diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
index a6dfcaf..d4f0281 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
@@ -126,23 +126,15 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error) << "failed to setReadbackBuffer";
 }
 
-void ComposerClient::getRequiredReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display,
-                                                         PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                                         Dataspace* outDataspace) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, getReadbackBufferAttributes(display, outPixelFormat, outDataspace));
-}
-
-Error ComposerClient::getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                                  Dataspace* outDataspace) {
-    Error error;
+void ComposerClient::getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
+                                                 Dataspace* outDataspace) {
     mClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(
-            display, [&](const Error& tmpError, const PixelFormat& tmpPixelFormat,
-                         const Dataspace& tmpDataspace) {
-                error = tmpError;
-                *outPixelFormat = tmpPixelFormat;
-                *outDataspace = tmpDataspace;
+            display,
+            [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpOutPixelFormat, const auto& tmpOutDataspace) {
+                ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to get readback buffer attributes";
+                *outPixelFormat = tmpOutPixelFormat;
+                *outDataspace = tmpOutDataspace;
             });
-    return error;
 }
 
 void ComposerClient::getReadbackBufferFence(Display display, int32_t* outFence) {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
index 5dd68df..a1794af 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 #include "renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h"
 
-using ::android::status_t;
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -109,40 +107,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-void ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                           IComposerClient::Color desiredColor, int* fillFence) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, fillFence);
-    std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> desiredColors(
-            static_cast<size_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth() * graphicBuffer->getHeight()));
-    ::android::Rect bounds = graphicBuffer->getBounds();
-    fillColorsArea(desiredColors, static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()),
-                   {bounds.left, bounds.top, bounds.right, bounds.bottom}, desiredColor);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferAndGetFence(graphicBuffer, desiredColors, fillFence));
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                           const std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& desiredColors,
-                                           int* fillFence) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888 ||
-                graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
-    void* bufData;
-    int32_t bytesPerPixel = -1;
-    int32_t bytesPerStride = -1;
-    status_t status =
-            graphicBuffer->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-                                &bufData, &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-
-    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
-                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
-                                    : graphicBuffer->getStride();
-    ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(graphicBuffer->getWidth(), graphicBuffer->getHeight(), stride,
-                               bufData, static_cast<PixelFormat>(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat()),
-                               desiredColors);
-    status = graphicBuffer->unlockAsync(fillFence);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-}
-
 void ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(int32_t width, int32_t height, uint32_t stride, void* bufferData,
                                 PixelFormat pixelFormat,
                                 std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> desiredPixelColors) {
@@ -152,16 +116,16 @@
     for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
         for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
             int pixel = row * width + col;
-            IComposerClient::Color desiredColor = desiredPixelColors[pixel];
+            IComposerClient::Color srcColor = desiredPixelColors[pixel];
 
             int offset = (row * stride + col) * bytesPerPixel;
             uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufferData + offset;
-            pixelColor[0] = desiredColor.r;
-            pixelColor[1] = desiredColor.g;
-            pixelColor[2] = desiredColor.b;
+            pixelColor[0] = srcColor.r;
+            pixelColor[1] = srcColor.g;
+            pixelColor[2] = srcColor.b;
 
             if (bytesPerPixel == 4) {
-                pixelColor[3] = desiredColor.a;
+                pixelColor[3] = srcColor.a;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -188,14 +152,12 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace, Error error) {
+bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(const PixelFormat& pixelFormat, const Dataspace& dataspace,
+                                       const Error error) {
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
         return false;
     }
-    return readbackSupported(pixelFormat, dataspace);
-}
-
-bool ReadbackHelper::readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace) {
+    // TODO: add support for RGBA_1010102
     if (pixelFormat != PixelFormat::RGB_888 && pixelFormat != PixelFormat::RGBA_8888) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -205,94 +167,71 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void ReadbackHelper::createReadbackBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
-                                          Dataspace dataspace, sp<GraphicBuffer>* graphicBuffer) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, graphicBuffer);
-    if (!readbackSupported(pixelFormat, dataspace)) {
-        *graphicBuffer = nullptr;
-    }
-    android::PixelFormat bufferFormat = static_cast<android::PixelFormat>(pixelFormat);
-    uint32_t layerCount = 1;
-    uint64_t usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN) |
-                                           static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE));
-    *graphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(width, height, bufferFormat, layerCount, usage,
-                                             "ReadbackBuffer");
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, *graphicBuffer);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, (*graphicBuffer)->initCheck());
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::compareColorToBuffer(IComposerClient::Color expectedColor,
-                                          const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence) {
-    std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(
-            static_cast<size_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth() * graphicBuffer->getHeight()));
-    ::android::Rect bounds = graphicBuffer->getBounds();
-    fillColorsArea(expectedColors, static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()),
-                   {bounds.left, bounds.top, bounds.right, bounds.bottom}, expectedColor);
-    compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, graphicBuffer, fence);
-}
-
-void ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
-                                           const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence) {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888 ||
-                graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat() == ::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
-
-    int bytesPerPixel = -1;
-    int bytesPerStride = -1;
-    void* bufData = nullptr;
-    status_t status = graphicBuffer->lockAsync(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN, &bufData, fence,
-                                               &bytesPerPixel, &bytesPerStride);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
-
-    const uint32_t stride = (bytesPerPixel > 0 && bytesPerStride > 0)
-                                    ? static_cast<uint32_t>(bytesPerStride / bytesPerPixel)
-                                    : graphicBuffer->getStride();
-
-    if (bytesPerPixel == -1) {
-        PixelFormat pixelFormat = static_cast<PixelFormat>(graphicBuffer->getPixelFormat());
-        bytesPerPixel = ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat);
-    }
+void ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
+                                         void* bufferData, const uint32_t stride,
+                                         const uint32_t width, const uint32_t height,
+                                         const PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+    const int32_t bytesPerPixel = ReadbackHelper::GetBytesPerPixel(pixelFormat);
     ASSERT_NE(-1, bytesPerPixel);
-    for (int row = 0; row < graphicBuffer->getHeight(); row++) {
-        for (int col = 0; col < graphicBuffer->getWidth(); col++) {
-            int pixel = row * static_cast<int32_t>(graphicBuffer->getWidth()) + col;
-            int offset = (row * static_cast<int32_t>(stride) + col) * bytesPerPixel;
-            uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufData + offset;
-            const IComposerClient::Color expectedColor = expectedColors[static_cast<size_t>(pixel)];
-            ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.r), pixelColor[0]);
-            ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.g), pixelColor[1]);
-            ASSERT_EQ(std::round(255.0f * expectedColor.b), pixelColor[2]);
+    for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
+        for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
+            int pixel = row * width + col;
+            int offset = (row * stride + col) * bytesPerPixel;
+            uint8_t* pixelColor = (uint8_t*)bufferData + offset;
+
+            ASSERT_EQ(expectedColors[pixel].r, pixelColor[0]);
+            ASSERT_EQ(expectedColors[pixel].g, pixelColor[1]);
+            ASSERT_EQ(expectedColors[pixel].b, pixelColor[2]);
         }
     }
-
-    status = graphicBuffer->unlock();
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, status);
 }
 
 ReadbackBuffer::ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
-                               uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+                               const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc, uint32_t width,
+                               uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace) {
     mDisplay = display;
+
     mComposerClient = client;
+    mGralloc = gralloc;
+
+    mPixelFormat = pixelFormat;
+    mDataspace = dataspace;
+
     mWidth = width;
     mHeight = height;
-    mPixelFormat = pixelFormat;
     mLayerCount = 1;
+    mFormat = mPixelFormat;
     mUsage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE);
+
+    mAccessRegion.top = 0;
+    mAccessRegion.left = 0;
+    mAccessRegion.width = width;
+    mAccessRegion.height = height;
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::setReadbackBuffer() {
-    mGraphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mWidth, mHeight,
-                                             static_cast<::android::PixelFormat>(mPixelFormat),
-                                             mLayerCount, mUsage, "ReadbackBuffer");
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mGraphicBuffer);
-    ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, mGraphicBuffer->initCheck());
-    mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mGraphicBuffer->handle, -1 /* fence */);
+    mBufferHandle.reset(new Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper(
+            mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
+                               /*import*/ true, &mStride)));
+    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle->get(), mWidth, mHeight,
+                                                  mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mBufferHandle->get(), -1));
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::checkReadbackBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors) {
     // lock buffer for reading
     int32_t fenceHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mDisplay, &fenceHandle));
-    ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, mGraphicBuffer, fenceHandle);
+
+    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle->get(), mUsage, mAccessRegion, fenceHandle);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGB_888 || mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
+    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufData, mStride, mWidth, mHeight,
+                                        mPixelFormat);
+    int32_t unlockFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle->get());
+    if (unlockFence != -1) {
+        sync_wait(unlockFence, -1);
+        close(unlockFence);
+    }
 }
 
 void TestColorLayer::write(const std::shared_ptr<CommandWriterBase>& writer) {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
index 254ff3b..1700b2a 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,9 @@
 void TestRenderEngine::checkColorBuffer(std::vector<V2_2::IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors) {
     void* bufferData;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mGraphicBuffer->lock(mGraphicBuffer->getUsage(), &bufferData));
-    ReadbackHelper::compareColorsToBuffer(expectedColors, mGraphicBuffer, -1 /* fence */);
+    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufferData, mGraphicBuffer->getStride(),
+                                        mGraphicBuffer->getWidth(), mGraphicBuffer->getHeight(),
+                                        mFormat);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mGraphicBuffer->unlock());
 }
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
index bbf8ef3..02d7bdb 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
@@ -78,10 +78,8 @@
                                     PixelFormat format, Dataspace dataspace);
     void setPowerMode_2_2(Display display, IComposerClient::PowerMode mode);
     void setReadbackBuffer(Display display, const native_handle_t* buffer, int32_t releaseFence);
-    void getRequiredReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                             Dataspace* outDataspace);
-    Error getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
-                                      Dataspace* outDataspace);
+    void getReadbackBufferAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outPixelFormat,
+                                     Dataspace* outDataspace);
     void getReadbackBufferFence(Display display, int32_t* outFence);
 
     std::vector<ColorMode> getColorModes(Display display);
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
index 7100297..58efde9 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@
 namespace V2_2 {
 namespace vts {
 
-using android::GraphicBuffer;
-using android::sp;
 using android::hardware::hidl_handle;
 using common::V1_1::BufferUsage;
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
@@ -158,13 +156,6 @@
 
     static int32_t GetBytesPerPixel(PixelFormat pixelFormat);
 
-    static void fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                      IComposerClient::Color desiredColor, int* fillFence);
-
-    static void fillBufferAndGetFence(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                      const std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& desiredColors,
-                                      int* fillFence);
-
     static void fillBuffer(int32_t width, int32_t height, uint32_t stride, void* bufferData,
                            PixelFormat pixelFormat,
                            std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> desiredPixelColors);
@@ -175,39 +166,40 @@
     static void fillColorsArea(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors, int32_t stride,
                                IComposerClient::Rect area, IComposerClient::Color color);
 
+    static bool readbackSupported(const PixelFormat& pixelFormat, const Dataspace& dataspace,
+                                  const Error error);
+
     static const std::vector<ColorMode> colorModes;
     static const std::vector<Dataspace> dataspaces;
 
-    static bool readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace, Error error);
-    static bool readbackSupported(PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace);
-
-    static void createReadbackBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
-                                     Dataspace dataspace, sp<GraphicBuffer>* graphicBuffer);
-
-    static void compareColorToBuffer(IComposerClient::Color expectedColors,
-                                     const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence);
-
-    static void compareColorsToBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
-                                      const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer, int32_t fence);
+    static void compareColorBuffers(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color>& expectedColors,
+                                    void* bufferData, const uint32_t stride, const uint32_t width,
+                                    const uint32_t height, const PixelFormat pixelFormat);
 };
 
 class ReadbackBuffer {
   public:
-    ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client, uint32_t width,
-                   uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat);
+    ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
+                   const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
+                   PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace);
 
     void setReadbackBuffer();
 
     void checkReadbackBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors);
 
   protected:
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
     uint32_t mWidth;
     uint32_t mHeight;
-    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
     uint32_t mLayerCount;
+    PixelFormat mFormat;
     uint64_t mUsage;
+    AccessRegion mAccessRegion;
+    uint32_t mStride;
+    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper> mBufferHandle = nullptr;
+    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
+    Dataspace mDataspace;
     Display mDisplay;
+    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
     std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient> mComposerClient;
 };