diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/ConnectedClient.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/ConnectedClient.h
index b3f4a0f..addc901 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/ConnectedClient.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/ConnectedClient.h
@@ -99,13 +99,10 @@
     std::shared_ptr<const std::function<void(std::vector<ResultType>)>> mResultCallback;
 };
 
-// A class to represent a client that calls {@code IVehicle.subscribe}.
-class SubscriptionClient final : public ConnectedClient {
+class SubscriptionClient {
   public:
-    SubscriptionClient(std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> requestPool, CallbackType callback);
-
-    // Gets the callback to be called when the request for this client has finished.
-    std::shared_ptr<const IVehicleHardware::GetValuesCallback> getResultCallback();
+    using CallbackType =
+            std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::IVehicleCallback>;
 
     // Marshals the updated values into largeParcelable and sends it through {@code onPropertyEvent}
     // callback.
@@ -119,21 +116,6 @@
             CallbackType callback,
             std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehiclePropError>&&
                     vehiclePropErrors);
-
-  protected:
-    // Gets the callback to be called when the request for this client has timeout.
-    std::shared_ptr<const PendingRequestPool::TimeoutCallbackFunc> getTimeoutCallback() override;
-
-  private:
-    // The following members are only initialized during construction.
-    std::shared_ptr<const PendingRequestPool::TimeoutCallbackFunc> mTimeoutCallback;
-    std::shared_ptr<const IVehicleHardware::GetValuesCallback> mResultCallback;
-    std::shared_ptr<const IVehicleHardware::PropertyChangeCallback> mPropertyChangeCallback;
-
-    static void onGetValueResults(
-            const void* clientId, CallbackType callback,
-            std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> requestPool,
-            std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::GetValueResult> results);
 };
 
 }  // namespace vehicle
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h
index 74ad7ea..419e16b 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h
@@ -90,39 +90,6 @@
             GetSetValuesClient<aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::SetValueResult,
                                aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::SetValueResults>;
 
-    // A thread safe class to maintain an increasing request ID for each subscribe client. This
-    // class is safe to pass to async callbacks.
-    class SubscribeIdByClient {
-      public:
-        int64_t getId(const CallbackType& callback);
-
-      private:
-        std::mutex mLock;
-        std::unordered_map<const AIBinder*, int64_t> mIds GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    };
-
-    // A thread safe class to store all subscribe clients. This class is safe to pass to async
-    // callbacks.
-    class SubscriptionClients {
-      public:
-        SubscriptionClients(std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> pool) : mPendingRequestPool(pool) {}
-
-        std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClient> maybeAddClient(const CallbackType& callback);
-
-        std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClient> getClient(const CallbackType& callback);
-
-        void removeClient(const AIBinder* clientId);
-
-        size_t countClients();
-
-      private:
-        std::mutex mLock;
-        std::unordered_map<const AIBinder*, std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClient>> mClients
-                GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-        // PendingRequestPool is thread-safe.
-        std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> mPendingRequestPool;
-    };
-
     // A wrapper for binder lifecycle operations to enable stubbing for test.
     class BinderLifecycleInterface {
       public:
@@ -185,8 +152,6 @@
             GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::unordered_map<const AIBinder*, std::shared_ptr<SetValuesClient>> mSetValuesClients
             GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    // SubscriptionClients is thread-safe.
-    std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClients> mSubscriptionClients;
     // mBinderLifecycleHandler is only going to be changed in test.
     std::unique_ptr<BinderLifecycleInterface> mBinderLifecycleHandler;
 
@@ -242,6 +207,8 @@
     // mBinderEvents.
     void onBinderDiedUnlinkedHandler();
 
+    size_t countSubscribeClients();
+
     // Gets or creates a {@code T} object for the client to or from {@code clients}.
     template <class T>
     static std::shared_ptr<T> getOrCreateClient(
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h
index 301d56c..512d906 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h
@@ -105,6 +105,9 @@
                        std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehiclePropError>>
     getSubscribedClientsForErrorEvents(const std::vector<SetValueErrorEvent>& errorEvents);
 
+    // Returns the number of subscribed clients.
+    size_t countClients();
+
     // Checks whether the sample rate is valid.
     static bool checkSampleRateHz(float sampleRateHz);
 
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/ConnectedClient.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/ConnectedClient.cpp
index fb23a25..35b93d2 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/ConnectedClient.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/ConnectedClient.cpp
@@ -250,36 +250,6 @@
 template class GetSetValuesClient<GetValueResult, GetValueResults>;
 template class GetSetValuesClient<SetValueResult, SetValueResults>;
 
-SubscriptionClient::SubscriptionClient(std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> requestPool,
-                                       std::shared_ptr<IVehicleCallback> callback)
-    : ConnectedClient(requestPool, callback) {
-    mTimeoutCallback = std::make_shared<const PendingRequestPool::TimeoutCallbackFunc>(
-            [](std::unordered_set<int64_t> timeoutIds) {
-                for (int64_t id : timeoutIds) {
-                    ALOGW("subscribe: requests with IDs: %" PRId64
-                          " has timed-out, not client informed, "
-                          "possibly one of recurrent requests for this subscription failed",
-                          id);
-                }
-            });
-    auto requestPoolCopy = mRequestPool;
-    const void* clientId = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(this);
-    mResultCallback = std::make_shared<const IVehicleHardware::GetValuesCallback>(
-            [clientId, callback, requestPoolCopy](std::vector<GetValueResult> results) {
-                onGetValueResults(clientId, callback, requestPoolCopy, results);
-            });
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<const std::function<void(std::vector<GetValueResult>)>>
-SubscriptionClient::getResultCallback() {
-    return mResultCallback;
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<const PendingRequestPool::TimeoutCallbackFunc>
-SubscriptionClient::getTimeoutCallback() {
-    return mTimeoutCallback;
-}
-
 void SubscriptionClient::sendUpdatedValues(std::shared_ptr<IVehicleCallback> callback,
                                            std::vector<VehiclePropValue>&& updatedValues) {
     if (updatedValues.empty()) {
@@ -336,43 +306,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SubscriptionClient::onGetValueResults(const void* clientId,
-                                           std::shared_ptr<IVehicleCallback> callback,
-                                           std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> requestPool,
-                                           std::vector<GetValueResult> results) {
-    std::unordered_set<int64_t> requestIds;
-    for (const auto& result : results) {
-        requestIds.insert(result.requestId);
-    }
-
-    auto finishedRequests = requestPool->tryFinishRequests(clientId, requestIds);
-    std::vector<VehiclePropValue> propValues;
-    for (auto& result : results) {
-        int64_t requestId = result.requestId;
-        if (finishedRequests.find(requestId) == finishedRequests.end()) {
-            ALOGE("subscribe[%" PRId64
-                  "]: no pending request for the result from hardware, "
-                  "possibly already time-out",
-                  requestId);
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (result.status != StatusCode::OK) {
-            ALOGE("subscribe[%" PRId64
-                  "]: hardware returns non-ok status for getValues, status: "
-                  "%d",
-                  requestId, toInt(result.status));
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (!result.prop.has_value()) {
-            ALOGE("subscribe[%" PRId64 "]: no prop value in getValues result", requestId);
-            continue;
-        }
-        propValues.push_back(std::move(result.prop.value()));
-    }
-
-    sendUpdatedValues(callback, std::move(propValues));
-}
-
 }  // namespace vehicle
 }  // namespace automotive
 }  // namespace hardware
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
index 0d5c070..f3eba2e 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
@@ -92,39 +92,6 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClient> DefaultVehicleHal::SubscriptionClients::maybeAddClient(
-        const CallbackType& callback) {
-    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
-    return getOrCreateClient(&mClients, callback, mPendingRequestPool);
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClient> DefaultVehicleHal::SubscriptionClients::getClient(
-        const CallbackType& callback) {
-    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
-    const AIBinder* clientId = callback->asBinder().get();
-    if (mClients.find(clientId) == mClients.end()) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return mClients[clientId];
-}
-
-int64_t DefaultVehicleHal::SubscribeIdByClient::getId(const CallbackType& callback) {
-    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
-    // This would be initialized to 0 if callback does not exist in the map.
-    int64_t subscribeId = (mIds[callback->asBinder().get()])++;
-    return subscribeId;
-}
-
-void DefaultVehicleHal::SubscriptionClients::removeClient(const AIBinder* clientId) {
-    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
-    mClients.erase(clientId);
-}
-
-size_t DefaultVehicleHal::SubscriptionClients::countClients() {
-    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
-    return mClients.size();
-}
-
 DefaultVehicleHal::DefaultVehicleHal(std::unique_ptr<IVehicleHardware> vehicleHardware)
     : mVehicleHardware(std::move(vehicleHardware)),
       mPendingRequestPool(std::make_shared<PendingRequestPool>(TIMEOUT_IN_NANO)) {
@@ -132,9 +99,6 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    mSubscriptionClients = std::make_shared<SubscriptionClients>(mPendingRequestPool);
-
-    auto subscribeIdByClient = std::make_shared<SubscribeIdByClient>();
     IVehicleHardware* vehicleHardwarePtr = mVehicleHardware.get();
     mSubscriptionManager = std::make_shared<SubscriptionManager>(vehicleHardwarePtr);
 
@@ -262,7 +226,6 @@
     ALOGD("binder died, client ID: %p", clientId);
     mSetValuesClients.erase(clientId);
     mGetValuesClients.erase(clientId);
-    mSubscriptionClients->removeClient(clientId);
     mSubscriptionManager->unsubscribe(clientId);
 }
 
@@ -301,10 +264,6 @@
 DefaultVehicleHal::getOrCreateClient<DefaultVehicleHal::SetValuesClient>(
         std::unordered_map<const AIBinder*, std::shared_ptr<SetValuesClient>>* clients,
         const CallbackType& callback, std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> pendingRequestPool);
-template std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClient>
-DefaultVehicleHal::getOrCreateClient<SubscriptionClient>(
-        std::unordered_map<const AIBinder*, std::shared_ptr<SubscriptionClient>>* clients,
-        const CallbackType& callback, std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> pendingRequestPool);
 
 void DefaultVehicleHal::setTimeout(int64_t timeoutInNano) {
     mPendingRequestPool = std::make_unique<PendingRequestPool>(timeoutInNano);
@@ -708,9 +667,6 @@
                                                                "client died");
         }
 
-        // Create a new SubscriptionClient if there isn't an existing one.
-        mSubscriptionClients->maybeAddClient(callback);
-
         if (!onChangeSubscriptions.empty()) {
             auto result = mSubscriptionManager->subscribe(callback, onChangeSubscriptions,
                                                           /*isContinuousProperty=*/false);
@@ -842,12 +798,15 @@
         dprintf(fd, "Containing %zu property configs\n", mConfigsByPropId.size());
         dprintf(fd, "Currently have %zu getValues clients\n", mGetValuesClients.size());
         dprintf(fd, "Currently have %zu setValues clients\n", mSetValuesClients.size());
-        dprintf(fd, "Currently have %zu subscription clients\n",
-                mSubscriptionClients->countClients());
+        dprintf(fd, "Currently have %zu subscribe clients\n", countSubscribeClients());
     }
     return STATUS_OK;
 }
 
+size_t DefaultVehicleHal::countSubscribeClients() {
+    return mSubscriptionManager->countClients();
+}
+
 }  // namespace vehicle
 }  // namespace automotive
 }  // namespace hardware
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp
index 1f2690e..17683ae 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp
@@ -301,6 +301,11 @@
     return mSubscribedPropsByClient.empty() && mClientsByPropIdArea.empty();
 }
 
+size_t SubscriptionManager::countClients() {
+    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
+    return mSubscribedPropsByClient.size();
+}
+
 }  // namespace vehicle
 }  // namespace automotive
 }  // namespace hardware
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp
index 96b71f0..fb14373 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
     size_t countClients() {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mVhal->mLock);
         return mVhal->mGetValuesClients.size() + mVhal->mSetValuesClients.size() +
-               mVhal->mSubscriptionClients->countClients();
+               mVhal->countSubscribeClients();
     }
 
     std::shared_ptr<PendingRequestPool> getPool() { return mVhal->mPendingRequestPool; }