diff --git a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraUtils.cpp b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraUtils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfb95f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraUtils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,860 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "ExtCamUtils"
+// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+
+#include "ExternalCameraUtils.h"
+
+#include <aidlcommonsupport/NativeHandle.h>
+#include <jpeglib.h>
+#include <linux/videodev2.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cmath>
+
+#define HAVE_JPEG  // required for libyuv.h to export MJPEG decode APIs
+#include <libyuv.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace camera {
+
+namespace external {
+namespace common {
+
+namespace {
+const int kDefaultCameraIdOffset = 100;
+const int kDefaultJpegBufSize = 5 << 20;  // 5MB
+const int kDefaultNumVideoBuffer = 4;
+const int kDefaultNumStillBuffer = 2;
+const int kDefaultOrientation = 0;  // suitable for natural landscape displays like tablet/TV
+                                    // For phone devices 270 is better
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+const char* ExternalCameraConfig::kDefaultCfgPath = "/vendor/etc/external_camera_config.xml";
+
+ExternalCameraConfig ExternalCameraConfig::loadFromCfg(const char* cfgPath) {
+    using namespace tinyxml2;
+    ExternalCameraConfig ret;
+
+    XMLDocument configXml;
+    XMLError err = configXml.LoadFile(cfgPath);
+    if (err != XML_SUCCESS) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Unable to load external camera config file '%s'. Error: %s", __FUNCTION__,
+              cfgPath, XMLDocument::ErrorIDToName(err));
+        return ret;
+    } else {
+        ALOGI("%s: load external camera config succeeded!", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* extCam = configXml.FirstChildElement("ExternalCamera");
+    if (extCam == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no external camera config specified", __FUNCTION__);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* providerCfg = extCam->FirstChildElement("Provider");
+    if (providerCfg == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no external camera provider config specified", __FUNCTION__);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* cameraIdOffset = providerCfg->FirstChildElement("CameraIdOffset");
+    if (cameraIdOffset != nullptr) {
+        ret.cameraIdOffset = std::atoi(cameraIdOffset->GetText());
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* ignore = providerCfg->FirstChildElement("ignore");
+    if (ignore == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no internal ignored device specified", __FUNCTION__);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* id = ignore->FirstChildElement("id");
+    while (id != nullptr) {
+        const char* text = id->GetText();
+        if (text != nullptr) {
+            ret.mInternalDevices.insert(text);
+            ALOGI("%s: device %s will be ignored by external camera provider", __FUNCTION__, text);
+        }
+        id = id->NextSiblingElement("id");
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* deviceCfg = extCam->FirstChildElement("Device");
+    if (deviceCfg == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no external camera device config specified", __FUNCTION__);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* jpegBufSz = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("MaxJpegBufferSize");
+    if (jpegBufSz == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no max jpeg buffer size specified", __FUNCTION__);
+    } else {
+        ret.maxJpegBufSize = jpegBufSz->UnsignedAttribute("bytes", /*Default*/ kDefaultJpegBufSize);
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* numVideoBuf = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("NumVideoBuffers");
+    if (numVideoBuf == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no num video buffers specified", __FUNCTION__);
+    } else {
+        ret.numVideoBuffers =
+                numVideoBuf->UnsignedAttribute("count", /*Default*/ kDefaultNumVideoBuffer);
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* numStillBuf = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("NumStillBuffers");
+    if (numStillBuf == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no num still buffers specified", __FUNCTION__);
+    } else {
+        ret.numStillBuffers =
+                numStillBuf->UnsignedAttribute("count", /*Default*/ kDefaultNumStillBuffer);
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* fpsList = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("FpsList");
+    if (fpsList == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no fps list specified", __FUNCTION__);
+    } else {
+        if (!updateFpsList(fpsList, ret.fpsLimits)) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* depth = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("Depth16Supported");
+    if (depth == nullptr) {
+        ret.depthEnabled = false;
+        ALOGI("%s: depth output is not enabled", __FUNCTION__);
+    } else {
+        ret.depthEnabled = depth->BoolAttribute("enabled", false);
+    }
+
+    if (ret.depthEnabled) {
+        XMLElement* depthFpsList = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("DepthFpsList");
+        if (depthFpsList == nullptr) {
+            ALOGW("%s: no depth fps list specified", __FUNCTION__);
+        } else {
+            if (!updateFpsList(depthFpsList, ret.depthFpsLimits)) {
+                return ret;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* minStreamSize = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("MinimumStreamSize");
+    if (minStreamSize == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no minimum stream size specified", __FUNCTION__);
+    } else {
+        ret.minStreamSize = {
+                static_cast<int32_t>(minStreamSize->UnsignedAttribute("width", /*Default*/ 0)),
+                static_cast<int32_t>(minStreamSize->UnsignedAttribute("height", /*Default*/ 0))};
+    }
+
+    XMLElement* orientation = deviceCfg->FirstChildElement("Orientation");
+    if (orientation == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: no sensor orientation specified", __FUNCTION__);
+    } else {
+        ret.orientation = orientation->IntAttribute("degree", /*Default*/ kDefaultOrientation);
+    }
+
+    ALOGI("%s: external camera cfg loaded: maxJpgBufSize %d,"
+          " num video buffers %d, num still buffers %d, orientation %d",
+          __FUNCTION__, ret.maxJpegBufSize, ret.numVideoBuffers, ret.numStillBuffers,
+          ret.orientation);
+    for (const auto& limit : ret.fpsLimits) {
+        ALOGI("%s: fpsLimitList: %dx%d@%f", __FUNCTION__, limit.size.width, limit.size.height,
+              limit.fpsUpperBound);
+    }
+    for (const auto& limit : ret.depthFpsLimits) {
+        ALOGI("%s: depthFpsLimitList: %dx%d@%f", __FUNCTION__, limit.size.width, limit.size.height,
+              limit.fpsUpperBound);
+    }
+    ALOGI("%s: minStreamSize: %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, ret.minStreamSize.width,
+          ret.minStreamSize.height);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraConfig::updateFpsList(tinyxml2::XMLElement* fpsList,
+                                         std::vector<FpsLimitation>& fpsLimits) {
+    using namespace tinyxml2;
+    std::vector<FpsLimitation> limits;
+    XMLElement* row = fpsList->FirstChildElement("Limit");
+    while (row != nullptr) {
+        FpsLimitation prevLimit{{0, 0}, 1000.0};
+        FpsLimitation limit = {
+                {/* width */ static_cast<int32_t>(row->UnsignedAttribute("width", /*Default*/ 0)),
+                 /* height */ static_cast<int32_t>(
+                         row->UnsignedAttribute("height", /*Default*/ 0))},
+                /* fpsUpperBound */ row->DoubleAttribute("fpsBound", /*Default*/ 1000.0)};
+        if (limit.size.width <= prevLimit.size.width ||
+            limit.size.height <= prevLimit.size.height ||
+            limit.fpsUpperBound >= prevLimit.fpsUpperBound) {
+            ALOGE("%s: FPS limit list must have increasing size and decreasing fps!"
+                  " Prev %dx%d@%f, Current %dx%d@%f",
+                  __FUNCTION__, prevLimit.size.width, prevLimit.size.height,
+                  prevLimit.fpsUpperBound, limit.size.width, limit.size.height,
+                  limit.fpsUpperBound);
+            return false;
+        }
+        limits.push_back(limit);
+        row = row->NextSiblingElement("Limit");
+    }
+    fpsLimits = limits;
+    return true;
+}
+
+ExternalCameraConfig::ExternalCameraConfig()
+    : cameraIdOffset(kDefaultCameraIdOffset),
+      maxJpegBufSize(kDefaultJpegBufSize),
+      numVideoBuffers(kDefaultNumVideoBuffer),
+      numStillBuffers(kDefaultNumStillBuffer),
+      depthEnabled(false),
+      orientation(kDefaultOrientation) {
+    fpsLimits.push_back({/* size */ {/* width */ 640, /* height */ 480}, /* fpsUpperBound */ 30.0});
+    fpsLimits.push_back({/* size */ {/* width */ 1280, /* height */ 720}, /* fpsUpperBound */ 7.5});
+    fpsLimits.push_back(
+            {/* size */ {/* width */ 1920, /* height */ 1080}, /* fpsUpperBound */ 5.0});
+    minStreamSize = {0, 0};
+}
+
+}  // namespace common
+}  // namespace external
+
+namespace device {
+namespace implementation {
+
+double SupportedV4L2Format::FrameRate::getFramesPerSecond() const {
+    return static_cast<double>(durationDenominator) / durationNumerator;
+}
+
+Frame::Frame(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t fourcc)
+    : mWidth(width), mHeight(height), mFourcc(fourcc) {}
+Frame::~Frame() {}
+
+V4L2Frame::V4L2Frame(uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t fourcc, int bufIdx, int fd, uint32_t dataSize,
+                     uint64_t offset)
+    : Frame(w, h, fourcc), mBufferIndex(bufIdx), mFd(fd), mDataSize(dataSize), mOffset(offset) {}
+
+V4L2Frame::~V4L2Frame() {
+    unmap();
+}
+
+int V4L2Frame::getData(uint8_t** outData, size_t* dataSize) {
+    return map(outData, dataSize);
+}
+
+int V4L2Frame::map(uint8_t** data, size_t* dataSize) {
+    if (data == nullptr || dataSize == nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("%s: V4L2 buffer map bad argument: data %p, dataSize %p", __FUNCTION__, data,
+              dataSize);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+    if (!mMapped) {
+        void* addr = mmap(nullptr, mDataSize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, mFd, mOffset);
+        if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
+            ALOGE("%s: V4L2 buffer map failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        mData = static_cast<uint8_t*>(addr);
+        mMapped = true;
+    }
+    *data = mData;
+    *dataSize = mDataSize;
+    ALOGV("%s: V4L map FD %d, data %p size %zu", __FUNCTION__, mFd, mData, mDataSize);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int V4L2Frame::unmap() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+    if (mMapped) {
+        ALOGV("%s: V4L unmap data %p size %zu", __FUNCTION__, mData, mDataSize);
+        if (munmap(mData, mDataSize) != 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: V4L2 buffer unmap failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        mMapped = false;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+AllocatedFrame::AllocatedFrame(uint32_t w, uint32_t h) : Frame(w, h, V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV420) {}
+AllocatedFrame::~AllocatedFrame() {}
+
+int AllocatedFrame::getData(uint8_t** outData, size_t* dataSize) {
+    YCbCrLayout layout;
+    int ret = allocate(&layout);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    *outData = mData.data();
+    *dataSize = mBufferSize;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int AllocatedFrame::allocate(YCbCrLayout* out) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+    if ((mWidth % 2) || (mHeight % 2)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: bad dimension %dx%d (not multiple of 2)", __FUNCTION__, mWidth, mHeight);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    // This frame might be sent to jpeglib to be encoded. Since AllocatedFrame only contains YUV420,
+    // jpeglib expects height and width of Y component to be an integral multiple of 2*DCTSIZE,
+    // and heights and widths of Cb and Cr components to be an integral multiple of DCTSIZE. If the
+    // image size does not meet this requirement, libjpeg expects its input to be padded to meet the
+    // constraints. This padding is removed from the final encoded image so the content in the
+    // padding doesn't matter. What matters is that the memory is accessible to jpeglib at the time
+    // of encoding.
+    // For example, if the image size is 1500x844 and DCTSIZE is 8, jpeglib expects a YUV 420
+    // frame with components of following sizes:
+    //   Y:      1504x848 because 1504 and 848 are the next smallest multiples of 2*8
+    //   Cb/Cr:  752x424 which are the next smallest multiples of 8
+
+    // jpeglib takes an array of row pointers which makes vertical padding trivial when setting up
+    // the pointers. Padding horizontally is a bit more complicated. AllocatedFrame holds the data
+    // in a flattened buffer, which means memory accesses past a row will flow into the next logical
+    // row. For any row of a component, we can consider the first few bytes of the next row as
+    // padding for the current one. This is true for Y and Cb components and all but last row of the
+    // Cr component. Reading past the last row of Cr component will lead to undefined behavior as
+    // libjpeg attempts to read memory past the allocated buffer. To prevent undefined behavior,
+    // the buffer allocated here is padded such that libjpeg never accesses unallocated memory when
+    // reading the last row. Effectively, we only need to ensure that the last row of Cr component
+    // has width that is an integral multiple of DCTSIZE.
+
+    size_t dataSize = mWidth * mHeight * 3 / 2;  // YUV420
+
+    size_t cbWidth = mWidth / 2;
+    size_t requiredCbWidth = DCTSIZE * ((cbWidth + DCTSIZE - 1) / DCTSIZE);
+    size_t padding = requiredCbWidth - cbWidth;
+    size_t finalSize = dataSize + padding;
+
+    if (mData.size() != finalSize) {
+        mData.resize(finalSize);
+        mBufferSize = dataSize;
+    }
+
+    if (out != nullptr) {
+        out->y = mData.data();
+        out->yStride = mWidth;
+        uint8_t* cbStart = mData.data() + mWidth * mHeight;
+        uint8_t* crStart = cbStart + mWidth * mHeight / 4;
+        out->cb = cbStart;
+        out->cr = crStart;
+        out->cStride = mWidth / 2;
+        out->chromaStep = 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int AllocatedFrame::getLayout(YCbCrLayout* out) {
+    IMapper::Rect noCrop = {0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(mWidth), static_cast<int32_t>(mHeight)};
+    return getCroppedLayout(noCrop, out);
+}
+
+int AllocatedFrame::getCroppedLayout(const IMapper::Rect& rect, YCbCrLayout* out) {
+    if (out == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: null out", __FUNCTION__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+    if ((rect.left + rect.width) > static_cast<int>(mWidth) ||
+        (rect.top + rect.height) > static_cast<int>(mHeight) || (rect.left % 2) || (rect.top % 2) ||
+        (rect.width % 2) || (rect.height % 2)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: bad rect left %d top %d w %d h %d", __FUNCTION__, rect.left, rect.top,
+              rect.width, rect.height);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    out->y = mData.data() + mWidth * rect.top + rect.left;
+    out->yStride = mWidth;
+    uint8_t* cbStart = mData.data() + mWidth * mHeight;
+    uint8_t* crStart = cbStart + mWidth * mHeight / 4;
+    out->cb = cbStart + mWidth * rect.top / 4 + rect.left / 2;
+    out->cr = crStart + mWidth * rect.top / 4 + rect.left / 2;
+    out->cStride = mWidth / 2;
+    out->chromaStep = 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool isAspectRatioClose(float ar1, float ar2) {
+    constexpr float kAspectRatioMatchThres = 0.025f;  // This threshold is good enough to
+                                                      // distinguish 4:3/16:9/20:9 1.33/1.78/2
+    return std::abs(ar1 - ar2) < kAspectRatioMatchThres;
+}
+
+aidl::android::hardware::camera::common::Status importBufferImpl(
+        /*inout*/ std::map<int, CirculatingBuffers>& circulatingBuffers,
+        /*inout*/ HandleImporter& handleImporter, int32_t streamId, uint64_t bufId,
+        buffer_handle_t buf,
+        /*out*/ buffer_handle_t** outBufPtr) {
+    using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::common::Status;
+    if (buf == nullptr && bufId == BUFFER_ID_NO_BUFFER) {
+        ALOGE("%s: bufferId %" PRIu64 " has null buffer handle!", __FUNCTION__, bufId);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    CirculatingBuffers& cbs = circulatingBuffers[streamId];
+    if (cbs.count(bufId) == 0) {
+        if (buf == nullptr) {
+            ALOGE("%s: bufferId %" PRIu64 " has null buffer handle!", __FUNCTION__, bufId);
+            return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        // Register a newly seen buffer
+        buffer_handle_t importedBuf = buf;
+        handleImporter.importBuffer(importedBuf);
+        if (importedBuf == nullptr) {
+            ALOGE("%s: output buffer for stream %d is invalid!", __FUNCTION__, streamId);
+            return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+        } else {
+            cbs[bufId] = importedBuf;
+        }
+    }
+    *outBufPtr = &cbs[bufId];
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+uint32_t getFourCcFromLayout(const YCbCrLayout& layout) {
+    intptr_t cb = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(layout.cb);
+    intptr_t cr = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(layout.cr);
+    if (std::abs(cb - cr) == 1 && layout.chromaStep == 2) {
+        // Interleaved format
+        if (layout.cb > layout.cr) {
+            return V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV21;
+        } else {
+            return V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV12;
+        }
+    } else if (layout.chromaStep == 1) {
+        // Planar format
+        if (layout.cb > layout.cr) {
+            return V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420;  // YV12
+        } else {
+            return V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV420;  // YU12
+        }
+    } else {
+        return FLEX_YUV_GENERIC;
+    }
+}
+
+int getCropRect(CroppingType ct, const Size& inSize, const Size& outSize, IMapper::Rect* out) {
+    if (out == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: out is null", __FUNCTION__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t inW = inSize.width;
+    uint32_t inH = inSize.height;
+    uint32_t outW = outSize.width;
+    uint32_t outH = outSize.height;
+
+    // Handle special case where aspect ratio is close to input but scaled
+    // dimension is slightly larger than input
+    float arIn = ASPECT_RATIO(inSize);
+    float arOut = ASPECT_RATIO(outSize);
+    if (isAspectRatioClose(arIn, arOut)) {
+        out->left = 0;
+        out->top = 0;
+        out->width = static_cast<int32_t>(inW);
+        out->height = static_cast<int32_t>(inH);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (ct == VERTICAL) {
+        uint64_t scaledOutH = static_cast<uint64_t>(outH) * inW / outW;
+        if (scaledOutH > inH) {
+            ALOGE("%s: Output size %dx%d cannot be vertically cropped from input size %dx%d",
+                  __FUNCTION__, outW, outH, inW, inH);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        scaledOutH = scaledOutH & ~0x1;  // make it multiple of 2
+
+        out->left = 0;
+        out->top = static_cast<int32_t>((inH - scaledOutH) / 2) & ~0x1;
+        out->width = static_cast<int32_t>(inW);
+        out->height = static_cast<int32_t>(scaledOutH);
+        ALOGV("%s: crop %dx%d to %dx%d: top %d, scaledH %d", __FUNCTION__, inW, inH, outW, outH,
+              out->top, static_cast<int32_t>(scaledOutH));
+    } else {
+        uint64_t scaledOutW = static_cast<uint64_t>(outW) * inH / outH;
+        if (scaledOutW > inW) {
+            ALOGE("%s: Output size %dx%d cannot be horizontally cropped from input size %dx%d",
+                  __FUNCTION__, outW, outH, inW, inH);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        scaledOutW = scaledOutW & ~0x1;  // make it multiple of 2
+
+        out->left = static_cast<int32_t>((inW - scaledOutW) / 2) & ~0x1;
+        out->top = 0;
+        out->width = static_cast<int32_t>(scaledOutW);
+        out->height = static_cast<int32_t>(inH);
+        ALOGV("%s: crop %dx%d to %dx%d: top %d, scaledW %d", __FUNCTION__, inW, inH, outW, outH,
+              out->top, static_cast<int32_t>(scaledOutW));
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int formatConvert(const YCbCrLayout& in, const YCbCrLayout& out, Size sz, uint32_t format) {
+    int ret = 0;
+    switch (format) {
+        case V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV21:
+            ret = libyuv::I420ToNV21(
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.y), static_cast<int32_t>(in.yStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.cb), static_cast<int32_t>(in.cStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.cr), static_cast<int32_t>(in.cStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(out.y), static_cast<int32_t>(out.yStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(out.cr), static_cast<int32_t>(out.cStride),
+                    static_cast<int32_t>(sz.width), static_cast<int32_t>(sz.height));
+            if (ret != 0) {
+                ALOGE("%s: convert to NV21 buffer failed! ret %d", __FUNCTION__, ret);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            break;
+        case V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV12:
+            ret = libyuv::I420ToNV12(
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.y), static_cast<int32_t>(in.yStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.cb), static_cast<int32_t>(in.cStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.cr), static_cast<int32_t>(in.cStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(out.y), static_cast<int32_t>(out.yStride),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(out.cb), static_cast<int32_t>(out.cStride),
+                    static_cast<int32_t>(sz.width), static_cast<int32_t>(sz.height));
+            if (ret != 0) {
+                ALOGE("%s: convert to NV12 buffer failed! ret %d", __FUNCTION__, ret);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            break;
+        case V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420:  // YV12
+        case V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV420:  // YU12
+            // TODO: maybe we can speed up here by somehow save this copy?
+            ret = libyuv::I420Copy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.y), static_cast<int32_t>(in.yStride),
+                                   static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.cb), static_cast<int32_t>(in.cStride),
+                                   static_cast<uint8_t*>(in.cr), static_cast<int32_t>(in.cStride),
+                                   static_cast<uint8_t*>(out.y), static_cast<int32_t>(out.yStride),
+                                   static_cast<uint8_t*>(out.cb), static_cast<int32_t>(out.cStride),
+                                   static_cast<uint8_t*>(out.cr), static_cast<int32_t>(out.cStride),
+                                   static_cast<int32_t>(sz.width), static_cast<int32_t>(sz.height));
+            if (ret != 0) {
+                ALOGE("%s: copy to YV12 or YU12 buffer failed! ret %d", __FUNCTION__, ret);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            break;
+        case FLEX_YUV_GENERIC:
+            // TODO: b/72261744 write to arbitrary flexible YUV layout. Slow.
+            ALOGE("%s: unsupported flexible yuv layout"
+                  " y %p cb %p cr %p y_str %d c_str %d c_step %d",
+                  __FUNCTION__, out.y, out.cb, out.cr, out.yStride, out.cStride, out.chromaStep);
+            return -1;
+        default:
+            ALOGE("%s: unknown YUV format 0x%x!", __FUNCTION__, format);
+            return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int encodeJpegYU12(const Size& inSz, const YCbCrLayout& inLayout, int jpegQuality,
+                   const void* app1Buffer, size_t app1Size, void* out, size_t maxOutSize,
+                   size_t& actualCodeSize) {
+    /* libjpeg is a C library so we use C-style "inheritance" by
+     * putting libjpeg's jpeg_destination_mgr first in our custom
+     * struct. This allows us to cast jpeg_destination_mgr* to
+     * CustomJpegDestMgr* when we get it passed to us in a callback */
+    struct CustomJpegDestMgr {
+        struct jpeg_destination_mgr mgr;
+        JOCTET* mBuffer;
+        size_t mBufferSize;
+        size_t mEncodedSize;
+        bool mSuccess;
+    } dmgr;
+
+    jpeg_compress_struct cinfo = {};
+    jpeg_error_mgr jerr;
+
+    /* Initialize error handling with standard callbacks, but
+     * then override output_message (to print to ALOG) and
+     * error_exit to set a flag and print a message instead
+     * of killing the whole process */
+    cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);
+
+    cinfo.err->output_message = [](j_common_ptr cinfo) {
+        char buffer[JMSG_LENGTH_MAX];
+
+        /* Create the message */
+        (*cinfo->err->format_message)(cinfo, buffer);
+        ALOGE("libjpeg error: %s", buffer);
+    };
+    cinfo.err->error_exit = [](j_common_ptr cinfo) {
+        (*cinfo->err->output_message)(cinfo);
+        if (cinfo->client_data) {
+            auto& dmgr = *reinterpret_cast<CustomJpegDestMgr*>(cinfo->client_data);
+            dmgr.mSuccess = false;
+        }
+    };
+
+    /* Now that we initialized some callbacks, let's create our compressor */
+    jpeg_create_compress(&cinfo);
+
+    /* Initialize our destination manager */
+    dmgr.mBuffer = static_cast<JOCTET*>(out);
+    dmgr.mBufferSize = maxOutSize;
+    dmgr.mEncodedSize = 0;
+    dmgr.mSuccess = true;
+    cinfo.client_data = static_cast<void*>(&dmgr);
+
+    /* These lambdas become C-style function pointers and as per C++11 spec
+     * may not capture anything */
+    dmgr.mgr.init_destination = [](j_compress_ptr cinfo) {
+        auto& dmgr = reinterpret_cast<CustomJpegDestMgr&>(*cinfo->dest);
+        dmgr.mgr.next_output_byte = dmgr.mBuffer;
+        dmgr.mgr.free_in_buffer = dmgr.mBufferSize;
+        ALOGV("%s:%d jpeg start: %p [%zu]", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, dmgr.mBuffer, dmgr.mBufferSize);
+    };
+
+    dmgr.mgr.empty_output_buffer = [](j_compress_ptr cinfo __unused) {
+        ALOGV("%s:%d Out of buffer", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
+        return 0;
+    };
+
+    dmgr.mgr.term_destination = [](j_compress_ptr cinfo) {
+        auto& dmgr = reinterpret_cast<CustomJpegDestMgr&>(*cinfo->dest);
+        dmgr.mEncodedSize = dmgr.mBufferSize - dmgr.mgr.free_in_buffer;
+        ALOGV("%s:%d Done with jpeg: %zu", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, dmgr.mEncodedSize);
+    };
+    cinfo.dest = reinterpret_cast<struct jpeg_destination_mgr*>(&dmgr);
+
+    /* We are going to be using JPEG in raw data mode, so we are passing
+     * straight subsampled planar YCbCr and it will not touch our pixel
+     * data or do any scaling or anything */
+    cinfo.image_width = inSz.width;
+    cinfo.image_height = inSz.height;
+    cinfo.input_components = 3;
+    cinfo.in_color_space = JCS_YCbCr;
+
+    /* Initialize defaults and then override what we want */
+    jpeg_set_defaults(&cinfo);
+
+    jpeg_set_quality(&cinfo, jpegQuality, 1);
+    jpeg_set_colorspace(&cinfo, JCS_YCbCr);
+    cinfo.raw_data_in = 1;
+    cinfo.dct_method = JDCT_IFAST;
+
+    /* Configure sampling factors. The sampling factor is JPEG subsampling 420
+     * because the source format is YUV420. Note that libjpeg sampling factors
+     * are... a little weird. Sampling of Y=2,U=1,V=1 means there is 1 U and
+     * 1 V value for each 2 Y values */
+    cinfo.comp_info[0].h_samp_factor = 2;
+    cinfo.comp_info[0].v_samp_factor = 2;
+    cinfo.comp_info[1].h_samp_factor = 1;
+    cinfo.comp_info[1].v_samp_factor = 1;
+    cinfo.comp_info[2].h_samp_factor = 1;
+    cinfo.comp_info[2].v_samp_factor = 1;
+
+    /* Start the compressor */
+    jpeg_start_compress(&cinfo, TRUE);
+
+    /* Let's not hardcode YUV420 in 6 places... 5 was enough */
+    int maxVSampFactor = cinfo.max_v_samp_factor;
+    int cVSubSampling = cinfo.comp_info[0].v_samp_factor / cinfo.comp_info[1].v_samp_factor;
+
+    /* Compute our macroblock height, so we can pad our input to be vertically
+     * macroblock aligned. No need to for horizontal alignment since AllocatedFrame already
+     * pads horizontally */
+
+    size_t mcuV = DCTSIZE * maxVSampFactor;
+    size_t paddedHeight = mcuV * ((inSz.height + mcuV - 1) / mcuV);
+
+    /* libjpeg uses arrays of row pointers, which makes it really easy to pad
+     * data vertically (unfortunately doesn't help horizontally) */
+    std::vector<JSAMPROW> yLines(paddedHeight);
+    std::vector<JSAMPROW> cbLines(paddedHeight / cVSubSampling);
+    std::vector<JSAMPROW> crLines(paddedHeight / cVSubSampling);
+
+    uint8_t* py = static_cast<uint8_t*>(inLayout.y);
+    uint8_t* pcb = static_cast<uint8_t*>(inLayout.cb);
+    uint8_t* pcr = static_cast<uint8_t*>(inLayout.cr);
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < paddedHeight; i++) {
+        /* Once we are in the padding territory we still point to the last line
+         * effectively replicating it several times ~ CLAMP_TO_EDGE */
+        int li = std::min(i, inSz.height - 1);
+        yLines[i] = static_cast<JSAMPROW>(py + li * inLayout.yStride);
+        if (i < paddedHeight / cVSubSampling) {
+            li = std::min(i, (inSz.height - 1) / cVSubSampling);
+            cbLines[i] = static_cast<JSAMPROW>(pcb + li * inLayout.cStride);
+            crLines[i] = static_cast<JSAMPROW>(pcr + li * inLayout.cStride);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* If APP1 data was passed in, use it */
+    if (app1Buffer && app1Size) {
+        jpeg_write_marker(&cinfo, JPEG_APP0 + 1, static_cast<const JOCTET*>(app1Buffer), app1Size);
+    }
+
+    /* While we still have padded height left to go, keep giving it one
+     * macroblock at a time. */
+    while (cinfo.next_scanline < cinfo.image_height) {
+        const uint32_t batchSize = DCTSIZE * maxVSampFactor;
+        const uint32_t nl = cinfo.next_scanline;
+        JSAMPARRAY planes[3]{&yLines[nl], &cbLines[nl / cVSubSampling],
+                             &crLines[nl / cVSubSampling]};
+
+        uint32_t done = jpeg_write_raw_data(&cinfo, planes, batchSize);
+
+        if (done != batchSize) {
+            ALOGE("%s: compressed %u lines, expected %u (total %u/%u)", __FUNCTION__, done,
+                  batchSize, cinfo.next_scanline, cinfo.image_height);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* This will flush everything */
+    jpeg_finish_compress(&cinfo);
+
+    /* Grab the actual code size and set it */
+    actualCodeSize = dmgr.mEncodedSize;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+Size getMaxThumbnailResolution(const common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata& chars) {
+    Size thumbSize{0, 0};
+    camera_metadata_ro_entry entry = chars.find(ANDROID_JPEG_AVAILABLE_THUMBNAIL_SIZES);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < entry.count; i += 2) {
+        Size sz{.width = entry.data.i32[i], .height = entry.data.i32[i + 1]};
+        if (sz.width * sz.height > thumbSize.width * thumbSize.height) {
+            thumbSize = sz;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (thumbSize.width * thumbSize.height == 0) {
+        ALOGW("%s: non-zero thumbnail size not available", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    return thumbSize;
+}
+
+void freeReleaseFences(std::vector<CaptureResult>& results) {
+    for (auto& result : results) {
+        native_handle_t* inputReleaseFence =
+                ::android::makeFromAidl(result.inputBuffer.releaseFence);
+        if (inputReleaseFence != nullptr) {
+            native_handle_close(inputReleaseFence);
+            native_handle_delete(inputReleaseFence);
+        }
+        for (auto& buf : result.outputBuffers) {
+            native_handle_t* outReleaseFence = ::android::makeFromAidl(buf.releaseFence);
+            if (outReleaseFence != nullptr) {
+                native_handle_close(outReleaseFence);
+                native_handle_delete(outReleaseFence);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof((a)[0]))
+#define UPDATE(md, tag, data, size)               \
+    do {                                          \
+        if ((md).update((tag), (data), (size))) { \
+            ALOGE("Update " #tag " failed!");     \
+            return BAD_VALUE;                     \
+        }                                         \
+    } while (0)
+
+status_t fillCaptureResultCommon(CameraMetadata& md, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                 camera_metadata_ro_entry& activeArraySize) {
+    if (activeArraySize.count < 4) {
+        ALOGE("%s: cannot find active array size!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    // android.control
+    // For USB camera, we don't know the AE state. Set the state to converged to
+    // indicate the frame should be good to use. Then apps don't have to wait the
+    // AE state.
+    const uint8_t aeState = ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_STATE_CONVERGED;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_STATE, &aeState, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t ae_lock = ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_LOCK_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_LOCK, &ae_lock, 1);
+
+    // Set AWB state to converged to indicate the frame should be good to use.
+    const uint8_t awbState = ANDROID_CONTROL_AWB_STATE_CONVERGED;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AWB_STATE, &awbState, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t awbLock = ANDROID_CONTROL_AWB_LOCK_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AWB_LOCK, &awbLock, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t flashState = ANDROID_FLASH_STATE_UNAVAILABLE;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_FLASH_STATE, &flashState, 1);
+
+    // This means pipeline latency of X frame intervals. The maximum number is 4.
+    const uint8_t requestPipelineMaxDepth = 4;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_REQUEST_PIPELINE_DEPTH, &requestPipelineMaxDepth, 1);
+
+    // android.scaler
+    const int32_t crop_region[] = {
+            activeArraySize.data.i32[0],
+            activeArraySize.data.i32[1],
+            activeArraySize.data.i32[2],
+            activeArraySize.data.i32[3],
+    };
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_SCALER_CROP_REGION, crop_region, ARRAY_SIZE(crop_region));
+
+    // android.sensor
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_SENSOR_TIMESTAMP, &timestamp, 1);
+
+    // android.statistics
+    const uint8_t lensShadingMapMode = ANDROID_STATISTICS_LENS_SHADING_MAP_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_STATISTICS_LENS_SHADING_MAP_MODE, &lensShadingMapMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t sceneFlicker = ANDROID_STATISTICS_SCENE_FLICKER_NONE;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_STATISTICS_SCENE_FLICKER, &sceneFlicker, 1);
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+#undef ARRAY_SIZE
+#undef UPDATE
+
+AllocatedV4L2Frame::AllocatedV4L2Frame(std::shared_ptr<V4L2Frame> frameIn)
+    : Frame(frameIn->mWidth, frameIn->mHeight, frameIn->mFourcc) {
+    uint8_t* dataIn;
+    size_t dataSize;
+    if (frameIn->getData(&dataIn, &dataSize) != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: map input V4L2 frame failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mData.resize(dataSize);
+    std::memcpy(mData.data(), dataIn, dataSize);
+}
+
+AllocatedV4L2Frame::~AllocatedV4L2Frame() {}
+
+int AllocatedV4L2Frame::getData(uint8_t** outData, size_t* dataSize) {
+    if (outData == nullptr || dataSize == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: outData(%p)/dataSize(%p) must not be null", __FUNCTION__, outData, dataSize);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *outData = mData.data();
+    *dataSize = mData.size();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace device
+}  // namespace camera
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file