diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/AccessibilityEntityProvider.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/AccessibilityEntityProvider.java
index 77f3234..8ce1263 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/AccessibilityEntityProvider.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/AccessibilityEntityProvider.java
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
             return null;
         }
         final String keyDescription = getKeyDescription(key);
-        final Rect boundsInParent = key.mHitBox;
+        final Rect boundsInParent = key.getHitBox();
 
         // Calculate the key's in-screen bounds.
         mTempBoundsInScreen.set(boundsInParent);
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@
      * @param key The key to press.
      */
     void simulateKeyPress(final Key key) {
-        final int x = key.mHitBox.centerX();
-        final int y = key.mHitBox.centerY();
+        final int x = key.getHitBox().centerX();
+        final int y = key.getHitBox().centerY();
         final long downTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
         final MotionEvent downEvent = MotionEvent.obtain(
                 downTime, downTime, MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN, x, y, 0);
@@ -325,6 +325,6 @@
         // The key x- and y-coordinates are stable between layout changes.
         // Generate an identifier by bit-shifting the x-coordinate to the
         // left-half of the integer and OR'ing with the y-coordinate.
-        return ((0xFFFF & key.mX) << (Integer.SIZE / 2)) | (0xFFFF & key.mY);
+        return ((0xFFFF & key.getX()) << (Integer.SIZE / 2)) | (0xFFFF & key.getY());
     }
 }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/KeyCodeDescriptionMapper.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/KeyCodeDescriptionMapper.java
index 41f5b9a..58624a2 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/KeyCodeDescriptionMapper.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/accessibility/KeyCodeDescriptionMapper.java
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
      */
     public String getDescriptionForKey(final Context context, final Keyboard keyboard,
             final Key key, final boolean shouldObscure) {
-        final int code = key.mCode;
+        final int code = key.getCode();
 
         if (code == Constants.CODE_SWITCH_ALPHA_SYMBOL) {
             final String description = getDescriptionForSwitchAlphaSymbol(context, keyboard);
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@
             return getDescriptionForActionKey(context, keyboard, key);
         }
 
-        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(key.mLabel)) {
-            final String label = key.mLabel.toString().trim();
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(key.getLabel())) {
+            final String label = key.getLabel().trim();
 
             // First, attempt to map the label to a pre-defined description.
             if (mKeyLabelMap.containsKey(label)) {
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
         }
 
         // Just attempt to speak the description.
-        if (key.mCode != Constants.CODE_UNSPECIFIED) {
+        if (key.getCode() != Constants.CODE_UNSPECIFIED) {
             return getDescriptionForKeyCode(context, keyboard, key, shouldObscure);
         }
         return null;
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@
         final int resId;
 
         // Always use the label, if available.
-        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(key.mLabel)) {
-            return key.mLabel.toString().trim();
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(key.getLabel())) {
+            return key.getLabel().trim();
         }
 
         // Otherwise, use the action ID.
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
      */
     private String getDescriptionForKeyCode(final Context context, final Keyboard keyboard,
             final Key key, final boolean shouldObscure) {
-        final int code = key.mCode;
+        final int code = key.getCode();
 
         // If the key description should be obscured, now is the time to do it.
         final boolean isDefinedNonCtrl = Character.isDefined(code) && !Character.isISOControl(code);
@@ -280,8 +280,8 @@
         if (isDefinedNonCtrl) {
             return Character.toString((char) code);
         }
-        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(key.mLabel)) {
-            return key.mLabel;
+        if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(key.getLabel())) {
+            return key.getLabel();
         }
         return context.getString(R.string.spoken_description_unknown, code);
     }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Key.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Key.java
index 16c79eb..8098dab 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Key.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Key.java
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@
     /**
      * The key code (unicode or custom code) that this key generates.
      */
-    public final int mCode;
+    private final int mCode;
 
     /** Label to display */
-    public final String mLabel;
+    private final String mLabel;
     /** Hint label to display on the key in conjunction with the label */
-    public final String mHintLabel;
+    private final String mHintLabel;
     /** Flags of the label */
     private final int mLabelFlags;
     private static final int LABEL_FLAGS_ALIGN_LEFT = 0x01;
@@ -95,18 +95,18 @@
     private final int mIconId;
 
     /** Width of the key, not including the gap */
-    public final int mWidth;
+    private final int mWidth;
     /** Height of the key, not including the gap */
-    public final int mHeight;
+    private final int mHeight;
     /** X coordinate of the key in the keyboard layout */
-    public final int mX;
+    private final int mX;
     /** Y coordinate of the key in the keyboard layout */
-    public final int mY;
+    private final int mY;
     /** Hit bounding box of the key */
-    public final Rect mHitBox = new Rect();
+    private final Rect mHitBox = new Rect();
 
     /** More keys. It is guaranteed that this is null or an array of one or more elements */
-    public final MoreKeySpec[] mMoreKeys;
+    private final MoreKeySpec[] mMoreKeys;
     /** More keys column number and flags */
     private final int mMoreKeysColumnAndFlags;
     private static final int MORE_KEYS_COLUMN_MASK = 0x000000ff;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
     private static final String MORE_KEYS_NO_PANEL_AUTO_MORE_KEY = "!noPanelAutoMoreKey!";
 
     /** Background type that represents different key background visual than normal one. */
-    public final int mBackgroundType;
+    private final int mBackgroundType;
     public static final int BACKGROUND_TYPE_EMPTY = 0;
     public static final int BACKGROUND_TYPE_NORMAL = 1;
     public static final int BACKGROUND_TYPE_FUNCTIONAL = 2;
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
     private static final int ACTION_FLAGS_ALT_CODE_WHILE_TYPING = 0x04;
     private static final int ACTION_FLAGS_ENABLE_LONG_PRESS = 0x08;
 
-    public final KeyVisualAttributes mKeyVisualAttributes;
+    private final KeyVisualAttributes mKeyVisualAttributes;
 
     private final OptionalAttributes mOptionalAttributes;
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
         public final int mVisualInsetsLeft;
         public final int mVisualInsetsRight;
 
-        public OptionalAttributes(final String outputText, final int altCode,
+        private OptionalAttributes(final String outputText, final int altCode,
                 final int disabledIconId, final int previewIconId,
                 final int visualInsetsLeft, final int visualInsetsRight) {
             mOutputText = outputText;
@@ -161,6 +161,18 @@
             mVisualInsetsLeft = visualInsetsLeft;
             mVisualInsetsRight = visualInsetsRight;
         }
+
+        public static OptionalAttributes newInstance(final String outputText, final int altCode,
+                final int disabledIconId, final int previewIconId,
+                final int visualInsetsLeft, final int visualInsetsRight) {
+            if (outputText == null && altCode == CODE_UNSPECIFIED
+                    && disabledIconId == ICON_UNDEFINED && previewIconId == ICON_UNDEFINED
+                    && visualInsetsLeft == 0 && visualInsetsRight == 0) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return new OptionalAttributes(outputText, altCode, disabledIconId, previewIconId,
+                    visualInsetsLeft, visualInsetsRight);
+        }
     }
 
     private final int mHashCode;
@@ -194,12 +206,9 @@
         mMoreKeys = null;
         mMoreKeysColumnAndFlags = 0;
         mLabel = label;
-        if (outputText == null) {
-            mOptionalAttributes = null;
-        } else {
-            mOptionalAttributes = new OptionalAttributes(outputText, CODE_UNSPECIFIED,
-                    ICON_UNDEFINED, ICON_UNDEFINED, 0, 0);
-        }
+        mOptionalAttributes = OptionalAttributes.newInstance(outputText, CODE_UNSPECIFIED,
+                ICON_UNDEFINED, ICON_UNDEFINED,
+                0 /* visualInsetsLeft */, 0 /* visualInsetsRight */);
         mCode = code;
         mEnabled = (code != CODE_UNSPECIFIED);
         mIconId = iconId;
@@ -360,15 +369,8 @@
                 KeySpecParser.parseCode(style.getString(keyAttr,
                 R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_altCode), params.mCodesSet, CODE_UNSPECIFIED),
                 needsToUpperCase, locale);
-        if (outputText == null && altCode == CODE_UNSPECIFIED
-                && disabledIconId == ICON_UNDEFINED && previewIconId == ICON_UNDEFINED
-                && visualInsetsLeft == 0 && visualInsetsRight == 0) {
-            mOptionalAttributes = null;
-        } else {
-            mOptionalAttributes = new OptionalAttributes(outputText, altCode,
-                    disabledIconId, previewIconId,
-                    visualInsetsLeft, visualInsetsRight);
-        }
+        mOptionalAttributes = OptionalAttributes.newInstance(outputText, altCode,
+                disabledIconId, previewIconId, visualInsetsLeft, visualInsetsRight);
         mKeyVisualAttributes = KeyVisualAttributes.newInstance(keyAttr);
         keyAttr.recycle();
         mHashCode = computeHashCode(this);
@@ -377,6 +379,35 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Copy constructor.
+     *
+     * @param key the original key.
+     */
+    protected Key(final Key key) {
+        // Final attributes.
+        mCode = key.mCode;
+        mLabel = key.mLabel;
+        mHintLabel = key.mHintLabel;
+        mLabelFlags = key.mLabelFlags;
+        mIconId = key.mIconId;
+        mWidth = key.mWidth;
+        mHeight = key.mHeight;
+        mX = key.mX;
+        mY = key.mY;
+        mHitBox.set(key.mHitBox);
+        mMoreKeys = key.mMoreKeys;
+        mMoreKeysColumnAndFlags = key.mMoreKeysColumnAndFlags;
+        mBackgroundType = key.mBackgroundType;
+        mActionFlags = key.mActionFlags;
+        mKeyVisualAttributes = key.mKeyVisualAttributes;
+        mOptionalAttributes = key.mOptionalAttributes;
+        mHashCode = key.mHashCode;
+        // Key state.
+        mPressed = key.mPressed;
+        mEnabled = key.mEnabled;
+    }
+
     private static boolean needsToUpperCase(final int labelFlags, final int keyboardElementId) {
         if ((labelFlags & LABEL_FLAGS_PRESERVE_CASE) != 0) return false;
         switch (keyboardElementId) {
@@ -476,6 +507,22 @@
         }
     }
 
+    public int getCode() {
+        return mCode;
+    }
+
+    public String getLabel() {
+        return mLabel;
+    }
+
+    public String getHintLabel() {
+        return mHintLabel;
+    }
+
+    public MoreKeySpec[] getMoreKeys() {
+        return mMoreKeys;
+    }
+
     public void markAsLeftEdge(final KeyboardParams params) {
         mHitBox.left = params.mLeftPadding;
     }
@@ -522,6 +569,10 @@
                 && (mLabelFlags & LABEL_FLAGS_SHIFTED_LETTER_ACTIVATED) == 0;
     }
 
+    public KeyVisualAttributes getVisualAttributes() {
+        return mKeyVisualAttributes;
+    }
+
     public final Typeface selectTypeface(final KeyDrawParams params) {
         // TODO: Handle "bold" here too?
         if ((mLabelFlags & LABEL_FLAGS_FONT_NORMAL) != 0) {
@@ -696,6 +747,22 @@
                 ? iconSet.getIconDrawable(previewIconId) : iconSet.getIconDrawable(mIconId);
     }
 
+    public int getWidth() {
+        return mWidth;
+    }
+
+    public int getHeight() {
+        return mHeight;
+    }
+
+    public int getX() {
+        return mX;
+    }
+
+    public int getY() {
+        return mY;
+    }
+
     public final int getDrawX() {
         final OptionalAttributes attrs = mOptionalAttributes;
         return (attrs == null) ? mX : mX + attrs.mVisualInsetsLeft;
@@ -733,6 +800,10 @@
         mEnabled = enabled;
     }
 
+    public Rect getHitBox() {
+        return mHitBox;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Detects if a point falls on this key.
      * @param x the x-coordinate of the point
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyDetector.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyDetector.java
index 17e707f..befb6fa 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyDetector.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyDetector.java
@@ -108,8 +108,9 @@
             if (distance > minDistance) {
                 continue;
             }
-            // To take care of hitbox overlaps, we compare mCode here too.
-            if (primaryKey == null || distance < minDistance || key.mCode > primaryKey.mCode) {
+            // To take care of hitbox overlaps, we compare key's code here too.
+            if (primaryKey == null || distance < minDistance
+                    || key.getCode() > primaryKey.getCode()) {
                 minDistance = distance;
                 primaryKey = key;
             }
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@
     }
 
     public static String printableCode(Key key) {
-        return key != null ? Constants.printableCode(key.mCode) : "none";
+        return key != null ? Constants.printableCode(key.getCode()) : "none";
     }
 
     public static String printableCodes(int[] codes) {
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Keyboard.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Keyboard.java
index fefac96..c40ddea 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Keyboard.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/Keyboard.java
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
             }
 
             for (final Key key : mKeys) {
-                if (key.mCode == code) {
+                if (key.getCode() == code) {
                     mKeyCache.put(code, key);
                     return key;
                 }
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
 
         for (final Key key : mKeys) {
             if (key == aKey) {
-                mKeyCache.put(key.mCode, key);
+                mKeyCache.put(key.getCode(), key);
                 return true;
             }
         }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardLayoutSet.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardLayoutSet.java
index bccf8fb..711de63 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardLayoutSet.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardLayoutSet.java
@@ -162,7 +162,8 @@
         final KeyboardId id = new KeyboardId(keyboardLayoutSetElementId, mParams);
         try {
             return getKeyboard(elementParams, id);
-        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+        } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Can't create keyboard: " + id, e);
             throw new KeyboardLayoutSetException(e, id);
         }
     }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardView.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardView.java
index 28eb585..d049a86 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardView.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/KeyboardView.java
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@
             mClipRegion.setEmpty();
             for (final Key key : mInvalidatedKeys) {
                 if (mKeyboard.hasKey(key)) {
-                    final int x = key.mX + getPaddingLeft();
-                    final int y = key.mY + getPaddingTop();
-                    mWorkingRect.set(x, y, x + key.mWidth, y + key.mHeight);
+                    final int x = key.getX() + getPaddingLeft();
+                    final int y = key.getY() + getPaddingTop();
+                    mWorkingRect.set(x, y, x + key.getWidth(), y + key.getHeight());
                     mClipRegion.union(mWorkingRect);
                 }
             }
@@ -310,11 +310,11 @@
 
     private void onDrawKey(final Key key, final Canvas canvas, final Paint paint) {
         final int keyDrawX = key.getDrawX() + getPaddingLeft();
-        final int keyDrawY = key.mY + getPaddingTop();
+        final int keyDrawY = key.getY() + getPaddingTop();
         canvas.translate(keyDrawX, keyDrawY);
 
         final int keyHeight = mKeyboard.mMostCommonKeyHeight - mKeyboard.mVerticalGap;
-        final KeyVisualAttributes attr = key.mKeyVisualAttributes;
+        final KeyVisualAttributes attr = key.getVisualAttributes();
         final KeyDrawParams params = mKeyDrawParams.mayCloneAndUpdateParams(keyHeight, attr);
         params.mAnimAlpha = Constants.Color.ALPHA_OPAQUE;
 
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@
     protected void onDrawKeyBackground(final Key key, final Canvas canvas) {
         final Rect padding = mKeyBackgroundPadding;
         final int bgWidth = key.getDrawWidth() + padding.left + padding.right;
-        final int bgHeight = key.mHeight + padding.top + padding.bottom;
+        final int bgHeight = key.getHeight() + padding.top + padding.bottom;
         final int bgX = -padding.left;
         final int bgY = -padding.top;
         final int[] drawableState = key.getCurrentDrawableState();
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
     protected void onDrawKeyTopVisuals(final Key key, final Canvas canvas, final Paint paint,
             final KeyDrawParams params) {
         final int keyWidth = key.getDrawWidth();
-        final int keyHeight = key.mHeight;
+        final int keyHeight = key.getHeight();
         final float centerX = keyWidth * 0.5f;
         final float centerY = keyHeight * 0.5f;
 
@@ -363,8 +363,8 @@
         // Draw key label.
         final Drawable icon = key.getIcon(mKeyboard.mIconsSet, params.mAnimAlpha);
         float positionX = centerX;
-        if (key.mLabel != null) {
-            final String label = key.mLabel;
+        final String label = key.getLabel();
+        if (label != null) {
             paint.setTypeface(key.selectTypeface(params));
             paint.setTextSize(key.selectTextSize(params));
             final float labelCharHeight = TypefaceUtils.getCharHeight(
@@ -441,8 +441,8 @@
         }
 
         // Draw hint label.
-        if (key.mHintLabel != null) {
-            final String hintLabel = key.mHintLabel;
+        final String hintLabel = key.getHintLabel();
+        if (hintLabel != null) {
             paint.setTextSize(key.selectHintTextSize(params));
             paint.setColor(key.selectHintTextColor(params));
             blendAlpha(paint, params.mAnimAlpha);
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@
         }
 
         // Draw key icon.
-        if (key.mLabel == null && icon != null) {
+        if (label == null && icon != null) {
             final int iconWidth = Math.min(icon.getIntrinsicWidth(), keyWidth);
             final int iconHeight = icon.getIntrinsicHeight();
             final int iconX, alignX;
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        if (key.hasPopupHint() && key.mMoreKeys != null) {
+        if (key.hasPopupHint() && key.getMoreKeys() != null) {
             drawKeyPopupHint(key, canvas, paint, params);
         }
     }
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@
     protected void drawKeyPopupHint(final Key key, final Canvas canvas, final Paint paint,
             final KeyDrawParams params) {
         final int keyWidth = key.getDrawWidth();
-        final int keyHeight = key.mHeight;
+        final int keyHeight = key.getHeight();
 
         paint.setTypeface(params.mTypeface);
         paint.setTextSize(params.mHintLetterSize);
@@ -602,9 +602,9 @@
         if (mInvalidateAllKeys) return;
         if (key == null) return;
         mInvalidatedKeys.add(key);
-        final int x = key.mX + getPaddingLeft();
-        final int y = key.mY + getPaddingTop();
-        invalidate(x, y, x + key.mWidth, y + key.mHeight);
+        final int x = key.getX() + getPaddingLeft();
+        final int y = key.getY() + getPaddingTop();
+        invalidate(x, y, x + key.getWidth(), y + key.getHeight());
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MainKeyboardView.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MainKeyboardView.java
index f3d0ead..e4a8f4c 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MainKeyboardView.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MainKeyboardView.java
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
                 return;
             }
             sendMessageDelayed(
-                    obtainMessage(MSG_REPEAT_KEY, key.mCode, repeatCount, tracker), delay);
+                    obtainMessage(MSG_REPEAT_KEY, key.getCode(), repeatCount, tracker), delay);
         }
 
         public void cancelKeyRepeatTimer() {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
             final MainKeyboardView keyboardView = getOuterInstance();
 
             // When user hits the space or the enter key, just cancel the while-typing timer.
-            final int typedCode = typedKey.mCode;
+            final int typedCode = typedKey.getCode();
             if (typedCode == Constants.CODE_SPACE || typedCode == Constants.CODE_ENTER) {
                 if (isTyping) {
                     startWhileTypingFadeinAnimation(keyboardView);
@@ -638,7 +638,6 @@
         mKeyPreviewLingerTimeout = delay;
     }
 
-
     private void locatePreviewPlacerView() {
         if (mPreviewPlacerView.getParent() != null) {
             return;
@@ -807,11 +806,11 @@
         }
         // The key preview is placed vertically above the top edge of the parent key with an
         // arbitrary offset.
-        final int previewY = key.mY - previewHeight + mKeyPreviewOffset
+        final int previewY = key.getY() - previewHeight + mKeyPreviewOffset
                 + CoordinateUtils.y(mOriginCoords);
 
         if (background != null) {
-            final int hasMoreKeys = (key.mMoreKeys != null) ? STATE_HAS_MOREKEYS : STATE_NORMAL;
+            final int hasMoreKeys = (key.getMoreKeys() != null) ? STATE_HAS_MOREKEYS : STATE_NORMAL;
             background.setState(KEY_PREVIEW_BACKGROUND_STATE_TABLE[statePosition][hasMoreKeys]);
             background.setAlpha(PREVIEW_ALPHA);
         }
@@ -903,7 +902,7 @@
     }
 
     private MoreKeysPanel onCreateMoreKeysPanel(final Key key, final Context context) {
-        if (key.mMoreKeys == null) {
+        if (key.getMoreKeys() == null) {
             return null;
         }
         Keyboard moreKeysKeyboard = mMoreKeysKeyboardCache.get(key);
@@ -938,7 +937,7 @@
         }
         final KeyboardActionListener listener = mKeyboardActionListener;
         if (key.hasNoPanelAutoMoreKey()) {
-            final int moreKeyCode = key.mMoreKeys[0].mCode;
+            final int moreKeyCode = key.getMoreKeys()[0].mCode;
             tracker.onLongPressed();
             listener.onPressKey(moreKeyCode, 0 /* repeatCount */, true /* isSinglePointer */);
             listener.onCodeInput(moreKeyCode,
@@ -946,7 +945,7 @@
             listener.onReleaseKey(moreKeyCode, false /* withSliding */);
             return;
         }
-        final int code = key.mCode;
+        final int code = key.getCode();
         if (code == Constants.CODE_SPACE || code == Constants.CODE_LANGUAGE_SWITCH) {
             // Long pressing the space key invokes IME switcher dialog.
             if (listener.onCustomRequest(Constants.CUSTOM_CODE_SHOW_INPUT_METHOD_PICKER)) {
@@ -972,13 +971,13 @@
         // keys keyboard is placed at the touch point of the parent key.
         final int pointX = (mConfigShowMoreKeysKeyboardAtTouchedPoint && !keyPreviewEnabled)
                 ? CoordinateUtils.x(lastCoords)
-                : key.mX + key.mWidth / 2;
+                : key.getX() + key.getWidth() / 2;
         // The more keys keyboard is usually vertically aligned with the top edge of the parent key
         // (plus vertical gap). If the key preview is enabled, the more keys keyboard is vertically
         // aligned with the bottom edge of the visible part of the key preview.
         // {@code mPreviewVisibleOffset} has been set appropriately in
         // {@link KeyboardView#showKeyPreview(PointerTracker)}.
-        final int pointY = key.mY + mKeyPreviewDrawParams.mPreviewVisibleOffset;
+        final int pointY = key.getY() + mKeyPreviewDrawParams.mPreviewVisibleOffset;
         moreKeysPanel.showMoreKeysPanel(this, this, pointX, pointY, mKeyboardActionListener);
         tracker.onShowMoreKeysPanel(moreKeysPanel);
     }
@@ -1174,13 +1173,14 @@
         if (key.altCodeWhileTyping() && key.isEnabled()) {
             params.mAnimAlpha = mAltCodeKeyWhileTypingAnimAlpha;
         }
-        if (key.mCode == Constants.CODE_SPACE) {
+        final int code = key.getCode();
+        if (code == Constants.CODE_SPACE) {
             drawSpacebar(key, canvas, paint);
             // Whether space key needs to show the "..." popup hint for special purposes
             if (key.isLongPressEnabled() && mHasMultipleEnabledIMEsOrSubtypes) {
                 drawKeyPopupHint(key, canvas, paint, params);
             }
-        } else if (key.mCode == Constants.CODE_LANGUAGE_SWITCH) {
+        } else if (code == Constants.CODE_LANGUAGE_SWITCH) {
             super.onDrawKeyTopVisuals(key, canvas, paint, params);
             drawKeyPopupHint(key, canvas, paint, params);
         } else {
@@ -1228,8 +1228,8 @@
     }
 
     private void drawSpacebar(final Key key, final Canvas canvas, final Paint paint) {
-        final int width = key.mWidth;
-        final int height = key.mHeight;
+        final int width = key.getWidth();
+        final int height = key.getHeight();
 
         // If input language are explicitly selected.
         if (mNeedsToDisplayLanguage) {
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboard.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboard.java
index 3fd29dc..8256d46 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboard.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboard.java
@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@
             mParams.mVerticalGap = parentKeyboard.mVerticalGap / 2;
             mParentKey = parentKey;
 
+            final MoreKeySpec[] moreKeys = parentKey.getMoreKeys();
             final int width, height;
             // {@link KeyPreviewDrawParams#mPreviewVisibleWidth} should have been set at
             // {@link MainKeyboardView#showKeyPreview(PointerTracker}, though there may be
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@
             // zero-division error at
             // {@link MoreKeysKeyboardParams#setParameters(int,int,int,int,int,int,boolean,int)}.
             final boolean singleMoreKeyWithPreview = parentKeyboardView.isKeyPreviewPopupEnabled()
-                    && !parentKey.noKeyPreview() && parentKey.mMoreKeys.length == 1
+                    && !parentKey.noKeyPreview() && moreKeys.length == 1
                     && keyPreviewDrawParams.mPreviewVisibleWidth > 0;
             if (singleMoreKeyWithPreview) {
                 // Use pre-computed width and height if this more keys keyboard has only one key to
@@ -312,8 +313,8 @@
                 mDivider = null;
                 dividerWidth = 0;
             }
-            mParams.setParameters(parentKey.mMoreKeys.length, parentKey.getMoreKeysColumn(),
-                    width, height, parentKey.mX + parentKey.mWidth / 2,
+            mParams.setParameters(moreKeys.length, parentKey.getMoreKeysColumn(),
+                    width, height, parentKey.getX() + parentKey.getWidth() / 2,
                     parentKeyboard.mId.mWidth, parentKey.isFixedColumnOrderMoreKeys(),
                     dividerWidth);
         }
@@ -321,7 +322,7 @@
         private static int getMaxKeyWidth(final Key parentKey, final int minKeyWidth,
                 final float padding, final Paint paint) {
             int maxWidth = minKeyWidth;
-            for (final MoreKeySpec spec : parentKey.mMoreKeys) {
+            for (final MoreKeySpec spec : parentKey.getMoreKeys()) {
                 final String label = spec.mLabel;
                 // If the label is single letter, minKeyWidth is enough to hold the label.
                 if (label != null && StringUtils.codePointCount(label) > 1) {
@@ -336,7 +337,7 @@
         public MoreKeysKeyboard build() {
             final MoreKeysKeyboardParams params = mParams;
             final int moreKeyFlags = mParentKey.getMoreKeyLabelFlags();
-            final MoreKeySpec[] moreKeys = mParentKey.mMoreKeys;
+            final MoreKeySpec[] moreKeys = mParentKey.getMoreKeys();
             for (int n = 0; n < moreKeys.length; n++) {
                 final MoreKeySpec moreKeySpec = moreKeys[n];
                 final int row = n / params.mNumColumns;
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboardView.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboardView.java
index f00f5a9..973128d 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboardView.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/MoreKeysKeyboardView.java
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
     public void onUpEvent(final int x, final int y, final int pointerId, final long eventTime) {
         if (mCurrentKey != null && mActivePointerId == pointerId) {
             updateReleaseKeyGraphics(mCurrentKey);
-            onCodeInput(mCurrentKey.mCode, x, y);
+            onCodeInput(mCurrentKey.getCode(), x, y);
             mCurrentKey = null;
         }
     }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/PointerTracker.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/PointerTracker.java
index 5387ddb..d4d0d87 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/PointerTracker.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/PointerTracker.java
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@
             return false;
         }
         if (key.isEnabled()) {
-            mListener.onPressKey(key.mCode, repeatCount, getActivePointerTrackerCount() == 1);
+            mListener.onPressKey(key.getCode(), repeatCount, getActivePointerTrackerCount() == 1);
             final boolean keyboardLayoutHasBeenChanged = mKeyboardLayoutHasBeenChanged;
             mKeyboardLayoutHasBeenChanged = false;
             mTimerProxy.startTypingStateTimer(key);
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@
         if (sInGesture || !mGestureStrokeWithPreviewPoints.isStartOfAGesture()) {
             return;
         }
-        if (key == null || !Character.isLetter(key.mCode)) {
+        if (key == null || !Character.isLetter(key.getCode())) {
             return;
         }
         if (DEBUG_LISTENER) {
@@ -1075,8 +1075,8 @@
                     + " phantom sudden move event (distance=%d) is translated to "
                     + "up[%d,%d,%s]/down[%d,%d,%s] events", mPointerId,
                     getDistance(x, y, lastX, lastY),
-                    lastX, lastY, Constants.printableCode(oldKey.mCode),
-                    x, y, Constants.printableCode(key.mCode)));
+                    lastX, lastY, Constants.printableCode(oldKey.getCode()),
+                    x, y, Constants.printableCode(key.getCode())));
         }
         // TODO: This should be moved to outside of this nested if-clause?
         if (ProductionFlag.USES_DEVELOPMENT_ONLY_DIAGNOSTICS) {
@@ -1098,8 +1098,8 @@
                     + " bogus down-move-up event (raidus=%.2f key diagonal) is "
                     + " translated to up[%d,%d,%s]/down[%d,%d,%s] events",
                     mPointerId, radiusRatio,
-                    lastX, lastY, Constants.printableCode(oldKey.mCode),
-                    x, y, Constants.printableCode(key.mCode)));
+                    lastX, lastY, Constants.printableCode(oldKey.getCode()),
+                    x, y, Constants.printableCode(key.getCode())));
         }
         onUpEventInternal(x, y, eventTime);
         onDownEventInternal(x, y, eventTime);
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@
 
     private void processSildeOutFromOldKey(final Key oldKey) {
         setReleasedKeyGraphics(oldKey);
-        callListenerOnRelease(oldKey, oldKey.mCode, true /* withSliding */);
+        callListenerOnRelease(oldKey, oldKey.getCode(), true /* withSliding */);
         startSlidingKeyInput(oldKey);
         mTimerProxy.cancelKeyTimers();
     }
@@ -1263,7 +1263,7 @@
 
         if (sInGesture) {
             if (currentKey != null) {
-                callListenerOnRelease(currentKey, currentKey.mCode, true /* withSliding */);
+                callListenerOnRelease(currentKey, currentKey.getCode(), true /* withSliding */);
             }
             mayEndBatchInput(eventTime);
             return;
@@ -1376,9 +1376,9 @@
         // doesn't have its more keys. (e.g. spacebar, globe key)
         // We always need to start the long press timer if the key has its more keys regardless of
         // whether or not we are in the sliding input mode.
-        if (mIsInSlidingKeyInput && key.mMoreKeys == null) return;
+        if (mIsInSlidingKeyInput && key.getMoreKeys() == null) return;
         final int delay;
-        switch (key.mCode) {
+        switch (key.getCode()) {
         case Constants.CODE_SHIFT:
             delay = sParams.mLongPressShiftLockTimeout;
             break;
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        final int code = key.mCode;
+        final int code = key.getCode();
         callListenerOnCodeInput(key, code, x, y, eventTime);
         callListenerOnRelease(key, code, false /* withSliding */);
     }
@@ -1412,14 +1412,14 @@
         if (!key.isRepeatable()) return;
         // Don't start key repeat when we are in sliding input mode.
         if (mIsInSlidingKeyInput) return;
-        detectAndSendKey(key, key.mX, key.mY, SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
+        detectAndSendKey(key, key.getX(), key.getY(), SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
         final int startRepeatCount = 1;
         mTimerProxy.startKeyRepeatTimer(this, startRepeatCount, sParams.mKeyRepeatStartTimeout);
     }
 
     public void onKeyRepeat(final int code, final int repeatCount) {
         final Key key = getKey();
-        if (key == null || key.mCode != code) {
+        if (key == null || key.getCode() != code) {
             return;
         }
         final int nextRepeatCount = repeatCount + 1;
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/ProximityInfo.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/ProximityInfo.java
index 9b0a33c..c0c02f1 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/ProximityInfo.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/ProximityInfo.java
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 
     private static boolean needsProximityInfo(final Key key) {
         // Don't include special keys into ProximityInfo.
-        return key.mCode >= Constants.CODE_SPACE;
+        return key.getCode() >= Constants.CODE_SPACE;
     }
 
     private static int getProximityInfoKeysCount(final Key[] keys) {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
                 if (!needsProximityInfo(neighborKey)) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                proximityCharsArray[infoIndex] = neighborKey.mCode;
+                proximityCharsArray[infoIndex] = neighborKey.getCode();
                 infoIndex++;
             }
         }
@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@
             if (!needsProximityInfo(key)) {
                 continue;
             }
-            keyXCoordinates[infoIndex] = key.mX;
-            keyYCoordinates[infoIndex] = key.mY;
-            keyWidths[infoIndex] = key.mWidth;
-            keyHeights[infoIndex] = key.mHeight;
-            keyCharCodes[infoIndex] = key.mCode;
+            keyXCoordinates[infoIndex] = key.getX();
+            keyYCoordinates[infoIndex] = key.getY();
+            keyWidths[infoIndex] = key.getWidth();
+            keyHeights[infoIndex] = key.getHeight();
+            keyCharCodes[infoIndex] = key.getCode();
             infoIndex++;
         }
 
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
                 if (!needsProximityInfo(key)) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                final Rect hitBox = key.mHitBox;
+                final Rect hitBox = key.getHitBox();
                 sweetSpotCenterXs[infoIndex] = hitBox.exactCenterX();
                 sweetSpotCenterYs[infoIndex] = hitBox.exactCenterY();
                 sweetSpotRadii[infoIndex] = defaultRadius;
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
                             "  [%2d] row=%d x/y/r=%7.2f/%7.2f/%5.2f %s code=%s", infoIndex, row,
                             sweetSpotCenterXs[infoIndex], sweetSpotCenterYs[infoIndex],
                             sweetSpotRadii[infoIndex], (row < rows ? "correct" : "default"),
-                            Constants.printableCode(key.mCode)));
+                            Constants.printableCode(key.getCode())));
                 }
                 infoIndex++;
             }
@@ -322,19 +322,21 @@
   have to align this on the center of the key. Hence, we don't need a separate value for
   bottomPixelWithinThreshold and call this yEnd right away.
 */
-            final int topPixelWithinThreshold = key.mY - threshold;
+            final int keyX = key.getX();
+            final int keyY = key.getY();
+            final int topPixelWithinThreshold = keyY - threshold;
             final int yDeltaToGrid = topPixelWithinThreshold % mCellHeight;
             final int yMiddleOfTopCell = topPixelWithinThreshold - yDeltaToGrid + halfCellHeight;
             final int yStart = Math.max(halfCellHeight,
                     yMiddleOfTopCell + (yDeltaToGrid <= halfCellHeight ? 0 : mCellHeight));
-            final int yEnd = Math.min(fullGridHeight, key.mY + key.mHeight + threshold);
+            final int yEnd = Math.min(fullGridHeight, keyY + key.getHeight() + threshold);
 
-            final int leftPixelWithinThreshold = key.mX - threshold;
+            final int leftPixelWithinThreshold = keyX - threshold;
             final int xDeltaToGrid = leftPixelWithinThreshold % mCellWidth;
             final int xMiddleOfLeftCell = leftPixelWithinThreshold - xDeltaToGrid + halfCellWidth;
             final int xStart = Math.max(halfCellWidth,
                     xMiddleOfLeftCell + (xDeltaToGrid <= halfCellWidth ? 0 : mCellWidth));
-            final int xEnd = Math.min(fullGridWidth, key.mX + key.mWidth + threshold);
+            final int xEnd = Math.min(fullGridWidth, keyX + key.getWidth() + threshold);
 
             int baseIndexOfCurrentRow = (yStart / mCellHeight) * mGridWidth + (xStart / mCellWidth);
             for (int centerY = yStart; centerY <= yEnd; centerY += mCellHeight) {
@@ -372,7 +374,7 @@
             if (index >= destLength) {
                 break;
             }
-            final int code = key.mCode;
+            final int code = key.getCode();
             if (code <= Constants.CODE_SPACE) {
                 break;
             }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardBuilder.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardBuilder.java
index b34d7c4..9bc52e5 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardBuilder.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardBuilder.java
@@ -218,20 +218,18 @@
                     parseKeyboardAttributes(parser);
                     startKeyboard();
                     parseKeyboardContent(parser, false);
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalStartTag(parser, tag, TAG_KEYBOARD);
+                    return;
                 }
+                throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalStartTag(parser, tag, TAG_KEYBOARD);
             }
         }
     }
 
     private void parseKeyboardAttributes(final XmlPullParser parser) {
+        final AttributeSet attr = Xml.asAttributeSet(parser);
         final TypedArray keyboardAttr = mContext.obtainStyledAttributes(
-                Xml.asAttributeSet(parser), R.styleable.Keyboard, R.attr.keyboardStyle,
-                R.style.Keyboard);
-        final TypedArray keyAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(Xml.asAttributeSet(parser),
-                R.styleable.Keyboard_Key);
+                attr, R.styleable.Keyboard, R.attr.keyboardStyle, R.style.Keyboard);
+        final TypedArray keyAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(attr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Key);
         try {
             final KeyboardParams params = mParams;
             final int height = params.mId.mHeight;
@@ -328,31 +326,30 @@
                 if (DEBUG) endTag("</%s>", tag);
                 if (TAG_KEYBOARD.equals(tag)) {
                     endKeyboard();
-                    break;
-                } else if (TAG_CASE.equals(tag) || TAG_DEFAULT.equals(tag)
-                        || TAG_MERGE.equals(tag)) {
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalEndTag(parser, tag, TAG_ROW);
+                    return;
                 }
+                if (TAG_CASE.equals(tag) || TAG_DEFAULT.equals(tag) || TAG_MERGE.equals(tag)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalEndTag(parser, tag, TAG_ROW);
             }
         }
     }
 
     private KeyboardRow parseRowAttributes(final XmlPullParser parser)
             throws XmlPullParserException {
-        final TypedArray a = mResources.obtainAttributes(Xml.asAttributeSet(parser),
-                R.styleable.Keyboard);
+        final AttributeSet attr = Xml.asAttributeSet(parser);
+        final TypedArray keyboardAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(attr, R.styleable.Keyboard);
         try {
-            if (a.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_horizontalGap)) {
+            if (keyboardAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_horizontalGap)) {
                 throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalAttribute(parser, TAG_ROW, "horizontalGap");
             }
-            if (a.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_verticalGap)) {
+            if (keyboardAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_verticalGap)) {
                 throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalAttribute(parser, TAG_ROW, "verticalGap");
             }
             return new KeyboardRow(mResources, mParams, parser, mCurrentY);
         } finally {
-            a.recycle();
+            keyboardAttr.recycle();
         }
     }
 
@@ -382,13 +379,12 @@
                     if (!skip) {
                         endRow(row);
                     }
-                    break;
-                } else if (TAG_CASE.equals(tag) || TAG_DEFAULT.equals(tag)
-                        || TAG_MERGE.equals(tag)) {
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalEndTag(parser, tag, TAG_ROW);
+                    return;
                 }
+                if (TAG_CASE.equals(tag) || TAG_DEFAULT.equals(tag) || TAG_MERGE.equals(tag)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalEndTag(parser, tag, TAG_ROW);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -397,19 +393,16 @@
             throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
         if (skip) {
             XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_KEY, parser);
-            if (DEBUG) {
-                startEndTag("<%s /> skipped", TAG_KEY);
-            }
-        } else {
-            final Key key = new Key(mResources, mParams, row, parser);
-            if (DEBUG) {
-                startEndTag("<%s%s %s moreKeys=%s />", TAG_KEY,
-                        (key.isEnabled() ? "" : " disabled"), key,
-                        Arrays.toString(key.mMoreKeys));
-            }
-            XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_KEY, parser);
-            endKey(key);
+            if (DEBUG) startEndTag("<%s /> skipped", TAG_KEY);
+            return;
         }
+        final Key key = new Key(mResources, mParams, row, parser);
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            startEndTag("<%s%s %s moreKeys=%s />", TAG_KEY, (key.isEnabled() ? "" : " disabled"),
+                    key, Arrays.toString(key.getMoreKeys()));
+        }
+        XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_KEY, parser);
+        endKey(key);
     }
 
     private void parseSpacer(final XmlPullParser parser, final KeyboardRow row, final boolean skip)
@@ -417,12 +410,12 @@
         if (skip) {
             XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_SPACER, parser);
             if (DEBUG) startEndTag("<%s /> skipped", TAG_SPACER);
-        } else {
-            final Key.Spacer spacer = new Key.Spacer(mResources, mParams, row, parser);
-            if (DEBUG) startEndTag("<%s />", TAG_SPACER);
-            XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_SPACER, parser);
-            endKey(spacer);
+            return;
         }
+        final Key.Spacer spacer = new Key.Spacer(mResources, mParams, row, parser);
+        if (DEBUG) startEndTag("<%s />", TAG_SPACER);
+        XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_SPACER, parser);
+        endKey(spacer);
     }
 
     private void parseIncludeKeyboardContent(final XmlPullParser parser, final boolean skip)
@@ -440,66 +433,63 @@
         if (skip) {
             XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_INCLUDE, parser);
             if (DEBUG) startEndTag("</%s> skipped", TAG_INCLUDE);
-        } else {
-            final AttributeSet attr = Xml.asAttributeSet(parser);
-            final TypedArray keyboardAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(attr,
-                    R.styleable.Keyboard_Include);
-            final TypedArray keyAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(attr,
-                    R.styleable.Keyboard_Key);
-            int keyboardLayout = 0;
-            float savedDefaultKeyWidth = 0;
-            int savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags = 0;
-            int savedDefaultBackgroundType = Key.BACKGROUND_TYPE_NORMAL;
-            try {
-                XmlParseUtils.checkAttributeExists(keyboardAttr,
-                        R.styleable.Keyboard_Include_keyboardLayout, "keyboardLayout",
-                        TAG_INCLUDE, parser);
-                keyboardLayout = keyboardAttr.getResourceId(
-                        R.styleable.Keyboard_Include_keyboardLayout, 0);
-                if (row != null) {
-                    if (keyAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyXPos)) {
-                        // Override current x coordinate.
-                        row.setXPos(row.getKeyX(keyAttr));
-                    }
-                    // TODO: Remove this if-clause and do the same as backgroundType below.
-                    savedDefaultKeyWidth = row.getDefaultKeyWidth();
-                    if (keyAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyWidth)) {
-                        // Override default key width.
-                        row.setDefaultKeyWidth(row.getKeyWidth(keyAttr));
-                    }
-                    savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags = row.getDefaultKeyLabelFlags();
-                    // Bitwise-or default keyLabelFlag if exists.
-                    row.setDefaultKeyLabelFlags(keyAttr.getInt(
-                            R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyLabelFlags, 0)
-                            | savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags);
-                    savedDefaultBackgroundType = row.getDefaultBackgroundType();
-                    // Override default backgroundType if exists.
-                    row.setDefaultBackgroundType(keyAttr.getInt(
-                            R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_backgroundType,
-                            savedDefaultBackgroundType));
+            return;
+        }
+        final AttributeSet attr = Xml.asAttributeSet(parser);
+        final TypedArray keyboardAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(
+                attr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Include);
+        final TypedArray keyAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(attr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Key);
+        int keyboardLayout = 0;
+        float savedDefaultKeyWidth = 0;
+        int savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags = 0;
+        int savedDefaultBackgroundType = Key.BACKGROUND_TYPE_NORMAL;
+        try {
+            XmlParseUtils.checkAttributeExists(
+                    keyboardAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Include_keyboardLayout, "keyboardLayout",
+                    TAG_INCLUDE, parser);
+            keyboardLayout = keyboardAttr.getResourceId(
+                    R.styleable.Keyboard_Include_keyboardLayout, 0);
+            if (row != null) {
+                if (keyAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyXPos)) {
+                    // Override current x coordinate.
+                    row.setXPos(row.getKeyX(keyAttr));
                 }
-            } finally {
-                keyboardAttr.recycle();
-                keyAttr.recycle();
+                // TODO: Remove this if-clause and do the same as backgroundType below.
+                savedDefaultKeyWidth = row.getDefaultKeyWidth();
+                if (keyAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyWidth)) {
+                    // Override default key width.
+                    row.setDefaultKeyWidth(row.getKeyWidth(keyAttr));
+                }
+                savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags = row.getDefaultKeyLabelFlags();
+                // Bitwise-or default keyLabelFlag if exists.
+                row.setDefaultKeyLabelFlags(keyAttr.getInt(
+                        R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyLabelFlags, 0) | savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags);
+                savedDefaultBackgroundType = row.getDefaultBackgroundType();
+                // Override default backgroundType if exists.
+                row.setDefaultBackgroundType(keyAttr.getInt(
+                        R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_backgroundType, savedDefaultBackgroundType));
             }
+        } finally {
+            keyboardAttr.recycle();
+            keyAttr.recycle();
+        }
 
-            XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_INCLUDE, parser);
-            if (DEBUG) {
-                startEndTag("<%s keyboardLayout=%s />",TAG_INCLUDE,
-                        mResources.getResourceEntryName(keyboardLayout));
+        XmlParseUtils.checkEndTag(TAG_INCLUDE, parser);
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            startEndTag("<%s keyboardLayout=%s />",TAG_INCLUDE,
+                    mResources.getResourceEntryName(keyboardLayout));
+        }
+        final XmlResourceParser parserForInclude = mResources.getXml(keyboardLayout);
+        try {
+            parseMerge(parserForInclude, row, skip);
+        } finally {
+            if (row != null) {
+                // Restore default keyWidth, keyLabelFlags, and backgroundType.
+                row.setDefaultKeyWidth(savedDefaultKeyWidth);
+                row.setDefaultKeyLabelFlags(savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags);
+                row.setDefaultBackgroundType(savedDefaultBackgroundType);
             }
-            final XmlResourceParser parserForInclude = mResources.getXml(keyboardLayout);
-            try {
-                parseMerge(parserForInclude, row, skip);
-            } finally {
-                if (row != null) {
-                    // Restore default keyWidth, keyLabelFlags, and backgroundType.
-                    row.setDefaultKeyWidth(savedDefaultKeyWidth);
-                    row.setDefaultKeyLabelFlags(savedDefaultKeyLabelFlags);
-                    row.setDefaultBackgroundType(savedDefaultBackgroundType);
-                }
-                parserForInclude.close();
-            }
+            parserForInclude.close();
         }
     }
 
@@ -516,11 +506,10 @@
                     } else {
                         parseRowContent(parser, row, skip);
                     }
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    throw new XmlParseUtils.ParseException(
-                            "Included keyboard layout must have <merge> root element", parser);
+                    return;
                 }
+                throw new XmlParseUtils.ParseException(
+                        "Included keyboard layout must have <merge> root element", parser);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -554,10 +543,9 @@
                 final String tag = parser.getName();
                 if (TAG_SWITCH.equals(tag)) {
                     if (DEBUG) endTag("</%s>", TAG_SWITCH);
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalEndTag(parser, tag, TAG_SWITCH);
+                    return;
                 }
+                throw new XmlParseUtils.IllegalEndTag(parser, tag, TAG_SWITCH);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -580,40 +568,40 @@
         if (id == null) {
             return true;
         }
-        final TypedArray a = mResources.obtainAttributes(Xml.asAttributeSet(parser),
-                R.styleable.Keyboard_Case);
+        final AttributeSet attr = Xml.asAttributeSet(parser);
+        final TypedArray caseAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(attr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case);
         try {
-            final boolean keyboardLayoutSetElementMatched = matchTypedValue(a,
+            final boolean keyboardLayoutSetElementMatched = matchTypedValue(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_keyboardLayoutSetElement, id.mElementId,
                     KeyboardId.elementIdToName(id.mElementId));
-            final boolean modeMatched = matchTypedValue(a,
+            final boolean modeMatched = matchTypedValue(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_mode, id.mMode, KeyboardId.modeName(id.mMode));
-            final boolean navigateNextMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean navigateNextMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_navigateNext, id.navigateNext());
-            final boolean navigatePreviousMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean navigatePreviousMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_navigatePrevious, id.navigatePrevious());
-            final boolean passwordInputMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean passwordInputMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_passwordInput, id.passwordInput());
-            final boolean clobberSettingsKeyMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean clobberSettingsKeyMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_clobberSettingsKey, id.mClobberSettingsKey);
-            final boolean shortcutKeyEnabledMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean shortcutKeyEnabledMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_shortcutKeyEnabled, id.mShortcutKeyEnabled);
-            final boolean shortcutKeyOnSymbolsMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean shortcutKeyOnSymbolsMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_shortcutKeyOnSymbols, id.mShortcutKeyOnSymbols);
-            final boolean hasShortcutKeyMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean hasShortcutKeyMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_hasShortcutKey, id.mHasShortcutKey);
-            final boolean languageSwitchKeyEnabledMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean languageSwitchKeyEnabledMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_languageSwitchKeyEnabled,
                     id.mLanguageSwitchKeyEnabled);
-            final boolean isMultiLineMatched = matchBoolean(a,
+            final boolean isMultiLineMatched = matchBoolean(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_isMultiLine, id.isMultiLine());
-            final boolean imeActionMatched = matchInteger(a,
+            final boolean imeActionMatched = matchInteger(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_imeAction, id.imeAction());
-            final boolean localeCodeMatched = matchString(a,
+            final boolean localeCodeMatched = matchString(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_localeCode, id.mLocale.toString());
-            final boolean languageCodeMatched = matchString(a,
+            final boolean languageCodeMatched = matchString(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_languageCode, id.mLocale.getLanguage());
-            final boolean countryCodeMatched = matchString(a,
+            final boolean countryCodeMatched = matchString(caseAttr,
                     R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_countryCode, id.mLocale.getCountry());
             final boolean selected = keyboardLayoutSetElementMatched && modeMatched
                     && navigateNextMatched && navigatePreviousMatched && passwordInputMatched
@@ -624,42 +612,42 @@
 
             if (DEBUG) {
                 startTag("<%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s>%s", TAG_CASE,
-                        textAttr(a.getString(
+                        textAttr(caseAttr.getString(
                                 R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_keyboardLayoutSetElement),
                                 "keyboardLayoutSetElement"),
-                        textAttr(a.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_mode), "mode"),
-                        textAttr(a.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_imeAction),
+                        textAttr(caseAttr.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_mode), "mode"),
+                        textAttr(caseAttr.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_imeAction),
                                 "imeAction"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_navigateNext,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_navigateNext,
                                 "navigateNext"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_navigatePrevious,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_navigatePrevious,
                                 "navigatePrevious"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_clobberSettingsKey,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_clobberSettingsKey,
                                 "clobberSettingsKey"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_passwordInput,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_passwordInput,
                                 "passwordInput"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_shortcutKeyEnabled,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_shortcutKeyEnabled,
                                 "shortcutKeyEnabled"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_shortcutKeyOnSymbols,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_shortcutKeyOnSymbols,
                                 "shortcutKeyOnSymbols"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_hasShortcutKey,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_hasShortcutKey,
                                 "hasShortcutKey"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_languageSwitchKeyEnabled,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_languageSwitchKeyEnabled,
                                 "languageSwitchKeyEnabled"),
-                        booleanAttr(a, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_isMultiLine,
+                        booleanAttr(caseAttr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_isMultiLine,
                                 "isMultiLine"),
-                        textAttr(a.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_localeCode),
+                        textAttr(caseAttr.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_localeCode),
                                 "localeCode"),
-                        textAttr(a.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_languageCode),
+                        textAttr(caseAttr.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_languageCode),
                                 "languageCode"),
-                        textAttr(a.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_countryCode),
+                        textAttr(caseAttr.getString(R.styleable.Keyboard_Case_countryCode),
                                 "countryCode"),
                         selected ? "" : " skipped");
             }
 
             return selected;
         } finally {
-            a.recycle();
+            caseAttr.recycle();
         }
     }
 
@@ -692,7 +680,8 @@
         }
         if (ResourceUtils.isIntegerValue(v)) {
             return intValue == a.getInt(index, 0);
-        } else if (ResourceUtils.isStringValue(v)) {
+        }
+        if (ResourceUtils.isStringValue(v)) {
             return StringUtils.containsInArray(strValue, a.getString(index).split("\\|"));
         }
         return false;
@@ -711,10 +700,10 @@
 
     private void parseKeyStyle(final XmlPullParser parser, final boolean skip)
             throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
-        TypedArray keyStyleAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(Xml.asAttributeSet(parser),
-                R.styleable.Keyboard_KeyStyle);
-        TypedArray keyAttrs = mResources.obtainAttributes(Xml.asAttributeSet(parser),
-                R.styleable.Keyboard_Key);
+        final AttributeSet attr = Xml.asAttributeSet(parser);
+        final TypedArray keyStyleAttr = mResources.obtainAttributes(
+                attr, R.styleable.Keyboard_KeyStyle);
+        final TypedArray keyAttrs = mResources.obtainAttributes(attr, R.styleable.Keyboard_Key);
         try {
             if (!keyStyleAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_KeyStyle_styleName)) {
                 throw new XmlParseUtils.ParseException("<" + TAG_KEY_STYLE
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardParams.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardParams.java
index a57b83a..d32bb75 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardParams.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardParams.java
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
     public void onAddKey(final Key newKey) {
         final Key key = (mKeysCache != null) ? mKeysCache.get(newKey) : newKey;
         final boolean isSpacer = key.isSpacer();
-        if (isSpacer && key.mWidth == 0) {
+        if (isSpacer && key.getWidth() == 0) {
             // Ignore zero width {@link Spacer}.
             return;
         }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
             return;
         }
         updateHistogram(key);
-        if (key.mCode == Constants.CODE_SHIFT) {
+        if (key.getCode() == Constants.CODE_SHIFT) {
             mShiftKeys.add(key);
         }
         if (key.altCodeWhileTyping()) {
@@ -125,14 +125,14 @@
     }
 
     private void updateHistogram(final Key key) {
-        final int height = key.mHeight + mVerticalGap;
+        final int height = key.getHeight() + mVerticalGap;
         final int heightCount = updateHistogramCounter(mHeightHistogram, height);
         if (heightCount > mMaxHeightCount) {
             mMaxHeightCount = heightCount;
             mMostCommonKeyHeight = height;
         }
 
-        final int width = key.mWidth + mHorizontalGap;
+        final int width = key.getWidth() + mHorizontalGap;
         final int widthCount = updateHistogramCounter(mWidthHistogram, width);
         if (widthCount > mMaxWidthCount) {
             mMaxWidthCount = widthCount;
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardRow.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardRow.java
index 5fe84a7..edfcec7 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardRow.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/keyboard/internal/KeyboardRow.java
@@ -111,22 +111,21 @@
     }
 
     public float getKeyX(final TypedArray keyAttr) {
-        if (keyAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyXPos)) {
-            final float keyXPos = keyAttr.getFraction(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyXPos,
-                    mParams.mBaseWidth, mParams.mBaseWidth, 0);
-            if (keyXPos < 0) {
-                // If keyXPos is negative, the actual x-coordinate will be
-                // keyboardWidth + keyXPos.
-                // keyXPos shouldn't be less than mCurrentX because drawable area for this
-                // key starts at mCurrentX. Or, this key will overlaps the adjacent key on
-                // its left hand side.
-                final int keyboardRightEdge = mParams.mOccupiedWidth - mParams.mRightPadding;
-                return Math.max(keyXPos + keyboardRightEdge, mCurrentX);
-            } else {
-                return keyXPos + mParams.mLeftPadding;
-            }
+        if (keyAttr == null || !keyAttr.hasValue(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyXPos)) {
+            return mCurrentX;
         }
-        return mCurrentX;
+        final float keyXPos = keyAttr.getFraction(R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyXPos,
+                mParams.mBaseWidth, mParams.mBaseWidth, 0);
+        if (keyXPos >= 0) {
+            return keyXPos + mParams.mLeftPadding;
+        }
+        // If keyXPos is negative, the actual x-coordinate will be
+        // keyboardWidth + keyXPos.
+        // keyXPos shouldn't be less than mCurrentX because drawable area for this
+        // key starts at mCurrentX. Or, this key will overlaps the adjacent key on
+        // its left hand side.
+        final int keyboardRightEdge = mParams.mOccupiedWidth - mParams.mRightPadding;
+        return Math.max(keyXPos + keyboardRightEdge, mCurrentX);
     }
 
     public float getKeyWidth(final TypedArray keyAttr) {
@@ -134,6 +133,9 @@
     }
 
     public float getKeyWidth(final TypedArray keyAttr, final float keyXPos) {
+        if (keyAttr == null) {
+            return mDefaultKeyWidth;
+        }
         final int widthType = ResourceUtils.getEnumValue(keyAttr,
                 R.styleable.Keyboard_Key_keyWidth, KEYWIDTH_NOT_ENUM);
         switch (widthType) {
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/BinaryDictionaryGetter.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/BinaryDictionaryGetter.java
index d0a4afd..7e497e9 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/BinaryDictionaryGetter.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/BinaryDictionaryGetter.java
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 import android.content.res.AssetFileDescriptor;
 import android.util.Log;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.utils.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.utils.DictionaryInfoUtils;
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@
         try {
             // Read the version of the file
             inStream = new FileInputStream(f);
-            final BinaryDictInputOutput.ByteBufferWrapper buffer =
-                    new BinaryDictInputOutput.ByteBufferWrapper(inStream.getChannel().map(
+            final BinaryDictDecoder.ByteBufferWrapper buffer =
+                    new BinaryDictDecoder.ByteBufferWrapper(inStream.getChannel().map(
                             FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, f.length()));
             final int magic = buffer.readInt();
             if (magic != FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER) {
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
             final int formatVersion = buffer.readInt();
             final int headerSize = buffer.readInt();
             final HashMap<String, String> options = CollectionUtils.newHashMap();
-            BinaryDictInputOutput.populateOptions(buffer, headerSize, options);
+            BinaryDictDecoder.populateOptions(buffer, headerSize, options);
 
             final String version = options.get(VERSION_KEY);
             if (null == version) {
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/DictionaryWriter.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/DictionaryWriter.java
index 47151bf..3b300a3 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/DictionaryWriter.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/DictionaryWriter.java
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 import com.android.inputmethod.keyboard.ProximityInfo;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.SuggestedWords.SuggestedWordInfo;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictEncoder;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.Node;
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
     @Override
     protected void writeBinaryDictionary(final FileOutputStream out)
             throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
-        BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(out, mFusionDictionary, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
+        BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(out, mFusionDictionary, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/WordComposer.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/WordComposer.java
index a09ca60..039dadc 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/WordComposer.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/WordComposer.java
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@
         final int x, y;
         final Key key;
         if (keyboard != null && (key = keyboard.getKey(codePoint)) != null) {
-            x = key.mX + key.mWidth / 2;
-            y = key.mY + key.mHeight / 2;
+            x = key.getX() + key.getWidth() / 2;
+            y = key.getY() + key.getHeight() / 2;
         } else {
             x = Constants.NOT_A_COORDINATE;
             y = Constants.NOT_A_COORDINATE;
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictDecoder.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictDecoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..767f4fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictDecoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict;
+
+import com.android.inputmethod.annotations.UsedForTesting;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FileHeader;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FormatOptions;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.CharGroup;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.Node;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.WeightedString;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.utils.JniUtils;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+/**
+ * Decodes binary files for a FusionDictionary.
+ *
+ * All the methods in this class are static.
+ */
+public final class BinaryDictDecoder {
+
+    private static final boolean DBG = MakedictLog.DBG;
+
+    static {
+        JniUtils.loadNativeLibrary();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: implement something sensical instead of just a phony method
+    private static native int doNothing();
+
+    private BinaryDictDecoder() {
+        // This utility class is not publicly instantiable.
+    }
+
+    private static final int MAX_JUMPS = 12;
+
+    @UsedForTesting
+    public interface FusionDictionaryBufferInterface {
+        public int readUnsignedByte();
+        public int readUnsignedShort();
+        public int readUnsignedInt24();
+        public int readInt();
+        public int position();
+        public void position(int newPosition);
+        public void put(final byte b);
+        public int limit();
+        @UsedForTesting
+        public int capacity();
+    }
+
+    public static final class ByteBufferWrapper implements FusionDictionaryBufferInterface {
+        private ByteBuffer mBuffer;
+
+        public ByteBufferWrapper(final ByteBuffer buffer) {
+            mBuffer = buffer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int readUnsignedByte() {
+            return mBuffer.get() & 0xFF;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int readUnsignedShort() {
+            return mBuffer.getShort() & 0xFFFF;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int readUnsignedInt24() {
+            final int retval = readUnsignedByte();
+            return (retval << 16) + readUnsignedShort();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int readInt() {
+            return mBuffer.getInt();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int position() {
+            return mBuffer.position();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void position(int newPos) {
+            mBuffer.position(newPos);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void put(final byte b) {
+            mBuffer.put(b);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int limit() {
+            return mBuffer.limit();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int capacity() {
+            return mBuffer.capacity();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A class grouping utility function for our specific character encoding.
+     */
+    static final class CharEncoding {
+        private static final int MINIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE = 0x20;
+        private static final int MAXIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE = 0xFF;
+
+        /**
+         * Helper method to find out whether this code fits on one byte
+         */
+        private static boolean fitsOnOneByte(final int character) {
+            return character >= MINIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE
+                    && character <= MAXIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compute the size of a character given its character code.
+         *
+         * Char format is:
+         * 1 byte = bbbbbbbb match
+         * case 000xxxxx: xxxxx << 16 + next byte << 8 + next byte
+         * else: if 00011111 (= 0x1F) : this is the terminator. This is a relevant choice because
+         *       unicode code points range from 0 to 0x10FFFF, so any 3-byte value starting with
+         *       00011111 would be outside unicode.
+         * else: iso-latin-1 code
+         * This allows for the whole unicode range to be encoded, including chars outside of
+         * the BMP. Also everything in the iso-latin-1 charset is only 1 byte, except control
+         * characters which should never happen anyway (and still work, but take 3 bytes).
+         *
+         * @param character the character code.
+         * @return the size in binary encoded-form, either 1 or 3 bytes.
+         */
+        static int getCharSize(final int character) {
+            // See char encoding in FusionDictionary.java
+            if (fitsOnOneByte(character)) return 1;
+            if (FormatSpec.INVALID_CHARACTER == character) return 1;
+            return 3;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compute the byte size of a character array.
+         */
+        static int getCharArraySize(final int[] chars) {
+            int size = 0;
+            for (int character : chars) size += getCharSize(character);
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Writes a char array to a byte buffer.
+         *
+         * @param codePoints the code point array to write.
+         * @param buffer the byte buffer to write to.
+         * @param index the index in buffer to write the character array to.
+         * @return the index after the last character.
+         */
+        static int writeCharArray(final int[] codePoints, final byte[] buffer, int index) {
+            for (int codePoint : codePoints) {
+                if (1 == getCharSize(codePoint)) {
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)codePoint;
+                } else {
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 16));
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 8));
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & codePoint);
+                }
+            }
+            return index;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Writes a string with our character format to a byte buffer.
+         *
+         * This will also write the terminator byte.
+         *
+         * @param buffer the byte buffer to write to.
+         * @param origin the offset to write from.
+         * @param word the string to write.
+         * @return the size written, in bytes.
+         */
+        static int writeString(final byte[] buffer, final int origin,
+                final String word) {
+            final int length = word.length();
+            int index = origin;
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i = word.offsetByCodePoints(i, 1)) {
+                final int codePoint = word.codePointAt(i);
+                if (1 == getCharSize(codePoint)) {
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)codePoint;
+                } else {
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 16));
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 8));
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & codePoint);
+                }
+            }
+            buffer[index++] = FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR;
+            return index - origin;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Writes a string with our character format to a ByteArrayOutputStream.
+         *
+         * This will also write the terminator byte.
+         *
+         * @param buffer the ByteArrayOutputStream to write to.
+         * @param word the string to write.
+         */
+        static void writeString(final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer, final String word) {
+            final int length = word.length();
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; i = word.offsetByCodePoints(i, 1)) {
+                final int codePoint = word.codePointAt(i);
+                if (1 == getCharSize(codePoint)) {
+                    buffer.write((byte) codePoint);
+                } else {
+                    buffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (codePoint >> 16)));
+                    buffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (codePoint >> 8)));
+                    buffer.write((byte) (0xFF & codePoint));
+                }
+            }
+            buffer.write(FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Reads a string from a buffer. This is the converse of the above method.
+         */
+        private static String readString(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer) {
+            final StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
+            int character = readChar(buffer);
+            while (character != FormatSpec.INVALID_CHARACTER) {
+                s.appendCodePoint(character);
+                character = readChar(buffer);
+            }
+            return s.toString();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Reads a character from the buffer.
+         *
+         * This follows the character format documented earlier in this source file.
+         *
+         * @param buffer the buffer, positioned over an encoded character.
+         * @return the character code.
+         */
+        static int readChar(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer) {
+            int character = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+            if (!fitsOnOneByte(character)) {
+                if (FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR == character) {
+                    return FormatSpec.INVALID_CHARACTER;
+                }
+                character <<= 16;
+                character += buffer.readUnsignedShort();
+            }
+            return character;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Input methods: Read a binary dictionary to memory.
+    // readDictionaryBinary is the public entry point for them.
+
+    static int readChildrenAddress(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
+            final int optionFlags, final FormatOptions options) {
+        if (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+            final int address = buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
+            if (address == 0) return FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS;
+            if ((address & FormatSpec.MSB24) != 0) {
+                return -(address & FormatSpec.SINT24_MAX);
+            } else {
+                return address;
+            }
+        }
+        int address;
+        switch (optionFlags & FormatSpec.MASK_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE) {
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE:
+                return buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES:
+                return buffer.readUnsignedShort();
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES:
+                return buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_NOADDRESS:
+            default:
+                return FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static int readParentAddress(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
+            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(formatOptions)) {
+            final int parentAddress = buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
+            final int sign = ((parentAddress & FormatSpec.MSB24) != 0) ? -1 : 1;
+            return sign * (parentAddress & FormatSpec.SINT24_MAX);
+        } else {
+            return FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final int[] CHARACTER_BUFFER = new int[FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH];
+    public static CharGroupInfo readCharGroup(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
+            final int originalGroupAddress, final FormatOptions options) {
+        int addressPointer = originalGroupAddress;
+        final int flags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+        ++addressPointer;
+
+        final int parentAddress = readParentAddress(buffer, options);
+        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(options)) {
+            addressPointer += 3;
+        }
+
+        final int characters[];
+        if (0 != (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_MULTIPLE_CHARS)) {
+            int index = 0;
+            int character = CharEncoding.readChar(buffer);
+            addressPointer += CharEncoding.getCharSize(character);
+            while (-1 != character) {
+                // FusionDictionary is making sure that the length of the word is smaller than
+                // MAX_WORD_LENGTH.
+                // So we'll never write past the end of CHARACTER_BUFFER.
+                CHARACTER_BUFFER[index++] = character;
+                character = CharEncoding.readChar(buffer);
+                addressPointer += CharEncoding.getCharSize(character);
+            }
+            characters = Arrays.copyOfRange(CHARACTER_BUFFER, 0, index);
+        } else {
+            final int character = CharEncoding.readChar(buffer);
+            addressPointer += CharEncoding.getCharSize(character);
+            characters = new int[] { character };
+        }
+        final int frequency;
+        if (0 != (FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL & flags)) {
+            ++addressPointer;
+            frequency = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+        } else {
+            frequency = CharGroup.NOT_A_TERMINAL;
+        }
+        int childrenAddress = readChildrenAddress(buffer, flags, options);
+        if (childrenAddress != FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS) {
+            childrenAddress += addressPointer;
+        }
+        addressPointer += BinaryDictIOUtils.getChildrenAddressSize(flags, options);
+        ArrayList<WeightedString> shortcutTargets = null;
+        if (0 != (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_SHORTCUT_TARGETS)) {
+            final int pointerBefore = buffer.position();
+            shortcutTargets = new ArrayList<WeightedString>();
+            buffer.readUnsignedShort(); // Skip the size
+            while (true) {
+                final int targetFlags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+                final String word = CharEncoding.readString(buffer);
+                shortcutTargets.add(new WeightedString(word,
+                        targetFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY));
+                if (0 == (targetFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT)) break;
+            }
+            addressPointer += buffer.position() - pointerBefore;
+        }
+        ArrayList<PendingAttribute> bigrams = null;
+        if (0 != (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_BIGRAMS)) {
+            bigrams = new ArrayList<PendingAttribute>();
+            int bigramCount = 0;
+            while (bigramCount++ < FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAMS_IN_A_GROUP) {
+                final int bigramFlags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+                ++addressPointer;
+                final int sign = 0 == (bigramFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_OFFSET_NEGATIVE)
+                        ? 1 : -1;
+                int bigramAddress = addressPointer;
+                switch (bigramFlags & FormatSpec.MASK_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE) {
+                case FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE:
+                    bigramAddress += sign * buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+                    addressPointer += 1;
+                    break;
+                case FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES:
+                    bigramAddress += sign * buffer.readUnsignedShort();
+                    addressPointer += 2;
+                    break;
+                case FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES:
+                    final int offset = (buffer.readUnsignedByte() << 16)
+                            + buffer.readUnsignedShort();
+                    bigramAddress += sign * offset;
+                    addressPointer += 3;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Has bigrams with no address");
+                }
+                bigrams.add(new PendingAttribute(bigramFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY,
+                        bigramAddress));
+                if (0 == (bigramFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT)) break;
+            }
+            if (bigramCount >= FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAMS_IN_A_GROUP) {
+                MakedictLog.d("too many bigrams in a group.");
+            }
+        }
+        return new CharGroupInfo(originalGroupAddress, addressPointer, flags, characters, frequency,
+                parentAddress, childrenAddress, shortcutTargets, bigrams);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads and returns the char group count out of a buffer and forwards the pointer.
+     */
+    public static int readCharGroupCount(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer) {
+        final int msb = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+        if (FormatSpec.MAX_CHARGROUPS_FOR_ONE_BYTE_CHARGROUP_COUNT >= msb) {
+            return msb;
+        } else {
+            return ((FormatSpec.MAX_CHARGROUPS_FOR_ONE_BYTE_CHARGROUP_COUNT & msb) << 8)
+                    + buffer.readUnsignedByte();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The word cache here is a stopgap bandaid to help the catastrophic performance
+    // of this method. Since it performs direct, unbuffered random access to the file and
+    // may be called hundreds of thousands of times, the resulting performance is not
+    // reasonable without some kind of cache. Thus:
+    private static TreeMap<Integer, WeightedString> wordCache =
+            new TreeMap<Integer, WeightedString>();
+    /**
+     * Finds, as a string, the word at the address passed as an argument.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer to read from.
+     * @param headerSize the size of the header.
+     * @param address the address to seek.
+     * @param formatOptions file format options.
+     * @return the word with its frequency, as a weighted string.
+     */
+    /* package for tests */ static WeightedString getWordAtAddress(
+            final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize, final int address,
+            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        final WeightedString cachedString = wordCache.get(address);
+        if (null != cachedString) return cachedString;
+
+        final WeightedString result;
+        final int originalPointer = buffer.position();
+        buffer.position(address);
+
+        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(formatOptions)) {
+            result = getWordAtAddressWithParentAddress(buffer, headerSize, address, formatOptions);
+        } else {
+            result = getWordAtAddressWithoutParentAddress(buffer, headerSize, address,
+                    formatOptions);
+        }
+
+        wordCache.put(address, result);
+        buffer.position(originalPointer);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: static!? This will behave erratically when used in multi-threaded code.
+    // We need to fix this
+    private static int[] sGetWordBuffer = new int[FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH];
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private static WeightedString getWordAtAddressWithParentAddress(
+            final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize, final int address,
+            final FormatOptions options) {
+        int currentAddress = address;
+        int index = FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH - 1;
+        int frequency = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        // the length of the path from the root to the leaf is limited by MAX_WORD_LENGTH
+        for (int count = 0; count < FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH; ++count) {
+            CharGroupInfo currentInfo;
+            int loopCounter = 0;
+            do {
+                buffer.position(currentAddress + headerSize);
+                currentInfo = readCharGroup(buffer, currentAddress, options);
+                if (BinaryDictIOUtils.isMovedGroup(currentInfo.mFlags, options)) {
+                    currentAddress = currentInfo.mParentAddress + currentInfo.mOriginalAddress;
+                }
+                if (DBG && loopCounter++ > MAX_JUMPS) {
+                    MakedictLog.d("Too many jumps - probably a bug");
+                }
+            } while (BinaryDictIOUtils.isMovedGroup(currentInfo.mFlags, options));
+            if (Integer.MIN_VALUE == frequency) frequency = currentInfo.mFrequency;
+            for (int i = 0; i < currentInfo.mCharacters.length; ++i) {
+                sGetWordBuffer[index--] =
+                        currentInfo.mCharacters[currentInfo.mCharacters.length - i - 1];
+            }
+            if (currentInfo.mParentAddress == FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS) break;
+            currentAddress = currentInfo.mParentAddress + currentInfo.mOriginalAddress;
+        }
+
+        return new WeightedString(
+                new String(sGetWordBuffer, index + 1, FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH - index - 1),
+                        frequency);
+    }
+
+    private static WeightedString getWordAtAddressWithoutParentAddress(
+            final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize, final int address,
+            final FormatOptions options) {
+        buffer.position(headerSize);
+        final int count = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+        int groupOffset = BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(count);
+        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+        WeightedString result = null;
+
+        CharGroupInfo last = null;
+        for (int i = count - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            CharGroupInfo info = readCharGroup(buffer, groupOffset, options);
+            groupOffset = info.mEndAddress;
+            if (info.mOriginalAddress == address) {
+                builder.append(new String(info.mCharacters, 0, info.mCharacters.length));
+                result = new WeightedString(builder.toString(), info.mFrequency);
+                break; // and return
+            }
+            if (BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(info.mChildrenAddress)) {
+                if (info.mChildrenAddress > address) {
+                    if (null == last) continue;
+                    builder.append(new String(last.mCharacters, 0, last.mCharacters.length));
+                    buffer.position(last.mChildrenAddress + headerSize);
+                    i = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+                    groupOffset = last.mChildrenAddress + BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(i);
+                    last = null;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                last = info;
+            }
+            if (0 == i && BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(last.mChildrenAddress)) {
+                builder.append(new String(last.mCharacters, 0, last.mCharacters.length));
+                buffer.position(last.mChildrenAddress + headerSize);
+                i = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+                groupOffset = last.mChildrenAddress + BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(i);
+                last = null;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a single node from a buffer.
+     *
+     * This methods reads the file at the current position. A node is fully expected to start at
+     * the current position.
+     * This will recursively read other nodes into the structure, populating the reverse
+     * maps on the fly and using them to keep track of already read nodes.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer, correctly positioned at the start of a node.
+     * @param headerSize the size, in bytes, of the file header.
+     * @param reverseNodeMap a mapping from addresses to already read nodes.
+     * @param reverseGroupMap a mapping from addresses to already read character groups.
+     * @param options file format options.
+     * @return the read node with all his children already read.
+     */
+    private static Node readNode(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize,
+            final Map<Integer, Node> reverseNodeMap, final Map<Integer, CharGroup> reverseGroupMap,
+            final FormatOptions options)
+            throws IOException {
+        final ArrayList<CharGroup> nodeContents = new ArrayList<CharGroup>();
+        final int nodeOrigin = buffer.position() - headerSize;
+
+        do { // Scan the linked-list node.
+            final int nodeHeadPosition = buffer.position() - headerSize;
+            final int count = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+            int groupOffset = nodeHeadPosition + BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(count);
+            for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) { // Scan the array of CharGroup.
+                CharGroupInfo info = readCharGroup(buffer, groupOffset, options);
+                if (BinaryDictIOUtils.isMovedGroup(info.mFlags, options)) continue;
+                ArrayList<WeightedString> shortcutTargets = info.mShortcutTargets;
+                ArrayList<WeightedString> bigrams = null;
+                if (null != info.mBigrams) {
+                    bigrams = new ArrayList<WeightedString>();
+                    for (PendingAttribute bigram : info.mBigrams) {
+                        final WeightedString word = getWordAtAddress(
+                                buffer, headerSize, bigram.mAddress, options);
+                        final int reconstructedFrequency =
+                                reconstructBigramFrequency(word.mFrequency, bigram.mFrequency);
+                        bigrams.add(new WeightedString(word.mWord, reconstructedFrequency));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(info.mChildrenAddress)) {
+                    Node children = reverseNodeMap.get(info.mChildrenAddress);
+                    if (null == children) {
+                        final int currentPosition = buffer.position();
+                        buffer.position(info.mChildrenAddress + headerSize);
+                        children = readNode(
+                                buffer, headerSize, reverseNodeMap, reverseGroupMap, options);
+                        buffer.position(currentPosition);
+                    }
+                    nodeContents.add(
+                            new CharGroup(info.mCharacters, shortcutTargets, bigrams,
+                                    info.mFrequency,
+                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_A_WORD),
+                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_BLACKLISTED), children));
+                } else {
+                    nodeContents.add(
+                            new CharGroup(info.mCharacters, shortcutTargets, bigrams,
+                                    info.mFrequency,
+                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_A_WORD),
+                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_BLACKLISTED)));
+                }
+                groupOffset = info.mEndAddress;
+            }
+
+            // reach the end of the array.
+            if (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+                final int nextAddress = buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
+                if (nextAddress >= 0 && nextAddress < buffer.limit()) {
+                    buffer.position(nextAddress);
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } while (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate &&
+                buffer.position() != FormatSpec.NO_FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS);
+
+        final Node node = new Node(nodeContents);
+        node.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = nodeOrigin;
+        node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate = nodeOrigin;
+        reverseNodeMap.put(node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate, node);
+        return node;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to get the binary format version from the header.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private static int getFormatVersion(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer)
+            throws IOException {
+        final int magic = buffer.readInt();
+        if (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER == magic) return buffer.readUnsignedShort();
+        return FormatSpec.NOT_A_VERSION_NUMBER;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to get and validate the binary format version.
+     * @throws UnsupportedFormatException
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private static int checkFormatVersion(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer)
+            throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
+        final int version = getFormatVersion(buffer);
+        if (version < FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION
+                || version > FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION) {
+            throw new UnsupportedFormatException("This file has version " + version
+                    + ", but this implementation does not support versions above "
+                    + FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION);
+        }
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a header from a buffer.
+     * @param buffer the buffer to read.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws UnsupportedFormatException
+     */
+    public static FileHeader readHeader(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer)
+            throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
+        final int version = checkFormatVersion(buffer);
+        final int optionsFlags = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
+
+        final HashMap<String, String> attributes = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        final int headerSize;
+        headerSize = buffer.readInt();
+
+        if (headerSize < 0) {
+            throw new UnsupportedFormatException("header size can't be negative.");
+        }
+
+        populateOptions(buffer, headerSize, attributes);
+        buffer.position(headerSize);
+
+        final FileHeader header = new FileHeader(headerSize,
+                new FusionDictionary.DictionaryOptions(attributes,
+                        0 != (optionsFlags & FormatSpec.GERMAN_UMLAUT_PROCESSING_FLAG),
+                        0 != (optionsFlags & FormatSpec.FRENCH_LIGATURE_PROCESSING_FLAG)),
+                new FormatOptions(version,
+                        0 != (optionsFlags & FormatSpec.SUPPORTS_DYNAMIC_UPDATE)));
+        return header;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads options from a buffer and populate a map with their contents.
+     *
+     * The buffer is read at the current position, so the caller must take care the pointer
+     * is in the right place before calling this.
+     */
+    public static void populateOptions(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
+            final int headerSize, final HashMap<String, String> options) {
+        while (buffer.position() < headerSize) {
+            final String key = CharEncoding.readString(buffer);
+            final String value = CharEncoding.readString(buffer);
+            options.put(key, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a buffer and returns the memory representation of the dictionary.
+     *
+     * This high-level method takes a buffer and reads its contents, populating a
+     * FusionDictionary structure. The optional dict argument is an existing dictionary to
+     * which words from the buffer should be added. If it is null, a new dictionary is created.
+     *
+     * @param reader the reader.
+     * @param dict an optional dictionary to add words to, or null.
+     * @return the created (or merged) dictionary.
+     */
+    @UsedForTesting
+    public static FusionDictionary readDictionaryBinary(final BinaryDictReader reader,
+            final FusionDictionary dict) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException,
+            UnsupportedFormatException {
+        // clear cache
+        wordCache.clear();
+
+        // if the buffer has not been opened, open the buffer with bytebuffer.
+        if (reader.getBuffer() == null) reader.openBuffer(
+                new BinaryDictReader.FusionDictionaryBufferFromByteBufferFactory());
+        if (reader.getBuffer() == null) {
+            MakedictLog.e("Cannot open the buffer");
+        }
+
+        // Read header
+        final FileHeader header = readHeader(reader.getBuffer());
+
+        Map<Integer, Node> reverseNodeMapping = new TreeMap<Integer, Node>();
+        Map<Integer, CharGroup> reverseGroupMapping = new TreeMap<Integer, CharGroup>();
+        final Node root = readNode(reader.getBuffer(), header.mHeaderSize, reverseNodeMapping,
+                reverseGroupMapping, header.mFormatOptions);
+
+        FusionDictionary newDict = new FusionDictionary(root, header.mDictionaryOptions);
+        if (null != dict) {
+            for (final Word w : dict) {
+                if (w.mIsBlacklistEntry) {
+                    newDict.addBlacklistEntry(w.mWord, w.mShortcutTargets, w.mIsNotAWord);
+                } else {
+                    newDict.add(w.mWord, w.mFrequency, w.mShortcutTargets, w.mIsNotAWord);
+                }
+            }
+            for (final Word w : dict) {
+                // By construction a binary dictionary may not have bigrams pointing to
+                // words that are not also registered as unigrams so we don't have to avoid
+                // them explicitly here.
+                for (final WeightedString bigram : w.mBigrams) {
+                    newDict.setBigram(w.mWord, bigram.mWord, bigram.mFrequency);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return newDict;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to pass a file name instead of a File object to isBinaryDictionary.
+     */
+    public static boolean isBinaryDictionary(final String filename) {
+        final File file = new File(filename);
+        return isBinaryDictionary(file);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Basic test to find out whether the file is a binary dictionary or not.
+     *
+     * Concretely this only tests the magic number.
+     *
+     * @param file The file to test.
+     * @return true if it's a binary dictionary, false otherwise
+     */
+    public static boolean isBinaryDictionary(final File file) {
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            final ByteBuffer buffer = inStream.getChannel().map(
+                    FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, file.length());
+            final int version = getFormatVersion(new ByteBufferWrapper(buffer));
+            return (version >= FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION
+                    && version <= FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION);
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            return false;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return false;
+        } finally {
+            if (inStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    inStream.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    // do nothing
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate bigram frequency from compressed value
+     *
+     * @see #makeBigramFlags
+     *
+     * @param unigramFrequency
+     * @param bigramFrequency compressed frequency
+     * @return approximate bigram frequency
+     */
+    public static int reconstructBigramFrequency(final int unigramFrequency,
+            final int bigramFrequency) {
+        final float stepSize = (FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY - unigramFrequency)
+                / (1.5f + FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAM_FREQUENCY);
+        final float resultFreqFloat = unigramFrequency + stepSize * (bigramFrequency + 1.0f);
+        return (int)resultFreqFloat;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictEncoder.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictEncoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85219e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictEncoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,993 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict;
+
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.CharEncoding;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FormatOptions;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.CharGroup;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.DictionaryOptions;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.Node;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.WeightedString;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+/**
+ * Encodes binary files for a FusionDictionary.
+ *
+ * All the methods in this class are static.
+ */
+public class BinaryDictEncoder {
+
+    private static final boolean DBG = MakedictLog.DBG;
+
+    private BinaryDictEncoder() {
+        // This utility class is not publicly instantiable.
+    }
+
+    // Arbitrary limit to how much passes we consider address size compression should
+    // terminate in. At the time of this writing, our largest dictionary completes
+    // compression in five passes.
+    // If the number of passes exceeds this number, makedict bails with an exception on
+    // suspicion that a bug might be causing an infinite loop.
+    private static final int MAX_PASSES = 24;
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the binary size of the character array.
+     *
+     * If only one character, this is the size of this character. If many, it's the sum of their
+     * sizes + 1 byte for the terminator.
+     *
+     * @param characters the character array
+     * @return the size of the char array, including the terminator if any
+     */
+    static int getGroupCharactersSize(final int[] characters) {
+        int size = CharEncoding.getCharArraySize(characters);
+        if (characters.length > 1) size += FormatSpec.GROUP_TERMINATOR_SIZE;
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the binary size of the character array in a group
+     *
+     * If only one character, this is the size of this character. If many, it's the sum of their
+     * sizes + 1 byte for the terminator.
+     *
+     * @param group the group
+     * @return the size of the char array, including the terminator if any
+     */
+    private static int getGroupCharactersSize(final CharGroup group) {
+        return getGroupCharactersSize(group.mChars);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the binary size of the group count for a node
+     * @param node the node
+     * @return the size of the group count, either 1 or 2 bytes.
+     */
+    private static int getGroupCountSize(final Node node) {
+        return BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(node.mData.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the size of a shortcut in bytes.
+     */
+    private static int getShortcutSize(final WeightedString shortcut) {
+        int size = FormatSpec.GROUP_ATTRIBUTE_FLAGS_SIZE;
+        final String word = shortcut.mWord;
+        final int length = word.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; i = word.offsetByCodePoints(i, 1)) {
+            final int codePoint = word.codePointAt(i);
+            size += CharEncoding.getCharSize(codePoint);
+        }
+        size += FormatSpec.GROUP_TERMINATOR_SIZE;
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the size of a shortcut list in bytes.
+     *
+     * This is known in advance and does not change according to position in the file
+     * like address lists do.
+     */
+    static int getShortcutListSize(final ArrayList<WeightedString> shortcutList) {
+        if (null == shortcutList) return 0;
+        int size = FormatSpec.GROUP_SHORTCUT_LIST_SIZE_SIZE;
+        for (final WeightedString shortcut : shortcutList) {
+            size += getShortcutSize(shortcut);
+        }
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the maximum size of a CharGroup, assuming 3-byte addresses for everything.
+     *
+     * @param group the CharGroup to compute the size of.
+     * @param options file format options.
+     * @return the maximum size of the group.
+     */
+    private static int getCharGroupMaximumSize(final CharGroup group, final FormatOptions options) {
+        int size = getGroupHeaderSize(group, options);
+        // If terminal, one byte for the frequency
+        if (group.isTerminal()) size += FormatSpec.GROUP_FREQUENCY_SIZE;
+        size += FormatSpec.GROUP_MAX_ADDRESS_SIZE; // For children address
+        size += getShortcutListSize(group.mShortcutTargets);
+        if (null != group.mBigrams) {
+            size += (FormatSpec.GROUP_ATTRIBUTE_FLAGS_SIZE
+                    + FormatSpec.GROUP_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_ADDRESS_SIZE)
+                    * group.mBigrams.size();
+        }
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the maximum size of a node, assuming 3-byte addresses for everything, and caches
+     * it in the 'actualSize' member of the node.
+     *
+     * @param node the node to compute the maximum size of.
+     * @param options file format options.
+     */
+    private static void calculateNodeMaximumSize(final Node node, final FormatOptions options) {
+        int size = getGroupCountSize(node);
+        for (CharGroup g : node.mData) {
+            final int groupSize = getCharGroupMaximumSize(g, options);
+            g.mCachedSize = groupSize;
+            size += groupSize;
+        }
+        if (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+            size += FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE;
+        }
+        node.mCachedSize = size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the size of the header (flag + [parent address] + characters size) of a CharGroup.
+     *
+     * @param group the group of which to compute the size of the header
+     * @param options file format options.
+     */
+    private static int getGroupHeaderSize(final CharGroup group, final FormatOptions options) {
+        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(options)) {
+            return FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE + FormatSpec.PARENT_ADDRESS_SIZE
+                    + getGroupCharactersSize(group);
+        } else {
+            return FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE + getGroupCharactersSize(group);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the size, in bytes, that an address will occupy.
+     *
+     * This can be used either for children addresses (which are always positive) or for
+     * attribute, which may be positive or negative but
+     * store their sign bit separately.
+     *
+     * @param address the address
+     * @return the byte size.
+     */
+    static int getByteSize(final int address) {
+        assert(address <= FormatSpec.UINT24_MAX);
+        if (!BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(address)) {
+            return 0;
+        } else if (Math.abs(address) <= FormatSpec.UINT8_MAX) {
+            return 1;
+        } else if (Math.abs(address) <= FormatSpec.UINT16_MAX) {
+            return 2;
+        } else {
+            return 3;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // End utility methods
+
+    // This method is responsible for finding a nice ordering of the nodes that favors run-time
+    // cache performance and dictionary size.
+    /* package for tests */ static ArrayList<Node> flattenTree(final Node root) {
+        final int treeSize = FusionDictionary.countCharGroups(root);
+        MakedictLog.i("Counted nodes : " + treeSize);
+        final ArrayList<Node> flatTree = new ArrayList<Node>(treeSize);
+        return flattenTreeInner(flatTree, root);
+    }
+
+    private static ArrayList<Node> flattenTreeInner(final ArrayList<Node> list, final Node node) {
+        // Removing the node is necessary if the tails are merged, because we would then
+        // add the same node several times when we only want it once. A number of places in
+        // the code also depends on any node being only once in the list.
+        // Merging tails can only be done if there are no attributes. Searching for attributes
+        // in LatinIME code depends on a total breadth-first ordering, which merging tails
+        // breaks. If there are no attributes, it should be fine (and reduce the file size)
+        // to merge tails, and removing the node from the list would be necessary. However,
+        // we don't merge tails because breaking the breadth-first ordering would result in
+        // extreme overhead at bigram lookup time (it would make the search function O(n) instead
+        // of the current O(log(n)), where n=number of nodes in the dictionary which is pretty
+        // high).
+        // If no nodes are ever merged, we can't have the same node twice in the list, hence
+        // searching for duplicates in unnecessary. It is also very performance consuming,
+        // since `list' is an ArrayList so it's an O(n) operation that runs on all nodes, making
+        // this simple list.remove operation O(n*n) overall. On Android this overhead is very
+        // high.
+        // For future reference, the code to remove duplicate is a simple : list.remove(node);
+        list.add(node);
+        final ArrayList<CharGroup> branches = node.mData;
+        final int nodeSize = branches.size();
+        for (CharGroup group : branches) {
+            if (null != group.mChildren) flattenTreeInner(list, group.mChildren);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the offset from a position inside a current node to a target node, during update.
+     *
+     * If the current node is before the target node, the target node has not been updated yet,
+     * so we should return the offset from the old position of the current node to the old position
+     * of the target node. If on the other hand the target is before the current node, it already
+     * has been updated, so we should return the offset from the new position in the current node
+     * to the new position in the target node.
+     * @param currentNode the node containing the CharGroup where the offset will be written
+     * @param offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode the offset, in bytes, from the start of currentNode
+     * @param targetNode the target node to get the offset to
+     * @return the offset to the target node
+     */
+    private static int getOffsetToTargetNodeDuringUpdate(final Node currentNode,
+            final int offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode, final Node targetNode) {
+        final boolean isTargetBeforeCurrent = (targetNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
+                < currentNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate);
+        if (isTargetBeforeCurrent) {
+            return targetNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate
+                    - (currentNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode);
+        } else {
+            return targetNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
+                    - (currentNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the offset from a position inside a current node to a target CharGroup, during update.
+     * @param currentNode the node containing the CharGroup where the offset will be written
+     * @param offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode the offset, in bytes, from the start of currentNode
+     * @param targetCharGroup the target CharGroup to get the offset to
+     * @return the offset to the target CharGroup
+     */
+    // TODO: is there any way to factorize this method with the one above?
+    private static int getOffsetToTargetCharGroupDuringUpdate(final Node currentNode,
+            final int offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode, final CharGroup targetCharGroup) {
+        final int oldOffsetBasePoint = currentNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
+                + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode;
+        final boolean isTargetBeforeCurrent = (targetCharGroup.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
+                < oldOffsetBasePoint);
+        // If the target is before the current node, then its address has already been updated.
+        // We can use the AfterUpdate member, and compare it to our own member after update.
+        // Otherwise, the AfterUpdate member is not updated yet, so we need to use the BeforeUpdate
+        // member, and of course we have to compare this to our own address before update.
+        if (isTargetBeforeCurrent) {
+            final int newOffsetBasePoint = currentNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate
+                    + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode;
+            return targetCharGroup.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate - newOffsetBasePoint;
+        } else {
+            return targetCharGroup.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate - oldOffsetBasePoint;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the actual node size, based on the cached addresses of the children nodes.
+     *
+     * Each node stores its tentative address. During dictionary address computing, these
+     * are not final, but they can be used to compute the node size (the node size depends
+     * on the address of the children because the number of bytes necessary to store an
+     * address depends on its numeric value. The return value indicates whether the node
+     * contents (as in, any of the addresses stored in the cache fields) have changed with
+     * respect to their previous value.
+     *
+     * @param node the node to compute the size of.
+     * @param dict the dictionary in which the word/attributes are to be found.
+     * @param formatOptions file format options.
+     * @return false if none of the cached addresses inside the node changed, true otherwise.
+     */
+    private static boolean computeActualNodeSize(final Node node, final FusionDictionary dict,
+            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        boolean changed = false;
+        int size = getGroupCountSize(node);
+        for (CharGroup group : node.mData) {
+            group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate = node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + size;
+            if (group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate != group.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate) {
+                changed = true;
+            }
+            int groupSize = getGroupHeaderSize(group, formatOptions);
+            if (group.isTerminal()) groupSize += FormatSpec.GROUP_FREQUENCY_SIZE;
+            if (null == group.mChildren && formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+                groupSize += FormatSpec.SIGNED_CHILDREN_ADDRESS_SIZE;
+            } else if (null != group.mChildren) {
+                if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+                    groupSize += FormatSpec.SIGNED_CHILDREN_ADDRESS_SIZE;
+                } else {
+                    groupSize += getByteSize(getOffsetToTargetNodeDuringUpdate(node,
+                            groupSize + size, group.mChildren));
+                }
+            }
+            groupSize += getShortcutListSize(group.mShortcutTargets);
+            if (null != group.mBigrams) {
+                for (WeightedString bigram : group.mBigrams) {
+                    final int offset = getOffsetToTargetCharGroupDuringUpdate(node,
+                            groupSize + size + FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE,
+                            FusionDictionary.findWordInTree(dict.mRoot, bigram.mWord));
+                    groupSize += getByteSize(offset) + FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE;
+                }
+            }
+            group.mCachedSize = groupSize;
+            size += groupSize;
+        }
+        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+            size += FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE;
+        }
+        if (node.mCachedSize != size) {
+            node.mCachedSize = size;
+            changed = true;
+        }
+        return changed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the cached addresses of nodes from their size.
+     *
+     * @param flatNodes the array of nodes.
+     * @param formatOptions file format options.
+     * @return the byte size of the entire stack.
+     */
+    private static int initializeNodesCachedAddresses(final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes,
+            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        int nodeOffset = 0;
+        for (final Node n : flatNodes) {
+            n.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = nodeOffset;
+            int groupCountSize = getGroupCountSize(n);
+            int groupOffset = 0;
+            for (final CharGroup g : n.mData) {
+                g.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = g.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate =
+                        groupCountSize + nodeOffset + groupOffset;
+                groupOffset += g.mCachedSize;
+            }
+            final int nodeSize = groupCountSize + groupOffset
+                    + (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate
+                            ? FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE : 0);
+            nodeOffset += n.mCachedSize;
+        }
+        return nodeOffset;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the cached addresses of nodes after recomputing their new positions.
+     *
+     * @param flatNodes the array of nodes.
+     */
+    private static void updateNodeCachedAddresses(final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes) {
+        for (final Node n : flatNodes) {
+            n.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
+            for (final CharGroup g : n.mData) {
+                g.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = g.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the cached parent addresses after all has been updated.
+     *
+     * The parent addresses are used by some binary formats at write-to-disk time. Not all formats
+     * need them. In particular, version 2 does not need them, and version 3 does.
+     *
+     * @param flatNodes the flat array of nodes to fill in
+     */
+    private static void computeParentAddresses(final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes) {
+        for (final Node node : flatNodes) {
+            for (final CharGroup group : node.mData) {
+                if (null != group.mChildren) {
+                    // Assign my address to children's parent address
+                    // Here BeforeUpdate and AfterUpdate addresses have the same value, so it
+                    // does not matter which we use.
+                    group.mChildren.mCachedParentAddress = group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate
+                            - group.mChildren.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the addresses and sizes of an ordered node array.
+     *
+     * This method takes a node array and will update its cached address and size values
+     * so that they can be written into a file. It determines the smallest size each of the
+     * nodes can be given the addresses of its children and attributes, and store that into
+     * each node.
+     * The order of the node is given by the order of the array. This method makes no effort
+     * to find a good order; it only mechanically computes the size this order results in.
+     *
+     * @param dict the dictionary
+     * @param flatNodes the ordered array of nodes
+     * @param formatOptions file format options.
+     * @return the same array it was passed. The nodes have been updated for address and size.
+     */
+    private static ArrayList<Node> computeAddresses(final FusionDictionary dict,
+            final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        // First get the worst possible sizes and offsets
+        for (final Node n : flatNodes) calculateNodeMaximumSize(n, formatOptions);
+        final int offset = initializeNodesCachedAddresses(flatNodes, formatOptions);
+
+        MakedictLog.i("Compressing the array addresses. Original size : " + offset);
+        MakedictLog.i("(Recursively seen size : " + offset + ")");
+
+        int passes = 0;
+        boolean changesDone = false;
+        do {
+            changesDone = false;
+            int nodeStartOffset = 0;
+            for (final Node n : flatNodes) {
+                n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate = nodeStartOffset;
+                final int oldNodeSize = n.mCachedSize;
+                final boolean changed = computeActualNodeSize(n, dict, formatOptions);
+                final int newNodeSize = n.mCachedSize;
+                if (oldNodeSize < newNodeSize) throw new RuntimeException("Increased size ?!");
+                nodeStartOffset += newNodeSize;
+                changesDone |= changed;
+            }
+            updateNodeCachedAddresses(flatNodes);
+            ++passes;
+            if (passes > MAX_PASSES) throw new RuntimeException("Too many passes - probably a bug");
+        } while (changesDone);
+
+        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+            computeParentAddresses(flatNodes);
+        }
+        final Node lastNode = flatNodes.get(flatNodes.size() - 1);
+        MakedictLog.i("Compression complete in " + passes + " passes.");
+        MakedictLog.i("After address compression : "
+                + (lastNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + lastNode.mCachedSize));
+
+        return flatNodes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sanity-checking method.
+     *
+     * This method checks an array of node for juxtaposition, that is, it will do
+     * nothing if each node's cached address is actually the previous node's address
+     * plus the previous node's size.
+     * If this is not the case, it will throw an exception.
+     *
+     * @param array the array node to check
+     */
+    private static void checkFlatNodeArray(final ArrayList<Node> array) {
+        int offset = 0;
+        int index = 0;
+        for (final Node n : array) {
+            // BeforeUpdate and AfterUpdate addresses are the same here, so it does not matter
+            // which we use.
+            if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate != offset) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Wrong address for node " + index
+                        + " : expected " + offset + ", got " + n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate);
+            }
+            ++index;
+            offset += n.mCachedSize;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to write a variable-size address to a file.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer to write to.
+     * @param index the index in the buffer to write the address to.
+     * @param address the address to write.
+     * @return the size in bytes the address actually took.
+     */
+    private static int writeVariableAddress(final byte[] buffer, int index, final int address) {
+        switch (getByteSize(address)) {
+        case 1:
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)address;
+            return 1;
+        case 2:
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (address >> 8));
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & address);
+            return 2;
+        case 3:
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (address >> 16));
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (address >> 8));
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & address);
+            return 3;
+        case 0:
+            return 0;
+        default:
+            throw new RuntimeException("Address " + address + " has a strange size");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to write a variable-size signed address to a file.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer to write to.
+     * @param index the index in the buffer to write the address to.
+     * @param address the address to write.
+     * @return the size in bytes the address actually took.
+     */
+    private static int writeVariableSignedAddress(final byte[] buffer, int index,
+            final int address) {
+        if (!BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(address)) {
+            buffer[index] = buffer[index + 1] = buffer[index + 2] = 0;
+        } else {
+            final int absAddress = Math.abs(address);
+            buffer[index++] =
+                    (byte)((address < 0 ? FormatSpec.MSB8 : 0) | (0xFF & (absAddress >> 16)));
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (absAddress >> 8));
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & absAddress);
+        }
+        return 3;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes the flag value for a char group.
+     *
+     * @param hasMultipleChars whether the group has multiple chars.
+     * @param isTerminal whether the group is terminal.
+     * @param childrenAddressSize the size of a children address.
+     * @param hasShortcuts whether the group has shortcuts.
+     * @param hasBigrams whether the group has bigrams.
+     * @param isNotAWord whether the group is not a word.
+     * @param isBlackListEntry whether the group is a blacklist entry.
+     * @param formatOptions file format options.
+     * @return the flags
+     */
+    static int makeCharGroupFlags(final boolean hasMultipleChars, final boolean isTerminal,
+            final int childrenAddressSize, final boolean hasShortcuts, final boolean hasBigrams,
+            final boolean isNotAWord, final boolean isBlackListEntry,
+            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        byte flags = 0;
+        if (hasMultipleChars) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_MULTIPLE_CHARS;
+        if (isTerminal) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL;
+        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+            flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_MOVED;
+        } else if (true) {
+            switch (childrenAddressSize) {
+                case 1:
+                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE;
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES;
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES;
+                    break;
+                case 0:
+                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_NOADDRESS;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Node with a strange address");
+            }
+        }
+        if (hasShortcuts) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_SHORTCUT_TARGETS;
+        if (hasBigrams) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_BIGRAMS;
+        if (isNotAWord) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_A_WORD;
+        if (isBlackListEntry) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_BLACKLISTED;
+        return flags;
+    }
+
+    private static byte makeCharGroupFlags(final CharGroup group, final int groupAddress,
+            final int childrenOffset, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        return (byte) makeCharGroupFlags(group.mChars.length > 1, group.mFrequency >= 0,
+                getByteSize(childrenOffset), group.mShortcutTargets != null, group.mBigrams != null,
+                group.mIsNotAWord, group.mIsBlacklistEntry, formatOptions);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes the flag value for a bigram.
+     *
+     * @param more whether there are more bigrams after this one.
+     * @param offset the offset of the bigram.
+     * @param bigramFrequency the frequency of the bigram, 0..255.
+     * @param unigramFrequency the unigram frequency of the same word, 0..255.
+     * @param word the second bigram, for debugging purposes
+     * @return the flags
+     */
+    private static final int makeBigramFlags(final boolean more, final int offset,
+            int bigramFrequency, final int unigramFrequency, final String word) {
+        int bigramFlags = (more ? FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT : 0)
+                + (offset < 0 ? FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_OFFSET_NEGATIVE : 0);
+        switch (getByteSize(offset)) {
+        case 1:
+            bigramFlags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE;
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            bigramFlags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES;
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            bigramFlags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES;
+            break;
+        default:
+            throw new RuntimeException("Strange offset size");
+        }
+        if (unigramFrequency > bigramFrequency) {
+            MakedictLog.e("Unigram freq is superior to bigram freq for \"" + word
+                    + "\". Bigram freq is " + bigramFrequency + ", unigram freq for "
+                    + word + " is " + unigramFrequency);
+            bigramFrequency = unigramFrequency;
+        }
+        // We compute the difference between 255 (which means probability = 1) and the
+        // unigram score. We split this into a number of discrete steps.
+        // Now, the steps are numbered 0~15; 0 represents an increase of 1 step while 15
+        // represents an increase of 16 steps: a value of 15 will be interpreted as the median
+        // value of the 16th step. In all justice, if the bigram frequency is low enough to be
+        // rounded below the first step (which means it is less than half a step higher than the
+        // unigram frequency) then the unigram frequency itself is the best approximation of the
+        // bigram freq that we could possibly supply, hence we should *not* include this bigram
+        // in the file at all.
+        // until this is done, we'll write 0 and slightly overestimate this case.
+        // In other words, 0 means "between 0.5 step and 1.5 step", 1 means "between 1.5 step
+        // and 2.5 steps", and 15 means "between 15.5 steps and 16.5 steps". So we want to
+        // divide our range [unigramFreq..MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY] in 16.5 steps to get the
+        // step size. Then we compute the start of the first step (the one where value 0 starts)
+        // by adding half-a-step to the unigramFrequency. From there, we compute the integer
+        // number of steps to the bigramFrequency. One last thing: we want our steps to include
+        // their lower bound and exclude their higher bound so we need to have the first step
+        // start at exactly 1 unit higher than floor(unigramFreq + half a step).
+        // Note : to reconstruct the score, the dictionary reader will need to divide
+        // MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY - unigramFreq by 16.5 likewise to get the value of the step,
+        // and add (discretizedFrequency + 0.5 + 0.5) times this value to get the best
+        // approximation. (0.5 to get the first step start, and 0.5 to get the middle of the
+        // step pointed by the discretized frequency.
+        final float stepSize =
+                (FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY - unigramFrequency)
+                / (1.5f + FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAM_FREQUENCY);
+        final float firstStepStart = 1 + unigramFrequency + (stepSize / 2.0f);
+        final int discretizedFrequency = (int)((bigramFrequency - firstStepStart) / stepSize);
+        // If the bigram freq is less than half-a-step higher than the unigram freq, we get -1
+        // here. The best approximation would be the unigram freq itself, so we should not
+        // include this bigram in the dictionary. For now, register as 0, and live with the
+        // small over-estimation that we get in this case. TODO: actually remove this bigram
+        // if discretizedFrequency < 0.
+        final int finalBigramFrequency = discretizedFrequency > 0 ? discretizedFrequency : 0;
+        bigramFlags += finalBigramFrequency & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY;
+        return bigramFlags;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes the 2-byte value for options flags.
+     */
+    private static final int makeOptionsValue(final FusionDictionary dictionary,
+            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        final DictionaryOptions options = dictionary.mOptions;
+        final boolean hasBigrams = dictionary.hasBigrams();
+        return (options.mFrenchLigatureProcessing ? FormatSpec.FRENCH_LIGATURE_PROCESSING_FLAG : 0)
+                + (options.mGermanUmlautProcessing ? FormatSpec.GERMAN_UMLAUT_PROCESSING_FLAG : 0)
+                + (hasBigrams ? FormatSpec.CONTAINS_BIGRAMS_FLAG : 0)
+                + (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate ? FormatSpec.SUPPORTS_DYNAMIC_UPDATE : 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Makes the flag value for a shortcut.
+     *
+     * @param more whether there are more attributes after this one.
+     * @param frequency the frequency of the attribute, 0..15
+     * @return the flags
+     */
+    static final int makeShortcutFlags(final boolean more, final int frequency) {
+        return (more ? FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT : 0)
+                + (frequency & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY);
+    }
+
+    private static final int writeParentAddress(final byte[] buffer, final int index,
+            final int address, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(formatOptions)) {
+            if (address == FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS) {
+                buffer[index] = buffer[index + 1] = buffer[index + 2] = 0;
+            } else {
+                final int absAddress = Math.abs(address);
+                assert(absAddress <= FormatSpec.SINT24_MAX);
+                buffer[index] = (byte)((address < 0 ? FormatSpec.MSB8 : 0)
+                        | ((absAddress >> 16) & 0xFF));
+                buffer[index + 1] = (byte)((absAddress >> 8) & 0xFF);
+                buffer[index + 2] = (byte)(absAddress & 0xFF);
+            }
+            return index + 3;
+        } else {
+            return index;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write a node to memory. The node is expected to have its final position cached.
+     *
+     * This can be an empty map, but the more is inside the faster the lookups will be. It can
+     * be carried on as long as nodes do not move.
+     *
+     * @param dict the dictionary the node is a part of (for relative offsets).
+     * @param buffer the memory buffer to write to.
+     * @param node the node to write.
+     * @param formatOptions file format options.
+     * @return the address of the END of the node.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private static int writePlacedNode(final FusionDictionary dict, byte[] buffer,
+            final Node node, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        // TODO: Make the code in common with BinaryDictIOUtils#writeCharGroup
+        int index = node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
+
+        final int groupCount = node.mData.size();
+        final int countSize = getGroupCountSize(node);
+        final int parentAddress = node.mCachedParentAddress;
+        if (1 == countSize) {
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)groupCount;
+        } else if (2 == countSize) {
+            // We need to signal 2-byte size by setting the top bit of the MSB to 1, so
+            // we | 0x80 to do this.
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)((groupCount >> 8) | 0x80);
+            buffer[index++] = (byte)(groupCount & 0xFF);
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Strange size from getGroupCountSize : " + countSize);
+        }
+        int groupAddress = index;
+        for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; ++i) {
+            final CharGroup group = node.mData.get(i);
+            if (index != group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Bug: write index is not the same as the cached address "
+                        + "of the group : " + index + " <> " + group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate);
+            }
+            groupAddress += getGroupHeaderSize(group, formatOptions);
+            // Sanity checks.
+            if (DBG && group.mFrequency > FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("A node has a frequency > "
+                        + FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY
+                        + " : " + group.mFrequency);
+            }
+            if (group.mFrequency >= 0) groupAddress += FormatSpec.GROUP_FREQUENCY_SIZE;
+            final int childrenOffset = null == group.mChildren
+                    ? FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS
+                            : group.mChildren.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate - groupAddress;
+            buffer[index++] =
+                    makeCharGroupFlags(group, groupAddress, childrenOffset, formatOptions);
+
+            if (parentAddress == FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS) {
+                index = writeParentAddress(buffer, index, parentAddress, formatOptions);
+            } else {
+                index = writeParentAddress(buffer, index, parentAddress
+                        + (node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate - group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate),
+                        formatOptions);
+            }
+
+            index = CharEncoding.writeCharArray(group.mChars, buffer, index);
+            if (group.hasSeveralChars()) {
+                buffer[index++] = FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR;
+            }
+            if (group.mFrequency >= 0) {
+                buffer[index++] = (byte) group.mFrequency;
+            }
+
+            final int shift;
+            if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+                shift = writeVariableSignedAddress(buffer, index, childrenOffset);
+            } else {
+                shift = writeVariableAddress(buffer, index, childrenOffset);
+            }
+            index += shift;
+            groupAddress += shift;
+
+            // Write shortcuts
+            if (null != group.mShortcutTargets) {
+                final int indexOfShortcutByteSize = index;
+                index += FormatSpec.GROUP_SHORTCUT_LIST_SIZE_SIZE;
+                groupAddress += FormatSpec.GROUP_SHORTCUT_LIST_SIZE_SIZE;
+                final Iterator<WeightedString> shortcutIterator = group.mShortcutTargets.iterator();
+                while (shortcutIterator.hasNext()) {
+                    final WeightedString target = shortcutIterator.next();
+                    ++groupAddress;
+                    int shortcutFlags = makeShortcutFlags(shortcutIterator.hasNext(),
+                            target.mFrequency);
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)shortcutFlags;
+                    final int shortcutShift = CharEncoding.writeString(buffer, index, target.mWord);
+                    index += shortcutShift;
+                    groupAddress += shortcutShift;
+                }
+                final int shortcutByteSize = index - indexOfShortcutByteSize;
+                if (shortcutByteSize > 0xFFFF) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Shortcut list too large");
+                }
+                buffer[indexOfShortcutByteSize] = (byte)(shortcutByteSize >> 8);
+                buffer[indexOfShortcutByteSize + 1] = (byte)(shortcutByteSize & 0xFF);
+            }
+            // Write bigrams
+            if (null != group.mBigrams) {
+                final Iterator<WeightedString> bigramIterator = group.mBigrams.iterator();
+                while (bigramIterator.hasNext()) {
+                    final WeightedString bigram = bigramIterator.next();
+                    final CharGroup target =
+                            FusionDictionary.findWordInTree(dict.mRoot, bigram.mWord);
+                    final int addressOfBigram = target.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
+                    final int unigramFrequencyForThisWord = target.mFrequency;
+                    ++groupAddress;
+                    final int offset = addressOfBigram - groupAddress;
+                    int bigramFlags = makeBigramFlags(bigramIterator.hasNext(), offset,
+                            bigram.mFrequency, unigramFrequencyForThisWord, bigram.mWord);
+                    buffer[index++] = (byte)bigramFlags;
+                    final int bigramShift = writeVariableAddress(buffer, index, Math.abs(offset));
+                    index += bigramShift;
+                    groupAddress += bigramShift;
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
+            buffer[index] = buffer[index + 1] = buffer[index + 2]
+                    = FormatSpec.NO_FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS;
+            index += FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE;
+        }
+        if (index != node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + node.mCachedSize) throw new RuntimeException(
+                "Not the same size : written "
+                + (index - node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate) + " bytes from a node that should have "
+                + node.mCachedSize + " bytes");
+        return index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dumps a collection of useful statistics about a node array.
+     *
+     * This prints purely informative stuff, like the total estimated file size, the
+     * number of nodes, of character groups, the repartition of each address size, etc
+     *
+     * @param nodes the node array.
+     */
+    private static void showStatistics(ArrayList<Node> nodes) {
+        int firstTerminalAddress = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int lastTerminalAddress = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        int size = 0;
+        int charGroups = 0;
+        int maxGroups = 0;
+        int maxRuns = 0;
+        for (final Node n : nodes) {
+            if (maxGroups < n.mData.size()) maxGroups = n.mData.size();
+            for (final CharGroup cg : n.mData) {
+                ++charGroups;
+                if (cg.mChars.length > maxRuns) maxRuns = cg.mChars.length;
+                if (cg.mFrequency >= 0) {
+                    if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate < firstTerminalAddress)
+                        firstTerminalAddress = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
+                    if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate > lastTerminalAddress)
+                        lastTerminalAddress = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
+                }
+            }
+            if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + n.mCachedSize > size) {
+                size = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + n.mCachedSize;
+            }
+        }
+        final int[] groupCounts = new int[maxGroups + 1];
+        final int[] runCounts = new int[maxRuns + 1];
+        for (final Node n : nodes) {
+            ++groupCounts[n.mData.size()];
+            for (final CharGroup cg : n.mData) {
+                ++runCounts[cg.mChars.length];
+            }
+        }
+
+        MakedictLog.i("Statistics:\n"
+                + "  total file size " + size + "\n"
+                + "  " + nodes.size() + " nodes\n"
+                + "  " + charGroups + " groups (" + ((float)charGroups / nodes.size())
+                        + " groups per node)\n"
+                + "  first terminal at " + firstTerminalAddress + "\n"
+                + "  last terminal at " + lastTerminalAddress + "\n"
+                + "  Group stats : max = " + maxGroups);
+        for (int i = 0; i < groupCounts.length; ++i) {
+            MakedictLog.i("    " + i + " : " + groupCounts[i]);
+        }
+        MakedictLog.i("  Character run stats : max = " + maxRuns);
+        for (int i = 0; i < runCounts.length; ++i) {
+            MakedictLog.i("    " + i + " : " + runCounts[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dumps a FusionDictionary to a file.
+     *
+     * This is the public entry point to write a dictionary to a file.
+     *
+     * @param destination the stream to write the binary data to.
+     * @param dict the dictionary to write.
+     * @param formatOptions file format options.
+     */
+    public static void writeDictionaryBinary(final OutputStream destination,
+            final FusionDictionary dict, final FormatOptions formatOptions)
+            throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
+
+        // Addresses are limited to 3 bytes, but since addresses can be relative to each node, the
+        // structure itself is not limited to 16MB. However, if it is over 16MB deciding the order
+        // of the nodes becomes a quite complicated problem, because though the dictionary itself
+        // does not have a size limit, each node must still be within 16MB of all its children and
+        // parents. As long as this is ensured, the dictionary file may grow to any size.
+
+        final int version = formatOptions.mVersion;
+        if (version < FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION
+                || version > FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION) {
+            throw new UnsupportedFormatException("Requested file format version " + version
+                    + ", but this implementation only supports versions "
+                    + FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION + " through "
+                    + FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION);
+        }
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream headerBuffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream(256);
+
+        // The magic number in big-endian order.
+        // Magic number for all versions.
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER >> 24)));
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER >> 16)));
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER >> 8)));
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER));
+        // Dictionary version.
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (version >> 8)));
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & version));
+
+        // Options flags
+        final int options = makeOptionsValue(dict, formatOptions);
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (options >> 8)));
+        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & options));
+        final int headerSizeOffset = headerBuffer.size();
+        // Placeholder to be written later with header size.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+            headerBuffer.write(0);
+        }
+        // Write out the options.
+        for (final String key : dict.mOptions.mAttributes.keySet()) {
+            final String value = dict.mOptions.mAttributes.get(key);
+            CharEncoding.writeString(headerBuffer, key);
+            CharEncoding.writeString(headerBuffer, value);
+        }
+        final int size = headerBuffer.size();
+        final byte[] bytes = headerBuffer.toByteArray();
+        // Write out the header size.
+        bytes[headerSizeOffset] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 24));
+        bytes[headerSizeOffset + 1] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 16));
+        bytes[headerSizeOffset + 2] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 8));
+        bytes[headerSizeOffset + 3] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 0));
+        destination.write(bytes);
+
+        headerBuffer.close();
+
+        // Leave the choice of the optimal node order to the flattenTree function.
+        MakedictLog.i("Flattening the tree...");
+        ArrayList<Node> flatNodes = flattenTree(dict.mRoot);
+
+        MakedictLog.i("Computing addresses...");
+        computeAddresses(dict, flatNodes, formatOptions);
+        MakedictLog.i("Checking array...");
+        if (DBG) checkFlatNodeArray(flatNodes);
+
+        // Create a buffer that matches the final dictionary size.
+        final Node lastNode = flatNodes.get(flatNodes.size() - 1);
+        final int bufferSize = lastNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + lastNode.mCachedSize;
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
+        int index = 0;
+
+        MakedictLog.i("Writing file...");
+        int dataEndOffset = 0;
+        for (Node n : flatNodes) {
+            dataEndOffset = writePlacedNode(dict, buffer, n, formatOptions);
+        }
+
+        if (DBG) showStatistics(flatNodes);
+
+        destination.write(buffer, 0, dataEndOffset);
+
+        destination.close();
+        MakedictLog.i("Done");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtils.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtils.java
index 2e6c4b2..c013013 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtils.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtils.java
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 import com.android.inputmethod.annotations.UsedForTesting;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.Constants;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.CharEncoding;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.CharEncoding;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FileHeader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FormatOptions;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.CharGroup;
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
             if (index != p.mLength) index = p.mLength;
 
             if (p.mNumOfCharGroup == Position.NOT_READ_GROUPCOUNT) {
-                p.mNumOfCharGroup = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+                p.mNumOfCharGroup = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
                 p.mAddress += getGroupCountSize(p.mNumOfCharGroup);
                 p.mPosition = 0;
             }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
                 stack.pop();
                 continue;
             }
-            CharGroupInfo info = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroup(buffer,
+            CharGroupInfo info = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroup(buffer,
                     p.mAddress - headerSize, formatOptions);
             for (int i = 0; i < info.mCharacters.length; ++i) {
                 pushedChars[index++] = info.mCharacters[i];
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
             final Map<Integer, ArrayList<PendingAttribute>> bigrams) throws IOException,
             UnsupportedFormatException {
         // Read header
-        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(reader.getBuffer());
+        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(reader.getBuffer());
         readUnigramsAndBigramsBinaryInner(reader.getBuffer(), header.mHeaderSize, words,
                 frequencies, bigrams, header.mFormatOptions);
     }
@@ -174,18 +174,18 @@
         if (word == null) return FormatSpec.NOT_VALID_WORD;
         if (buffer.position() != 0) buffer.position(0);
 
-        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(buffer);
+        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(buffer);
         int wordPos = 0;
         final int wordLen = word.codePointCount(0, word.length());
         for (int depth = 0; depth < Constants.DICTIONARY_MAX_WORD_LENGTH; ++depth) {
             if (wordPos >= wordLen) return FormatSpec.NOT_VALID_WORD;
 
             do {
-                final int charGroupCount = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+                final int charGroupCount = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
                 boolean foundNextCharGroup = false;
                 for (int i = 0; i < charGroupCount; ++i) {
                     final int charGroupPos = buffer.position();
-                    final CharGroupInfo currentInfo = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroup(buffer,
+                    final CharGroupInfo currentInfo = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroup(buffer,
                             buffer.position(), header.mFormatOptions);
                     final boolean isMovedGroup = isMovedGroup(currentInfo.mFlags,
                             header.mFormatOptions);
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
      */
     private static int writeVariableAddress(final OutputStream destination, final int value)
             throws IOException {
-        switch (BinaryDictInputOutput.getByteSize(value)) {
+        switch (BinaryDictEncoder.getByteSize(value)) {
         case 1:
             destination.write((byte)value);
             break;
@@ -285,15 +285,15 @@
             destination.write((byte)(0xFF & value));
             break;
         }
-        return BinaryDictInputOutput.getByteSize(value);
+        return BinaryDictEncoder.getByteSize(value);
     }
 
     static void skipCharGroup(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
             final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
         final int flags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-        BinaryDictInputOutput.readParentAddress(buffer, formatOptions);
+        BinaryDictDecoder.readParentAddress(buffer, formatOptions);
         skipString(buffer, (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_MULTIPLE_CHARS) != 0);
-        BinaryDictInputOutput.readChildrenAddress(buffer, flags, formatOptions);
+        BinaryDictDecoder.readChildrenAddress(buffer, flags, formatOptions);
         if ((flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL) != 0) buffer.readUnsignedByte();
         if ((flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_SHORTCUT_TARGETS) != 0) {
             final int shortcutsSize = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
@@ -411,14 +411,14 @@
 
         if (info.mShortcutTargets != null && info.mShortcutTargets.size() > 0) {
             final int shortcutListSize =
-                    BinaryDictInputOutput.getShortcutListSize(info.mShortcutTargets);
+                    BinaryDictEncoder.getShortcutListSize(info.mShortcutTargets);
             destination.write((byte)(shortcutListSize >> 8));
             destination.write((byte)(shortcutListSize & 0xFF));
             size += 2;
             final Iterator<WeightedString> shortcutIterator = info.mShortcutTargets.iterator();
             while (shortcutIterator.hasNext()) {
                 final WeightedString target = shortcutIterator.next();
-                destination.write((byte)BinaryDictInputOutput.makeShortcutFlags(
+                destination.write((byte)BinaryDictEncoder.makeShortcutFlags(
                         shortcutIterator.hasNext(), target.mFrequency));
                 size++;
                 size += writeString(destination, target.mWord);
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@
 
         if (info.mBigrams != null) {
             // TODO: Consolidate this code with the code that computes the size of the bigram list
-            //        in BinaryDictionaryInputOutput#computeActualNodeSize
+            //        in BinaryDictEncoder#computeActualNodeSize
             for (int i = 0; i < info.mBigrams.size(); ++i) {
 
                 final int bigramFrequency = info.mBigrams.get(i).mFrequency;
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@
                 final int bigramOffset = info.mBigrams.get(i).mAddress - (info.mOriginalAddress
                         + size);
                 bigramFlags |= (bigramOffset < 0) ? FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_OFFSET_NEGATIVE : 0;
-                switch (BinaryDictInputOutput.getByteSize(bigramOffset)) {
+                switch (BinaryDictEncoder.getByteSize(bigramOffset)) {
                 case 1:
                     bigramFlags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE;
                     break;
@@ -461,18 +461,18 @@
      */
     static int computeGroupSize(final CharGroupInfo info, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
         int size = FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE + FormatSpec.PARENT_ADDRESS_SIZE
-                + BinaryDictInputOutput.getGroupCharactersSize(info.mCharacters)
-                + BinaryDictInputOutput.getChildrenAddressSize(info.mFlags, formatOptions);
+                + BinaryDictEncoder.getGroupCharactersSize(info.mCharacters)
+                + getChildrenAddressSize(info.mFlags, formatOptions);
         if ((info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL) != 0) {
             size += FormatSpec.GROUP_FREQUENCY_SIZE;
         }
         if (info.mShortcutTargets != null && !info.mShortcutTargets.isEmpty()) {
-            size += BinaryDictInputOutput.getShortcutListSize(info.mShortcutTargets);
+            size += BinaryDictEncoder.getShortcutListSize(info.mShortcutTargets);
         }
         if (info.mBigrams != null) {
             for (final PendingAttribute attr : info.mBigrams) {
                 size += FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE;
-                size += BinaryDictInputOutput.getByteSize(attr.mAddress);
+                size += BinaryDictEncoder.getByteSize(attr.mAddress);
             }
         }
         return size;
@@ -520,9 +520,9 @@
         int position = getTerminalPosition(buffer, word);
         if (position != FormatSpec.NOT_VALID_WORD) {
             buffer.position(0);
-            final FileHeader header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(buffer);
+            final FileHeader header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(buffer);
             buffer.position(position);
-            return BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroup(buffer, position, header.mFormatOptions);
+            return BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroup(buffer, position, header.mFormatOptions);
         }
         return null;
     }
@@ -544,10 +544,10 @@
         final FileInputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
         try {
             inStream.read(buffer);
-            final BinaryDictInputOutput.ByteBufferWrapper wrapper =
-                    new BinaryDictInputOutput.ByteBufferWrapper(inStream.getChannel().map(
+            final BinaryDictDecoder.ByteBufferWrapper wrapper =
+                    new BinaryDictDecoder.ByteBufferWrapper(inStream.getChannel().map(
                             FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, offset, length));
-            return BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(wrapper);
+            return BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(wrapper);
         } finally {
             inStream.close();
         }
@@ -612,4 +612,20 @@
                     + ")");
         }
     }
+
+    static int getChildrenAddressSize(final int optionFlags,
+            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
+        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) return FormatSpec.SIGNED_CHILDREN_ADDRESS_SIZE;
+        switch (optionFlags & FormatSpec.MASK_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE) {
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE:
+                return 1;
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES:
+                return 2;
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES:
+                return 3;
+            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_NOADDRESS:
+            default:
+                return 0;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictInputOutput.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictInputOutput.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a546610..0000000
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictInputOutput.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1775 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict;
-
-import com.android.inputmethod.annotations.UsedForTesting;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FileHeader;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FormatOptions;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.CharGroup;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.DictionaryOptions;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.Node;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.WeightedString;
-
-import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.FileInputStream;
-import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.io.OutputStream;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.TreeMap;
-
-/**
- * Reads and writes XML files for a FusionDictionary.
- *
- * All the methods in this class are static.
- */
-public final class BinaryDictInputOutput {
-
-    private static final boolean DBG = MakedictLog.DBG;
-
-    // Arbitrary limit to how much passes we consider address size compression should
-    // terminate in. At the time of this writing, our largest dictionary completes
-    // compression in five passes.
-    // If the number of passes exceeds this number, makedict bails with an exception on
-    // suspicion that a bug might be causing an infinite loop.
-    private static final int MAX_PASSES = 24;
-    private static final int MAX_JUMPS = 12;
-
-    @UsedForTesting
-    public interface FusionDictionaryBufferInterface {
-        public int readUnsignedByte();
-        public int readUnsignedShort();
-        public int readUnsignedInt24();
-        public int readInt();
-        public int position();
-        public void position(int newPosition);
-        public void put(final byte b);
-        public int limit();
-        @UsedForTesting
-        public int capacity();
-    }
-
-    public static final class ByteBufferWrapper implements FusionDictionaryBufferInterface {
-        private ByteBuffer mBuffer;
-
-        public ByteBufferWrapper(final ByteBuffer buffer) {
-            mBuffer = buffer;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int readUnsignedByte() {
-            return mBuffer.get() & 0xFF;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int readUnsignedShort() {
-            return mBuffer.getShort() & 0xFFFF;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int readUnsignedInt24() {
-            final int retval = readUnsignedByte();
-            return (retval << 16) + readUnsignedShort();
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int readInt() {
-            return mBuffer.getInt();
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int position() {
-            return mBuffer.position();
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void position(int newPos) {
-            mBuffer.position(newPos);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public void put(final byte b) {
-            mBuffer.put(b);
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int limit() {
-            return mBuffer.limit();
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public int capacity() {
-            return mBuffer.capacity();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * A class grouping utility function for our specific character encoding.
-     */
-    static final class CharEncoding {
-        private static final int MINIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE = 0x20;
-        private static final int MAXIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE = 0xFF;
-
-        /**
-         * Helper method to find out whether this code fits on one byte
-         */
-        private static boolean fitsOnOneByte(final int character) {
-            return character >= MINIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE
-                    && character <= MAXIMAL_ONE_BYTE_CHARACTER_VALUE;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Compute the size of a character given its character code.
-         *
-         * Char format is:
-         * 1 byte = bbbbbbbb match
-         * case 000xxxxx: xxxxx << 16 + next byte << 8 + next byte
-         * else: if 00011111 (= 0x1F) : this is the terminator. This is a relevant choice because
-         *       unicode code points range from 0 to 0x10FFFF, so any 3-byte value starting with
-         *       00011111 would be outside unicode.
-         * else: iso-latin-1 code
-         * This allows for the whole unicode range to be encoded, including chars outside of
-         * the BMP. Also everything in the iso-latin-1 charset is only 1 byte, except control
-         * characters which should never happen anyway (and still work, but take 3 bytes).
-         *
-         * @param character the character code.
-         * @return the size in binary encoded-form, either 1 or 3 bytes.
-         */
-        static int getCharSize(final int character) {
-            // See char encoding in FusionDictionary.java
-            if (fitsOnOneByte(character)) return 1;
-            if (FormatSpec.INVALID_CHARACTER == character) return 1;
-            return 3;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Compute the byte size of a character array.
-         */
-        private static int getCharArraySize(final int[] chars) {
-            int size = 0;
-            for (int character : chars) size += getCharSize(character);
-            return size;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Writes a char array to a byte buffer.
-         *
-         * @param codePoints the code point array to write.
-         * @param buffer the byte buffer to write to.
-         * @param index the index in buffer to write the character array to.
-         * @return the index after the last character.
-         */
-        private static int writeCharArray(final int[] codePoints, final byte[] buffer, int index) {
-            for (int codePoint : codePoints) {
-                if (1 == getCharSize(codePoint)) {
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)codePoint;
-                } else {
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 16));
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 8));
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & codePoint);
-                }
-            }
-            return index;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Writes a string with our character format to a byte buffer.
-         *
-         * This will also write the terminator byte.
-         *
-         * @param buffer the byte buffer to write to.
-         * @param origin the offset to write from.
-         * @param word the string to write.
-         * @return the size written, in bytes.
-         */
-        private static int writeString(final byte[] buffer, final int origin,
-                final String word) {
-            final int length = word.length();
-            int index = origin;
-            for (int i = 0; i < length; i = word.offsetByCodePoints(i, 1)) {
-                final int codePoint = word.codePointAt(i);
-                if (1 == getCharSize(codePoint)) {
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)codePoint;
-                } else {
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 16));
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (codePoint >> 8));
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & codePoint);
-                }
-            }
-            buffer[index++] = FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR;
-            return index - origin;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Writes a string with our character format to a ByteArrayOutputStream.
-         *
-         * This will also write the terminator byte.
-         *
-         * @param buffer the ByteArrayOutputStream to write to.
-         * @param word the string to write.
-         */
-        private static void writeString(final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer, final String word) {
-            final int length = word.length();
-            for (int i = 0; i < length; i = word.offsetByCodePoints(i, 1)) {
-                final int codePoint = word.codePointAt(i);
-                if (1 == getCharSize(codePoint)) {
-                    buffer.write((byte) codePoint);
-                } else {
-                    buffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (codePoint >> 16)));
-                    buffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (codePoint >> 8)));
-                    buffer.write((byte) (0xFF & codePoint));
-                }
-            }
-            buffer.write(FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR);
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Reads a string from a buffer. This is the converse of the above method.
-         */
-        private static String readString(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer) {
-            final StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
-            int character = readChar(buffer);
-            while (character != FormatSpec.INVALID_CHARACTER) {
-                s.appendCodePoint(character);
-                character = readChar(buffer);
-            }
-            return s.toString();
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Reads a character from the buffer.
-         *
-         * This follows the character format documented earlier in this source file.
-         *
-         * @param buffer the buffer, positioned over an encoded character.
-         * @return the character code.
-         */
-        static int readChar(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer) {
-            int character = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-            if (!fitsOnOneByte(character)) {
-                if (FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR == character) {
-                    return FormatSpec.INVALID_CHARACTER;
-                }
-                character <<= 16;
-                character += buffer.readUnsignedShort();
-            }
-            return character;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the binary size of the character array.
-     *
-     * If only one character, this is the size of this character. If many, it's the sum of their
-     * sizes + 1 byte for the terminator.
-     *
-     * @param characters the character array
-     * @return the size of the char array, including the terminator if any
-     */
-    static int getGroupCharactersSize(final int[] characters) {
-        int size = CharEncoding.getCharArraySize(characters);
-        if (characters.length > 1) size += FormatSpec.GROUP_TERMINATOR_SIZE;
-        return size;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the binary size of the character array in a group
-     *
-     * If only one character, this is the size of this character. If many, it's the sum of their
-     * sizes + 1 byte for the terminator.
-     *
-     * @param group the group
-     * @return the size of the char array, including the terminator if any
-     */
-    private static int getGroupCharactersSize(final CharGroup group) {
-        return getGroupCharactersSize(group.mChars);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the binary size of the group count for a node
-     * @param node the node
-     * @return the size of the group count, either 1 or 2 bytes.
-     */
-    private static int getGroupCountSize(final Node node) {
-        return BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(node.mData.size());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the size of a shortcut in bytes.
-     */
-    private static int getShortcutSize(final WeightedString shortcut) {
-        int size = FormatSpec.GROUP_ATTRIBUTE_FLAGS_SIZE;
-        final String word = shortcut.mWord;
-        final int length = word.length();
-        for (int i = 0; i < length; i = word.offsetByCodePoints(i, 1)) {
-            final int codePoint = word.codePointAt(i);
-            size += CharEncoding.getCharSize(codePoint);
-        }
-        size += FormatSpec.GROUP_TERMINATOR_SIZE;
-        return size;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the size of a shortcut list in bytes.
-     *
-     * This is known in advance and does not change according to position in the file
-     * like address lists do.
-     */
-    static int getShortcutListSize(final ArrayList<WeightedString> shortcutList) {
-        if (null == shortcutList) return 0;
-        int size = FormatSpec.GROUP_SHORTCUT_LIST_SIZE_SIZE;
-        for (final WeightedString shortcut : shortcutList) {
-            size += getShortcutSize(shortcut);
-        }
-        return size;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the maximum size of a CharGroup, assuming 3-byte addresses for everything.
-     *
-     * @param group the CharGroup to compute the size of.
-     * @param options file format options.
-     * @return the maximum size of the group.
-     */
-    private static int getCharGroupMaximumSize(final CharGroup group, final FormatOptions options) {
-        int size = getGroupHeaderSize(group, options);
-        // If terminal, one byte for the frequency
-        if (group.isTerminal()) size += FormatSpec.GROUP_FREQUENCY_SIZE;
-        size += FormatSpec.GROUP_MAX_ADDRESS_SIZE; // For children address
-        size += getShortcutListSize(group.mShortcutTargets);
-        if (null != group.mBigrams) {
-            size += (FormatSpec.GROUP_ATTRIBUTE_FLAGS_SIZE
-                    + FormatSpec.GROUP_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_ADDRESS_SIZE)
-                    * group.mBigrams.size();
-        }
-        return size;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the maximum size of a node, assuming 3-byte addresses for everything, and caches
-     * it in the 'actualSize' member of the node.
-     *
-     * @param node the node to compute the maximum size of.
-     * @param options file format options.
-     */
-    private static void calculateNodeMaximumSize(final Node node, final FormatOptions options) {
-        int size = getGroupCountSize(node);
-        for (CharGroup g : node.mData) {
-            final int groupSize = getCharGroupMaximumSize(g, options);
-            g.mCachedSize = groupSize;
-            size += groupSize;
-        }
-        if (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-            size += FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE;
-        }
-        node.mCachedSize = size;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the size of the header (flag + [parent address] + characters size) of a CharGroup.
-     *
-     * @param group the group of which to compute the size of the header
-     * @param options file format options.
-     */
-    private static int getGroupHeaderSize(final CharGroup group, final FormatOptions options) {
-        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(options)) {
-            return FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE + FormatSpec.PARENT_ADDRESS_SIZE
-                    + getGroupCharactersSize(group);
-        } else {
-            return FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE + getGroupCharactersSize(group);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the size, in bytes, that an address will occupy.
-     *
-     * This can be used either for children addresses (which are always positive) or for
-     * attribute, which may be positive or negative but
-     * store their sign bit separately.
-     *
-     * @param address the address
-     * @return the byte size.
-     */
-    static int getByteSize(final int address) {
-        assert(address <= FormatSpec.UINT24_MAX);
-        if (!BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(address)) {
-            return 0;
-        } else if (Math.abs(address) <= FormatSpec.UINT8_MAX) {
-            return 1;
-        } else if (Math.abs(address) <= FormatSpec.UINT16_MAX) {
-            return 2;
-        } else {
-            return 3;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // End utility methods.
-
-    // This method is responsible for finding a nice ordering of the nodes that favors run-time
-    // cache performance and dictionary size.
-    /* package for tests */ static ArrayList<Node> flattenTree(final Node root) {
-        final int treeSize = FusionDictionary.countCharGroups(root);
-        MakedictLog.i("Counted nodes : " + treeSize);
-        final ArrayList<Node> flatTree = new ArrayList<Node>(treeSize);
-        return flattenTreeInner(flatTree, root);
-    }
-
-    private static ArrayList<Node> flattenTreeInner(final ArrayList<Node> list, final Node node) {
-        // Removing the node is necessary if the tails are merged, because we would then
-        // add the same node several times when we only want it once. A number of places in
-        // the code also depends on any node being only once in the list.
-        // Merging tails can only be done if there are no attributes. Searching for attributes
-        // in LatinIME code depends on a total breadth-first ordering, which merging tails
-        // breaks. If there are no attributes, it should be fine (and reduce the file size)
-        // to merge tails, and removing the node from the list would be necessary. However,
-        // we don't merge tails because breaking the breadth-first ordering would result in
-        // extreme overhead at bigram lookup time (it would make the search function O(n) instead
-        // of the current O(log(n)), where n=number of nodes in the dictionary which is pretty
-        // high).
-        // If no nodes are ever merged, we can't have the same node twice in the list, hence
-        // searching for duplicates in unnecessary. It is also very performance consuming,
-        // since `list' is an ArrayList so it's an O(n) operation that runs on all nodes, making
-        // this simple list.remove operation O(n*n) overall. On Android this overhead is very
-        // high.
-        // For future reference, the code to remove duplicate is a simple : list.remove(node);
-        list.add(node);
-        final ArrayList<CharGroup> branches = node.mData;
-        final int nodeSize = branches.size();
-        for (CharGroup group : branches) {
-            if (null != group.mChildren) flattenTreeInner(list, group.mChildren);
-        }
-        return list;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get the offset from a position inside a current node to a target node, during update.
-     *
-     * If the current node is before the target node, the target node has not been updated yet,
-     * so we should return the offset from the old position of the current node to the old position
-     * of the target node. If on the other hand the target is before the current node, it already
-     * has been updated, so we should return the offset from the new position in the current node
-     * to the new position in the target node.
-     * @param currentNode the node containing the CharGroup where the offset will be written
-     * @param offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode the offset, in bytes, from the start of currentNode
-     * @param targetNode the target node to get the offset to
-     * @return the offset to the target node
-     */
-    private static int getOffsetToTargetNodeDuringUpdate(final Node currentNode,
-            final int offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode, final Node targetNode) {
-        final boolean isTargetBeforeCurrent = (targetNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
-                < currentNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate);
-        if (isTargetBeforeCurrent) {
-            return targetNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate
-                    - (currentNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode);
-        } else {
-            return targetNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
-                    - (currentNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get the offset from a position inside a current node to a target CharGroup, during update.
-     * @param currentNode the node containing the CharGroup where the offset will be written
-     * @param offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode the offset, in bytes, from the start of currentNode
-     * @param targetCharGroup the target CharGroup to get the offset to
-     * @return the offset to the target CharGroup
-     */
-    // TODO: is there any way to factorize this method with the one above?
-    private static int getOffsetToTargetCharGroupDuringUpdate(final Node currentNode,
-            final int offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode, final CharGroup targetCharGroup) {
-        final int oldOffsetBasePoint = currentNode.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
-                + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode;
-        final boolean isTargetBeforeCurrent = (targetCharGroup.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate
-                < oldOffsetBasePoint);
-        // If the target is before the current node, then its address has already been updated.
-        // We can use the AfterUpdate member, and compare it to our own member after update.
-        // Otherwise, the AfterUpdate member is not updated yet, so we need to use the BeforeUpdate
-        // member, and of course we have to compare this to our own address before update.
-        if (isTargetBeforeCurrent) {
-            final int newOffsetBasePoint = currentNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate
-                    + offsetFromStartOfCurrentNode;
-            return targetCharGroup.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate - newOffsetBasePoint;
-        } else {
-            return targetCharGroup.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate - oldOffsetBasePoint;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Computes the actual node size, based on the cached addresses of the children nodes.
-     *
-     * Each node stores its tentative address. During dictionary address computing, these
-     * are not final, but they can be used to compute the node size (the node size depends
-     * on the address of the children because the number of bytes necessary to store an
-     * address depends on its numeric value. The return value indicates whether the node
-     * contents (as in, any of the addresses stored in the cache fields) have changed with
-     * respect to their previous value.
-     *
-     * @param node the node to compute the size of.
-     * @param dict the dictionary in which the word/attributes are to be found.
-     * @param formatOptions file format options.
-     * @return false if none of the cached addresses inside the node changed, true otherwise.
-     */
-    private static boolean computeActualNodeSize(final Node node, final FusionDictionary dict,
-            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        boolean changed = false;
-        int size = getGroupCountSize(node);
-        for (CharGroup group : node.mData) {
-            group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate = node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + size;
-            if (group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate != group.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate) {
-                changed = true;
-            }
-            int groupSize = getGroupHeaderSize(group, formatOptions);
-            if (group.isTerminal()) groupSize += FormatSpec.GROUP_FREQUENCY_SIZE;
-            if (null == group.mChildren && formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-                groupSize += FormatSpec.SIGNED_CHILDREN_ADDRESS_SIZE;
-            } else if (null != group.mChildren) {
-                if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-                    groupSize += FormatSpec.SIGNED_CHILDREN_ADDRESS_SIZE;
-                } else {
-                    groupSize += getByteSize(getOffsetToTargetNodeDuringUpdate(node,
-                            groupSize + size, group.mChildren));
-                }
-            }
-            groupSize += getShortcutListSize(group.mShortcutTargets);
-            if (null != group.mBigrams) {
-                for (WeightedString bigram : group.mBigrams) {
-                    final int offset = getOffsetToTargetCharGroupDuringUpdate(node,
-                            groupSize + size + FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE,
-                            FusionDictionary.findWordInTree(dict.mRoot, bigram.mWord));
-                    groupSize += getByteSize(offset) + FormatSpec.GROUP_FLAGS_SIZE;
-                }
-            }
-            group.mCachedSize = groupSize;
-            size += groupSize;
-        }
-        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-            size += FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE;
-        }
-        if (node.mCachedSize != size) {
-            node.mCachedSize = size;
-            changed = true;
-        }
-        return changed;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Initializes the cached addresses of nodes from their size.
-     *
-     * @param flatNodes the array of nodes.
-     * @param formatOptions file format options.
-     * @return the byte size of the entire stack.
-     */
-    private static int initializeNodesCachedAddresses(final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes,
-            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        int nodeOffset = 0;
-        for (final Node n : flatNodes) {
-            n.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = nodeOffset;
-            int groupCountSize = getGroupCountSize(n);
-            int groupOffset = 0;
-            for (final CharGroup g : n.mData) {
-                g.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = g.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate =
-                        groupCountSize + nodeOffset + groupOffset;
-                groupOffset += g.mCachedSize;
-            }
-            final int nodeSize = groupCountSize + groupOffset
-                    + (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate
-                            ? FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE : 0);
-            nodeOffset += n.mCachedSize;
-        }
-        return nodeOffset;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Updates the cached addresses of nodes after recomputing their new positions.
-     *
-     * @param flatNodes the array of nodes.
-     */
-    private static void updateNodeCachedAddresses(final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes) {
-        for (final Node n : flatNodes) {
-            n.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
-            for (final CharGroup g : n.mData) {
-                g.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = g.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the cached parent addresses after all has been updated.
-     *
-     * The parent addresses are used by some binary formats at write-to-disk time. Not all formats
-     * need them. In particular, version 2 does not need them, and version 3 does.
-     *
-     * @param flatNodes the flat array of nodes to fill in
-     */
-    private static void computeParentAddresses(final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes) {
-        for (final Node node : flatNodes) {
-            for (final CharGroup group : node.mData) {
-                if (null != group.mChildren) {
-                    // Assign my address to children's parent address
-                    // Here BeforeUpdate and AfterUpdate addresses have the same value, so it
-                    // does not matter which we use.
-                    group.mChildren.mCachedParentAddress = group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate
-                            - group.mChildren.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the addresses and sizes of an ordered node array.
-     *
-     * This method takes a node array and will update its cached address and size values
-     * so that they can be written into a file. It determines the smallest size each of the
-     * nodes can be given the addresses of its children and attributes, and store that into
-     * each node.
-     * The order of the node is given by the order of the array. This method makes no effort
-     * to find a good order; it only mechanically computes the size this order results in.
-     *
-     * @param dict the dictionary
-     * @param flatNodes the ordered array of nodes
-     * @param formatOptions file format options.
-     * @return the same array it was passed. The nodes have been updated for address and size.
-     */
-    private static ArrayList<Node> computeAddresses(final FusionDictionary dict,
-            final ArrayList<Node> flatNodes, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        // First get the worst possible sizes and offsets
-        for (final Node n : flatNodes) calculateNodeMaximumSize(n, formatOptions);
-        final int offset = initializeNodesCachedAddresses(flatNodes, formatOptions);
-
-        MakedictLog.i("Compressing the array addresses. Original size : " + offset);
-        MakedictLog.i("(Recursively seen size : " + offset + ")");
-
-        int passes = 0;
-        boolean changesDone = false;
-        do {
-            changesDone = false;
-            int nodeStartOffset = 0;
-            for (final Node n : flatNodes) {
-                n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate = nodeStartOffset;
-                final int oldNodeSize = n.mCachedSize;
-                final boolean changed = computeActualNodeSize(n, dict, formatOptions);
-                final int newNodeSize = n.mCachedSize;
-                if (oldNodeSize < newNodeSize) throw new RuntimeException("Increased size ?!");
-                nodeStartOffset += newNodeSize;
-                changesDone |= changed;
-            }
-            updateNodeCachedAddresses(flatNodes);
-            ++passes;
-            if (passes > MAX_PASSES) throw new RuntimeException("Too many passes - probably a bug");
-        } while (changesDone);
-
-        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-            computeParentAddresses(flatNodes);
-        }
-        final Node lastNode = flatNodes.get(flatNodes.size() - 1);
-        MakedictLog.i("Compression complete in " + passes + " passes.");
-        MakedictLog.i("After address compression : "
-                + (lastNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + lastNode.mCachedSize));
-
-        return flatNodes;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sanity-checking method.
-     *
-     * This method checks an array of node for juxtaposition, that is, it will do
-     * nothing if each node's cached address is actually the previous node's address
-     * plus the previous node's size.
-     * If this is not the case, it will throw an exception.
-     *
-     * @param array the array node to check
-     */
-    private static void checkFlatNodeArray(final ArrayList<Node> array) {
-        int offset = 0;
-        int index = 0;
-        for (final Node n : array) {
-            // BeforeUpdate and AfterUpdate addresses are the same here, so it does not matter
-            // which we use.
-            if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate != offset) {
-                throw new RuntimeException("Wrong address for node " + index
-                        + " : expected " + offset + ", got " + n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate);
-            }
-            ++index;
-            offset += n.mCachedSize;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Helper method to write a variable-size address to a file.
-     *
-     * @param buffer the buffer to write to.
-     * @param index the index in the buffer to write the address to.
-     * @param address the address to write.
-     * @return the size in bytes the address actually took.
-     */
-    private static int writeVariableAddress(final byte[] buffer, int index, final int address) {
-        switch (getByteSize(address)) {
-        case 1:
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)address;
-            return 1;
-        case 2:
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (address >> 8));
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & address);
-            return 2;
-        case 3:
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (address >> 16));
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (address >> 8));
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & address);
-            return 3;
-        case 0:
-            return 0;
-        default:
-            throw new RuntimeException("Address " + address + " has a strange size");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Helper method to write a variable-size signed address to a file.
-     *
-     * @param buffer the buffer to write to.
-     * @param index the index in the buffer to write the address to.
-     * @param address the address to write.
-     * @return the size in bytes the address actually took.
-     */
-    private static int writeVariableSignedAddress(final byte[] buffer, int index,
-            final int address) {
-        if (!BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(address)) {
-            buffer[index] = buffer[index + 1] = buffer[index + 2] = 0;
-        } else {
-            final int absAddress = Math.abs(address);
-            buffer[index++] =
-                    (byte)((address < 0 ? FormatSpec.MSB8 : 0) | (0xFF & (absAddress >> 16)));
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & (absAddress >> 8));
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(0xFF & absAddress);
-        }
-        return 3;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Makes the flag value for a char group.
-     *
-     * @param hasMultipleChars whether the group has multiple chars.
-     * @param isTerminal whether the group is terminal.
-     * @param childrenAddressSize the size of a children address.
-     * @param hasShortcuts whether the group has shortcuts.
-     * @param hasBigrams whether the group has bigrams.
-     * @param isNotAWord whether the group is not a word.
-     * @param isBlackListEntry whether the group is a blacklist entry.
-     * @param formatOptions file format options.
-     * @return the flags
-     */
-    static int makeCharGroupFlags(final boolean hasMultipleChars, final boolean isTerminal,
-            final int childrenAddressSize, final boolean hasShortcuts, final boolean hasBigrams,
-            final boolean isNotAWord, final boolean isBlackListEntry,
-            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        byte flags = 0;
-        if (hasMultipleChars) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_MULTIPLE_CHARS;
-        if (isTerminal) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL;
-        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-            flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_MOVED;
-        } else if (true) {
-            switch (childrenAddressSize) {
-                case 1:
-                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE;
-                    break;
-                case 2:
-                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES;
-                    break;
-                case 3:
-                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES;
-                    break;
-                case 0:
-                    flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_NOADDRESS;
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    throw new RuntimeException("Node with a strange address");
-            }
-        }
-        if (hasShortcuts) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_SHORTCUT_TARGETS;
-        if (hasBigrams) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_BIGRAMS;
-        if (isNotAWord) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_A_WORD;
-        if (isBlackListEntry) flags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_BLACKLISTED;
-        return flags;
-    }
-
-    private static byte makeCharGroupFlags(final CharGroup group, final int groupAddress,
-            final int childrenOffset, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        return (byte) makeCharGroupFlags(group.mChars.length > 1, group.mFrequency >= 0,
-                getByteSize(childrenOffset), group.mShortcutTargets != null, group.mBigrams != null,
-                group.mIsNotAWord, group.mIsBlacklistEntry, formatOptions);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Makes the flag value for a bigram.
-     *
-     * @param more whether there are more bigrams after this one.
-     * @param offset the offset of the bigram.
-     * @param bigramFrequency the frequency of the bigram, 0..255.
-     * @param unigramFrequency the unigram frequency of the same word, 0..255.
-     * @param word the second bigram, for debugging purposes
-     * @return the flags
-     */
-    private static final int makeBigramFlags(final boolean more, final int offset,
-            int bigramFrequency, final int unigramFrequency, final String word) {
-        int bigramFlags = (more ? FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT : 0)
-                + (offset < 0 ? FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_OFFSET_NEGATIVE : 0);
-        switch (getByteSize(offset)) {
-        case 1:
-            bigramFlags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE;
-            break;
-        case 2:
-            bigramFlags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES;
-            break;
-        case 3:
-            bigramFlags |= FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES;
-            break;
-        default:
-            throw new RuntimeException("Strange offset size");
-        }
-        if (unigramFrequency > bigramFrequency) {
-            MakedictLog.e("Unigram freq is superior to bigram freq for \"" + word
-                    + "\". Bigram freq is " + bigramFrequency + ", unigram freq for "
-                    + word + " is " + unigramFrequency);
-            bigramFrequency = unigramFrequency;
-        }
-        // We compute the difference between 255 (which means probability = 1) and the
-        // unigram score. We split this into a number of discrete steps.
-        // Now, the steps are numbered 0~15; 0 represents an increase of 1 step while 15
-        // represents an increase of 16 steps: a value of 15 will be interpreted as the median
-        // value of the 16th step. In all justice, if the bigram frequency is low enough to be
-        // rounded below the first step (which means it is less than half a step higher than the
-        // unigram frequency) then the unigram frequency itself is the best approximation of the
-        // bigram freq that we could possibly supply, hence we should *not* include this bigram
-        // in the file at all.
-        // until this is done, we'll write 0 and slightly overestimate this case.
-        // In other words, 0 means "between 0.5 step and 1.5 step", 1 means "between 1.5 step
-        // and 2.5 steps", and 15 means "between 15.5 steps and 16.5 steps". So we want to
-        // divide our range [unigramFreq..MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY] in 16.5 steps to get the
-        // step size. Then we compute the start of the first step (the one where value 0 starts)
-        // by adding half-a-step to the unigramFrequency. From there, we compute the integer
-        // number of steps to the bigramFrequency. One last thing: we want our steps to include
-        // their lower bound and exclude their higher bound so we need to have the first step
-        // start at exactly 1 unit higher than floor(unigramFreq + half a step).
-        // Note : to reconstruct the score, the dictionary reader will need to divide
-        // MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY - unigramFreq by 16.5 likewise to get the value of the step,
-        // and add (discretizedFrequency + 0.5 + 0.5) times this value to get the best
-        // approximation. (0.5 to get the first step start, and 0.5 to get the middle of the
-        // step pointed by the discretized frequency.
-        final float stepSize =
-                (FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY - unigramFrequency)
-                / (1.5f + FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAM_FREQUENCY);
-        final float firstStepStart = 1 + unigramFrequency + (stepSize / 2.0f);
-        final int discretizedFrequency = (int)((bigramFrequency - firstStepStart) / stepSize);
-        // If the bigram freq is less than half-a-step higher than the unigram freq, we get -1
-        // here. The best approximation would be the unigram freq itself, so we should not
-        // include this bigram in the dictionary. For now, register as 0, and live with the
-        // small over-estimation that we get in this case. TODO: actually remove this bigram
-        // if discretizedFrequency < 0.
-        final int finalBigramFrequency = discretizedFrequency > 0 ? discretizedFrequency : 0;
-        bigramFlags += finalBigramFrequency & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY;
-        return bigramFlags;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Makes the 2-byte value for options flags.
-     */
-    private static final int makeOptionsValue(final FusionDictionary dictionary,
-            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        final DictionaryOptions options = dictionary.mOptions;
-        final boolean hasBigrams = dictionary.hasBigrams();
-        return (options.mFrenchLigatureProcessing ? FormatSpec.FRENCH_LIGATURE_PROCESSING_FLAG : 0)
-                + (options.mGermanUmlautProcessing ? FormatSpec.GERMAN_UMLAUT_PROCESSING_FLAG : 0)
-                + (hasBigrams ? FormatSpec.CONTAINS_BIGRAMS_FLAG : 0)
-                + (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate ? FormatSpec.SUPPORTS_DYNAMIC_UPDATE : 0);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Makes the flag value for a shortcut.
-     *
-     * @param more whether there are more attributes after this one.
-     * @param frequency the frequency of the attribute, 0..15
-     * @return the flags
-     */
-    static final int makeShortcutFlags(final boolean more, final int frequency) {
-        return (more ? FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT : 0)
-                + (frequency & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY);
-    }
-
-    private static final int writeParentAddress(final byte[] buffer, final int index,
-            final int address, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(formatOptions)) {
-            if (address == FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS) {
-                buffer[index] = buffer[index + 1] = buffer[index + 2] = 0;
-            } else {
-                final int absAddress = Math.abs(address);
-                assert(absAddress <= FormatSpec.SINT24_MAX);
-                buffer[index] = (byte)((address < 0 ? FormatSpec.MSB8 : 0)
-                        | ((absAddress >> 16) & 0xFF));
-                buffer[index + 1] = (byte)((absAddress >> 8) & 0xFF);
-                buffer[index + 2] = (byte)(absAddress & 0xFF);
-            }
-            return index + 3;
-        } else {
-            return index;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Write a node to memory. The node is expected to have its final position cached.
-     *
-     * This can be an empty map, but the more is inside the faster the lookups will be. It can
-     * be carried on as long as nodes do not move.
-     *
-     * @param dict the dictionary the node is a part of (for relative offsets).
-     * @param buffer the memory buffer to write to.
-     * @param node the node to write.
-     * @param formatOptions file format options.
-     * @return the address of the END of the node.
-     */
-    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-    private static int writePlacedNode(final FusionDictionary dict, byte[] buffer,
-            final Node node, final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        // TODO: Make the code in common with BinaryDictIOUtils#writeCharGroup
-        int index = node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
-
-        final int groupCount = node.mData.size();
-        final int countSize = getGroupCountSize(node);
-        final int parentAddress = node.mCachedParentAddress;
-        if (1 == countSize) {
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)groupCount;
-        } else if (2 == countSize) {
-            // We need to signal 2-byte size by setting the top bit of the MSB to 1, so
-            // we | 0x80 to do this.
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)((groupCount >> 8) | 0x80);
-            buffer[index++] = (byte)(groupCount & 0xFF);
-        } else {
-            throw new RuntimeException("Strange size from getGroupCountSize : " + countSize);
-        }
-        int groupAddress = index;
-        for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; ++i) {
-            final CharGroup group = node.mData.get(i);
-            if (index != group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate) {
-                throw new RuntimeException("Bug: write index is not the same as the cached address "
-                        + "of the group : " + index + " <> " + group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate);
-            }
-            groupAddress += getGroupHeaderSize(group, formatOptions);
-            // Sanity checks.
-            if (DBG && group.mFrequency > FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY) {
-                throw new RuntimeException("A node has a frequency > "
-                        + FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY
-                        + " : " + group.mFrequency);
-            }
-            if (group.mFrequency >= 0) groupAddress += FormatSpec.GROUP_FREQUENCY_SIZE;
-            final int childrenOffset = null == group.mChildren
-                    ? FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS
-                            : group.mChildren.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate - groupAddress;
-            buffer[index++] =
-                    makeCharGroupFlags(group, groupAddress, childrenOffset, formatOptions);
-
-            if (parentAddress == FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS) {
-                index = writeParentAddress(buffer, index, parentAddress, formatOptions);
-            } else {
-                index = writeParentAddress(buffer, index, parentAddress
-                        + (node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate - group.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate),
-                        formatOptions);
-            }
-
-            index = CharEncoding.writeCharArray(group.mChars, buffer, index);
-            if (group.hasSeveralChars()) {
-                buffer[index++] = FormatSpec.GROUP_CHARACTERS_TERMINATOR;
-            }
-            if (group.mFrequency >= 0) {
-                buffer[index++] = (byte) group.mFrequency;
-            }
-
-            final int shift;
-            if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-                shift = writeVariableSignedAddress(buffer, index, childrenOffset);
-            } else {
-                shift = writeVariableAddress(buffer, index, childrenOffset);
-            }
-            index += shift;
-            groupAddress += shift;
-
-            // Write shortcuts
-            if (null != group.mShortcutTargets) {
-                final int indexOfShortcutByteSize = index;
-                index += FormatSpec.GROUP_SHORTCUT_LIST_SIZE_SIZE;
-                groupAddress += FormatSpec.GROUP_SHORTCUT_LIST_SIZE_SIZE;
-                final Iterator<WeightedString> shortcutIterator = group.mShortcutTargets.iterator();
-                while (shortcutIterator.hasNext()) {
-                    final WeightedString target = shortcutIterator.next();
-                    ++groupAddress;
-                    int shortcutFlags = makeShortcutFlags(shortcutIterator.hasNext(),
-                            target.mFrequency);
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)shortcutFlags;
-                    final int shortcutShift = CharEncoding.writeString(buffer, index, target.mWord);
-                    index += shortcutShift;
-                    groupAddress += shortcutShift;
-                }
-                final int shortcutByteSize = index - indexOfShortcutByteSize;
-                if (shortcutByteSize > 0xFFFF) {
-                    throw new RuntimeException("Shortcut list too large");
-                }
-                buffer[indexOfShortcutByteSize] = (byte)(shortcutByteSize >> 8);
-                buffer[indexOfShortcutByteSize + 1] = (byte)(shortcutByteSize & 0xFF);
-            }
-            // Write bigrams
-            if (null != group.mBigrams) {
-                final Iterator<WeightedString> bigramIterator = group.mBigrams.iterator();
-                while (bigramIterator.hasNext()) {
-                    final WeightedString bigram = bigramIterator.next();
-                    final CharGroup target =
-                            FusionDictionary.findWordInTree(dict.mRoot, bigram.mWord);
-                    final int addressOfBigram = target.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
-                    final int unigramFrequencyForThisWord = target.mFrequency;
-                    ++groupAddress;
-                    final int offset = addressOfBigram - groupAddress;
-                    int bigramFlags = makeBigramFlags(bigramIterator.hasNext(), offset,
-                            bigram.mFrequency, unigramFrequencyForThisWord, bigram.mWord);
-                    buffer[index++] = (byte)bigramFlags;
-                    final int bigramShift = writeVariableAddress(buffer, index, Math.abs(offset));
-                    index += bigramShift;
-                    groupAddress += bigramShift;
-                }
-            }
-
-        }
-        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-            buffer[index] = buffer[index + 1] = buffer[index + 2]
-                    = FormatSpec.NO_FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS;
-            index += FormatSpec.FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS_SIZE;
-        }
-        if (index != node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + node.mCachedSize) throw new RuntimeException(
-                "Not the same size : written "
-                + (index - node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate) + " bytes from a node that should have "
-                + node.mCachedSize + " bytes");
-        return index;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Dumps a collection of useful statistics about a node array.
-     *
-     * This prints purely informative stuff, like the total estimated file size, the
-     * number of nodes, of character groups, the repartition of each address size, etc
-     *
-     * @param nodes the node array.
-     */
-    private static void showStatistics(ArrayList<Node> nodes) {
-        int firstTerminalAddress = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
-        int lastTerminalAddress = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
-        int size = 0;
-        int charGroups = 0;
-        int maxGroups = 0;
-        int maxRuns = 0;
-        for (final Node n : nodes) {
-            if (maxGroups < n.mData.size()) maxGroups = n.mData.size();
-            for (final CharGroup cg : n.mData) {
-                ++charGroups;
-                if (cg.mChars.length > maxRuns) maxRuns = cg.mChars.length;
-                if (cg.mFrequency >= 0) {
-                    if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate < firstTerminalAddress)
-                        firstTerminalAddress = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
-                    if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate > lastTerminalAddress)
-                        lastTerminalAddress = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate;
-                }
-            }
-            if (n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + n.mCachedSize > size) {
-                size = n.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + n.mCachedSize;
-            }
-        }
-        final int[] groupCounts = new int[maxGroups + 1];
-        final int[] runCounts = new int[maxRuns + 1];
-        for (final Node n : nodes) {
-            ++groupCounts[n.mData.size()];
-            for (final CharGroup cg : n.mData) {
-                ++runCounts[cg.mChars.length];
-            }
-        }
-
-        MakedictLog.i("Statistics:\n"
-                + "  total file size " + size + "\n"
-                + "  " + nodes.size() + " nodes\n"
-                + "  " + charGroups + " groups (" + ((float)charGroups / nodes.size())
-                        + " groups per node)\n"
-                + "  first terminal at " + firstTerminalAddress + "\n"
-                + "  last terminal at " + lastTerminalAddress + "\n"
-                + "  Group stats : max = " + maxGroups);
-        for (int i = 0; i < groupCounts.length; ++i) {
-            MakedictLog.i("    " + i + " : " + groupCounts[i]);
-        }
-        MakedictLog.i("  Character run stats : max = " + maxRuns);
-        for (int i = 0; i < runCounts.length; ++i) {
-            MakedictLog.i("    " + i + " : " + runCounts[i]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Dumps a FusionDictionary to a file.
-     *
-     * This is the public entry point to write a dictionary to a file.
-     *
-     * @param destination the stream to write the binary data to.
-     * @param dict the dictionary to write.
-     * @param formatOptions file format options.
-     */
-    public static void writeDictionaryBinary(final OutputStream destination,
-            final FusionDictionary dict, final FormatOptions formatOptions)
-            throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
-
-        // Addresses are limited to 3 bytes, but since addresses can be relative to each node, the
-        // structure itself is not limited to 16MB. However, if it is over 16MB deciding the order
-        // of the nodes becomes a quite complicated problem, because though the dictionary itself
-        // does not have a size limit, each node must still be within 16MB of all its children and
-        // parents. As long as this is ensured, the dictionary file may grow to any size.
-
-        final int version = formatOptions.mVersion;
-        if (version < FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION
-                || version > FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION) {
-            throw new UnsupportedFormatException("Requested file format version " + version
-                    + ", but this implementation only supports versions "
-                    + FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION + " through "
-                    + FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION);
-        }
-
-        ByteArrayOutputStream headerBuffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream(256);
-
-        // The magic number in big-endian order.
-        // Magic number for all versions.
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER >> 24)));
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER >> 16)));
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER >> 8)));
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER));
-        // Dictionary version.
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (version >> 8)));
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & version));
-
-        // Options flags
-        final int options = makeOptionsValue(dict, formatOptions);
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & (options >> 8)));
-        headerBuffer.write((byte) (0xFF & options));
-        final int headerSizeOffset = headerBuffer.size();
-        // Placeholder to be written later with header size.
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-            headerBuffer.write(0);
-        }
-        // Write out the options.
-        for (final String key : dict.mOptions.mAttributes.keySet()) {
-            final String value = dict.mOptions.mAttributes.get(key);
-            CharEncoding.writeString(headerBuffer, key);
-            CharEncoding.writeString(headerBuffer, value);
-        }
-        final int size = headerBuffer.size();
-        final byte[] bytes = headerBuffer.toByteArray();
-        // Write out the header size.
-        bytes[headerSizeOffset] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 24));
-        bytes[headerSizeOffset + 1] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 16));
-        bytes[headerSizeOffset + 2] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 8));
-        bytes[headerSizeOffset + 3] = (byte) (0xFF & (size >> 0));
-        destination.write(bytes);
-
-        headerBuffer.close();
-
-        // Leave the choice of the optimal node order to the flattenTree function.
-        MakedictLog.i("Flattening the tree...");
-        ArrayList<Node> flatNodes = flattenTree(dict.mRoot);
-
-        MakedictLog.i("Computing addresses...");
-        computeAddresses(dict, flatNodes, formatOptions);
-        MakedictLog.i("Checking array...");
-        if (DBG) checkFlatNodeArray(flatNodes);
-
-        // Create a buffer that matches the final dictionary size.
-        final Node lastNode = flatNodes.get(flatNodes.size() - 1);
-        final int bufferSize = lastNode.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate + lastNode.mCachedSize;
-        final byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
-        int index = 0;
-
-        MakedictLog.i("Writing file...");
-        int dataEndOffset = 0;
-        for (Node n : flatNodes) {
-            dataEndOffset = writePlacedNode(dict, buffer, n, formatOptions);
-        }
-
-        if (DBG) showStatistics(flatNodes);
-
-        destination.write(buffer, 0, dataEndOffset);
-
-        destination.close();
-        MakedictLog.i("Done");
-    }
-
-
-    // Input methods: Read a binary dictionary to memory.
-    // readDictionaryBinary is the public entry point for them.
-
-    static int getChildrenAddressSize(final int optionFlags,
-            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        if (formatOptions.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) return FormatSpec.SIGNED_CHILDREN_ADDRESS_SIZE;
-        switch (optionFlags & FormatSpec.MASK_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE) {
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE:
-                return 1;
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES:
-                return 2;
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES:
-                return 3;
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_NOADDRESS:
-            default:
-                return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    static int readChildrenAddress(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
-            final int optionFlags, final FormatOptions options) {
-        if (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-            final int address = buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
-            if (address == 0) return FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS;
-            if ((address & FormatSpec.MSB24) != 0) {
-                return -(address & FormatSpec.SINT24_MAX);
-            } else {
-                return address;
-            }
-        }
-        int address;
-        switch (optionFlags & FormatSpec.MASK_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE) {
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE:
-                return buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES:
-                return buffer.readUnsignedShort();
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES:
-                return buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
-            case FormatSpec.FLAG_GROUP_ADDRESS_TYPE_NOADDRESS:
-            default:
-                return FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS;
-        }
-    }
-
-    static int readParentAddress(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
-            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(formatOptions)) {
-            final int parentAddress = buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
-            final int sign = ((parentAddress & FormatSpec.MSB24) != 0) ? -1 : 1;
-            return sign * (parentAddress & FormatSpec.SINT24_MAX);
-        } else {
-            return FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static final int[] CHARACTER_BUFFER = new int[FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH];
-    public static CharGroupInfo readCharGroup(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
-            final int originalGroupAddress, final FormatOptions options) {
-        int addressPointer = originalGroupAddress;
-        final int flags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-        ++addressPointer;
-
-        final int parentAddress = readParentAddress(buffer, options);
-        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(options)) {
-            addressPointer += 3;
-        }
-
-        final int characters[];
-        if (0 != (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_MULTIPLE_CHARS)) {
-            int index = 0;
-            int character = CharEncoding.readChar(buffer);
-            addressPointer += CharEncoding.getCharSize(character);
-            while (-1 != character) {
-                // FusionDictionary is making sure that the length of the word is smaller than
-                // MAX_WORD_LENGTH.
-                // So we'll never write past the end of CHARACTER_BUFFER.
-                CHARACTER_BUFFER[index++] = character;
-                character = CharEncoding.readChar(buffer);
-                addressPointer += CharEncoding.getCharSize(character);
-            }
-            characters = Arrays.copyOfRange(CHARACTER_BUFFER, 0, index);
-        } else {
-            final int character = CharEncoding.readChar(buffer);
-            addressPointer += CharEncoding.getCharSize(character);
-            characters = new int[] { character };
-        }
-        final int frequency;
-        if (0 != (FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL & flags)) {
-            ++addressPointer;
-            frequency = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-        } else {
-            frequency = CharGroup.NOT_A_TERMINAL;
-        }
-        int childrenAddress = readChildrenAddress(buffer, flags, options);
-        if (childrenAddress != FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS) {
-            childrenAddress += addressPointer;
-        }
-        addressPointer += getChildrenAddressSize(flags, options);
-        ArrayList<WeightedString> shortcutTargets = null;
-        if (0 != (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_SHORTCUT_TARGETS)) {
-            final int pointerBefore = buffer.position();
-            shortcutTargets = new ArrayList<WeightedString>();
-            buffer.readUnsignedShort(); // Skip the size
-            while (true) {
-                final int targetFlags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-                final String word = CharEncoding.readString(buffer);
-                shortcutTargets.add(new WeightedString(word,
-                        targetFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY));
-                if (0 == (targetFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT)) break;
-            }
-            addressPointer += buffer.position() - pointerBefore;
-        }
-        ArrayList<PendingAttribute> bigrams = null;
-        if (0 != (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_BIGRAMS)) {
-            bigrams = new ArrayList<PendingAttribute>();
-            int bigramCount = 0;
-            while (bigramCount++ < FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAMS_IN_A_GROUP) {
-                final int bigramFlags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-                ++addressPointer;
-                final int sign = 0 == (bigramFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_OFFSET_NEGATIVE)
-                        ? 1 : -1;
-                int bigramAddress = addressPointer;
-                switch (bigramFlags & FormatSpec.MASK_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE) {
-                case FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_ONEBYTE:
-                    bigramAddress += sign * buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-                    addressPointer += 1;
-                    break;
-                case FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_TWOBYTES:
-                    bigramAddress += sign * buffer.readUnsignedShort();
-                    addressPointer += 2;
-                    break;
-                case FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_ADDRESS_TYPE_THREEBYTES:
-                    final int offset = (buffer.readUnsignedByte() << 16)
-                            + buffer.readUnsignedShort();
-                    bigramAddress += sign * offset;
-                    addressPointer += 3;
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    throw new RuntimeException("Has bigrams with no address");
-                }
-                bigrams.add(new PendingAttribute(bigramFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_FREQUENCY,
-                        bigramAddress));
-                if (0 == (bigramFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_ATTRIBUTE_HAS_NEXT)) break;
-            }
-            if (bigramCount >= FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAMS_IN_A_GROUP) {
-                MakedictLog.d("too many bigrams in a group.");
-            }
-        }
-        return new CharGroupInfo(originalGroupAddress, addressPointer, flags, characters, frequency,
-                parentAddress, childrenAddress, shortcutTargets, bigrams);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reads and returns the char group count out of a buffer and forwards the pointer.
-     */
-    public static int readCharGroupCount(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer) {
-        final int msb = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-        if (FormatSpec.MAX_CHARGROUPS_FOR_ONE_BYTE_CHARGROUP_COUNT >= msb) {
-            return msb;
-        } else {
-            return ((FormatSpec.MAX_CHARGROUPS_FOR_ONE_BYTE_CHARGROUP_COUNT & msb) << 8)
-                    + buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // The word cache here is a stopgap bandaid to help the catastrophic performance
-    // of this method. Since it performs direct, unbuffered random access to the file and
-    // may be called hundreds of thousands of times, the resulting performance is not
-    // reasonable without some kind of cache. Thus:
-    private static TreeMap<Integer, WeightedString> wordCache =
-            new TreeMap<Integer, WeightedString>();
-    /**
-     * Finds, as a string, the word at the address passed as an argument.
-     *
-     * @param buffer the buffer to read from.
-     * @param headerSize the size of the header.
-     * @param address the address to seek.
-     * @param formatOptions file format options.
-     * @return the word with its frequency, as a weighted string.
-     */
-    /* package for tests */ static WeightedString getWordAtAddress(
-            final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize, final int address,
-            final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
-        final WeightedString cachedString = wordCache.get(address);
-        if (null != cachedString) return cachedString;
-
-        final WeightedString result;
-        final int originalPointer = buffer.position();
-        buffer.position(address);
-
-        if (BinaryDictIOUtils.supportsDynamicUpdate(formatOptions)) {
-            result = getWordAtAddressWithParentAddress(buffer, headerSize, address, formatOptions);
-        } else {
-            result = getWordAtAddressWithoutParentAddress(buffer, headerSize, address,
-                    formatOptions);
-        }
-
-        wordCache.put(address, result);
-        buffer.position(originalPointer);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    // TODO: static!? This will behave erratically when used in multi-threaded code.
-    // We need to fix this
-    private static int[] sGetWordBuffer = new int[FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH];
-    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-    private static WeightedString getWordAtAddressWithParentAddress(
-            final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize, final int address,
-            final FormatOptions options) {
-        int currentAddress = address;
-        int index = FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH - 1;
-        int frequency = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
-        // the length of the path from the root to the leaf is limited by MAX_WORD_LENGTH
-        for (int count = 0; count < FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH; ++count) {
-            CharGroupInfo currentInfo;
-            int loopCounter = 0;
-            do {
-                buffer.position(currentAddress + headerSize);
-                currentInfo = readCharGroup(buffer, currentAddress, options);
-                if (BinaryDictIOUtils.isMovedGroup(currentInfo.mFlags, options)) {
-                    currentAddress = currentInfo.mParentAddress + currentInfo.mOriginalAddress;
-                }
-                if (DBG && loopCounter++ > MAX_JUMPS) {
-                    MakedictLog.d("Too many jumps - probably a bug");
-                }
-            } while (BinaryDictIOUtils.isMovedGroup(currentInfo.mFlags, options));
-            if (Integer.MIN_VALUE == frequency) frequency = currentInfo.mFrequency;
-            for (int i = 0; i < currentInfo.mCharacters.length; ++i) {
-                sGetWordBuffer[index--] =
-                        currentInfo.mCharacters[currentInfo.mCharacters.length - i - 1];
-            }
-            if (currentInfo.mParentAddress == FormatSpec.NO_PARENT_ADDRESS) break;
-            currentAddress = currentInfo.mParentAddress + currentInfo.mOriginalAddress;
-        }
-
-        return new WeightedString(
-                new String(sGetWordBuffer, index + 1, FormatSpec.MAX_WORD_LENGTH - index - 1),
-                        frequency);
-    }
-
-    private static WeightedString getWordAtAddressWithoutParentAddress(
-            final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize, final int address,
-            final FormatOptions options) {
-        buffer.position(headerSize);
-        final int count = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
-        int groupOffset = BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(count);
-        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
-        WeightedString result = null;
-
-        CharGroupInfo last = null;
-        for (int i = count - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-            CharGroupInfo info = readCharGroup(buffer, groupOffset, options);
-            groupOffset = info.mEndAddress;
-            if (info.mOriginalAddress == address) {
-                builder.append(new String(info.mCharacters, 0, info.mCharacters.length));
-                result = new WeightedString(builder.toString(), info.mFrequency);
-                break; // and return
-            }
-            if (BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(info.mChildrenAddress)) {
-                if (info.mChildrenAddress > address) {
-                    if (null == last) continue;
-                    builder.append(new String(last.mCharacters, 0, last.mCharacters.length));
-                    buffer.position(last.mChildrenAddress + headerSize);
-                    i = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
-                    groupOffset = last.mChildrenAddress + BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(i);
-                    last = null;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                last = info;
-            }
-            if (0 == i && BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(last.mChildrenAddress)) {
-                builder.append(new String(last.mCharacters, 0, last.mCharacters.length));
-                buffer.position(last.mChildrenAddress + headerSize);
-                i = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
-                groupOffset = last.mChildrenAddress + BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(i);
-                last = null;
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reads a single node from a buffer.
-     *
-     * This methods reads the file at the current position. A node is fully expected to start at
-     * the current position.
-     * This will recursively read other nodes into the structure, populating the reverse
-     * maps on the fly and using them to keep track of already read nodes.
-     *
-     * @param buffer the buffer, correctly positioned at the start of a node.
-     * @param headerSize the size, in bytes, of the file header.
-     * @param reverseNodeMap a mapping from addresses to already read nodes.
-     * @param reverseGroupMap a mapping from addresses to already read character groups.
-     * @param options file format options.
-     * @return the read node with all his children already read.
-     */
-    private static Node readNode(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer, final int headerSize,
-            final Map<Integer, Node> reverseNodeMap, final Map<Integer, CharGroup> reverseGroupMap,
-            final FormatOptions options)
-            throws IOException {
-        final ArrayList<CharGroup> nodeContents = new ArrayList<CharGroup>();
-        final int nodeOrigin = buffer.position() - headerSize;
-
-        do { // Scan the linked-list node.
-            final int nodeHeadPosition = buffer.position() - headerSize;
-            final int count = readCharGroupCount(buffer);
-            int groupOffset = nodeHeadPosition + BinaryDictIOUtils.getGroupCountSize(count);
-            for (int i = count; i > 0; --i) { // Scan the array of CharGroup.
-                CharGroupInfo info = readCharGroup(buffer, groupOffset, options);
-                if (BinaryDictIOUtils.isMovedGroup(info.mFlags, options)) continue;
-                ArrayList<WeightedString> shortcutTargets = info.mShortcutTargets;
-                ArrayList<WeightedString> bigrams = null;
-                if (null != info.mBigrams) {
-                    bigrams = new ArrayList<WeightedString>();
-                    for (PendingAttribute bigram : info.mBigrams) {
-                        final WeightedString word = getWordAtAddress(
-                                buffer, headerSize, bigram.mAddress, options);
-                        final int reconstructedFrequency =
-                                reconstructBigramFrequency(word.mFrequency, bigram.mFrequency);
-                        bigrams.add(new WeightedString(word.mWord, reconstructedFrequency));
-                    }
-                }
-                if (BinaryDictIOUtils.hasChildrenAddress(info.mChildrenAddress)) {
-                    Node children = reverseNodeMap.get(info.mChildrenAddress);
-                    if (null == children) {
-                        final int currentPosition = buffer.position();
-                        buffer.position(info.mChildrenAddress + headerSize);
-                        children = readNode(
-                                buffer, headerSize, reverseNodeMap, reverseGroupMap, options);
-                        buffer.position(currentPosition);
-                    }
-                    nodeContents.add(
-                            new CharGroup(info.mCharacters, shortcutTargets, bigrams,
-                                    info.mFrequency,
-                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_A_WORD),
-                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_BLACKLISTED), children));
-                } else {
-                    nodeContents.add(
-                            new CharGroup(info.mCharacters, shortcutTargets, bigrams,
-                                    info.mFrequency,
-                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_NOT_A_WORD),
-                                    0 != (info.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_BLACKLISTED)));
-                }
-                groupOffset = info.mEndAddress;
-            }
-
-            // reach the end of the array.
-            if (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate) {
-                final int nextAddress = buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
-                if (nextAddress >= 0 && nextAddress < buffer.limit()) {
-                    buffer.position(nextAddress);
-                } else {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        } while (options.mSupportsDynamicUpdate &&
-                buffer.position() != FormatSpec.NO_FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS);
-
-        final Node node = new Node(nodeContents);
-        node.mCachedAddressBeforeUpdate = nodeOrigin;
-        node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate = nodeOrigin;
-        reverseNodeMap.put(node.mCachedAddressAfterUpdate, node);
-        return node;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Helper function to get the binary format version from the header.
-     * @throws IOException
-     */
-    private static int getFormatVersion(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer)
-            throws IOException {
-        final int magic = buffer.readInt();
-        if (FormatSpec.MAGIC_NUMBER == magic) return buffer.readUnsignedShort();
-        return FormatSpec.NOT_A_VERSION_NUMBER;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Helper function to get and validate the binary format version.
-     * @throws UnsupportedFormatException
-     * @throws IOException
-     */
-    private static int checkFormatVersion(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer)
-            throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
-        final int version = getFormatVersion(buffer);
-        if (version < FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION
-                || version > FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION) {
-            throw new UnsupportedFormatException("This file has version " + version
-                    + ", but this implementation does not support versions above "
-                    + FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION);
-        }
-        return version;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reads a header from a buffer.
-     * @param buffer the buffer to read.
-     * @throws IOException
-     * @throws UnsupportedFormatException
-     */
-    public static FileHeader readHeader(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer)
-            throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
-        final int version = checkFormatVersion(buffer);
-        final int optionsFlags = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
-
-        final HashMap<String, String> attributes = new HashMap<String, String>();
-        final int headerSize;
-        headerSize = buffer.readInt();
-
-        if (headerSize < 0) {
-            throw new UnsupportedFormatException("header size can't be negative.");
-        }
-
-        populateOptions(buffer, headerSize, attributes);
-        buffer.position(headerSize);
-
-        final FileHeader header = new FileHeader(headerSize,
-                new FusionDictionary.DictionaryOptions(attributes,
-                        0 != (optionsFlags & FormatSpec.GERMAN_UMLAUT_PROCESSING_FLAG),
-                        0 != (optionsFlags & FormatSpec.FRENCH_LIGATURE_PROCESSING_FLAG)),
-                new FormatOptions(version,
-                        0 != (optionsFlags & FormatSpec.SUPPORTS_DYNAMIC_UPDATE)));
-        return header;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reads options from a buffer and populate a map with their contents.
-     *
-     * The buffer is read at the current position, so the caller must take care the pointer
-     * is in the right place before calling this.
-     */
-    public static void populateOptions(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
-            final int headerSize, final HashMap<String, String> options) {
-        while (buffer.position() < headerSize) {
-            final String key = CharEncoding.readString(buffer);
-            final String value = CharEncoding.readString(buffer);
-            options.put(key, value);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reads a buffer and returns the memory representation of the dictionary.
-     *
-     * This high-level method takes a buffer and reads its contents, populating a
-     * FusionDictionary structure. The optional dict argument is an existing dictionary to
-     * which words from the buffer should be added. If it is null, a new dictionary is created.
-     *
-     * @param reader the reader.
-     * @param dict an optional dictionary to add words to, or null.
-     * @return the created (or merged) dictionary.
-     */
-    @UsedForTesting
-    public static FusionDictionary readDictionaryBinary(final BinaryDictReader reader,
-            final FusionDictionary dict) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException,
-            UnsupportedFormatException {
-        // clear cache
-        wordCache.clear();
-
-        // if the buffer has not been opened, open the buffer with bytebuffer.
-        if (reader.getBuffer() == null) reader.openBuffer(
-                new BinaryDictReader.FusionDictionaryBufferFromByteBufferFactory());
-        if (reader.getBuffer() == null) {
-            MakedictLog.e("Cannot open the buffer");
-        }
-
-        // Read header
-        final FileHeader header = readHeader(reader.getBuffer());
-
-        Map<Integer, Node> reverseNodeMapping = new TreeMap<Integer, Node>();
-        Map<Integer, CharGroup> reverseGroupMapping = new TreeMap<Integer, CharGroup>();
-        final Node root = readNode(reader.getBuffer(), header.mHeaderSize, reverseNodeMapping,
-                reverseGroupMapping, header.mFormatOptions);
-
-        FusionDictionary newDict = new FusionDictionary(root, header.mDictionaryOptions);
-        if (null != dict) {
-            for (final Word w : dict) {
-                if (w.mIsBlacklistEntry) {
-                    newDict.addBlacklistEntry(w.mWord, w.mShortcutTargets, w.mIsNotAWord);
-                } else {
-                    newDict.add(w.mWord, w.mFrequency, w.mShortcutTargets, w.mIsNotAWord);
-                }
-            }
-            for (final Word w : dict) {
-                // By construction a binary dictionary may not have bigrams pointing to
-                // words that are not also registered as unigrams so we don't have to avoid
-                // them explicitly here.
-                for (final WeightedString bigram : w.mBigrams) {
-                    newDict.setBigram(w.mWord, bigram.mWord, bigram.mFrequency);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return newDict;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Helper method to pass a file name instead of a File object to isBinaryDictionary.
-     */
-    public static boolean isBinaryDictionary(final String filename) {
-        final File file = new File(filename);
-        return isBinaryDictionary(file);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Basic test to find out whether the file is a binary dictionary or not.
-     *
-     * Concretely this only tests the magic number.
-     *
-     * @param file The file to test.
-     * @return true if it's a binary dictionary, false otherwise
-     */
-    public static boolean isBinaryDictionary(final File file) {
-        FileInputStream inStream = null;
-        try {
-            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
-            final ByteBuffer buffer = inStream.getChannel().map(
-                    FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, file.length());
-            final int version = getFormatVersion(new ByteBufferWrapper(buffer));
-            return (version >= FormatSpec.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION
-                    && version <= FormatSpec.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED_VERSION);
-        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-            return false;
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            return false;
-        } finally {
-            if (inStream != null) {
-                try {
-                    inStream.close();
-                } catch (IOException e) {
-                    // do nothing
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Calculate bigram frequency from compressed value
-     *
-     * @see #makeBigramFlags
-     *
-     * @param unigramFrequency
-     * @param bigramFrequency compressed frequency
-     * @return approximate bigram frequency
-     */
-    public static int reconstructBigramFrequency(final int unigramFrequency,
-            final int bigramFrequency) {
-        final float stepSize = (FormatSpec.MAX_TERMINAL_FREQUENCY - unigramFrequency)
-                / (1.5f + FormatSpec.MAX_BIGRAM_FREQUENCY);
-        final float resultFreqFloat = unigramFrequency + stepSize * (bigramFrequency + 1.0f);
-        return (int)resultFreqFloat;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReader.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReader.java
index a4a7ce4..f2f3c46 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReader.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReader.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 package com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict;
 
 import com.android.inputmethod.annotations.UsedForTesting;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.utils.ByteArrayWrapper;
 
 import java.io.File;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
                 }
             }
             if (buffer != null) {
-                return new BinaryDictInputOutput.ByteBufferWrapper(buffer);
+                return new BinaryDictDecoder.ByteBufferWrapper(buffer);
             }
             return null;
         }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
                 }
             }
             if (buffer != null) {
-                return new BinaryDictInputOutput.ByteBufferWrapper(buffer);
+                return new BinaryDictDecoder.ByteBufferWrapper(buffer);
             }
             return null;
         }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/DynamicBinaryDictIOUtils.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/DynamicBinaryDictIOUtils.java
index 5b10912..4dbfcb7 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/DynamicBinaryDictIOUtils.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/DynamicBinaryDictIOUtils.java
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 import com.android.inputmethod.annotations.UsedForTesting;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.Constants;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FileHeader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FormatOptions;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.WeightedString;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     public static void deleteWord(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
             final String word) throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
         buffer.position(0);
-        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(buffer);
+        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(buffer);
         final int wordPosition = BinaryDictIOUtils.getTerminalPosition(buffer, word);
         if (wordPosition == FormatSpec.NOT_VALID_WORD) return;
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
         final int originalPosition = buffer.position();
         buffer.position(nodeOriginAddress);
         do {
-            final int count = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+            final int count = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
             for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
                 updateParentAddress(buffer, buffer.position(), newParentAddress, formatOptions);
                 BinaryDictIOUtils.skipCharGroup(buffer, formatOptions);
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         final int originalPosition = buffer.position();
         buffer.position(groupOriginAddress);
         final int flags = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
-        final int parentAddress = BinaryDictInputOutput.readParentAddress(buffer, formatOptions);
+        final int parentAddress = BinaryDictDecoder.readParentAddress(buffer, formatOptions);
         BinaryDictIOUtils.skipString(buffer, (flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_HAS_MULTIPLE_CHARS) != 0);
         if ((flags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL) != 0) buffer.readUnsignedByte();
         final int childrenOffset = newChildrenAddress == FormatSpec.NO_CHILDREN_ADDRESS
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
         buffer.position(nodeOriginAddress);
         int jumpCount = 0;
         while (jumpCount++ < MAX_JUMPS) {
-            final int count = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+            final int count = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
             for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) BinaryDictIOUtils.skipCharGroup(buffer, formatOptions);
             final int forwardLinkAddress = buffer.readUnsignedInt24();
             if (forwardLinkAddress == FormatSpec.NO_FORWARD_LINK_ADDRESS) {
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
 
         // find the insert position of the word.
         if (buffer.position() != 0) buffer.position(0);
-        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(buffer);
+        final FileHeader header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(buffer);
 
         int wordPos = 0, address = buffer.position(), nodeOriginAddress = buffer.position();
         final int[] codePoints = FusionDictionary.getCodePoints(word);
@@ -279,12 +279,12 @@
             if (wordPos >= wordLen) break;
             nodeOriginAddress = buffer.position();
             int nodeParentAddress = -1;
-            final int charGroupCount = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+            final int charGroupCount = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
             boolean foundNextGroup = false;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < charGroupCount; ++i) {
                 address = buffer.position();
-                final CharGroupInfo currentInfo = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroup(buffer,
+                final CharGroupInfo currentInfo = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroup(buffer,
                         buffer.position(), header.mFormatOptions);
                 final boolean isMovedGroup = BinaryDictIOUtils.isMovedGroup(currentInfo.mFlags,
                         header.mFormatOptions);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@
                          *  abc - d - ef
                          */
                         final int newNodeAddress = buffer.limit();
-                        final int flags = BinaryDictInputOutput.makeCharGroupFlags(p > 1,
+                        final int flags = BinaryDictEncoder.makeCharGroupFlags(p > 1,
                                 isTerminal, 0, hasShortcuts, hasBigrams, false /* isNotAWord */,
                                 false /* isBlackListEntry */, header.mFormatOptions);
                         int written = moveGroup(newNodeAddress, currentInfo.mCharacters, p, flags,
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
                             final int childrenAddress = currentInfo.mChildrenAddress;
 
                             // move prefix
-                            final int prefixFlags = BinaryDictInputOutput.makeCharGroupFlags(p > 1,
+                            final int prefixFlags = BinaryDictEncoder.makeCharGroupFlags(p > 1,
                                     false /* isTerminal */, 0 /* childrenAddressSize*/,
                                     false /* hasShortcut */, false /* hasBigrams */,
                                     false /* isNotAWord */, false /* isBlackListEntry */,
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
                                 updateParentAddresses(buffer, currentInfo.mChildrenAddress,
                                         newNodeAddress + written + 1, header.mFormatOptions);
                             }
-                            final int suffixFlags = BinaryDictInputOutput.makeCharGroupFlags(
+                            final int suffixFlags = BinaryDictEncoder.makeCharGroupFlags(
                                     suffixCharacters.length > 1,
                                     (currentInfo.mFlags & FormatSpec.FLAG_IS_TERMINAL) != 0,
                                     0 /* childrenAddressSize */,
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@
 
                             final int[] newCharacters = Arrays.copyOfRange(codePoints, wordPos + p,
                                     codePoints.length);
-                            final int flags = BinaryDictInputOutput.makeCharGroupFlags(
+                            final int flags = BinaryDictEncoder.makeCharGroupFlags(
                                     newCharacters.length > 1, isTerminal,
                                     0 /* childrenAddressSize */, hasShortcuts, hasBigrams,
                                     isNotAWord, isBlackListEntry, header.mFormatOptions);
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@
                         // only update group.
                         final int newNodeAddress = buffer.limit();
                         final boolean hasMultipleChars = currentInfo.mCharacters.length > 1;
-                        final int flags = BinaryDictInputOutput.makeCharGroupFlags(hasMultipleChars,
+                        final int flags = BinaryDictEncoder.makeCharGroupFlags(hasMultipleChars,
                                 isTerminal, 0 /* childrenAddressSize */, hasShortcuts, hasBigrams,
                                 isNotAWord, isBlackListEntry, header.mFormatOptions);
                         final CharGroupInfo newInfo = new CharGroupInfo(newNodeAddress + 1,
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
                                 header.mFormatOptions);
                         final int newGroupAddress = newNodeAddress + 1;
                         final boolean hasMultipleChars = (wordLen - wordPos) > 1;
-                        final int flags = BinaryDictInputOutput.makeCharGroupFlags(hasMultipleChars,
+                        final int flags = BinaryDictEncoder.makeCharGroupFlags(hasMultipleChars,
                                 isTerminal, 0 /* childrenAddressSize */, hasShortcuts, hasBigrams,
                                 isNotAWord, isBlackListEntry, header.mFormatOptions);
                         final int[] characters = Arrays.copyOfRange(codePoints, wordPos, wordLen);
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
                 BinaryDictIOUtils.writeSInt24ToBuffer(buffer, newNodeAddress);
 
                 final int[] characters = Arrays.copyOfRange(codePoints, wordPos, wordLen);
-                final int flags = BinaryDictInputOutput.makeCharGroupFlags(characters.length > 1,
+                final int flags = BinaryDictEncoder.makeCharGroupFlags(characters.length > 1,
                         isTerminal, 0 /* childrenAddressSize */, hasShortcuts, hasBigrams,
                         isNotAWord, isBlackListEntry, header.mFormatOptions);
                 final CharGroupInfo newInfo = new CharGroupInfo(newNodeAddress + 1,
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/personalization/UserHistoryDictionaryBigramList.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/personalization/UserHistoryDictionaryBigramList.java
index f21db25..9f289e9 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/personalization/UserHistoryDictionaryBigramList.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/personalization/UserHistoryDictionaryBigramList.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
      * Called when loaded from the SQL DB.
      */
     public void addBigram(String word1, String word2, byte fcValue) {
-        if (UserHistoryPredictionDictionary.DBG_SAVE_RESTORE) {
+        if (DynamicPredictionDictionaryBase.DBG_SAVE_RESTORE) {
             Log.d(TAG, "--- add bigram: " + word1 + ", " + word2 + ", " + fcValue);
         }
         final HashMap<String, Byte> map;
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
      * Called when inserted to the SQL DB.
      */
     public void updateBigram(String word1, String word2, byte fcValue) {
-        if (UserHistoryPredictionDictionary.DBG_SAVE_RESTORE) {
+        if (DynamicPredictionDictionaryBase.DBG_SAVE_RESTORE) {
             Log.d(TAG, "--- update bigram: " + word1 + ", " + word2 + ", " + fcValue);
         }
         final HashMap<String, Byte> map;
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/ByteArrayWrapper.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/ByteArrayWrapper.java
index 1bb27aa..d93b614 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/ByteArrayWrapper.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/ByteArrayWrapper.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.inputmethod.latin.utils;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
 
 /**
  * This class provides an implementation for the FusionDictionary buffer interface that is backed
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/UserHistoryDictIOUtils.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/UserHistoryDictIOUtils.java
index a0ad27c..aed07fd 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/UserHistoryDictIOUtils.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/utils/UserHistoryDictIOUtils.java
@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import com.android.inputmethod.annotations.UsedForTesting;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictEncoder;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictIOUtils;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictReader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FormatOptions;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary;
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@
             final FormatOptions formatOptions) {
         final FusionDictionary fusionDict = constructFusionDictionary(dict, bigrams);
         try {
-            BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(destination, fusionDict, formatOptions);
+            BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(destination, fusionDict, formatOptions);
             Log.d(TAG, "end writing");
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "IO exception while writing file", e);
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@
                         continue;
                     }
                     to.setBigram(word1, word2,
-                            BinaryDictInputOutput.reconstructBigramFrequency(unigramFrequency,
+                            BinaryDictDecoder.reconstructBigramFrequency(unigramFrequency,
                                     attr.mFrequency));
                 }
             }
diff --git a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/research/JsonUtils.java b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/research/JsonUtils.java
index 63d524d..977f843 100644
--- a/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/research/JsonUtils.java
+++ b/java/src/com/android/inputmethod/research/JsonUtils.java
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@
 
     private static void writeJson(final Key key, final JsonWriter jsonWriter) throws IOException {
         jsonWriter.beginObject();
-        jsonWriter.name("code").value(key.mCode);
+        jsonWriter.name("code").value(key.getCode());
         jsonWriter.name("altCode").value(key.getAltCode());
-        jsonWriter.name("x").value(key.mX);
-        jsonWriter.name("y").value(key.mY);
-        jsonWriter.name("w").value(key.mWidth);
-        jsonWriter.name("h").value(key.mHeight);
+        jsonWriter.name("x").value(key.getX());
+        jsonWriter.name("y").value(key.getY());
+        jsonWriter.name("w").value(key.getWidth());
+        jsonWriter.name("h").value(key.getHeight());
         jsonWriter.endObject();
     }
 
diff --git a/native/jni/Android.mk b/native/jni/Android.mk
index 6e1d765..9e7407a 100644
--- a/native/jni/Android.mk
+++ b/native/jni/Android.mk
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
     com_android_inputmethod_keyboard_ProximityInfo.cpp \
     com_android_inputmethod_latin_BinaryDictionary.cpp \
     com_android_inputmethod_latin_DicTraverseSession.cpp \
+    com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.cpp \
     jni_common.cpp
 
 LATIN_IME_CORE_SRC_FILES := \
diff --git a/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.cpp b/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..457b226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "LatinIME: jni: BinaryDictDecoder"
+
+#include "com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.h"
+
+#include "defines.h"
+#include "jni.h"
+#include "jni_common.h"
+
+namespace latinime {
+static int latinime_BinaryDictDecoder_doNothing(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz) {
+    // This is a phony method for test - it does nothing. It just returns some value
+    // unlikely to be in memory by chance for testing purposes.
+    // TODO: remove this method.
+    return 2097;
+}
+
+static const JNINativeMethod sMethods[] = {
+    {
+        // TODO: remove this entry when we have one useful method in here
+        const_cast<char *>("doNothing"),
+        const_cast<char *>("()I"),
+        reinterpret_cast<void *>(latinime_BinaryDictDecoder_doNothing)
+    },
+};
+
+int register_BinaryDictDecoder(JNIEnv *env) {
+    const char *const kClassPathName =
+            "com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictDecoder";
+    return registerNativeMethods(env, kClassPathName, sMethods, NELEMS(sMethods));
+}
+} // namespace latinime
diff --git a/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.h b/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f3cb67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native/jni/com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _COM_ANDROID_INPUTMETHOD_LATIN_MAKEDICT_BINARYDICTDECODER_H
+#define _COM_ANDROID_INPUTMETHOD_LATIN_MAKEDICT_BINARYDICTDECODER_H
+
+#include "jni.h"
+
+namespace latinime {
+int register_BinaryDictDecoder(JNIEnv *env);
+} // namespace latinime
+#endif // _COM_ANDROID_INPUTMETHOD_LATIN_MAKEDICT_BINARYDICTDECODER_H
diff --git a/native/jni/jni_common.cpp b/native/jni/jni_common.cpp
index f2867d7..d44be67 100644
--- a/native/jni/jni_common.cpp
+++ b/native/jni/jni_common.cpp
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@
 
 #include "jni_common.h"
 
+#ifndef HOST_TOOL
 #include "com_android_inputmethod_keyboard_ProximityInfo.h"
 #include "com_android_inputmethod_latin_BinaryDictionary.h"
 #include "com_android_inputmethod_latin_DicTraverseSession.h"
+#endif
+#include "com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.h"
 #include "defines.h"
 
 /*
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@
         AKLOGE("ERROR: JNIEnv is invalid");
         return -1;
     }
+#ifndef HOST_TOOL
     if (!latinime::register_BinaryDictionary(env)) {
         AKLOGE("ERROR: BinaryDictionary native registration failed");
         return -1;
@@ -50,6 +54,11 @@
         AKLOGE("ERROR: ProximityInfo native registration failed");
         return -1;
     }
+#endif
+    if (!latinime::register_BinaryDictDecoder(env)) {
+        AKLOGE("ERROR: BinaryDictDecoder native registration failed");
+        return -1;
+    }
     /* success -- return valid version number */
     return JNI_VERSION_1_6;
 }
diff --git a/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/probability_utils.h b/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/probability_utils.h
index f450087..2192135 100644
--- a/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/probability_utils.h
+++ b/native/jni/src/suggest/core/dictionary/probability_utils.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
         // the unigram probability to be the median value of the 17th step from the top. A value of
         // 0 for the bigram probability represents the middle of the 16th step from the top,
         // while a value of 15 represents the middle of the top step.
-        // See makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput for details.
+        // See makedict.BinaryDictDecoder for details.
         const float stepSize = static_cast<float>(MAX_PROBABILITY - unigramProbability)
                 / (1.5f + MAX_BIGRAM_ENCODED_PROBABILITY);
         return unigramProbability
diff --git a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/InputTestsBase.java b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/InputTestsBase.java
index ead134b..cc3e0d7 100644
--- a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/InputTestsBase.java
+++ b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/InputTestsBase.java
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@
         //mLatinIME.onPressKey(codePoint, 0 /* repeatCount */, true /* isSinglePointer */);
         final Key key = mKeyboard.getKey(codePoint);
         if (key != null) {
-            final int x = key.mX + key.mWidth / 2;
-            final int y = key.mY + key.mHeight / 2;
+            final int x = key.getX() + key.getWidth() / 2;
+            final int y = key.getY() + key.getHeight() / 2;
             mLatinIME.onCodeInput(codePoint, x, y);
             return;
         }
diff --git a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOTests.java b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests.java
similarity index 96%
rename from tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOTests.java
rename to tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests.java
index 7bfd603..9664779 100644
--- a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOTests.java
+++ b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests.java
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FileHeader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.CharGroup;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.Node;
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@
 import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
- * Unit tests for BinaryDictInputOutput
+ * Unit tests for BinaryDictDecoder and BinaryDictEncoder.
  */
 @LargeTest
-public class BinaryDictIOTests extends AndroidTestCase {
-    private static final String TAG = BinaryDictIOTests.class.getSimpleName();
+public class BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests extends AndroidTestCase {
+    private static final String TAG = BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests.class.getSimpleName();
     private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_UNIGRAMS = 100;
     private static final int DEFAULT_CODE_POINT_SET_SIZE = 50;
     private static final int UNIGRAM_FREQ = 10;
@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@
     private static final FormatSpec.FormatOptions VERSION3_WITH_DYNAMIC_UPDATE =
             new FormatSpec.FormatOptions(3, true /* supportsDynamicUpdate */);
 
-    public BinaryDictIOTests() {
+    public BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests() {
         this(System.currentTimeMillis(), DEFAULT_MAX_UNIGRAMS);
     }
 
-    public BinaryDictIOTests(final long seed, final int maxUnigrams) {
+    public BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests(final long seed, final int maxUnigrams) {
         super();
         Log.e(TAG, "Testing dictionary: seed is " + seed);
         final Random random = new Random(seed);
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@
             // If you need to dump the dict to a textual file, uncomment the line below and the
             // function above
             // dumpToCombinedFileForDebug(file, "/tmp/foo");
-            BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, formatOptions);
+            BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, formatOptions);
             diff = System.currentTimeMillis() - now;
 
             out.flush();
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
             getBuffer(reader, bufferType);
             assertNotNull(reader.getBuffer());
             now = System.currentTimeMillis();
-            dict = BinaryDictInputOutput.readDictionaryBinary(reader, null);
+            dict = BinaryDictDecoder.readDictionaryBinary(reader, null);
             diff  = System.currentTimeMillis() - now;
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "IOException while reading dictionary", e);
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
                 }
                 actBigrams.get(word1).add(word2);
 
-                final int bigramFreq = BinaryDictInputOutput.reconstructBigramFrequency(
+                final int bigramFreq = BinaryDictDecoder.reconstructBigramFrequency(
                         unigramFreq, attr.mFrequency);
                 assertTrue(Math.abs(bigramFreq - BIGRAM_FREQ) < TOLERANCE_OF_BIGRAM_FREQ);
             }
@@ -497,14 +497,14 @@
 
         FileHeader header = null;
         try {
-            header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(buffer);
+            header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(buffer);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             return null;
         } catch (UnsupportedFormatException e) {
             return null;
         }
         if (header == null) return null;
-        return BinaryDictInputOutput.getWordAtAddress(buffer, header.mHeaderSize,
+        return BinaryDictDecoder.getWordAtAddress(buffer, header.mHeaderSize,
                 address - header.mHeaderSize, header.mFormatOptions).mWord;
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtilsTests.java b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtilsTests.java
index e759507..f2476b2 100644
--- a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtilsTests.java
+++ b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictIOUtilsTests.java
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.LargeTest;
 import android.util.Log;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.ByteBufferWrapper;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.ByteBufferWrapper;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FileHeader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.Node;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary.WeightedString;
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@
     private static void printNode(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer,
             final FormatSpec.FormatOptions formatOptions) {
         Log.d(TAG, "Node at " + buffer.position());
-        final int count = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
+        final int count = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroupCount(buffer);
         Log.d(TAG, "    charGroupCount = " + count);
         for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            final CharGroupInfo currentInfo = BinaryDictInputOutput.readCharGroup(buffer,
+            final CharGroupInfo currentInfo = BinaryDictDecoder.readCharGroup(buffer,
                     buffer.position(), formatOptions);
             printCharGroup(currentInfo);
         }
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
 
     private static void printBinaryFile(final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer)
             throws IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
-        FileHeader header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(buffer);
+        FileHeader header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(buffer);
         while (buffer.position() < buffer.limit()) {
             printNode(buffer, header.mFormatOptions);
         }
@@ -252,8 +252,8 @@
             inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
             final FusionDictionaryBufferInterface buffer = new ByteBufferWrapper(
                     inStream.getChannel().map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, file.length()));
-            final FileHeader header = BinaryDictInputOutput.readHeader(buffer);
-            assertEquals(word, BinaryDictInputOutput.getWordAtAddress(buffer, header.mHeaderSize,
+            final FileHeader header = BinaryDictDecoder.readHeader(buffer);
+            assertEquals(word, BinaryDictDecoder.getWordAtAddress(buffer, header.mHeaderSize,
                     position - header.mHeaderSize, header.mFormatOptions).mWord);
         } catch (IOException e) {
         } catch (UnsupportedFormatException e) {
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
 
         try {
             final FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
-            BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
+            BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
             out.close();
         } catch (IOException e) {
             fail("IOException while writing an initial dictionary : " + e);
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@
 
         try {
             final FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
-            BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
+            BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
             out.close();
         } catch (IOException e) {
             fail("IOException while writing an initial dictionary : " + e);
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
 
         try {
             final FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
-            BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
+            BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, FORMAT_OPTIONS);
             out.close();
         } catch (IOException e) {
             assertTrue(false);
diff --git a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReaderTests.java b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReaderTests.java
index a46e583..1c6de50 100644
--- a/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReaderTests.java
+++ b/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictReaderTests.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder.FusionDictionaryBufferInterface;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictReader.FusionDictionaryBufferFactory;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictReader.
         FusionDictionaryBufferFromByteArrayFactory;
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/Android.mk b/tools/dicttool/Android.mk
index d06be58..f076ef2 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/Android.mk
+++ b/tools/dicttool/Android.mk
@@ -13,27 +13,34 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
+LATINIME_DICTTOOL_AOSP_LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
+LOCAL_PATH := $(LATINIME_DICTTOOL_AOSP_LOCAL_PATH)
+LATINIME_HOST_NATIVE_LIBNAME := liblatinime-aosp-dicttool-host
+include $(LOCAL_PATH)/NativeLib.mk
+
+######################################
+LOCAL_PATH := $(LATINIME_DICTTOOL_AOSP_LOCAL_PATH)
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
-BUILD_TOP := ../../../../..
-LATINIME_DIR := $(BUILD_TOP)/packages/inputmethods/LatinIME
-LATINIME_BASE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY := $(LATINIME_DIR)/java/src/com/android/inputmethod
-LATINIME_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY := $(LATINIME_BASE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/latin
+LATINIME_LOCAL_DIR := ../..
+LATINIME_BASE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY := $(LATINIME_LOCAL_DIR)/java/src/com/android/inputmethod
 LATINIME_ANNOTATIONS_SOURCE_DIRECTORY := $(LATINIME_BASE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/annotations
+LATINIME_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY := $(LATINIME_BASE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/latin
 MAKEDICT_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY := $(LATINIME_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/makedict
-DICTTOOL_COMPAT_TESTS_DIRECTORY := compat
-DICTTOOL_ONDEVICE_TESTS_DIRECTORY := \
-        $(LATINIME_DIR)/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/
-
 USED_TARGETTED_UTILS := \
         $(LATINIME_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/utils/ByteArrayWrapper.java \
-        $(LATINIME_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/utils/CollectionUtils.java
+        $(LATINIME_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/utils/CollectionUtils.java \
+        $(LATINIME_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY)/utils/JniUtils.java
+
+DICTTOOL_ONDEVICE_TESTS_DIRECTORY := \
+        $(LATINIME_LOCAL_DIR)/tests/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/
+DICTTOOL_COMPAT_TESTS_DIRECTORY := compat
 
 LOCAL_MAIN_SRC_FILES := $(call all-java-files-under, $(MAKEDICT_CORE_SOURCE_DIRECTORY))
 LOCAL_TOOL_SRC_FILES := $(call all-java-files-under, src)
 LOCAL_ANNOTATIONS_SRC_FILES := \
         $(call all-java-files-under, $(LATINIME_ANNOTATIONS_SOURCE_DIRECTORY))
+
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_TOOL_SRC_FILES) \
         $(filter-out $(addprefix %/, $(notdir $(LOCAL_TOOL_SRC_FILES))), $(LOCAL_MAIN_SRC_FILES)) \
         $(LOCAL_ANNOTATIONS_SRC_FILES) \
@@ -44,9 +51,13 @@
         $(USED_TARGETTED_UTILS)
 
 LOCAL_JAVA_LIBRARIES := junit
-
+LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES := $(LATINIME_HOST_NATIVE_LIBNAME)
 LOCAL_JAR_MANIFEST := etc/manifest.txt
 LOCAL_MODULE := dicttool_aosp
 
 include $(BUILD_HOST_JAVA_LIBRARY)
 include $(LOCAL_PATH)/etc/Android.mk
+
+# Clear our private variables
+LATINIME_DICTTOOL_AOSP_LOCAL_PATH :=
+LATINIME_LOCAL_DIR :=
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/NativeLib.mk b/tools/dicttool/NativeLib.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84e54a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/dicttool/NativeLib.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+
+# Need to define the name of the library in the caller in LATINIME_HOST_NATIVE_LIBNAME
+
+LATINIME_DIR_RELATIVE_TO_DICTTOOL := ../..
+
+ifneq ($(strip $(HOST_JDK_IS_64BIT_VERSION)),)
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -m64
+LOCAL_LDFLAGS += -m64
+endif #HOST_JDK_IS_64BIT_VERSION
+
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DHOST_TOOL -fPIC
+LOCAL_NO_DEFAULT_COMPILER_FLAGS := true
+
+LATINIME_NATIVE_JNI_DIR := $(LATINIME_DIR_RELATIVE_TO_DICTTOOL)/native/jni
+LATINIME_NATIVE_SRC_DIR := $(LATINIME_DIR_RELATIVE_TO_DICTTOOL)/native/jni/src
+LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/$(LATINIME_NATIVE_SRC_DIR)
+# Used in jni_common.cpp to avoid registering useless methods.
+
+LATIN_IME_JNI_SRC_FILES := \
+    com_android_inputmethod_latin_makedict_BinaryDictDecoder.cpp \
+    jni_common.cpp
+
+LATIN_IME_CORE_SRC_FILES :=
+
+LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
+    $(addprefix $(LATINIME_NATIVE_JNI_DIR)/, $(LATIN_IME_JNI_SRC_FILES)) \
+    $(addprefix $(LATINIME_NATIVE_SRC_DIR)/, $(LATIN_IME_CORE_SRC_FILES))
+
+LOCAL_MODULE := $(LATINIME_HOST_NATIVE_LIBNAME)
+
+include $(BUILD_HOST_SHARED_LIBRARY)
+
+# Clear our private variables
+LATINIME_DIR_RELATIVE_TO_DICTTOOL := ../..
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/compat/android/util/Log.java b/tools/dicttool/compat/android/util/Log.java
index d9df3a4..b3b6dd8 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/compat/android/util/Log.java
+++ b/tools/dicttool/compat/android/util/Log.java
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@
     public static void d(final String tag, final String message) {
         System.out.println(tag + " : " + message);
     }
-    public static void d(final String tag, final String message, final Exception e) {
+    public static void d(final String tag, final String message, final Throwable e) {
         System.out.println(tag + " : " + message + " : " + e);
     }
     public static void e(final String tag, final String message) {
         d(tag, message);
     }
-    public static void e(final String tag, final String message, final Exception e) {
-        e(tag, message, e);
+    public static void e(final String tag, final String message, final Throwable e) {
+        d(tag, message, e);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/compat/com/android/inputmethod/latin/define/JniLibName.java b/tools/dicttool/compat/com/android/inputmethod/latin/define/JniLibName.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c68bdaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/dicttool/compat/com/android/inputmethod/latin/define/JniLibName.java
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.inputmethod.latin.define;
+
+public final class JniLibName {
+    private JniLibName() {
+        // This class is not publicly instantiable.
+    }
+
+    public static final String JNI_LIB_NAME = "latinime-dicttool-host";
+}
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/etc/dicttool_aosp b/tools/dicttool/etc/dicttool_aosp
index cc7111a..65a1c3a 100755
--- a/tools/dicttool/etc/dicttool_aosp
+++ b/tools/dicttool/etc/dicttool_aosp
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@
 fi
 
 # might need more memory, e.g. -Xmx128M
-exec java -ea -classpath "$libpath":"$jarpath" "$classname" "$@"
+exec java -ea -classpath "$libpath":"$jarpath" -Djava.library.path="$libdir" "$classname" "$@"
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtils.java b/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtils.java
index d0b460a..f9a599c 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtils.java
+++ b/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtils.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.inputmethod.latin.dicttool;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictReader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.UnsupportedFormatException;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
         // over and over, ending in a stack overflow. Hence we limit the depth at which we try
         // decoding the file.
         if (depth > MAX_DECODE_DEPTH) return null;
-        if (BinaryDictInputOutput.isBinaryDictionary(src)) {
+        if (BinaryDictDecoder.isBinaryDictionary(src)) {
             spec.mFile = src;
             return spec;
         }
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
                         System.out.println("Packaging : " + decodedSpec.describeChain());
                         System.out.println("Uncompressed size : " + decodedSpec.mFile.length());
                     }
-                    return BinaryDictInputOutput.readDictionaryBinary(reader, null);
+                    return BinaryDictDecoder.readDictionaryBinary(reader, null);
                 }
             }
         } catch (IOException e) {
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/DictionaryMaker.java b/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/DictionaryMaker.java
index 9bce988..fa267f1 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/DictionaryMaker.java
+++ b/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/DictionaryMaker.java
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.inputmethod.latin.dicttool;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictEncoder;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictReader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary;
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@
                                 inputUnigramXml = filename;
                             } else if (CombinedInputOutput.isCombinedDictionary(filename)) {
                                 inputCombined = filename;
-                            } else if (BinaryDictInputOutput.isBinaryDictionary(filename)) {
+                            } else if (BinaryDictDecoder.isBinaryDictionary(filename)) {
                                 inputBinary = filename;
                             } else {
                                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@
                     }
                 } else {
                     if (null == inputBinary && null == inputUnigramXml) {
-                        if (BinaryDictInputOutput.isBinaryDictionary(arg)) {
+                        if (BinaryDictDecoder.isBinaryDictionary(arg)) {
                             inputBinary = arg;
                         } else if (CombinedInputOutput.isCombinedDictionary(arg)) {
                             inputCombined = arg;
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@
         final File file = new File(binaryFilename);
         final BinaryDictReader reader = new BinaryDictReader(file);
         reader.openBuffer(new BinaryDictReader.FusionDictionaryBufferFromByteBufferFactory());
-        return BinaryDictInputOutput.readDictionaryBinary(reader, null);
+        return BinaryDictDecoder.readDictionaryBinary(reader, null);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -358,7 +359,7 @@
             throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, UnsupportedFormatException {
         final File outputFile = new File(outputFilename);
         final FormatSpec.FormatOptions formatOptions = new FormatSpec.FormatOptions(version);
-        BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(new FileOutputStream(outputFilename), dict,
+        BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(new FileOutputStream(outputFilename), dict,
                 formatOptions);
     }
 
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/Test.java b/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/Test.java
index 972b6e7..967e21e 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/Test.java
+++ b/tools/dicttool/src/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/Test.java
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 
 package com.android.inputmethod.latin.dicttool;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictIOTests;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictEncoderFlattenTreeTests;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictIOUtilsTests;
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutputTest;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionaryTest;
 
 import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@
     private static final Class<?>[] sClassesToTest = {
         BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests.class,
         FusionDictionaryTest.class,
-        BinaryDictInputOutputTest.class,
+        BinaryDictDecoderEncoderTests.class
+        BinaryDictEncoderFlattenTreeTests.class,
         BinaryDictIOUtilsTests.class,
-        BinaryDictIOTests.class
     };
     private ArrayList<Method> mAllTestMethods = new ArrayList<Method>();
     private ArrayList<String> mUsedTestMethods = new ArrayList<String>();
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests.java b/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests.java
index fb1cc84..5490aff 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests.java
+++ b/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/dicttool/BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests.java
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.inputmethod.latin.dicttool;
 
-import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutput;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictDecoder;
+import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictEncoder;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictReader;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FormatSpec.FormatOptions;
 import com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.FusionDictionary;
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@
 import java.util.HashMap;
 
 /**
- * Unit tests for BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests
+ * Unit tests for BinaryDictOffdeviceUtils
  */
 public class BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests extends TestCase {
     private static final int TEST_FREQ = 37; // Some arbitrary value unlikely to happen by chance
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@
                         Compress.getCompressedStream(
                                 new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(dst)))));
 
-        BinaryDictInputOutput.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, new FormatOptions(2, false));
+        BinaryDictEncoder.writeDictionaryBinary(out, dict, new FormatOptions(2, false));
 
         // Test for an actually compressed dictionary and its contents
         final BinaryDictOffdeviceUtils.DecoderChainSpec decodeSpec =
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@
         assertEquals("Wrong decode spec", 3, decodeSpec.mDecoderSpec.size());
         final BinaryDictReader reader = new BinaryDictReader(decodeSpec.mFile);
         reader.openBuffer(new BinaryDictReader.FusionDictionaryBufferFromByteBufferFactory());
-        final FusionDictionary resultDict = BinaryDictInputOutput.readDictionaryBinary(reader,
+        final FusionDictionary resultDict = BinaryDictDecoder.readDictionaryBinary(reader,
                 null /* dict : an optional dictionary to add words to, or null */);
         assertEquals("Dictionary can't be read back correctly",
                 resultDict.findWordInTree(resultDict.mRoot, "foo").getFrequency(), TEST_FREQ);
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictInputOutputTest.java b/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictEncoderFlattenTreeTests.java
similarity index 89%
rename from tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictInputOutputTest.java
rename to tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictEncoderFlattenTreeTests.java
index 0969028..2fcfb5e 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictInputOutputTest.java
+++ b/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/BinaryDictEncoderFlattenTreeTests.java
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@
 import java.util.HashMap;
 
 /**
- * Unit tests for BinaryDictInputOutput.
+ * Unit tests for BinaryDictEncoder.flattenTree().
  */
-public class BinaryDictInputOutputTest extends TestCase {
+public class BinaryDictEncoderFlattenTreeTests extends TestCase {
     // Test the flattened array contains the expected number of nodes, and
     // that it does not contain any duplicates.
     public void testFlattenNodes() {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
         dict.add("ftb", 1, null, false /* isNotAWord */);
         dict.add("bar", 1, null, false /* isNotAWord */);
         dict.add("fool", 1, null, false /* isNotAWord */);
-        final ArrayList<Node> result = BinaryDictInputOutput.flattenTree(dict.mRoot);
+        final ArrayList<Node> result = BinaryDictEncoder.flattenTree(dict.mRoot);
         assertEquals(4, result.size());
         while (!result.isEmpty()) {
             final Node n = result.remove(0);
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/FusionDictionaryTest.java b/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/FusionDictionaryTest.java
index 7607113..8efb4a4 100644
--- a/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/FusionDictionaryTest.java
+++ b/tools/dicttool/tests/com/android/inputmethod/latin/makedict/FusionDictionaryTest.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 import java.util.Random;
 
 /**
- * Unit tests for BinaryDictInputOutput.
+ * Unit tests for FusionDictionary.
  */
 public class FusionDictionaryTest extends TestCase {
     private static final ArrayList<String> sWords = new ArrayList<String>();
diff --git a/tools/dicttool/tests/etc/test-dicttool.sh b/tools/dicttool/tests/etc/test-dicttool.sh
index 0921207..5eb44fc 100755
--- a/tools/dicttool/tests/etc/test-dicttool.sh
+++ b/tools/dicttool/tests/etc/test-dicttool.sh
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@
 find out -name "dicttool_aosp*" -exec rm -rf {} \; > /dev/null 2>&1
 mmm -j8 external/junit
 DICTTOOL_UNITTEST=true mmm -j8 packages/inputmethods/LatinIME/tools/dicttool
-java -classpath ${ANDROID_HOST_OUT}/framework/junit.jar:${ANDROID_HOST_OUT}/framework/dicttool_aosp.jar junit.textui.TestRunner com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictInputOutputTest
+java -classpath ${ANDROID_HOST_OUT}/framework/junit.jar:${ANDROID_HOST_OUT}/framework/dicttool_aosp.jar junit.textui.TestRunner com.android.inputmethod.latin.makedict.BinaryDictEncoderFlattenTreeTests
 java -classpath ${ANDROID_HOST_OUT}/framework/junit.jar:${ANDROID_HOST_OUT}/framework/dicttool_aosp.jar junit.textui.TestRunner com.android.inputmethod.latin.dicttool.BinaryDictOffdeviceUtilsTests