diff --git a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.cpp b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68c6d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2947 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "ExtCamDevSsn"
+// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include "ExternalCameraDeviceSession.h"
+
+#include <Exif.h>
+#include <ExternalCameraOfflineSession.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/CameraBlob.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/CameraBlobId.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/ErrorMsg.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/ShutterMsg.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/StreamBufferRet.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/StreamBuffersVal.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/StreamConfigurationMode.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/StreamRotation.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/StreamType.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/graphics/common/Dataspace.h>
+#include <aidlcommonsupport/NativeHandle.h>
+#include <convert.h>
+#include <linux/videodev2.h>
+#include <sync/sync.h>
+#include <utils/Trace.h>
+#include <deque>
+
+#define HAVE_JPEG  // required for libyuv.h to export MJPEG decode APIs
+#include <libyuv.h>
+#include <libyuv/convert.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace camera {
+namespace device {
+namespace implementation {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Size of request/result metadata fast message queue. Change to 0 to always use hwbinder buffer.
+static constexpr size_t kMetadataMsgQueueSize = 1 << 18 /* 256kB */;
+
+const int kBadFramesAfterStreamOn = 1;  // drop x frames after streamOn to get rid of some initial
+                                        // bad frames. TODO: develop a better bad frame detection
+                                        // method
+constexpr int MAX_RETRY = 15;  // Allow retry some ioctl failures a few times to account for some
+                               // webcam showing temporarily ioctl failures.
+constexpr int IOCTL_RETRY_SLEEP_US = 33000;  // 33ms * MAX_RETRY = 0.5 seconds
+
+// Constants for tryLock during dumpstate
+static constexpr int kDumpLockRetries = 50;
+static constexpr int kDumpLockSleep = 60000;
+
+bool tryLock(Mutex& mutex) {
+    bool locked = false;
+    for (int i = 0; i < kDumpLockRetries; ++i) {
+        if (mutex.tryLock() == NO_ERROR) {
+            locked = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        usleep(kDumpLockSleep);
+    }
+    return locked;
+}
+
+bool tryLock(std::mutex& mutex) {
+    bool locked = false;
+    for (int i = 0; i < kDumpLockRetries; ++i) {
+        if (mutex.try_lock()) {
+            locked = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        usleep(kDumpLockSleep);
+    }
+    return locked;
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::BufferRequestStatus;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::CameraBlob;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::CameraBlobId;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::ErrorMsg;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::ShutterMsg;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::StreamBuffer;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::StreamBufferRet;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::StreamBuffersVal;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::StreamConfigurationMode;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::StreamRotation;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::StreamType;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Dataspace;
+using ::android::hardware::camera::common::V1_0::helper::ExifUtils;
+
+// Static instances
+const int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::kMaxProcessedStream;
+const int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::kMaxStallStream;
+HandleImporter ExternalCameraDeviceSession::sHandleImporter;
+
+ExternalCameraDeviceSession::ExternalCameraDeviceSession(
+        const std::shared_ptr<ICameraDeviceCallback>& callback, const ExternalCameraConfig& cfg,
+        const std::vector<SupportedV4L2Format>& sortedFormats, const CroppingType& croppingType,
+        const common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata& chars, const std::string& cameraId,
+        unique_fd v4l2Fd)
+    : mCallback(callback),
+      mCfg(cfg),
+      mCameraCharacteristics(chars),
+      mSupportedFormats(sortedFormats),
+      mCroppingType(croppingType),
+      mCameraId(cameraId),
+      mV4l2Fd(std::move(v4l2Fd)),
+      mMaxThumbResolution(getMaxThumbResolution()),
+      mMaxJpegResolution(getMaxJpegResolution()) {}
+
+Size ExternalCameraDeviceSession::getMaxThumbResolution() const {
+    return getMaxThumbnailResolution(mCameraCharacteristics);
+}
+
+Size ExternalCameraDeviceSession::getMaxJpegResolution() const {
+    Size ret{0, 0};
+    for (auto& fmt : mSupportedFormats) {
+        if (fmt.width * fmt.height > ret.width * ret.height) {
+            ret = Size{fmt.width, fmt.height};
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::initialize() {
+    if (mV4l2Fd.get() < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid v4l2 device fd %d!", __FUNCTION__, mV4l2Fd.get());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    struct v4l2_capability capability;
+    int ret = ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_QUERYCAP, &capability);
+    std::string make, model;
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        ALOGW("%s v4l2 QUERYCAP failed", __FUNCTION__);
+        mExifMake = "Generic UVC webcam";
+        mExifModel = "Generic UVC webcam";
+    } else {
+        // capability.card is UTF-8 encoded
+        char card[32];
+        int j = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            if (capability.card[i] < 128) {
+                card[j++] = capability.card[i];
+            }
+            if (capability.card[i] == '\0') {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (j == 0 || card[j - 1] != '\0') {
+            mExifMake = "Generic UVC webcam";
+            mExifModel = "Generic UVC webcam";
+        } else {
+            mExifMake = card;
+            mExifModel = card;
+        }
+    }
+
+    initOutputThread();
+    if (mOutputThread == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: init OutputThread failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return true;
+    }
+    mOutputThread->setExifMakeModel(mExifMake, mExifModel);
+
+    status_t status = initDefaultRequests();
+    if (status != OK) {
+        ALOGE("%s: init default requests failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    mRequestMetadataQueue =
+            std::make_unique<RequestMetadataQueue>(kMetadataMsgQueueSize, false /* non blocking */);
+    if (!mRequestMetadataQueue->isValid()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid request fmq", __FUNCTION__);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    mResultMetadataQueue =
+            std::make_shared<ResultMetadataQueue>(kMetadataMsgQueueSize, false /* non blocking */);
+    if (!mResultMetadataQueue->isValid()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid result fmq", __FUNCTION__);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    mOutputThread->run();
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::isInitFailed() {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    if (!mInitialized) {
+        mInitFail = initialize();
+        mInitialized = true;
+    }
+    return mInitFail;
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::initOutputThread() {
+    // Grab a shared_ptr to 'this' from ndk::SharedRefBase::ref()
+    std::shared_ptr<ExternalCameraDeviceSession> thiz = ref<ExternalCameraDeviceSession>();
+
+    if (mSupportBufMgr) {
+        mBufferRequestThread = std::make_shared<BufferRequestThread>(/*parent=*/thiz, mCallback);
+        mBufferRequestThread->run();
+    }
+    mOutputThread = std::make_shared<OutputThread>(/*parent=*/thiz, mCroppingType,
+                                                   mCameraCharacteristics, mBufferRequestThread);
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::closeOutputThread() {
+    closeOutputThreadImpl();
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::closeOutputThreadImpl() {
+    if (mOutputThread != nullptr) {
+        mOutputThread->flush();
+        mOutputThread->requestExitAndWait();
+        mOutputThread.reset();
+    }
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::initStatus() const {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    Status status = Status::OK;
+    if (mInitFail || mClosed) {
+        ALOGI("%s: session initFailed %d closed %d", __FUNCTION__, mInitFail, mClosed);
+        status = Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    }
+    return status;
+}
+
+ExternalCameraDeviceSession::~ExternalCameraDeviceSession() {
+    if (!isClosed()) {
+        ALOGE("ExternalCameraDeviceSession deleted before close!");
+        close(/*callerIsDtor*/ true);
+    }
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::constructDefaultRequestSettings(
+        RequestTemplate in_type, CameraMetadata* _aidl_return) {
+    CameraMetadata emptyMetadata;
+    Status status = initStatus();
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        return fromStatus(status);
+    }
+    switch (in_type) {
+        case RequestTemplate::PREVIEW:
+        case RequestTemplate::STILL_CAPTURE:
+        case RequestTemplate::VIDEO_RECORD:
+        case RequestTemplate::VIDEO_SNAPSHOT: {
+            *_aidl_return = mDefaultRequests[in_type];
+            break;
+        }
+        case RequestTemplate::MANUAL:
+        case RequestTemplate::ZERO_SHUTTER_LAG:
+            // Don't support MANUAL, ZSL templates
+            status = Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+            break;
+        default:
+            ALOGE("%s: unknown request template type %d", __FUNCTION__, static_cast<int>(in_type));
+            status = Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+            break;
+    }
+    return fromStatus(status);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::configureStreams(
+        const StreamConfiguration& in_requestedConfiguration,
+        std::vector<HalStream>* _aidl_return) {
+    uint32_t blobBufferSize = 0;
+    _aidl_return->clear();
+    Mutex::Autolock _il(mInterfaceLock);
+
+    Status status =
+            isStreamCombinationSupported(in_requestedConfiguration, mSupportedFormats, mCfg);
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        return fromStatus(status);
+    }
+
+    status = initStatus();
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        return fromStatus(status);
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mInflightFramesLock);
+        if (!mInflightFrames.empty()) {
+            ALOGE("%s: trying to configureStreams while there are still %zu inflight frames!",
+                  __FUNCTION__, mInflightFrames.size());
+            return fromStatus(Status::INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock _cl(mCbsLock);
+        // Add new streams
+        for (const auto& stream : in_requestedConfiguration.streams) {
+            if (mStreamMap.count(stream.id) == 0) {
+                mStreamMap[stream.id] = stream;
+                mCirculatingBuffers.emplace(stream.id, CirculatingBuffers{});
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Cleanup removed streams
+        for (auto it = mStreamMap.begin(); it != mStreamMap.end();) {
+            int id = it->first;
+            bool found = false;
+            for (const auto& stream : in_requestedConfiguration.streams) {
+                if (id == stream.id) {
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!found) {
+                // Unmap all buffers of deleted stream
+                cleanupBuffersLocked(id);
+                it = mStreamMap.erase(it);
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Now select a V4L2 format to produce all output streams
+    float desiredAr = (mCroppingType == VERTICAL) ? kMaxAspectRatio : kMinAspectRatio;
+    uint32_t maxDim = 0;
+    for (const auto& stream : in_requestedConfiguration.streams) {
+        float aspectRatio = ASPECT_RATIO(stream);
+        ALOGI("%s: request stream %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, stream.width, stream.height);
+        if ((mCroppingType == VERTICAL && aspectRatio < desiredAr) ||
+            (mCroppingType == HORIZONTAL && aspectRatio > desiredAr)) {
+            desiredAr = aspectRatio;
+        }
+
+        // The dimension that's not cropped
+        uint32_t dim = (mCroppingType == VERTICAL) ? stream.width : stream.height;
+        if (dim > maxDim) {
+            maxDim = dim;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Find the smallest format that matches the desired aspect ratio and is wide/high enough
+    SupportedV4L2Format v4l2Fmt{.width = 0, .height = 0};
+    for (const auto& fmt : mSupportedFormats) {
+        uint32_t dim = (mCroppingType == VERTICAL) ? fmt.width : fmt.height;
+        if (dim >= maxDim) {
+            float aspectRatio = ASPECT_RATIO(fmt);
+            if (isAspectRatioClose(aspectRatio, desiredAr)) {
+                v4l2Fmt = fmt;
+                // since mSupportedFormats is sorted by width then height, the first matching fmt
+                // will be the smallest one with matching aspect ratio
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (v4l2Fmt.width == 0) {
+        // Cannot find exact good aspect ratio candidate, try to find a close one
+        for (const auto& fmt : mSupportedFormats) {
+            uint32_t dim = (mCroppingType == VERTICAL) ? fmt.width : fmt.height;
+            if (dim >= maxDim) {
+                float aspectRatio = ASPECT_RATIO(fmt);
+                if ((mCroppingType == VERTICAL && aspectRatio < desiredAr) ||
+                    (mCroppingType == HORIZONTAL && aspectRatio > desiredAr)) {
+                    v4l2Fmt = fmt;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (v4l2Fmt.width == 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: unable to find a resolution matching (%s at least %d, aspect ratio %f)",
+              __FUNCTION__, (mCroppingType == VERTICAL) ? "width" : "height", maxDim, desiredAr);
+        return fromStatus(Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
+    }
+
+    if (configureV4l2StreamLocked(v4l2Fmt) != 0) {
+        ALOGE("V4L configuration failed!, format:%c%c%c%c, w %d, h %d", v4l2Fmt.fourcc & 0xFF,
+              (v4l2Fmt.fourcc >> 8) & 0xFF, (v4l2Fmt.fourcc >> 16) & 0xFF,
+              (v4l2Fmt.fourcc >> 24) & 0xFF, v4l2Fmt.width, v4l2Fmt.height);
+        return fromStatus(Status::INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    }
+
+    Size v4lSize = {v4l2Fmt.width, v4l2Fmt.height};
+    Size thumbSize{0, 0};
+    camera_metadata_ro_entry entry =
+            mCameraCharacteristics.find(ANDROID_JPEG_AVAILABLE_THUMBNAIL_SIZES);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < entry.count; i += 2) {
+        Size sz{entry.data.i32[i], entry.data.i32[i + 1]};
+        if (sz.width * sz.height > thumbSize.width * thumbSize.height) {
+            thumbSize = sz;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (thumbSize.width * thumbSize.height == 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: non-zero thumbnail size not available", __FUNCTION__);
+        return fromStatus(Status::INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    }
+
+    mBlobBufferSize = blobBufferSize;
+    status = mOutputThread->allocateIntermediateBuffers(
+            v4lSize, mMaxThumbResolution, in_requestedConfiguration.streams, blobBufferSize);
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        ALOGE("%s: allocating intermediate buffers failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return fromStatus(status);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<HalStream>& out = *_aidl_return;
+    out.resize(in_requestedConfiguration.streams.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < in_requestedConfiguration.streams.size(); i++) {
+        out[i].overrideDataSpace = in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].dataSpace;
+        out[i].id = in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].id;
+        // TODO: double check should we add those CAMERA flags
+        mStreamMap[in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].id].usage = out[i].producerUsage =
+                static_cast<BufferUsage>(((int64_t)in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].usage) |
+                                         ((int64_t)BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN) |
+                                         ((int64_t)BufferUsage::CAMERA_OUTPUT));
+        out[i].consumerUsage = static_cast<BufferUsage>(0);
+        out[i].maxBuffers = static_cast<int32_t>(mV4L2BufferCount);
+
+        switch (in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].format) {
+            case PixelFormat::BLOB:
+            case PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888:
+            case PixelFormat::YV12:  // Used by SurfaceTexture
+            case PixelFormat::Y16:
+                // No override
+                out[i].overrideFormat = in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].format;
+                break;
+            case PixelFormat::IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED:
+                // Implementation Defined
+                // This should look at the Stream's dataspace flag to determine the format or leave
+                // it as is if the rest of the system knows how to handle a private format. To keep
+                // this HAL generic, this is being overridden to YUV420
+                out[i].overrideFormat = PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888;
+                // Save overridden format in mStreamMap
+                mStreamMap[in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].id].format = out[i].overrideFormat;
+                break;
+            default:
+                ALOGE("%s: unsupported format 0x%x", __FUNCTION__,
+                      in_requestedConfiguration.streams[i].format);
+                return fromStatus(Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+    }
+
+    mFirstRequest = true;
+    mLastStreamConfigCounter = in_requestedConfiguration.streamConfigCounter;
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::flush() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    Mutex::Autolock _il(mInterfaceLock);
+    Status status = initStatus();
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        return fromStatus(status);
+    }
+    mOutputThread->flush();
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::getCaptureRequestMetadataQueue(
+        MQDescriptor<int8_t, SynchronizedReadWrite>* _aidl_return) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _il(mInterfaceLock);
+    *_aidl_return = mRequestMetadataQueue->dupeDesc();
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::getCaptureResultMetadataQueue(
+        MQDescriptor<int8_t, SynchronizedReadWrite>* _aidl_return) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _il(mInterfaceLock);
+    *_aidl_return = mResultMetadataQueue->dupeDesc();
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::isReconfigurationRequired(
+        const CameraMetadata& in_oldSessionParams, const CameraMetadata& in_newSessionParams,
+        bool* _aidl_return) {
+    // reconfiguration required if there is any change in the session params
+    *_aidl_return = in_oldSessionParams != in_newSessionParams;
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::processCaptureRequest(
+        const std::vector<CaptureRequest>& in_requests,
+        const std::vector<BufferCache>& in_cachesToRemove, int32_t* _aidl_return) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _il(mInterfaceLock);
+    updateBufferCaches(in_cachesToRemove);
+
+    int32_t& numRequestProcessed = *_aidl_return;
+    numRequestProcessed = 0;
+    Status s = Status::OK;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < in_requests.size(); i++, numRequestProcessed++) {
+        s = processOneCaptureRequest(in_requests[i]);
+        if (s != Status::OK) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return fromStatus(s);
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::processOneCaptureRequest(const CaptureRequest& request) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    Status status = initStatus();
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    if (request.inputBuffer.streamId != -1) {
+        ALOGE("%s: external camera does not support reprocessing!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    if (!mV4l2Streaming) {
+        ALOGE("%s: cannot process request in streamOff state!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    const camera_metadata_t* rawSettings = nullptr;
+    bool converted;
+    CameraMetadata settingsFmq;  // settings from FMQ
+
+    if (request.fmqSettingsSize > 0) {
+        // non-blocking read; client must write metadata before calling
+        // processOneCaptureRequest
+        settingsFmq.metadata.resize(request.fmqSettingsSize);
+        bool read = mRequestMetadataQueue->read(
+                reinterpret_cast<int8_t*>(settingsFmq.metadata.data()), request.fmqSettingsSize);
+        if (read) {
+            converted = convertFromAidl(settingsFmq, &rawSettings);
+        } else {
+            ALOGE("%s: capture request settings metadata couldn't be read from fmq!", __FUNCTION__);
+            converted = false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        converted = convertFromAidl(request.settings, &rawSettings);
+    }
+
+    if (converted && rawSettings != nullptr) {
+        mLatestReqSetting = rawSettings;
+    }
+
+    if (!converted) {
+        ALOGE("%s: capture request settings metadata is corrupt!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (mFirstRequest && rawSettings == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: capture request settings must not be null for first request!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<buffer_handle_t*> allBufPtrs;
+    std::vector<int> allFences;
+    size_t numOutputBufs = request.outputBuffers.size();
+
+    if (numOutputBufs == 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: capture request must have at least one output buffer!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    camera_metadata_entry fpsRange = mLatestReqSetting.find(ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_TARGET_FPS_RANGE);
+    if (fpsRange.count == 2) {
+        double requestFpsMax = fpsRange.data.i32[1];
+        double closestFps = 0.0;
+        double fpsError = 1000.0;
+        bool fpsSupported = false;
+        for (const auto& fr : mV4l2StreamingFmt.frameRates) {
+            double f = fr.getFramesPerSecond();
+            if (std::fabs(requestFpsMax - f) < 1.0) {
+                fpsSupported = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (std::fabs(requestFpsMax - f) < fpsError) {
+                fpsError = std::fabs(requestFpsMax - f);
+                closestFps = f;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!fpsSupported) {
+            /* This can happen in a few scenarios:
+             * 1. The application is sending an FPS range not supported by the configured outputs.
+             * 2. The application is sending a valid FPS range for all configured outputs, but
+             *    the selected V4L2 size can only run at slower speed. This should be very rare
+             *    though: for this to happen a sensor needs to support at least 3 different aspect
+             *    ratio outputs, and when (at least) two outputs are both not the main aspect ratio
+             *    of the webcam, a third size that's larger might be picked and runs into this
+             *    issue.
+             */
+            ALOGW("%s: cannot reach fps %d! Will do %f instead", __FUNCTION__, fpsRange.data.i32[1],
+                  closestFps);
+            requestFpsMax = closestFps;
+        }
+
+        if (requestFpsMax != mV4l2StreamingFps) {
+            {
+                std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mV4l2BufferLock);
+                while (mNumDequeuedV4l2Buffers != 0) {
+                    // Wait until pipeline is idle before reconfigure stream
+                    int waitRet = waitForV4L2BufferReturnLocked(lk);
+                    if (waitRet != 0) {
+                        ALOGE("%s: wait for pipeline idle failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+                        return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            configureV4l2StreamLocked(mV4l2StreamingFmt, requestFpsMax);
+        }
+    }
+
+    status = importRequestLocked(request, allBufPtrs, allFences);
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    nsecs_t shutterTs = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<V4L2Frame> frameIn = dequeueV4l2FrameLocked(&shutterTs);
+    if (frameIn == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: V4L2 deque frame failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<HalRequest> halReq = std::make_shared<HalRequest>();
+    halReq->frameNumber = request.frameNumber;
+    halReq->setting = mLatestReqSetting;
+    halReq->frameIn = std::move(frameIn);
+    halReq->shutterTs = shutterTs;
+    halReq->buffers.resize(numOutputBufs);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < numOutputBufs; i++) {
+        HalStreamBuffer& halBuf = halReq->buffers[i];
+        int streamId = halBuf.streamId = request.outputBuffers[i].streamId;
+        halBuf.bufferId = request.outputBuffers[i].bufferId;
+        const Stream& stream = mStreamMap[streamId];
+        halBuf.width = stream.width;
+        halBuf.height = stream.height;
+        halBuf.format = stream.format;
+        halBuf.usage = stream.usage;
+        halBuf.bufPtr = allBufPtrs[i];
+        halBuf.acquireFence = allFences[i];
+        halBuf.fenceTimeout = false;
+    }
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mInflightFramesLock);
+        mInflightFrames.insert(halReq->frameNumber);
+    }
+    // Send request to OutputThread for the rest of processing
+    mOutputThread->submitRequest(halReq);
+    mFirstRequest = false;
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::signalStreamFlush(
+        const std::vector<int32_t>& /*in_streamIds*/, int32_t in_streamConfigCounter) {
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+        if (in_streamConfigCounter < mLastStreamConfigCounter) {
+            // stale call. new streams have been configured since this call was issued.
+            // Do nothing.
+            return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: implement if needed.
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::switchToOffline(
+        const std::vector<int32_t>& in_streamsToKeep,
+        CameraOfflineSessionInfo* out_offlineSessionInfo,
+        std::shared_ptr<ICameraOfflineSession>* _aidl_return) {
+    std::vector<NotifyMsg> msgs;
+    std::vector<CaptureResult> results;
+    CameraOfflineSessionInfo info;
+    std::shared_ptr<ICameraOfflineSession> session;
+    Status st = switchToOffline(in_streamsToKeep, &msgs, &results, &info, &session);
+
+    mCallback->notify(msgs);
+    invokeProcessCaptureResultCallback(results, /* tryWriteFmq= */ true);
+    freeReleaseFences(results);
+
+    // setup return values
+    *out_offlineSessionInfo = info;
+    *_aidl_return = session;
+    return fromStatus(st);
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::switchToOffline(
+        const std::vector<int32_t>& offlineStreams, std::vector<NotifyMsg>* msgs,
+        std::vector<CaptureResult>* results, CameraOfflineSessionInfo* info,
+        std::shared_ptr<ICameraOfflineSession>* session) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    if (offlineStreams.size() > 1) {
+        ALOGE("%s: more than one offline stream is not supported", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (info == nullptr || results == nullptr || info == nullptr || session == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s, output arguments (%p, %p, %p, %p) much not be null", __FUNCTION__, msgs, results,
+              info, session);
+    }
+
+    Mutex::Autolock _il(mInterfaceLock);
+    Status status = initStatus();
+    if (status != Status::OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    for (auto streamId : offlineStreams) {
+        if (!supportOfflineLocked(streamId)) {
+            return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // pause output thread and get all remaining inflight requests
+    auto remainingReqs = mOutputThread->switchToOffline();
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>> halReqs;
+
+    // Send out buffer/request error for remaining requests and filter requests
+    // to be handled in offline mode
+    for (auto& halReq : remainingReqs) {
+        bool dropReq = canDropRequest(offlineStreams, halReq);
+        if (dropReq) {
+            // Request is dropped completely. Just send request error and
+            // there is no need to send the request to offline session
+            processCaptureRequestError(halReq, msgs, results);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // All requests reach here must have at least one offline stream output
+        NotifyMsg shutter;
+        aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::ShutterMsg shutterMsg = {
+                .frameNumber = static_cast<int32_t>(halReq->frameNumber),
+                .timestamp = halReq->shutterTs};
+        shutter.set<NotifyMsg::Tag::shutter>(shutterMsg);
+        msgs->push_back(shutter);
+
+        std::vector<HalStreamBuffer> offlineBuffers;
+        for (const auto& buffer : halReq->buffers) {
+            bool dropBuffer = true;
+            for (auto offlineStreamId : offlineStreams) {
+                if (buffer.streamId == offlineStreamId) {
+                    dropBuffer = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (dropBuffer) {
+                aidl::android::hardware::camera::device::ErrorMsg errorMsg = {
+                        .frameNumber = static_cast<int32_t>(halReq->frameNumber),
+                        .errorStreamId = buffer.streamId,
+                        .errorCode = ErrorCode::ERROR_BUFFER};
+
+                NotifyMsg error;
+                error.set<NotifyMsg::Tag::error>(errorMsg);
+                msgs->push_back(error);
+
+                results->push_back({
+                        .frameNumber = static_cast<int32_t>(halReq->frameNumber),
+                        .outputBuffers = {},
+                        .inputBuffer = {.streamId = -1},
+                        .partialResult = 0,  // buffer only result
+                });
+
+                CaptureResult& result = results->back();
+                result.outputBuffers.resize(1);
+                StreamBuffer& outputBuffer = result.outputBuffers[0];
+                outputBuffer.streamId = buffer.streamId;
+                outputBuffer.bufferId = buffer.bufferId;
+                outputBuffer.status = BufferStatus::ERROR;
+                if (buffer.acquireFence >= 0) {
+                    native_handle_t* handle = native_handle_create(/*numFds*/ 1, /*numInts*/ 0);
+                    handle->data[0] = buffer.acquireFence;
+                    outputBuffer.releaseFence = android::makeToAidl(handle);
+                }
+            } else {
+                offlineBuffers.push_back(buffer);
+            }
+        }
+        halReq->buffers = offlineBuffers;
+        halReqs.push_back(halReq);
+    }
+
+    // convert hal requests to offline request
+    std::deque<std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>> offlineReqs(halReqs.size());
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for (auto& v4lReq : halReqs) {
+        offlineReqs[i] = std::make_shared<HalRequest>();
+        offlineReqs[i]->frameNumber = v4lReq->frameNumber;
+        offlineReqs[i]->setting = v4lReq->setting;
+        offlineReqs[i]->shutterTs = v4lReq->shutterTs;
+        offlineReqs[i]->buffers = v4lReq->buffers;
+        std::shared_ptr<V4L2Frame> v4l2Frame(static_cast<V4L2Frame*>(v4lReq->frameIn.get()));
+        offlineReqs[i]->frameIn = std::make_shared<AllocatedV4L2Frame>(v4l2Frame);
+        i++;
+        // enqueue V4L2 frame
+        enqueueV4l2Frame(v4l2Frame);
+    }
+
+    // Collect buffer caches/streams
+    std::vector<Stream> streamInfos(offlineStreams.size());
+    std::map<int, CirculatingBuffers> circulatingBuffers;
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock _cbsl(mCbsLock);
+        for (auto streamId : offlineStreams) {
+            circulatingBuffers[streamId] = mCirculatingBuffers.at(streamId);
+            mCirculatingBuffers.erase(streamId);
+            streamInfos.push_back(mStreamMap.at(streamId));
+            mStreamMap.erase(streamId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fillOfflineSessionInfo(offlineStreams, offlineReqs, circulatingBuffers, info);
+    // create the offline session object
+    bool afTrigger;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _lk(mAfTriggerLock);
+        afTrigger = mAfTrigger;
+    }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<ExternalCameraOfflineSession> sessionImpl =
+            ndk::SharedRefBase::make<ExternalCameraOfflineSession>(
+                    mCroppingType, mCameraCharacteristics, mCameraId, mExifMake, mExifModel,
+                    mBlobBufferSize, afTrigger, streamInfos, offlineReqs, circulatingBuffers);
+
+    bool initFailed = sessionImpl->initialize();
+    if (initFailed) {
+        ALOGE("%s: offline session initialize failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    // cleanup stream and buffer caches
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock _cbsl(mCbsLock);
+        for (auto pair : mStreamMap) {
+            cleanupBuffersLocked(/*Stream ID*/ pair.first);
+        }
+        mCirculatingBuffers.clear();
+    }
+    mStreamMap.clear();
+
+    // update inflight records
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _lk(mInflightFramesLock);
+        mInflightFrames.clear();
+    }
+
+    // stop v4l2 streaming
+    if (v4l2StreamOffLocked() != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: stop V4L2 streaming failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    // No need to return session if there is no offline requests left
+    if (!offlineReqs.empty()) {
+        *session = sessionImpl;
+    } else {
+        *session = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
+#define UPDATE(md, tag, data, size)               \
+    do {                                          \
+        if ((md).update((tag), (data), (size))) { \
+            ALOGE("Update " #tag " failed!");     \
+            return BAD_VALUE;                     \
+        }                                         \
+    } while (0)
+
+status_t ExternalCameraDeviceSession::initDefaultRequests() {
+    common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata md;
+
+    const uint8_t aberrationMode = ANDROID_COLOR_CORRECTION_ABERRATION_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_COLOR_CORRECTION_ABERRATION_MODE, &aberrationMode, 1);
+
+    const int32_t exposureCompensation = 0;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_EXPOSURE_COMPENSATION, &exposureCompensation, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t videoStabilizationMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_VIDEO_STABILIZATION_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_VIDEO_STABILIZATION_MODE, &videoStabilizationMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t awbMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_AWB_MODE_AUTO;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AWB_MODE, &awbMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t aeMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_MODE_ON;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_MODE, &aeMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t aePrecaptureTrigger = ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_PRECAPTURE_TRIGGER_IDLE;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_PRECAPTURE_TRIGGER, &aePrecaptureTrigger, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t afMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_MODE_AUTO;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_MODE, &afMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t afTrigger = ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_TRIGGER_IDLE;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_TRIGGER, &afTrigger, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t sceneMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_SCENE_MODE_DISABLED;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_SCENE_MODE, &sceneMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t effectMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_EFFECT_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_EFFECT_MODE, &effectMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t flashMode = ANDROID_FLASH_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_FLASH_MODE, &flashMode, 1);
+
+    const int32_t thumbnailSize[] = {240, 180};
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_SIZE, thumbnailSize, 2);
+
+    const uint8_t jpegQuality = 90;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_JPEG_QUALITY, &jpegQuality, 1);
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_QUALITY, &jpegQuality, 1);
+
+    const int32_t jpegOrientation = 0;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_JPEG_ORIENTATION, &jpegOrientation, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t oisMode = ANDROID_LENS_OPTICAL_STABILIZATION_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_LENS_OPTICAL_STABILIZATION_MODE, &oisMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t nrMode = ANDROID_NOISE_REDUCTION_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_NOISE_REDUCTION_MODE, &nrMode, 1);
+
+    const int32_t testPatternModes = ANDROID_SENSOR_TEST_PATTERN_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_SENSOR_TEST_PATTERN_MODE, &testPatternModes, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t fdMode = ANDROID_STATISTICS_FACE_DETECT_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_STATISTICS_FACE_DETECT_MODE, &fdMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t hotpixelMode = ANDROID_STATISTICS_HOT_PIXEL_MAP_MODE_OFF;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_STATISTICS_HOT_PIXEL_MAP_MODE, &hotpixelMode, 1);
+
+    bool support30Fps = false;
+    int32_t maxFps = std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min();
+    for (const auto& supportedFormat : mSupportedFormats) {
+        for (const auto& fr : supportedFormat.frameRates) {
+            int32_t framerateInt = static_cast<int32_t>(fr.getFramesPerSecond());
+            if (maxFps < framerateInt) {
+                maxFps = framerateInt;
+            }
+            if (framerateInt == 30) {
+                support30Fps = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (support30Fps) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int32_t defaultFramerate = support30Fps ? 30 : maxFps;
+    int32_t defaultFpsRange[] = {defaultFramerate / 2, defaultFramerate};
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_TARGET_FPS_RANGE, defaultFpsRange, ARRAY_SIZE(defaultFpsRange));
+
+    uint8_t antibandingMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_ANTIBANDING_MODE_AUTO;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AE_ANTIBANDING_MODE, &antibandingMode, 1);
+
+    const uint8_t controlMode = ANDROID_CONTROL_MODE_AUTO;
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_MODE, &controlMode, 1);
+
+    for (const auto& type : ndk::enum_range<RequestTemplate>()) {
+        common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata mdCopy = md;
+        uint8_t intent = ANDROID_CONTROL_CAPTURE_INTENT_PREVIEW;
+        switch (type) {
+            case RequestTemplate::PREVIEW:
+                intent = ANDROID_CONTROL_CAPTURE_INTENT_PREVIEW;
+                break;
+            case RequestTemplate::STILL_CAPTURE:
+                intent = ANDROID_CONTROL_CAPTURE_INTENT_STILL_CAPTURE;
+                break;
+            case RequestTemplate::VIDEO_RECORD:
+                intent = ANDROID_CONTROL_CAPTURE_INTENT_VIDEO_RECORD;
+                break;
+            case RequestTemplate::VIDEO_SNAPSHOT:
+                intent = ANDROID_CONTROL_CAPTURE_INTENT_VIDEO_SNAPSHOT;
+                break;
+            default:
+                ALOGV("%s: unsupported RequestTemplate type %d", __FUNCTION__, type);
+                continue;
+        }
+        UPDATE(mdCopy, ANDROID_CONTROL_CAPTURE_INTENT, &intent, 1);
+        camera_metadata_t* mdPtr = mdCopy.release();
+        uint8_t* rawMd = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(mdPtr);
+        CameraMetadata aidlMd;
+        aidlMd.metadata.assign(rawMd, rawMd + get_camera_metadata_size(mdPtr));
+        mDefaultRequests[type] = aidlMd;
+        free_camera_metadata(mdPtr);
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+status_t ExternalCameraDeviceSession::fillCaptureResult(common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata& md,
+                                                        nsecs_t timestamp) {
+    bool afTrigger = false;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mAfTriggerLock);
+        afTrigger = mAfTrigger;
+        if (md.exists(ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_TRIGGER)) {
+            camera_metadata_entry entry = md.find(ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_TRIGGER);
+            if (entry.data.u8[0] == ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_TRIGGER_START) {
+                mAfTrigger = afTrigger = true;
+            } else if (entry.data.u8[0] == ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_TRIGGER_CANCEL) {
+                mAfTrigger = afTrigger = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // For USB camera, the USB camera handles everything and we don't have control
+    // over AF. We only simply fake the AF metadata based on the request
+    // received here.
+    uint8_t afState;
+    if (afTrigger) {
+        afState = ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_STATE_FOCUSED_LOCKED;
+    } else {
+        afState = ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_STATE_INACTIVE;
+    }
+    UPDATE(md, ANDROID_CONTROL_AF_STATE, &afState, 1);
+
+    camera_metadata_ro_entry activeArraySize =
+            mCameraCharacteristics.find(ANDROID_SENSOR_INFO_ACTIVE_ARRAY_SIZE);
+
+    return fillCaptureResultCommon(md, timestamp, activeArraySize);
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::configureV4l2StreamLocked(const SupportedV4L2Format& v4l2Fmt,
+                                                           double requestFps) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    int ret = v4l2StreamOffLocked();
+    if (ret != OK) {
+        ALOGE("%s: stop v4l2 streaming failed: ret %d", __FUNCTION__, ret);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    // VIDIOC_S_FMT w/h/fmt
+    v4l2_format fmt;
+    fmt.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+    fmt.fmt.pix.width = v4l2Fmt.width;
+    fmt.fmt.pix.height = v4l2Fmt.height;
+    fmt.fmt.pix.pixelformat = v4l2Fmt.fourcc;
+
+    {
+        int numAttempt = 0;
+        do {
+            ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_S_FMT, &fmt));
+            if (numAttempt == MAX_RETRY) {
+                break;
+            }
+            numAttempt++;
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                ALOGW("%s: VIDIOC_S_FMT failed, wait 33ms and try again", __FUNCTION__);
+                usleep(IOCTL_RETRY_SLEEP_US);  // sleep and try again
+            }
+        } while (ret < 0);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: S_FMT ioctl failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+            return -errno;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (v4l2Fmt.width != fmt.fmt.pix.width || v4l2Fmt.height != fmt.fmt.pix.height ||
+        v4l2Fmt.fourcc != fmt.fmt.pix.pixelformat) {
+        ALOGE("%s: S_FMT expect %c%c%c%c %dx%d, got %c%c%c%c %dx%d instead!", __FUNCTION__,
+              v4l2Fmt.fourcc & 0xFF, (v4l2Fmt.fourcc >> 8) & 0xFF, (v4l2Fmt.fourcc >> 16) & 0xFF,
+              (v4l2Fmt.fourcc >> 24) & 0xFF, v4l2Fmt.width, v4l2Fmt.height,
+              fmt.fmt.pix.pixelformat & 0xFF, (fmt.fmt.pix.pixelformat >> 8) & 0xFF,
+              (fmt.fmt.pix.pixelformat >> 16) & 0xFF, (fmt.fmt.pix.pixelformat >> 24) & 0xFF,
+              fmt.fmt.pix.width, fmt.fmt.pix.height);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t bufferSize = fmt.fmt.pix.sizeimage;
+    ALOGI("%s: V4L2 buffer size is %d", __FUNCTION__, bufferSize);
+    uint32_t expectedMaxBufferSize = kMaxBytesPerPixel * fmt.fmt.pix.width * fmt.fmt.pix.height;
+    if ((bufferSize == 0) || (bufferSize > expectedMaxBufferSize)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: V4L2 buffer size: %u looks invalid. Expected maximum size: %u", __FUNCTION__,
+              bufferSize, expectedMaxBufferSize);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    mMaxV4L2BufferSize = bufferSize;
+
+    const double kDefaultFps = 30.0;
+    double fps = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
+    if (requestFps != 0.0) {
+        fps = requestFps;
+    } else {
+        double maxFps = -1.0;
+        // Try to pick the slowest fps that is at least 30
+        for (const auto& fr : v4l2Fmt.frameRates) {
+            double f = fr.getFramesPerSecond();
+            if (maxFps < f) {
+                maxFps = f;
+            }
+            if (f >= kDefaultFps && f < fps) {
+                fps = f;
+            }
+        }
+        // No fps > 30 found, use the highest fps available within supported formats.
+        if (fps == std::numeric_limits<double>::max()) {
+            fps = maxFps;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int fpsRet = setV4l2FpsLocked(fps);
+    if (fpsRet != 0 && fpsRet != -EINVAL) {
+        ALOGE("%s: set fps failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(fpsRet));
+        return fpsRet;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t v4lBufferCount = (fps >= kDefaultFps) ? mCfg.numVideoBuffers : mCfg.numStillBuffers;
+
+    // VIDIOC_REQBUFS: create buffers
+    v4l2_requestbuffers req_buffers{};
+    req_buffers.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+    req_buffers.memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP;
+    req_buffers.count = v4lBufferCount;
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_REQBUFS, &req_buffers)) < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: VIDIOC_REQBUFS failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    // Driver can indeed return more buffer if it needs more to operate
+    if (req_buffers.count < v4lBufferCount) {
+        ALOGE("%s: VIDIOC_REQBUFS expected %d buffers, got %d instead", __FUNCTION__,
+              v4lBufferCount, req_buffers.count);
+        return NO_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    // VIDIOC_QUERYBUF:  get buffer offset in the V4L2 fd
+    // VIDIOC_QBUF: send buffer to driver
+    mV4L2BufferCount = req_buffers.count;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < req_buffers.count; i++) {
+        v4l2_buffer buffer = {
+                .index = i, .type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE, .memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP};
+
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_QUERYBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: QUERYBUF %d failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, i, strerror(errno));
+            return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_QBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: QBUF %d failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, i, strerror(errno));
+            return -errno;
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        // VIDIOC_STREAMON: start streaming
+        v4l2_buf_type capture_type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+        int numAttempt = 0;
+        do {
+            ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_STREAMON, &capture_type));
+            if (numAttempt == MAX_RETRY) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                ALOGW("%s: VIDIOC_STREAMON failed, wait 33ms and try again", __FUNCTION__);
+                usleep(IOCTL_RETRY_SLEEP_US);  // sleep 100 ms and try again
+            }
+        } while (ret < 0);
+
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: VIDIOC_STREAMON ioctl failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+            return -errno;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Swallow first few frames after streamOn to account for bad frames from some devices
+    for (int i = 0; i < kBadFramesAfterStreamOn; i++) {
+        v4l2_buffer buffer{};
+        buffer.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+        buffer.memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP;
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_DQBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: DQBUF fails: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+            return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_QBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: QBUF index %d fails: %s", __FUNCTION__, buffer.index, strerror(errno));
+            return -errno;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ALOGI("%s: start V4L2 streaming %dx%d@%ffps", __FUNCTION__, v4l2Fmt.width, v4l2Fmt.height, fps);
+    mV4l2StreamingFmt = v4l2Fmt;
+    mV4l2Streaming = true;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<V4L2Frame> ExternalCameraDeviceSession::dequeueV4l2FrameLocked(nsecs_t* shutterTs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    std::unique_ptr<V4L2Frame> ret = nullptr;
+    if (shutterTs == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: shutterTs must not be null!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mV4l2BufferLock);
+        if (mNumDequeuedV4l2Buffers == mV4L2BufferCount) {
+            int waitRet = waitForV4L2BufferReturnLocked(lk);
+            if (waitRet != 0) {
+                return ret;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    ATRACE_BEGIN("VIDIOC_DQBUF");
+    v4l2_buffer buffer{};
+    buffer.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+    buffer.memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP;
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_DQBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: DQBUF fails: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+        return ret;
+    }
+    ATRACE_END();
+
+    if (buffer.index >= mV4L2BufferCount) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Invalid buffer id: %d", __FUNCTION__, buffer.index);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (buffer.flags & V4L2_BUF_FLAG_ERROR) {
+        ALOGE("%s: v4l2 buf error! buf flag 0x%x", __FUNCTION__, buffer.flags);
+        // TODO: try to dequeue again
+    }
+
+    if (buffer.bytesused > mMaxV4L2BufferSize) {
+        ALOGE("%s: v4l2 buffer bytes used: %u maximum %u", __FUNCTION__, buffer.bytesused,
+              mMaxV4L2BufferSize);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (buffer.flags & V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TIMESTAMP_MONOTONIC) {
+        // Ideally we should also check for V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TSTAMP_SRC_SOE, but
+        // even V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TSTAMP_SRC_EOF is better than capture a timestamp now
+        *shutterTs = static_cast<nsecs_t>(buffer.timestamp.tv_sec) * 1000000000LL +
+                     buffer.timestamp.tv_usec * 1000LL;
+    } else {
+        *shutterTs = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mV4l2BufferLock);
+        mNumDequeuedV4l2Buffers++;
+    }
+
+    return std::make_unique<V4L2Frame>(mV4l2StreamingFmt.width, mV4l2StreamingFmt.height,
+                                       mV4l2StreamingFmt.fourcc, buffer.index, mV4l2Fd.get(),
+                                       buffer.bytesused, buffer.m.offset);
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::enqueueV4l2Frame(const std::shared_ptr<V4L2Frame>& frame) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    frame->unmap();
+    ATRACE_BEGIN("VIDIOC_QBUF");
+    v4l2_buffer buffer{};
+    buffer.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+    buffer.memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP;
+    buffer.index = frame->mBufferIndex;
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_QBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: QBUF index %d fails: %s", __FUNCTION__, frame->mBufferIndex, strerror(errno));
+        return;
+    }
+    ATRACE_END();
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mV4l2BufferLock);
+        mNumDequeuedV4l2Buffers--;
+    }
+    mV4L2BufferReturned.notify_one();
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::isSupported(
+        const Stream& stream, const std::vector<SupportedV4L2Format>& supportedFormats,
+        const ExternalCameraConfig& devCfg) {
+    Dataspace ds = stream.dataSpace;
+    PixelFormat fmt = stream.format;
+    uint32_t width = stream.width;
+    uint32_t height = stream.height;
+    // TODO: check usage flags
+
+    if (stream.streamType != StreamType::OUTPUT) {
+        ALOGE("%s: does not support non-output stream type", __FUNCTION__);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (stream.rotation != StreamRotation::ROTATION_0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: does not support stream rotation", __FUNCTION__);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    switch (fmt) {
+        case PixelFormat::BLOB:
+            if (ds != Dataspace::JFIF) {
+                ALOGI("%s: BLOB format does not support dataSpace %x", __FUNCTION__, ds);
+                return false;
+            }
+            break;
+        case PixelFormat::IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED:
+        case PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888:
+        case PixelFormat::YV12:
+            // TODO: check what dataspace we can support here.
+            // intentional no-ops.
+            break;
+        case PixelFormat::Y16:
+            if (!devCfg.depthEnabled) {
+                ALOGI("%s: Depth is not Enabled", __FUNCTION__);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!(static_cast<int32_t>(ds) & static_cast<int32_t>(Dataspace::DEPTH))) {
+                ALOGI("%s: Y16 supports only dataSpace DEPTH", __FUNCTION__);
+                return false;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            ALOGI("%s: does not support format %x", __FUNCTION__, fmt);
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    // Assume we can convert any V4L2 format to any of supported output format for now, i.e.
+    // ignoring v4l2Fmt.fourcc for now. Might need more subtle check if we support more v4l format
+    // in the futrue.
+    for (const auto& v4l2Fmt : supportedFormats) {
+        if (width == v4l2Fmt.width && height == v4l2Fmt.height) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    ALOGI("%s: resolution %dx%d is not supported", __FUNCTION__, width, height);
+    return false;
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::importRequestLocked(const CaptureRequest& request,
+                                                        std::vector<buffer_handle_t*>& allBufPtrs,
+                                                        std::vector<int>& allFences) {
+    return importRequestLockedImpl(request, allBufPtrs, allFences);
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::importRequestLockedImpl(
+        const CaptureRequest& request, std::vector<buffer_handle_t*>& allBufPtrs,
+        std::vector<int>& allFences) {
+    size_t numOutputBufs = request.outputBuffers.size();
+    size_t numBufs = numOutputBufs;
+    // Validate all I/O buffers
+    std::vector<buffer_handle_t> allBufs;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> allBufIds;
+    allBufs.resize(numBufs);
+    allBufIds.resize(numBufs);
+    allBufPtrs.resize(numBufs);
+    allFences.resize(numBufs);
+    std::vector<int32_t> streamIds(numBufs);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < numOutputBufs; i++) {
+        allBufs[i] = ::android::makeFromAidl(request.outputBuffers[i].buffer);
+        allBufIds[i] = request.outputBuffers[i].bufferId;
+        allBufPtrs[i] = &allBufs[i];
+        streamIds[i] = request.outputBuffers[i].streamId;
+    }
+
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock _l(mCbsLock);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < numBufs; i++) {
+            Status st = importBufferLocked(streamIds[i], allBufIds[i], allBufs[i], &allBufPtrs[i]);
+            if (st != Status::OK) {
+                // Detailed error logs printed in importBuffer
+                return st;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // All buffers are imported. Now validate output buffer acquire fences
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < numOutputBufs; i++) {
+        if (!sHandleImporter.importFence(
+                    ::android::makeFromAidl(request.outputBuffers[i].acquireFence), allFences[i])) {
+            ALOGE("%s: output buffer %zu acquire fence is invalid", __FUNCTION__, i);
+            cleanupInflightFences(allFences, i);
+            return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::importBuffer(int32_t streamId, uint64_t bufId,
+                                                 buffer_handle_t buf,
+                                                 /*out*/ buffer_handle_t** outBufPtr) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mCbsLock);
+    return importBufferLocked(streamId, bufId, buf, outBufPtr);
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::importBufferLocked(int32_t streamId, uint64_t bufId,
+                                                       buffer_handle_t buf,
+                                                       buffer_handle_t** outBufPtr) {
+    return importBufferImpl(mCirculatingBuffers, sHandleImporter, streamId, bufId, buf, outBufPtr);
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::close() {
+    close(false);
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::close(bool callerIsDtor) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _il(mInterfaceLock);
+    bool closed = isClosed();
+    if (!closed) {
+        if (callerIsDtor) {
+            closeOutputThreadImpl();
+        } else {
+            closeOutputThread();
+        }
+
+        Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+        // free all buffers
+        {
+            Mutex::Autolock _cbsl(mCbsLock);
+            for (auto pair : mStreamMap) {
+                cleanupBuffersLocked(/*Stream ID*/ pair.first);
+            }
+        }
+        v4l2StreamOffLocked();
+        ALOGV("%s: closing V4L2 camera FD %d", __FUNCTION__, mV4l2Fd.get());
+        mV4l2Fd.reset();
+        mClosed = true;
+    }
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::isClosed() {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    return mClosed;
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus ExternalCameraDeviceSession::repeatingRequestEnd(
+        int32_t /*in_frameNumber*/, const std::vector<int32_t>& /*in_streamIds*/) {
+    // TODO: Figure this one out.
+    return fromStatus(Status::OK);
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::v4l2StreamOffLocked() {
+    if (!mV4l2Streaming) {
+        return OK;
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mV4l2BufferLock);
+        if (mNumDequeuedV4l2Buffers != 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: there are %zu inflight V4L buffers", __FUNCTION__, mNumDequeuedV4l2Buffers);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    mV4L2BufferCount = 0;
+
+    // VIDIOC_STREAMOFF
+    v4l2_buf_type capture_type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_STREAMOFF, &capture_type)) < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: STREAMOFF failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    // VIDIOC_REQBUFS: clear buffers
+    v4l2_requestbuffers req_buffers{};
+    req_buffers.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+    req_buffers.memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP;
+    req_buffers.count = 0;
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_REQBUFS, &req_buffers)) < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: REQBUFS failed: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    mV4l2Streaming = false;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::setV4l2FpsLocked(double fps) {
+    // VIDIOC_G_PARM/VIDIOC_S_PARM: set fps
+    v4l2_streamparm streamparm = {.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE};
+    // The following line checks that the driver knows about framerate get/set.
+    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_G_PARM, &streamparm));
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        if (errno == -EINVAL) {
+            ALOGW("%s: device does not support VIDIOC_G_PARM", __FUNCTION__);
+        }
+        return -errno;
+    }
+    // Now check if the device is able to accept a capture framerate set.
+    if (!(streamparm.parm.capture.capability & V4L2_CAP_TIMEPERFRAME)) {
+        ALOGW("%s: device does not support V4L2_CAP_TIMEPERFRAME", __FUNCTION__);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    // fps is float, approximate by a fraction.
+    const int kFrameRatePrecision = 10000;
+    streamparm.parm.capture.timeperframe.numerator = kFrameRatePrecision;
+    streamparm.parm.capture.timeperframe.denominator = (fps * kFrameRatePrecision);
+
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_S_PARM, &streamparm)) < 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to set framerate to %f: %s", __FUNCTION__, fps, strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    double retFps = streamparm.parm.capture.timeperframe.denominator /
+                    static_cast<double>(streamparm.parm.capture.timeperframe.numerator);
+    if (std::fabs(fps - retFps) > 1.0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: expect fps %f, got %f instead", __FUNCTION__, fps, retFps);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    mV4l2StreamingFps = fps;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::cleanupInflightFences(std::vector<int>& allFences,
+                                                        size_t numFences) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < numFences; j++) {
+        sHandleImporter.closeFence(allFences[j]);
+    }
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::cleanupBuffersLocked(int id) {
+    for (auto& pair : mCirculatingBuffers.at(id)) {
+        sHandleImporter.freeBuffer(pair.second);
+    }
+    mCirculatingBuffers[id].clear();
+    mCirculatingBuffers.erase(id);
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::notifyShutter(int32_t frameNumber, nsecs_t shutterTs) {
+    NotifyMsg msg;
+    msg.set<NotifyMsg::Tag::shutter>(ShutterMsg{
+            .frameNumber = frameNumber,
+            .timestamp = shutterTs,
+    });
+    mCallback->notify({msg});
+}
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::notifyError(int32_t frameNumber, int32_t streamId, ErrorCode ec) {
+    NotifyMsg msg;
+    msg.set<NotifyMsg::Tag::error>(ErrorMsg{
+            .frameNumber = frameNumber,
+            .errorStreamId = streamId,
+            .errorCode = ec,
+    });
+    mCallback->notify({msg});
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::invokeProcessCaptureResultCallback(
+        std::vector<CaptureResult>& results, bool tryWriteFmq) {
+    if (mProcessCaptureResultLock.tryLock() != OK) {
+        const nsecs_t NS_TO_SECOND = 1000000000;
+        ALOGV("%s: previous call is not finished! waiting 1s...", __FUNCTION__);
+        if (mProcessCaptureResultLock.timedLock(/* 1s */ NS_TO_SECOND) != OK) {
+            ALOGE("%s: cannot acquire lock in 1s, cannot proceed", __FUNCTION__);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    if (tryWriteFmq && mResultMetadataQueue->availableToWrite() > 0) {
+        for (CaptureResult& result : results) {
+            CameraMetadata& md = result.result;
+            if (!md.metadata.empty()) {
+                if (mResultMetadataQueue->write(reinterpret_cast<int8_t*>(md.metadata.data()),
+                                                md.metadata.size())) {
+                    result.fmqResultSize = md.metadata.size();
+                    md.metadata.resize(0);
+                } else {
+                    ALOGW("%s: couldn't utilize fmq, fall back to hwbinder", __FUNCTION__);
+                    result.fmqResultSize = 0;
+                }
+            } else {
+                result.fmqResultSize = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    auto status = mCallback->processCaptureResult(results);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: processCaptureResult ERROR : %d:%d", __FUNCTION__, status.getExceptionCode(),
+              status.getServiceSpecificError());
+    }
+
+    mProcessCaptureResultLock.unlock();
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::waitForV4L2BufferReturnLocked(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>& lk) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    auto timeout = std::chrono::seconds(kBufferWaitTimeoutSec);
+    mLock.unlock();
+    auto st = mV4L2BufferReturned.wait_for(lk, timeout);
+    // Here we introduce an order where mV4l2BufferLock is acquired before mLock, while
+    // the normal lock acquisition order is reversed. This is fine because in most of
+    // cases we are protected by mInterfaceLock. The only thread that can cause deadlock
+    // is the OutputThread, where we do need to make sure we don't acquire mLock then
+    // mV4l2BufferLock
+    mLock.lock();
+    if (st == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+        ALOGE("%s: wait for V4L2 buffer return timeout!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::supportOfflineLocked(int32_t streamId) {
+    const Stream& stream = mStreamMap[streamId];
+    if (stream.format == PixelFormat::BLOB &&
+        static_cast<int32_t>(stream.dataSpace) == static_cast<int32_t>(Dataspace::JFIF)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    // TODO: support YUV output stream?
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::canDropRequest(const std::vector<int32_t>& offlineStreams,
+                                                 std::shared_ptr<HalRequest> halReq) {
+    for (const auto& buffer : halReq->buffers) {
+        for (auto offlineStreamId : offlineStreams) {
+            if (buffer.streamId == offlineStreamId) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Only drop a request completely if it has no offline output
+    return true;
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::fillOfflineSessionInfo(
+        const std::vector<int32_t>& offlineStreams,
+        std::deque<std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>>& offlineReqs,
+        const std::map<int, CirculatingBuffers>& circulatingBuffers,
+        CameraOfflineSessionInfo* info) {
+    if (info == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: output info must not be null!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    info->offlineStreams.resize(offlineStreams.size());
+    info->offlineRequests.resize(offlineReqs.size());
+
+    // Fill in offline reqs and count outstanding buffers
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < offlineReqs.size(); i++) {
+        info->offlineRequests[i].frameNumber = offlineReqs[i]->frameNumber;
+        info->offlineRequests[i].pendingStreams.resize(offlineReqs[i]->buffers.size());
+        for (size_t bIdx = 0; bIdx < offlineReqs[i]->buffers.size(); bIdx++) {
+            int32_t streamId = offlineReqs[i]->buffers[bIdx].streamId;
+            info->offlineRequests[i].pendingStreams[bIdx] = streamId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < offlineStreams.size(); i++) {
+        int32_t streamId = offlineStreams[i];
+        info->offlineStreams[i].id = streamId;
+        // outstanding buffers are 0 since we are doing hal buffer management and
+        // offline session will ask for those buffers later
+        info->offlineStreams[i].numOutstandingBuffers = 0;
+        const CirculatingBuffers& bufIdMap = circulatingBuffers.at(streamId);
+        info->offlineStreams[i].circulatingBufferIds.resize(bufIdMap.size());
+        size_t bIdx = 0;
+        for (const auto& pair : bufIdMap) {
+            // Fill in bufferId
+            info->offlineStreams[i].circulatingBufferIds[bIdx++] = pair.first;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::isStreamCombinationSupported(
+        const StreamConfiguration& config, const std::vector<SupportedV4L2Format>& supportedFormats,
+        const ExternalCameraConfig& devCfg) {
+    if (config.operationMode != StreamConfigurationMode::NORMAL_MODE) {
+        ALOGE("%s: unsupported operation mode: %d", __FUNCTION__, config.operationMode);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (config.streams.size() == 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: cannot configure zero stream", __FUNCTION__);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    int numProcessedStream = 0;
+    int numStallStream = 0;
+    for (const auto& stream : config.streams) {
+        // Check if the format/width/height combo is supported
+        if (!isSupported(stream, supportedFormats, devCfg)) {
+            return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        if (stream.format == PixelFormat::BLOB) {
+            numStallStream++;
+        } else {
+            numProcessedStream++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (numProcessedStream > kMaxProcessedStream) {
+        ALOGE("%s: too many processed streams (expect <= %d, got %d)", __FUNCTION__,
+              kMaxProcessedStream, numProcessedStream);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (numStallStream > kMaxStallStream) {
+        ALOGE("%s: too many stall streams (expect <= %d, got %d)", __FUNCTION__, kMaxStallStream,
+              numStallStream);
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::updateBufferCaches(
+        const std::vector<BufferCache>& cachesToRemove) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mCbsLock);
+    for (auto& cache : cachesToRemove) {
+        auto cbsIt = mCirculatingBuffers.find(cache.streamId);
+        if (cbsIt == mCirculatingBuffers.end()) {
+            // The stream could have been removed
+            continue;
+        }
+        CirculatingBuffers& cbs = cbsIt->second;
+        auto it = cbs.find(cache.bufferId);
+        if (it != cbs.end()) {
+            sHandleImporter.freeBuffer(it->second);
+            cbs.erase(it);
+        } else {
+            ALOGE("%s: stream %d buffer %" PRIu64 " is not cached", __FUNCTION__, cache.streamId,
+                  cache.bufferId);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::processCaptureRequestError(
+        const std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>& req, std::vector<NotifyMsg>* outMsgs,
+        std::vector<CaptureResult>* outResults) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    // Return V4L2 buffer to V4L2 buffer queue
+    std::shared_ptr<V4L2Frame> v4l2Frame = std::static_pointer_cast<V4L2Frame>(req->frameIn);
+    enqueueV4l2Frame(v4l2Frame);
+
+    if (outMsgs == nullptr) {
+        notifyShutter(req->frameNumber, req->shutterTs);
+        notifyError(/*frameNum*/ req->frameNumber, /*stream*/ -1, ErrorCode::ERROR_REQUEST);
+    } else {
+        NotifyMsg shutter;
+        shutter.set<NotifyMsg::Tag::shutter>(
+                ShutterMsg{.frameNumber = req->frameNumber, .timestamp = req->shutterTs});
+
+        NotifyMsg error;
+        error.set<NotifyMsg::Tag::error>(ErrorMsg{.frameNumber = req->frameNumber,
+                                                  .errorStreamId = -1,
+                                                  .errorCode = ErrorCode::ERROR_REQUEST});
+        outMsgs->push_back(shutter);
+        outMsgs->push_back(error);
+    }
+
+    // Fill output buffers
+    CaptureResult result;
+    result.frameNumber = req->frameNumber;
+    result.partialResult = 1;
+    result.inputBuffer.streamId = -1;
+    result.outputBuffers.resize(req->buffers.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < req->buffers.size(); i++) {
+        result.outputBuffers[i].streamId = req->buffers[i].streamId;
+        result.outputBuffers[i].bufferId = req->buffers[i].bufferId;
+        result.outputBuffers[i].status = BufferStatus::ERROR;
+        if (req->buffers[i].acquireFence >= 0) {
+            native_handle_t* handle = native_handle_create(/*numFds*/ 1, /*numInts*/ 0);
+            handle->data[0] = req->buffers[i].acquireFence;
+            result.outputBuffers[i].releaseFence = ::android::makeToAidl(handle);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // update inflight records
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mInflightFramesLock);
+        mInflightFrames.erase(req->frameNumber);
+    }
+
+    if (outResults == nullptr) {
+        // Callback into framework
+        std::vector<CaptureResult> results(1);
+        results[0] = std::move(result);
+        invokeProcessCaptureResultCallback(results, /* tryWriteFmq */ true);
+        freeReleaseFences(results);
+    } else {
+        outResults->push_back(std::move(result));
+    }
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::processCaptureResult(std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>& req) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    // Return V4L2 buffer to V4L2 buffer queue
+    std::shared_ptr<V4L2Frame> v4l2Frame = std::static_pointer_cast<V4L2Frame>(req->frameIn);
+    enqueueV4l2Frame(v4l2Frame);
+
+    // NotifyShutter
+    notifyShutter(req->frameNumber, req->shutterTs);
+
+    // Fill output buffers;
+    std::vector<CaptureResult> results(1);
+    CaptureResult& result = results[0];
+    result.frameNumber = req->frameNumber;
+    result.partialResult = 1;
+    result.inputBuffer.streamId = -1;
+    result.outputBuffers.resize(req->buffers.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < req->buffers.size(); i++) {
+        result.outputBuffers[i].streamId = req->buffers[i].streamId;
+        result.outputBuffers[i].bufferId = req->buffers[i].bufferId;
+        if (req->buffers[i].fenceTimeout) {
+            result.outputBuffers[i].status = BufferStatus::ERROR;
+            if (req->buffers[i].acquireFence >= 0) {
+                native_handle_t* handle = native_handle_create(/*numFds*/ 1, /*numInts*/ 0);
+                handle->data[0] = req->buffers[i].acquireFence;
+                result.outputBuffers[i].releaseFence = ::android::makeToAidl(handle);
+            }
+            notifyError(req->frameNumber, req->buffers[i].streamId, ErrorCode::ERROR_BUFFER);
+        } else {
+            result.outputBuffers[i].status = BufferStatus::OK;
+            // TODO: refactor
+            if (req->buffers[i].acquireFence >= 0) {
+                native_handle_t* handle = native_handle_create(/*numFds*/ 1, /*numInts*/ 0);
+                handle->data[0] = req->buffers[i].acquireFence;
+                result.outputBuffers[i].releaseFence = ::android::makeToAidl(handle);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fill capture result metadata
+    fillCaptureResult(req->setting, req->shutterTs);
+    const camera_metadata_t* rawResult = req->setting.getAndLock();
+    convertToAidl(rawResult, &result.result);
+    req->setting.unlock(rawResult);
+
+    // update inflight records
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mInflightFramesLock);
+        mInflightFrames.erase(req->frameNumber);
+    }
+
+    // Callback into framework
+    invokeProcessCaptureResultCallback(results, /* tryWriteFmq */ true);
+    freeReleaseFences(results);
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+ssize_t ExternalCameraDeviceSession::getJpegBufferSize(int32_t width, int32_t height) const {
+    // Constant from camera3.h
+    const ssize_t kMinJpegBufferSize = 256 * 1024 + sizeof(CameraBlob);
+    // Get max jpeg size (area-wise).
+    if (mMaxJpegResolution.width == 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: No supported JPEG stream", __FUNCTION__);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    // Get max jpeg buffer size
+    ssize_t maxJpegBufferSize = 0;
+    camera_metadata_ro_entry jpegBufMaxSize = mCameraCharacteristics.find(ANDROID_JPEG_MAX_SIZE);
+    if (jpegBufMaxSize.count == 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Can't find maximum JPEG size in static metadata!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    maxJpegBufferSize = jpegBufMaxSize.data.i32[0];
+
+    if (maxJpegBufferSize <= kMinJpegBufferSize) {
+        ALOGE("%s: ANDROID_JPEG_MAX_SIZE (%zd) <= kMinJpegBufferSize (%zd)", __FUNCTION__,
+              maxJpegBufferSize, kMinJpegBufferSize);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    // Calculate final jpeg buffer size for the given resolution.
+    float scaleFactor =
+            ((float)(width * height)) / (mMaxJpegResolution.width * mMaxJpegResolution.height);
+    ssize_t jpegBufferSize =
+            scaleFactor * (maxJpegBufferSize - kMinJpegBufferSize) + kMinJpegBufferSize;
+    if (jpegBufferSize > maxJpegBufferSize) {
+        jpegBufferSize = maxJpegBufferSize;
+    }
+
+    return jpegBufferSize;
+}
+binder_status_t ExternalCameraDeviceSession::dump(int fd, const char** /*args*/,
+                                                  uint32_t /*numArgs*/) {
+    bool intfLocked = tryLock(mInterfaceLock);
+    if (!intfLocked) {
+        dprintf(fd, "!! ExternalCameraDeviceSession interface may be deadlocked !!\n");
+    }
+
+    if (isClosed()) {
+        dprintf(fd, "External camera %s is closed\n", mCameraId.c_str());
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+
+    bool streaming = false;
+    size_t v4L2BufferCount = 0;
+    SupportedV4L2Format streamingFmt;
+    {
+        bool sessionLocked = tryLock(mLock);
+        if (!sessionLocked) {
+            dprintf(fd, "!! ExternalCameraDeviceSession mLock may be deadlocked !!\n");
+        }
+        streaming = mV4l2Streaming;
+        streamingFmt = mV4l2StreamingFmt;
+        v4L2BufferCount = mV4L2BufferCount;
+
+        if (sessionLocked) {
+            mLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_set<uint32_t> inflightFrames;
+    {
+        bool iffLocked = tryLock(mInflightFramesLock);
+        if (!iffLocked) {
+            dprintf(fd,
+                    "!! ExternalCameraDeviceSession mInflightFramesLock may be deadlocked !!\n");
+        }
+        inflightFrames = mInflightFrames;
+        if (iffLocked) {
+            mInflightFramesLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    dprintf(fd, "External camera %s V4L2 FD %d, cropping type %s, %s\n", mCameraId.c_str(),
+            mV4l2Fd.get(), (mCroppingType == VERTICAL) ? "vertical" : "horizontal",
+            streaming ? "streaming" : "not streaming");
+
+    if (streaming) {
+        // TODO: dump fps later
+        dprintf(fd, "Current V4L2 format %c%c%c%c %dx%d @ %ffps\n", streamingFmt.fourcc & 0xFF,
+                (streamingFmt.fourcc >> 8) & 0xFF, (streamingFmt.fourcc >> 16) & 0xFF,
+                (streamingFmt.fourcc >> 24) & 0xFF, streamingFmt.width, streamingFmt.height,
+                mV4l2StreamingFps);
+
+        size_t numDequeuedV4l2Buffers = 0;
+        {
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mV4l2BufferLock);
+            numDequeuedV4l2Buffers = mNumDequeuedV4l2Buffers;
+        }
+        dprintf(fd, "V4L2 buffer queue size %zu, dequeued %zu\n", v4L2BufferCount,
+                numDequeuedV4l2Buffers);
+    }
+
+    dprintf(fd, "In-flight frames (not sorted):");
+    for (const auto& frameNumber : inflightFrames) {
+        dprintf(fd, "%d, ", frameNumber);
+    }
+    dprintf(fd, "\n");
+    mOutputThread->dump(fd);
+    dprintf(fd, "\n");
+
+    if (intfLocked) {
+        mInterfaceLock.unlock();
+    }
+
+    return STATUS_OK;
+}
+
+// Start ExternalCameraDeviceSession::BufferRequestThread functions
+ExternalCameraDeviceSession::BufferRequestThread::BufferRequestThread(
+        std::weak_ptr<OutputThreadInterface> parent,
+        std::shared_ptr<ICameraDeviceCallback> callbacks)
+    : mParent(parent), mCallbacks(callbacks) {}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::BufferRequestThread::requestBufferStart(
+        const std::vector<HalStreamBuffer>& bufReqs) {
+    if (bufReqs.empty()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: bufReqs is empty!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+        if (mRequestingBuffer) {
+            ALOGE("%s: BufferRequestThread does not support more than one concurrent request!",
+                  __FUNCTION__);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        mBufferReqs = bufReqs;
+        mRequestingBuffer = true;
+    }
+    mRequestCond.notify_one();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::BufferRequestThread::waitForBufferRequestDone(
+        std::vector<HalStreamBuffer>* outBufReqs) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+    if (!mRequestingBuffer) {
+        ALOGE("%s: no pending buffer request!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (mPendingReturnBufferReqs.empty()) {
+        std::chrono::milliseconds timeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(kReqProcTimeoutMs);
+        auto st = mRequestDoneCond.wait_for(lk, timeout);
+        if (st == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+            ALOGE("%s: wait for buffer request finish timeout!", __FUNCTION__);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    mRequestingBuffer = false;
+    *outBufReqs = std::move(mPendingReturnBufferReqs);
+    mPendingReturnBufferReqs.clear();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::BufferRequestThread::waitForNextRequest() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+    int waitTimes = 0;
+    while (mBufferReqs.empty()) {
+        if (exitPending()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        auto timeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(kReqWaitTimeoutMs);
+        auto st = mRequestCond.wait_for(lk, timeout);
+        if (st == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+            waitTimes++;
+            if (waitTimes == kReqWaitTimesWarn) {
+                // BufferRequestThread just wait forever for new buffer request
+                // But it will print some periodic warning indicating it's waiting
+                ALOGV("%s: still waiting for new buffer request", __FUNCTION__);
+                waitTimes = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fill in BufferRequest
+    mHalBufferReqs.resize(mBufferReqs.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mHalBufferReqs.size(); i++) {
+        mHalBufferReqs[i].streamId = mBufferReqs[i].streamId;
+        mHalBufferReqs[i].numBuffersRequested = 1;
+    }
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::BufferRequestThread::threadLoop() {
+    waitForNextRequest();
+    if (exitPending()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ATRACE_BEGIN("AIDL requestStreamBuffers");
+    BufferRequestStatus status;
+    std::vector<StreamBufferRet> bufRets;
+    ScopedAStatus ret = mCallbacks->requestStreamBuffers(mHalBufferReqs, &bufRets, &status);
+    if (!ret.isOk()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Transaction error: %d:%d", __FUNCTION__, ret.getExceptionCode(),
+              ret.getServiceSpecificError());
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mLock);
+    if (status == BufferRequestStatus::OK || status == BufferRequestStatus::FAILED_PARTIAL) {
+        if (bufRets.size() != mHalBufferReqs.size()) {
+            ALOGE("%s: expect %zu buffer requests returned, only got %zu", __FUNCTION__,
+                  mHalBufferReqs.size(), bufRets.size());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        auto parent = mParent.lock();
+        if (parent == nullptr) {
+            ALOGE("%s: session has been disconnected!", __FUNCTION__);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<int> importedFences;
+        importedFences.resize(bufRets.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < bufRets.size(); i++) {
+            int streamId = bufRets[i].streamId;
+            switch (bufRets[i].val.getTag()) {
+                case StreamBuffersVal::Tag::error:
+                    continue;
+                case StreamBuffersVal::Tag::buffers: {
+                    const std::vector<StreamBuffer>& hBufs =
+                            bufRets[i].val.get<StreamBuffersVal::Tag::buffers>();
+                    if (hBufs.size() != 1) {
+                        ALOGE("%s: expect 1 buffer returned, got %zu!", __FUNCTION__, hBufs.size());
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    const StreamBuffer& hBuf = hBufs[0];
+
+                    mBufferReqs[i].bufferId = hBuf.bufferId;
+                    // TODO: create a batch import API so we don't need to lock/unlock mCbsLock
+                    // repeatedly?
+                    lk.unlock();
+                    Status s =
+                            parent->importBuffer(streamId, hBuf.bufferId, makeFromAidl(hBuf.buffer),
+                                                 /*out*/ &mBufferReqs[i].bufPtr);
+                    lk.lock();
+
+                    if (s != Status::OK) {
+                        ALOGE("%s: stream %d import buffer failed!", __FUNCTION__, streamId);
+                        cleanupInflightFences(importedFences, i - 1);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    if (!sHandleImporter.importFence(makeFromAidl(hBuf.acquireFence),
+                                                     mBufferReqs[i].acquireFence)) {
+                        ALOGE("%s: stream %d import fence failed!", __FUNCTION__, streamId);
+                        cleanupInflightFences(importedFences, i - 1);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    importedFences[i] = mBufferReqs[i].acquireFence;
+                } break;
+                default:
+                    ALOGE("%s: Unknown StreamBuffersVal!", __FUNCTION__);
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        ALOGE("%s: requestStreamBuffers call failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    mPendingReturnBufferReqs = std::move(mBufferReqs);
+    mBufferReqs.clear();
+
+    lk.unlock();
+    mRequestDoneCond.notify_one();
+    return true;
+}
+
+// End ExternalCameraDeviceSession::BufferRequestThread functions
+
+// Start ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread functions
+
+ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::OutputThread(
+        std::weak_ptr<OutputThreadInterface> parent, CroppingType ct,
+        const common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata& chars,
+        std::shared_ptr<BufferRequestThread> bufReqThread)
+    : mParent(parent),
+      mCroppingType(ct),
+      mCameraCharacteristics(chars),
+      mBufferRequestThread(bufReqThread) {}
+
+ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::~OutputThread() {}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::allocateIntermediateBuffers(
+        const Size& v4lSize, const Size& thumbSize, const std::vector<Stream>& streams,
+        uint32_t blobBufferSize) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mBufferLock);
+    if (!mScaledYu12Frames.empty()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: intermediate buffer pool has %zu inflight buffers! (expect 0)", __FUNCTION__,
+              mScaledYu12Frames.size());
+        return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    // Allocating intermediate YU12 frame
+    if (mYu12Frame == nullptr || mYu12Frame->mWidth != v4lSize.width ||
+        mYu12Frame->mHeight != v4lSize.height) {
+        mYu12Frame.reset();
+        mYu12Frame = std::make_shared<AllocatedFrame>(v4lSize.width, v4lSize.height);
+        int ret = mYu12Frame->allocate(&mYu12FrameLayout);
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: allocating YU12 frame failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+            return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Allocating intermediate YU12 thumbnail frame
+    if (mYu12ThumbFrame == nullptr || mYu12ThumbFrame->mWidth != thumbSize.width ||
+        mYu12ThumbFrame->mHeight != thumbSize.height) {
+        mYu12ThumbFrame.reset();
+        mYu12ThumbFrame = std::make_shared<AllocatedFrame>(thumbSize.width, thumbSize.height);
+        int ret = mYu12ThumbFrame->allocate(&mYu12ThumbFrameLayout);
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: allocating YU12 thumb frame failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+            return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Allocating scaled buffers
+    for (const auto& stream : streams) {
+        Size sz = {stream.width, stream.height};
+        if (sz == v4lSize) {
+            continue;  // Don't need an intermediate buffer same size as v4lBuffer
+        }
+        if (mIntermediateBuffers.count(sz) == 0) {
+            // Create new intermediate buffer
+            std::shared_ptr<AllocatedFrame> buf =
+                    std::make_shared<AllocatedFrame>(stream.width, stream.height);
+            int ret = buf->allocate();
+            if (ret != 0) {
+                ALOGE("%s: allocating intermediate YU12 frame %dx%d failed!", __FUNCTION__,
+                      stream.width, stream.height);
+                return Status::INTERNAL_ERROR;
+            }
+            mIntermediateBuffers[sz] = buf;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Remove unconfigured buffers
+    auto it = mIntermediateBuffers.begin();
+    while (it != mIntermediateBuffers.end()) {
+        bool configured = false;
+        auto sz = it->first;
+        for (const auto& stream : streams) {
+            if (stream.width == sz.width && stream.height == sz.height) {
+                configured = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (configured) {
+            it++;
+        } else {
+            it = mIntermediateBuffers.erase(it);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Allocate mute test pattern frame
+    mMuteTestPatternFrame.resize(mYu12Frame->mWidth * mYu12Frame->mHeight * 3);
+
+    mBlobBufferSize = blobBufferSize;
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+Status ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::submitRequest(
+        const std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>& req) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mRequestListLock);
+    mRequestList.push_back(req);
+    lk.unlock();
+    mRequestCond.notify_one();
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::flush() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    auto parent = mParent.lock();
+    if (parent == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: session has been disconnected!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mRequestListLock);
+    std::list<std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>> reqs = std::move(mRequestList);
+    mRequestList.clear();
+    if (mProcessingRequest) {
+        auto timeout = std::chrono::seconds(kFlushWaitTimeoutSec);
+        auto st = mRequestDoneCond.wait_for(lk, timeout);
+        if (st == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+            ALOGE("%s: wait for inflight request finish timeout!", __FUNCTION__);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("%s: flushing inflight requests", __FUNCTION__);
+    lk.unlock();
+    for (const auto& req : reqs) {
+        parent->processCaptureRequestError(req);
+    }
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::dump(int fd) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mRequestListLock);
+    if (mProcessingRequest) {
+        dprintf(fd, "OutputThread processing frame %d\n", mProcessingFrameNumber);
+    } else {
+        dprintf(fd, "OutputThread not processing any frames\n");
+    }
+    dprintf(fd, "OutputThread request list contains frame: ");
+    for (const auto& req : mRequestList) {
+        dprintf(fd, "%d, ", req->frameNumber);
+    }
+    dprintf(fd, "\n");
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::setExifMakeModel(const std::string& make,
+                                                                 const std::string& model) {
+    mExifMake = make;
+    mExifModel = model;
+}
+
+std::list<std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>>
+ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::switchToOffline() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    auto parent = mParent.lock();
+    if (parent == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: session has been disconnected!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mRequestListLock);
+    std::list<std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>> reqs = std::move(mRequestList);
+    mRequestList.clear();
+    if (mProcessingRequest) {
+        auto timeout = std::chrono::seconds(kFlushWaitTimeoutSec);
+        auto st = mRequestDoneCond.wait_for(lk, timeout);
+        if (st == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+            ALOGE("%s: wait for inflight request finish timeout!", __FUNCTION__);
+        }
+    }
+    lk.unlock();
+    clearIntermediateBuffers();
+    ALOGV("%s: returning %zu request for offline processing", __FUNCTION__, reqs.size());
+    return reqs;
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::requestBufferStart(
+        const std::vector<HalStreamBuffer>& bufs) {
+    if (mBufferRequestThread == nullptr) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return mBufferRequestThread->requestBufferStart(bufs);
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::waitForBufferRequestDone(
+        std::vector<HalStreamBuffer>* outBufs) {
+    if (mBufferRequestThread == nullptr) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return mBufferRequestThread->waitForBufferRequestDone(outBufs);
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::waitForNextRequest(
+        std::shared_ptr<HalRequest>* out) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    if (out == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: out is null", __FUNCTION__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mRequestListLock);
+    int waitTimes = 0;
+    while (mRequestList.empty()) {
+        if (exitPending()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        auto timeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(kReqWaitTimeoutMs);
+        auto st = mRequestCond.wait_for(lk, timeout);
+        if (st == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+            waitTimes++;
+            if (waitTimes == kReqWaitTimesMax) {
+                // no new request, return
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    *out = mRequestList.front();
+    mRequestList.pop_front();
+    mProcessingRequest = true;
+    mProcessingFrameNumber = (*out)->frameNumber;
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::signalRequestDone() {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mRequestListLock);
+    mProcessingRequest = false;
+    mProcessingFrameNumber = 0;
+    lk.unlock();
+    mRequestDoneCond.notify_one();
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::cropAndScaleLocked(
+        std::shared_ptr<AllocatedFrame>& in, const Size& outSz, YCbCrLayout* out) {
+    Size inSz = {in->mWidth, in->mHeight};
+
+    int ret;
+    if (inSz == outSz) {
+        ret = in->getLayout(out);
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: failed to get input image layout", __FUNCTION__);
+            return ret;
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    // Cropping to output aspect ratio
+    IMapper::Rect inputCrop;
+    ret = getCropRect(mCroppingType, inSz, outSz, &inputCrop);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to compute crop rect for output size %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, outSz.width,
+              outSz.height);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    YCbCrLayout croppedLayout;
+    ret = in->getCroppedLayout(inputCrop, &croppedLayout);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to crop input image %dx%d to output size %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, inSz.width,
+              inSz.height, outSz.width, outSz.height);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if ((mCroppingType == VERTICAL && inSz.width == outSz.width) ||
+        (mCroppingType == HORIZONTAL && inSz.height == outSz.height)) {
+        // No scale is needed
+        *out = croppedLayout;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    auto it = mScaledYu12Frames.find(outSz);
+    std::shared_ptr<AllocatedFrame> scaledYu12Buf;
+    if (it != mScaledYu12Frames.end()) {
+        scaledYu12Buf = it->second;
+    } else {
+        it = mIntermediateBuffers.find(outSz);
+        if (it == mIntermediateBuffers.end()) {
+            ALOGE("%s: failed to find intermediate buffer size %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, outSz.width,
+                  outSz.height);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        scaledYu12Buf = it->second;
+    }
+    // Scale
+    YCbCrLayout outLayout;
+    ret = scaledYu12Buf->getLayout(&outLayout);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to get output buffer layout", __FUNCTION__);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    ret = libyuv::I420Scale(
+            static_cast<uint8_t*>(croppedLayout.y), croppedLayout.yStride,
+            static_cast<uint8_t*>(croppedLayout.cb), croppedLayout.cStride,
+            static_cast<uint8_t*>(croppedLayout.cr), croppedLayout.cStride, inputCrop.width,
+            inputCrop.height, static_cast<uint8_t*>(outLayout.y), outLayout.yStride,
+            static_cast<uint8_t*>(outLayout.cb), outLayout.cStride,
+            static_cast<uint8_t*>(outLayout.cr), outLayout.cStride, outSz.width, outSz.height,
+            // TODO: b/72261744 see if we can use better filter without losing too much perf
+            libyuv::FilterMode::kFilterNone);
+
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to scale buffer from %dx%d to %dx%d. Ret %d", __FUNCTION__,
+              inputCrop.width, inputCrop.height, outSz.width, outSz.height, ret);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    *out = outLayout;
+    mScaledYu12Frames.insert({outSz, scaledYu12Buf});
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::cropAndScaleThumbLocked(
+        std::shared_ptr<AllocatedFrame>& in, const Size& outSz, YCbCrLayout* out) {
+    Size inSz{in->mWidth, in->mHeight};
+
+    if ((outSz.width * outSz.height) > (mYu12ThumbFrame->mWidth * mYu12ThumbFrame->mHeight)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Requested thumbnail size too big (%d,%d) > (%d,%d)", __FUNCTION__, outSz.width,
+              outSz.height, mYu12ThumbFrame->mWidth, mYu12ThumbFrame->mHeight);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int ret;
+
+    /* This will crop-and-zoom the input YUV frame to the thumbnail size
+     * Based on the following logic:
+     *  1) Square pixels come in, square pixels come out, therefore single
+     *  scale factor is computed to either make input bigger or smaller
+     *  depending on if we are upscaling or downscaling
+     *  2) That single scale factor would either make height too tall or width
+     *  too wide so we need to crop the input either horizontally or vertically
+     *  but not both
+     */
+
+    /* Convert the input and output dimensions into floats for ease of math */
+    float fWin = static_cast<float>(inSz.width);
+    float fHin = static_cast<float>(inSz.height);
+    float fWout = static_cast<float>(outSz.width);
+    float fHout = static_cast<float>(outSz.height);
+
+    /* Compute the one scale factor from (1) above, it will be the smaller of
+     * the two possibilities. */
+    float scaleFactor = std::min(fHin / fHout, fWin / fWout);
+
+    /* Since we are crop-and-zooming (as opposed to letter/pillar boxing) we can
+     * simply multiply the output by our scaleFactor to get the cropped input
+     * size. Note that at least one of {fWcrop, fHcrop} is going to wind up
+     * being {fWin, fHin} respectively because fHout or fWout cancels out the
+     * scaleFactor calculation above.
+     *
+     * Specifically:
+     *  if ( fHin / fHout ) < ( fWin / fWout ) we crop the sides off
+     * input, in which case
+     *    scaleFactor = fHin / fHout
+     *    fWcrop = fHin / fHout * fWout
+     *    fHcrop = fHin
+     *
+     * Note that fWcrop <= fWin ( because ( fHin / fHout ) * fWout < fWin, which
+     * is just the inequality above with both sides multiplied by fWout
+     *
+     * on the other hand if ( fWin / fWout ) < ( fHin / fHout) we crop the top
+     * and the bottom off of input, and
+     *    scaleFactor = fWin / fWout
+     *    fWcrop = fWin
+     *    fHCrop = fWin / fWout * fHout
+     */
+    float fWcrop = scaleFactor * fWout;
+    float fHcrop = scaleFactor * fHout;
+
+    /* Convert to integer and truncate to an even number */
+    Size cropSz = {.width = 2 * static_cast<int32_t>(fWcrop / 2.0f),
+                   .height = 2 * static_cast<int32_t>(fHcrop / 2.0f)};
+
+    /* Convert to a centered rectange with even top/left */
+    IMapper::Rect inputCrop{.left = 2 * static_cast<int32_t>((inSz.width - cropSz.width) / 4),
+                            .top = 2 * static_cast<int32_t>((inSz.height - cropSz.height) / 4),
+                            .width = static_cast<int32_t>(cropSz.width),
+                            .height = static_cast<int32_t>(cropSz.height)};
+
+    if ((inputCrop.top < 0) || (inputCrop.top >= static_cast<int32_t>(inSz.height)) ||
+        (inputCrop.left < 0) || (inputCrop.left >= static_cast<int32_t>(inSz.width)) ||
+        (inputCrop.width <= 0) ||
+        (inputCrop.width + inputCrop.left > static_cast<int32_t>(inSz.width)) ||
+        (inputCrop.height <= 0) ||
+        (inputCrop.height + inputCrop.top > static_cast<int32_t>(inSz.height))) {
+        ALOGE("%s: came up with really wrong crop rectangle", __FUNCTION__);
+        ALOGE("%s: input layout %dx%d to for output size %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, inSz.width,
+              inSz.height, outSz.width, outSz.height);
+        ALOGE("%s: computed input crop +%d,+%d %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, inputCrop.left, inputCrop.top,
+              inputCrop.width, inputCrop.height);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    YCbCrLayout inputLayout;
+    ret = in->getCroppedLayout(inputCrop, &inputLayout);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to crop input layout %dx%d to for output size %dx%d", __FUNCTION__,
+              inSz.width, inSz.height, outSz.width, outSz.height);
+        ALOGE("%s: computed input crop +%d,+%d %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, inputCrop.left, inputCrop.top,
+              inputCrop.width, inputCrop.height);
+        return ret;
+    }
+    ALOGV("%s: crop input layout %dx%d to for output size %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, inSz.width,
+          inSz.height, outSz.width, outSz.height);
+    ALOGV("%s: computed input crop +%d,+%d %dx%d", __FUNCTION__, inputCrop.left, inputCrop.top,
+          inputCrop.width, inputCrop.height);
+
+    // Scale
+    YCbCrLayout outFullLayout;
+
+    ret = mYu12ThumbFrame->getLayout(&outFullLayout);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to get output buffer layout", __FUNCTION__);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    ret = libyuv::I420Scale(static_cast<uint8_t*>(inputLayout.y), inputLayout.yStride,
+                            static_cast<uint8_t*>(inputLayout.cb), inputLayout.cStride,
+                            static_cast<uint8_t*>(inputLayout.cr), inputLayout.cStride,
+                            inputCrop.width, inputCrop.height,
+                            static_cast<uint8_t*>(outFullLayout.y), outFullLayout.yStride,
+                            static_cast<uint8_t*>(outFullLayout.cb), outFullLayout.cStride,
+                            static_cast<uint8_t*>(outFullLayout.cr), outFullLayout.cStride,
+                            outSz.width, outSz.height, libyuv::FilterMode::kFilterNone);
+
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to scale buffer from %dx%d to %dx%d. Ret %d", __FUNCTION__,
+              inputCrop.width, inputCrop.height, outSz.width, outSz.height, ret);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    *out = outFullLayout;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::createJpegLocked(
+        HalStreamBuffer& halBuf, const common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata& setting) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    int ret;
+    auto lfail = [&](auto... args) {
+        ALOGE(args...);
+
+        return 1;
+    };
+    auto parent = mParent.lock();
+    if (parent == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: session has been disconnected!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("%s: HAL buffer sid: %d bid: %" PRIu64 " w: %u h: %u", __FUNCTION__, halBuf.streamId,
+          static_cast<uint64_t>(halBuf.bufferId), halBuf.width, halBuf.height);
+    ALOGV("%s: HAL buffer fmt: %x usage: %" PRIx64 " ptr: %p", __FUNCTION__, halBuf.format,
+          static_cast<uint64_t>(halBuf.usage), halBuf.bufPtr);
+    ALOGV("%s: YV12 buffer %d x %d", __FUNCTION__, mYu12Frame->mWidth, mYu12Frame->mHeight);
+
+    int jpegQuality, thumbQuality;
+    Size thumbSize;
+    bool outputThumbnail = true;
+
+    if (setting.exists(ANDROID_JPEG_QUALITY)) {
+        camera_metadata_ro_entry entry = setting.find(ANDROID_JPEG_QUALITY);
+        jpegQuality = entry.data.u8[0];
+    } else {
+        return lfail("%s: ANDROID_JPEG_QUALITY not set", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    if (setting.exists(ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_QUALITY)) {
+        camera_metadata_ro_entry entry = setting.find(ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_QUALITY);
+        thumbQuality = entry.data.u8[0];
+    } else {
+        return lfail("%s: ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_QUALITY not set", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    if (setting.exists(ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_SIZE)) {
+        camera_metadata_ro_entry entry = setting.find(ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_SIZE);
+        thumbSize = Size{.width = entry.data.i32[0], .height = entry.data.i32[1]};
+        if (thumbSize.width == 0 && thumbSize.height == 0) {
+            outputThumbnail = false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        return lfail("%s: ANDROID_JPEG_THUMBNAIL_SIZE not set", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    /* Cropped and scaled YU12 buffer for main and thumbnail */
+    YCbCrLayout yu12Main;
+    Size jpegSize{halBuf.width, halBuf.height};
+
+    /* Compute temporary buffer sizes accounting for the following:
+     * thumbnail can't exceed APP1 size of 64K
+     * main image needs to hold APP1, headers, and at most a poorly
+     * compressed image */
+    const ssize_t maxThumbCodeSize = 64 * 1024;
+    const ssize_t maxJpegCodeSize =
+            mBlobBufferSize == 0 ? parent->getJpegBufferSize(jpegSize.width, jpegSize.height)
+                                 : mBlobBufferSize;
+
+    /* Check that getJpegBufferSize did not return an error */
+    if (maxJpegCodeSize < 0) {
+        return lfail("%s: getJpegBufferSize returned %zd", __FUNCTION__, maxJpegCodeSize);
+    }
+
+    /* Hold actual thumbnail and main image code sizes */
+    size_t thumbCodeSize = 0, jpegCodeSize = 0;
+    /* Temporary thumbnail code buffer */
+    std::vector<uint8_t> thumbCode(outputThumbnail ? maxThumbCodeSize : 0);
+
+    YCbCrLayout yu12Thumb;
+    if (outputThumbnail) {
+        ret = cropAndScaleThumbLocked(mYu12Frame, thumbSize, &yu12Thumb);
+
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            return lfail("%s: crop and scale thumbnail failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Scale and crop main jpeg */
+    ret = cropAndScaleLocked(mYu12Frame, jpegSize, &yu12Main);
+
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        return lfail("%s: crop and scale main failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    /* Encode the thumbnail image */
+    if (outputThumbnail) {
+        ret = encodeJpegYU12(thumbSize, yu12Thumb, thumbQuality, 0, 0, &thumbCode[0],
+                             maxThumbCodeSize, thumbCodeSize);
+
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            return lfail("%s: thumbnail encodeJpegYU12 failed with %d", __FUNCTION__, ret);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Combine camera characteristics with request settings to form EXIF
+     * metadata */
+    common::V1_0::helper::CameraMetadata meta(mCameraCharacteristics);
+    meta.append(setting);
+
+    /* Generate EXIF object */
+    std::unique_ptr<ExifUtils> utils(ExifUtils::create());
+    /* Make sure it's initialized */
+    utils->initialize();
+
+    utils->setFromMetadata(meta, jpegSize.width, jpegSize.height);
+    utils->setMake(mExifMake);
+    utils->setModel(mExifModel);
+
+    ret = utils->generateApp1(outputThumbnail ? &thumbCode[0] : nullptr, thumbCodeSize);
+
+    if (!ret) {
+        return lfail("%s: generating APP1 failed", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    /* Get internal buffer */
+    size_t exifDataSize = utils->getApp1Length();
+    const uint8_t* exifData = utils->getApp1Buffer();
+
+    /* Lock the HAL jpeg code buffer */
+    void* bufPtr = sHandleImporter.lock(*(halBuf.bufPtr), static_cast<uint64_t>(halBuf.usage),
+                                        maxJpegCodeSize);
+
+    if (!bufPtr) {
+        return lfail("%s: could not lock %zu bytes", __FUNCTION__, maxJpegCodeSize);
+    }
+
+    /* Encode the main jpeg image */
+    ret = encodeJpegYU12(jpegSize, yu12Main, jpegQuality, exifData, exifDataSize, bufPtr,
+                         maxJpegCodeSize, jpegCodeSize);
+
+    /* TODO: Not sure this belongs here, maybe better to pass jpegCodeSize out
+     * and do this when returning buffer to parent */
+    CameraBlob blob{CameraBlobId::JPEG, static_cast<int32_t>(jpegCodeSize)};
+    void* blobDst = reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(bufPtr) + maxJpegCodeSize -
+                                            sizeof(CameraBlob));
+    memcpy(blobDst, &blob, sizeof(CameraBlob));
+
+    /* Unlock the HAL jpeg code buffer */
+    int relFence = sHandleImporter.unlock(*(halBuf.bufPtr));
+    if (relFence >= 0) {
+        halBuf.acquireFence = relFence;
+    }
+
+    /* Check if our JPEG actually succeeded */
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        return lfail("%s: encodeJpegYU12 failed with %d", __FUNCTION__, ret);
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("%s: encoded JPEG (ret:%d) with Q:%d max size: %zu", __FUNCTION__, ret, jpegQuality,
+          maxJpegCodeSize);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::clearIntermediateBuffers() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mBufferLock);
+    mYu12Frame.reset();
+    mYu12ThumbFrame.reset();
+    mIntermediateBuffers.clear();
+    mMuteTestPatternFrame.clear();
+    mBlobBufferSize = 0;
+}
+
+bool ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread::threadLoop() {
+    std::shared_ptr<HalRequest> req;
+    auto parent = mParent.lock();
+    if (parent == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: session has been disconnected!", __FUNCTION__);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: maybe we need to setup a sensor thread to dq/enq v4l frames
+    //       regularly to prevent v4l buffer queue filled with stale buffers
+    //       when app doesn't program a preview request
+    waitForNextRequest(&req);
+    if (req == nullptr) {
+        // No new request, wait again
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto onDeviceError = [&](auto... args) {
+        ALOGE(args...);
+        parent->notifyError(req->frameNumber, /*stream*/ -1, ErrorCode::ERROR_DEVICE);
+        signalRequestDone();
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    if (req->frameIn->mFourcc != V4L2_PIX_FMT_MJPEG && req->frameIn->mFourcc != V4L2_PIX_FMT_Z16) {
+        return onDeviceError("%s: do not support V4L2 format %c%c%c%c", __FUNCTION__,
+                             req->frameIn->mFourcc & 0xFF, (req->frameIn->mFourcc >> 8) & 0xFF,
+                             (req->frameIn->mFourcc >> 16) & 0xFF,
+                             (req->frameIn->mFourcc >> 24) & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    int res = requestBufferStart(req->buffers);
+    if (res != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: send BufferRequest failed! res %d", __FUNCTION__, res);
+        return onDeviceError("%s: failed to send buffer request!", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mBufferLock);
+    // Convert input V4L2 frame to YU12 of the same size
+    // TODO: see if we can save some computation by converting to YV12 here
+    uint8_t* inData;
+    size_t inDataSize;
+    if (req->frameIn->getData(&inData, &inDataSize) != 0) {
+        lk.unlock();
+        return onDeviceError("%s: V4L2 buffer map failed", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    // Process camera mute state
+    auto testPatternMode = req->setting.find(ANDROID_SENSOR_TEST_PATTERN_MODE);
+    if (testPatternMode.count == 1) {
+        if (mCameraMuted != (testPatternMode.data.u8[0] != ANDROID_SENSOR_TEST_PATTERN_MODE_OFF)) {
+            mCameraMuted = !mCameraMuted;
+            // Get solid color for test pattern, if any was set
+            if (testPatternMode.data.u8[0] == ANDROID_SENSOR_TEST_PATTERN_MODE_SOLID_COLOR) {
+                auto entry = req->setting.find(ANDROID_SENSOR_TEST_PATTERN_DATA);
+                if (entry.count == 4) {
+                    // Update the mute frame if the pattern color has changed
+                    if (memcmp(entry.data.i32, mTestPatternData, sizeof(mTestPatternData)) != 0) {
+                        memcpy(mTestPatternData, entry.data.i32, sizeof(mTestPatternData));
+                        // Fill the mute frame with the solid color, use only 8 MSB of RGGB as RGB
+                        for (int i = 0; i < mMuteTestPatternFrame.size(); i += 3) {
+                            mMuteTestPatternFrame[i] = entry.data.i32[0] >> 24;
+                            mMuteTestPatternFrame[i + 1] = entry.data.i32[1] >> 24;
+                            mMuteTestPatternFrame[i + 2] = entry.data.i32[3] >> 24;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: in some special case maybe we can decode jpg directly to gralloc output?
+    if (req->frameIn->mFourcc == V4L2_PIX_FMT_MJPEG) {
+        ATRACE_BEGIN("MJPGtoI420");
+        res = 0;
+        if (mCameraMuted) {
+            res = libyuv::ConvertToI420(
+                    mMuteTestPatternFrame.data(), mMuteTestPatternFrame.size(),
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(mYu12FrameLayout.y), mYu12FrameLayout.yStride,
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(mYu12FrameLayout.cb), mYu12FrameLayout.cStride,
+                    static_cast<uint8_t*>(mYu12FrameLayout.cr), mYu12FrameLayout.cStride, 0, 0,
+                    mYu12Frame->mWidth, mYu12Frame->mHeight, mYu12Frame->mWidth,
+                    mYu12Frame->mHeight, libyuv::kRotate0, libyuv::FOURCC_RAW);
+        } else {
+            res = libyuv::MJPGToI420(
+                    inData, inDataSize, static_cast<uint8_t*>(mYu12FrameLayout.y),
+                    mYu12FrameLayout.yStride, static_cast<uint8_t*>(mYu12FrameLayout.cb),
+                    mYu12FrameLayout.cStride, static_cast<uint8_t*>(mYu12FrameLayout.cr),
+                    mYu12FrameLayout.cStride, mYu12Frame->mWidth, mYu12Frame->mHeight,
+                    mYu12Frame->mWidth, mYu12Frame->mHeight);
+        }
+        ATRACE_END();
+
+        if (res != 0) {
+            // For some webcam, the first few V4L2 frames might be malformed...
+            ALOGE("%s: Convert V4L2 frame to YU12 failed! res %d", __FUNCTION__, res);
+            lk.unlock();
+            Status st = parent->processCaptureRequestError(req);
+            if (st != Status::OK) {
+                return onDeviceError("%s: failed to process capture request error!", __FUNCTION__);
+            }
+            signalRequestDone();
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ATRACE_BEGIN("Wait for BufferRequest done");
+    res = waitForBufferRequestDone(&req->buffers);
+    ATRACE_END();
+
+    if (res != 0) {
+        ALOGE("%s: wait for BufferRequest done failed! res %d", __FUNCTION__, res);
+        lk.unlock();
+        return onDeviceError("%s: failed to process buffer request error!", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("%s processing new request", __FUNCTION__);
+    const int kSyncWaitTimeoutMs = 500;
+    for (auto& halBuf : req->buffers) {
+        if (*(halBuf.bufPtr) == nullptr) {
+            ALOGW("%s: buffer for stream %d missing", __FUNCTION__, halBuf.streamId);
+            halBuf.fenceTimeout = true;
+        } else if (halBuf.acquireFence >= 0) {
+            int ret = sync_wait(halBuf.acquireFence, kSyncWaitTimeoutMs);
+            if (ret) {
+                halBuf.fenceTimeout = true;
+            } else {
+                ::close(halBuf.acquireFence);
+                halBuf.acquireFence = -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (halBuf.fenceTimeout) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Gralloc lockYCbCr the buffer
+        switch (halBuf.format) {
+            case PixelFormat::BLOB: {
+                int ret = createJpegLocked(halBuf, req->setting);
+
+                if (ret != 0) {
+                    lk.unlock();
+                    return onDeviceError("%s: createJpegLocked failed with %d", __FUNCTION__, ret);
+                }
+            } break;
+            case PixelFormat::Y16: {
+                void* outLayout = sHandleImporter.lock(
+                        *(halBuf.bufPtr), static_cast<uint64_t>(halBuf.usage), inDataSize);
+
+                std::memcpy(outLayout, inData, inDataSize);
+
+                int relFence = sHandleImporter.unlock(*(halBuf.bufPtr));
+                if (relFence >= 0) {
+                    halBuf.acquireFence = relFence;
+                }
+            } break;
+            case PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888:
+            case PixelFormat::YV12: {
+                IMapper::Rect outRect{0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(halBuf.width),
+                                      static_cast<int32_t>(halBuf.height)};
+                YCbCrLayout outLayout = sHandleImporter.lockYCbCr(
+                        *(halBuf.bufPtr), static_cast<uint64_t>(halBuf.usage), outRect);
+                ALOGV("%s: outLayout y %p cb %p cr %p y_str %d c_str %d c_step %d", __FUNCTION__,
+                      outLayout.y, outLayout.cb, outLayout.cr, outLayout.yStride, outLayout.cStride,
+                      outLayout.chromaStep);
+
+                // Convert to output buffer size/format
+                uint32_t outputFourcc = getFourCcFromLayout(outLayout);
+                ALOGV("%s: converting to format %c%c%c%c", __FUNCTION__, outputFourcc & 0xFF,
+                      (outputFourcc >> 8) & 0xFF, (outputFourcc >> 16) & 0xFF,
+                      (outputFourcc >> 24) & 0xFF);
+
+                YCbCrLayout cropAndScaled;
+                ATRACE_BEGIN("cropAndScaleLocked");
+                int ret = cropAndScaleLocked(mYu12Frame, Size{halBuf.width, halBuf.height},
+                                             &cropAndScaled);
+                ATRACE_END();
+                if (ret != 0) {
+                    lk.unlock();
+                    return onDeviceError("%s: crop and scale failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+                }
+
+                Size sz{halBuf.width, halBuf.height};
+                ATRACE_BEGIN("formatConvert");
+                ret = formatConvert(cropAndScaled, outLayout, sz, outputFourcc);
+                ATRACE_END();
+                if (ret != 0) {
+                    lk.unlock();
+                    return onDeviceError("%s: format conversion failed!", __FUNCTION__);
+                }
+                int relFence = sHandleImporter.unlock(*(halBuf.bufPtr));
+                if (relFence >= 0) {
+                    halBuf.acquireFence = relFence;
+                }
+            } break;
+            default:
+                lk.unlock();
+                return onDeviceError("%s: unknown output format %x", __FUNCTION__, halBuf.format);
+        }
+    }  // for each buffer
+    mScaledYu12Frames.clear();
+
+    // Don't hold the lock while calling back to parent
+    lk.unlock();
+    Status st = parent->processCaptureResult(req);
+    if (st != Status::OK) {
+        return onDeviceError("%s: failed to process capture result!", __FUNCTION__);
+    }
+    signalRequestDone();
+    return true;
+}
+
+// End ExternalCameraDeviceSession::OutputThread functions
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace device
+}  // namespace camera
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android