diff --git a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index cb31404..589b1aa 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -1279,7 +1279,8 @@
     @UnsupportedAppUsage
     public NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(int userId) {
         try {
-            return mService.getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(userId);
+            return mService.getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
+                    userId, mContext.getOpPackageName());
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -1361,7 +1362,7 @@
     @Nullable
     public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(@Nullable Network network) {
         try {
-            return mService.getNetworkCapabilities(network);
+            return mService.getNetworkCapabilities(network, mContext.getOpPackageName());
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         }
@@ -2424,14 +2425,14 @@
     /**
      * Get the set of tethered dhcp ranges.
      *
-     * @return an array of 0 or more {@code String} of tethered dhcp ranges.
-     * @deprecated This API just return the default value which is not used in DhcpServer.
+     * @deprecated This method is not supported.
+     * TODO: remove this function when all of clients are removed.
      * {@hide}
      */
     @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS)
     @Deprecated
     public String[] getTetheredDhcpRanges() {
-        return getTetheringManager().getTetheredDhcpRanges();
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("getTetheredDhcpRanges is not supported");
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4035,10 +4036,9 @@
             @NonNull PendingIntent operation) {
         printStackTrace();
         checkPendingIntentNotNull(operation);
-        final String callingPackageName = mContext.getOpPackageName();
         try {
             mService.pendingRequestForNetwork(
-                    request.networkCapabilities, operation, callingPackageName);
+                    request.networkCapabilities, operation, mContext.getOpPackageName());
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
@@ -4150,10 +4150,9 @@
             @NonNull PendingIntent operation) {
         printStackTrace();
         checkPendingIntentNotNull(operation);
-        final String callingPackageName = mContext.getOpPackageName();
         try {
             mService.pendingListenForNetwork(
-                    request.networkCapabilities, operation, callingPackageName);
+                    request.networkCapabilities, operation, mContext.getOpPackageName());
         } catch (RemoteException e) {
             throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
         } catch (ServiceSpecificException e) {
@@ -4716,19 +4715,19 @@
     /**
      * Returns the {@code uid} of the owner of a network connection.
      *
-     * @param protocol The protocol of the connection. Only {@code IPPROTO_TCP} and
-     * {@code IPPROTO_UDP} currently supported.
+     * @param protocol The protocol of the connection. Only {@code IPPROTO_TCP} and {@code
+     *     IPPROTO_UDP} currently supported.
      * @param local The local {@link InetSocketAddress} of a connection.
      * @param remote The remote {@link InetSocketAddress} of a connection.
-     *
      * @return {@code uid} if the connection is found and the app has permission to observe it
-     * (e.g., if it is associated with the calling VPN app's tunnel) or
-     * {@link android.os.Process#INVALID_UID} if the connection is not found.
-     * Throws {@link SecurityException} if the caller is not the active VPN for the current user.
-     * Throws {@link IllegalArgumentException} if an unsupported protocol is requested.
+     *     (e.g., if it is associated with the calling VPN app's VpnService tunnel) or {@link
+     *     android.os.Process#INVALID_UID} if the connection is not found.
+     * @throws {@link SecurityException} if the caller is not the active VpnService for the current
+     *     user.
+     * @throws {@link IllegalArgumentException} if an unsupported protocol is requested.
      */
-    public int getConnectionOwnerUid(int protocol, @NonNull InetSocketAddress local,
-            @NonNull InetSocketAddress remote) {
+    public int getConnectionOwnerUid(
+            int protocol, @NonNull InetSocketAddress local, @NonNull InetSocketAddress remote) {
         ConnectionInfo connectionInfo = new ConnectionInfo(protocol, local, remote);
         try {
             return mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(connectionInfo);
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl b/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
index 3a55461..1434560 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
+++ b/core/java/android/net/IConnectivityManager.aidl
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@
     NetworkInfo[] getAllNetworkInfo();
     Network getNetworkForType(int networkType);
     Network[] getAllNetworks();
-    NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(int userId);
+    NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
+            int userId, String callingPackageName);
 
     boolean isNetworkSupported(int networkType);
 
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@
     LinkProperties getLinkPropertiesForType(int networkType);
     LinkProperties getLinkProperties(in Network network);
 
-    NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(in Network network);
+    NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(in Network network, String callingPackageName);
 
     @UnsupportedAppUsage
     NetworkState[] getAllNetworkState();
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
index 61a1484..c063b39 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkAgent.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.Protocol;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
 /**
@@ -53,6 +54,12 @@
     @NonNull
     public final Network network;
 
+    // Whether this NetworkAgent is using the legacy (never unhidden) API. The difference is
+    // that the legacy API uses NetworkInfo to convey the state, while the current API is
+    // exposing methods to manage it and generate it internally instead.
+    // TODO : remove this as soon as all agents have been converted.
+    private final boolean mIsLegacy;
+
     private final Handler mHandler;
     private volatile AsyncChannel mAsyncChannel;
     private final String LOG_TAG;
@@ -64,6 +71,10 @@
     private static final long BW_REFRESH_MIN_WIN_MS = 500;
     private boolean mBandwidthUpdateScheduled = false;
     private AtomicBoolean mBandwidthUpdatePending = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    // Not used by legacy agents. Non-legacy agents use this to convert the NetworkAgent system API
+    // into the internal API of ConnectivityService.
+    @NonNull
+    private NetworkInfo mNetworkInfo;
 
     /**
      * The ID of the {@link NetworkProvider} that created this object, or
@@ -284,13 +295,16 @@
     public NetworkAgent(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag, NetworkInfo ni,
             NetworkCapabilities nc, LinkProperties lp, int score, NetworkAgentConfig config,
             int providerId) {
-        this(looper, context, logTag, nc, lp, score, config, providerId, ni);
+        this(looper, context, logTag, nc, lp, score, config, providerId, ni, true /* legacy */);
     }
 
     private static NetworkInfo getLegacyNetworkInfo(final NetworkAgentConfig config) {
         // The subtype can be changed with (TODO) setLegacySubtype, but it starts
         // with the type and an empty description.
-        return new NetworkInfo(config.legacyType, config.legacyType, config.legacyTypeName, "");
+        final NetworkInfo ni = new NetworkInfo(config.legacyType, config.legacyType,
+                config.legacyTypeName, "");
+        ni.setIsAvailable(true);
+        return ni;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -310,15 +324,17 @@
             @NonNull NetworkAgentConfig config, @Nullable NetworkProvider provider) {
         this(looper, context, logTag, nc, lp, score, config,
                 provider == null ? NetworkProvider.ID_NONE : provider.getProviderId(),
-                getLegacyNetworkInfo(config));
+                getLegacyNetworkInfo(config), false /* legacy */);
     }
 
     private NetworkAgent(Looper looper, Context context, String logTag, NetworkCapabilities nc,
             LinkProperties lp, int score, NetworkAgentConfig config, int providerId,
-            NetworkInfo ni) {
+            NetworkInfo ni, boolean legacy) {
         mHandler = new NetworkAgentHandler(looper);
         LOG_TAG = logTag;
         mContext = context;
+        mIsLegacy = legacy;
+        mNetworkInfo = new NetworkInfo(ni);
         this.providerId = providerId;
         if (ni == null || nc == null || lp == null) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException();
@@ -483,15 +499,89 @@
      * @param linkProperties the new LinkProperties.
      */
     public void sendLinkProperties(@NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(linkProperties);
         queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, new LinkProperties(linkProperties));
     }
 
     /**
+     * Inform ConnectivityService that this agent has now connected.
+     */
+    public void setConnected() {
+        if (mIsLegacy) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Legacy agents can't call setConnected.");
+        }
+        mNetworkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED, null, null);
+        queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, mNetworkInfo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister this network agent.
+     *
+     * This signals the network has disconnected and ends its lifecycle. After this is called,
+     * the network is torn down and this agent can no longer be used.
+     */
+    public void unregister() {
+        if (mIsLegacy) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Legacy agents can't call unregister.");
+        }
+        mNetworkInfo.setDetailedState(NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED, null, null);
+        queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, mNetworkInfo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change the legacy subtype of this network agent.
+     *
+     * This is only for backward compatibility and should not be used by non-legacy network agents,
+     * or agents that did not use to set a subtype. As such, only TYPE_MOBILE type agents can use
+     * this and others will be thrown an exception if they try.
+     *
+     * @deprecated this is for backward compatibility only.
+     * @param legacySubtype the legacy subtype.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setLegacySubtype(final int legacySubtype, @NonNull final String legacySubtypeName) {
+        if (mIsLegacy) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Legacy agents can't call setLegacySubtype.");
+        }
+        mNetworkInfo.setSubtype(legacySubtype, legacySubtypeName);
+        queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, mNetworkInfo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the ExtraInfo of this network agent.
+     *
+     * This sets the ExtraInfo field inside the NetworkInfo returned by legacy public API and the
+     * broadcasts about the corresponding Network.
+     * This is only for backward compatibility and should not be used by non-legacy network agents,
+     * who will be thrown an exception if they try. The extra info should only be :
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>For cellular agents, the APN name.</li>
+     *   <li>For ethernet agents, the interface name.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @deprecated this is for backward compatibility only.
+     * @param extraInfo the ExtraInfo.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setLegacyExtraInfo(@Nullable final String extraInfo) {
+        if (mIsLegacy) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Legacy agents can't call setLegacyExtraInfo.");
+        }
+        mNetworkInfo.setExtraInfo(extraInfo);
+        queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, mNetworkInfo);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Must be called by the agent when it has a new NetworkInfo object.
      * @hide TODO: expose something better.
      */
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.P, trackingBug = 115609023)
     public void sendNetworkInfo(NetworkInfo networkInfo) {
+        if (!mIsLegacy) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Only legacy agents can call sendNetworkInfo.");
+        }
         queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_INFO_CHANGED, new NetworkInfo(networkInfo));
     }
 
@@ -500,6 +590,7 @@
      * @param networkCapabilities the new NetworkCapabilities.
      */
     public void sendNetworkCapabilities(@NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(networkCapabilities);
         mBandwidthUpdatePending.set(false);
         mLastBwRefreshTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
         queueOrSendMessage(EVENT_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES_CHANGED,
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
index ef4a9e5..873d6e9 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkCapabilities.java
@@ -830,6 +830,23 @@
      * <p>This field keeps track of the UID of the app that created this network and is in charge of
      * its lifecycle. This could be the UID of apps such as the Wifi network suggestor, the running
      * VPN, or Carrier Service app managing a cellular data connection.
+     *
+     * <p>For NetworkCapability instances being sent from ConnectivityService, this value MUST be
+     * reset to Process.INVALID_UID unless all the following conditions are met:
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>The destination app is the network owner
+     *   <li>The destination app has the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION permission granted
+     *   <li>The user's location toggle is on
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * This is because the owner UID is location-sensitive. The apps that request a network could
+     * know where the device is if they can tell for sure the system has connected to the network
+     * they requested.
+     *
+     * <p>This is populated by the network agents and for the NetworkCapabilities instance sent by
+     * an app to the System Server, the value MUST be reset to Process.INVALID_UID by the system
+     * server.
      */
     private int mOwnerUid = Process.INVALID_UID;
 
@@ -842,7 +859,16 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Retrieves the UID of the owner app.
+     * Retrieves the UID of the app that owns this network.
+     *
+     * <p>For user privacy reasons, this field will only be populated if:
+     *
+     * <ol>
+     *   <li>The calling app is the network owner
+     *   <li>The calling app has the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION permission granted
+     *   <li>The user's location toggle is on
+     * </ol>
+     *
      */
     public int getOwnerUid() {
         return mOwnerUid;
@@ -880,8 +906,9 @@
      * @param administratorUids the UIDs to be set as administrators of this Network.
      * @hide
      */
+    @NonNull
     @SystemApi
-    public @NonNull NetworkCapabilities setAdministratorUids(
+    public NetworkCapabilities setAdministratorUids(
             @NonNull final List<Integer> administratorUids) {
         mAdministratorUids.clear();
         mAdministratorUids.addAll(administratorUids);
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 450794b..fcdb8a9 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -1536,7 +1536,8 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(int userId) {
+    public NetworkCapabilities[] getDefaultNetworkCapabilitiesForUser(
+                int userId, String callingPackageName) {
         // The basic principle is: if an app's traffic could possibly go over a
         // network, without the app doing anything multinetwork-specific,
         // (hence, by "default"), then include that network's capabilities in
@@ -1558,7 +1559,10 @@
         NetworkAgentInfo nai = getDefaultNetwork();
         NetworkCapabilities nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
         if (nc != null) {
-            result.put(nai.network, nc);
+            result.put(
+                    nai.network,
+                    maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
+                            nc, Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
         }
 
         synchronized (mVpns) {
@@ -1568,10 +1572,12 @@
                     Network[] networks = vpn.getUnderlyingNetworks();
                     if (networks != null) {
                         for (Network network : networks) {
-                            nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-                            nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(nai);
+                            nc = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network);
                             if (nc != null) {
-                                result.put(network, nc);
+                                result.put(
+                                        network,
+                                        maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
+                                                nc, Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName));
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -1638,20 +1644,26 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(Network network) {
+        return getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network));
+    }
+
     private NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
         if (nai == null) return null;
         synchronized (nai) {
             if (nai.networkCapabilities == null) return null;
             return networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                    nai.networkCapabilities,
-                    Binder.getCallingPid(), Binder.getCallingUid());
+                    nai.networkCapabilities, Binder.getCallingPid(), Binder.getCallingUid());
         }
     }
 
     @Override
-    public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(Network network) {
+    public NetworkCapabilities getNetworkCapabilities(Network network, String callingPackageName) {
+        mAppOpsManager.checkPackage(Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
         enforceAccessPermission();
-        return getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network));
+        return maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
+                getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(network),
+                Binder.getCallingUid(), callingPackageName);
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
@@ -1667,20 +1679,34 @@
         }
         newNc.setAdministratorUids(Collections.EMPTY_LIST);
 
-        maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(newNc, callerUid);
-
         return newNc;
     }
 
-    private void maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
-            NetworkCapabilities nc, int callerUid) {
-        // TODO(b/142072839): Conditionally reset the owner UID if the following
-        // conditions are not met:
-        // 1. The destination app is the network owner
-        // 2. The destination app has the ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permission granted
-        // if target SDK<29 or otherwise has the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION permission granted
-        // 3. The user's location toggle is on
-        nc.setOwnerUid(INVALID_UID);
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    @Nullable
+    NetworkCapabilities maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
+            @Nullable NetworkCapabilities nc, int callerUid, @NonNull String callerPkgName) {
+        if (nc == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final NetworkCapabilities newNc = new NetworkCapabilities(nc);
+        if (callerUid != newNc.getOwnerUid()) {
+            newNc.setOwnerUid(INVALID_UID);
+            return newNc;
+        }
+
+        Binder.withCleanCallingIdentity(
+                () -> {
+                    if (!mLocationPermissionChecker.checkLocationPermission(
+                            callerPkgName, null /* featureId */, callerUid, null /* message */)) {
+                        // Caller does not have the requisite location permissions. Reset the
+                        // owner's UID in the NetworkCapabilities.
+                        newNc.setOwnerUid(INVALID_UID);
+                    }
+                }
+        );
+
+        return newNc;
     }
 
     private LinkProperties linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
@@ -1755,7 +1781,7 @@
     public boolean isActiveNetworkMetered() {
         enforceAccessPermission();
 
-        final NetworkCapabilities caps = getNetworkCapabilities(getActiveNetwork());
+        final NetworkCapabilities caps = getNetworkCapabilitiesInternal(getActiveNetwork());
         if (caps != null) {
             return !caps.hasCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
         } else {
@@ -3269,7 +3295,6 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < nai.numNetworkRequests(); i++) {
             NetworkRequest request = nai.requestAt(i);
             final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mNetworkRequests.get(request);
-            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
             final NetworkAgentInfo currentNetwork = nri.mSatisfier;
             if (currentNetwork != null && currentNetwork.network.netId == nai.network.netId) {
                 nri.mSatisfier = null;
@@ -3421,7 +3446,6 @@
 
             // If this Network is already the highest scoring Network for a request, or if
             // there is hope for it to become one if it validated, then it is needed.
-            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
             if (nri.request.isRequest() && nai.satisfies(nri.request) &&
                     (nai.isSatisfyingRequest(nri.request.requestId) ||
                     // Note that this catches two important cases:
@@ -3460,7 +3484,6 @@
         if (mNetworkRequests.get(nri.request) == null) {
             return;
         }
-        ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
         if (nri.mSatisfier != null) {
             return;
         }
@@ -3498,7 +3521,6 @@
         mNetworkRequestInfoLogs.log("RELEASE " + nri);
         if (nri.request.isRequest()) {
             boolean wasKept = false;
-            ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
             final NetworkAgentInfo nai = nri.mSatisfier;
             if (nai != null) {
                 boolean wasBackgroundNetwork = nai.isBackgroundNetwork();
@@ -4783,7 +4805,7 @@
                 return false;
             }
 
-            return vpn.startAlwaysOnVpn();
+            return vpn.startAlwaysOnVpn(mKeyStore);
         }
     }
 
@@ -4798,7 +4820,7 @@
                 Slog.w(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return false;
             }
-            return vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(packageName);
+            return vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(packageName, mKeyStore);
         }
     }
 
@@ -4819,11 +4841,11 @@
                 Slog.w(TAG, "User " + userId + " has no Vpn configuration");
                 return false;
             }
-            if (!vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(packageName, lockdown, lockdownWhitelist)) {
+            if (!vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(packageName, lockdown, lockdownWhitelist, mKeyStore)) {
                 return false;
             }
             if (!startAlwaysOnVpn(userId)) {
-                vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null);
+                vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null, mKeyStore);
                 return false;
             }
         }
@@ -5009,7 +5031,7 @@
                 loge("Starting user already has a VPN");
                 return;
             }
-            userVpn = new Vpn(mHandler.getLooper(), mContext, mNMS, userId);
+            userVpn = new Vpn(mHandler.getLooper(), mContext, mNMS, userId, mKeyStore);
             mVpns.put(userId, userVpn);
             if (mUserManager.getUserInfo(userId).isPrimary() && LockdownVpnTracker.isEnabled()) {
                 updateLockdownVpn();
@@ -5080,7 +5102,7 @@
             if (TextUtils.equals(vpn.getAlwaysOnPackage(), packageName)) {
                 Slog.d(TAG, "Restarting always-on VPN package " + packageName + " for user "
                         + userId);
-                vpn.startAlwaysOnVpn();
+                vpn.startAlwaysOnVpn(mKeyStore);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -5102,7 +5124,7 @@
             if (TextUtils.equals(vpn.getAlwaysOnPackage(), packageName) && !isReplacing) {
                 Slog.d(TAG, "Removing always-on VPN package " + packageName + " for user "
                         + userId);
-                vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null);
+                vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null, mKeyStore);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -5322,8 +5344,8 @@
         }
 
         public String toString() {
-            return "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + " " + request +
-                    (mPendingIntent == null ? "" : " to trigger " + mPendingIntent);
+            return "uid/pid:" + mUid + "/" + mPid + " " + request
+                    + (mPendingIntent == null ? "" : " to trigger " + mPendingIntent);
         }
     }
 
@@ -6416,8 +6438,13 @@
         }
         switch (notificationType) {
             case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_AVAILABLE: {
-                putParcelable(bundle, networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                        networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid));
+                final NetworkCapabilities nc =
+                        networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                                networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid);
+                putParcelable(
+                        bundle,
+                        maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
+                                nc, nri.mUid, nri.request.getRequestorPackageName()));
                 putParcelable(bundle, linkPropertiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
                         networkAgent.linkProperties, nri.mPid, nri.mUid));
                 // For this notification, arg1 contains the blocked status.
@@ -6430,9 +6457,13 @@
             }
             case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_CAP_CHANGED: {
                 // networkAgent can't be null as it has been accessed a few lines above.
-                final NetworkCapabilities nc = networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                        networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid);
-                putParcelable(bundle, nc);
+                final NetworkCapabilities netCap =
+                        networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
+                                networkAgent.networkCapabilities, nri.mPid, nri.mUid);
+                putParcelable(
+                        bundle,
+                        maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(
+                                netCap, nri.mUid, nri.request.getRequestorPackageName()));
                 break;
             }
             case ConnectivityManager.CALLBACK_IP_CHANGED: {
@@ -7528,6 +7559,13 @@
      */
     public int getConnectionOwnerUid(ConnectionInfo connectionInfo) {
         final Vpn vpn = enforceActiveVpnOrNetworkStackPermission();
+
+        // Only VpnService based VPNs should be able to get this information.
+        if (vpn != null && vpn.getActiveAppVpnType() != VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "getConnectionOwnerUid() not allowed for non-VpnService VPNs");
+        }
+
         if (connectionInfo.protocol != IPPROTO_TCP && connectionInfo.protocol != IPPROTO_UDP) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported protocol " + connectionInfo.protocol);
         }
diff --git a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
index f25fd4d..48b65e5 100644
--- a/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/common/java/android/net/LinkPropertiesTest.java
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@
         source.addDnsServer(DNS1);
         source.addDnsServer(DNS2);
         // set 2 gateways
-        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(LINKADDRV4, GATEWAY1));
         source.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
         source.setMtu(MTU);
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@
         target.addDnsServer(DNS2);
         target.addDnsServer(DNS1);
         target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY2));
-        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(GATEWAY1));
+        target.addRoute(new RouteInfo(LINKADDRV4, GATEWAY1));
         target.setMtu(MTU);
 
         assertLinkPropertiesEqual(source, target);
@@ -364,12 +364,13 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testRouteInterfaces() {
-        LinkAddress prefix = new LinkAddress(address("2001:db8::"), 32);
+        LinkAddress prefix1 = new LinkAddress(address("2001:db8:1::"), 48);
+        LinkAddress prefix2 = new LinkAddress(address("2001:db8:2::"), 48);
         InetAddress address = ADDRV6;
 
         // Add a route with no interface to a LinkProperties with no interface. No errors.
         LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        RouteInfo r = new RouteInfo(prefix, address, null);
+        RouteInfo r = new RouteInfo(prefix1, address, null);
         assertTrue(lp.addRoute(r));
         assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
         assertAllRoutesHaveInterface(null, lp);
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@
         assertEquals(1, lp.getRoutes().size());
 
         // Add a route with an interface. Expect an exception.
-        r = new RouteInfo(prefix, address, "wlan0");
+        r = new RouteInfo(prefix2, address, "wlan0");
         try {
           lp.addRoute(r);
           fail("Adding wlan0 route to LP with no interface, expect exception");
@@ -398,7 +399,7 @@
         } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {}
 
         // If the interface name matches, the route is added.
-        r = new RouteInfo(prefix, null, "wlan0");
+        r = new RouteInfo(prefix2, null, "wlan0");
         lp.setInterfaceName("wlan0");
         lp.addRoute(r);
         assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
@@ -423,10 +424,12 @@
         assertEquals(3, lp.compareAllRoutes(lp2).added.size());
         assertEquals(3, lp.compareAllRoutes(lp2).removed.size());
 
-        // Check remove works
-        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix, address, null));
+        // Remove route with incorrect interface, no route removed.
+        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix2, null, null));
         assertEquals(3, lp.getRoutes().size());
-        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix, address, "wlan0"));
+
+        // Check remove works when interface is correct.
+        lp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(prefix2, null, "wlan0"));
         assertEquals(2, lp.getRoutes().size());
         assertAllRoutesHaveInterface("wlan0", lp);
         assertAllRoutesNotHaveInterface("p2p0", lp);
diff --git a/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt b/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
index 490c467..23caf49 100644
--- a/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
+++ b/tests/net/integration/src/com/android/server/net/integrationtests/TestNetworkStackService.kt
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import android.os.IBinder
 import com.android.networkstack.metrics.DataStallStatsUtils
 import com.android.networkstack.netlink.TcpSocketTracker
+import com.android.server.NetworkStackService
 import com.android.server.NetworkStackService.NetworkMonitorConnector
 import com.android.server.NetworkStackService.NetworkStackConnector
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkMonitor
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@
             val nm = NetworkMonitor(this@TestNetworkStackService, cb,
                     this.network,
                     mock(IpConnectivityLog::class.java), mock(SharedLog::class.java),
+                    mock(NetworkStackService.NetworkStackServiceManager::class.java),
                     NetworkMonitorDeps(privateDnsBypassNetwork),
                     mock(DataStallStatsUtils::class.java),
                     mock(TcpSocketTracker::class.java))
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
index d6a2176..2273bc6 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 
 import android.test.mock.MockContext;
 
@@ -232,10 +231,12 @@
         builder.setAuthDigitalSignature(mUserCert, mPrivateKey, mServerRootCa);
         final VpnProfile profile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
 
+        final String expectedSecret = Ikev2VpnProfile.PREFIX_INLINE
+                + Ikev2VpnProfile.encodeForIpsecSecret(mPrivateKey.getEncoded());
         verifyVpnProfileCommon(profile);
         assertEquals(Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mUserCert), profile.ipsecUserCert);
         assertEquals(
-                Ikev2VpnProfile.encodeForIpsecSecret(mPrivateKey.getEncoded()),
+                expectedSecret,
                 profile.ipsecSecret);
         assertEquals(Ikev2VpnProfile.certificateToPemString(mServerRootCa), profile.ipsecCaCert);
 
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 6fb4612..141e68a 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.RULE_REJECT_ALL;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.RULE_REJECT_METERED;
 import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNREACHABLE;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
 
 import static com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTestUtilsKt.transportToLegacyType;
 import static com.android.testutils.ConcurrentUtilsKt.await;
@@ -138,6 +139,7 @@
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.location.LocationManager;
 import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
+import android.net.ConnectionInfo;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.PacketKeepalive;
@@ -153,6 +155,7 @@
 import android.net.INetworkPolicyListener;
 import android.net.INetworkPolicyManager;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsService;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.InterfaceConfiguration;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
@@ -176,6 +179,7 @@
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.net.Uri;
+import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
 import android.net.shared.NetworkMonitorUtils;
 import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
@@ -200,6 +204,7 @@
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
 import android.provider.Settings;
+import android.security.KeyStore;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
@@ -272,6 +277,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass;
 
@@ -445,15 +451,21 @@
             return mPackageManager;
         }
 
+        private int checkMockedPermission(String permission, Supplier<Integer> ifAbsent) {
+            final Integer granted = mMockedPermissions.get(permission);
+            return granted != null ? granted : ifAbsent.get();
+        }
+
         @Override
         public int checkPermission(String permission, int pid, int uid) {
-            final Integer granted = mMockedPermissions.get(permission);
-            if (granted == null) {
-                // All non-mocked permissions should be held by the test or unnecessary: check as
-                // normal to make sure the code does not rely on unexpected permissions.
-                return super.checkPermission(permission, pid, uid);
-            }
-            return granted;
+            return checkMockedPermission(
+                    permission, () -> super.checkPermission(permission, pid, uid));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int checkCallingOrSelfPermission(String permission) {
+            return checkMockedPermission(
+                    permission, () -> super.checkCallingOrSelfPermission(permission));
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -1002,12 +1014,13 @@
         // Careful ! This is different from mNetworkAgent, because MockNetworkAgent does
         // not inherit from NetworkAgent.
         private TestNetworkAgentWrapper mMockNetworkAgent;
+        private int mVpnType = VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE;
 
         private VpnInfo mVpnInfo;
 
         public MockVpn(int userId) {
             super(startHandlerThreadAndReturnLooper(), mServiceContext, mNetworkManagementService,
-                    userId);
+                    userId, mock(KeyStore.class));
         }
 
         public void setNetworkAgent(TestNetworkAgentWrapper agent) {
@@ -1022,6 +1035,10 @@
             updateCapabilities(null /* defaultNetwork */);
         }
 
+        public void setVpnType(int vpnType) {
+            mVpnType = vpnType;
+        }
+
         @Override
         public int getNetId() {
             if (mMockNetworkAgent == null) {
@@ -1040,6 +1057,11 @@
             return mConnected;  // Similar trickery
         }
 
+        @Override
+        public int getActiveAppVpnType() {
+            return mVpnType;
+        }
+
         private void connect(boolean isAlwaysMetered) {
             mNetworkCapabilities.set(mMockNetworkAgent.getNetworkCapabilities());
             mConnected = true;
@@ -1158,6 +1180,10 @@
                 Arrays.asList(new UserInfo[] {
                         new UserInfo(VPN_USER, "", 0),
                 }));
+        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q;
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
 
         // InstrumentationTestRunner prepares a looper, but AndroidJUnitRunner does not.
         // http://b/25897652 .
@@ -3019,7 +3045,7 @@
             networkCapabilities.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI)
                     .setNetworkSpecifier(new MatchAllNetworkSpecifier());
             mService.requestNetwork(networkCapabilities, null, 0, null,
-                    ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+                    ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI, mContext.getPackageName());
         });
 
         class NonParcelableSpecifier extends NetworkSpecifier {
@@ -5901,6 +5927,12 @@
         final LinkAddress myIpv6 = new LinkAddress("2001:db8:1::1/64");
         final String kNat64PrefixString = "2001:db8:64:64:64:64::";
         final IpPrefix kNat64Prefix = new IpPrefix(InetAddress.getByName(kNat64PrefixString), 96);
+        final RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, myIpv6.getAddress(),
+                                                     MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        final RouteInfo hostRoute = new RouteInfo(myIpv6, null, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        final RouteInfo ipv4Default = new RouteInfo(myIpv4, null, MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        final RouteInfo stackedDefault = new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, myIpv4.getAddress(),
+                                                       CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME);
 
         final NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
                 .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
@@ -5913,15 +5945,13 @@
         final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
         cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv6);
-        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo((IpPrefix) null, myIpv6.getAddress(), MOBILE_IFNAME));
-        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(myIpv6, null, MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        cellLp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+        cellLp.addRoute(hostRoute);
         mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
         reset(mNetworkManagementService);
         reset(mMockDnsResolver);
         reset(mMockNetd);
         reset(mBatteryStatsService);
-        when(mNetworkManagementService.getInterfaceConfig(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME))
-                .thenReturn(getClatInterfaceConfig(myIpv4));
 
         // Connect with ipv6 link properties. Expect prefix discovery to be started.
         mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
@@ -5929,6 +5959,8 @@
         waitForIdle();
 
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreatePhysical(eq(cellNetId), anyInt());
+        verify(mNetworkManagementService, times(1)).addRoute(eq(cellNetId), eq(defaultRoute));
+        verify(mNetworkManagementService, times(1)).addRoute(eq(cellNetId), eq(hostRoute));
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).createNetworkCache(eq(cellNetId));
         verify(mBatteryStatsService).noteNetworkInterfaceType(cellLp.getInterfaceName(),
                 TYPE_MOBILE);
@@ -5954,12 +5986,14 @@
 
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
+        reset(mNetworkManagementService);
         reset(mMockNetd);
         reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        when(mNetworkManagementService.getInterfaceConfig(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME))
+                .thenReturn(getClatInterfaceConfig(myIpv4));
 
         // Remove IPv4 address. Expect prefix discovery to be started again.
         cellLp.removeLinkAddress(myIpv4);
-        cellLp.removeRoute(new RouteInfo(myIpv4, null, MOBILE_IFNAME));
         mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
         networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
@@ -5981,6 +6015,7 @@
         List<LinkProperties> stackedLps = mCm.getLinkProperties(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork())
                 .getStackedLinks();
         assertEquals(makeClatLinkProperties(myIpv4), stackedLps.get(0));
+        verify(mNetworkManagementService).addRoute(eq(cellNetId), eq(stackedDefault));
 
         // Change trivial linkproperties and see if stacked link is preserved.
         cellLp.addDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8"));
@@ -6006,8 +6041,9 @@
         // Add ipv4 address, expect that clatd and prefix discovery are stopped and stacked
         // linkproperties are cleaned up.
         cellLp.addLinkAddress(myIpv4);
-        cellLp.addRoute(new RouteInfo(myIpv4, null, MOBILE_IFNAME));
+        cellLp.addRoute(ipv4Default);
         mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
+        verify(mNetworkManagementService).addRoute(eq(cellNetId), eq(stackedDefault));
         networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
         verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).clatdStop(MOBILE_IFNAME);
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).stopPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
@@ -6026,8 +6062,11 @@
 
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockNetd);
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mMockDnsResolver);
+        reset(mNetworkManagementService);
         reset(mMockNetd);
         reset(mMockDnsResolver);
+        when(mNetworkManagementService.getInterfaceConfig(CLAT_PREFIX + MOBILE_IFNAME))
+                .thenReturn(getClatInterfaceConfig(myIpv4));
 
         // Stopping prefix discovery causes netd to tell us that the NAT64 prefix is gone.
         mService.mNetdEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(cellNetId, false /* added */,
@@ -6041,6 +6080,7 @@
         cellLp.removeDnsServer(InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8"));
         mCellNetworkAgent.sendLinkProperties(cellLp);
         networkCallback.expectCallback(CallbackEntry.LINK_PROPERTIES_CHANGED, mCellNetworkAgent);
+        verify(mNetworkManagementService, times(1)).removeRoute(eq(cellNetId), eq(ipv4Default));
         verify(mMockDnsResolver, times(1)).startPrefix64Discovery(cellNetId);
         mService.mNetdEventCallback.onNat64PrefixEvent(cellNetId, true /* added */,
                 kNat64PrefixString, 96);
@@ -6416,17 +6456,173 @@
         assertEquals(wifiLp, mService.getActiveLinkProperties());
     }
 
+    private void setupLocationPermissions(
+            int targetSdk, boolean locationToggle, String op, String perm) throws Exception {
+        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
+        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = targetSdk;
+        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
+
+        when(mLocationManager.isLocationEnabledForUser(any())).thenReturn(locationToggle);
+
+        if (op != null) {
+            when(mAppOpsManager.noteOp(eq(op), eq(Process.myUid()), eq(mContext.getPackageName())))
+                .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED);
+        }
+
+        if (perm != null) {
+            mServiceContext.setPermission(perm, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getOwnerUidNetCapsForCallerPermission(int ownerUid, int callerUid) {
+        final NetworkCapabilities netCap = new NetworkCapabilities().setOwnerUid(ownerUid);
+
+        return mService
+                .maybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCaller(netCap, callerUid, mContext.getPackageName())
+                .getOwnerUid();
+    }
+
     @Test
-    public void testNetworkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions() {
-        int callerUid = Process.myUid();
-        final NetworkCapabilities originalNc = new NetworkCapabilities();
-        originalNc.setOwnerUid(callerUid);
+    public void testMaybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCallerWithFineLocationAfterQ() throws Exception {
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
 
-        final NetworkCapabilities newNc =
-                mService.networkCapabilitiesRestrictedForCallerPermissions(
-                        originalNc, Process.myPid(), callerUid);
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        assertEquals(myUid, getOwnerUidNetCapsForCallerPermission(myUid, myUid));
+    }
 
-        assertEquals(Process.INVALID_UID, newNc.getOwnerUid());
+    @Test
+    public void testMaybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCallerWithCoarseLocationPreQ() throws Exception {
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.P, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_COARSE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION);
+
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        assertEquals(myUid, getOwnerUidNetCapsForCallerPermission(myUid, myUid));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMaybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCallerLocationOff() throws Exception {
+        // Test that even with fine location permission, and UIDs matching, the UID is sanitized.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, false, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        assertEquals(Process.INVALID_UID, getOwnerUidNetCapsForCallerPermission(myUid, myUid));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMaybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCallerWrongUid() throws Exception {
+        // Test that even with fine location permission, not being the owner leads to sanitization.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_FINE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION);
+
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        assertEquals(Process.INVALID_UID, getOwnerUidNetCapsForCallerPermission(myUid + 1, myUid));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMaybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCallerWithCoarseLocationAfterQ() throws Exception {
+        // Test that not having fine location permission leads to sanitization.
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, AppOpsManager.OPSTR_COARSE_LOCATION,
+                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION);
+
+        // Test that without the location permission, the owner field is sanitized.
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        assertEquals(Process.INVALID_UID, getOwnerUidNetCapsForCallerPermission(myUid, myUid));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMaybeSanitizeLocationInfoForCallerWithoutLocationPermission() throws Exception {
+        setupLocationPermissions(Build.VERSION_CODES.Q, true, null /* op */, null /* perm */);
+
+        // Test that without the location permission, the owner field is sanitized.
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        assertEquals(Process.INVALID_UID, getOwnerUidNetCapsForCallerPermission(myUid, myUid));
+    }
+
+    private void setupConnectionOwnerUid(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
+            throws Exception {
+        final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(VPN_USER));
+        establishVpn(new LinkProperties(), vpnOwnerUid, vpnRange);
+        mMockVpn.setVpnType(vpnType);
+
+        final VpnInfo vpnInfo = new VpnInfo();
+        vpnInfo.ownerUid = vpnOwnerUid;
+        mMockVpn.setVpnInfo(vpnInfo);
+    }
+
+    private void setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(int vpnOwnerUid, @VpnManager.VpnType int vpnType)
+            throws Exception {
+        setupConnectionOwnerUid(vpnOwnerUid, vpnType);
+
+        // Test as VPN app
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_DENIED);
+    }
+
+    private ConnectionInfo getTestConnectionInfo() throws Exception {
+        return new ConnectionInfo(
+                IPPROTO_TCP,
+                new InetSocketAddress(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("1.2.3.4"), 1234),
+                new InetSocketAddress(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2.3.4.5"), 2345));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidPlatformVpn() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_PLATFORM);
+
+        try {
+            mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
+            fail("Expected SecurityException for non-VpnService app");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceWrongUser() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid + 1, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+
+        try {
+            mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
+            fail("Expected SecurityException for non-VpnService app");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceDoesNotThrow() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUidAsVpnApp(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+
+        // TODO: Test the returned UID
+        mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceNetworkStackDoesNotThrow() throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUid(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        // TODO: Test the returned UID
+        mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetConnectionOwnerUidVpnServiceMainlineNetworkStackDoesNotThrow()
+            throws Exception {
+        final int myUid = Process.myUid();
+        setupConnectionOwnerUid(myUid, VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE);
+        mServiceContext.setPermission(
+                NetworkStack.PERMISSION_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
+
+        // TODO: Test the returned UID
+        mService.getConnectionOwnerUid(getTestConnectionInfo());
     }
 
     private TestNetworkAgentWrapper establishVpn(
@@ -6628,21 +6824,6 @@
                         mContext.getOpPackageName()));
     }
 
-    private void setupLocationPermissions(
-            int targetSdk, boolean locationToggle, String op, String perm) throws Exception {
-        final ApplicationInfo applicationInfo = new ApplicationInfo();
-        applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion = targetSdk;
-        when(mPackageManager.getApplicationInfoAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any()))
-                .thenReturn(applicationInfo);
-
-        when(mLocationManager.isLocationEnabledForUser(any())).thenReturn(locationToggle);
-
-        when(mAppOpsManager.noteOp(eq(op), eq(Process.myUid()), eq(mContext.getPackageName())))
-                .thenReturn(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED);
-
-        mServiceContext.setPermission(perm, PERMISSION_GRANTED);
-    }
-
     private void setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback() throws Exception {
         final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
         when(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.asBinder()).thenReturn(mIBinder);
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index eb78529..1994d1f 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -59,9 +59,15 @@
 import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.Ikev2VpnProfile;
+import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.net.IpPrefix;
+import android.net.IpSecManager;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState;
+import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.UidRange;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.net.VpnService;
@@ -72,6 +78,7 @@
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
+import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.security.Credentials;
 import android.security.KeyStore;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
@@ -83,6 +90,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.R;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
+import com.android.server.IpSecService;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -92,6 +100,7 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
@@ -124,6 +133,9 @@
     }
 
     static final String TEST_VPN_PKG = "com.dummy.vpn";
+    private static final String TEST_VPN_SERVER = "1.2.3.4";
+    private static final String TEST_VPN_IDENTITY = "identity";
+    private static final byte[] TEST_VPN_PSK = "psk".getBytes();
 
     /**
      * Names and UIDs for some fake packages. Important points:
@@ -150,23 +162,39 @@
     @Mock private Vpn.SystemServices mSystemServices;
     @Mock private Vpn.Ikev2SessionCreator mIkev2SessionCreator;
     @Mock private ConnectivityManager mConnectivityManager;
+    @Mock private IpSecService mIpSecService;
     @Mock private KeyStore mKeyStore;
-    private final VpnProfile mVpnProfile = new VpnProfile("key");
+    private final VpnProfile mVpnProfile;
+
+    private IpSecManager mIpSecManager;
+
+    public VpnTest() throws Exception {
+        // Build an actual VPN profile that is capable of being converted to and from an
+        // Ikev2VpnProfile
+        final Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder builder =
+                new Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder(TEST_VPN_SERVER, TEST_VPN_IDENTITY);
+        builder.setAuthPsk(TEST_VPN_PSK);
+        mVpnProfile = builder.build().toVpnProfile();
+    }
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
 
+        mIpSecManager = new IpSecManager(mContext, mIpSecService);
+
         when(mContext.getPackageManager()).thenReturn(mPackageManager);
         setMockedPackages(mPackages);
 
-        when(mContext.getPackageName()).thenReturn(Vpn.class.getPackage().getName());
+        when(mContext.getPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+        when(mContext.getOpPackageName()).thenReturn(TEST_VPN_PKG);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.USER_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mUserManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.APP_OPS_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mAppOps);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE)))
                 .thenReturn(mNotificationManager);
         when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)))
                 .thenReturn(mConnectivityManager);
+        when(mContext.getSystemService(eq(Context.IPSEC_SERVICE))).thenReturn(mIpSecManager);
         when(mContext.getString(R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent))
                 .thenReturn(Resources.getSystem().getString(
                         R.string.config_customVpnAlwaysOnDisconnectedDialogComponent));
@@ -260,17 +288,17 @@
         assertFalse(vpn.getLockdown());
 
         // Set always-on without lockdown.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, Collections.emptyList(), mKeyStore));
         assertTrue(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
         assertFalse(vpn.getLockdown());
 
         // Set always-on with lockdown.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, Collections.emptyList(), mKeyStore));
         assertTrue(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
         assertTrue(vpn.getLockdown());
 
         // Remove always-on configuration.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, Collections.emptyList(), mKeyStore));
         assertFalse(vpn.getAlwaysOn());
         assertFalse(vpn.getLockdown());
     }
@@ -284,11 +312,11 @@
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Set always-on without lockdown.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, null));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], false, null, mKeyStore));
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Set always-on with lockdown.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, null));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, null, mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
             new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
             new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
@@ -297,7 +325,7 @@
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1]);
 
         // Switch to another app.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null, mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
             new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
             new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
@@ -316,7 +344,8 @@
         final UidRange user = UidRange.createForUser(primaryUser.id);
 
         // Set always-on with lockdown and whitelist app PKGS[2] from lockdown.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[2])));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[2]), mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
                 new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
@@ -325,7 +354,8 @@
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[2]);
 
         // Change whitelisted app to PKGS[3].
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3])));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[1], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3]), mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[2] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
@@ -337,7 +367,8 @@
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Change the VPN app.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3])));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[3]), mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
                 new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1)
@@ -350,7 +381,7 @@
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[3]);
 
         // Remove the whitelist.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, null));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, null, mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
@@ -363,7 +394,8 @@
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0]);
 
         // Add the whitelist.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[1])));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList(PKGS[1]), mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.stop)
         }));
@@ -375,12 +407,13 @@
         assertUnblocked(vpn, user.start + PKG_UIDS[0], user.start + PKG_UIDS[1]);
 
         // Try whitelisting a package with a comma, should be rejected.
-        assertFalse(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList("a.b,c.d")));
+        assertFalse(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Collections.singletonList("a.b,c.d"), mKeyStore));
 
         // Pass a non-existent packages in the whitelist, they (and only they) should be ignored.
         // Whitelisted package should change from PGKS[1] to PKGS[2].
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], true,
-                Arrays.asList("com.foo.app", PKGS[2], "com.bar.app")));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(
+                PKGS[0], true, Arrays.asList("com.foo.app", PKGS[2], "com.bar.app"), mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(false), aryEq(new UidRange[]{
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[0] + 1, user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] - 1),
                 new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[1] + 1, user.stop)
@@ -405,7 +438,7 @@
         final UidRange profile = UidRange.createForUser(tempProfile.id);
 
         // Set lockdown.
-        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null));
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[3], true, null, mKeyStore));
         verify(mNetService).setAllowOnlyVpnForUids(eq(true), aryEq(new UidRange[] {
             new UidRange(user.start, user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] - 1),
             new UidRange(user.start + PKG_UIDS[3] + 1, user.stop)
@@ -499,22 +532,22 @@
                 .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(resInfo));
 
         // null package name should return false
-        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(null));
+        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(null, mKeyStore));
 
         // Pre-N apps are not supported
         appInfo.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.M;
-        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0]));
+        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0], mKeyStore));
 
         // N+ apps are supported by default
         appInfo.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.N;
-        assertTrue(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0]));
+        assertTrue(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0], mKeyStore));
 
         // Apps that opt out explicitly are not supported
         appInfo.targetSdkVersion = VERSION_CODES.CUR_DEVELOPMENT;
         Bundle metaData = new Bundle();
         metaData.putBoolean(VpnService.SERVICE_META_DATA_SUPPORTS_ALWAYS_ON, false);
         svcInfo.metaData = metaData;
-        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0]));
+        assertFalse(vpn.isAlwaysOnPackageSupported(PKGS[0], mKeyStore));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -531,7 +564,7 @@
                 .cancelAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), eq(userHandle));
 
         // Start showing a notification for disconnected once always-on.
-        vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], false, null);
+        vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(PKGS[0], false, null, mKeyStore);
         order.verify(mNotificationManager)
                 .notifyAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any(), eq(userHandle));
 
@@ -545,7 +578,7 @@
                 .notifyAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), any(), eq(userHandle));
 
         // Notification should be cleared after unsetting always-on package.
-        vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null);
+        vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(null, false, null, mKeyStore);
         order.verify(mNotificationManager).cancelAsUser(anyString(), anyInt(), eq(userHandle));
     }
 
@@ -656,8 +689,12 @@
     }
 
     private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(int... grantedOps) throws Exception {
-        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
-        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+        return createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(primaryUser, grantedOps);
+    }
+
+    private Vpn createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(UserInfo user, int... grantedOps) throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(user.id);
+        setMockedUsers(user);
 
         when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), anyInt()))
                 .thenReturn(Process.myUid());
@@ -726,6 +763,19 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testProvisionVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OP_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.provisionVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, mVpnProfile, mKeyStore);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testDeleteVpnProfile() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
 
@@ -736,6 +786,19 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testDeleteVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OP_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.deleteVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, mKeyStore);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testGetVpnProfilePrivileged() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
 
@@ -820,6 +883,32 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testStartVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OP_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.startVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG, mKeyStore);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopVpnProfileRestrictedUser() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn =
+                createVpnAndSetupUidChecks(
+                        restrictedProfileA, AppOpsManager.OP_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN);
+
+        try {
+            vpn.stopVpnProfile(TEST_VPN_PKG);
+            fail("Expected SecurityException due to restricted user");
+        } catch (SecurityException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetPackageAuthorizationVpnService() throws Exception {
         final Vpn vpn = createVpnAndSetupUidChecks();
 
@@ -864,12 +953,68 @@
                         eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_IGNORED));
     }
 
+    private void setAndVerifyAlwaysOnPackage(Vpn vpn, int uid, boolean lockdownEnabled) {
+        assertTrue(vpn.setAlwaysOnPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG, lockdownEnabled, null, mKeyStore));
+
+        verify(mKeyStore).get(eq(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)));
+        verify(mAppOps).setMode(
+                eq(AppOpsManager.OP_ACTIVATE_PLATFORM_VPN), eq(uid), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG),
+                eq(AppOpsManager.MODE_ALLOWED));
+
+        verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_APP), eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), eq(primaryUser.id));
+        verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutIntForUser(
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN), eq(lockdownEnabled ? 1 : 0),
+                eq(primaryUser.id));
+        verify(mSystemServices).settingsSecurePutStringForUser(
+                eq(Settings.Secure.ALWAYS_ON_VPN_LOCKDOWN_WHITELIST), eq(""), eq(primaryUser.id));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAndStartAlwaysOnVpn() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+
+        // UID checks must return a different UID; otherwise it'll be treated as already prepared.
+        final int uid = Process.myUid() + 1;
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackageUidAsUser(eq(TEST_VPN_PKG), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(uid);
+        when(mKeyStore.get(vpn.getProfileNameForPackage(TEST_VPN_PKG)))
+                .thenReturn(mVpnProfile.encode());
+
+        setAndVerifyAlwaysOnPackage(vpn, uid, false);
+        assertTrue(vpn.startAlwaysOnVpn(mKeyStore));
+
+        // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
+        // a subsequent CL.
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartLegacyVpn() throws Exception {
+        final Vpn vpn = createVpn(primaryUser.id);
+        setMockedUsers(primaryUser);
+
+        // Dummy egress interface
+        final String egressIface = "DUMMY0";
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(egressIface);
+
+        final RouteInfo defaultRoute = new RouteInfo(new IpPrefix(Inet4Address.ANY, 0),
+                        InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.0"), egressIface);
+        lp.addRoute(defaultRoute);
+
+        vpn.startLegacyVpn(mVpnProfile, mKeyStore, lp);
+
+        // TODO: Test the Ikev2VpnRunner started up properly. Relies on utility methods added in
+        // a subsequent CL.
+    }
+
     /**
      * Mock some methods of vpn object.
      */
     private Vpn createVpn(@UserIdInt int userId) {
         return new Vpn(Looper.myLooper(), mContext, mNetService,
-                userId, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
+                userId, mKeyStore, mSystemServices, mIkev2SessionCreator);
     }
 
     private static void assertBlocked(Vpn vpn, int... uids) {