diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
index a6dfcaf..d4f0281 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
@@ -126,23 +126,15 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error) << "failed to setReadbackBuffer";
 }
 
-void ComposerClient::getRequiredReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display,
-                                                         PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                                         Dataspace* outDataspace) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, getReadbackBufferAttributes(display, outPixelFormat, outDataspace));
-}
-
-Error ComposerClient::getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                                  Dataspace* outDataspace) {
-    Error error;
+void ComposerClient::getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
+                                                 Dataspace* outDataspace) {
     mClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
-            display, [&](const Error& tmpError, const PixelFormat& tmpPixelFormat,
-                         const Dataspace& tmpDataspace) {
-                error = tmpError;
-                *outPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
-                *outDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+            display,
+            [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpOutPixelFormat, const auto& tmpOutDataspace) {
+                ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to get readback buffer attributes";
+                *outPixelFormat = tmpOutPixelFormat;
+                *outDataspace = tmpOutDataspace;
             });
-    return error;
 }
 
 void ComposerClient::getReadbackBufferFence(Display display, int32_t* outFence) {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
index 5dd68df..a1794af 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 #include "renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h"
 
-using ::android::status_t;
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -109,40 +107,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-void ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                           IComposerClient::Color desiredColor, int* fillFence) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, fillFence);
-    std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> desiredColors(
-            static_cast<size_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth() * graphicBuffer->getHeight()));
-    ::android::Rect bounds = graphicBuffer->getBounds();
-    fillColorsArea(desiredColors, static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()),
-                   {bounds.left, bounds.top, bounds.right, bounds.bottom}, desiredColor);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferAndGetFence(graphicBuffer, desiredColors, fillFence));
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                           const std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& desiredColors,
-                                           int* fillFence) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888 ||
-                graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
-    void* bufData;
-    int32_t bytesPerPixel = -1;
-    int32_t bytesPerStride = -1;
-    status_t status =
-            graphicBuffer->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-                                &bufData, &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-
-    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
-                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
-                                    : graphicBuffer->getStride();
-    ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(graphicBuffer->getWidth(), graphicBuffer->getHeight(), stride,
-                               bufData, static_cast<PixelFormat>(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat()),
-                               desiredColors);
-    status = graphicBuffer->unlockAsync(fillFence);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-}
-
 void ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(int32_t width, int32_t height, uint32_t stride, void* bufferData,
                                 PixelFormat pixelFormat,
                                 std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> desiredPixelColors) {
@@ -152,16 +116,16 @@
     for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
         for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
             int pixel = row * width + col;
-            IComposerClient::Color desiredColor = desiredPixelColors[pixel];
+            IComposerClient::Color srcColor = desiredPixelColors[pixel];
 
             int offset = (row * stride + col) * bytesPerPixel;
             uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufferData + offset;
-            pixelColor[0] = desiredColor.r;
-            pixelColor[1] = desiredColor.g;
-            pixelColor[2] = desiredColor.b;
+            pixelColor[0] = srcColor.r;
+            pixelColor[1] = srcColor.g;
+            pixelColor[2] = srcColor.b;
 
             if (bytesPerPixel == 4) {
-                pixelColor[3] = desiredColor.a;
+                pixelColor[3] = srcColor.a;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -188,14 +152,12 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace, Error error) {
+bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(const PixelFormat& pixelFormat, const Dataspace& dataspace,
+                                       const Error error) {
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
         return false;
     }
-    return readbackSupported(pixelFormat, dataspace);
-}
-
-bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace) {
+    // TODO: add support for RGBA_1010102
     if (pixelFormat != PixelFormat::RGB_888 && pixelFormat != PixelFormat::RGBA_8888) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -205,94 +167,71 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void ReadbackHelper::createReadbackBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
-                                          Dataspace dataspace, sp<GraphicBuffer>* graphicBuffer) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, graphicBuffer);
-    if (!readbackSupported(pixelFormat, dataspace)) {
-        *graphicBuffer = nullptr;
-    }
-    android::PixelFormat bufferFormat = static_cast<android::PixelFormat>(pixelFormat);
-    uint32_t layerCount = 1;
-    uint64_t usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN) |
-                                           static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE));
-    *graphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(width, height, bufferFormat, layerCount, usage,
-                                             "ReadbackBuffer");
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, *graphicBuffer);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, (*graphicBuffer)->initCheck());
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(IComposerClient::Color expectedColor,
-                                          const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence) {
-    std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(
-            static_cast<size_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth() * graphicBuffer->getHeight()));
-    ::android::Rect bounds = graphicBuffer->getBounds();
-    fillColorsArea(expectedColors, static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()),
-                   {bounds.left, bounds.top, bounds.right, bounds.bottom}, expectedColor);
-    compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, graphicBuffer, fence);
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
-                                           const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888 ||
-                graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
-
-    int bytesPerPixel = -1;
-    int bytesPerStride = -1;
-    void* bufData = nullptr;
-    status_t status = graphicBuffer->lockAsync(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN, &bufData, fence,
-                                               &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-
-    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
-                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
-                                    : graphicBuffer->getStride();
-
-    if (bytesPerPixel == -1) {
-        PixelFormat pixelFormat = static_cast<PixelFormat>(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat());
-        bytesPerPixel = ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat);
-    }
+void ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
+                                         void* bufferData, const uint32_t stride,
+                                         const uint32_t width, const uint32_t height,
+                                         const PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+    const int32_t bytesPerPixel = ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat);
     ASSERT_NE(-1, bytesPerPixel);
-    for (int row = 0; row < graphicBuffer->getHeight(); row++) {
-        for (int col = 0; col < graphicBuffer->getWidth(); col++) {
-            int pixel = row * static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()) + col;
-            int offset = (row * static_cast<int32_t>(stride) + col) * bytesPerPixel;
-            uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufData + offset;
-            const IComposerClient::Color expectedColor = expectedColors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)];
-            ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.r), pixelColor[0]);
-            ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.g), pixelColor[1]);
-            ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.b), pixelColor[2]);
+    for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
+        for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
+            int pixel = row * width + col;
+            int offset = (row * stride + col) * bytesPerPixel;
+            uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufferData + offset;
+
+            ASSERT_EQ(expectedColors[pixel].r, pixelColor[0]);
+            ASSERT_EQ(expectedColors[pixel].g, pixelColor[1]);
+            ASSERT_EQ(expectedColors[pixel].b, pixelColor[2]);
         }
     }
-
-    status = graphicBuffer->unlock();
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
 }
 
 ReadbackBuffer::ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
-                               uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+                               const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc, uint32_t width,
+                               uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace) {
     mDisplay = display;
+
     mComposerClient = client;
+    mGralloc = gralloc;
+
+    mPixelFormat = pixelFormat;
+    mDataspace = dataspace;
+
     mWidth = width;
     mHeight = height;
-    mPixelFormat = pixelFormat;
     mLayerCount = 1;
+    mFormat = mPixelFormat;
     mUsage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE);
+
+    mAccessRegion.top = 0;
+    mAccessRegion.left = 0;
+    mAccessRegion.width = width;
+    mAccessRegion.height = height;
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::setReadbackBuffer() {
-    mGraphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mWidth, mHeight,
-                                             static_cast<::android::PixelFormat>(mPixelFormat),
-                                             mLayerCount, mUsage, "ReadbackBuffer");
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mGraphicBuffer);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, mGraphicBuffer->initCheck());
-    mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mGraphicBuffer->handle, -1 /* fence */);
+    mBufferHandle.reset(new Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper(
+            mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
+                               /*import*/ true, &mStride)));
+    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle->get(), mWidth, mHeight,
+                                                  mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mBufferHandle->get(), -1));
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::checkReadbackBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors) {
     // lock buffer for reading
     int32_t fenceHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mDisplay, &fenceHandle));
-    ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, mGraphicBuffer, fenceHandle);
+
+    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle->get(), mUsage, mAccessRegion, fenceHandle);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGB_888 || mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
+    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufData, mStride, mWidth, mHeight,
+                                        mPixelFormat);
+    int32_t unlockFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle->get());
+    if (unlockFence != -1) {
+        sync_wait(unlockFence, -1);
+        close(unlockFence);
+    }
 }
 
 void TestColorLayer::write(const std::shared_ptr<CommandWriterBase>& writer) {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
index 254ff3b..1700b2a 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,9 @@
 void TestRenderEngine::checkColorBuffer(std::vector<V2_2::IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors) {
     void* bufferData;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mGraphicBuffer->lock(mGraphicBuffer->getUsage(), &bufferData));
-    ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, mGraphicBuffer, -1 /* fence */);
+    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufferData, mGraphicBuffer->getStride(),
+                                        mGraphicBuffer->getWidth(), mGraphicBuffer->getHeight(),
+                                        mFormat);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mGraphicBuffer->unlock());
 }
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
index bbf8ef3..02d7bdb 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
@@ -78,10 +78,8 @@
                                     PixelFormat format, Dataspace dataspace);
     void setPowerMode_2_2(Display display, IComposerClient::PowerMode mode);
     void setReadbackBuffer(Display display, const native_handle_t* buffer, int32_t releaseFence);
-    void getRequiredReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                             Dataspace* outDataspace);
-    Error getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                      Dataspace* outDataspace);
+    void getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
+                                     Dataspace* outDataspace);
     void getReadbackBufferFence(Display display, int32_t* outFence);
 
     std::vector<ColorMode> getColorModes(Display display);
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
index 7100297..58efde9 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@
 namespace V2_2 {
 namespace vts {
 
-using android::GraphicBuffer;
-using android::sp;
 using android::hardware::hidl_handle;
 using common::V1_1::BufferUsage;
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
@@ -158,13 +156,6 @@
 
     static int32_t GetBytesPerPixel(PixelFormat pixelFormat);
 
-    static void fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                      IComposerClient::Color desiredColor, int* fillFence);
-
-    static void fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                      const std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& desiredColors,
-                                      int* fillFence);
-
     static void fillBuffer(int32_t width, int32_t height, uint32_t stride, void* bufferData,
                            PixelFormat pixelFormat,
                            std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> desiredPixelColors);
@@ -175,39 +166,40 @@
     static void fillColorsArea(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors, int32_t stride,
                                IComposerClient::Rect area, IComposerClient::Color color);
 
+    static bool readbackSupported(const PixelFormat& pixelFormat, const Dataspace& dataspace,
+                                  const Error error);
+
     static const std::vector<ColorMode> colorModes;
     static const std::vector<Dataspace> dataspaces;
 
-    static bool readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace, Error error);
-    static bool readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace);
-
-    static void createReadbackBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
-                                     Dataspace dataspace, sp<GraphicBuffer>* graphicBuffer);
-
-    static void compareColorToBuffer(IComposerClient::Color expectedColors,
-                                     const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence);
-
-    static void compareColorsToBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
-                                      const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence);
+    static void compareColorBuffers(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
+                                    void* bufferData, const uint32_t stride, const uint32_t width,
+                                    const uint32_t height, const PixelFormat pixelFormat);
 };
 
 class ReadbackBuffer {
   public:
-    ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client, uint32_t width,
-                   uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat);
+    ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
+                   const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
+                   PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace);
 
     void setReadbackBuffer();
 
     void checkReadbackBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors);
 
   protected:
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
     uint32_t mWidth;
     uint32_t mHeight;
-    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
     uint32_t mLayerCount;
+    PixelFormat mFormat;
     uint64_t mUsage;
+    AccessRegion mAccessRegion;
+    uint32_t mStride;
+    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper> mBufferHandle = nullptr;
+    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
+    Dataspace mDataspace;
     Display mDisplay;
+    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
     std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient> mComposerClient;
 };
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
index 5b8ce3f..e2a0f4d 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 namespace {
 
 using android::Rect;
+using common::V1_1::BufferUsage;
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
 using V2_1::Config;
@@ -99,8 +100,8 @@
 
         mTestRenderEngine->initGraphicBuffer(
                 static_cast<uint32_t>(mDisplayWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(mDisplayHeight), 1,
-                GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
-                        GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER);
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN |
+                                      BufferUsage::GPU_RENDER_TARGET));
         mTestRenderEngine->setDisplaySettings(clientCompositionDisplay);
     }
 
@@ -115,22 +116,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> allocateBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t usage) {
-        const auto& graphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(
-                width, height, android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
-                /*layerCount*/ 1u, usage, "VtsHalGraphicsComposer2_2_ReadbackTest");
-
-        if (graphicBuffer && android::OK == graphicBuffer->initCheck()) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        return graphicBuffer;
-    }
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> allocateBuffer(uint32_t usage) {
-        return allocateBuffer(static_cast<uint32_t>(mDisplayWidth),
-                              static_cast<uint32_t>(mDisplayHeight), usage);
-    }
-
     void clearCommandReaderState() {
         mReader->mCompositionChanges.clear();
         mReader->mErrors.clear();
@@ -208,9 +193,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -229,8 +220,8 @@
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, coloredSquare, BLUE);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -264,9 +255,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -275,8 +272,8 @@
 
         mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth,
@@ -322,155 +319,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, SetLayerBufferWithSlotsToClear) {
-    Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                               &mDataspace);
-    if (error == Error::UNSUPPORTED) {
-        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback is unsupported";
-        return;
-    }
-    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error);
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> readbackBuffer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::createReadbackBuffer(
-            mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace, &readbackBuffer));
-    if (readbackBuffer == nullptr) {
-        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Unsupported readback buffer attributes";
-        return;
-    }
-    // no fence needed for the readback buffer
-    int noFence = -1;
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> clearSlotBuffer = allocateBuffer(1u, 1u, GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clearSlotBuffer);
-
-    // red buffer
-    uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> redBuffer = allocateBuffer(usage);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, redBuffer);
-    int redFence;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(redBuffer, RED, &redFence));
-
-    // blue buffer
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> blueBuffer = allocateBuffer(usage);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, blueBuffer);
-    int blueFence;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(blueBuffer, BLUE, &blueFence));
-
-    // layer defaults
-    IComposerClient::Rect rectFullDisplay = {0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight};
-    Layer layer = mComposerClient->createLayer(mPrimaryDisplay, 3);
-    mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-    mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(rectFullDisplay);
-    mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
-
-    // set the layer to the blue buffer
-    // should be blue
-    {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(
-                mPrimaryDisplay, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence));
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(/*slot*/ 0, blueBuffer->handle, blueFence);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay();
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mCompositionChanges.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mErrors.size());
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->presentDisplay();
-        execute();
-        int32_t fence;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mPrimaryDisplay, &fence));
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(BLUE, readbackBuffer, fence));
-    }
-
-    // change the layer to the red buffer
-    // should be red
-    {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(
-                mPrimaryDisplay, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence));
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(/*slot*/ 1, redBuffer->handle, redFence);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay();
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mCompositionChanges.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mErrors.size());
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->presentDisplay();
-        execute();
-        int32_t fence;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mPrimaryDisplay, &fence));
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(RED, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-
-    // clear the slot for the blue buffer
-    // should still be red
-    {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(
-                mPrimaryDisplay, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence));
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(/*slot*/ 0, clearSlotBuffer->handle, /*fence*/ -1);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay();
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mCompositionChanges.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mErrors.size());
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->presentDisplay();
-        execute();
-        int32_t fence;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mPrimaryDisplay, &fence));
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(RED, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-
-    // clear the slot for the red buffer, and set the buffer with the same slot to the blue buffer
-    // should be blue
-    {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(
-                mPrimaryDisplay, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence));
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(/*slot*/ 1, clearSlotBuffer->handle, /*fence*/ -1);
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(/*slot*/ 1, blueBuffer->handle, blueFence);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay();
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mCompositionChanges.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mErrors.size());
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->presentDisplay();
-        execute();
-        int32_t fence;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mPrimaryDisplay, &fence));
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(BLUE, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-
-    // clear the slot for the now-blue buffer
-    // should be black (no buffer)
-    // TODO(b/262037933) Ensure we never clear the active buffer's slot with the placeholder buffer
-    // by setting the layer to the color black
-    {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(
-                mPrimaryDisplay, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence));
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(/*slot*/ 1, clearSlotBuffer->handle, /*fence*/ -1);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay();
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mCompositionChanges.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader->mErrors.size());
-        mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
-        mWriter->presentDisplay();
-        execute();
-        int32_t fence;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mPrimaryDisplay, &fence));
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(BLACK, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, SetLayerBufferNoEffect) {
     for (ColorMode mode : mTestColorModes) {
         std::cout << "---Testing Color Mode " << ReadbackHelper::getColorModeString(mode) << "---"
@@ -479,9 +327,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -496,7 +350,8 @@
         layer->write(mWriter);
 
         // This following buffer call should have no effect
-        uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN;
+        uint64_t usage =
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN);
         NativeHandleWrapper bufferHandle =
                 mGralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, usage);
         mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, bufferHandle.get(), -1);
@@ -505,8 +360,8 @@
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, coloredSquare, BLUE);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         mWriter->validateDisplay();
@@ -537,11 +392,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        PixelFormat pixelFormat;
-        Dataspace dataspace;
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &pixelFormat,
-                                                                   &dataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(pixelFormat, dataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -569,8 +428,8 @@
 
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
@@ -582,8 +441,9 @@
             ASSERT_EQ(1, mReader->mCompositionChanges[0].second);
 
             PixelFormat clientFormat = PixelFormat::RGBA_8888;
-            uint32_t clientUsage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
-                                   GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB;
+            uint64_t clientUsage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN |
+                                                         BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN |
+                                                         BufferUsage::COMPOSER_CLIENT_TARGET);
             Dataspace clientDataspace = ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode);
             IComposerClient::Rect damage{0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight};
 
@@ -650,9 +510,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -665,8 +531,8 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth,
                                        {0, mDisplayHeight / 2, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight}, RED);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         auto deviceLayer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
@@ -686,8 +552,9 @@
         deviceLayer->write(mWriter);
 
         PixelFormat clientFormat = PixelFormat::RGBA_8888;
-        uint32_t clientUsage =
-                GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB;
+        uint64_t clientUsage =
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN |
+                                      BufferUsage::COMPOSER_CLIENT_TARGET);
         Dataspace clientDataspace = ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode);
         int32_t clientWidth = mDisplayWidth;
         int32_t clientHeight = mDisplayHeight / 2;
@@ -766,9 +633,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -792,8 +665,8 @@
 
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -845,9 +718,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -863,8 +742,8 @@
 
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
 
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
@@ -900,9 +779,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -934,8 +819,8 @@
         // update expected colors to match crop
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth,
                                        {0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight}, BLUE);
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
@@ -965,9 +850,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -995,8 +886,8 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, blueRect, BLUE);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, redRect, RED);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -1128,9 +1019,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -1146,8 +1043,8 @@
         setUpLayers(IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE);
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
@@ -1180,9 +1077,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -1199,8 +1102,8 @@
         setUpLayers(IComposerClient::BlendMode::COVERAGE);
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
@@ -1227,9 +1130,15 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
@@ -1244,8 +1153,8 @@
         setUpLayers(IComposerClient::BlendMode::PREMULTIPLIED);
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
@@ -1313,16 +1222,22 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
             return;
         }
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         mLayer->setTransform(Transform::FLIP_H);
         mLayer->setDataspace(ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode), mWriter);
@@ -1362,16 +1277,22 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
             return;
         }
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         mLayer->setTransform(Transform::FLIP_V);
@@ -1411,16 +1332,22 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, mode, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC));
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(mPrimaryDisplay, &mPixelFormat,
-                                                                   &mDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(mPixelFormat, mDataspace, error);
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(tmpPixelFormat,
+                                                                           tmpDataspace, tmpError);
+                    mPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                    mDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                });
+
         if (!mHasReadbackBuffer) {
             std::cout << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace" << std::endl;
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
             return;
         }
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
-                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat);
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+                                      mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         mLayer->setTransform(Transform::ROT_180);
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
index f8fbb04..13ae089 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/TestCommandReader.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <hardware/gralloc.h>
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@
 namespace vts {
 namespace {
 
+using common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
 using common::V1_1::ColorMode;
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
@@ -65,13 +65,17 @@
         mComposerClient->setVsyncEnabled(mPrimaryDisplay, false);
         mComposerCallback->setVsyncAllowed(false);
 
-        Error error = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
-                mPrimaryDisplay, &mReadbackPixelFormat, &mReadbackDataspace);
-        mHasReadbackBuffer = error == Error::NONE;
-        if (mHasReadbackBuffer) {
-            ASSERT_LT(static_cast<PixelFormat>(0), mReadbackPixelFormat);
-            ASSERT_NE(Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mReadbackDataspace);
-        }
+        mComposerClient->getRaw()->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
+                mPrimaryDisplay,
+                [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPixelFormat, const auto& tmpDataspace) {
+                    mHasReadbackBuffer = tmpError == Error::NONE;
+                    if (mHasReadbackBuffer) {
+                        mReadbackPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
+                        mReadbackDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+                        ASSERT_LT(static_cast<PixelFormat>(0), mReadbackPixelFormat);
+                        ASSERT_NE(Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mReadbackDataspace);
+                    }
+                });
 
         mInvalidDisplayId = GetInvalidDisplayId();
     }
@@ -149,9 +153,10 @@
     }
 
     NativeHandleWrapper allocate() {
+        uint64_t usage =
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
         return mGralloc->allocate(/*width*/ 64, /*height*/ 64, /*layerCount*/ 1,
-                                  PixelFormat::RGBA_8888,
-                                  GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN);
+                                  PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, usage);
     }
 
     void execute() { mComposerClient->execute(mReader.get(), mWriter.get()); }
@@ -429,7 +434,9 @@
     }
 
     // BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OUTPUT is missing
-    uint64_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN;
+    uint64_t usage =
+            static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
+
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> gralloc;
     std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> buffer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(gralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
@@ -450,7 +457,9 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    uint64_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN;
+    uint64_t usage =
+            static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
+
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> gralloc;
     std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> buffer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(gralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
@@ -702,4 +711,4 @@
     }
 
     return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
index b59793f..abb58e2 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 #include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 #include "renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h"
 
-using ::android::status_t;
-
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
 
 const std::vector<ColorMode> ReadbackHelper::colorModes = {ColorMode::SRGB, ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3};
@@ -29,9 +27,6 @@
                                                            common::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3};
 
 void TestLayer::write(ComposerClientWriter& writer) {
-    ::android::status_t status = ::android::OK;
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-
     writer.setLayerDisplayFrame(mDisplay, mLayer, mDisplayFrame);
     writer.setLayerSourceCrop(mDisplay, mLayer, mSourceCrop);
     writer.setLayerZOrder(mDisplay, mLayer, mZOrder);
@@ -42,40 +37,6 @@
     writer.setLayerBrightness(mDisplay, mLayer, mBrightness);
 }
 
-bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(const common::PixelFormat& pixelFormat,
-                                       const common::Dataspace& dataspace) {
-    // TODO: add support for RGBA_1010102
-    if (pixelFormat != common::PixelFormat::RGB_888 &&
-        pixelFormat != common::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (std::find(dataspaces.begin(), dataspaces.end(), dataspace) == dataspaces.end()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::createReadbackBuffer(ReadbackBufferAttributes readbackBufferAttributes,
-                                          const VtsDisplay& display,
-                                          sp<GraphicBuffer>* graphicBuffer) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, graphicBuffer);
-    if (!readbackSupported(readbackBufferAttributes.format, readbackBufferAttributes.dataspace)) {
-        *graphicBuffer = nullptr;
-    }
-    uint64_t usage =
-            static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN) |
-                                  static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE));
-
-    uint32_t layerCount = 1;
-    *graphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(
-            static_cast<uint32_t>(display.getDisplayWidth()),
-            static_cast<uint32_t>(display.getDisplayHeight()),
-            static_cast<::android::PixelFormat>(readbackBufferAttributes.format), layerCount, usage,
-            "ReadbackBuffer");
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, *graphicBuffer);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, (*graphicBuffer)->initCheck());
-}
-
 std::string ReadbackHelper::getColorModeString(ColorMode mode) {
     switch (mode) {
         case ColorMode::SRGB:
@@ -142,11 +103,11 @@
     return layerSettings;
 }
 
-int32_t ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+int32_t ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(common::PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
     switch (pixelFormat) {
-        case PixelFormat::RGBA_8888:
+        case common::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888:
             return 4;
-        case PixelFormat::RGB_888:
+        case common::PixelFormat::RGB_888:
             return 3;
         default:
             return -1;
@@ -155,161 +116,136 @@
 
 void ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t stride, void* bufferData,
                                 common::PixelFormat pixelFormat,
-                                const std::vector<Color>& desiredColors) {
+                                std::vector<Color> desiredPixelColors) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(pixelFormat == common::PixelFormat::RGB_888 ||
                 pixelFormat == common::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
     int32_t bytesPerPixel = GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat);
     ASSERT_NE(-1, bytesPerPixel);
     for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
         for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
-            int pixel = row * static_cast<int32_t>(width) + col;
-            Color desiredColor = desiredColors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)];
+            auto pixel = row * static_cast<int32_t>(width) + col;
+            Color srcColor = desiredPixelColors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)];
 
             int offset = (row * static_cast<int32_t>(stride) + col) * bytesPerPixel;
             uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufferData + offset;
-            pixelColor[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * desiredColor.r));
-            pixelColor[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * desiredColor.g));
-            pixelColor[2] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * desiredColor.b));
+            pixelColor[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * srcColor.r));
+            pixelColor[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * srcColor.g));
+            pixelColor[2] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * srcColor.b));
 
             if (bytesPerPixel == 4) {
-                pixelColor[3] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * desiredColor.a));
+                pixelColor[3] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * srcColor.a));
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-void ReadbackHelper::clearColors(std::vector<Color>& colors, int32_t width, int32_t height,
+void ReadbackHelper::clearColors(std::vector<Color>& expectedColors, int32_t width, int32_t height,
                                  int32_t displayWidth) {
     for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
         for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
             int pixel = row * displayWidth + col;
-            colors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)] = BLACK;
+            expectedColors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)] = BLACK;
         }
     }
 }
 
-void ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(std::vector<Color>& colors, int32_t stride, Rect area,
-                                    Color desiredColor) {
+void ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(std::vector<Color>& expectedColors, int32_t stride, Rect area,
+                                    Color color) {
     for (int row = area.top; row < area.bottom; row++) {
         for (int col = area.left; col < area.right; col++) {
             int pixel = row * stride + col;
-            colors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)] = desiredColor;
+            expectedColors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)] = color;
         }
     }
 }
 
-void ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                           Color desiredColor, int* fillFence) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, fillFence);
-    std::vector<Color> desiredColors(
-            static_cast<size_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth() * graphicBuffer->getHeight()));
-    ::android::Rect bounds = graphicBuffer->getBounds();
-    fillColorsArea(desiredColors, static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()),
-                   {bounds.left, bounds.top, bounds.right, bounds.bottom}, desiredColor);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferAndGetFence(graphicBuffer, desiredColors, fillFence));
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                           const std::vector<Color>& desiredColors,
-                                           int* fillFence) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888 ||
-                graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
-    void* bufData;
-    int32_t bytesPerPixel = -1;
-    int32_t bytesPerStride = -1;
-    status_t status =
-            graphicBuffer->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-                                &bufData, &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-
-    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
-                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
-                                    : graphicBuffer->getStride();
-    ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(
-            graphicBuffer->getWidth(), graphicBuffer->getHeight(), stride, bufData,
-            static_cast<common::PixelFormat>(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat()), desiredColors);
-    status = graphicBuffer->unlockAsync(fillFence);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(Color expectedColor,
-                                          const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                          const ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor& fence) {
-    std::vector<Color> expectedColors(
-            static_cast<size_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth() * graphicBuffer->getHeight()));
-    ::android::Rect bounds = graphicBuffer->getBounds();
-    fillColorsArea(expectedColors, static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()),
-                   {bounds.left, bounds.top, bounds.right, bounds.bottom}, expectedColor);
-    compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, graphicBuffer, fence);
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(const std::vector<Color>& expectedColors,
-                                           const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                           const ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor& fence) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888 ||
-                graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
-
-    int bytesPerPixel = -1;
-    int bytesPerStride = -1;
-    void* bufData = nullptr;
-    status_t status = graphicBuffer->lockAsync(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN, &bufData,
-                                               dup(fence.get()), &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-
-    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
-                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
-                                    : graphicBuffer->getStride();
-
-    if (bytesPerPixel == -1) {
-        bytesPerPixel = ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(
-                static_cast<PixelFormat>(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat()));
+bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(const common::PixelFormat& pixelFormat,
+                                       const common::Dataspace& dataspace) {
+    if (pixelFormat != common::PixelFormat::RGB_888 &&
+        pixelFormat != common::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888) {
+        return false;
     }
+    if (std::find(dataspaces.begin(), dataspaces.end(), dataspace) == dataspaces.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+void ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(const std::vector<Color>& expectedColors, void* bufferData,
+                                         const uint32_t stride, const uint32_t width,
+                                         const uint32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+    const int32_t bytesPerPixel = ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat);
     ASSERT_NE(-1, bytesPerPixel);
-    for (int row = 0; row < graphicBuffer->getHeight(); row++) {
-        for (int col = 0; col < graphicBuffer->getWidth(); col++) {
-            int pixel = row * static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()) + col;
+    for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
+        for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
+            auto pixel = row * static_cast<int32_t>(width) + col;
             int offset = (row * static_cast<int32_t>(stride) + col) * bytesPerPixel;
-            uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufData + offset;
+            uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufferData + offset;
             const Color expectedColor = expectedColors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)];
             ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.r), pixelColor[0]);
             ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.g), pixelColor[1]);
             ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.b), pixelColor[2]);
         }
     }
-
-    status = graphicBuffer->unlock();
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
 }
 
 ReadbackBuffer::ReadbackBuffer(int64_t display, const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client,
-                               int32_t width, int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat)
+                               int32_t width, int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat,
+                               common::Dataspace dataspace)
     : mComposerClient(client) {
     mDisplay = display;
+
+    mPixelFormat = pixelFormat;
+    mDataspace = dataspace;
+
     mWidth = static_cast<uint32_t>(width);
     mHeight = static_cast<uint32_t>(height);
-    mPixelFormat = pixelFormat;
     mLayerCount = 1;
     mUsage = static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN) |
                                    static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE));
+
+    mAccessRegion.top = 0;
+    mAccessRegion.left = 0;
+    mAccessRegion.right = static_cast<int32_t>(width);
+    mAccessRegion.bottom = static_cast<int32_t>(height);
+}
+
+::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer> ReadbackBuffer::allocateBuffer() {
+    return ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer>::make(
+            mWidth, mHeight, static_cast<::android::PixelFormat>(mPixelFormat), mLayerCount, mUsage,
+            "ReadbackBuffer");
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::setReadbackBuffer() {
-    mGraphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mWidth, mHeight,
-                                             static_cast<::android::PixelFormat>(mPixelFormat),
-                                             mLayerCount, mUsage, "ReadbackBuffer");
+    mGraphicBuffer = allocateBuffer();
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mGraphicBuffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, mGraphicBuffer->initCheck());
-    ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor noFence = ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor(-1);
-    const auto& status =
-            mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mGraphicBuffer->handle, noFence);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+    const auto& bufferHandle = mGraphicBuffer->handle;
+    ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor fence = ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor(-1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, bufferHandle, fence).isOk());
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::checkReadbackBuffer(const std::vector<Color>& expectedColors) {
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mGraphicBuffer);
     // lock buffer for reading
     const auto& [fenceStatus, bufferFence] = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mDisplay);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(fenceStatus.isOk());
-    ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, mGraphicBuffer, bufferFence);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(fenceStatus.isOk());
+
+    int bytesPerPixel = -1;
+    int bytesPerStride = -1;
+    void* bufData = nullptr;
+
+    auto status = mGraphicBuffer->lockAsync(mUsage, mAccessRegion, &bufData, dup(bufferFence.get()),
+                                            &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride);
+    EXPECT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGB_888 || mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
+    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
+                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
+                                    : mGraphicBuffer->getStride();
+    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufData, stride, mWidth, mHeight,
+                                        mPixelFormat);
+    status = mGraphicBuffer->unlock();
+    EXPECT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
 }
 
 void TestColorLayer::write(ComposerClientWriter& writer) {
@@ -387,8 +323,9 @@
     const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
                                     ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
                                     : mGraphicBuffer->getStride();
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-    ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(mWidth, mHeight, stride, bufData, mPixelFormat, expectedColors);
+    EXPECT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(mWidth, mHeight, stride, bufData,
+                                                       mPixelFormat, expectedColors));
 
     const auto unlockStatus = mGraphicBuffer->unlockAsync(&mFillFence);
     ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, unlockStatus);
@@ -398,13 +335,13 @@
     mGraphicBuffer = allocateBuffer();
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mGraphicBuffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, mGraphicBuffer->initCheck());
-    fillBuffer(colors);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBuffer(colors));
 }
 
-sp<GraphicBuffer> TestBufferLayer::allocateBuffer() {
-    return sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mWidth, mHeight,
-                                   static_cast<::android::PixelFormat>(mPixelFormat), mLayerCount,
-                                   mUsage, "TestBufferLayer");
+::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer> TestBufferLayer::allocateBuffer() {
+    return ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer>::make(
+            mWidth, mHeight, static_cast<::android::PixelFormat>(mPixelFormat), mLayerCount, mUsage,
+            "TestBufferLayer");
 }
 
 void TestBufferLayer::setDataspace(common::Dataspace dataspace, ComposerClientWriter& writer) {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
index ecf0d52..ee9f0d5 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@
 using common::Dataspace;
 using common::PixelFormat;
 using IMapper2_1 = ::android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
-using ::android::GraphicBuffer;
-using ::android::sp;
 
 static const Color BLACK = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
 static const Color RED = {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
@@ -148,7 +146,7 @@
 
   protected:
     Composition mComposition;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
+    ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
     TestRenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
     int32_t mFillFence;
     uint32_t mWidth;
@@ -164,11 +162,6 @@
 
 class ReadbackHelper {
   public:
-    static bool readbackSupported(const PixelFormat& pixelFormat, const Dataspace& dataspace);
-
-    static void createReadbackBuffer(ReadbackBufferAttributes readbackBufferAttributes,
-                                     const VtsDisplay& display, sp<GraphicBuffer>* graphicBuffer);
-
     static std::string getColorModeString(ColorMode mode);
 
     static std::string getDataspaceString(Dataspace dataspace);
@@ -178,36 +171,28 @@
     static int32_t GetBytesPerPixel(PixelFormat pixelFormat);
 
     static void fillBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t stride, void* bufferData,
-                           PixelFormat pixelFormat, const std::vector<Color>& desriedColors);
+                           PixelFormat pixelFormat, std::vector<Color> desiredPixelColors);
 
-    static void clearColors(std::vector<Color>& colors, int32_t width, int32_t height,
+    static void clearColors(std::vector<Color>& expectedColors, int32_t width, int32_t height,
                             int32_t displayWidth);
 
-    static void fillColorsArea(std::vector<Color>& colors, int32_t stride, Rect area,
-                               Color desiredColor);
+    static void fillColorsArea(std::vector<Color>& expectedColors, int32_t stride, Rect area,
+                               Color color);
 
-    static void fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, Color desiredColor,
-                                      int* fillFence);
-
-    static void fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
-                                      const std::vector<Color>& desiredColors, int* fillFence);
-
-    static void compareColorToBuffer(
-            Color expectedColor, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-            const ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor& fence = ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor(-1));
-
-    static void compareColorsToBuffer(
-            const std::vector<Color>& expectedColors, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-            const ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor& fence = ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor(-1));
+    static bool readbackSupported(const PixelFormat& pixelFormat, const Dataspace& dataspace);
 
     static const std::vector<ColorMode> colorModes;
     static const std::vector<Dataspace> dataspaces;
+
+    static void compareColorBuffers(const std::vector<Color>& expectedColors, void* bufferData,
+                                    const uint32_t stride, const uint32_t width,
+                                    const uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat);
 };
 
 class ReadbackBuffer {
   public:
     ReadbackBuffer(int64_t display, const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client, int32_t width,
-                   int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat);
+                   int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat, common::Dataspace dataspace);
 
     void setReadbackBuffer();
 
@@ -216,12 +201,18 @@
   protected:
     uint32_t mWidth;
     uint32_t mHeight;
-    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
     uint32_t mLayerCount;
     uint32_t mUsage;
+    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
+    Dataspace mDataspace;
     int64_t mDisplay;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
+    ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
     std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient> mComposerClient;
+    ::android::Rect mAccessRegion;
+    native_handle_t mBufferHandle;
+
+  private:
+    ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer> allocateBuffer();
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
index b84d0d0..66779c8 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
@@ -76,7 +76,18 @@
 }
 
 void TestRenderEngine::checkColorBuffer(const std::vector<Color>& expectedColors) {
-    ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, mGraphicBuffer);
+    void* bufferData;
+    int32_t bytesPerPixel = -1;
+    int32_t bytesPerStride = -1;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, mGraphicBuffer->lock(static_cast<uint32_t>(mGraphicBuffer->getUsage()),
+                                      &bufferData, &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride));
+    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
+                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
+                                    : mGraphicBuffer->getStride();
+    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufferData, stride,
+                                        mGraphicBuffer->getWidth(), mGraphicBuffer->getHeight(),
+                                        mFormat);
+    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, mGraphicBuffer->unlock());
 }
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
index 93d9693..6fa3392 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <aidl/Gtest.h>
 #include <aidl/Vintf.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/graphics/common/BufferUsage.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposer.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
@@ -80,11 +81,13 @@
         clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = Rect(getDisplayWidth(), getDisplayHeight());
         clientCompositionDisplay.clip = clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay;
 
-        mTestRenderEngine->initGraphicBuffer(static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayWidth()),
-                                             static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayHeight()),
-                                             /*layerCount*/ 1U,
-                                             GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
-                                                     GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN);
+        mTestRenderEngine->initGraphicBuffer(
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayWidth()), static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayHeight()),
+                /*layerCount*/ 1U,
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(
+                        static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN) |
+                        static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN) |
+                        static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::GPU_RENDER_TARGET)));
         mTestRenderEngine->setDisplaySettings(clientCompositionDisplay);
     }
 
@@ -112,21 +115,18 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(status.getServiceSpecificError(), serviceSpecificError);
     }
 
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> allocateBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t usage) {
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer =
-                sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(width, height, ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
-                                        /*layerCount*/ 1u, static_cast<uint32_t>(usage),
-                                        "VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest");
+    std::pair<bool, ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer>> allocateBuffer(uint32_t usage) {
+        const auto width = static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayWidth());
+        const auto height = static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayHeight());
+
+        const auto& graphicBuffer = ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer>::make(
+                width, height, ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                /*layerCount*/ 1u, usage, "VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest");
 
         if (graphicBuffer && ::android::OK == graphicBuffer->initCheck()) {
-            return graphicBuffer;
+            return {true, graphicBuffer};
         }
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> allocateBuffer(uint64_t usage) {
-        return allocateBuffer(static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayWidth()),
-                              static_cast<uint32_t>(getDisplayHeight()), usage);
+        return {false, graphicBuffer};
     }
 
     uint64_t getStableDisplayId(int64_t display) {
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, getDisplayWidth(), coloredSquare, BLUE);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
         }
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         std::vector<Color> expectedColors(
                 static_cast<size_t>(getDisplayWidth() * getDisplayHeight()));
@@ -378,143 +378,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, SetLayerBufferWithSlotsToClear) {
-    const auto& [status, readbackBufferAttributes] =
-            mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(getPrimaryDisplayId());
-    if (!status.isOk()) {
-        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> readbackBuffer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::createReadbackBuffer(
-            readbackBufferAttributes, getPrimaryDisplay(), &readbackBuffer));
-    if (readbackBuffer == nullptr) {
-        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Unsupported readback buffer attributes";
-        return;
-    }
-    // no fence needed for the readback buffer
-    ScopedFileDescriptor noFence(-1);
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> clearSlotBuffer = allocateBuffer(1u, 1u, GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clearSlotBuffer);
-
-    // red buffer
-    uint64_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> redBuffer = allocateBuffer(usage);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, redBuffer);
-    int redFence;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(redBuffer, RED, &redFence));
-
-    // blue buffer
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> blueBuffer = allocateBuffer(usage);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, blueBuffer);
-    int blueFence;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(blueBuffer, BLUE, &blueFence));
-
-    // layer defaults
-    common::Rect rectFullDisplay = {0, 0, getDisplayWidth(), getDisplayHeight()};
-    int64_t display = getPrimaryDisplayId();
-    auto [layerStatus, layer] = mComposerClient->createLayer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), 3);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(layerStatus.isOk());
-    mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(display, layer, rectFullDisplay);
-    mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(display, layer, Composition::DEVICE);
-
-    // set the layer to the blue buffer
-    // should be blue
-    {
-        auto status = mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(display, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(display, layer, /*slot*/ 0, blueBuffer->handle, blueFence);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay(display, ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp);
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(display).empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
-        mWriter->presentDisplay(display);
-        execute();
-        auto [fenceStatus, fence] = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(display);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(fenceStatus.isOk());
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(BLUE, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-
-    // change the layer to the red buffer
-    // should be red
-    {
-        auto status = mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(display, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(display, layer, /*slot*/ 1, redBuffer->handle, redFence);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay(display, ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp);
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(display).empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
-        mWriter->presentDisplay(display);
-        execute();
-        auto [fenceStatus, fence] = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(display);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(fenceStatus.isOk());
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(RED, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-
-    // clear the slot for the blue buffer
-    // should still be red
-    {
-        auto status = mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(display, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-        mWriter->setLayerBufferWithNewCommand(display, layer, /*slot*/ 0, clearSlotBuffer->handle,
-                                              /*fence*/ -1);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay(display, ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp);
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(display).empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
-        mWriter->presentDisplay(display);
-        execute();
-        auto [fenceStatus, fence] = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(display);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(fenceStatus.isOk());
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(RED, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-
-    // clear the slot for the red buffer, and set the buffer with the same slot to the blue buffer
-    // should be blue
-    {
-        auto status = mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(display, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-        mWriter->setLayerBufferWithNewCommand(display, layer, /*slot*/ 1, clearSlotBuffer->handle,
-                                              /*fence*/ -1);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(display, layer, /*slot*/ 1, blueBuffer->handle, blueFence);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay(display, ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp);
-        execute();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(display).empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
-        mWriter->presentDisplay(display);
-        execute();
-        auto [fenceStatus, fence] = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(display);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(fenceStatus.isOk());
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(BLUE, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-
-    // clear the slot for the now-blue buffer
-    // should be black (no buffer)
-    // TODO(b/262037933) Ensure we never clear the active buffer's slot with the placeholder buffer
-    // by setting the layer to the color black
-    {
-        auto status = mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(display, readbackBuffer->handle, noFence);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-        mWriter->setLayerBufferWithNewCommand(display, layer, /*slot*/ 1, clearSlotBuffer->handle,
-                                              /*fence*/ -1);
-        mWriter->validateDisplay(display, ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp);
-        execute();
-        if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(display).empty()) {
-            GTEST_SUCCEED();
-            return;
-        }
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
-        mWriter->presentDisplay(display);
-        execute();
-        auto [fenceStatus, fence] = mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(display);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(fenceStatus.isOk());
-        ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(BLACK, readbackBuffer, fence);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, SetLayerBufferNoEffect) {
     for (ColorMode mode : mTestColorModes) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient
@@ -536,9 +399,10 @@
         layer->write(*mWriter);
 
         // This following buffer call should have no effect
-        uint64_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN;
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer = allocateBuffer(usage);
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, graphicBuffer);
+        const auto usage = static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN) |
+                           static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
+        const auto& [graphicBufferStatus, graphicBuffer] = allocateBuffer(usage);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBufferStatus);
         const auto& buffer = graphicBuffer->handle;
         mWriter->setLayerBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer->getLayer(), /*slot*/ 0, buffer,
                                 /*acquireFence*/ -1);
@@ -549,7 +413,7 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, getDisplayWidth(), coloredSquare, BLUE);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp);
@@ -577,7 +441,7 @@
     }
 
     ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                  getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                  getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 }
@@ -590,9 +454,10 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    uint64_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer = allocateBuffer(usage);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, graphicBuffer);
+    const auto usage = static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN) |
+                       static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
+    const auto& [graphicBufferStatus, graphicBuffer] = allocateBuffer(usage);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBufferStatus);
     const auto& bufferHandle = graphicBuffer->handle;
     ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor fence = ::ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor(-1);
 
@@ -674,7 +539,7 @@
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
@@ -687,14 +552,16 @@
             ASSERT_EQ(Composition::CLIENT, changedCompositionTypes[0].composition);
 
             PixelFormat clientFormat = PixelFormat::RGBA_8888;
-            auto clientUsage = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
-                               GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN;
+            auto clientUsage = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN) |
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN) |
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::COMPOSER_CLIENT_TARGET));
             Dataspace clientDataspace = ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode);
             common::Rect damage{0, 0, getDisplayWidth(), getDisplayHeight()};
 
             // create client target buffer
-            sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer = allocateBuffer(clientUsage);
-            ASSERT_NE(nullptr, graphicBuffer);
+            const auto& [graphicBufferStatus, graphicBuffer] = allocateBuffer(clientUsage);
+            ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBufferStatus);
             const auto& buffer = graphicBuffer->handle;
             void* clientBufData;
             const auto stride = static_cast<uint32_t>(graphicBuffer->stride);
@@ -751,7 +618,7 @@
                 {0, getDisplayHeight() / 2, getDisplayWidth(), getDisplayHeight()}, RED);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         auto deviceLayer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
@@ -770,8 +637,10 @@
         deviceLayer->write(*mWriter);
 
         PixelFormat clientFormat = PixelFormat::RGBA_8888;
-        auto clientUsage =
-                GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN;
+        auto clientUsage = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN) |
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN) |
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(common::BufferUsage::COMPOSER_CLIENT_TARGET));
         Dataspace clientDataspace = ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode);
         int32_t clientWidth = getDisplayWidth();
         int32_t clientHeight = getDisplayHeight() / 2;
@@ -793,8 +662,8 @@
         }
         // create client target buffer
         ASSERT_EQ(Composition::CLIENT, changedCompositionTypes[0].composition);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer = allocateBuffer(clientUsage);
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, graphicBuffer);
+        const auto& [graphicBufferStatus, graphicBuffer] = allocateBuffer(clientUsage);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBufferStatus);
         const auto& buffer = graphicBuffer->handle;
 
         void* clientBufData;
@@ -856,7 +725,7 @@
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -924,7 +793,7 @@
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
 
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
@@ -990,7 +859,7 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, getDisplayWidth(),
                                        {0, 0, getDisplayWidth(), getDisplayHeight()}, BLUE);
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
@@ -1047,7 +916,7 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, getDisplayWidth(), redRect, RED);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -1157,7 +1026,7 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, getDisplayWidth(), dimmerRedRect, DIM_RED);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -1293,7 +1162,7 @@
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
@@ -1338,7 +1207,7 @@
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
@@ -1378,7 +1247,7 @@
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
@@ -1452,7 +1321,7 @@
             return;
         }
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         mLayer->setTransform(Transform::FLIP_H);
         mLayer->setDataspace(ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode), *mWriter);
@@ -1497,7 +1366,7 @@
             return;
         }
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         mLayer->setTransform(Transform::FLIP_V);
@@ -1542,7 +1411,7 @@
             return;
         }
         ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mComposerClient, getDisplayWidth(),
-                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat);
+                                      getDisplayHeight(), mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         mLayer->setTransform(Transform::ROT_180);