
     ],
     libs: [
-        "android.net.ipsec.ike",
-        "services.core",
-        "services.net",
+        // TODO (b/183097033) remove once system_server_current includes core_current
+        "stable.core.platform.api.stubs",
+        "android_system_server_stubs_current",
+        "framework-annotations-lib",
+        "framework-connectivity.impl",
+        "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
+        "framework-wifi.stubs.module_lib",
         "unsupportedappusage",
         "ServiceConnectivityResources",
     ],
     static_libs: [
+        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-V7-java",
         "modules-utils-os",
         "net-utils-device-common",
         "net-utils-framework-common",
         "netd-client",
+        "netlink-client",
+        "networkstack-client",
         "PlatformProperties",
         "service-connectivity-protos",
     ],
@@ -78,6 +89,7 @@
 
 java_library {
     name: "service-connectivity-protos",
+    sdk_version: "system_current",
     proto: {
         type: "nano",
     },
@@ -93,6 +105,7 @@
 
 java_library {
     name: "service-connectivity",
+    sdk_version: "system_server_current",
     installable: true,
     static_libs: [
         "service-connectivity-pre-jarjar",
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 1985848..59a1a78 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -145,7 +145,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkScore;
 import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.NetworkStack;
-import android.net.NetworkStackClient;
 import android.net.NetworkState;
 import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable;
@@ -172,13 +171,14 @@
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
 import android.net.metrics.NetworkEvent;
 import android.net.netlink.InetDiagMessage;
+import android.net.networkstack.ModuleNetworkStackClient;
+import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.DnsHealthEventParcel;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.IDnsResolverUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.Nat64PrefixEventParcel;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel;
 import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
 import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker;
-import android.net.util.NetdService;
 import android.os.BatteryStatsManager;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -1121,10 +1121,10 @@
         }
 
         /**
-         * Get a reference to the NetworkStackClient.
+         * Get a reference to the ModuleNetworkStackClient.
          */
-        public NetworkStackClient getNetworkStack() {
-            return NetworkStackClient.getInstance();
+        public NetworkStackClientBase getNetworkStack() {
+            return ModuleNetworkStackClient.getInstance(null);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -1145,8 +1145,8 @@
         /**
          * @see NetworkUtils#queryUserAccess(int, int)
          */
-        public boolean queryUserAccess(int uid, int netId) {
-            return NetworkUtils.queryUserAccess(uid, netId);
+        public boolean queryUserAccess(int uid, Network network, ConnectivityService cs) {
+            return cs.queryUserAccess(uid, network);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -1183,7 +1183,8 @@
 
     public ConnectivityService(Context context) {
         this(context, getDnsResolver(context), new IpConnectivityLog(),
-                NetdService.getInstance(), new Dependencies());
+                INetd.Stub.asInterface((IBinder) context.getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE)),
+                new Dependencies());
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -1202,7 +1203,7 @@
         mNetworkRanker = new NetworkRanker();
         final NetworkRequest defaultInternetRequest = createDefaultRequest();
         mDefaultRequest = new NetworkRequestInfo(
-                defaultInternetRequest, null,
+                Process.myUid(), defaultInternetRequest, null,
                 new Binder(), NetworkCallback.FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO,
                 null /* attributionTags */);
         mNetworkRequests.put(defaultInternetRequest, mDefaultRequest);
@@ -1408,8 +1409,7 @@
 
         if (enable) {
             handleRegisterNetworkRequest(new NetworkRequestInfo(
-                    networkRequest, null,
-                    new Binder(),
+                    Process.myUid(), networkRequest, null, new Binder(),
                     NetworkCallback.FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO,
                     null /* attributionTags */));
         } else {
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@
         final int requestId = nri.getActiveRequest() != null
                 ? nri.getActiveRequest().requestId : nri.mRequests.get(0).requestId;
         mNetworkInfoBlockingLogs.log(String.format(
-                "%s %d(%d) on netId %d", action, nri.mUid, requestId, net.getNetId()));
+                "%s %d(%d) on netId %d", action, nri.mAsUid, requestId, net.getNetId()));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2077,6 +2077,8 @@
     private void restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(NetworkCapabilities nc,
             int callerUid, String callerPackageName) {
         if (!checkSettingsPermission()) {
+            // There is no need to track the effective UID of the request here. If the caller lacks
+            // the settings permission, the effective UID is the same as the calling ID.
             nc.setSingleUid(callerUid);
         }
         nc.setRequestorUidAndPackageName(callerUid, callerPackageName);
@@ -2904,10 +2906,6 @@
         }
 
         pw.println();
-        pw.println("NetworkStackClient logs:");
-        pw.increaseIndent();
-        NetworkStackClient.getInstance().dump(pw);
-        pw.decreaseIndent();
 
         pw.println();
         pw.println("Permission Monitor:");
@@ -4842,6 +4840,42 @@
         nai.networkMonitor().forceReevaluation(uid);
     }
 
+    // TODO: call into netd.
+    private boolean queryUserAccess(int uid, Network network) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
+        if (nai == null) return false;
+
+        // Any UID can use its default network.
+        if (nai == getDefaultNetworkForUid(uid)) return true;
+
+        // Privileged apps can use any network.
+        if (mPermissionMonitor.hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(uid)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // An unprivileged UID can use a VPN iff the VPN applies to it.
+        if (nai.isVPN()) {
+            return nai.networkCapabilities.appliesToUid(uid);
+        }
+
+        // An unprivileged UID can bypass the VPN that applies to it only if it can protect its
+        // sockets, i.e., if it is the owner.
+        final NetworkAgentInfo vpn = getVpnForUid(uid);
+        if (vpn != null && !vpn.networkAgentConfig.allowBypass
+                && uid != vpn.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // The UID's permission must be at least sufficient for the network. Since the restricted
+        // permission was already checked above, that just leaves background networks.
+        if (!nai.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND)) {
+            return mPermissionMonitor.hasUseBackgroundNetworksPermission(uid);
+        }
+
+        // Unrestricted network. Anyone gets to use it.
+        return true;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns information about the proxy a certain network is using. If given a null network, it
      * it will return the proxy for the bound network for the caller app or the default proxy if
@@ -4862,7 +4896,7 @@
                 return null;
             }
             return getLinkPropertiesProxyInfo(activeNetwork);
-        } else if (mDeps.queryUserAccess(mDeps.getCallingUid(), network.getNetId())) {
+        } else if (mDeps.queryUserAccess(mDeps.getCallingUid(), network, this)) {
             // Don't call getLinkProperties() as it requires ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission, which
             // caller may not have.
             return getLinkPropertiesProxyInfo(network);
@@ -5367,6 +5401,8 @@
         boolean mPendingIntentSent;
         @Nullable
         final Messenger mMessenger;
+
+        // Information about the caller that caused this object to be created.
         @Nullable
         private final IBinder mBinder;
         final int mPid;
@@ -5374,6 +5410,13 @@
         final @NetworkCallback.Flag int mCallbackFlags;
         @Nullable
         final String mCallingAttributionTag;
+
+        // Effective UID of this request. This is different from mUid when a privileged process
+        // files a request on behalf of another UID. This UID is used to determine blocked status,
+        // UID matching, and so on. mUid above is used for permission checks and to enforce the
+        // maximum limit of registered callbacks per UID.
+        final int mAsUid;
+
         // In order to preserve the mapping of NetworkRequest-to-callback when apps register
         // callbacks using a returned NetworkRequest, the original NetworkRequest needs to be
         // maintained for keying off of. This is only a concern when the original nri
@@ -5401,12 +5444,12 @@
             return (null == uids) ? new ArraySet<>() : uids;
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(@NonNull final NetworkRequest r, @Nullable final PendingIntent pi,
-                @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
-            this(Collections.singletonList(r), r, pi, callingAttributionTag);
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r,
+                @Nullable final PendingIntent pi, @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r), r, pi, callingAttributionTag);
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(@NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
                 @NonNull final NetworkRequest requestForCallback, @Nullable final PendingIntent pi,
                 @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
             ensureAllNetworkRequestsHaveType(r);
@@ -5417,6 +5460,7 @@
             mBinder = null;
             mPid = getCallingPid();
             mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+            mAsUid = asUid;
             mNetworkRequestCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
             /**
              * Location sensitive data not included in pending intent. Only included in
@@ -5426,14 +5470,15 @@
             mCallingAttributionTag = callingAttributionTag;
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(@NonNull final NetworkRequest r, @Nullable final Messenger m,
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r, @Nullable final Messenger m,
                 @Nullable final IBinder binder,
                 @NetworkCallback.Flag int callbackFlags,
                 @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
-            this(Collections.singletonList(r), r, m, binder, callbackFlags, callingAttributionTag);
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r), r, m, binder, callbackFlags,
+                    callingAttributionTag);
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(@NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r,
                 @NonNull final NetworkRequest requestForCallback, @Nullable final Messenger m,
                 @Nullable final IBinder binder,
                 @NetworkCallback.Flag int callbackFlags,
@@ -5446,6 +5491,7 @@
             mBinder = binder;
             mPid = getCallingPid();
             mUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+            mAsUid = asUid;
             mPendingIntent = null;
             mNetworkRequestCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
             mCallbackFlags = callbackFlags;
@@ -5488,18 +5534,19 @@
             mBinder = nri.mBinder;
             mPid = nri.mPid;
             mUid = nri.mUid;
+            mAsUid = nri.mAsUid;
             mPendingIntent = nri.mPendingIntent;
             mNetworkRequestCounter.incrementCountOrThrow(mUid);
             mCallbackFlags = nri.mCallbackFlags;
             mCallingAttributionTag = nri.mCallingAttributionTag;
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(@NonNull final NetworkRequest r) {
-            this(Collections.singletonList(r));
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest r) {
+            this(asUid, Collections.singletonList(r));
         }
 
-        NetworkRequestInfo(@NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r) {
-            this(r, r.get(0), null /* pi */, null /* callingAttributionTag */);
+        NetworkRequestInfo(int asUid, @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> r) {
+            this(asUid, r, r.get(0), null /* pi */, null /* callingAttributionTag */);
         }
 
         // True if this NRI is being satisfied. It also accounts for if the nri has its satisifer
@@ -5535,9 +5582,10 @@
 
         @Override
         public String toString() {
-            return "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + " active request Id: "
+            final String asUidString = (mAsUid == mUid) ? "" : " asUid: " + mAsUid;
+            return "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + asUidString + " activeRequest: "
                     + (mActiveRequest == null ? null : mActiveRequest.requestId)
-                    + " callback request Id: "
+                    + " callbackRequest: "
                     + mNetworkRequestForCallback.requestId
                     + " " + mRequests
                     + (mPendingIntent == null ? "" : " to trigger " + mPendingIntent)
@@ -5638,7 +5686,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NetworkRequest requestNetwork(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
+    public NetworkRequest requestNetwork(int asUid, NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             int reqTypeInt, Messenger messenger, int timeoutMs, IBinder binder,
             int legacyType, int callbackFlags, @NonNull String callingPackageName,
             @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
@@ -5650,6 +5698,12 @@
         }
         final NetworkCapabilities defaultNc = mDefaultRequest.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities;
         final int callingUid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
+        // Privileged callers can track the default network of another UID by passing in a UID.
+        if (asUid != Process.INVALID_UID) {
+            enforceSettingsPermission();
+        } else {
+            asUid = callingUid;
+        }
         final NetworkRequest.Type reqType;
         try {
             reqType = NetworkRequest.Type.values()[reqTypeInt];
@@ -5659,10 +5713,10 @@
         switch (reqType) {
             case TRACK_DEFAULT:
                 // If the request type is TRACK_DEFAULT, the passed {@code networkCapabilities}
-                // is unused and will be replaced by ones appropriate for the caller.
-                // This allows callers to keep track of the default network for their app.
+                // is unused and will be replaced by ones appropriate for the UID (usually, the
+                // calling app). This allows callers to keep track of the default network.
                 networkCapabilities = copyDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(
-                        defaultNc, callingUid, callingPackageName);
+                        defaultNc, asUid, callingUid, callingPackageName);
                 enforceAccessPermission();
                 break;
             case TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT:
@@ -5714,7 +5768,8 @@
         final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(networkCapabilities, legacyType,
                 nextNetworkRequestId(), reqType);
         final NetworkRequestInfo nri = getNriToRegister(
-                networkRequest, messenger, binder, callbackFlags, callingAttributionTag);
+                asUid, networkRequest, messenger, binder, callbackFlags,
+                callingAttributionTag);
         if (DBG) log("requestNetwork for " + nri);
 
         // For TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT callbacks, the capabilities have been modified since they were
@@ -5741,25 +5796,27 @@
      * requests registered to track the default request. If there is currently a per-app default
      * tracking the app requestor, then we need to create a version of this nri that mirrors that of
      * the tracking per-app default so that callbacks are sent to the app requestor appropriately.
+     * @param asUid the uid on behalf of which to file the request. Different from requestorUid
+     *              when a privileged caller is tracking the default network for another uid.
      * @param nr the network request for the nri.
      * @param msgr the messenger for the nri.
      * @param binder the binder for the nri.
      * @param callingAttributionTag the calling attribution tag for the nri.
      * @return the nri to register.
      */
-    private NetworkRequestInfo getNriToRegister(@NonNull final NetworkRequest nr,
+    private NetworkRequestInfo getNriToRegister(final int asUid, @NonNull final NetworkRequest nr,
             @Nullable final Messenger msgr, @Nullable final IBinder binder,
             @NetworkCallback.Flag int callbackFlags,
             @Nullable String callingAttributionTag) {
         final List<NetworkRequest> requests;
         if (NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT == nr.type) {
             requests = copyDefaultNetworkRequestsForUid(
-                    nr.getRequestorUid(), nr.getRequestorPackageName());
+                    asUid, nr.getRequestorUid(), nr.getRequestorPackageName());
         } else {
             requests = Collections.singletonList(nr);
         }
         return new NetworkRequestInfo(
-                requests, nr, msgr, binder, callbackFlags, callingAttributionTag);
+                asUid, requests, nr, msgr, binder, callbackFlags, callingAttributionTag);
     }
 
     private void enforceNetworkRequestPermissions(NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
@@ -5840,8 +5897,8 @@
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(networkCapabilities, TYPE_NONE,
                 nextNetworkRequestId(), NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST);
-        NetworkRequestInfo nri =
-                new NetworkRequestInfo(networkRequest, operation, callingAttributionTag);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, networkRequest, operation,
+                callingAttributionTag);
         if (DBG) log("pendingRequest for " + nri);
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_REQUEST_WITH_INTENT,
                 nri));
@@ -5908,7 +5965,7 @@
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(nc, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(),
                 NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN);
         NetworkRequestInfo nri =
-                new NetworkRequestInfo(networkRequest, messenger, binder, callbackFlags,
+                new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, networkRequest, messenger, binder, callbackFlags,
                         callingAttributionTag);
         if (VDBG) log("listenForNetwork for " + nri);
 
@@ -5933,8 +5990,8 @@
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest(nc, TYPE_NONE, nextNetworkRequestId(),
                 NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN);
-        NetworkRequestInfo nri =
-                new NetworkRequestInfo(networkRequest, operation, callingAttributionTag);
+        NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, networkRequest, operation,
+                callingAttributionTag);
         if (VDBG) log("pendingListenForNetwork for " + nri);
 
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER, nri));
@@ -6084,33 +6141,37 @@
     /**
      * Get a copy of the network requests of the default request that is currently tracking the
      * given uid.
+     * @param asUid the uid on behalf of which to file the request. Different from requestorUid
+     *              when a privileged caller is tracking the default network for another uid.
      * @param requestorUid the uid to check the default for.
      * @param requestorPackageName the requestor's package name.
      * @return a copy of the default's NetworkRequest that is tracking the given uid.
      */
     @NonNull
     private List<NetworkRequest> copyDefaultNetworkRequestsForUid(
-            @NonNull final int requestorUid, @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
+            final int asUid, final int requestorUid, @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
         return copyNetworkRequestsForUid(
-                getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(requestorUid).mRequests,
-                requestorUid, requestorPackageName);
+                getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(asUid).mRequests,
+                asUid, requestorUid, requestorPackageName);
     }
 
     /**
      * Copy the given nri's NetworkRequest collection.
      * @param requestsToCopy the NetworkRequest collection to be copied.
+     * @param asUid the uid on behalf of which to file the request. Different from requestorUid
+     *              when a privileged caller is tracking the default network for another uid.
      * @param requestorUid the uid to set on the copied collection.
      * @param requestorPackageName the package name to set on the copied collection.
      * @return the copied NetworkRequest collection.
      */
     @NonNull
     private List<NetworkRequest> copyNetworkRequestsForUid(
-            @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> requestsToCopy, @NonNull final int requestorUid,
-            @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
+            @NonNull final List<NetworkRequest> requestsToCopy, final int asUid,
+            final int requestorUid, @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
         final List<NetworkRequest> requests = new ArrayList<>();
         for (final NetworkRequest nr : requestsToCopy) {
             requests.add(new NetworkRequest(copyDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(
-                            nr.networkCapabilities, requestorUid, requestorPackageName),
+                            nr.networkCapabilities, asUid, requestorUid, requestorPackageName),
                     nr.legacyType, nextNetworkRequestId(), nr.type));
         }
         return requests;
@@ -6118,17 +6179,17 @@
 
     @NonNull
     private NetworkCapabilities copyDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUid(
-            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities netCapToCopy, @NonNull final int requestorUid,
-            @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
+            @NonNull final NetworkCapabilities netCapToCopy, final int asUid,
+            final int requestorUid, @NonNull final String requestorPackageName) {
         // These capabilities are for a TRACK_DEFAULT callback, so:
         // 1. Remove NET_CAPABILITY_VPN, because it's (currently!) the only difference between
         //    mDefaultRequest and a per-UID default request.
         //    TODO: stop depending on the fact that these two unrelated things happen to be the same
-        // 2. Always set the UIDs to mAsUid. restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo will
+        // 2. Always set the UIDs to asUid. restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo will
         //    not do this in the case of a privileged application.
         final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities(netCapToCopy);
         netCap.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN);
-        netCap.setSingleUid(requestorUid);
+        netCap.setSingleUid(asUid);
         restrictRequestUidsForCallerAndSetRequestorInfo(
                 netCap, requestorUid, requestorPackageName);
         return netCap;
@@ -8034,9 +8095,9 @@
 
         final boolean metered = nai.networkCapabilities.isMetered();
         boolean blocked;
-        blocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mUid, mVpnBlockedUidRanges);
+        blocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mAsUid, mVpnBlockedUidRanges);
         blocked |= NetworkPolicyManager.isUidBlocked(
-                mUidBlockedReasons.get(nri.mUid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE), metered);
+                mUidBlockedReasons.get(nri.mAsUid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE), metered);
         callCallbackForRequest(nri, nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE, blocked ? 1 : 0);
     }
 
@@ -8064,12 +8125,12 @@
             NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
             final boolean oldBlocked, newBlocked, oldVpnBlocked, newVpnBlocked;
 
-            oldVpnBlocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mUid, oldBlockedUidRanges);
+            oldVpnBlocked = isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mAsUid, oldBlockedUidRanges);
             newVpnBlocked = (oldBlockedUidRanges != newBlockedUidRanges)
-                    ? isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mUid, newBlockedUidRanges)
+                    ? isUidBlockedByVpn(nri.mAsUid, newBlockedUidRanges)
                     : oldVpnBlocked;
 
-            final int blockedReasons = mUidBlockedReasons.get(nri.mUid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+            final int blockedReasons = mUidBlockedReasons.get(nri.mAsUid, BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
             oldBlocked = oldVpnBlocked || NetworkPolicyManager.isUidBlocked(
                     blockedReasons, oldMetered);
             newBlocked = newVpnBlocked || NetworkPolicyManager.isUidBlocked(
@@ -8104,7 +8165,7 @@
             for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
                 NetworkRequest nr = nai.requestAt(i);
                 NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(nr);
-                if (nri != null && nri.mUid == uid) {
+                if (nri != null && nri.mAsUid == uid) {
                     callCallbackForRequest(nri, nai, ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_BLK_CHANGED, arg);
                 }
             }
@@ -8869,7 +8930,7 @@
         // nri is not bound to the death of callback. Instead, callback.bindToDeath() is set in
         // handleRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(). nri will be cleaned up as part of the
         // callback's binder death.
-        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(requestWithId);
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(callingUid, requestWithId);
         final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo cbInfo =
                 new ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo(callback, nri, callingPackageName);
 
@@ -9353,7 +9414,7 @@
             nrs.add(createNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST, pref.capabilities));
             nrs.add(createDefaultRequest());
             setNetworkRequestUids(nrs, UidRange.fromIntRanges(pref.capabilities.getUids()));
-            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(nrs);
+            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), nrs);
             result.add(nri);
         }
         return result;
@@ -9524,7 +9585,7 @@
             }
             // Include this nri if it will be tracked by the new per-app default requests.
             final boolean isNriGoingToBeTracked =
-                    getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(nri.mUid) != mDefaultRequest;
+                    getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(nri.mAsUid) != mDefaultRequest;
             if (isNriGoingToBeTracked) {
                 defaultCallbackRequests.add(nri);
             }
@@ -9546,7 +9607,7 @@
         final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> callbackRequestsToRegister = new ArraySet<>();
         for (final NetworkRequestInfo callbackRequest : perAppCallbackRequestsForUpdate) {
             final NetworkRequestInfo trackingNri =
-                    getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(callbackRequest.mUid);
+                    getDefaultRequestTrackingUid(callbackRequest.mAsUid);
 
             // If this nri is not being tracked, the change it back to an untracked nri.
             if (trackingNri == mDefaultRequest) {
@@ -9556,12 +9617,12 @@
                 continue;
             }
 
-            final String requestorPackageName =
-                    callbackRequest.mRequests.get(0).getRequestorPackageName();
+            final NetworkRequest request = callbackRequest.mRequests.get(0);
             callbackRequestsToRegister.add(new NetworkRequestInfo(
                     callbackRequest,
                     copyNetworkRequestsForUid(
-                            trackingNri.mRequests, callbackRequest.mUid, requestorPackageName)));
+                            trackingNri.mRequests, callbackRequest.mAsUid,
+                            callbackRequest.mUid, request.getRequestorPackageName())));
         }
         return callbackRequestsToRegister;
     }
@@ -9665,7 +9726,7 @@
                 ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
             }
             setNetworkRequestUids(requests, ranges);
-            return new NetworkRequestInfo(requests);
+            return new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), requests);
         }
 
         private NetworkRequest createUnmeteredNetworkRequest() {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
index f566277..09873f4 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/TestNetworkService.java
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
 import android.net.TestNetworkSpecifier;
-import android.net.util.NetdService;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
@@ -86,7 +85,9 @@
         mHandler = new Handler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());
 
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing Context");
-        mNetd = Objects.requireNonNull(NetdService.getInstance(), "could not get netd instance");
+        mNetd = Objects.requireNonNull(
+                INetd.Stub.asInterface((IBinder) context.getSystemService(Context.NETD_SERVICE)),
+                "could not get netd instance");
         mCm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
         mNetworkProvider = new NetworkProvider(mContext, mHandler.getLooper(),
                 TEST_NETWORK_PROVIDER_NAME);
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57e3dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.connectivity;
+
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.Os;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+
+/**
+ * Compatibility utility for android.system.Os core platform APIs.
+ *
+ * Connectivity has access to such APIs, but they are not part of the module_current stubs yet
+ * (only core_current). Most stable core platform APIs are included manually in the connectivity
+ * build rules, but because Os is also part of the base java SDK that is earlier on the
+ * classpath, the extra core platform APIs are not seen.
+ *
+ * TODO (b/157639992, b/183097033): remove as soon as core_current is part of system_server_current
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class OsCompat {
+    // This value should be correct on all architectures supported by Android, but hardcoding ioctl
+    // numbers should be avoided.
+    /**
+     * @see android.system.OsConstants#TIOCOUTQ
+     */
+    public static final int TIOCOUTQ = 0x5411;
+
+    /**
+     * @see android.system.Os#getsockoptInt(FileDescriptor, int, int)
+     */
+    public static int getsockoptInt(FileDescriptor fd, int level, int option) throws
+            ErrnoException {
+        try {
+            return (int) Os.class.getMethod(
+                    "getsockoptInt", FileDescriptor.class, int.class, int.class)
+                    .invoke(null, fd, level, option);
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            if (e.getCause() instanceof ErrnoException) {
+                throw (ErrnoException) e.getCause();
+            }
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Error calling getsockoptInt", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @see android.system.Os#ioctlInt(FileDescriptor, int)
+     */
+    public static int ioctlInt(FileDescriptor fd, int cmd) throws
+            ErrnoException {
+        try {
+            return (int) Os.class.getMethod(
+                    "ioctlInt", FileDescriptor.class, int.class).invoke(null, fd, cmd);
+        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
+            if (e.getCause() instanceof ErrnoException) {
+                throw (ErrnoException) e.getCause();
+            }
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Error calling ioctlInt", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
index 488677a..3711679 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -271,6 +271,13 @@
         return mApps.containsKey(uid);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the given uid has permission to use restricted networks.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(int uid) {
+        return Boolean.TRUE.equals(mApps.get(uid));
+    }
+
     private void update(Set<UserHandle> users, Map<Integer, Boolean> apps, boolean add) {
         List<Integer> network = new ArrayList<>();
         List<Integer> system = new ArrayList<>();
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
index c480594..73f3475 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IP_TOS;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IP_TTL;
-import static android.system.OsConstants.TIOCOUTQ;
+
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.OsCompat.TIOCOUTQ;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.net.InvalidPacketException;
@@ -175,10 +176,10 @@
             }
             // Query write sequence number from SEND_QUEUE.
             Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_SEND_QUEUE);
-            tcpDetails.seq = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
+            tcpDetails.seq = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
             // Query read sequence number from RECV_QUEUE.
             Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_RECV_QUEUE);
-            tcpDetails.ack = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
+            tcpDetails.ack = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
             // Switch to NO_QUEUE to prevent illegal socket read/write in repair mode.
             Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_NO_QUEUE);
             // Finally, check if socket is still idle. TODO : this check needs to move to
@@ -198,9 +199,9 @@
             tcpDetails.rcvWndScale = trw.rcvWndScale;
             if (tcpDetails.srcAddress.length == 4 /* V4 address length */) {
                 // Query TOS.
-                tcpDetails.tos = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS);
+                tcpDetails.tos = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS);
                 // Query TTL.
-                tcpDetails.ttl = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL);
+                tcpDetails.ttl = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL);
             }
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Exception reading TCP state from socket", e);
@@ -305,7 +306,7 @@
 
     private static boolean isReceiveQueueEmpty(FileDescriptor fd)
             throws ErrnoException {
-        final int result = Os.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCINQ);
+        final int result = OsCompat.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCINQ);
         if (result != 0) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Read queue has data");
             return false;
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@
 
     private static boolean isSendQueueEmpty(FileDescriptor fd)
             throws ErrnoException {
-        final int result = Os.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCOUTQ);
+        final int result = OsCompat.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCOUTQ);
         if (result != 0) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Write queue has data");
             return false;
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
index f161e52..e7718b5 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilitiesTest.java
@@ -38,14 +38,12 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.REDACT_FOR_NETWORK_SETTINGS;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.SIGNAL_STRENGTH_UNSPECIFIED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE;
-import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.UNRESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES;
 import static android.os.Process.INVALID_UID;
 
 import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastR;
@@ -103,20 +101,6 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testMaybeMarkCapabilitiesRestricted() {
-        // verify EIMS is restricted
-        assertEquals((1 << NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS) & RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES,
-                (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_EIMS));
-
-        // verify CBS is also restricted
-        assertEquals((1 << NET_CAPABILITY_CBS) & RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES,
-                (1 << NET_CAPABILITY_CBS));
-
-        // verify default is not restricted
-        assertEquals((1 << NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET) & RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES, 0);
-
-        // just to see
-        assertEquals(RESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES & UNRESTRICTED_CAPABILITIES, 0);
-
         // check that internet does not get restricted
         NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities();
         netCap.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
@@ -329,7 +313,8 @@
         if (isAtLeastS()) {
             netCap.setSubIds(Set.of(TEST_SUBID1, TEST_SUBID2));
             netCap.setUids(uids);
-        } else if (isAtLeastR()) {
+        }
+        if (isAtLeastR()) {
             netCap.setOwnerUid(123);
             netCap.setAdministratorUids(new int[] {5, 11});
         }
@@ -611,17 +596,18 @@
             // From S, it is not allowed to have the same capability in both wanted and
             // unwanted list.
             assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1));
+            // Remove unwanted capability to continue other tests.
+            nc1.removeUnwantedCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
         } else {
             nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
             // We will get this capability in both requested and unwanted lists thus this request
             // will never be satisfied.
             assertTrue(nc2.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
             assertTrue(nc2.hasUnwantedCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
+            // For R or below, remove unwanted capability via removeCapability.
+            nc1.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
         }
 
-        // Remove unwanted capability to continue other tests.
-        nc1.removeUnwantedCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
-
         nc1.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
         nc2.combineCapabilities(nc1);
         if (isAtLeastR()) {
@@ -983,26 +969,6 @@
         assertNotEquals(-50, nc.getSignalStrength());
     }
 
-    @Test @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
-    public void testDeduceRestrictedCapability() {
-        final NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        // Default capabilities don't have restricted capability.
-        assertFalse(nc.deduceRestrictedCapability());
-        // If there is a force restricted capability, then the network capabilities is restricted.
-        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
-        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
-        assertTrue(nc.deduceRestrictedCapability());
-        // Except for the force restricted capability, if there is any unrestricted capability in
-        // capabilities, then the network capabilities is not restricted.
-        nc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID);
-        nc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_CBS);
-        assertFalse(nc.deduceRestrictedCapability());
-        // Except for the force restricted capability, the network capabilities will only be treated
-        // as restricted when there is no any unrestricted capability.
-        nc.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
-        assertTrue(nc.deduceRestrictedCapability());
-    }
-
     private void assertNoTransport(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
         for (int i = MIN_TRANSPORT; i <= MAX_TRANSPORT; i++) {
             assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(i));
diff --git a/tests/net/integration/src/android/net/TestNetworkStackClient.kt b/tests/net/integration/src/android/net/TestNetworkStackClient.kt
index 01eb514..61ef5bd 100644
--- a/tests/net/integration/src/android/net/TestNetworkStackClient.kt
+++ b/tests/net/integration/src/android/net/TestNetworkStackClient.kt
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import android.content.ComponentName
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
+import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase
 import android.os.IBinder
 import com.android.server.net.integrationtests.TestNetworkStackService
 import org.mockito.Mockito.any
@@ -29,28 +30,22 @@
 
 const val TEST_ACTION_SUFFIX = ".Test"
 
-class TestNetworkStackClient(context: Context) : NetworkStackClient(TestDependencies(context)) {
+class TestNetworkStackClient(private val context: Context) : NetworkStackClientBase() {
     // TODO: consider switching to TrackRecord for more expressive checks
     private val lastCallbacks = HashMap<Network, INetworkMonitorCallbacks>()
+    private val moduleConnector = ConnectivityModuleConnector { _, action, _, _ ->
+        val intent = Intent(action)
+        val serviceName = TestNetworkStackService::class.qualifiedName
+                ?: fail("TestNetworkStackService name not found")
+        intent.component = ComponentName(context.packageName, serviceName)
+        return@ConnectivityModuleConnector intent
+    }.also { it.init(context) }
 
-    private class TestDependencies(private val context: Context) : Dependencies {
-        override fun addToServiceManager(service: IBinder) = Unit
-        override fun checkCallerUid() = Unit
-
-        override fun getConnectivityModuleConnector(): ConnectivityModuleConnector {
-            return ConnectivityModuleConnector { _, _, _, inSystemProcess ->
-                getNetworkStackIntent(inSystemProcess)
-            }.also { it.init(context) }
-        }
-
-        private fun getNetworkStackIntent(inSystemProcess: Boolean): Intent? {
-            // Simulate out-of-system-process config: in-process service not found (null intent)
-            if (inSystemProcess) return null
-            val intent = Intent(INetworkStackConnector::class.qualifiedName + TEST_ACTION_SUFFIX)
-            val serviceName = TestNetworkStackService::class.qualifiedName
-                    ?: fail("TestNetworkStackService name not found")
-            intent.component = ComponentName(context.packageName, serviceName)
-            return intent
+    fun start() {
+        moduleConnector.startModuleService(
+                INetworkStackConnector::class.qualifiedName + TEST_ACTION_SUFFIX,
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK) { connector ->
+            onNetworkStackConnected(INetworkStackConnector.Stub.asInterface(connector))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt b/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
index db49e0b..14dddcb 100644
--- a/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
+++ b/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/ConnectivityServiceIntegrationTest.kt
@@ -157,7 +157,6 @@
         doReturn(IntArray(0)).`when`(systemConfigManager).getSystemPermissionUids(anyString())
 
         networkStackClient = TestNetworkStackClient(realContext)
-        networkStackClient.init()
         networkStackClient.start()
 
         service = TestConnectivityService(makeDependencies())
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 6fc605e..36f205b 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Message;
 import android.os.Messenger;
+import android.os.Process;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
@@ -219,8 +220,8 @@
         ArgumentCaptor<Messenger> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Messenger.class);
 
         // register callback
-        when(mService.requestNetwork(any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(),
-                anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(request);
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(request);
         manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, handler);
 
         // callback triggers
@@ -247,8 +248,8 @@
         ArgumentCaptor<Messenger> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Messenger.class);
 
         // register callback
-        when(mService.requestNetwork(any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(),
-                anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(req1);
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(req1);
         manager.requestNetwork(req1, callback, handler);
 
         // callback triggers
@@ -265,8 +266,8 @@
         verify(callback, timeout(100).times(0)).onLosing(any(), anyInt());
 
         // callback can be registered again
-        when(mService.requestNetwork(any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(),
-                anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(req2);
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), captor.capture(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(req2);
         manager.requestNetwork(req2, callback, handler);
 
         // callback triggers
@@ -289,8 +290,8 @@
         info.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.N_MR1 + 1;
 
         when(mCtx.getApplicationInfo()).thenReturn(info);
-        when(mService.requestNetwork(any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), anyInt(),
-                any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(request);
+        when(mService.requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(),
+                anyInt(), any(), nullable(String.class))).thenReturn(request);
 
         Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
         manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, handler);
@@ -357,34 +358,40 @@
         final NetworkCallback callback = new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback();
 
         manager.requestNetwork(request, callback);
-        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(request.networkCapabilities),
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(request.networkCapabilities),
                 eq(REQUEST.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
                 eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
 
         // Verify that register network callback does not calls requestNetwork at all.
         manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback);
-        verify(mService, never()).requestNetwork(any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(),
-                anyInt(), any(), any());
+        verify(mService, never()).requestNetwork(anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(), anyInt(), any(),
+                anyInt(), anyInt(), any(), any());
         verify(mService).listenForNetwork(eq(request.networkCapabilities), any(), any(), anyInt(),
                 eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
 
+        Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+
         manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
-        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(null),
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(null),
                 eq(TRACK_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
                 eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
 
-        Handler handler = new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper());
+        manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(42, callback, handler);
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(42), eq(null),
+                eq(TRACK_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
+                eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
+
         manager.requestBackgroundNetwork(request, handler, callback);
-        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(request.networkCapabilities),
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(request.networkCapabilities),
                 eq(BACKGROUND_REQUEST.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
                 eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
 
         manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
-        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(null),
+        verify(mService).requestNetwork(eq(Process.INVALID_UID), eq(null),
                 eq(TRACK_SYSTEM_DEFAULT.ordinal()), any(), anyInt(), any(), eq(TYPE_NONE), anyInt(),
                 eq(testPkgName), eq(testAttributionTag));
         reset(mService);
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 0c2fb4e..16a5fcd 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -216,7 +216,6 @@
 import android.net.NetworkScore;
 import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.NetworkStack;
-import android.net.NetworkStackClient;
 import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable;
 import android.net.OemNetworkPreferences;
@@ -236,6 +235,7 @@
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnTransportInfo;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
+import android.net.networkstack.NetworkStackClientBase;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.Nat64PrefixEventParcel;
 import android.net.resolv.aidl.PrivateDnsValidationEventParcel;
 import android.net.shared.NetworkMonitorUtils;
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@
     @Mock NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
     @Mock IDnsResolver mMockDnsResolver;
     @Mock INetd mMockNetd;
-    @Mock NetworkStackClient mNetworkStack;
+    @Mock NetworkStackClientBase mNetworkStack;
     @Mock PackageManager mPackageManager;
     @Mock UserManager mUserManager;
     @Mock NotificationManager mNotificationManager;
@@ -1448,6 +1448,23 @@
         });
     }
 
+    private interface ExceptionalRunnable {
+        void run() throws Exception;
+    }
+
+    private void withPermission(String permission, ExceptionalRunnable r) throws Exception {
+        if (mServiceContext.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission) == PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+            r.run();
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            mServiceContext.setPermission(permission, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+            r.run();
+        } finally {
+            mServiceContext.setPermission(permission, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        }
+    }
+
     private static final int PRIMARY_USER = 0;
     private static final UidRange PRIMARY_UIDRANGE =
             UidRange.createForUser(UserHandle.of(PRIMARY_USER));
@@ -1556,7 +1573,7 @@
         doReturn(mNetworkStack).when(deps).getNetworkStack();
         doReturn(mSystemProperties).when(deps).getSystemProperties();
         doReturn(mock(ProxyTracker.class)).when(deps).makeProxyTracker(any(), any());
-        doReturn(true).when(deps).queryUserAccess(anyInt(), anyInt());
+        doReturn(true).when(deps).queryUserAccess(anyInt(), any(), any());
         doAnswer(inv -> {
             mPolicyTracker = new WrappedMultinetworkPolicyTracker(
                     inv.getArgument(0), inv.getArgument(1), inv.getArgument(2));
@@ -3811,8 +3828,9 @@
             NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
             networkCapabilities.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                     .setNetworkSpecifier(new MatchAllNetworkSpecifier());
-            mService.requestNetwork(networkCapabilities, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST.ordinal(),
-                    null, 0, null, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE,
+            mService.requestNetwork(Process.INVALID_UID, networkCapabilities,
+                    NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST.ordinal(), null, 0, null,
+                    ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE,
                     mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag());
         });
 
@@ -4041,7 +4059,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRegisterSystemDefaultCallbackRequiresNetworkSettings() throws Exception {
+    public void testRegisterPrivilegedDefaultCallbacksRequireNetworkSettings() throws Exception {
         mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
 
@@ -4050,12 +4068,19 @@
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
                 () -> mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler));
         callback.assertNoCallback();
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(APP1_UID, callback, handler));
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
 
         mServiceContext.setPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
                 PERMISSION_GRANTED);
         mCm.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, handler);
         callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
+
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(APP1_UID, callback, handler);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
     }
 
     private void setCaptivePortalMode(int mode) {
@@ -7488,6 +7513,10 @@
         final TestNetworkCallback vpnUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(vpnUidDefaultCallback, VPN_UID);
 
+        final TestNetworkCallback vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(VPN_UID, vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid,
+                new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper()));
+
         final int uid = Process.myUid();
         final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
         final ArrayList<String> allowList = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -7507,6 +7536,7 @@
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
@@ -7520,6 +7550,7 @@
         defaultCallback.expectBlockedStatusCallback(false, mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         expectNetworkRejectNonSecureVpn(inOrder, false, firstHalf, secondHalf);
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
@@ -7535,6 +7566,7 @@
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
 
         // The following requires that the UID of this test package is greater than VPN_UID. This
         // is always true in practice because a plain AOSP build with no apps installed has almost
@@ -7556,6 +7588,7 @@
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(mCellNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -7577,6 +7610,7 @@
         assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
@@ -7589,6 +7623,7 @@
         assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, false, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -7604,6 +7639,7 @@
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -7616,6 +7652,7 @@
         defaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -7629,6 +7666,7 @@
         assertBlockedCallbackInAnyOrder(callback, true, mWiFiNetworkAgent, mCellNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.BLOCKED);
@@ -7640,6 +7678,7 @@
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mMockVpn);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();  // vpnUidCallback has NOT_VPN capability.
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();  // VPN does not apply to VPN_UID
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertEquals(mMockVpn.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetwork());
         assertEquals(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork(), mCm.getActiveNetworkForUid(VPN_UID));
         assertActiveNetworkInfo(TYPE_WIFI, DetailedState.CONNECTED);
@@ -7652,12 +7691,14 @@
         defaultCallback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidatedAndBlocked(mWiFiNetworkAgent);
         vpnUidCallback.assertNoCallback();
         vpnUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid.assertNoCallback();
         assertNull(mCm.getActiveNetwork());
 
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(callback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnUidCallback);
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnUidDefaultCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(vpnDefaultCallbackAsUid);
     }
 
     private void setupLegacyLockdownVpn() {
@@ -9806,8 +9847,8 @@
         for (int reqTypeInt : invalidReqTypeInts) {
             assertThrows("Expect throws for invalid request type " + reqTypeInt,
                     IllegalArgumentException.class,
-                    () -> mService.requestNetwork(nc, reqTypeInt, null, 0, null,
-                            ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE, NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE,
+                    () -> mService.requestNetwork(Process.INVALID_UID, nc, reqTypeInt, null, 0,
+                            null, ConnectivityManager.TYPE_NONE, NetworkCallback.FLAG_NONE,
                             mContext.getPackageName(), getAttributionTag())
             );
         }
@@ -10378,6 +10419,7 @@
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(mDefaultNetworkCallback);
         registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(mProfileDefaultNetworkCallback,
                 TEST_WORK_PROFILE_APP_UID);
+        // TODO: test using ConnectivityManager#registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid as well.
         mServiceContext.setPermission(
                 Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, PERMISSION_DENIED);
     }
@@ -10397,7 +10439,7 @@
     private void setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(
             @OemNetworkPreferences.OemNetworkPreference final int networkPrefToSetup)
             throws Exception {
-        final int testPackageNameUid = 123;
+        final int testPackageNameUid = TEST_PACKAGE_UID;
         final String testPackageName = "per.app.defaults.package";
         setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceTest(
                 networkPrefToSetup, testPackageNameUid, testPackageName);
@@ -10533,6 +10575,11 @@
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
+        final TestNetworkCallback otherUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        withPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, () ->
+                mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, otherUidDefaultCallback,
+                        new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper())));
+
         // Setup the test process to use networkPref for their default network.
         setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
 
@@ -10543,19 +10590,22 @@
                 null,
                 mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
 
-        // At this point with a restricted network used, the available callback should trigger
+        // At this point with a restricted network used, the available callback should trigger.
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
                 mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Now bring down the default network which should trigger a LOST callback.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
 
         // At this point, with no network is available, the lost callback should trigger
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidDefaultCallback);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -10573,6 +10623,11 @@
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
+        final TestNetworkCallback otherUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        withPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, () ->
+                mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, otherUidDefaultCallback,
+                        new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper())));
+
         // Bring up ethernet with OEM_PAID. This will satisfy NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID.
         // The active nai for the default is null at this point as this is a restricted network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, true);
@@ -10584,15 +10639,19 @@
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
                 mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Now bring down the default network which should trigger a LOST callback.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // At this point, with no network is available, the lost callback should trigger
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidDefaultCallback);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -10606,6 +10665,11 @@
         mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
+        final TestNetworkCallback otherUidDefaultCallback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        withPermission(Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS, () ->
+                mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallbackAsUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID, otherUidDefaultCallback,
+                        new Handler(ConnectivityThread.getInstanceLooper())));
+
         // Setup a process different than the test process to use the default network. This means
         // that the defaultNetworkCallback won't be tracked by the per-app policy.
         setupMultipleDefaultNetworksForOemNetworkPreferenceNotCurrentUidTest(networkPref);
@@ -10621,6 +10685,9 @@
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
         assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId /* no networks */);
 
+        // The other UID does have access, and gets a callback.
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mEthernetNetworkAgent);
+
         // Bring up unrestricted cellular. This should now satisfy the default network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, true);
         verifyMultipleDefaultNetworksTracksCorrectly(expectedOemPrefRequestSize,
@@ -10628,25 +10695,31 @@
                 mEthernetNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
 
         // At this point with an unrestricted network used, the available callback should trigger
+        // The other UID is unaffected and remains on the paid network.
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(mCellNetworkAgent);
         assertEquals(defaultNetworkCallback.getLastAvailableNetwork(),
                 mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork());
         assertDefaultNetworkCapabilities(userId, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Now bring down the per-app network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_ETHERNET, false);
 
-        // Since the callback didn't use the per-app network, no callback should fire.
+        // Since the callback didn't use the per-app network, only the other UID gets a callback.
+        // Because the preference specifies no fallback, it does not switch to cellular.
         defaultNetworkCallback.assertNoCallback();
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mEthernetNetworkAgent);
 
         // Now bring down the default network.
         setOemNetworkPreferenceAgentConnected(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, false);
 
         // As this callback was tracking the default, this should now trigger.
         defaultNetworkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LOST, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        otherUidDefaultCallback.assertNoCallback();
 
         // Confirm we can unregister without issues.
         mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback);
+        mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(otherUidDefaultCallback);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
index 8c5d1d6..97c65eb 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.content.Context;
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
@@ -80,6 +83,12 @@
 
     IpConnectivityMetrics mService;
     NetdEventListenerService mNetdListener;
+    final NetworkCapabilities mNcWifi = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+            .build();
+    final NetworkCapabilities mNcCell = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+            .build();
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
@@ -263,14 +272,6 @@
         // TODO: instead of comparing textpb to textpb, parse textpb and compare proto to proto.
         IpConnectivityLog logger = new IpConnectivityLog(mService.impl);
 
-        NetworkCapabilities ncWifi = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        NetworkCapabilities ncCell = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        ncWifi.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        ncCell.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-
-        when(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(new Network(100))).thenReturn(ncWifi);
-        when(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(new Network(101))).thenReturn(ncCell);
-
         ApfStats apfStats = new ApfStats.Builder()
                 .setDurationMs(45000)
                 .setReceivedRas(10)
@@ -584,11 +585,21 @@
         return buffer.toString();
     }
 
-    void connectEvent(int netid, int error, int latencyMs, String ipAddr) throws Exception {
-        mNetdListener.onConnectEvent(netid, error, latencyMs, ipAddr, 80, 1);
+    private void setCapabilities(int netId) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback> networkCallback =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback.class);
+        verify(mCm).registerNetworkCallback(any(), networkCallback.capture());
+        networkCallback.getValue().onCapabilitiesChanged(new Network(netId),
+                netId == 100 ? mNcWifi : mNcCell);
+    }
+
+    void connectEvent(int netId, int error, int latencyMs, String ipAddr) throws Exception {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
+        mNetdListener.onConnectEvent(netId, error, latencyMs, ipAddr, 80, 1);
     }
 
     void dnsEvent(int netId, int type, int result, int latency) throws Exception {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
         mNetdListener.onDnsEvent(netId, type, result, latency, "", null, 0, 0);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
index 8ccea1a..52975e4 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
@@ -61,18 +63,16 @@
 
     NetdEventListenerService mService;
     ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    final NetworkCapabilities mNcWifi = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+            .build();
+    final NetworkCapabilities mNcCell = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+            .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+            .build();
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
-        NetworkCapabilities ncWifi = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        NetworkCapabilities ncCell = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        ncWifi.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
-        ncCell.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-
         mCm = mock(ConnectivityManager.class);
-        when(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(new Network(100))).thenReturn(ncWifi);
-        when(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(new Network(101))).thenReturn(ncCell);
-
         mService = new NetdEventListenerService(mCm);
     }
 
@@ -470,7 +470,16 @@
         assertEquals(want, got);
     }
 
+    private void setCapabilities(int netId) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback> networkCallback =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback.class);
+        verify(mCm).registerNetworkCallback(any(), networkCallback.capture());
+        networkCallback.getValue().onCapabilitiesChanged(new Network(netId),
+                netId == 100 ? mNcWifi : mNcCell);
+    }
+
     Thread connectEventAction(int netId, int error, int latencyMs, String ipAddr) {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
         return new Thread(() -> {
             try {
                 mService.onConnectEvent(netId, error, latencyMs, ipAddr, 80, 1);
@@ -481,6 +490,7 @@
     }
 
     void dnsEvent(int netId, int type, int result, int latency) throws Exception {
+        setCapabilities(netId);
         mService.onDnsEvent(netId, type, result, latency, "", null, 0, 0);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
index dde77b0..2f3ee68 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
@@ -50,9 +50,7 @@
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
 
 import org.junit.After;
-import org.junit.AfterClass;
 import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -104,17 +102,6 @@
 
     NetworkNotificationManager mManager;
 
-
-    @BeforeClass
-    public static void setUpClass() {
-        Notification.DevFlags.sForceDefaults = true;
-    }
-
-    @AfterClass
-    public static void tearDownClass() {
-        Notification.DevFlags.sForceDefaults = false;
-    }
-
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);