diff --git a/common/Android.mk b/common/Android.mk
index 085543f..132a223 100644
--- a/common/Android.mk
+++ b/common/Android.mk
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
+LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 LOCAL_MODULE := latinime-common
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(call all-java-files-under, src)
diff --git a/java/Android.mk b/java/Android.mk
index a2c5697..b84b347 100644
--- a/java/Android.mk
+++ b/java/Android.mk
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
+LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
 LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
diff --git a/java/res/values-km-rKH/strings-emoji-descriptions.xml b/java/res/values-km-rKH/strings-emoji-descriptions.xml
index 757df50..e9b8780 100644
--- a/java/res/values-km-rKH/strings-emoji-descriptions.xml
+++ b/java/res/values-km-rKH/strings-emoji-descriptions.xml
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
     <string name="spoken_emoji_1F36A" msgid="2726271795913042295">"ខូគី"</string>
     <string name="spoken_emoji_1F36B" msgid="6342163604299875931">"​​សូកូឡា"</string>
     <string name="spoken_emoji_1F36C" msgid="2168934753998218790">"ស្ករគ្រាប់"</string>
-    <string name="spoken_emoji_1F36D" msgid="3671507903799975792">"ស្ករ​គ្រាប់​មាន​ដង​​កាន់"</string>
+    <string name="spoken_emoji_1F36D" msgid="3671507903799975792">"Lollipop"</string>
     <string name="spoken_emoji_1F36E" msgid="4630541402785165902">"សង់ខ្យា"</string>
     <string name="spoken_emoji_1F36F" msgid="5577915387425169439">"ថូ"</string>
     <string name="spoken_emoji_1F370" msgid="7243244547866114951">"នំ​ខេក"</string>
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelper.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelper.java
index 21eaed9..2a70ef5 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelper.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelper.java
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+
 /**
  * This class determines that the language name on the spacebar should be displayed in what format.
  */
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@
     private List<InputMethodSubtype> mEnabledSubtypes = Collections.emptyList();
     private boolean mIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage;
 
-    public int getLanguageOnSpacebarFormatType(final RichInputMethodSubtype subtype) {
+    public int getLanguageOnSpacebarFormatType(@Nonnull final RichInputMethodSubtype subtype) {
         if (subtype.isNoLanguage()) {
             return FORMAT_TYPE_FULL_LOCALE;
         }
@@ -65,11 +67,30 @@
                 : FORMAT_TYPE_LANGUAGE_ONLY;
     }
 
-    public void updateEnabledSubtypes(final List<InputMethodSubtype> enabledSubtypes) {
+    public void onUpdateEnabledSubtypes(@Nonnull final List<InputMethodSubtype> enabledSubtypes) {
         mEnabledSubtypes = enabledSubtypes;
     }
 
-    public void updateIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage(final boolean isSame) {
-        mIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage = isSame;
+    public void onSubtypeChanged(@Nonnull final RichInputMethodSubtype subtype,
+           final boolean implicitlyEnabledSubtype, @Nonnull final Locale systemLocale) {
+        final Locale[] newLocales = subtype.getLocales();
+        if (newLocales.length > 1) {
+            // In multi-locales mode, the system language is never the same as the input language
+            // because there is no single input language.
+            mIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage = false;
+            return;
+        }
+        final Locale newLocale = newLocales[0];
+        if (systemLocale.equals(newLocale)) {
+            mIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage = true;
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!systemLocale.getLanguage().equals(newLocale.getLanguage())) {
+            mIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage = false;
+            return;
+        }
+        // If the subtype is enabled explicitly, the language name should be displayed even when
+        // the keyboard language and the system language are equal.
+        mIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage = implicitlyEnabledSubtype;
     }
 }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/SubtypeSwitcher.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/SubtypeSwitcher.java
index b2766e2..23e348b 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/SubtypeSwitcher.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/SubtypeSwitcher.java
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.utils.SubtypeLocaleUtils;
 
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Locale;
 
 import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
 
@@ -69,28 +68,17 @@
     public void updateParametersOnStartInputView() {
         final List<InputMethodSubtype> enabledSubtypesOfThisIme =
                 mRichImm.getMyEnabledInputMethodSubtypeList(true);
-        mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.updateEnabledSubtypes(enabledSubtypesOfThisIme);
+        mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.onUpdateEnabledSubtypes(enabledSubtypesOfThisIme);
         mRichImm.updateShortcutIME();
     }
 
     // Update the current subtype. LatinIME.onCurrentInputMethodSubtypeChanged calls this function.
     public void onSubtypeChanged(@Nonnull final InputMethodSubtype newSubtype) {
         final RichInputMethodSubtype richSubtype = mRichImm.onSubtypeChanged(newSubtype);
-        final Locale[] newLocales = richSubtype.getLocales();
-        if (newLocales.length > 1) {
-            // In multi-locales mode, the system language is never the same as the input language
-            // because there is no single input language.
-            mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.updateIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage(false);
-        } else {
-            final Locale newLocale = newLocales[0];
-            final Locale systemLocale = mResources.getConfiguration().locale;
-            final boolean sameLocale = systemLocale.equals(newLocale);
-            final boolean sameLanguage = systemLocale.getLanguage().equals(newLocale.getLanguage());
-            final boolean implicitlyEnabled = mRichImm
-                    .checkIfSubtypeBelongsToThisImeAndImplicitlyEnabled(newSubtype);
-            mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.updateIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage(
-                    sameLocale || (sameLanguage && implicitlyEnabled));
-        }
+        final boolean implicitlyEnabledSubtype = mRichImm
+                .checkIfSubtypeBelongsToThisImeAndImplicitlyEnabled(newSubtype);
+        mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.onSubtypeChanged(
+                richSubtype, implicitlyEnabledSubtype, mResources.getConfiguration().locale);
         mRichImm.updateShortcutIME();
     }
 
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.cpp b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.cpp
index 1fe90a9..077a400 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.cpp
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.cpp
@@ -28,5 +28,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* static */ void DiffExecutor::printUsage() {
+    printf("*** %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Usage: %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Shows differences between two dictionaries.\n\n");
+}
+
 } // namespace dicttoolkit
 } // namespace latinime
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.h b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.h
index 5b4e9e6..fc8dc0d 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.h
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/diff_executor.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     static const char *const COMMAND_NAME;
 
     static int run(const int argc, char **argv);
+    static void printUsage();
 
  private:
     DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(DiffExecutor);
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.cpp b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.cpp
index ec2ca81..068a62c 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.cpp
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.cpp
@@ -28,5 +28,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* static */ void HeaderExecutor::printUsage() {
+    printf("*** %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Usage: %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Prints the header contents of a dictionary file.\n\n");
+}
+
 } // namespace dicttoolkit
 } // namespace latinime
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.h b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.h
index b482e6b..4cdeb1a 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.h
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/header_executor.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     static const char *const COMMAND_NAME;
 
     static int run(const int argc, char **argv);
+    static void printUsage();
 
  private:
     DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(HeaderExecutor);
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.cpp b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.cpp
index dba9f79..bd29a5b 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.cpp
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,14 @@
 #include "command_executors/help_executor.h"
 
 #include <cstdio>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "command_executors/diff_executor.h"
+#include "command_executors/header_executor.h"
+#include "command_executors/info_executor.h"
+#include "command_executors/makedict_executor.h"
+#include "utils/command_utils.h"
 
 namespace latinime {
 namespace dicttoolkit {
@@ -24,9 +32,21 @@
 const char *const HelpExecutor::COMMAND_NAME = "help";
 
 /* static */ int HelpExecutor::run(const int argc, char **argv) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "Command '%s' has not been implemented yet.\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Available commands:\n\n");
+    const std::vector<std::function<void(void)>> printUsageMethods = {DiffExecutor::printUsage,
+            HeaderExecutor::printUsage, InfoExecutor::printUsage, MakedictExecutor::printUsage,
+            printUsage};
+    for (const auto &printUsageMethod : printUsageMethods) {
+        printUsageMethod();
+    }
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* static */ void HelpExecutor::printUsage() {
+    printf("*** %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Usage: %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Show this help list.\n\n");
+}
+
 } // namespace dicttoolkit
 } // namespace latinime
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.h b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.h
index 245fda9..280610e 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.h
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/help_executor.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     static const char *const COMMAND_NAME;
 
     static int run(const int argc, char **argv);
+    static void printUsage();
 
  private:
     DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(HelpExecutor);
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.cpp b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.cpp
index 5c9a636..c4d84ca 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.cpp
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.cpp
@@ -28,5 +28,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* static */ void InfoExecutor::printUsage() {
+    printf("*** %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Usage: %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Prints various information about a dictionary file.\n\n");
+}
+
 } // namespace dicttoolkit
 } // namespace latinime
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.h b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.h
index b42bc0e..4ffa74f 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.h
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/info_executor.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     static const char *const COMMAND_NAME;
 
     static int run(const int argc, char **argv);
+    static void printUsage();
 
  private:
     DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(InfoExecutor);
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.cpp b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.cpp
index 5466a59..ea62e3c 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.cpp
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.cpp
@@ -28,5 +28,13 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* static */ void MakedictExecutor::printUsage() {
+    printf("*** %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Usage: %s\n", COMMAND_NAME);
+    printf("Converts a source dictionary file to one or several outputs.\n"
+            "Source can be a binary dictionary file or a combined format file.\n"
+            "Binary version 2 (Jelly Bean), 4, and combined format outputs are supported.\n\n");
+}
+
 } // namespace dicttoolkit
 } // namespace latinime
diff --git a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.h b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.h
index 466d1f7..ae1309f 100644
--- a/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.h
+++ b/native/dicttoolkit/src/command_executors/makedict_executor.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     static const char *const COMMAND_NAME;
 
     static int run(const int argc, char **argv);
+    static void printUsage();
 
  private:
     DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(MakedictExecutor);
diff --git a/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_BinaryDictionary.cpp b/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_BinaryDictionary.cpp
index 118f600..9c065e0 100644
--- a/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_BinaryDictionary.cpp
+++ b/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_BinaryDictionary.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "utils/int_array_view.h"
 #include "utils/jni_data_utils.h"
 #include "utils/log_utils.h"
+#include "utils/profiler.h"
 #include "utils/time_keeper.h"
 
 namespace latinime {
@@ -43,8 +44,8 @@
 
 static jlong latinime_BinaryDictionary_open(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jstring sourceDir,
         jlong dictOffset, jlong dictSize, jboolean isUpdatable) {
-    PROF_OPEN;
-    PROF_START(66);
+    PROF_INIT;
+    PROF_TIMER_START(66);
     const jsize sourceDirUtf8Length = env->GetStringUTFLength(sourceDir);
     if (sourceDirUtf8Length <= 0) {
         AKLOGE("DICT: Can't get sourceDir string");
@@ -63,8 +64,7 @@
 
     Dictionary *const dictionary =
             new Dictionary(env, std::move(dictionaryStructureWithBufferPolicy));
-    PROF_END(66);
-    PROF_CLOSE;
+    PROF_TIMER_END(66);
     return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(dictionary);
 }
 
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
         }
         if (!dictionaryStructureWithBufferPolicy->addUnigramEntry(
                 CodePointArrayView(wordCodePoints, wordCodePointCount),
-                wordProperty.getUnigramProperty())) {
+                &wordProperty.getUnigramProperty())) {
             LogUtils::logToJava(env, "Cannot add unigram to the new dict.");
             return false;
         }
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
                 return false;
             }
         }
-        for (const NgramProperty &ngramProperty : *wordProperty.getNgramProperties()) {
+        for (const NgramProperty &ngramProperty : wordProperty.getNgramProperties()) {
             if (!dictionaryStructureWithBufferPolicy->addNgramEntry(&ngramProperty)) {
                 LogUtils::logToJava(env, "Cannot add ngram to the new dict.");
                 return false;
diff --git a/native/jni/src/defines.h b/native/jni/src/defines.h
index 8851185..0e67b4d 100644
--- a/native/jni/src/defines.h
+++ b/native/jni/src/defines.h
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 #define AK_FORCE_INLINE inline
 #endif // __GNUC__
 
-#if defined(FLAG_DO_PROFILE) || defined(FLAG_DBG)
+#if defined(FLAG_DBG)
 #undef AK_FORCE_INLINE
 #define AK_FORCE_INLINE inline
-#endif // defined(FLAG_DO_PROFILE) || defined(FLAG_DBG)
+#endif // defined(FLAG_DBG)
 
 // Must be equal to Constants.Dictionary.MAX_WORD_LENGTH in Java
 #define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 48
@@ -172,69 +172,6 @@
 #define INTS_TO_CHARS(input, length, output)
 #endif // defined(FLAG_DO_PROFILE) || defined(FLAG_DBG)
 
-#ifdef FLAG_DO_PROFILE
-// Profiler
-#include <time.h>
-
-#define PROF_BUF_SIZE 100
-static float profile_buf[PROF_BUF_SIZE];
-static float profile_old[PROF_BUF_SIZE];
-static unsigned int profile_counter[PROF_BUF_SIZE];
-
-#define PROF_RESET               prof_reset()
-#define PROF_COUNT(prof_buf_id)  ++profile_counter[prof_buf_id]
-#define PROF_OPEN                do { PROF_RESET; PROF_START(PROF_BUF_SIZE - 1); } while (0)
-#define PROF_START(prof_buf_id)  do { \
-        PROF_COUNT(prof_buf_id); profile_old[prof_buf_id] = (clock()); } while (0)
-#define PROF_CLOSE               do { PROF_END(PROF_BUF_SIZE - 1); PROF_OUTALL; } while (0)
-#define PROF_END(prof_buf_id)    profile_buf[prof_buf_id] += ((clock()) - profile_old[prof_buf_id])
-#define PROF_CLOCKOUT(prof_buf_id) \
-        AKLOGI("%s : clock is %f", __FUNCTION__, (clock() - profile_old[prof_buf_id]))
-#define PROF_OUTALL              do { AKLOGI("--- %s ---", __FUNCTION__); prof_out(); } while (0)
-
-static inline void prof_reset(void) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < PROF_BUF_SIZE; ++i) {
-        profile_buf[i] = 0;
-        profile_old[i] = 0;
-        profile_counter[i] = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static inline void prof_out(void) {
-    if (profile_counter[PROF_BUF_SIZE - 1] != 1) {
-        AKLOGI("Error: You must call PROF_OPEN before PROF_CLOSE.");
-    }
-    AKLOGI("Total time is %6.3f ms.",
-            profile_buf[PROF_BUF_SIZE - 1] * 1000.0f / static_cast<float>(CLOCKS_PER_SEC));
-    float all = 0.0f;
-    for (int i = 0; i < PROF_BUF_SIZE - 1; ++i) {
-        all += profile_buf[i];
-    }
-    if (all < 1.0f) all = 1.0f;
-    for (int i = 0; i < PROF_BUF_SIZE - 1; ++i) {
-        if (profile_buf[i] > 0.0f) {
-            AKLOGI("(%d): Used %4.2f%%, %8.4f ms. Called %d times.",
-                    i, (profile_buf[i] * 100.0f / all),
-                    profile_buf[i] * 1000.0f / static_cast<float>(CLOCKS_PER_SEC),
-                    profile_counter[i]);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#else // FLAG_DO_PROFILE
-#define PROF_BUF_SIZE 0
-#define PROF_RESET
-#define PROF_COUNT(prof_buf_id)
-#define PROF_OPEN
-#define PROF_START(prof_buf_id)
-#define PROF_CLOSE
-#define PROF_END(prof_buf_id)
-#define PROF_CLOCK_OUT(prof_buf_id)
-#define PROF_CLOCKOUT(prof_buf_id)
-#define PROF_OUTALL
-
-#endif // FLAG_DO_PROFILE
-
 #ifdef FLAG_DBG
 #define DEBUG_DICT true
 #define DEBUG_DICT_FULL false
diff --git a/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/property/word_property.h b/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/property/word_property.h
index b5314fa..d4db3f0 100644
--- a/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/property/word_property.h
+++ b/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/property/word_property.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "suggest/core/dictionary/property/ngram_property.h"
 #include "suggest/core/dictionary/property/unigram_property.h"
+#include "utils/int_array_view.h"
 
 namespace latinime {
 
@@ -33,10 +34,10 @@
     WordProperty()
             : mCodePoints(), mUnigramProperty(), mNgrams() {}
 
-    WordProperty(const std::vector<int> &&codePoints, const UnigramProperty *const unigramProperty,
-            const std::vector<NgramProperty> *const ngrams)
-            : mCodePoints(std::move(codePoints)), mUnigramProperty(*unigramProperty),
-              mNgrams(*ngrams) {}
+    WordProperty(const std::vector<int> &&codePoints, const UnigramProperty &unigramProperty,
+            const std::vector<NgramProperty> &ngrams)
+            : mCodePoints(std::move(codePoints)), mUnigramProperty(unigramProperty),
+              mNgrams(ngrams) {}
 
     void outputProperties(JNIEnv *const env, jintArray outCodePoints, jbooleanArray outFlags,
             jintArray outProbabilityInfo, jobject outNgramPrevWordsArray,
@@ -44,12 +45,16 @@
             jobject outNgramProbabilities, jobject outShortcutTargets,
             jobject outShortcutProbabilities) const;
 
-    const UnigramProperty *getUnigramProperty() const {
-        return &mUnigramProperty;
+    const CodePointArrayView getCodePoints() const {
+        return CodePointArrayView(mCodePoints);
     }
 
-    const std::vector<NgramProperty> *getNgramProperties() const {
-        return &mNgrams;
+    const UnigramProperty &getUnigramProperty() const {
+        return mUnigramProperty;
+    }
+
+    const std::vector<NgramProperty> &getNgramProperties() const {
+        return mNgrams;
     }
 
  private:
diff --git a/native/jni/src/suggest/core/suggest.cpp b/native/jni/src/suggest/core/suggest.cpp
index c372d66..e5e9b46 100644
--- a/native/jni/src/suggest/core/suggest.cpp
+++ b/native/jni/src/suggest/core/suggest.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "suggest/core/result/suggestions_output_utils.h"
 #include "suggest/core/session/dic_traverse_session.h"
 #include "suggest/core/suggest_options.h"
+#include "utils/profiler.h"
 
 namespace latinime {
 
@@ -48,8 +49,8 @@
         int *inputXs, int *inputYs, int *times, int *pointerIds, int *inputCodePoints,
         int inputSize, const float weightOfLangModelVsSpatialModel,
         SuggestionResults *const outSuggestionResults) const {
-    PROF_OPEN;
-    PROF_START(0);
+    PROF_INIT;
+    PROF_TIMER_START(0);
     const float maxSpatialDistance = TRAVERSAL->getMaxSpatialDistance();
     DicTraverseSession *tSession = static_cast<DicTraverseSession *>(traverseSession);
     tSession->setupForGetSuggestions(pInfo, inputCodePoints, inputSize, inputXs, inputYs, times,
@@ -57,8 +58,8 @@
     // TODO: Add the way to evaluate cache
 
     initializeSearch(tSession);
-    PROF_END(0);
-    PROF_START(1);
+    PROF_TIMER_END(0);
+    PROF_TIMER_START(1);
 
     // keep expanding search dicNodes until all have terminated.
     while (tSession->getDicTraverseCache()->activeSize() > 0) {
@@ -66,12 +67,11 @@
         tSession->getDicTraverseCache()->advanceActiveDicNodes();
         tSession->getDicTraverseCache()->advanceInputIndex(inputSize);
     }
-    PROF_END(1);
-    PROF_START(2);
+    PROF_TIMER_END(1);
+    PROF_TIMER_START(2);
     SuggestionsOutputUtils::outputSuggestions(
             SCORING, tSession, weightOfLangModelVsSpatialModel, outSuggestionResults);
-    PROF_END(2);
-    PROF_CLOSE;
+    PROF_TIMER_END(2);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/backward/v402/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp b/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/backward/v402/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp
index 9455222..ca7d93b 100644
--- a/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/backward/v402/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp
+++ b/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/backward/v402/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@
     const UnigramProperty unigramProperty(ptNodeParams.representsBeginningOfSentence(),
             ptNodeParams.isNotAWord(), ptNodeParams.isPossiblyOffensive(),
             ptNodeParams.getProbability(), *historicalInfo, std::move(shortcuts));
-    return WordProperty(wordCodePoints.toVector(), &unigramProperty, &ngrams);
+    return WordProperty(wordCodePoints.toVector(), unigramProperty, ngrams);
 }
 
 int Ver4PatriciaTriePolicy::getNextWordAndNextToken(const int token, int *const outCodePoints,
diff --git a/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v2/patricia_trie_policy.cpp b/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v2/patricia_trie_policy.cpp
index 5987361..1a51aca 100644
--- a/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v2/patricia_trie_policy.cpp
+++ b/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v2/patricia_trie_policy.cpp
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@
     const UnigramProperty unigramProperty(ptNodeParams.representsBeginningOfSentence(),
             ptNodeParams.isNotAWord(), ptNodeParams.isPossiblyOffensive(),
             ptNodeParams.getProbability(), HistoricalInfo(), std::move(shortcuts));
-    return WordProperty(wordCodePoints.toVector(), &unigramProperty, &ngrams);
+    return WordProperty(wordCodePoints.toVector(), unigramProperty, ngrams);
 }
 
 int PatriciaTriePolicy::getNextWordAndNextToken(const int token, int *const outCodePoints,
diff --git a/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v4/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp b/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v4/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp
index 1992d4a..7449cd0 100644
--- a/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v4/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp
+++ b/native/jni/src/suggest/policyimpl/dictionary/structure/v4/ver4_patricia_trie_policy.cpp
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
             wordAttributes.isNotAWord(), wordAttributes.isBlacklisted(),
             wordAttributes.isPossiblyOffensive(), wordAttributes.getProbability(),
             *historicalInfo, std::move(shortcuts));
-    return WordProperty(wordCodePoints.toVector(), &unigramProperty, &ngrams);
+    return WordProperty(wordCodePoints.toVector(), unigramProperty, ngrams);
 }
 
 int Ver4PatriciaTriePolicy::getNextWordAndNextToken(const int token, int *const outCodePoints,
diff --git a/native/jni/src/utils/profiler.h b/native/jni/src/utils/profiler.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f107fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/jni/src/utils/profiler.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef LATINIME_PROFILER_H
+#define LATINIME_PROFILER_H
+
+#ifdef FLAG_DO_PROFILE
+
+#include "defines.h"
+
+#include <ctime>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace latinime {
+
+class Profiler final {
+ public:
+    Profiler(const clockid_t clockId)
+            : mClockId(clockId), mStartTime(getTimeInMicroSec()), mStartTimes(), mTimes(),
+              mCounters() {}
+
+    ~Profiler() {
+        const float totalTime =
+                static_cast<float>(getTimeInMicroSec() - mStartTime) / 1000.f;
+        AKLOGI("Total time is %6.3f ms.", totalTime);
+        for (const auto &time : mTimes) {
+            AKLOGI("(%d): Used %4.2f%%, %8.4f ms. Called %d times.", time.first,
+                    time.second / totalTime * 100.0f, time.second, mCounters[time.first]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void startTimer(const int id) {
+        mStartTimes[id] = getTimeInMicroSec();
+    }
+
+    void endTimer(const int id) {
+        mTimes[id] += static_cast<float>(getTimeInMicroSec() - mStartTimes[id]) / 1000.0f;
+        mCounters[id]++;
+    }
+
+    operator bool() const { return false; }
+
+ private:
+    DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(Profiler);
+
+    const clockid_t mClockId;
+    int64_t mStartTime;
+    std::unordered_map<int, int64_t> mStartTimes;
+    std::unordered_map<int, float> mTimes;
+    std::unordered_map<int, int> mCounters;
+
+    int64_t getTimeInMicroSec() {
+        timespec time;
+        clock_gettime(mClockId, &time);
+        return static_cast<int64_t>(time.tv_sec) * 1000000
+                + static_cast<int64_t>(time.tv_nsec) / 1000;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace latinime
+
+#define PROF_INIT Profiler __LATINIME__PROFILER__(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID)
+#define PROF_TIMER_START(timer_id) __LATINIME__PROFILER__.startTimer(timer_id)
+#define PROF_TIMER_END(timer_id) __LATINIME__PROFILER__.endTimer(timer_id)
+
+#else // FLAG_DO_PROFILE
+
+#define PROF_INIT
+#define PROF_TIMER_START(timer_id)
+#define PROF_TIMER_END(timer_id)
+
+#endif // FLAG_DO_PROFILE
+
+#endif /* LATINIME_PROFILER_H */
diff --git a/tests/Android.mk b/tests/Android.mk
index 7cdabf2..0b54491 100644
--- a/tests/Android.mk
+++ b/tests/Android.mk
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
+LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
 # We only want this apk build for tests.
diff --git a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelperTests.java b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelperTests.java
index e8788d1..6bb255b 100644
--- a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelperTests.java
+++ b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/LanguageOnSpacebarHelperTests.java
@@ -89,19 +89,15 @@
         for (final RichInputMethodSubtype subtype : subtypes) {
             enabledSubtypes.add(subtype.getRawSubtype());
         }
-        mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.updateEnabledSubtypes(enabledSubtypes);
+        mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.onUpdateEnabledSubtypes(enabledSubtypes);
     }
 
     private void assertFormatType(final RichInputMethodSubtype subtype,
             final boolean implicitlyEnabledSubtype, final Locale systemLocale,
             final int expectedFormat) {
-        final Locale newLocale = subtype.getLocales()[0];
-        final boolean sameLocale = systemLocale.equals(newLocale);
-        final boolean sameLanguage = systemLocale.getLanguage().equals(newLocale.getLanguage());
-        mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.updateIsSystemLanguageSameAsInputLanguage(
-                sameLocale || (sameLanguage && implicitlyEnabledSubtype));
-        assertEquals(newLocale + " implicitly=" + implicitlyEnabledSubtype + " in " + systemLocale,
-                expectedFormat,
+        mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.onSubtypeChanged(subtype, implicitlyEnabledSubtype, systemLocale);
+        assertEquals(subtype.getLocales()[0] + " implicitly=" + implicitlyEnabledSubtype
+                + " in " + systemLocale, expectedFormat,
                 mLanguageOnSpacebarHelper.getLanguageOnSpacebarFormatType(subtype));
     }