diff --git a/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceController.java b/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceController.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a536c1d..0000000
--- a/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceController.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.settings.network.telephony;
-
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.Intent;
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
-import android.provider.Settings;
-import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
-import android.text.TextUtils;
-import android.util.Log;
-
-import androidx.preference.Preference;
-
-import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.android.settings.R;
-import com.android.settings.datausage.DataUsageUtils;
-import com.android.settings.datausage.lib.DataUsageLib;
-import com.android.settingslib.net.DataUsageController;
-import com.android.settingslib.utils.ThreadUtils;
-
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.Future;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
-
-/**
- * Preference controller for "Data usage"
- */
-public class DataUsagePreferenceController extends TelephonyBasePreferenceController {
-
-    private static final String LOG_TAG = "DataUsagePreferCtrl";
-
-    private Future<NetworkTemplate> mTemplateFuture;
-    private AtomicReference<NetworkTemplate> mTemplate;
-    private Future<Long> mHistoricalUsageLevel;
-
-    public DataUsagePreferenceController(Context context, String key) {
-        super(context, key);
-        mTemplate = new AtomicReference<NetworkTemplate>();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getAvailabilityStatus(int subId) {
-        return (SubscriptionManager.isValidSubscriptionId(subId))
-                && DataUsageUtils.hasMobileData(mContext)
-                ? AVAILABLE
-                : AVAILABLE_UNSEARCHABLE;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean handlePreferenceTreeClick(Preference preference) {
-        if (!TextUtils.equals(preference.getKey(), getPreferenceKey())) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        final Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_MOBILE_DATA_USAGE);
-        intent.putExtra(Settings.EXTRA_NETWORK_TEMPLATE, getNetworkTemplate());
-        intent.putExtra(Settings.EXTRA_SUB_ID, mSubId);
-
-        mContext.startActivity(intent);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void updateState(Preference preference) {
-        super.updateState(preference);
-        if (!SubscriptionManager.isValidSubscriptionId(mSubId)) {
-            preference.setEnabled(false);
-            return;
-        }
-        final CharSequence summary = getDataUsageSummary(mContext, mSubId);
-        if (summary == null) {
-            preference.setEnabled(false);
-        } else {
-            preference.setEnabled(true);
-            preference.setSummary(summary);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void init(int subId) {
-        mSubId = subId;
-        mTemplate.set(null);
-        mTemplateFuture = ThreadUtils.postOnBackgroundThread(()
-                -> fetchMobileTemplate(mContext, mSubId));
-    }
-
-    private NetworkTemplate fetchMobileTemplate(Context context, int subId) {
-        if (!SubscriptionManager.isValidSubscriptionId(subId)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return DataUsageLib.getMobileTemplate(context, subId);
-    }
-
-    private NetworkTemplate getNetworkTemplate() {
-        if (!SubscriptionManager.isValidSubscriptionId(mSubId)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        NetworkTemplate template = mTemplate.get();
-        if (template != null) {
-            return template;
-        }
-        try {
-            template = mTemplateFuture.get();
-            mTemplate.set(template);
-        } catch (ExecutionException | InterruptedException | NullPointerException exception) {
-            Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Fail to get data usage template", exception);
-        }
-        return template;
-    }
-
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    DataUsageController.DataUsageInfo getDataUsageInfo(DataUsageController controller) {
-        return controller.getDataUsageInfo(getNetworkTemplate());
-    }
-
-    private CharSequence getDataUsageSummary(Context context, int subId) {
-        final DataUsageController controller = new DataUsageController(context);
-        controller.setSubscriptionId(subId);
-
-        mHistoricalUsageLevel = ThreadUtils.postOnBackgroundThread(() ->
-                controller.getHistoricalUsageLevel(getNetworkTemplate()));
-
-        final DataUsageController.DataUsageInfo usageInfo = getDataUsageInfo(controller);
-
-        long usageLevel = usageInfo.usageLevel;
-        if (usageLevel <= 0L) {
-            try {
-                usageLevel = mHistoricalUsageLevel.get();
-            } catch (Exception exception) {
-            }
-        }
-        if (usageLevel <= 0L) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return context.getString(R.string.data_usage_template,
-                DataUsageUtils.formatDataUsage(context, usageLevel), usageInfo.period);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceController.kt b/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceController.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14adf6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceController.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.settings.network.telephony
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate
+import android.provider.Settings
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager
+import androidx.annotation.VisibleForTesting
+import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
+import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleOwner
+import androidx.lifecycle.lifecycleScope
+import androidx.lifecycle.repeatOnLifecycle
+import androidx.preference.Preference
+import androidx.preference.PreferenceScreen
+import com.android.settings.R
+import com.android.settings.datausage.DataUsageUtils
+import com.android.settingslib.net.DataUsageController
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
+
+/**
+ * Preference controller for "Data usage"
+ */
+class DataUsagePreferenceController(context: Context, key: String) :
+    TelephonyBasePreferenceController(context, key) {
+
+    private lateinit var preference: Preference
+    private var networkTemplate: NetworkTemplate? = null
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    var dataUsageControllerFactory: (Context) -> DataUsageController = { DataUsageController(it) }
+
+    fun init(subId: Int) {
+        mSubId = subId
+    }
+
+    override fun getAvailabilityStatus(subId: Int): Int = when {
+        SubscriptionManager.isValidSubscriptionId(subId) &&
+            DataUsageUtils.hasMobileData(mContext) -> AVAILABLE
+
+        else -> AVAILABLE_UNSEARCHABLE
+    }
+
+    override fun displayPreference(screen: PreferenceScreen) {
+        super.displayPreference(screen)
+        preference = screen.findPreference(preferenceKey)!!
+    }
+
+    fun whenViewCreated(viewLifecycleOwner: LifecycleOwner) {
+        viewLifecycleOwner.lifecycleScope.launch {
+            viewLifecycleOwner.repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.STARTED) {
+                update()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun handlePreferenceTreeClick(preference: Preference): Boolean {
+        if (preference.key != preferenceKey || networkTemplate == null) return false
+        val intent = Intent(Settings.ACTION_MOBILE_DATA_USAGE).apply {
+            putExtra(Settings.EXTRA_NETWORK_TEMPLATE, networkTemplate)
+            putExtra(Settings.EXTRA_SUB_ID, mSubId)
+        }
+        mContext.startActivity(intent)
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private suspend fun update() {
+        val summary = withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {
+            networkTemplate = getNetworkTemplate()
+            getDataUsageSummary()
+        }
+        if (summary == null) {
+            preference.isEnabled = false
+        } else {
+            preference.isEnabled = true
+            preference.summary = summary
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun getNetworkTemplate(): NetworkTemplate? = when {
+        SubscriptionManager.isValidSubscriptionId(mSubId) -> {
+            DataUsageUtils.getMobileTemplate(mContext, mSubId)
+        }
+
+        else -> null
+    }
+
+    private fun getDataUsageSummary(): String? {
+        val networkTemplate = networkTemplate ?: return null
+        val controller = dataUsageControllerFactory(mContext).apply {
+            setSubscriptionId(mSubId)
+        }
+        val usageInfo = controller.getDataUsageInfo(networkTemplate)
+        if (usageInfo != null && usageInfo.usageLevel > 0) {
+            return mContext.getString(
+                R.string.data_usage_template,
+                DataUsageUtils.formatDataUsage(mContext, usageInfo.usageLevel),
+                usageInfo.period,
+            )
+        }
+
+        return controller.getHistoricalUsageLevel(networkTemplate).takeIf { it > 0 }?.let {
+            mContext.getString(
+                R.string.data_used_template,
+                DataUsageUtils.formatDataUsage(mContext, it),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/MobileNetworkSettings.java b/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/MobileNetworkSettings.java
index 1d862f3..5b57ede 100644
--- a/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/MobileNetworkSettings.java
+++ b/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/MobileNetworkSettings.java
@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@
 import android.view.Menu;
 import android.view.MenuInflater;
 import android.view.MenuItem;
+import android.view.View;
 
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 import androidx.annotation.VisibleForTesting;
 import androidx.preference.Preference;
 
@@ -328,6 +331,12 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public void onViewCreated(@NonNull View view, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
+        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState);
+        use(DataUsagePreferenceController.class).whenViewCreated(getViewLifecycleOwner());
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public void onResume() {
         super.onResume();
         mMobileNetworkRepository.addRegister(this, this, mSubId);
diff --git a/tests/robotests/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest.java b/tests/robotests/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a3be60d..0000000
--- a/tests/robotests/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.settings.network.telephony;
-
-import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
-
-import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
-
-import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.Intent;
-import android.provider.Settings;
-import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
-import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
-import android.util.DataUnit;
-
-import androidx.preference.SwitchPreference;
-
-import com.android.settings.core.BasePreferenceController;
-import com.android.settingslib.net.DataUsageController;
-
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner;
-import org.robolectric.RuntimeEnvironment;
-import org.robolectric.Shadows;
-import org.robolectric.shadows.ShadowTelephonyManager;
-
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)
-public class DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest {
-    private static final int SUB_ID = 2;
-
-    @Mock
-    private NetworkStatsManager mNetworkStatsManager;
-    private DataUsagePreferenceController mController;
-    private SwitchPreference mPreference;
-    private Context mContext;
-
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-
-        mContext = spy(RuntimeEnvironment.application);
-
-        final TelephonyManager telephonyManager = mContext.getSystemService(TelephonyManager.class);
-        final ShadowTelephonyManager shadowTelephonyManager = Shadows.shadowOf(telephonyManager);
-        shadowTelephonyManager.setTelephonyManagerForSubscriptionId(SUB_ID, telephonyManager);
-        shadowTelephonyManager.setTelephonyManagerForSubscriptionId(
-                SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, telephonyManager);
-
-        doReturn(mNetworkStatsManager).when(mContext).getSystemService(NetworkStatsManager.class);
-
-        mPreference = new SwitchPreference(mContext);
-        mController = spy(new DataUsagePreferenceController(mContext, "data_usage"));
-        mController.init(SUB_ID);
-        mPreference.setKey(mController.getPreferenceKey());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getAvailabilityStatus_validSubId_returnAvailable() {
-        assertThat(mController.getAvailabilityStatus()).isEqualTo(
-                BasePreferenceController.AVAILABLE);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getAvailabilityStatus_invalidSubId_returnUnsearchable() {
-        mController.init(SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
-
-        assertThat(mController.getAvailabilityStatus()).isEqualTo(
-                BasePreferenceController.AVAILABLE_UNSEARCHABLE);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void handlePreferenceTreeClick_needDialog_showDialog() {
-        final ArgumentCaptor<Intent> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Intent.class);
-        doNothing().when(mContext).startActivity(captor.capture());
-
-        mController.handlePreferenceTreeClick(mPreference);
-
-        final Intent intent = captor.getValue();
-
-        assertThat(intent.getAction()).isEqualTo(Settings.ACTION_MOBILE_DATA_USAGE);
-        assertThat(intent.getIntExtra(Settings.EXTRA_SUB_ID, 0)).isEqualTo(SUB_ID);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void updateState_invalidSubId_disabled() {
-        mController.init(SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID);
-
-        mController.updateState(mPreference);
-
-        assertThat(mPreference.isEnabled()).isFalse();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void updateState_noUsageData_shouldDisablePreference() {
-        final DataUsageController.DataUsageInfo usageInfo =
-                new DataUsageController.DataUsageInfo();
-        doReturn(usageInfo).when(mController).getDataUsageInfo(any());
-
-        mController.updateState(mPreference);
-
-        assertThat(mPreference.isEnabled()).isFalse();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void updateState_shouldUseIECUnit() {
-        final DataUsageController.DataUsageInfo usageInfo =
-                new DataUsageController.DataUsageInfo();
-        usageInfo.usageLevel = DataUnit.MEBIBYTES.toBytes(1);
-        doReturn(usageInfo).when(mController).getDataUsageInfo(any());
-
-        mController.updateState(mPreference);
-
-        assertThat(mPreference.getSummary().toString())
-                .contains("1.00 MB");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/spa_unit/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest.kt b/tests/spa_unit/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9d343f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/spa_unit/src/com/android/settings/network/telephony/DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.settings.network.telephony
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate
+import android.provider.Settings
+import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager
+import android.util.DataUnit
+import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
+import androidx.lifecycle.testing.TestLifecycleOwner
+import androidx.preference.Preference
+import androidx.preference.PreferenceScreen
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito
+import com.android.settings.core.BasePreferenceController.AVAILABLE
+import com.android.settings.core.BasePreferenceController.AVAILABLE_UNSEARCHABLE
+import com.android.settings.datausage.DataUsageUtils
+import com.android.settingslib.net.DataUsageController
+import com.android.settingslib.net.DataUsageController.DataUsageInfo
+import com.android.settingslib.spa.testutils.waitUntil
+import com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat
+import kotlinx.coroutines.ExperimentalCoroutinesApi
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor
+import org.mockito.Mock
+import org.mockito.Mockito.any
+import org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing
+import org.mockito.Mockito.verify
+import org.mockito.MockitoSession
+import org.mockito.Spy
+import org.mockito.quality.Strictness
+import org.mockito.Mockito.`when` as whenever
+
+@OptIn(ExperimentalCoroutinesApi::class)
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class DataUsagePreferenceControllerTest {
+
+    private lateinit var mockSession: MockitoSession
+
+    @Spy
+    private val context: Context = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext()
+
+    private lateinit var controller: DataUsagePreferenceController
+
+    private val preference = Preference(context)
+
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var networkTemplate: NetworkTemplate
+
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var dataUsageController: DataUsageController
+
+    @Mock
+    private lateinit var preferenceScreen: PreferenceScreen
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        mockSession = ExtendedMockito.mockitoSession()
+            .initMocks(this)
+            .mockStatic(SubscriptionManager::class.java)
+            .spyStatic(DataUsageUtils::class.java)
+            .strictness(Strictness.LENIENT)
+            .startMocking()
+
+        whenever(SubscriptionManager.isValidSubscriptionId(SUB_ID)).thenReturn(true)
+        ExtendedMockito.doReturn(true).`when` { DataUsageUtils.hasMobileData(context) }
+        ExtendedMockito.doReturn(networkTemplate)
+            .`when` { DataUsageUtils.getMobileTemplate(context, SUB_ID) }
+        preference.key = TEST_KEY
+        whenever(preferenceScreen.findPreference<Preference>(TEST_KEY)).thenReturn(preference)
+
+        controller =
+            DataUsagePreferenceController(context, TEST_KEY).apply {
+                init(SUB_ID)
+                displayPreference(preferenceScreen)
+                dataUsageControllerFactory = { dataUsageController }
+            }
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        mockSession.finishMocking()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun getAvailabilityStatus_validSubId_returnAvailable() {
+        assertThat(controller.availabilityStatus).isEqualTo(AVAILABLE)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun getAvailabilityStatus_invalidSubId_returnUnsearchable() {
+        controller.init(SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID)
+
+        assertThat(controller.availabilityStatus).isEqualTo(AVAILABLE_UNSEARCHABLE)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun handlePreferenceTreeClick_startActivity() = runTest {
+        val usageInfo = DataUsageInfo().apply {
+            usageLevel = DataUnit.MEBIBYTES.toBytes(1)
+        }
+        whenever(dataUsageController.getDataUsageInfo(networkTemplate)).thenReturn(usageInfo)
+        doNothing().`when`(context).startActivity(any())
+        controller.whenViewCreated(TestLifecycleOwner(initialState = Lifecycle.State.STARTED))
+        waitUntil { preference.summary != null }
+
+        controller.handlePreferenceTreeClick(preference)
+
+        val captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Intent::class.java)
+        verify(context).startActivity(captor.capture())
+        val intent = captor.value
+        assertThat(intent.action).isEqualTo(Settings.ACTION_MOBILE_DATA_USAGE)
+        assertThat(intent.getIntExtra(Settings.EXTRA_SUB_ID, 0)).isEqualTo(SUB_ID)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun updateState_invalidSubId_disabled() = runTest {
+        controller.init(SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID)
+
+        controller.whenViewCreated(TestLifecycleOwner(initialState = Lifecycle.State.STARTED))
+
+        waitUntil { !preference.isEnabled }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun updateState_noUsageData_shouldDisablePreference() = runTest {
+        val usageInfo = DataUsageInfo()
+        whenever(dataUsageController.getDataUsageInfo(networkTemplate)).thenReturn(usageInfo)
+
+        controller.whenViewCreated(TestLifecycleOwner(initialState = Lifecycle.State.STARTED))
+
+        waitUntil { !preference.isEnabled }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun updateState_shouldUseIecUnit() = runTest {
+        val usageInfo = DataUsageInfo().apply {
+            usageLevel = DataUnit.MEBIBYTES.toBytes(1)
+        }
+        whenever(dataUsageController.getDataUsageInfo(networkTemplate)).thenReturn(usageInfo)
+
+        controller.whenViewCreated(TestLifecycleOwner(initialState = Lifecycle.State.STARTED))
+
+        waitUntil { preference.summary?.contains("1.00 MB") == true }
+    }
+
+    private companion object {
+        const val TEST_KEY = "test_key"
+        const val SUB_ID = 2
+    }
+}