diff --git a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp
index 89f7f35..553a3d8 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp
+++ b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@
         return false;
     }
     storageKey_ = random.value();
+    startPersonalizationCalled_ = false;
+    firstEntry_ = true;
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -105,6 +107,12 @@
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus WritableIdentityCredential::startPersonalization(
         int32_t accessControlProfileCount, const vector<int32_t>& entryCounts) {
+    if (startPersonalizationCalled_) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_FAILED, "startPersonalization called already"));
+    }
+
+    startPersonalizationCalled_ = true;
     numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ = accessControlProfileCount;
     remainingEntryCounts_ = entryCounts;
     entryNameSpace_ = "";
@@ -128,6 +136,13 @@
                 "numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ is 0 and expected non-zero"));
     }
 
+    if (accessControlProfileIds_.find(id) != accessControlProfileIds_.end()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                "Access Control Profile id must be unique"));
+    }
+    accessControlProfileIds_.insert(id);
+
     // Spec requires if |userAuthenticationRequired| is false, then |timeoutMillis| must also
     // be zero.
     if (!userAuthenticationRequired && timeoutMillis != 0) {
@@ -184,12 +199,20 @@
     }
 
     // Handle initial beginEntry() call.
-    if (entryNameSpace_ == "") {
+    if (firstEntry_) {
+        firstEntry_ = false;
         entryNameSpace_ = nameSpace;
+        allNameSpaces_.insert(nameSpace);
     }
 
     // If the namespace changed...
     if (nameSpace != entryNameSpace_) {
+        if (allNameSpaces_.find(nameSpace) != allNameSpaces_.end()) {
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                    IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                    "Name space cannot be added in interleaving fashion"));
+        }
+
         // Then check that all entries in the previous namespace have been added..
         if (remainingEntryCounts_[0] != 0) {
             return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
@@ -197,6 +220,8 @@
                     "New namespace but a non-zero number of entries remain to be added"));
         }
         remainingEntryCounts_.erase(remainingEntryCounts_.begin());
+        remainingEntryCounts_[0] -= 1;
+        allNameSpaces_.insert(nameSpace);
 
         if (signedDataCurrentNamespace_.size() > 0) {
             signedDataNamespaces_.add(entryNameSpace_, std::move(signedDataCurrentNamespace_));
@@ -330,6 +355,18 @@
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus WritableIdentityCredential::finishAddingEntries(
         vector<int8_t>* outCredentialData, vector<int8_t>* outProofOfProvisioningSignature) {
+    if (numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ != 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                "numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ is not 0 and expected zero"));
+    }
+
+    if (remainingEntryCounts_.size() > 1 || remainingEntryCounts_[0] != 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                "More entry spaces remain than startPersonalization configured"));
+    }
+
     if (signedDataCurrentNamespace_.size() > 0) {
         signedDataNamespaces_.add(entryNameSpace_, std::move(signedDataCurrentNamespace_));
     }
diff --git a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h
index b182862..cb91f7b 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h
+++ b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@
 #include <android/hardware/identity/support/IdentityCredentialSupport.h>
 
 #include <cppbor.h>
+#include <set>
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::identity {
 
+using ::std::set;
 using ::std::string;
 using ::std::vector;
 
@@ -66,6 +68,8 @@
 
     // This is set in initialize().
     vector<uint8_t> storageKey_;
+    bool startPersonalizationCalled_;
+    bool firstEntry_;
 
     // These are set in getAttestationCertificate().
     vector<uint8_t> credentialPrivKey_;
@@ -79,6 +83,9 @@
     cppbor::Map signedDataNamespaces_;
     cppbor::Array signedDataCurrentNamespace_;
 
+    // This field is initialized in addAccessControlProfile
+    set<int32_t> accessControlProfileIds_;
+
     // These fields are initialized during beginAddEntry()
     size_t entryRemainingBytes_;
     vector<uint8_t> entryAdditionalData_;
@@ -86,6 +93,7 @@
     string entryName_;
     vector<int32_t> entryAccessControlProfileIds_;
     vector<uint8_t> entryBytes_;
+    set<string> allNameSpaces_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::identity
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index ef8beb4..e4780bf 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
         "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults",
         "use_libaidlvintf_gtest_helper_static",
     ],
-    srcs: ["VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp"],
+    srcs: [
+        "VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp",
+        "VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp",
+        "VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp",
+    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbinder",
         "libcrypto",
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp
similarity index 69%
rename from identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp
rename to identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp
index ea37fdc..8a4e8a7 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp
@@ -28,8 +28,11 @@
 #include <future>
 #include <map>
 
+#include "VtsIdentityTestUtils.h"
+
 namespace android::hardware::identity {
 
+using std::endl;
 using std::map;
 using std::optional;
 using std::string;
@@ -41,51 +44,6 @@
 
 using ::android::hardware::keymaster::HardwareAuthToken;
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Test Data.
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-struct TestEntryData {
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : nameSpace(nameSpace), name(name), profileIds(profileIds) {}
-
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const string& value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        valueCbor = cppbor::Tstr(((const char*)value.data())).encode();
-    }
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const vector<uint8_t>& value,
-                  vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        valueCbor = cppbor::Bstr(value).encode();
-    }
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, bool value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        valueCbor = cppbor::Bool(value).encode();
-    }
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, int64_t value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        if (value >= 0) {
-            valueCbor = cppbor::Uint(value).encode();
-        } else {
-            valueCbor = cppbor::Nint(-value).encode();
-        }
-    }
-
-    string nameSpace;
-    string name;
-    vector<uint8_t> valueCbor;
-    vector<int32_t> profileIds;
-};
-
-struct TestProfile {
-    uint16_t id;
-    vector<uint8_t> readerCertificate;
-    bool userAuthenticationRequired;
-    uint64_t timeoutMillis;
-};
-
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 class IdentityAidl : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
@@ -108,39 +66,26 @@
 TEST_P(IdentityAidl, createAndRetrieveCredential) {
     // First, generate a key-pair for the reader since its public key will be
     // part of the request data.
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKeyPKCS8 = support::createEcKeyPair();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readerKeyPKCS8);
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerPublicKey =
-            support::ecKeyPairGetPublicKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKey = support::ecKeyPairGetPrivateKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
-    string serialDecimal = "1234";
-    string issuer = "Android Open Source Project";
-    string subject = "Android IdentityCredential VTS Test";
-    time_t validityNotBefore = time(nullptr);
-    time_t validityNotAfter = validityNotBefore + 365 * 24 * 3600;
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate = support::ecPublicKeyGenerateCertificate(
-            readerPublicKey.value(), readerKey.value(), serialDecimal, issuer, subject,
-            validityNotBefore, validityNotAfter);
+    vector<uint8_t> readerKey;
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate =
+            test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("1234", readerKey);
     ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate);
 
     // Make the portrait image really big (just shy of 256 KiB) to ensure that
     // the chunking code gets exercised.
     vector<uint8_t> portraitImage;
-    portraitImage.resize(256 * 1024 - 10);
-    for (size_t n = 0; n < portraitImage.size(); n++) {
-        portraitImage[n] = (uint8_t)n;
-    }
+    test_utils::SetImageData(portraitImage);
 
     // Access control profiles:
-    const vector<TestProfile> testProfiles = {// Profile 0 (reader authentication)
-                                              {0, readerCertificate.value(), false, 0},
-                                              // Profile 1 (no authentication)
-                                              {1, {}, false, 0}};
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {// Profile 0 (reader authentication)
+                                                          {0, readerCertificate.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          // Profile 1 (no authentication)
+                                                          {1, {}, false, 0}};
 
     HardwareAuthToken authToken;
 
     // Here's the actual test data:
-    const vector<TestEntryData> testEntries = {
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries = {
             {"PersonalData", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
             {"PersonalData", "Birth date", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
             {"PersonalData", "First name", string("Alan"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
@@ -155,67 +100,33 @@
 
     string cborPretty;
     sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
-    string docType = "org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl";
-    bool testCredential = true;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->createCredential(docType, testCredential, &writableCredential)
-                        .isOk());
-    ASSERT_NE(writableCredential, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
 
     string challenge = "attestationChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+    ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_NONE, attData.result.exceptionCode());
+    ASSERT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_OK, attData.result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
     // TODO: set it to something random and check it's in the cert chain
-    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId = {};
-    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge(challenge.begin(), challenge.end());
-    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificates;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential
-                        ->getAttestationCertificate(attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge,
-                                                    &attestationCertificates)
-                        .isOk());
-    ASSERT_GE(attestationCertificates.size(), 2);
+    ASSERT_GE(attData.attestationCertificate.size(), 2);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(
             writableCredential->startPersonalization(testProfiles.size(), testEntriesEntryCounts)
                     .isOk());
 
-    vector<SecureAccessControlProfile> returnedSecureProfiles;
-    for (const auto& testProfile : testProfiles) {
-        SecureAccessControlProfile profile;
-        Certificate cert;
-        cert.encodedCertificate = testProfile.readerCertificate;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential
-                            ->addAccessControlProfile(testProfile.id, cert,
-                                                      testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired,
-                                                      testProfile.timeoutMillis,
-                                                      0,  // secureUserId
-                                                      &profile)
-                            .isOk());
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.id, profile.id);
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.readerCertificate, profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate);
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired, profile.userAuthenticationRequired);
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.timeoutMillis, profile.timeoutMillis);
-        ASSERT_EQ(support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize, profile.mac.size());
-        returnedSecureProfiles.push_back(profile);
-    }
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
 
     // Uses TestEntryData* pointer as key and values are the encrypted blobs. This
     // is a little hacky but it works well enough.
-    map<const TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
 
     for (const auto& entry : testEntries) {
-        vector<vector<uint8_t>> chunks =
-                support::chunkVector(entry.valueCbor, hwInfo.dataChunkSize);
-
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential
-                            ->beginAddEntry(entry.profileIds, entry.nameSpace, entry.name,
-                                            entry.valueCbor.size())
-                            .isOk());
-
-        vector<vector<uint8_t>> encryptedChunks;
-        for (const auto& chunk : chunks) {
-            vector<uint8_t> encryptedChunk;
-            ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential->addEntryValue(chunk, &encryptedChunk).isOk());
-            encryptedChunks.push_back(encryptedChunk);
-        }
-        encryptedBlobs[&entry] = encryptedChunks;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
     }
 
     vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
@@ -276,8 +187,8 @@
             "]",
             cborPretty);
 
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey =
-            support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(attestationCertificates[0].encodedCertificate);
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey = support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(
+            attData.attestationCertificate[0].encodedCertificate);
     ASSERT_TRUE(credentialPubKey);
     EXPECT_TRUE(support::coseCheckEcDsaSignature(proofOfProvisioningSignature,
                                                  {},  // Additional data
@@ -347,8 +258,8 @@
                                          .add(cppbor::Semantic(24, itemsRequestBytes))
                                          .encode();
     optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerSignature =
-            support::coseSignEcDsa(readerKey.value(), {},  // content
-                                   dataToSign,             // detached content
+            support::coseSignEcDsa(readerKey, {},  // content
+                                   dataToSign,     // detached content
                                    readerCertificate.value());
     ASSERT_TRUE(readerSignature);
 
@@ -358,7 +269,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(credential->generateSigningKeyPair(&signingKeyBlob, &signingKeyCertificate).isOk());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(credential
-                        ->startRetrieval(returnedSecureProfiles, authToken, itemsRequestBytes,
+                        ->startRetrieval(secureProfiles.value(), authToken, itemsRequestBytes,
                                          signingKeyBlob, sessionTranscriptBytes,
                                          readerSignature.value(), testEntriesEntryCounts)
                         .isOk());
@@ -405,6 +316,8 @@
     cppbor::Array deviceAuthentication;
     deviceAuthentication.add("DeviceAuthentication");
     deviceAuthentication.add(sessionTranscript.clone());
+
+    string docType = "org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl";
     deviceAuthentication.add(docType);
     deviceAuthentication.add(cppbor::Semantic(24, deviceNameSpacesBytes));
     vector<uint8_t> encodedDeviceAuthentication = deviceAuthentication.encode();
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56b30af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests"
+
+#include <aidl/Gtest.h>
+#include <aidl/Vintf.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.h>
+#include <android/hardware/identity/support/IdentityCredentialSupport.h>
+#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
+#include <cppbor.h>
+#include <cppbor_parse.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <future>
+#include <map>
+
+#include "VtsIdentityTestUtils.h"
+
+namespace android::hardware::identity {
+
+using std::endl;
+using std::map;
+using std::optional;
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::String16;
+using ::android::binder::Status;
+
+class IdentityCredentialTests : public testing::TestWithParam<string> {
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        credentialStore_ = android::waitForDeclaredService<IIdentityCredentialStore>(
+                String16(GetParam().c_str()));
+        ASSERT_NE(credentialStore_, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    sp<IIdentityCredentialStore> credentialStore_;
+};
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyAttestationWithEmptyChallenge) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge;
+    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificate;
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId = {};
+    result = writableCredential->getAttestationCertificate(
+            attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge, &attestationCertificate);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::ValidateAttestationCertificate(attestationCertificate));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyAttestationSuccessWithChallenge) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge1NotSoRandomChallenge1NotSoRandomChallenge1";
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge(challenge.begin(), challenge.end());
+    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificate;
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId = {};
+
+    result = writableCredential->getAttestationCertificate(
+            attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge, &attestationCertificate);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::ValidateAttestationCertificate(attestationCertificate));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyAttestationDoubleCallFails) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge1";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::ValidateAttestationCertificate(attData.attestationCertificate));
+
+    string challenge2 = "NotSoRandomChallenge2";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData2(writableCredential, challenge2, {});
+    EXPECT_FALSE(attData2.result.isOk()) << attData2.result.exceptionCode() << "; "
+                                         << attData2.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, attData2.result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_FAILED, attData2.result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalization) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // First call should go through
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {2, 4};
+    result = writableCredential->startPersonalization(5, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    // Call personalization again to check if repeat call is allowed.
+    result = writableCredential->startPersonalization(7, entryCounts);
+
+    // Second call to startPersonalization should have failed.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_FAILED, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationMin) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Verify minimal number of profile count and entry count
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1, 1};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(1, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationZero) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {0};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(0, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationOne) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Verify minimal number of profile count and entry count
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(1, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationLarge) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Verify set a large number of profile count and entry count is ok
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {3000};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3500, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyProfileNumberMismatchShouldFail) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Enter mismatched entry and profile numbers
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {5, 6};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(5, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("12345");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {// Profile 0 (reader authentication)
+                                                          {1, readerCertificate.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          {2, readerCertificate.value(), true, 1},
+                                                          // Profile 4 (no authentication)
+                                                          {4, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    // finishAddingEntries should fail because the number of addAccessControlProfile mismatched with
+    // startPersonalization, and begintest_utils::AddEntry was not called.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyDuplicateProfileId) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {3, 6};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {// first profile should go though
+                                                          {1, {}, true, 2},
+                                                          // same id, different
+                                                          // authentication requirement
+                                                          {1, {}, true, 1},
+                                                          // same id, different certificate
+                                                          {1, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    bool expectOk = true;
+    for (const auto& testProfile : testProfiles) {
+        SecureAccessControlProfile profile;
+        Certificate cert;
+        cert.encodedCertificate = testProfile.readerCertificate;
+        result = writableCredential->addAccessControlProfile(
+                testProfile.id, cert, testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired,
+                testProfile.timeoutMillis, 0, &profile);
+
+        if (expectOk) {
+            expectOk = false;
+            // for profile should be allowed though as there are no duplications
+            // yet.
+            ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk())
+                    << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                    << "test profile id = " << testProfile.id << endl;
+
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.id, profile.id);
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.readerCertificate, profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate);
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired, profile.userAuthenticationRequired);
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.timeoutMillis, profile.timeoutMillis);
+            ASSERT_EQ(support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize, profile.mac.size());
+        } else {
+            // should not allow duplicate id profiles.
+            ASSERT_FALSE(result.isOk())
+                    << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                    << ". Test profile id = " << testProfile.id
+                    << ", timeout=" << testProfile.timeoutMillis << endl;
+            ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+            ASSERT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                      result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyOneProfileAndEntryPass) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge1";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(1, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {{1, readerCertificate1.value(), true, 1}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            {"Name Space", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> proofOfProvisioning =
+            support::coseSignGetPayload(proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(proofOfProvisioning);
+    string cborPretty =
+            support::cborPrettyPrint(proofOfProvisioning.value(), 32, {"readerCertificate"});
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+            "[\n"
+            "  'ProofOfProvisioning',\n"
+            "  'org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl',\n"
+            "  [\n"
+            "    {\n"
+            "      'id' : 1,\n"
+            "      'readerCertificate' : <not printed>,\n"
+            "      'userAuthenticationRequired' : true,\n"
+            "      'timeoutMillis' : 1,\n"
+            "    },\n"
+            "  ],\n"
+            "  {\n"
+            "    'Name Space' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Last name',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Turing',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [0, 1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "  },\n"
+            "  true,\n"
+            "]",
+            cborPretty);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey = support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(
+            attData.attestationCertificate[0].encodedCertificate);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialPubKey);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(support::coseCheckEcDsaSignature(proofOfProvisioningSignature,
+                                                 {},  // Additional data
+                                                 credentialPubKey.value()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyManyProfilesAndEntriesPass) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate2 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("1256");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {
+            {1, readerCertificate1.value(), true, 1},
+            {2, readerCertificate2.value(), true, 2},
+    };
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1u, 3u, 1u, 1u, 2u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(testProfiles.size(), entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    vector<uint8_t> portraitImage1;
+    test_utils::SetImageData(portraitImage1);
+
+    vector<uint8_t> portraitImage2;
+    test_utils::SetImageData(portraitImage2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            {"Name Space 1", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{1, 2}},
+            {"Name Space2", "Home address", string("Maida Vale, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{1}},
+            {"Name Space2", "Work address", string("Maida Vale2, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{2}},
+            {"Name Space2", "Trailer address", string("Maida, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{1}},
+            {"Image", "Portrait image", portraitImage1, vector<int32_t>{1}},
+            {"Image2", "Work image", portraitImage2, vector<int32_t>{1, 2}},
+            {"Name Space3", "xyzw", string("random stuff"), vector<int32_t>{1, 2}},
+            {"Name Space3", "Something", string("Some string"), vector<int32_t>{2}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> proofOfProvisioning =
+            support::coseSignGetPayload(proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(proofOfProvisioning);
+    string cborPretty = support::cborPrettyPrint(proofOfProvisioning.value(),
+                                                 32,  //
+                                                 {"readerCertificate"});
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+            "[\n"
+            "  'ProofOfProvisioning',\n"
+            "  'org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl',\n"
+            "  [\n"
+            "    {\n"
+            "      'id' : 1,\n"
+            "      'readerCertificate' : <not printed>,\n"
+            "      'userAuthenticationRequired' : true,\n"
+            "      'timeoutMillis' : 1,\n"
+            "    },\n"
+            "    {\n"
+            "      'id' : 2,\n"
+            "      'readerCertificate' : <not printed>,\n"
+            "      'userAuthenticationRequired' : true,\n"
+            "      'timeoutMillis' : 2,\n"
+            "    },\n"
+            "  ],\n"
+            "  {\n"
+            "    'Name Space 1' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Last name',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Turing',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, 2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Name Space2' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Home address',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Maida Vale, London, England',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Work address',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Maida Vale2, London, England',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Trailer address',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Maida, London, England',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Image' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Portrait image',\n"
+            "        'value' : <bstr size=262134 sha1=941e372f654d86c32d88fae9e41b706afbfd02bb>,\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Image2' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Work image',\n"
+            "        'value' : <bstr size=262134 sha1=941e372f654d86c32d88fae9e41b706afbfd02bb>,\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, 2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Name Space3' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'xyzw',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'random stuff',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, 2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Something',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Some string',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "  },\n"
+            "  true,\n"
+            "]",
+            cborPretty);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey = support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(
+            attData.attestationCertificate[0].encodedCertificate);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialPubKey);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(support::coseCheckEcDsaSignature(proofOfProvisioningSignature,
+                                                 {},  // Additional data
+                                                 credentialPubKey.value()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyEmptyNameSpaceMixedWithNonEmptyWorks) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {2u, 2u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate2 =
+            test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456987987987987987987");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {{0, readerCertificate1.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          {1, readerCertificate2.value(), true, 1},
+                                                          {2, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            // test empty name space
+            {"", "t name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{2}},
+            {"", "Birth", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{2}},
+            {"Name Space", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+            {"Name Space", "Birth date", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyInterleavingEntryNameSpaceOrderingFails) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    // Enter mismatched entry and profile numbers.
+    // Technically the 2nd name space of "Name Space" occurs intermittently, 2
+    // before "Image" and 2 after image, which is not correct.  All of same name
+    // space should occur together.  Let's see if this fails.
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {2u, 1u, 2u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate2 =
+            test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456987987987987987987");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {{0, readerCertificate1.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          {1, readerCertificate2.value(), true, 1},
+                                                          {2, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            // test empty name space
+            {"Name Space", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+            {"Name Space", "Birth date", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+    const test_utils::TestEntryData testEntry2 = {"Image", "Portrait image", string("asdfs"),
+                                                  vector<int32_t>{0, 1}};
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, testEntry2, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                     encryptedBlobs, true));
+
+    // We expect this to fail because the namespace is out of order, all "Name Space"
+    // should have been called together
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries3 = {
+            {"Name Space", "First name", string("Alan"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+            {"Name Space", "Home address", string("Maida Vale, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{0}},
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries3) {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                          encryptedBlobs, false));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    // should fail because test_utils::AddEntry should have failed earlier.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        Identity, IdentityCredentialTests,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IIdentityCredentialStore::descriptor)),
+        android::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::identity
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3aeebc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "VtsIdentityTestUtils.h"
+
+#include <aidl/Gtest.h>
+#include <map>
+
+namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils {
+
+using std::endl;
+using std::map;
+using std::optional;
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::String16;
+using ::android::binder::Status;
+
+bool SetupWritableCredential(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+                             sp<IIdentityCredentialStore>& credentialStore) {
+    if (credentialStore == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    string docType = "org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl";
+    bool testCredential = true;
+    Status result = credentialStore->createCredential(docType, testCredential, &writableCredential);
+
+    if (result.isOk() && writableCredential != nullptr) {
+        return true;
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal) {
+    vector<uint8_t> privKey;
+    return GenerateReaderCertificate(serialDecimal, privKey);
+}
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal,
+                                                    vector<uint8_t>& readerPrivateKey) {
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKeyPKCS8 = support::createEcKeyPair();
+    if (!readerKeyPKCS8) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerPublicKey =
+            support::ecKeyPairGetPublicKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKey = support::ecKeyPairGetPrivateKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
+    if (!readerPublicKey || !readerKey) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    readerPrivateKey = readerKey.value();
+
+    string issuer = "Android Open Source Project";
+    string subject = "Android IdentityCredential VTS Test";
+    time_t validityNotBefore = time(nullptr);
+    time_t validityNotAfter = validityNotBefore + 365 * 24 * 3600;
+
+    return support::ecPublicKeyGenerateCertificate(readerPublicKey.value(), readerKey.value(),
+                                                   serialDecimal, issuer, subject,
+                                                   validityNotBefore, validityNotAfter);
+}
+
+optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> AddAccessControlProfiles(
+        sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+        const vector<TestProfile>& testProfiles) {
+    Status result;
+
+    vector<SecureAccessControlProfile> secureProfiles;
+
+    for (const auto& testProfile : testProfiles) {
+        SecureAccessControlProfile profile;
+        Certificate cert;
+        cert.encodedCertificate = testProfile.readerCertificate;
+        result = writableCredential->addAccessControlProfile(
+                testProfile.id, cert, testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired,
+                testProfile.timeoutMillis, 0, &profile);
+
+        // Don't use assert so all errors can be outputed.  Then return
+        // instead of exit even on errors so caller can decide.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                   << "test profile id = " << testProfile.id << endl;
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.id, profile.id);
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.readerCertificate, profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate);
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired, profile.userAuthenticationRequired);
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.timeoutMillis, profile.timeoutMillis);
+        EXPECT_EQ(support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize, profile.mac.size());
+
+        if (!result.isOk() || testProfile.id != profile.id ||
+            testProfile.readerCertificate != profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate ||
+            testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired != profile.userAuthenticationRequired ||
+            testProfile.timeoutMillis != profile.timeoutMillis ||
+            support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize != profile.mac.size()) {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        secureProfiles.push_back(profile);
+    }
+
+    return secureProfiles;
+}
+
+// Most test expects this function to pass. So we will print out additional
+// value if failed so more debug data can be provided.
+bool AddEntry(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential, const TestEntryData& entry,
+              int dataChunkSize, map<const TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>>& encryptedBlobs,
+              bool expectSuccess) {
+    Status result;
+    vector<vector<uint8_t>> chunks = support::chunkVector(entry.valueCbor, dataChunkSize);
+
+    result = writableCredential->beginAddEntry(entry.profileIds, entry.nameSpace, entry.name,
+                                               entry.valueCbor.size());
+
+    if (expectSuccess) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk())
+                << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage() << endl
+                << "entry name = " << entry.name << ", name space=" << entry.nameSpace << endl;
+    }
+
+    if (!result.isOk()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    vector<vector<uint8_t>> encryptedChunks;
+    for (const auto& chunk : chunks) {
+        vector<uint8_t> encryptedContent;
+        result = writableCredential->addEntryValue(chunk, &encryptedContent);
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk())
+                    << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage() << endl
+                    << "entry name = " << entry.name << ", name space = " << entry.nameSpace
+                    << endl;
+
+            EXPECT_GT(encryptedContent.size(), 0u) << "entry name = " << entry.name
+                                                   << ", name space = " << entry.nameSpace << endl;
+        }
+
+        if (!result.isOk() || encryptedContent.size() <= 0u) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        encryptedChunks.push_back(encryptedContent);
+    }
+
+    encryptedBlobs[&entry] = encryptedChunks;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ValidateAttestationCertificate(vector<Certificate>& inputCertificates) {
+    return (inputCertificates.size() >= 2);
+    // TODO: add parsing of the certificate and make sure it is genuine.
+}
+
+void SetImageData(vector<uint8_t>& image) {
+    image.resize(256 * 1024 - 10);
+    for (size_t n = 0; n < image.size(); n++) {
+        image[n] = (uint8_t)n;
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.h b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..043ccd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef VTS_IDENTITY_TEST_UTILS_H
+#define VTS_IDENTITY_TEST_UTILS_H
+
+#include <android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.h>
+#include <android/hardware/identity/support/IdentityCredentialSupport.h>
+#include <cppbor.h>
+#include <cppbor_parse.h>
+
+namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils {
+
+using ::std::map;
+using ::std::optional;
+using ::std::string;
+using ::std::vector;
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::binder::Status;
+
+struct AttestationData {
+    AttestationData(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential, string challenge,
+                    vector<uint8_t> applicationId)
+        : attestationApplicationId(applicationId) {
+        // ASSERT_NE(writableCredential, nullptr);
+
+        if (!challenge.empty()) {
+            attestationChallenge.assign(challenge.begin(), challenge.end());
+        }
+
+        result = writableCredential->getAttestationCertificate(
+                attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge, &attestationCertificate);
+    }
+
+    AttestationData() {}
+
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge;
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId;
+    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificate;
+    Status result;
+};
+
+struct TestEntryData {
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : nameSpace(nameSpace), name(name), profileIds(profileIds) {}
+
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const string& value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        valueCbor = cppbor::Tstr(((const char*)value.data())).encode();
+    }
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const vector<uint8_t>& value,
+                  vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        valueCbor = cppbor::Bstr(value).encode();
+    }
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, bool value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        valueCbor = cppbor::Bool(value).encode();
+    }
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, int64_t value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        if (value >= 0) {
+            valueCbor = cppbor::Uint(value).encode();
+        } else {
+            valueCbor = cppbor::Nint(-value).encode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    string nameSpace;
+    string name;
+    vector<uint8_t> valueCbor;
+    vector<int32_t> profileIds;
+};
+
+struct TestProfile {
+    uint16_t id;
+    vector<uint8_t> readerCertificate;
+    bool userAuthenticationRequired;
+    uint64_t timeoutMillis;
+};
+
+bool SetupWritableCredential(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+                             sp<IIdentityCredentialStore>& credentialStore);
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal);
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal,
+                                                    vector<uint8_t>& readerPrivateKey);
+
+optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> AddAccessControlProfiles(
+        sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+        const vector<TestProfile>& testProfiles);
+
+bool AddEntry(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential, const TestEntryData& entry,
+              int dataChunkSize, map<const TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>>& encryptedBlobs,
+              bool expectSuccess);
+
+bool ValidateAttestationCertificate(vector<Certificate>& inputCertificates);
+
+void SetImageData(vector<uint8_t>& image);
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils
+
+#endif  // VTS_IDENTITY_TEST_UTILS_H