diff --git a/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h b/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h
index 3b08de7..59ca92a 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h
@@ -174,4 +174,12 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+constexpr int32_t frameCountFromDurationUs(long durationUs, int32_t sampleRateHz) {
+    return (durationUs * sampleRateHz) / 1000000LL;
+}
+
+constexpr int32_t frameCountFromDurationMs(int32_t durationMs, int32_t sampleRateHz) {
+    return frameCountFromDurationUs(durationMs * 1000, sampleRateHz);
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::common
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 9aa86b5..3a8a781 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -40,29 +40,6 @@
 }
 
 cc_library {
-    name: "libaudioservicesounddoseimpl",
-    vendor: true,
-    defaults: [
-        "latest_android_media_audio_common_types_ndk_shared",
-        "latest_android_hardware_audio_core_sounddose_ndk_shared",
-        "latest_android_hardware_audio_sounddose_ndk_shared",
-    ],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    srcs: [
-        "SoundDose.cpp",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libbinder_ndk",
-        "libcutils",
-        "libutils",
-    ],
-    visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/sounddose/default",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library {
     name: "libaudioserviceexampleimpl",
     defaults: [
         "aidlaudioservice_defaults",
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
index 1045009..89e3d99 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include <set>
 
 #define LOG_TAG "AHAL_Module"
-#include <Utils.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioInputFlags.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioOutputFlags.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -35,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "core-impl/SoundDose.h"
 #include "core-impl/utils.h"
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::frameCountFromDurationMs;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::getFrameSizeInBytes;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::isBitPositionFlagSet;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::isValidAudioMode;
@@ -202,15 +202,17 @@
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": non-positive buffer size " << in_bufferSizeFrames;
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
     }
-    if (in_bufferSizeFrames < kMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": insufficient buffer size " << in_bufferSizeFrames
-                   << ", must be at least " << kMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames;
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
-    }
     auto& configs = getConfig().portConfigs;
     auto portConfigIt = findById<AudioPortConfig>(configs, in_portConfigId);
     // Since this is a private method, it is assumed that
     // validity of the portConfigId has already been checked.
+    const int32_t minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames = calculateBufferSizeFrames(
+            getNominalLatencyMs(*portConfigIt), portConfigIt->sampleRate.value().value);
+    if (in_bufferSizeFrames < minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": insufficient buffer size " << in_bufferSizeFrames
+                   << ", must be at least " << minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
+    }
     const size_t frameSize =
             getFrameSizeInBytes(portConfigIt->format.value(), portConfigIt->channelMask.value());
     if (frameSize == 0) {
@@ -238,11 +240,12 @@
         StreamContext temp(
                 std::make_unique<StreamContext::CommandMQ>(1, true /*configureEventFlagWord*/),
                 std::make_unique<StreamContext::ReplyMQ>(1, true /*configureEventFlagWord*/),
-                portConfigIt->portId, portConfigIt->format.value(),
-                portConfigIt->channelMask.value(), portConfigIt->sampleRate.value().value, flags,
+                portConfigIt->format.value(), portConfigIt->channelMask.value(),
+                portConfigIt->sampleRate.value().value, flags, getNominalLatencyMs(*portConfigIt),
                 portConfigIt->ext.get<AudioPortExt::mix>().handle,
                 std::make_unique<StreamContext::DataMQ>(frameSize * in_bufferSizeFrames),
-                asyncCallback, outEventCallback, params);
+                asyncCallback, outEventCallback,
+                std::weak_ptr<sounddose::StreamDataProcessorInterface>{}, params);
         if (temp.isValid()) {
             *out_context = std::move(temp);
         } else {
@@ -358,6 +361,12 @@
     return internal::getConfiguration(getType());
 }
 
+int32_t Module::getNominalLatencyMs(const AudioPortConfig&) {
+    // Arbitrary value. Implementations must override this method to provide their actual latency.
+    static constexpr int32_t kLatencyMs = 5;
+    return kLatencyMs;
+}
+
 std::vector<AudioRoute*> Module::getAudioRoutesForAudioPortImpl(int32_t portId) {
     std::vector<AudioRoute*> result;
     auto& routes = getConfig().routes;
@@ -608,32 +617,30 @@
 
     std::vector<AudioRoute*> routesToMixPorts = getAudioRoutesForAudioPortImpl(templateId);
     std::set<int32_t> routableMixPortIds = getRoutableAudioPortIds(templateId, &routesToMixPorts);
-    if (hasDynamicProfilesOnly(connectedPort.profiles)) {
-        if (!mDebug.simulateDeviceConnections) {
-            RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(populateConnectedDevicePort(&connectedPort));
-        } else {
-            auto& connectedProfiles = getConfig().connectedProfiles;
-            if (auto connectedProfilesIt = connectedProfiles.find(templateId);
-                connectedProfilesIt != connectedProfiles.end()) {
-                connectedPort.profiles = connectedProfilesIt->second;
-            }
+    if (!mDebug.simulateDeviceConnections) {
+        // Even if the device port has static profiles, the HAL module might need to update
+        // them, or abort the connection process.
+        RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(populateConnectedDevicePort(&connectedPort));
+    } else if (hasDynamicProfilesOnly(connectedPort.profiles)) {
+        auto& connectedProfiles = getConfig().connectedProfiles;
+        if (auto connectedProfilesIt = connectedProfiles.find(templateId);
+            connectedProfilesIt != connectedProfiles.end()) {
+            connectedPort.profiles = connectedProfilesIt->second;
         }
-        if (hasDynamicProfilesOnly(connectedPort.profiles)) {
-            // Possible case 2. Check if all routable mix ports have static profiles.
-            if (auto dynamicMixPortIt = std::find_if(ports.begin(), ports.end(),
-                                                     [&routableMixPortIds](const auto& p) {
-                                                         return routableMixPortIds.count(p.id) >
-                                                                        0 &&
-                                                                hasDynamicProfilesOnly(p.profiles);
-                                                     });
-                dynamicMixPortIt != ports.end()) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << __func__
-                           << ": connected port only has dynamic profiles after connecting "
-                           << "external device " << connectedPort.toString() << ", and there exist "
-                           << "a routable mix port with dynamic profiles: "
-                           << dynamicMixPortIt->toString();
-                return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
-            }
+    }
+    if (hasDynamicProfilesOnly(connectedPort.profiles)) {
+        // Possible case 2. Check if all routable mix ports have static profiles.
+        if (auto dynamicMixPortIt = std::find_if(ports.begin(), ports.end(),
+                                                 [&routableMixPortIds](const auto& p) {
+                                                     return routableMixPortIds.count(p.id) > 0 &&
+                                                            hasDynamicProfilesOnly(p.profiles);
+                                                 });
+            dynamicMixPortIt != ports.end()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": connected port only has dynamic profiles after connecting "
+                       << "external device " << connectedPort.toString() << ", and there exist "
+                       << "a routable mix port with dynamic profiles: "
+                       << dynamicMixPortIt->toString();
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
         }
     }
 
@@ -964,11 +971,21 @@
             return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
         }
     }
+    // Find the highest sample rate among mix port configs.
+    std::map<int32_t, AudioPortConfig*> sampleRates;
+    std::vector<AudioPortConfig*>& mixPortConfigs =
+            sources[0]->ext.getTag() == AudioPortExt::mix ? sources : sinks;
+    for (auto mix : mixPortConfigs) {
+        sampleRates.emplace(mix->sampleRate.value().value, mix);
+    }
     *_aidl_return = in_requested;
-    _aidl_return->minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames = kMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames;
+    auto maxSampleRateIt = std::max_element(sampleRates.begin(), sampleRates.end());
+    const int32_t latencyMs = getNominalLatencyMs(*(maxSampleRateIt->second));
+    _aidl_return->minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames =
+            calculateBufferSizeFrames(latencyMs, maxSampleRateIt->first);
     _aidl_return->latenciesMs.clear();
     _aidl_return->latenciesMs.insert(_aidl_return->latenciesMs.end(),
-                                     _aidl_return->sinkPortConfigIds.size(), kLatencyMs);
+                                     _aidl_return->sinkPortConfigIds.size(), latencyMs);
     AudioPatch oldPatch{};
     if (existing == patches.end()) {
         _aidl_return->id = getConfig().nextPatchId++;
@@ -1210,7 +1227,7 @@
         // Reset master mute if it failed.
         onMasterMuteChanged(mMasterMute);
     }
-    return std::move(result);
+    return result;
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Module::getMasterVolume(float* _aidl_return) {
@@ -1232,7 +1249,7 @@
                        << "), error=" << result;
             onMasterVolumeChanged(mMasterVolume);
         }
-        return std::move(result);
+        return result;
     }
     LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid master volume value: " << in_volume;
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
@@ -1553,11 +1570,6 @@
     return result;
 }
 
-Module::BtProfileHandles Module::getBtProfileManagerHandles() {
-    return std::make_tuple(std::weak_ptr<IBluetooth>(), std::weak_ptr<IBluetoothA2dp>(),
-                           std::weak_ptr<IBluetoothLe>());
-}
-
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Module::bluetoothParametersUpdated() {
     return mStreams.bluetoothParametersUpdated();
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
index 9919c7f..3da6d48 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
@@ -58,4 +58,12 @@
                                                   offloadInfo);
 }
 
+int32_t ModulePrimary::getNominalLatencyMs(const AudioPortConfig&) {
+    // 85 ms is chosen considering 4096 frames @ 48 kHz. This is the value which allows
+    // the virtual Android device implementation to pass CTS. Hardware implementations
+    // should have significantly lower latency.
+    static constexpr int32_t kLatencyMs = 85;
+    return kLatencyMs;
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
index f7298c0..e8c1693 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
@@ -90,6 +90,14 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+void StreamContext::startStreamDataProcessor() {
+    auto streamDataProcessor = mStreamDataProcessor.lock();
+    if (streamDataProcessor != nullptr) {
+        streamDataProcessor->startDataProcessor(mSampleRate, getChannelCount(mChannelLayout),
+                                                mFormat);
+    }
+}
+
 void StreamContext::reset() {
     mCommandMQ.reset();
     mReplyMQ.reset();
@@ -130,7 +138,7 @@
     reply->status = STATUS_OK;
     if (isConnected) {
         reply->observable.frames = mContext->getFrameCount();
-        reply->observable.timeNs = ::android::elapsedRealtimeNano();
+        reply->observable.timeNs = ::android::uptimeNanos();
         if (auto status = mDriver->refinePosition(&reply->observable); status == ::android::OK) {
             return;
         }
@@ -307,7 +315,7 @@
     const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     size_t actualFrameCount = 0;
     bool fatal = false;
-    int32_t latency = Module::kLatencyMs;
+    int32_t latency = mContext->getNominalLatencyMs();
     if (isConnected) {
         if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->transfer(mDataBuffer.get(), byteCount / frameSize,
                                                            &actualFrameCount, &latency);
@@ -573,7 +581,7 @@
     const size_t readByteCount = dataMQ->availableToRead();
     const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     bool fatal = false;
-    int32_t latency = Module::kLatencyMs;
+    int32_t latency = mContext->getNominalLatencyMs();
     if (bool success = readByteCount > 0 ? dataMQ->read(&mDataBuffer[0], readByteCount) : true) {
         const bool isConnected = mIsConnected;
         LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": reading of " << readByteCount << " bytes from data MQ"
@@ -593,6 +601,10 @@
                 fatal = true;
                 LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": write failed: " << status;
             }
+            auto streamDataProcessor = mContext->getStreamDataProcessor().lock();
+            if (streamDataProcessor != nullptr) {
+                streamDataProcessor->process(mDataBuffer.get(), actualFrameCount * frameSize);
+            }
         } else {
             if (mContext->getAsyncCallback() == nullptr) {
                 usleep(3000);  // Simulate blocking transfer delay.
@@ -836,7 +848,7 @@
 }
 
 StreamInHwGainHelper::StreamInHwGainHelper(const StreamContext* context)
-    : mChannelCount(getChannelCount(context->getChannelLayout())) {}
+    : mChannelCount(getChannelCount(context->getChannelLayout())), mHwGains(mChannelCount, 0.0f) {}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamInHwGainHelper::getHwGainImpl(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) {
     *_aidl_return = mHwGains;
@@ -967,7 +979,8 @@
 }
 
 StreamOutHwVolumeHelper::StreamOutHwVolumeHelper(const StreamContext* context)
-    : mChannelCount(getChannelCount(context->getChannelLayout())) {}
+    : mChannelCount(getChannelCount(context->getChannelLayout())),
+      mHwVolumes(mChannelCount, 0.0f) {}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamOutHwVolumeHelper::getHwVolumeImpl(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) {
     *_aidl_return = mHwVolumes;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp
index 126c033..e72502b 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,24 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "AHAL_AlsaMixer"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_status.h>
+#include <error/expected_utils.h>
 
 #include "Mixer.h"
 
+namespace ndk {
+
+// This enables use of 'error/expected_utils' for ScopedAStatus.
+
+inline bool errorIsOk(const ScopedAStatus& s) {
+    return s.isOk();
+}
+
+inline std::string errorToString(const ScopedAStatus& s) {
+    return s.getDescription();
+}
+
+}  // namespace ndk
+
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa {
 
 // static
@@ -93,6 +108,36 @@
     }
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::getMasterMute(bool* muted) {
+    return getMixerControlMute(MASTER_SWITCH, muted);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::getMasterVolume(float* volume) {
+    return getMixerControlVolume(MASTER_VOLUME, volume);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::getMicGain(float* gain) {
+    return getMixerControlVolume(MIC_GAIN, gain);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::getMicMute(bool* muted) {
+    return getMixerControlMute(MIC_SWITCH, muted);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::getVolumes(std::vector<float>* volumes) {
+    struct mixer_ctl* mctl;
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(findControl(Mixer::HW_VOLUME, &mctl));
+    std::vector<int> percents;
+    std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
+    if (int err = getMixerControlPercent(mctl, &percents); err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to get volume, err=" << err;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    std::transform(percents.begin(), percents.end(), std::back_inserter(*volumes),
+                   [](int percent) -> float { return std::clamp(percent / 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); });
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMasterMute(bool muted) {
     return setMixerControlMute(MASTER_SWITCH, muted);
 }
@@ -110,35 +155,70 @@
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setVolumes(const std::vector<float>& volumes) {
-    if (!isValid()) {
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
-    }
-    auto it = mMixerControls.find(Mixer::HW_VOLUME);
-    if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
-    }
+    struct mixer_ctl* mctl;
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(findControl(Mixer::HW_VOLUME, &mctl));
     std::vector<int> percents;
     std::transform(
             volumes.begin(), volumes.end(), std::back_inserter(percents),
             [](float volume) -> int { return std::floor(std::clamp(volume, 0.0f, 1.0f) * 100); });
     std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
-    if (int err = setMixerControlPercent(it->second, percents); err != 0) {
+    if (int err = setMixerControlPercent(mctl, percents); err != 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set volume, err=" << err;
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     }
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMixerControlMute(Mixer::Control ctl, bool muted) {
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::findControl(Control ctl, struct mixer_ctl** result) {
     if (!isValid()) {
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     }
-    auto it = mMixerControls.find(ctl);
-    if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    if (auto it = mMixerControls.find(ctl); it != mMixerControls.end()) {
+        *result = it->second;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::getMixerControlMute(Control ctl, bool* muted) {
+    struct mixer_ctl* mctl;
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(findControl(ctl, &mctl));
     std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
-    if (int err = setMixerControlValue(it->second, muted ? 0 : 1); err != 0) {
+    std::vector<int> mutedValues;
+    if (int err = getMixerControlValues(mctl, &mutedValues); err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to get " << ctl << ", err=" << err;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    if (mutedValues.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": got no values for " << ctl;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    *muted = mutedValues[0] != 0;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::getMixerControlVolume(Control ctl, float* volume) {
+    struct mixer_ctl* mctl;
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(findControl(ctl, &mctl));
+    std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
+    std::vector<int> percents;
+    if (int err = getMixerControlPercent(mctl, &percents); err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to get " << ctl << ", err=" << err;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    if (percents.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": got no values for " << ctl;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    *volume = std::clamp(percents[0] / 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMixerControlMute(Control ctl, bool muted) {
+    struct mixer_ctl* mctl;
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(findControl(ctl, &mctl));
+    std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
+    if (int err = setMixerControlValue(mctl, muted ? 0 : 1); err != 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set " << ctl << " to " << muted << ", err=" << err;
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     }
@@ -146,54 +226,72 @@
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMixerControlVolume(Control ctl, float volume) {
-    if (!isValid()) {
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
-    }
-    auto it = mMixerControls.find(ctl);
-    if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
-    }
+    struct mixer_ctl* mctl;
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(findControl(ctl, &mctl));
     volume = std::clamp(volume, 0.0f, 1.0f);
     std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
-    if (int err = setMixerControlPercent(it->second, std::floor(volume * 100)); err != 0) {
+    if (int err = setMixerControlPercent(mctl, std::floor(volume * 100)); err != 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set " << ctl << " to " << volume << ", err=" << err;
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     }
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+int Mixer::getMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, std::vector<int>* percents) {
+    const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
+    percents->resize(n);
+    for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
+        if (int valueOrError = mixer_ctl_get_percent(ctl, id); valueOrError >= 0) {
+            (*percents)[id] = valueOrError;
+        } else {
+            return valueOrError;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int Mixer::getMixerControlValues(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, std::vector<int>* values) {
+    const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
+    values->resize(n);
+    for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
+        if (int valueOrError = mixer_ctl_get_value(ctl, id); valueOrError >= 0) {
+            (*values)[id] = valueOrError;
+        } else {
+            return valueOrError;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 int Mixer::setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, int percent) {
-    int ret = 0;
     const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
     for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
         if (int error = mixer_ctl_set_percent(ctl, id, percent); error != 0) {
-            ret = error;
+            return error;
         }
     }
-    return ret;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int Mixer::setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, const std::vector<int>& percents) {
-    int ret = 0;
     const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
     for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
         if (int error = mixer_ctl_set_percent(ctl, id, id < percents.size() ? percents[id] : 0);
             error != 0) {
-            ret = error;
+            return error;
         }
     }
-    return ret;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int Mixer::setMixerControlValue(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, int value) {
-    int ret = 0;
     const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
     for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
         if (int error = mixer_ctl_set_value(ctl, id, value); error != 0) {
-            ret = error;
+            return error;
         }
     }
-    return ret;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h
index 8fba1e0..41f19a8 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h
@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@
 
     bool isValid() const { return mMixer != nullptr; }
 
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getMasterMute(bool* muted);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getMasterVolume(float* volume);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getMicGain(float* gain);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getMicMute(bool* muted);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getVolumes(std::vector<float>* volumes);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setMasterMute(bool muted);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setMasterVolume(float volume);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setMicGain(float gain);
@@ -60,9 +65,16 @@
     static const std::map<Control, std::vector<ControlNamesAndExpectedCtlType>> kPossibleControls;
     static Controls initializeMixerControls(struct mixer* mixer);
 
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus findControl(Control ctl, struct mixer_ctl** result);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getMixerControlMute(Control ctl, bool* muted);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getMixerControlVolume(Control ctl, float* volume);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setMixerControlMute(Control ctl, bool muted);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setMixerControlVolume(Control ctl, float volume);
 
+    int getMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, std::vector<int>* percents)
+            REQUIRES(mMixerAccess);
+    int getMixerControlValues(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, std::vector<int>* values)
+            REQUIRES(mMixerAccess);
     int setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, int percent) REQUIRES(mMixerAccess);
     int setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, const std::vector<int>& percents)
             REQUIRES(mMixerAccess);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
index 403b94b..e57d538 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
 
 ::android::status_t StreamAlsa::refinePosition(StreamDescriptor::Position* position) {
     if (mAlsaDeviceProxies.empty()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": no opened devices";
+        LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": no opened devices";
         return ::android::NO_INIT;
     }
     // Since the proxy can only count transferred frames since its creation,
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/DevicePortProxy.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/DevicePortProxy.cpp
index 12e204a..1be0875 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/DevicePortProxy.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/DevicePortProxy.cpp
@@ -19,11 +19,25 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <audio_utils/primitives.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
+#include "BluetoothAudioSessionControl.h"
 #include "core-impl/DevicePortProxy.h"
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::AudioConfiguration;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::BluetoothAudioSessionControl;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::BluetoothAudioStatus;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::ChannelMode;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PcmConfiguration;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PortStatusCallbacks;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PresentationPosition;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::SessionType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
 namespace android::bluetooth::audio::aidl {
 
 namespace {
@@ -33,20 +47,6 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::AudioConfiguration;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::BluetoothAudioSessionControl;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::BluetoothAudioStatus;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::ChannelMode;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PcmConfiguration;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PortStatusCallbacks;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PresentationPosition;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::SessionType;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
-using ::android::base::StringPrintf;
-
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const BluetoothStreamState& state) {
     switch (state) {
         case BluetoothStreamState::DISABLED:
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/ModuleBluetooth.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/ModuleBluetooth.cpp
index 3c33207..502b153 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/ModuleBluetooth.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/ModuleBluetooth.cpp
@@ -18,50 +18,56 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include "BluetoothAudioSessionControl.h"
+#include "BluetoothAudioSession.h"
 #include "core-impl/ModuleBluetooth.h"
 #include "core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortExt;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo;
+using android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidl;
+using android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidlOut;
 
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::BluetoothAudioSession;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortExt;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo;
-using ::android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidl;
-using ::android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidlOut;
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleBluetooth::getBluetoothA2dp(
         std::shared_ptr<IBluetoothA2dp>* _aidl_return) {
-    if (!mBluetoothA2dp) {
-        auto handle = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<BluetoothA2dp>();
-        handle->registerHandler(std::bind(&ModuleBluetooth::bluetoothParametersUpdated, this));
-        mBluetoothA2dp = handle;
-    }
-    *_aidl_return = mBluetoothA2dp.getInstance();
+    *_aidl_return = getBtA2dp().getInstance();
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of IBluetoothA2dp: " << _aidl_return->get();
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleBluetooth::getBluetoothLe(std::shared_ptr<IBluetoothLe>* _aidl_return) {
+    *_aidl_return = getBtLe().getInstance();
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of IBluetoothLe: " << _aidl_return->get();
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ChildInterface<BluetoothA2dp>& ModuleBluetooth::getBtA2dp() {
+    if (!mBluetoothA2dp) {
+        auto handle = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<BluetoothA2dp>();
+        handle->registerHandler(std::bind(&ModuleBluetooth::bluetoothParametersUpdated, this));
+        mBluetoothA2dp = handle;
+    }
+    return mBluetoothA2dp;
+}
+
+ChildInterface<BluetoothLe>& ModuleBluetooth::getBtLe() {
     if (!mBluetoothLe) {
         auto handle = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<BluetoothLe>();
         handle->registerHandler(std::bind(&ModuleBluetooth::bluetoothParametersUpdated, this));
         mBluetoothLe = handle;
     }
-    *_aidl_return = mBluetoothLe.getInstance();
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of IBluetoothLe: " << _aidl_return->get();
-    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    return mBluetoothLe;
 }
 
-Module::BtProfileHandles ModuleBluetooth::getBtProfileManagerHandles() {
-    return std::make_tuple(std::weak_ptr<IBluetooth>(), mBluetoothA2dp.getInstance(),
-                           mBluetoothLe.getInstance());
+ModuleBluetooth::BtProfileHandles ModuleBluetooth::getBtProfileManagerHandles() {
+    return std::make_tuple(std::weak_ptr<IBluetooth>(), getBtA2dp().getPtr(), getBtLe().getPtr());
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleBluetooth::getMicMute(bool* _aidl_return __unused) {
@@ -101,30 +107,35 @@
     if (description.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BT_A2DP) {
         bool isA2dpEnabled = false;
         if (!!mBluetoothA2dp) {
-            RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mBluetoothA2dp.getInstance()->isEnabled(&isA2dpEnabled));
+            RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR((*mBluetoothA2dp).isEnabled(&isA2dpEnabled));
         }
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": isA2dpEnabled: " << isA2dpEnabled;
         return isA2dpEnabled ? ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok()
                              : ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     } else if (description.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BT_LE) {
         bool isLeEnabled = false;
         if (!!mBluetoothLe) {
-            RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mBluetoothLe.getInstance()->isEnabled(&isLeEnabled));
+            RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR((*mBluetoothLe).isEnabled(&isLeEnabled));
         }
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": isLeEnabled: " << isLeEnabled;
         return isLeEnabled ? ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok()
                            : ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     } else if (description.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_WIRELESS &&
                description.type == AudioDeviceType::OUT_HEARING_AID) {
         // Hearing aids can use a number of profiles, thus the only way to check
         // connectivity is to try to talk to the BT HAL.
-        if (!BluetoothAudioSession::IsAidlAvailable()) {
+        if (!::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::BluetoothAudioSession::
+                    IsAidlAvailable()) {
             return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
         }
         std::shared_ptr<BluetoothAudioPortAidl> proxy = std::shared_ptr<BluetoothAudioPortAidl>(
                 std::make_shared<BluetoothAudioPortAidlOut>());
         if (proxy->registerPort(description)) {
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": registered hearing aid port";
             proxy->unregisterPort();
             return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
         }
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": failed to register hearing aid port";
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     }
     LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": unsupported device type: " << audioPort->toString();
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp
index 91a33c2..0cee7f4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp
@@ -20,52 +20,49 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <audio_utils/clock.h>
 
-#include "BluetoothAudioSessionControl.h"
+#include "BluetoothAudioSession.h"
 #include "core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::frameCountFromDurationUs;
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::VendorParameter;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::ChannelMode;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PcmConfiguration;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PresentationPosition;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneDynamicInfo;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo;
+using android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidl;
+using android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidlIn;
+using android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidlOut;
+using android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothStreamState;
 
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::VendorParameter;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::ChannelMode;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PcmConfiguration;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::audio::PresentationPosition;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneDynamicInfo;
-using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo;
-using ::android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidl;
-using ::android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidlIn;
-using ::android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothAudioPortAidlOut;
-using ::android::bluetooth::audio::aidl::BluetoothStreamState;
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
 constexpr int kBluetoothDefaultInputBufferMs = 20;
 constexpr int kBluetoothDefaultOutputBufferMs = 10;
 // constexpr int kBluetoothSpatializerOutputBufferMs = 10;
 
-size_t getFrameCount(uint64_t durationUs, uint32_t sampleRate) {
-    return (durationUs * sampleRate) / 1000000;
-}
-
 // pcm configuration params are not really used by the module
 StreamBluetooth::StreamBluetooth(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
-                                 Module::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles)
+                                 ModuleBluetooth::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles)
     : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata),
       mSampleRate(getContext().getSampleRate()),
       mChannelLayout(getContext().getChannelLayout()),
       mFormat(getContext().getFormat()),
       mFrameSizeBytes(getContext().getFrameSize()),
       mIsInput(isInput(metadata)),
-      mBluetoothA2dp(std::move(std::get<Module::BtInterface::BTA2DP>(btHandles))),
-      mBluetoothLe(std::move(std::get<Module::BtInterface::BTLE>(btHandles))) {
+      mBluetoothA2dp(std::move(std::get<ModuleBluetooth::BtInterface::BTA2DP>(btHandles))),
+      mBluetoothLe(std::move(std::get<ModuleBluetooth::BtInterface::BTLE>(btHandles))) {
     mPreferredDataIntervalUs =
-            mIsInput ? kBluetoothDefaultInputBufferMs : kBluetoothDefaultOutputBufferMs;
-    mPreferredFrameCount = getFrameCount(mPreferredDataIntervalUs, mSampleRate);
+            (mIsInput ? kBluetoothDefaultInputBufferMs : kBluetoothDefaultOutputBufferMs) * 1000;
+    mPreferredFrameCount = frameCountFromDurationUs(mPreferredDataIntervalUs, mSampleRate);
     mIsInitialized = false;
     mIsReadyToClose = false;
 }
@@ -226,7 +223,7 @@
     if (config.dataIntervalUs > 0) {
         mPreferredDataIntervalUs =
                 std::min((int32_t)mPreferredDataIntervalUs, config.dataIntervalUs);
-        mPreferredFrameCount = getFrameCount(mPreferredDataIntervalUs, mSampleRate);
+        mPreferredFrameCount = frameCountFromDurationUs(mPreferredDataIntervalUs, mSampleRate);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -318,7 +315,7 @@
 
 StreamInBluetooth::StreamInBluetooth(StreamContext&& context, const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                      const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
-                                     Module::BtProfileHandles&& btProfileHandles)
+                                     ModuleBluetooth::BtProfileHandles&& btProfileHandles)
     : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones),
       StreamBluetooth(&mContextInstance, sinkMetadata, std::move(btProfileHandles)) {}
 
@@ -331,7 +328,7 @@
 StreamOutBluetooth::StreamOutBluetooth(StreamContext&& context,
                                        const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                                        const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo,
-                                       Module::BtProfileHandles&& btProfileHandles)
+                                       ModuleBluetooth::BtProfileHandles&& btProfileHandles)
     : StreamOut(std::move(context), offloadInfo),
       StreamBluetooth(&mContextInstance, sourceMetadata, std::move(btProfileHandles)) {}
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Bluetooth.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Bluetooth.h
index 44899bc..002cb19 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Bluetooth.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Bluetooth.h
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@
 class BluetoothA2dp : public BnBluetoothA2dp, public ParamChangeHandler {
   public:
     BluetoothA2dp() = default;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus isEnabled(bool* _aidl_return) override;
 
   private:
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus isEnabled(bool* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setEnabled(bool in_enabled) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus supportsOffloadReconfiguration(bool* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus reconfigureOffload(
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@
 class BluetoothLe : public BnBluetoothLe, public ParamChangeHandler {
   public:
     BluetoothLe() = default;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus isEnabled(bool* _aidl_return) override;
 
   private:
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus isEnabled(bool* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setEnabled(bool in_enabled) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus supportsOffloadReconfiguration(bool* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus reconfigureOffload(
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h
index 3b74c5e..f5f1855 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     explicit operator bool() const { return !!this->first; }
     C& operator*() const { return *(this->first); }
     C* operator->() const { return this->first; }
+    std::shared_ptr<C> getPtr() { return this->first; }
     // Use 'getInstance' when returning the interface instance.
     std::shared_ptr<C> getInstance() {
         (void)getBinder();
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DevicePortProxy.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DevicePortProxy.h
index 13b8c91..17a8cf3 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DevicePortProxy.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DevicePortProxy.h
@@ -25,11 +25,10 @@
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/audio/common/SourceMetadata.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/audio/BluetoothAudioStatus.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/audio/PcmConfiguration.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/audio/PresentationPosition.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/audio/SessionType.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioDeviceDescription.h>
 
-#include "BluetoothAudioSessionControl.h"
-
 namespace android::bluetooth::audio::aidl {
 
 enum class BluetoothStreamState : uint8_t {
@@ -239,4 +238,4 @@
     size_t readData(void* buffer, size_t bytes) const override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace android::bluetooth::audio::aidl
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace android::bluetooth::audio::aidl
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
index 718c07d..caf43f1 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <set>
 
+#include <Utils.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/audio/core/BnModule.h>
 
 #include "core-impl/ChildInterface.h"
@@ -45,13 +46,6 @@
         int32_t nextPatchId = 1;
     };
     enum Type : int { DEFAULT, R_SUBMIX, STUB, USB, BLUETOOTH };
-    enum BtInterface : int { BTCONF, BTA2DP, BTLE };
-    typedef std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<IBluetooth>, std::weak_ptr<IBluetoothA2dp>,
-                       std::weak_ptr<IBluetoothLe>>
-            BtProfileHandles;
-
-    // This value is used by default for all AudioPatches and reported by all streams.
-    static constexpr int32_t kLatencyMs = 10;
 
     static std::shared_ptr<Module> createInstance(Type type) {
         return createInstance(type, std::make_unique<Configuration>());
@@ -145,8 +139,6 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getAAudioMixerBurstCount(int32_t* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getAAudioHardwareBurstMinUsec(int32_t* _aidl_return) override;
 
-    // This value is used for all AudioPatches.
-    static constexpr int32_t kMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames = 256;
     // The maximum stream buffer size is 1 GiB = 2 ** 30 bytes;
     static constexpr int32_t kMaximumStreamBufferSizeBytes = 1 << 30;
 
@@ -175,7 +167,7 @@
     bool mMicMute = false;
     bool mMasterMute = false;
     float mMasterVolume = 1.0f;
-    ChildInterface<sounddose::ISoundDose> mSoundDose;
+    ChildInterface<sounddose::SoundDose> mSoundDose;
     std::optional<bool> mIsMmapSupported;
 
   protected:
@@ -207,8 +199,19 @@
     virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus onMasterVolumeChanged(float volume);
     virtual std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo> getMicrophoneInfos();
     virtual std::unique_ptr<Configuration> initializeConfig();
+    virtual int32_t getNominalLatencyMs(
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig& portConfig);
 
     // Utility and helper functions accessible to subclasses.
+    static int32_t calculateBufferSizeFrames(int32_t latencyMs, int32_t sampleRateHz) {
+        const int32_t rawSizeFrames =
+                aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::frameCountFromDurationMs(latencyMs,
+                                                                                 sampleRateHz);
+        int32_t powerOf2 = 1;
+        while (powerOf2 < rawSizeFrames) powerOf2 <<= 1;
+        return powerOf2;
+    }
+
     ndk::ScopedAStatus bluetoothParametersUpdated();
     void cleanUpPatch(int32_t patchId);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createStreamContext(
@@ -222,7 +225,6 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus findPortIdForNewStream(
             int32_t in_portConfigId, ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort** port);
     std::vector<AudioRoute*> getAudioRoutesForAudioPortImpl(int32_t portId);
-    virtual BtProfileHandles getBtProfileManagerHandles();
     Configuration& getConfig();
     const ConnectedDevicePorts& getConnectedDevicePorts() const { return mConnectedDevicePorts; }
     bool getMasterMute() const { return mMasterMute; }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleBluetooth.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleBluetooth.h
index 7ac2d34..a58798b 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleBluetooth.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleBluetooth.h
@@ -23,11 +23,18 @@
 
 class ModuleBluetooth final : public Module {
   public:
+    enum BtInterface : int { BTSCO, BTA2DP, BTLE };
+    typedef std::tuple<std::weak_ptr<IBluetooth>, std::weak_ptr<IBluetoothA2dp>,
+                       std::weak_ptr<IBluetoothLe>>
+            BtProfileHandles;
+
     ModuleBluetooth(std::unique_ptr<Configuration>&& config)
         : Module(Type::BLUETOOTH, std::move(config)) {}
 
   private:
-    BtProfileHandles getBtProfileManagerHandles() override;
+    ChildInterface<BluetoothA2dp>& getBtA2dp();
+    ChildInterface<BluetoothLe>& getBtLe();
+    BtProfileHandles getBtProfileManagerHandles();
 
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getBluetoothA2dp(std::shared_ptr<IBluetoothA2dp>* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getBluetoothLe(std::shared_ptr<IBluetoothLe>* _aidl_return) override;
@@ -50,8 +57,8 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus onMasterMuteChanged(bool mute) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus onMasterVolumeChanged(float volume) override;
 
-    ChildInterface<IBluetoothA2dp> mBluetoothA2dp;
-    ChildInterface<IBluetoothLe> mBluetoothLe;
+    ChildInterface<BluetoothA2dp> mBluetoothA2dp;
+    ChildInterface<BluetoothLe> mBluetoothLe;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
index ee86d64..82c8a03 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) override;
+    int32_t getNominalLatencyMs(
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig& portConfig) override;
 
   private:
     ChildInterface<ITelephony> mTelephony;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h
index ebf4558..9f8acc9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@
             override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus onMasterMuteChanged(bool mute) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus onMasterVolumeChanged(float volume) override;
+    int32_t getNominalLatencyMs(
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig& portConfig) override;
+    // TODO(b/307586684): Report proper minimum stream buffer size by overriding 'setAudioPatch'.
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/SoundDose.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/SoundDose.h
index 2a069d9..c0edc9f 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/SoundDose.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/SoundDose.h
@@ -20,11 +20,23 @@
 
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/audio/core/sounddose/BnSoundDose.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioDevice.h>
-
-using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
+#include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioFormatDescription.h>
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::sounddose {
 
+// Interface used for processing the data received by a stream.
+class StreamDataProcessorInterface {
+  public:
+    virtual ~StreamDataProcessorInterface() = default;
+
+    virtual void startDataProcessor(
+            uint32_t samplerate, uint32_t channelCount,
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription& format) = 0;
+    virtual void setAudioDevice(
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice& audioDevice) = 0;
+    virtual void process(const void* buffer, size_t size) = 0;
+};
+
 class SoundDose : public BnSoundDose {
   public:
     SoundDose() : mRs2Value(DEFAULT_MAX_RS2){};
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
index 88fddec..aa9fb19 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 
 #include "core-impl/ChildInterface.h"
+#include "core-impl/SoundDose.h"
 #include "core-impl/utils.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
@@ -80,59 +81,28 @@
 
     StreamContext() = default;
     StreamContext(std::unique_ptr<CommandMQ> commandMQ, std::unique_ptr<ReplyMQ> replyMQ,
-                  int portId,
                   const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription& format,
                   const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout& channelLayout,
                   int sampleRate, const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags& flags,
-                  int32_t mixPortHandle, std::unique_ptr<DataMQ> dataMQ,
+                  int32_t nominalLatencyMs, int32_t mixPortHandle, std::unique_ptr<DataMQ> dataMQ,
                   std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> asyncCallback,
                   std::shared_ptr<IStreamOutEventCallback> outEventCallback,
+                  std::weak_ptr<sounddose::StreamDataProcessorInterface> streamDataProcessor,
                   DebugParameters debugParameters)
         : mCommandMQ(std::move(commandMQ)),
           mInternalCommandCookie(std::rand()),
           mReplyMQ(std::move(replyMQ)),
-          mPortId(portId),
           mFormat(format),
           mChannelLayout(channelLayout),
           mSampleRate(sampleRate),
           mFlags(flags),
+          mNominalLatencyMs(nominalLatencyMs),
           mMixPortHandle(mixPortHandle),
           mDataMQ(std::move(dataMQ)),
           mAsyncCallback(asyncCallback),
           mOutEventCallback(outEventCallback),
+          mStreamDataProcessor(streamDataProcessor),
           mDebugParameters(debugParameters) {}
-    StreamContext(StreamContext&& other)
-        : mCommandMQ(std::move(other.mCommandMQ)),
-          mInternalCommandCookie(other.mInternalCommandCookie),
-          mReplyMQ(std::move(other.mReplyMQ)),
-          mPortId(other.mPortId),
-          mFormat(other.mFormat),
-          mChannelLayout(other.mChannelLayout),
-          mSampleRate(other.mSampleRate),
-          mFlags(std::move(other.mFlags)),
-          mMixPortHandle(other.mMixPortHandle),
-          mDataMQ(std::move(other.mDataMQ)),
-          mAsyncCallback(std::move(other.mAsyncCallback)),
-          mOutEventCallback(std::move(other.mOutEventCallback)),
-          mDebugParameters(std::move(other.mDebugParameters)),
-          mFrameCount(other.mFrameCount) {}
-    StreamContext& operator=(StreamContext&& other) {
-        mCommandMQ = std::move(other.mCommandMQ);
-        mInternalCommandCookie = other.mInternalCommandCookie;
-        mReplyMQ = std::move(other.mReplyMQ);
-        mPortId = std::move(other.mPortId);
-        mFormat = std::move(other.mFormat);
-        mChannelLayout = std::move(other.mChannelLayout);
-        mSampleRate = other.mSampleRate;
-        mFlags = std::move(other.mFlags);
-        mMixPortHandle = other.mMixPortHandle;
-        mDataMQ = std::move(other.mDataMQ);
-        mAsyncCallback = std::move(other.mAsyncCallback);
-        mOutEventCallback = std::move(other.mOutEventCallback);
-        mDebugParameters = std::move(other.mDebugParameters);
-        mFrameCount = other.mFrameCount;
-        return *this;
-    }
 
     void fillDescriptor(StreamDescriptor* desc);
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> getAsyncCallback() const { return mAsyncCallback; }
@@ -151,10 +121,14 @@
     size_t getFrameSize() const;
     int getInternalCommandCookie() const { return mInternalCommandCookie; }
     int32_t getMixPortHandle() const { return mMixPortHandle; }
+    int32_t getNominalLatencyMs() const { return mNominalLatencyMs; }
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamOutEventCallback> getOutEventCallback() const {
         return mOutEventCallback;
     }
-    int getPortId() const { return mPortId; }
+    std::weak_ptr<sounddose::StreamDataProcessorInterface> getStreamDataProcessor() const {
+        return mStreamDataProcessor;
+    }
+    void startStreamDataProcessor();
     ReplyMQ* getReplyMQ() const { return mReplyMQ.get(); }
     int getTransientStateDelayMs() const { return mDebugParameters.transientStateDelayMs; }
     int getSampleRate() const { return mSampleRate; }
@@ -167,18 +141,20 @@
     long getFrameCount() const { return mFrameCount; }
 
   private:
+    // Fields are non const to allow move assignment.
     std::unique_ptr<CommandMQ> mCommandMQ;
     int mInternalCommandCookie;  // The value used to confirm that the command was posted internally
     std::unique_ptr<ReplyMQ> mReplyMQ;
-    int mPortId;
     ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription mFormat;
     ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout mChannelLayout;
     int mSampleRate;
     ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags mFlags;
+    int32_t mNominalLatencyMs;
     int32_t mMixPortHandle;
     std::unique_ptr<DataMQ> mDataMQ;
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> mAsyncCallback;
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamOutEventCallback> mOutEventCallback;  // Only used by output streams
+    std::weak_ptr<sounddose::StreamDataProcessorInterface> mStreamDataProcessor;
     DebugParameters mDebugParameters;
     long mFrameCount = 0;
 };
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h
index c2f8c1d..1258d38 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/audio/core/IBluetoothLe.h>
 
 #include "core-impl/DevicePortProxy.h"
-#include "core-impl/Module.h"
+#include "core-impl/ModuleBluetooth.h"
 #include "core-impl/Stream.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 class StreamBluetooth : public StreamCommonImpl {
   public:
     StreamBluetooth(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
-                    Module::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles);
+                    ModuleBluetooth::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles);
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
     ::android::status_t init() override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
             StreamContext&& context,
             const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
-            Module::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles);
+            ModuleBluetooth::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles);
 
   private:
     void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo,
-            Module::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles);
+            ModuleBluetooth::BtProfileHandles&& btHandles);
 
   private:
     void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
index b3ddd0b..abc119c 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
@@ -27,10 +27,13 @@
   public:
     StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
 
+    ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
+                                 int32_t* latencyMs) override;
+
   protected:
     std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> getDeviceProfiles() override;
 
-    const bool mIsInput;
+    const bool mIsAsynchronous;
 };
 
 class StreamInPrimary final : public StreamIn, public StreamSwitcher, public StreamInHwGainHelper {
@@ -79,6 +82,10 @@
 
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getHwVolume(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setHwVolume(const std::vector<float>& in_channelVolumes) override;
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setConnectedDevices(
+            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
+            override;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
index 94404a1..21592b3 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus prepareToClose() override;
 
   private:
-    size_t getPipeSizeInFrames();
+    long getDelayInUsForFrameCount(size_t frameCount);
     size_t getStreamPipeSizeInFrames();
     ::android::status_t outWrite(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount);
     ::android::status_t inRead(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
index e01be8a..7e3bdd4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <limits>
+#include <chrono>
 
 #define LOG_TAG "AHAL_StreamPrimary"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <audio_utils/clock.h>
 #include <error/expected_utils.h>
 
 #include "PrimaryMixer.h"
@@ -37,7 +38,33 @@
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
 StreamPrimary::StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
-    : StreamAlsa(context, metadata, 3 /*readWriteRetries*/), mIsInput(isInput(metadata)) {}
+    : StreamAlsa(context, metadata, 3 /*readWriteRetries*/),
+      mIsAsynchronous(!!getContext().getAsyncCallback()) {
+    context->startStreamDataProcessor();
+}
+
+::android::status_t StreamPrimary::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount,
+                                            size_t* actualFrameCount, int32_t* latencyMs) {
+    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    if (auto status = StreamAlsa::transfer(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount, latencyMs);
+        status != ::android::OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    // This is a workaround for the emulator implementation which has a host-side buffer
+    // and this can result in reading faster than real time.
+    if (mIsInput && !mIsAsynchronous) {
+        auto recordDurationUs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+                std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start);
+        const long projectedVsObservedOffsetUs =
+                *actualFrameCount * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mContext.getSampleRate() -
+                recordDurationUs.count();
+        if (projectedVsObservedOffsetUs > 0) {
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": sleeping for " << projectedVsObservedOffsetUs << " us";
+            usleep(projectedVsObservedOffsetUs);
+        }
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
 
 std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> StreamPrimary::getDeviceProfiles() {
     static const std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> kBuiltInSource{
@@ -64,7 +91,8 @@
             GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.audio.tinyalsa.simulate_input", false);
     return kSimulateInput || device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_TELEPHONY_RX ||
            device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_FM_TUNER ||
-           device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS;
+           device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS ||
+           (device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_DEVICE && device.type.connection.empty());
 }
 
 StreamSwitcher::DeviceSwitchBehavior StreamInPrimary::switchCurrentStream(
@@ -99,6 +127,11 @@
     if (isStubStream()) {
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
     }
+    float gain;
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(primary::PrimaryMixer::getInstance().getMicGain(&gain));
+    _aidl_return->resize(0);
+    _aidl_return->resize(mChannelCount, gain);
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(setHwGainImpl(*_aidl_return));
     return getHwGainImpl(_aidl_return);
 }
 
@@ -130,7 +163,8 @@
     static const bool kSimulateOutput =
             GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.audio.tinyalsa.ignore_output", false);
     return kSimulateOutput || device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::OUT_TELEPHONY_TX ||
-           device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS;
+           device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS ||
+           (device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::OUT_DEVICE && device.type.connection.empty());
 }
 
 StreamSwitcher::DeviceSwitchBehavior StreamOutPrimary::switchCurrentStream(
@@ -165,6 +199,9 @@
     if (isStubStream()) {
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
     }
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(primary::PrimaryMixer::getInstance().getVolumes(_aidl_return));
+    _aidl_return->resize(mChannelCount);
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(setHwVolumeImpl(*_aidl_return));
     return getHwVolumeImpl(_aidl_return);
 }
 
@@ -183,4 +220,15 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamOutPrimary::setConnectedDevices(
+        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) {
+    if (!devices.empty()) {
+        auto streamDataProcessor = mContextInstance.getStreamDataProcessor().lock();
+        if (streamDataProcessor != nullptr) {
+            streamDataProcessor->setAudioDevice(devices[0]);
+        }
+    }
+    return StreamSwitcher::setConnectedDevices(devices);
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp
index f8c775f..3e8dd7c 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <error/expected_utils.h>
 
+#include "SubmixRoute.h"
 #include "core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h"
 #include "core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h"
 
@@ -106,4 +107,12 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
 }
 
+int32_t ModuleRemoteSubmix::getNominalLatencyMs(const AudioPortConfig&) {
+    // See the note on kDefaultPipePeriodCount.
+    static constexpr int32_t kMaxLatencyMs =
+            (r_submix::kDefaultPipeSizeInFrames * 1000) / r_submix::kDefaultSampleRateHz;
+    static constexpr int32_t kMinLatencyMs = kMaxLatencyMs / r_submix::kDefaultPipePeriodCount;
+    return (kMaxLatencyMs + kMinLatencyMs) / 2;
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
index 9c9c08b..38281b9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "AHAL_StreamRemoteSubmix"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <cmath>
-
 #include "core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h"
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
@@ -158,27 +156,8 @@
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount,
                                                  size_t* actualFrameCount, int32_t* latencyMs) {
-    *latencyMs = (getStreamPipeSizeInFrames() * MILLIS_PER_SECOND) / mStreamConfig.sampleRate;
+    *latencyMs = getDelayInUsForFrameCount(getStreamPipeSizeInFrames()) / 1000;
     LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": Latency " << *latencyMs << "ms";
-
-    sp<MonoPipe> sink = mCurrentRoute->getSink();
-    if (sink != nullptr) {
-        if (sink->isShutdown()) {
-            sink.clear();
-            LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": pipe shutdown, ignoring the transfer.";
-            // the pipe has already been shutdown, this buffer will be lost but we must simulate
-            // timing so we don't drain the output faster than realtime
-            const size_t delayUs = static_cast<size_t>(
-                    std::roundf(frameCount * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mStreamConfig.sampleRate));
-            usleep(delayUs);
-
-            *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
-            return ::android::OK;
-        }
-    } else {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": transfer without a pipe!";
-        return ::android::UNEXPECTED_NULL;
-    }
     mCurrentRoute->exitStandby(mIsInput);
     return (mIsInput ? inRead(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount)
                      : outWrite(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount));
@@ -202,6 +181,10 @@
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
+long StreamRemoteSubmix::getDelayInUsForFrameCount(size_t frameCount) {
+    return frameCount * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mStreamConfig.sampleRate;
+}
+
 // Calculate the maximum size of the pipe buffer in frames for the specified stream.
 size_t StreamRemoteSubmix::getStreamPipeSizeInFrames() {
     auto pipeConfig = mCurrentRoute->mPipeConfig;
@@ -215,11 +198,11 @@
     if (sink != nullptr) {
         if (sink->isShutdown()) {
             sink.clear();
-            LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": pipe shutdown, ignoring the write.";
+            const auto delayUs = getDelayInUsForFrameCount(frameCount);
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": pipe shutdown, ignoring the write, sleeping for "
+                       << delayUs << " us";
             // the pipe has already been shutdown, this buffer will be lost but we must
             // simulate timing so we don't drain the output faster than realtime
-            const size_t delayUs = static_cast<size_t>(
-                    std::roundf(frameCount * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mStreamConfig.sampleRate));
             usleep(delayUs);
             *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
             return ::android::OK;
@@ -229,17 +212,18 @@
         return ::android::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
     }
 
-    const size_t availableToWrite = sink->availableToWrite();
+    const bool shouldBlockWrite = mCurrentRoute->shouldBlockWrite();
+    size_t availableToWrite = sink->availableToWrite();
     // NOTE: sink has been checked above and sink and source life cycles are synchronized
     sp<MonoPipeReader> source = mCurrentRoute->getSource();
     // If the write to the sink should be blocked, flush enough frames from the pipe to make space
     // to write the most recent data.
-    if (!mCurrentRoute->shouldBlockWrite() && availableToWrite < frameCount) {
+    if (!shouldBlockWrite && availableToWrite < frameCount) {
         static uint8_t flushBuffer[64];
         const size_t flushBufferSizeFrames = sizeof(flushBuffer) / mStreamConfig.frameSize;
         size_t framesToFlushFromSource = frameCount - availableToWrite;
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": flushing " << framesToFlushFromSource
-                     << " frames from the pipe to avoid blocking";
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": flushing " << framesToFlushFromSource
+                   << " frames from the pipe to avoid blocking";
         while (framesToFlushFromSource) {
             const size_t flushSize = std::min(framesToFlushFromSource, flushBufferSizeFrames);
             framesToFlushFromSource -= flushSize;
@@ -247,7 +231,12 @@
             source->read(flushBuffer, flushSize);
         }
     }
+    availableToWrite = sink->availableToWrite();
 
+    if (!shouldBlockWrite && frameCount > availableToWrite) {
+        // Truncate the request to avoid blocking.
+        frameCount = availableToWrite;
+    }
     ssize_t writtenFrames = sink->write(buffer, frameCount);
     if (writtenFrames < 0) {
         if (writtenFrames == (ssize_t)::android::NEGOTIATE) {
@@ -261,7 +250,6 @@
             writtenFrames = sink->write(buffer, frameCount);
         }
     }
-    sink.clear();
 
     if (writtenFrames < 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed writing to pipe with " << writtenFrames;
@@ -286,8 +274,9 @@
         } else {
             LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Read errors " << readErrorCount;
         }
-        const size_t delayUs = static_cast<size_t>(
-                std::roundf(frameCount * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mStreamConfig.sampleRate));
+        const auto delayUs = getDelayInUsForFrameCount(frameCount);
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": no source, ignoring the read, sleeping for " << delayUs
+                   << " us";
         usleep(delayUs);
         memset(buffer, 0, mStreamConfig.frameSize * frameCount);
         *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
@@ -296,7 +285,7 @@
 
     // read the data from the pipe
     int attempts = 0;
-    const size_t delayUs = static_cast<size_t>(std::roundf(kReadAttemptSleepUs));
+    const long delayUs = kReadAttemptSleepUs;
     char* buff = (char*)buffer;
     size_t remainingFrames = frameCount;
     int availableToRead = source->availableToRead();
@@ -313,11 +302,12 @@
             buff += framesRead * mStreamConfig.frameSize;
             availableToRead -= framesRead;
             LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": (attempts = " << attempts << ") got " << framesRead
-                         << " frames, remaining=" << remainingFrames;
+                         << " frames, remaining =" << remainingFrames;
         } else {
             attempts++;
             LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": read returned " << framesRead
-                         << " , read failure attempts = " << attempts;
+                         << " , read failure attempts = " << attempts << ", sleeping for "
+                         << delayUs << " us";
             usleep(delayUs);
         }
     }
@@ -337,18 +327,18 @@
     // compute how much we need to sleep after reading the data by comparing the wall clock with
     //   the projected time at which we should return.
     // wall clock after reading from the pipe
-    auto recordDurationUs = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - mCurrentRoute->getRecordStartTime();
+    auto recordDurationUs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+            std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - mCurrentRoute->getRecordStartTime());
 
     // readCounterFrames contains the number of frames that have been read since the beginning of
     // recording (including this call): it's converted to usec and compared to how long we've been
     // recording for, which gives us how long we must wait to sync the projected recording time, and
     // the observed recording time.
-    const int projectedVsObservedOffsetUs =
-            std::roundf((readCounterFrames * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mStreamConfig.sampleRate) -
-                        recordDurationUs.count());
+    const long projectedVsObservedOffsetUs =
+            getDelayInUsForFrameCount(readCounterFrames) - recordDurationUs.count();
 
     LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": record duration " << recordDurationUs.count()
-                 << " microseconds, will wait: " << projectedVsObservedOffsetUs << " microseconds";
+                 << " us, will wait: " << projectedVsObservedOffsetUs << " us";
     if (projectedVsObservedOffsetUs > 0) {
         usleep(projectedVsObservedOffsetUs);
     }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
index 1a98df2..92b95e9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
@@ -14,16 +14,19 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
 #include <mutex>
 
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <audio_utils/clock.h>
 
 #include <media/nbaio/MonoPipe.h>
 #include <media/nbaio/MonoPipeReader.h>
 
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioChannelLayout.h>
-
-#include "core-impl/Stream.h"
+#include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioFormatDescription.h>
 
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
@@ -36,9 +39,13 @@
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::r_submix {
 
 static constexpr int kDefaultSampleRateHz = 48000;
-// Size at default sample rate
-// NOTE: This value will be rounded up to the nearest power of 2 by MonoPipe().
-static constexpr int kDefaultPipeSizeInFrames = (1024 * 4);
+// Value used to divide the MonoPipe buffer into segments that are written to the source and
+// read from the sink. The maximum latency of the device is the size of the MonoPipe's buffer
+// the minimum latency is the MonoPipe buffer size divided by this value.
+static constexpr int kDefaultPipePeriodCount = 4;
+// Size at the default sample rate
+// NOTE: This value will be rounded up to the nearest power of 2 by MonoPipe.
+static constexpr int kDefaultPipeSizeInFrames = 1024 * kDefaultPipePeriodCount;
 
 // Configuration of the audio stream.
 struct AudioConfig {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
index 660a51e..2422fe4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamStub::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
-                                         int32_t* latencyMs) {
+                                         int32_t*) {
     if (!mIsInitialized) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
     }
@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@
         }
     }
     *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
-    *latencyMs = Module::kLatencyMs;
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/AudioHalBinderServiceUtil.h b/audio/aidl/vts/AudioHalBinderServiceUtil.h
index b4b4632..4ebc1b1 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/AudioHalBinderServiceUtil.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/AudioHalBinderServiceUtil.h
@@ -42,20 +42,9 @@
 
     ndk::SpAIBinder restartService(
             std::chrono::milliseconds timeoutMs = std::chrono::milliseconds(3000)) {
-        mDeathHandler.reset(new AidlDeathRecipient(mBinder));
-        if (STATUS_OK != mDeathHandler->linkToDeath()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "linkToDeath failed";
-            return nullptr;
+        if (!stopService(timeoutMs)) {
+            return {};
         }
-        if (!android::base::SetProperty("sys.audio.restart.hal", "1")) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "SetProperty failed";
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        if (!mDeathHandler->waitForFired(timeoutMs)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Timeout wait for death";
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        mDeathHandler.reset();
         return connectToService(mServiceName);
     }
 
@@ -71,8 +60,7 @@
 
         bool waitForFired(std::chrono::milliseconds timeoutMs) {
             std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-            condition.wait_for(lock, timeoutMs, [this]() { return fired; });
-            return fired;
+            return condition.wait_for(lock, timeoutMs, [this]() { return fired; });
         }
 
       private:
@@ -94,7 +82,23 @@
         }
     };
 
+    bool stopService(std::chrono::milliseconds timeoutMs) {
+        AidlDeathRecipient deathHandler(mBinder);
+        if (STATUS_OK != deathHandler.linkToDeath()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "linkToDeath failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!android::base::SetProperty("sys.audio.restart.hal", "1")) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "SetProperty failed";
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!deathHandler.waitForFired(timeoutMs)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Timeout wait for death of " << mServiceName;
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     std::string mServiceName;
     ndk::SpAIBinder mBinder;
-    std::unique_ptr<AidlDeathRecipient> mDeathHandler;
 };
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp
index 8f19547..a633d83 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp
@@ -67,20 +67,7 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>
-ModuleConfig::getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(const std::vector<AudioDeviceType>& deviceTypes,
-                                          const std::string& connection) {
-    return getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(mPorts, deviceTypes, connection);
-}
-
 // static
-std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getBuiltInMicPorts(
-        const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>& ports) {
-    return getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
-            ports, std::vector<AudioDeviceType>{AudioDeviceType::IN_MICROPHONE,
-                                                AudioDeviceType::IN_MICROPHONE_BACK});
-}
-
 std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>
 ModuleConfig::getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
         const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>& ports,
@@ -100,6 +87,14 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+// static
+std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getBuiltInMicPorts(
+        const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>& ports) {
+    return getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
+            ports, std::vector<AudioDeviceType>{AudioDeviceType::IN_MICROPHONE,
+                                                AudioDeviceType::IN_MICROPHONE_BACK});
+}
+
 template <typename T>
 auto findById(const std::vector<T>& v, int32_t id) {
     return std::find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), [&](const auto& p) { return p.id == id; });
@@ -119,10 +114,7 @@
             } else {
                 mAttachedSinkDevicePorts.insert(port.id);
             }
-        } else if (devicePort.device.type.connection != AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_VIRTUAL
-                   // The "virtual" connection is used for remote submix which is a dynamic
-                   // device but it can be connected and used w/o external hardware.
-                   && port.profiles.empty()) {
+        } else {
             mExternalDevicePorts.insert(port.id);
         }
     }
@@ -141,6 +133,12 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>
+ModuleConfig::getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(const std::vector<AudioDeviceType>& deviceTypes,
+                                          const std::string& connection) const {
+    return getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(mPorts, deviceTypes, connection);
+}
+
 std::vector<AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getConnectedExternalDevicePorts() const {
     std::vector<AudioPort> result;
     std::copy_if(mPorts.begin(), mPorts.end(), std::back_inserter(result), [&](const auto& port) {
@@ -229,6 +227,16 @@
     });
 }
 
+std::vector<AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getRemoteSubmixPorts(bool isInput, bool singlePort) const {
+    AudioDeviceType deviceType = isInput ? AudioDeviceType::IN_SUBMIX : AudioDeviceType::OUT_SUBMIX;
+    auto ports = getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(std::vector<AudioDeviceType>{deviceType},
+                                             AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_VIRTUAL);
+    if (singlePort) {
+        if (!ports.empty()) ports.resize(1);
+    }
+    return ports;
+}
+
 std::vector<AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getConnectedDevicesPortsForMixPort(
         bool isInput, const AudioPortConfig& mixPortConfig) const {
     const auto mixPortIt = findById<AudioPort>(mPorts, mixPortConfig.portId);
@@ -281,19 +289,29 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-std::vector<AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getRoutableMixPortsForDevicePort(const AudioPort& port) const {
-    std::set<int32_t> portIds;
-    for (const auto& route : mRoutes) {
-        if (port.id == route.sinkPortId) {
-            portIds.insert(route.sourcePortIds.begin(), route.sourcePortIds.end());
-        } else if (auto it = std::find(route.sourcePortIds.begin(), route.sourcePortIds.end(),
-                                       port.id);
-                   it != route.sourcePortIds.end()) {
-            portIds.insert(route.sinkPortId);
-        }
-    }
+std::vector<AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getRoutableDevicePortsForMixPort(const AudioPort& port,
+                                                                      bool connectedOnly) const {
+    std::set<int32_t> portIds = findRoutablePortIds(port.id);
     const bool isInput = port.flags.getTag() == AudioIoFlags::input;
-    return findMixPorts(isInput, false /*connectedOnly*/, false /*singlePort*/,
+    std::set<int32_t> devicePortIds;
+    if (connectedOnly) {
+        devicePortIds = isInput ? getConnectedSourceDevicePorts() : getConnectedSinkDevicePorts();
+    } else {
+        devicePortIds = portIds;
+    }
+    std::vector<AudioPort> result;
+    std::copy_if(mPorts.begin(), mPorts.end(), std::back_inserter(result), [&](const auto& port) {
+        return port.ext.getTag() == AudioPortExt::Tag::device && portIds.count(port.id) > 0 &&
+               devicePortIds.count(port.id) > 0;
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::vector<AudioPort> ModuleConfig::getRoutableMixPortsForDevicePort(const AudioPort& port,
+                                                                      bool connectedOnly) const {
+    std::set<int32_t> portIds = findRoutablePortIds(port.id);
+    const bool isInput = port.flags.getTag() == AudioIoFlags::input;
+    return findMixPorts(isInput, connectedOnly, false /*singlePort*/,
                         [&portIds](const AudioPort& p) { return portIds.count(p.id) > 0; });
 }
 
@@ -470,6 +488,20 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+std::set<int32_t> ModuleConfig::findRoutablePortIds(int32_t portId) const {
+    std::set<int32_t> portIds;
+    for (const auto& route : mRoutes) {
+        if (portId == route.sinkPortId) {
+            portIds.insert(route.sourcePortIds.begin(), route.sourcePortIds.end());
+        } else if (auto it = std::find(route.sourcePortIds.begin(), route.sourcePortIds.end(),
+                                       portId);
+                   it != route.sourcePortIds.end()) {
+            portIds.insert(route.sinkPortId);
+        }
+    }
+    return portIds;
+}
+
 std::vector<AudioPortConfig> ModuleConfig::generateAudioMixPortConfigs(
         const std::vector<AudioPort>& ports, bool isInput, bool singleProfile) const {
     std::vector<AudioPortConfig> result;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h
index b89adc0..4a87f8c 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h
@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@
     generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(
             const aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig& portConfig);
 
-    std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
-            const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType>& deviceTypes,
-            const std::string& connection = "");
     static std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
             const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>& ports,
             const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType>& deviceTypes,
@@ -53,6 +50,9 @@
     std::string getError() const { return mStatus.getMessage(); }
 
     std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getAttachedDevicePorts() const;
+    std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
+            const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType>& deviceTypes,
+            const std::string& connection = "") const;
     std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getConnectedExternalDevicePorts()
             const;
     std::set<int32_t> getConnectedSinkDevicePorts() const;
@@ -85,6 +85,8 @@
     std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getMmapInMixPorts(
             bool connectedOnly /*Permanently attached and connected external devices*/,
             bool singlePort) const;
+    std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getRemoteSubmixPorts(
+            bool isInput, bool singlePort) const;
 
     std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getConnectedDevicesPortsForMixPort(
             bool isInput, const aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort& mixPort) const {
@@ -103,8 +105,12 @@
     std::optional<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>
     getSourceMixPortForConnectedDevice() const;
 
+    std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getRoutableDevicePortsForMixPort(
+            const aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort& port,
+            bool connectedOnly /*Permanently attached and connected external devices*/) const;
     std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getRoutableMixPortsForDevicePort(
-            const aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort& port) const;
+            const aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort& port,
+            bool connectedOnly /*Permanently attached and connected external devices*/) const;
 
     std::optional<SrcSinkPair> getNonRoutableSrcSinkPair(bool isInput) const;
     std::optional<SrcSinkPair> getRoutableSrcSinkPair(bool isInput) const;
@@ -176,6 +182,7 @@
             bool isInput, bool connectedOnly, bool singlePort,
             const std::function<bool(const aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort&)>& pred)
             const;
+    std::set<int32_t> findRoutablePortIds(int32_t portId) const;
     std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig> generateAudioMixPortConfigs(
             const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>& ports, bool isInput,
             bool singleProfile) const;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/TestUtils.h b/audio/aidl/vts/TestUtils.h
index 191e980..e9f3251 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/TestUtils.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/TestUtils.h
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <initializer_list>
-#include <iostream>
 
 #include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -93,4 +92,4 @@
         if ((flags).hwAcceleratorMode == Flags::HardwareAccelerator::TUNNEL || (flags).bypass) { \
             GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip data path for offload";                                        \
         }                                                                                        \
-    })
\ No newline at end of file
+    })
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
index 53e51f4..536bc26 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
@@ -113,10 +113,23 @@
 using ndk::ScopedAStatus;
 
 template <typename T>
-auto findById(std::vector<T>& v, int32_t id) {
+std::set<int32_t> extractIds(const std::vector<T>& v) {
+    std::set<int32_t> ids;
+    std::transform(v.begin(), v.end(), std::inserter(ids, ids.begin()),
+                   [](const auto& entity) { return entity.id; });
+    return ids;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+auto findById(const std::vector<T>& v, int32_t id) {
     return std::find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), [&](const auto& e) { return e.id == id; });
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+auto findAny(const std::vector<T>& v, const std::set<int32_t>& ids) {
+    return std::find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), [&](const auto& e) { return ids.count(e.id) > 0; });
+}
+
 template <typename C>
 std::vector<int32_t> GetNonExistentIds(const C& allIds) {
     if (allIds.empty()) {
@@ -155,8 +168,10 @@
     static int nextId = 0;
     using Tag = AudioDeviceAddress::Tag;
     const auto& deviceDescription = port.ext.get<AudioPortExt::Tag::device>().device.type;
-    AudioDeviceAddress address;
-    if (kPointToPointConnections.count(deviceDescription.connection) == 0) {
+    AudioDeviceAddress address = port.ext.get<AudioPortExt::Tag::device>().device.address;
+    // If the address is already set, do not re-generate.
+    if (address == AudioDeviceAddress() &&
+        kPointToPointConnections.count(deviceDescription.connection) == 0) {
         switch (suggestDeviceAddressTag(deviceDescription)) {
             case Tag::id:
                 address = AudioDeviceAddress::make<Tag::id>(std::to_string(++nextId));
@@ -417,12 +432,14 @@
 // Can be used as a base for any test here, does not depend on the fixture GTest parameters.
 class AudioCoreModuleBase {
   public:
-    // Default buffer sizes are used mostly for negative tests.
-    static constexpr int kDefaultBufferSizeFrames = 256;
+    // Fixed buffer size are used for negative tests only. For any tests involving stream
+    // opening that must success, the minimum buffer size must be obtained from a patch.
+    // This is implemented by the 'StreamFixture' utility class.
+    static constexpr int kNegativeTestBufferSizeFrames = 256;
     static constexpr int kDefaultLargeBufferSizeFrames = 48000;
 
-    void SetUpImpl(const std::string& moduleName) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectToService(moduleName));
+    void SetUpImpl(const std::string& moduleName, bool setUpDebug = true) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectToService(moduleName, setUpDebug));
         ASSERT_IS_OK(module->getAudioPorts(&initialPorts));
         ASSERT_IS_OK(module->getAudioRoutes(&initialRoutes));
     }
@@ -439,21 +456,26 @@
                 << "The list of audio routes was not restored to the initial state";
     }
 
-    void ConnectToService(const std::string& moduleName) {
+    void ConnectToService(const std::string& moduleName, bool setUpDebug) {
         ASSERT_EQ(module, nullptr);
         ASSERT_EQ(debug, nullptr);
         module = IModule::fromBinder(binderUtil.connectToService(moduleName));
         ASSERT_NE(module, nullptr);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
+        if (setUpDebug) {
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
+        }
     }
 
     void RestartService() {
         ASSERT_NE(module, nullptr);
         moduleConfig.reset();
+        const bool setUpDebug = !!debug;
         debug.reset();
         module = IModule::fromBinder(binderUtil.restartService());
         ASSERT_NE(module, nullptr);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
+        if (setUpDebug) {
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
+        }
     }
 
     void SetUpDebug() {
@@ -493,9 +515,7 @@
                          const std::string& errorMessage) {
         std::vector<Entity> entities;
         { ASSERT_IS_OK((module.get()->*getter)(&entities)); }
-        std::transform(entities.begin(), entities.end(),
-                       std::inserter(*entityIds, entityIds->begin()),
-                       [](const auto& entity) { return entity.id; });
+        *entityIds = extractIds<Entity>(entities);
         EXPECT_EQ(entities.size(), entityIds->size()) << errorMessage;
     }
 
@@ -1112,6 +1132,7 @@
 template <typename T>
 struct IOTraits {
     static constexpr bool is_input = std::is_same_v<T, IStreamIn>;
+    static constexpr const char* directionStr = is_input ? "input" : "output";
     using Worker = std::conditional_t<is_input, StreamReader, StreamWriter>;
 };
 
@@ -1143,8 +1164,7 @@
     }
     ScopedAStatus SetUpNoChecks(IModule* module, const AudioPortConfig& portConfig,
                                 long bufferSizeFrames);
-    void SetUp(IModule* module, long bufferSizeFrames) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConfig(module));
+    void SetUpStream(IModule* module, long bufferSizeFrames) {
         ASSERT_IS_OK(SetUpNoChecks(module, bufferSizeFrames)) << "port config id " << getPortId();
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mStream) << "port config id " << getPortId();
         EXPECT_GE(mDescriptor.bufferSizeFrames, bufferSizeFrames)
@@ -1152,6 +1172,10 @@
         mContext.emplace(mDescriptor);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mContext.value().checkIsValid());
     }
+    void SetUp(IModule* module, long bufferSizeFrames) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConfig(module));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpStream(module, bufferSizeFrames));
+    }
     Stream* get() const { return mStream.get(); }
     const StreamContext* getContext() const { return mContext ? &(mContext.value()) : nullptr; }
     StreamEventReceiver* getEventReceiver() { return mStreamCallback->getEventReceiver(); }
@@ -1291,6 +1315,9 @@
     }
     int32_t getId() const { return mPatch.id; }
     const AudioPatch& get() const { return mPatch; }
+    int32_t getMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames() const {
+        return mPatch.minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames;
+    }
     const AudioPortConfig& getSinkPortConfig() const { return mSinkPortConfig.get(); }
     const AudioPortConfig& getSrcPortConfig() const { return mSrcPortConfig.get(); }
     const AudioPortConfig& getPortConfig(bool getSink) const {
@@ -1503,8 +1530,8 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(portConnected.get(), connectedPort);
         const auto& portProfiles = connectedPort.profiles;
         if (portProfiles.empty()) {
-            const auto routableMixPorts =
-                    moduleConfig->getRoutableMixPortsForDevicePort(connectedPort);
+            const auto routableMixPorts = moduleConfig->getRoutableMixPortsForDevicePort(
+                    connectedPort, true /*connectedOnly*/);
             bool hasMixPortWithStaticProfile = false;
             for (const auto& mixPort : routableMixPorts) {
                 const auto& mixPortProfiles = mixPort.profiles;
@@ -1545,7 +1572,7 @@
         {
             aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenInputStreamArguments args;
             args.portConfigId = portConfigId;
-            args.bufferSizeFrames = kDefaultBufferSizeFrames;
+            args.bufferSizeFrames = kNegativeTestBufferSizeFrames;
             aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenInputStreamReturn ret;
             EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, module->openInputStream(args, &ret))
                     << "port config ID " << portConfigId;
@@ -1554,7 +1581,7 @@
         {
             aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamArguments args;
             args.portConfigId = portConfigId;
-            args.bufferSizeFrames = kDefaultBufferSizeFrames;
+            args.bufferSizeFrames = kNegativeTestBufferSizeFrames;
             aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamReturn ret;
             EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, module->openOutputStream(args, &ret))
                     << "port config ID " << portConfigId;
@@ -1717,6 +1744,10 @@
     doNotSimulateConnections.flags().simulateDeviceConnections = false;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(doNotSimulateConnections.SetUp(module.get()));
     for (const auto& port : ports) {
+        // Virtual devices may not require external hardware and thus can always be connected.
+        if (port.ext.get<AudioPortExt::device>().device.type.connection ==
+            AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_VIRTUAL)
+            continue;
         AudioPort portWithData = GenerateUniqueDeviceAddress(port), connectedPort;
         ScopedAStatus status = module->connectExternalDevice(portWithData, &connectedPort);
         EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE, status) << "static port " << portWithData.toString();
@@ -2563,6 +2594,260 @@
     std::vector<std::string> mStatuses;
 };
 
+// A helper which sets up necessary HAL structures for a proper stream initialization.
+//
+// The full sequence of actions to set up a stream is as follows:
+//
+//  device port -> connect if necessary -> set up port config   | -> set up patch
+//  mix port -> set up port config, unless it has been provided |
+//
+//  then, from the patch, figure out the minimum HAL buffer size -> set up stream
+//
+// This sequence is reflected in the order of fields declaration.
+// Various tests need to be able to start and stop at various point in this sequence,
+// this is why there are methods that do just part of the work.
+//
+// Note: To maximize test coverage, this class relies on simulation of external device
+// connections by the HAL module.
+template <typename Stream>
+class StreamFixture {
+  public:
+    // Tests might need to override the direction.
+    StreamFixture(bool isInput = IOTraits<Stream>::is_input) : mIsInput(isInput) {}
+
+    void SetUpPortConfigAnyMixPort(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                   bool connectedOnly) {
+        const auto mixPorts = moduleConfig->getMixPorts(mIsInput, connectedOnly);
+        mSkipTestReason = "No mix ports";
+        for (const auto& mixPort : mixPorts) {
+            mSkipTestReason = "";
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConfigForMixPortOrConfig(module, moduleConfig, mixPort,
+                                                                      connectedOnly));
+            if (mSkipTestReason.empty()) break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void SetUpPortConfigForMixPortOrConfig(
+            IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig, const AudioPort& initialMixPort,
+            bool connectedOnly, const std::optional<AudioPortConfig>& mixPortConfig = {}) {
+        if (mixPortConfig.has_value() && !connectedOnly) {
+            // Connecting an external device may cause change in mix port profiles and the provided
+            // config may become invalid.
+            LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": when specifying a mix port config, it is not allowed "
+                       << "to change connected devices, thus `connectedOnly` must be `true`";
+        }
+        std::optional<AudioPort> connectedDevicePort;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDevicePortForMixPort(module, moduleConfig, initialMixPort,
+                                                          connectedOnly, &connectedDevicePort));
+        if (!mSkipTestReason.empty()) return;
+        if (mixPortConfig.has_value()) {
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                    SetUpPortConfig(module, moduleConfig, *mixPortConfig, *connectedDevicePort));
+        } else {
+            // If an external device was connected, the profiles of the mix port might have changed.
+            AudioPort mixPort;
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(module->getAudioPort(initialMixPort.id, &mixPort));
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                    SetUpPortConfig(module, moduleConfig, mixPort, *connectedDevicePort));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void SetUpPortConfig(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig, const AudioPort& mixPort,
+                         const AudioPort& devicePort) {
+        auto mixPortConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(mIsInput, mixPort);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mixPortConfig.has_value())
+                << "Unable to generate port config for mix port " << mixPort.toString();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConfig(module, moduleConfig, *mixPortConfig, devicePort));
+    }
+    void SetUpPortConfig(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                         const AudioPortConfig& mixPortConfig, const AudioPort& devicePort) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPatch(module, moduleConfig, mixPortConfig, devicePort));
+        mStream = std::make_unique<WithStream<Stream>>(mMixPortConfig->get());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mStream->SetUpPortConfig(module));
+    }
+
+    ScopedAStatus SetUpStreamNoChecks(IModule* module) {
+        return mStream->SetUpNoChecks(module, getMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames());
+    }
+    void SetUpStream(IModule* module) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mStream->SetUpStream(module, getMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames()));
+    }
+
+    void SetUpStreamForDevicePort(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                  const AudioPort& devicePort, bool connectedOnly = false) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                SetUpPortConfigForDevicePort(module, moduleConfig, devicePort, connectedOnly));
+        if (!mSkipTestReason.empty()) return;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpStream(module));
+    }
+    void SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                  bool connectedOnly = false) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConfigAnyMixPort(module, moduleConfig, connectedOnly));
+        if (!mSkipTestReason.empty()) return;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpStream(module));
+    }
+    void SetUpStreamForMixPort(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                               const AudioPort& mixPort, bool connectedOnly = false) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                SetUpPortConfigForMixPortOrConfig(module, moduleConfig, mixPort, connectedOnly));
+        if (!mSkipTestReason.empty()) return;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpStream(module));
+    }
+    void SetUpStreamForPortsPair(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                 const AudioPort& mixPort, const AudioPort& devicePort) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConfig(module, moduleConfig, mixPort, devicePort));
+        if (!mSkipTestReason.empty()) return;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpStream(module));
+    }
+    void SetUpStreamForMixPortConfig(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                     const AudioPortConfig& mixPortConfig) {
+        // Since mix port configs may change after connecting an external device,
+        // only connected device ports are considered.
+        constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+        const auto& ports = moduleConfig->getMixPorts(mIsInput, connectedOnly);
+        const auto mixPortIt = findById<AudioPort>(ports, mixPortConfig.portId);
+        ASSERT_NE(mixPortIt, ports.end()) << "Port id " << mixPortConfig.portId << " not found";
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConfigForMixPortOrConfig(module, moduleConfig, *mixPortIt,
+                                                                  connectedOnly, mixPortConfig));
+        if (!mSkipTestReason.empty()) return;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpStream(module));
+    }
+    void SetUpPatchForMixPortConfig(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                    const AudioPortConfig& mixPortConfig) {
+        constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+        const auto& ports = moduleConfig->getMixPorts(mIsInput, connectedOnly);
+        const auto mixPortIt = findById<AudioPort>(ports, mixPortConfig.portId);
+        ASSERT_NE(mixPortIt, ports.end()) << "Port id " << mixPortConfig.portId << " not found";
+        std::optional<AudioPort> connectedDevicePort;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDevicePortForMixPort(module, moduleConfig, *mixPortIt,
+                                                          connectedOnly, &connectedDevicePort));
+        if (!mSkipTestReason.empty()) return;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                SetUpPatch(module, moduleConfig, mixPortConfig, *connectedDevicePort));
+    }
+
+    void ReconnectPatch(IModule* module) {
+        mPatch = std::make_unique<WithAudioPatch>(mIsInput, mMixPortConfig->get(),
+                                                  mDevicePortConfig->get());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mPatch->SetUp(module));
+    }
+    void TeardownPatch() { mPatch.reset(); }
+    // Assuming that the patch is set up, while the stream isn't yet,
+    // tear the patch down and set up stream.
+    void TeardownPatchSetUpStream(IModule* module) {
+        const int32_t bufferSize = getMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TeardownPatch());
+        mStream = std::make_unique<WithStream<Stream>>(mMixPortConfig->get());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mStream->SetUpPortConfig(module));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mStream->SetUpStream(module, bufferSize));
+    }
+
+    const AudioDevice& getDevice() const { return mDevice; }
+    int32_t getMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames() const {
+        return mPatch->getMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames();
+    }
+    const AudioPatch& getPatch() const { return mPatch->get(); }
+    const AudioPortConfig& getPortConfig() const { return mMixPortConfig->get(); }
+    int32_t getPortId() const { return mMixPortConfig->getId(); }
+    Stream* getStream() const { return mStream->get(); }
+    const StreamContext* getStreamContext() const { return mStream->getContext(); }
+    StreamEventReceiver* getStreamEventReceiver() { return mStream->getEventReceiver(); }
+    std::shared_ptr<Stream> getStreamSharedPointer() const { return mStream->getSharedPointer(); }
+    const std::string& skipTestReason() const { return mSkipTestReason; }
+
+  private:
+    void SetUpDevicePort(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                         const std::set<int32_t>& devicePortIds, bool connectedOnly,
+                         std::optional<AudioPort>* connectedDevicePort) {
+        const auto attachedDevicePorts = moduleConfig->getAttachedDevicePorts();
+        if (auto it = findAny<AudioPort>(attachedDevicePorts, devicePortIds);
+            it != attachedDevicePorts.end()) {
+            *connectedDevicePort = *it;
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": found attached port " << it->toString();
+        }
+        const auto connectedDevicePorts = moduleConfig->getConnectedExternalDevicePorts();
+        if (auto it = findAny<AudioPort>(connectedDevicePorts, devicePortIds);
+            it != connectedDevicePorts.end()) {
+            *connectedDevicePort = *it;
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": found connected port " << it->toString();
+        }
+        if (!connectedOnly && !connectedDevicePort->has_value()) {
+            const auto externalDevicePorts = moduleConfig->getExternalDevicePorts();
+            if (auto it = findAny<AudioPort>(externalDevicePorts, devicePortIds);
+                it != externalDevicePorts.end()) {
+                AudioPort portWithData = GenerateUniqueDeviceAddress(*it);
+                mPortConnected = std::make_unique<WithDevicePortConnectedState>(portWithData);
+                ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mPortConnected->SetUp(module, moduleConfig));
+                *connectedDevicePort = mPortConnected->get();
+                LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": connected port " << mPortConnected->get().toString();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    void SetUpDevicePortForMixPort(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                   const AudioPort& mixPort, bool connectedOnly,
+                                   std::optional<AudioPort>* connectedDevicePort) {
+        const auto devicePorts =
+                moduleConfig->getRoutableDevicePortsForMixPort(mixPort, connectedOnly);
+        if (devicePorts.empty()) {
+            mSkipTestReason = std::string("No routable device ports found for mix port id ")
+                                      .append(std::to_string(mixPort.id));
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": " << mSkipTestReason;
+            return;
+        };
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDevicePort(module, moduleConfig,
+                                                extractIds<AudioPort>(devicePorts), connectedOnly,
+                                                connectedDevicePort));
+        if (!connectedDevicePort->has_value()) {
+            mSkipTestReason = std::string("Unable to find a device port pair for mix port id ")
+                                      .append(std::to_string(mixPort.id));
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": " << mSkipTestReason;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    void SetUpPortConfigForDevicePort(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                                      const AudioPort& devicePort, bool connectedOnly) {
+        std::optional<AudioPort> connectedDevicePort;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDevicePort(module, moduleConfig, {devicePort.id},
+                                                connectedOnly, &connectedDevicePort));
+        if (!connectedDevicePort.has_value()) {
+            mSkipTestReason = std::string("Device port id ")
+                                      .append(std::to_string(devicePort.id))
+                                      .append(" is not attached and can not be connected");
+            return;
+        }
+        const auto mixPorts = moduleConfig->getRoutableMixPortsForDevicePort(
+                *connectedDevicePort, true /*connectedOnly*/);
+        if (mixPorts.empty()) {
+            mSkipTestReason = std::string("No routable mix ports found for device port id ")
+                                      .append(std::to_string(devicePort.id));
+            return;
+        }
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                SetUpPortConfig(module, moduleConfig, *mixPorts.begin(), *connectedDevicePort));
+    }
+    void SetUpPatch(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
+                    const AudioPortConfig& mixPortConfig, const AudioPort& devicePort) {
+        mMixPortConfig = std::make_unique<WithAudioPortConfig>(mixPortConfig);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mMixPortConfig->SetUp(module));
+        mDevicePortConfig = std::make_unique<WithAudioPortConfig>(
+                moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForDevicePort(devicePort));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mDevicePortConfig->SetUp(module));
+        mDevice = devicePort.ext.get<AudioPortExt::device>().device;
+        mPatch = std::make_unique<WithAudioPatch>(mIsInput, mMixPortConfig->get(),
+                                                  mDevicePortConfig->get());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mPatch->SetUp(module));
+    }
+
+    const bool mIsInput;
+    std::string mSkipTestReason;
+    std::unique_ptr<WithDevicePortConnectedState> mPortConnected;
+    AudioDevice mDevice;
+    std::unique_ptr<WithAudioPortConfig> mMixPortConfig;
+    std::unique_ptr<WithAudioPortConfig> mDevicePortConfig;
+    std::unique_ptr<WithAudioPatch> mPatch;
+    std::unique_ptr<WithStream<Stream>> mStream;
+};
+
 template <typename Stream>
 class AudioStream : public AudioCoreModule {
   public:
@@ -2572,16 +2857,15 @@
     }
 
     void GetStreamCommon() {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+        if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
         }
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> streamCommon1;
-        EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon1));
+        EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon1));
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> streamCommon2;
-        EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon2));
+        EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon2));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, streamCommon1);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, streamCommon2);
         EXPECT_EQ(streamCommon1->asBinder(), streamCommon2->asBinder())
@@ -2589,31 +2873,31 @@
     }
 
     void CloseTwice() {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-        }
         std::shared_ptr<Stream> heldStream;
         {
-            WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
-            heldStream = stream.getSharedPointer();
+            StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                    stream.SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+            if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
+            }
+            heldStream = stream.getStreamSharedPointer();
         }
         EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE, WithStream<Stream>::callClose(heldStream))
                 << "when closing the stream twice";
     }
 
     void PrepareToCloseTwice() {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-        }
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> heldStreamCommon;
         {
-            WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+            StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                    stream.SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+            if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
+            }
             std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> streamCommon;
-            ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
+            ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
             heldStreamCommon = streamCommon;
             EXPECT_IS_OK(streamCommon->prepareToClose());
             EXPECT_IS_OK(streamCommon->prepareToClose())
@@ -2626,9 +2910,13 @@
     void OpenAllConfigs() {
         const auto allPortConfigs =
                 moduleConfig->getPortConfigsForMixPorts(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
+        if (allPortConfigs.empty()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix ports for attached devices";
+        }
         for (const auto& portConfig : allPortConfigs) {
-            WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig);
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+            StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPortConfig(
+                    module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), portConfig));
         }
     }
 
@@ -2648,22 +2936,21 @@
 
     void OpenInvalidDirection() {
         // Important! The direction of the port config must be reversed.
-        const auto portConfig =
-                moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(!IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream(!IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpPortConfigAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(),
+                                                                 false /*connectedOnly*/));
+        if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
         }
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpPortConfig(module.get()));
-        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
-                      stream.SetUpNoChecks(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames))
+        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, stream.SetUpStreamNoChecks(module.get()))
                 << "port config ID " << stream.getPortId();
-        EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, stream.get());
+        EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, stream.getStream());
     }
 
     void OpenOverMaxCount() {
+        constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
         constexpr bool isInput = IOTraits<Stream>::is_input;
-        auto ports = moduleConfig->getMixPorts(isInput, true /*connectedOnly*/);
+        auto ports = moduleConfig->getMixPorts(isInput, connectedOnly);
         bool hasSingleRun = false;
         for (const auto& port : ports) {
             const size_t maxStreamCount = port.ext.get<AudioPortExt::Tag::mix>().maxOpenStreamCount;
@@ -2676,16 +2963,16 @@
                 continue;
             }
             hasSingleRun = true;
-            std::optional<WithStream<Stream>> streamWraps[maxStreamCount + 1];
+            StreamFixture<Stream> streams[maxStreamCount + 1];
             for (size_t i = 0; i <= maxStreamCount; ++i) {
-                streamWraps[i].emplace(portConfigs[i]);
-                WithStream<Stream>& stream = streamWraps[i].value();
+                ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streams[i].SetUpPortConfigForMixPortOrConfig(
+                        module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), port, connectedOnly, portConfigs[i]));
+                ASSERT_EQ("", streams[i].skipTestReason());
+                auto& stream = streams[i];
                 if (i < maxStreamCount) {
-                    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+                    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStream(module.get()));
                 } else {
-                    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpPortConfig(module.get()));
-                    EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE,
-                                  stream.SetUpNoChecks(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames))
+                    EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE, stream.SetUpStreamNoChecks(module.get()))
                             << "port config ID " << stream.getPortId() << ", maxOpenStreamCount is "
                             << maxStreamCount;
                 }
@@ -2705,12 +2992,11 @@
     }
 
     void ResetPortConfigWithOpenStream() {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+        if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
         }
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
         EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE, module->resetAudioPortConfig(stream.getPortId()))
                 << "port config ID " << stream.getPortId();
     }
@@ -2724,14 +3010,13 @@
     }
 
     void UpdateHwAvSyncId() {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+        if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
         }
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> streamCommon;
-        ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
+        ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, streamCommon);
         const auto kStatuses = {EX_NONE, EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, EX_ILLEGAL_STATE};
         for (const auto id : {-100, -1, 0, 1, 100}) {
@@ -2744,14 +3029,13 @@
     }
 
     void GetVendorParameters() {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+        if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
         }
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> streamCommon;
-        ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
+        ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, streamCommon);
 
         bool isGetterSupported = false;
@@ -2765,14 +3049,13 @@
     }
 
     void SetVendorParameters() {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForAnyMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+        if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
         }
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> streamCommon;
-        ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
+        ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, streamCommon);
 
         bool isSupported = false;
@@ -2783,32 +3066,37 @@
     }
 
     void HwGainHwVolume() {
-        const auto ports =
-                moduleConfig->getMixPorts(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, true /*connectedOnly*/);
+        // Since device connection emulation does not cover complete functionality,
+        // only use this test with connected devices.
+        constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+        const auto ports = moduleConfig->getMixPorts(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, connectedOnly);
         if (ports.empty()) {
             GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix ports";
         }
         bool atLeastOneSupports = false;
         for (const auto& port : ports) {
-            const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(true, port);
-            if (!portConfig.has_value()) continue;
-            WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+            SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+            StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(),
+                                                                 port, connectedOnly));
+            if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+            const auto portConfig = stream.getPortConfig();
+            SCOPED_TRACE(portConfig.toString());
             std::vector<std::vector<float>> validValues, invalidValues;
             bool isSupported = false;
             if constexpr (IOTraits<Stream>::is_input) {
-                GenerateTestArrays<float>(getChannelCount(portConfig.value().channelMask.value()),
+                GenerateTestArrays<float>(getChannelCount(portConfig.channelMask.value()),
                                           IStreamIn::HW_GAIN_MIN, IStreamIn::HW_GAIN_MAX,
                                           &validValues, &invalidValues);
                 EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestAccessors<std::vector<float>>(
-                        stream.get(), &IStreamIn::getHwGain, &IStreamIn::setHwGain, validValues,
-                        invalidValues, &isSupported));
+                        stream.getStream(), &IStreamIn::getHwGain, &IStreamIn::setHwGain,
+                        validValues, invalidValues, &isSupported));
             } else {
-                GenerateTestArrays<float>(getChannelCount(portConfig.value().channelMask.value()),
+                GenerateTestArrays<float>(getChannelCount(portConfig.channelMask.value()),
                                           IStreamOut::HW_VOLUME_MIN, IStreamOut::HW_VOLUME_MAX,
                                           &validValues, &invalidValues);
                 EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestAccessors<std::vector<float>>(
-                        stream.get(), &IStreamOut::getHwVolume, &IStreamOut::setHwVolume,
+                        stream.getStream(), &IStreamOut::getHwVolume, &IStreamOut::setHwVolume,
                         validValues, invalidValues, &isSupported));
             }
             if (isSupported) atLeastOneSupports = true;
@@ -2822,19 +3110,22 @@
     // currently we can only pass a nullptr, and the HAL module must either reject
     // it as an invalid argument, or say that offloaded effects are not supported.
     void AddRemoveEffectInvalidArguments() {
-        const auto ports =
-                moduleConfig->getMixPorts(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, true /*connectedOnly*/);
+        constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+        const auto ports = moduleConfig->getMixPorts(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, connectedOnly);
         if (ports.empty()) {
             GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix ports";
         }
         bool atLeastOneSupports = false;
         for (const auto& port : ports) {
-            const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(true, port);
-            if (!portConfig.has_value()) continue;
-            WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig.value());
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+            SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+            StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(),
+                                                                 port, connectedOnly));
+            if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+            const auto portConfig = stream.getPortConfig();
+            SCOPED_TRACE(portConfig.toString());
             std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> streamCommon;
-            ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
+            ASSERT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getStreamCommon(&streamCommon));
             ASSERT_NE(nullptr, streamCommon);
             ndk::ScopedAStatus addEffectStatus = streamCommon->addEffect(nullptr);
             ndk::ScopedAStatus removeEffectStatus = streamCommon->removeEffect(nullptr);
@@ -2854,11 +3145,14 @@
     }
 
     void OpenTwiceSamePortConfigImpl(const AudioPortConfig& portConfig) {
-        WithStream<Stream> stream1(portConfig);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream1.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream1;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                stream1.SetUpStreamForMixPortConfig(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), portConfig));
+        ASSERT_EQ("", stream1.skipTestReason());
         WithStream<Stream> stream2;
-        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE, stream2.SetUpNoChecks(module.get(), stream1.getPortConfig(),
-                                                              kDefaultBufferSizeFrames))
+        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE,
+                      stream2.SetUpNoChecks(module.get(), stream1.getPortConfig(),
+                                            stream1.getMinimumStreamBufferSizeFrames()))
                 << "when opening a stream twice for the same port config ID "
                 << stream1.getPortId();
     }
@@ -2893,11 +3187,13 @@
         for (const auto& seq : sequences) {
             SCOPED_TRACE(std::string("Sequence ").append(seq.first));
             LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Sequence " << seq.first;
-            WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig);
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+            StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPortConfig(
+                    module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), portConfig));
+            ASSERT_EQ("", stream.skipTestReason());
             StreamLogicDriverInvalidCommand driver(seq.second);
-            typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker worker(*stream.getContext(), &driver,
-                                                     stream.getEventReceiver());
+            typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker worker(*stream.getStreamContext(), &driver,
+                                                     stream.getStreamEventReceiver());
             LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": starting worker...";
             ASSERT_TRUE(worker.start());
             LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": joining worker...";
@@ -2950,63 +3246,59 @@
     if (ports.empty()) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "No input mix ports for attached devices";
     }
+    bool atLeastOnePort = false;
     for (const auto& port : ports) {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(true, port);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(portConfig.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for input mix port";
-        WithStream<IStreamIn> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
-        {
-            // The port of the stream is not connected, thus the list of active mics must be empty.
-            std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo> activeMics;
-            EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getActiveMicrophones(&activeMics));
-            EXPECT_TRUE(activeMics.empty()) << "a stream on an unconnected port returns a "
-                                               "non-empty list of active microphones";
+        auto micDevicePorts = ModuleConfig::getBuiltInMicPorts(
+                moduleConfig->getConnectedSourceDevicesPortsForMixPort(port));
+        if (micDevicePorts.empty()) continue;
+        atLeastOnePort = true;
+        SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+        StreamFixture<IStreamIn> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForPortsPair(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(),
+                                                               port, micDevicePorts[0]));
+        if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+        std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo> activeMics;
+        EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getActiveMicrophones(&activeMics));
+        EXPECT_FALSE(activeMics.empty());
+        for (const auto& mic : activeMics) {
+            EXPECT_NE(micInfos.end(),
+                      std::find_if(micInfos.begin(), micInfos.end(),
+                                   [&](const auto& micInfo) { return micInfo.id == mic.id; }))
+                    << "active microphone \"" << mic.id << "\" is not listed in "
+                    << "microphone infos returned by the module: "
+                    << ::android::internal::ToString(micInfos);
+            EXPECT_NE(0UL, mic.channelMapping.size())
+                    << "No channels specified for the microphone \"" << mic.id << "\"";
         }
-        if (auto micDevicePorts = ModuleConfig::getBuiltInMicPorts(
-                    moduleConfig->getConnectedSourceDevicesPortsForMixPort(port));
-            !micDevicePorts.empty()) {
-            auto devicePortConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForDevicePort(micDevicePorts[0]);
-            WithAudioPatch patch(true /*isInput*/, stream.getPortConfig(), devicePortConfig);
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(patch.SetUp(module.get()));
-            std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo> activeMics;
-            EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getActiveMicrophones(&activeMics));
-            EXPECT_FALSE(activeMics.empty());
-            for (const auto& mic : activeMics) {
-                EXPECT_NE(micInfos.end(),
-                          std::find_if(micInfos.begin(), micInfos.end(),
-                                       [&](const auto& micInfo) { return micInfo.id == mic.id; }))
-                        << "active microphone \"" << mic.id << "\" is not listed in "
-                        << "microphone infos returned by the module: "
-                        << ::android::internal::ToString(micInfos);
-                EXPECT_NE(0UL, mic.channelMapping.size())
-                        << "No channels specified for the microphone \"" << mic.id << "\"";
-            }
-        }
-        {
-            // Now the port of the stream is not connected again, re-check that there are no
-            // active microphones.
-            std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo> activeMics;
-            EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.get()->getActiveMicrophones(&activeMics));
-            EXPECT_TRUE(activeMics.empty()) << "a stream on an unconnected port returns a "
-                                               "non-empty list of active microphones";
-        }
+        stream.TeardownPatch();
+        // Now the port of the stream is not connected, check that there are no active microphones.
+        std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo> emptyMics;
+        EXPECT_IS_OK(stream.getStream()->getActiveMicrophones(&emptyMics));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(emptyMics.empty()) << "a stream on an unconnected port returns a "
+                                          "non-empty list of active microphones";
+    }
+    if (!atLeastOnePort) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No input mix ports could be routed to built-in microphone devices";
     }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamIn, MicrophoneDirection) {
     using MD = IStreamIn::MicrophoneDirection;
-    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getInputMixPorts(true /*connectedOnly*/);
+    constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getInputMixPorts(connectedOnly);
     if (ports.empty()) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "No input mix ports for attached devices";
     }
-    bool isSupported = false;
+    bool isSupported = false, atLeastOnePort = false;
     for (const auto& port : ports) {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(true, port);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(portConfig.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for input mix port";
-        WithStream<IStreamIn> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+        StreamFixture<IStreamIn> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), port,
+                                                             connectedOnly));
+        if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+        atLeastOnePort = true;
         EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                TestAccessors<MD>(stream.get(), &IStreamIn::getMicrophoneDirection,
+                TestAccessors<MD>(stream.getStream(), &IStreamIn::getMicrophoneDirection,
                                   &IStreamIn::setMicrophoneDirection,
                                   std::vector<MD>(enum_range<MD>().begin(), enum_range<MD>().end()),
                                   {}, &isSupported));
@@ -3015,21 +3307,27 @@
     if (!isSupported) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Microphone direction is not supported";
     }
+    if (!atLeastOnePort) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No input mix ports could be routed to built-in microphone devices";
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamIn, MicrophoneFieldDimension) {
-    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getInputMixPorts(true /*connectedOnly*/);
+    constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getInputMixPorts(connectedOnly);
     if (ports.empty()) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "No input mix ports for attached devices";
     }
-    bool isSupported = false;
+    bool isSupported = false, atLeastOnePort = false;
     for (const auto& port : ports) {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(true, port);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(portConfig.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for input mix port";
-        WithStream<IStreamIn> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+        StreamFixture<IStreamIn> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), port,
+                                                             connectedOnly));
+        if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+        atLeastOnePort = true;
         EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestAccessors<float>(
-                stream.get(), &IStreamIn::getMicrophoneFieldDimension,
+                stream.getStream(), &IStreamIn::getMicrophoneFieldDimension,
                 &IStreamIn::setMicrophoneFieldDimension,
                 {IStreamIn::MIC_FIELD_DIMENSION_WIDE_ANGLE,
                  IStreamIn::MIC_FIELD_DIMENSION_WIDE_ANGLE / 2.0f,
@@ -3046,6 +3344,9 @@
     if (!isSupported) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Microphone direction is not supported";
     }
+    if (!atLeastOnePort) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No input mix ports could be routed to built-in microphone devices";
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamOut, OpenTwicePrimary) {
@@ -3060,65 +3361,79 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamOut, RequireOffloadInfo) {
+    constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
     const auto offloadMixPorts =
-            moduleConfig->getOffloadMixPorts(true /*connectedOnly*/, true /*singlePort*/);
+            moduleConfig->getOffloadMixPorts(connectedOnly, true /*singlePort*/);
     if (offloadMixPorts.empty()) {
         GTEST_SKIP()
                 << "No mix port for compressed offload that could be routed to attached devices";
     }
-    const auto config = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(false, *offloadMixPorts.begin());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(config.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for the compressed offload mix port";
-    WithAudioPortConfig portConfig(config.value());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(portConfig.SetUp(module.get()));
+    StreamFixture<IStreamOut> stream;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpPortConfigForMixPortOrConfig(
+            module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), *offloadMixPorts.begin(), connectedOnly));
+    if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
+    }
+    const auto portConfig = stream.getPortConfig();
     StreamDescriptor descriptor;
-    std::shared_ptr<IStreamOut> ignored;
     aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamArguments args;
-    args.portConfigId = portConfig.getId();
-    args.sourceMetadata = GenerateSourceMetadata(portConfig.get());
+    args.portConfigId = portConfig.id;
+    args.sourceMetadata = GenerateSourceMetadata(portConfig);
     args.bufferSizeFrames = kDefaultLargeBufferSizeFrames;
     aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamReturn ret;
     EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, module->openOutputStream(args, &ret))
             << "when no offload info is provided for a compressed offload mix port";
+    if (ret.stream != nullptr) {
+        (void)WithStream<IStreamOut>::callClose(ret.stream);
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamOut, RequireAsyncCallback) {
+    constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
     const auto nonBlockingMixPorts =
-            moduleConfig->getNonBlockingMixPorts(true /*connectedOnly*/, true /*singlePort*/);
+            moduleConfig->getNonBlockingMixPorts(connectedOnly, true /*singlePort*/);
     if (nonBlockingMixPorts.empty()) {
         GTEST_SKIP()
                 << "No mix port for non-blocking output that could be routed to attached devices";
     }
-    const auto config =
-            moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(false, *nonBlockingMixPorts.begin());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(config.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for the non-blocking mix port";
-    WithAudioPortConfig portConfig(config.value());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(portConfig.SetUp(module.get()));
+    StreamFixture<IStreamOut> stream;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpPortConfigForMixPortOrConfig(
+            module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), *nonBlockingMixPorts.begin(), connectedOnly));
+    if (auto reason = stream.skipTestReason(); !reason.empty()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << reason;
+    }
+    const auto portConfig = stream.getPortConfig();
     StreamDescriptor descriptor;
-    std::shared_ptr<IStreamOut> ignored;
     aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamArguments args;
-    args.portConfigId = portConfig.getId();
-    args.sourceMetadata = GenerateSourceMetadata(portConfig.get());
-    args.offloadInfo = ModuleConfig::generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(portConfig.get());
-    args.bufferSizeFrames = kDefaultBufferSizeFrames;
+    args.portConfigId = portConfig.id;
+    args.sourceMetadata = GenerateSourceMetadata(portConfig);
+    args.offloadInfo = ModuleConfig::generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(portConfig);
+    args.bufferSizeFrames = stream.getPatch().minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames;
     aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamReturn ret;
     EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, module->openOutputStream(args, &ret))
             << "when no async callback is provided for a non-blocking mix port";
+    if (ret.stream != nullptr) {
+        (void)WithStream<IStreamOut>::callClose(ret.stream);
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamOut, AudioDescriptionMixLevel) {
-    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getOutputMixPorts(true /*connectedOnly*/);
+    constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getOutputMixPorts(connectedOnly);
     if (ports.empty()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports";
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports for attached devices";
     }
-    bool atLeastOneSupports = false;
+    bool atLeastOneSupports = false, atLeastOnePort = false;
     for (const auto& port : ports) {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(false, port);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(portConfig.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for output mix port";
-        WithStream<IStreamOut> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+        StreamFixture<IStreamOut> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), port,
+                                                             connectedOnly));
+        if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+        atLeastOnePort = true;
         bool isSupported = false;
         EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                TestAccessors<float>(stream.get(), &IStreamOut::getAudioDescriptionMixLevel,
+                TestAccessors<float>(stream.getStream(), &IStreamOut::getAudioDescriptionMixLevel,
                                      &IStreamOut::setAudioDescriptionMixLevel,
                                      {IStreamOut::AUDIO_DESCRIPTION_MIX_LEVEL_MAX,
                                       IStreamOut::AUDIO_DESCRIPTION_MIX_LEVEL_MAX - 1, 0,
@@ -3128,48 +3443,60 @@
                                      &isSupported));
         if (isSupported) atLeastOneSupports = true;
     }
+    if (!atLeastOnePort) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports could be routed to devices";
+    }
     if (!atLeastOneSupports) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Audio description mix level is not supported";
     }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamOut, DualMonoMode) {
-    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getOutputMixPorts(true /*connectedOnly*/);
+    constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getOutputMixPorts(connectedOnly);
     if (ports.empty()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports";
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports for attached devices";
     }
-    bool atLeastOneSupports = false;
+    bool atLeastOneSupports = false, atLeastOnePort = false;
     for (const auto& port : ports) {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(false, port);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(portConfig.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for output mix port";
-        WithStream<IStreamOut> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+        StreamFixture<IStreamOut> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), port,
+                                                             connectedOnly));
+        if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+        atLeastOnePort = true;
         bool isSupported = false;
         EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TestAccessors<AudioDualMonoMode>(
-                stream.get(), &IStreamOut::getDualMonoMode, &IStreamOut::setDualMonoMode,
+                stream.getStream(), &IStreamOut::getDualMonoMode, &IStreamOut::setDualMonoMode,
                 std::vector<AudioDualMonoMode>(enum_range<AudioDualMonoMode>().begin(),
                                                enum_range<AudioDualMonoMode>().end()),
                 {}, &isSupported));
         if (isSupported) atLeastOneSupports = true;
     }
+    if (!atLeastOnePort) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports could be routed to devices";
+    }
     if (!atLeastOneSupports) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Audio dual mono mode is not supported";
     }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamOut, LatencyMode) {
-    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getOutputMixPorts(true /*connectedOnly*/);
+    constexpr bool connectedOnly = true;
+    const auto ports = moduleConfig->getOutputMixPorts(connectedOnly);
     if (ports.empty()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports";
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports for attached devices";
     }
-    bool atLeastOneSupports = false;
+    bool atLeastOneSupports = false, atLeastOnePort = false;
     for (const auto& port : ports) {
-        const auto portConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(false, port);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(portConfig.has_value()) << "No profiles specified for output mix port";
-        WithStream<IStreamOut> stream(portConfig.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        SCOPED_TRACE(port.toString());
+        StreamFixture<IStreamOut> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUpStreamForMixPort(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), port,
+                                                             connectedOnly));
+        if (!stream.skipTestReason().empty()) continue;
+        atLeastOnePort = true;
         std::vector<AudioLatencyMode> supportedModes;
-        ndk::ScopedAStatus status = stream.get()->getRecommendedLatencyModes(&supportedModes);
+        ndk::ScopedAStatus status = stream.getStream()->getRecommendedLatencyModes(&supportedModes);
         if (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION) continue;
         atLeastOneSupports = true;
         if (!status.isOk()) {
@@ -3181,7 +3508,7 @@
                                                     enum_range<AudioLatencyMode>().end());
         for (const auto mode : supportedModes) {
             unsupportedModes.erase(mode);
-            ndk::ScopedAStatus status = stream.get()->setLatencyMode(mode);
+            ndk::ScopedAStatus status = stream.getStream()->setLatencyMode(mode);
             if (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION) {
                 ADD_FAILURE() << "When latency modes are supported, both getRecommendedLatencyModes"
                               << " and setLatencyMode must be supported";
@@ -3189,12 +3516,15 @@
             EXPECT_IS_OK(status) << "Setting of supported latency mode must succeed";
         }
         for (const auto mode : unsupportedModes) {
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, stream.get()->setLatencyMode(mode));
+            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, stream.getStream()->setLatencyMode(mode));
         }
     }
     if (!atLeastOneSupports) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Audio latency modes are not supported";
     }
+    if (!atLeastOnePort) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No output mix ports could be routed to devices";
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioStreamOut, PlaybackRate) {
@@ -3496,29 +3826,22 @@
         }
     }
 
-    bool ValidateObservablePosition(const AudioPortConfig& devicePortConfig) {
-        return !isTelephonyDeviceType(
-                devicePortConfig.ext.get<AudioPortExt::Tag::device>().device.type.type);
+    bool ValidateObservablePosition(const AudioDevice& device) {
+        return !isTelephonyDeviceType(device.type.type);
     }
 
     // Set up a patch first, then open a stream.
     void RunStreamIoCommandsImplSeq1(const AudioPortConfig& portConfig,
                                      std::shared_ptr<StateSequence> commandsAndStates,
                                      bool validatePositionIncrease) {
-        auto devicePorts = moduleConfig->getConnectedDevicesPortsForMixPort(
-                IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, portConfig);
-        ASSERT_FALSE(devicePorts.empty());
-        auto devicePortConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForDevicePort(devicePorts[0]);
-        SCOPED_TRACE(devicePortConfig.toString());
-        WithAudioPatch patch(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, portConfig, devicePortConfig);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(patch.SetUp(module.get()));
-
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(patch.getPortConfig(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input));
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                stream.SetUpStreamForMixPortConfig(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), portConfig));
+        ASSERT_EQ("", stream.skipTestReason());
         StreamLogicDefaultDriver driver(commandsAndStates,
-                                        stream.getContext()->getFrameSizeBytes());
-        typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker worker(*stream.getContext(), &driver,
-                                                 stream.getEventReceiver());
+                                        stream.getStreamContext()->getFrameSizeBytes());
+        typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker worker(*stream.getStreamContext(), &driver,
+                                                 stream.getStreamEventReceiver());
 
         LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": starting worker...";
         ASSERT_TRUE(worker.start());
@@ -3526,7 +3849,7 @@
         worker.join();
         EXPECT_FALSE(worker.hasError()) << worker.getError();
         EXPECT_EQ("", driver.getUnexpectedStateTransition());
-        if (ValidateObservablePosition(devicePortConfig)) {
+        if (ValidateObservablePosition(stream.getDevice())) {
             if (validatePositionIncrease) {
                 EXPECT_TRUE(driver.hasObservablePositionIncrease());
             }
@@ -3534,24 +3857,21 @@
         }
     }
 
-    // Open a stream, then set up a patch for it.
+    // Open a stream, then set up a patch for it. Since first it is needed to get
+    // the minimum buffer size, a preliminary patch is set up, then removed.
     void RunStreamIoCommandsImplSeq2(const AudioPortConfig& portConfig,
                                      std::shared_ptr<StateSequence> commandsAndStates,
                                      bool validatePositionIncrease) {
-        WithStream<Stream> stream(portConfig);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.SetUp(module.get(), kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
+        StreamFixture<Stream> stream;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                stream.SetUpPatchForMixPortConfig(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), portConfig));
+        ASSERT_EQ("", stream.skipTestReason());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.TeardownPatchSetUpStream(module.get()));
         StreamLogicDefaultDriver driver(commandsAndStates,
-                                        stream.getContext()->getFrameSizeBytes());
-        typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker worker(*stream.getContext(), &driver,
-                                                 stream.getEventReceiver());
-
-        auto devicePorts = moduleConfig->getConnectedDevicesPortsForMixPort(
-                IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, portConfig);
-        ASSERT_FALSE(devicePorts.empty());
-        auto devicePortConfig = moduleConfig->getSingleConfigForDevicePort(devicePorts[0]);
-        SCOPED_TRACE(devicePortConfig.toString());
-        WithAudioPatch patch(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, stream.getPortConfig(), devicePortConfig);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(patch.SetUp(module.get()));
+                                        stream.getStreamContext()->getFrameSizeBytes());
+        typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker worker(*stream.getStreamContext(), &driver,
+                                                 stream.getStreamEventReceiver());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stream.ReconnectPatch(module.get()));
 
         LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": starting worker...";
         ASSERT_TRUE(worker.start());
@@ -3559,7 +3879,7 @@
         worker.join();
         EXPECT_FALSE(worker.hasError()) << worker.getError();
         EXPECT_EQ("", driver.getUnexpectedStateTransition());
-        if (ValidateObservablePosition(devicePortConfig)) {
+        if (ValidateObservablePosition(stream.getDevice())) {
             if (validatePositionIncrease) {
                 EXPECT_TRUE(driver.hasObservablePositionIncrease());
             }
@@ -4253,191 +4573,154 @@
     explicit WithRemoteSubmix(AudioDeviceAddress address) : mAddress(address) {}
     WithRemoteSubmix(const WithRemoteSubmix&) = delete;
     WithRemoteSubmix& operator=(const WithRemoteSubmix&) = delete;
+
     static std::optional<AudioPort> getRemoteSubmixAudioPort(
             ModuleConfig* moduleConfig,
             const std::optional<AudioDeviceAddress>& address = std::nullopt) {
-        AudioDeviceType deviceType = IOTraits<Stream>::is_input ? AudioDeviceType::IN_SUBMIX
-                                                                : AudioDeviceType::OUT_SUBMIX;
-        auto ports = moduleConfig->getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
-                std::vector<AudioDeviceType>{deviceType},
-                AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_VIRTUAL);
+        auto ports =
+                moduleConfig->getRemoteSubmixPorts(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, true /*singlePort*/);
         if (ports.empty()) return {};
         AudioPort port = ports.front();
         if (address) {
             port.ext.template get<AudioPortExt::Tag::device>().device.address = address.value();
-        } else {
-            port = GenerateUniqueDeviceAddress(port);
         }
         return port;
     }
-    std::optional<AudioDeviceAddress> getAudioDeviceAddress() const { return mAddress; }
-    void SetUp(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig, const AudioPort& connectedPort) {
-        mModule = module;
-        mModuleConfig = moduleConfig;
 
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupPatch(connectedPort));
-        if (!mSkipTest) {
-            // open stream
-            mStream = std::make_unique<WithStream<Stream>>(
-                    mPatch->getPortConfig(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input));
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                    mStream->SetUp(mModule, AudioCoreModuleBase::kDefaultBufferSizeFrames));
-        }
-        mAddress = connectedPort.ext.template get<AudioPortExt::Tag::device>().device.address;
-    }
     void SetUp(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpPortConnection(module, moduleConfig));
-        SetUp(module, moduleConfig, mConnectedPort->get());
+        auto devicePort = getRemoteSubmixAudioPort(moduleConfig, mAddress);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(devicePort.has_value()) << "Device port for remote submix device not found";
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUp(module, moduleConfig, *devicePort));
     }
-    void sendBurstCommands() {
-        const StreamContext* context = mStream->getContext();
-        StreamLogicDefaultDriver driver(makeBurstCommands(true), context->getFrameSizeBytes());
-        typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker worker(*context, &driver, mStream->getEventReceiver());
 
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": starting worker...";
-        ASSERT_TRUE(worker.start());
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": joining worker...";
-        worker.join();
-        EXPECT_FALSE(worker.hasError()) << worker.getError();
-        EXPECT_EQ("", driver.getUnexpectedStateTransition());
-        if (IOTraits<Stream>::is_input) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(driver.hasObservablePositionIncrease());
-        }
-        EXPECT_FALSE(driver.hasRetrogradeObservablePosition());
+    void SendBurstCommandsStartWorker() {
+        const StreamContext* context = mStream->getStreamContext();
+        mWorkerDriver = std::make_unique<StreamLogicDefaultDriver>(makeBurstCommands(true),
+                                                                   context->getFrameSizeBytes());
+        mWorker = std::make_unique<typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker>(
+                *context, mWorkerDriver.get(), mStream->getStreamEventReceiver());
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": starting " << IOTraits<Stream>::directionStr << " worker...";
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mWorker->start());
     }
-    bool skipTest() const { return mSkipTest; }
+
+    void SendBurstCommandsJoinWorker() {
+        // Must call 'prepareToClose' before attempting to join because the stream may be
+        // stuck due to absence of activity from the other side of the remote submix pipe.
+        std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon> common;
+        ASSERT_IS_OK(mStream->getStream()->getStreamCommon(&common));
+        ASSERT_IS_OK(common->prepareToClose());
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": joining " << IOTraits<Stream>::directionStr << " worker...";
+        mWorker->join();
+        EXPECT_FALSE(mWorker->hasError()) << mWorker->getError();
+        EXPECT_EQ("", mWorkerDriver->getUnexpectedStateTransition());
+        if (IOTraits<Stream>::is_input) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(mWorkerDriver->hasObservablePositionIncrease());
+        }
+        EXPECT_FALSE(mWorkerDriver->hasRetrogradeObservablePosition());
+        mWorker.reset();
+        mWorkerDriver.reset();
+    }
+
+    void SendBurstCommands() {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SendBurstCommandsStartWorker());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SendBurstCommandsJoinWorker());
+    }
+
+    std::optional<AudioDeviceAddress> getAudioDeviceAddress() const { return mAddress; }
+    std::string skipTestReason() const { return mStream->skipTestReason(); }
 
   private:
-    /* Connect remote submix external device */
-    void SetUpPortConnection(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig) {
-        auto port = getRemoteSubmixAudioPort(moduleConfig, mAddress);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(port.has_value()) << "Device AudioPort for remote submix not found";
-        mConnectedPort = std::make_unique<WithDevicePortConnectedState>(port.value());
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mConnectedPort->SetUp(module, moduleConfig));
-    }
-    /* Get mix port config for stream and setup patch for it. */
-    void SetupPatch(const AudioPort& connectedPort) {
-        const auto portConfig =
-                mModuleConfig->getSingleConfigForMixPort(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input);
-        if (!portConfig.has_value()) {
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": portConfig not found";
-            mSkipTest = true;
-            return;
-        }
-        auto devicePortConfig = mModuleConfig->getSingleConfigForDevicePort(connectedPort);
-        mPatch = std::make_unique<WithAudioPatch>(IOTraits<Stream>::is_input, portConfig.value(),
-                                                  devicePortConfig);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mPatch->SetUp(mModule));
+    void SetUp(IModule* module, ModuleConfig* moduleConfig, const AudioPort& devicePort) {
+        mStream = std::make_unique<StreamFixture<Stream>>();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                mStream->SetUpStreamForDevicePort(module, moduleConfig, devicePort));
+        mAddress = mStream->getDevice().address;
     }
 
-    bool mSkipTest = false;
-    IModule* mModule = nullptr;
-    ModuleConfig* mModuleConfig = nullptr;
     std::optional<AudioDeviceAddress> mAddress;
-    std::unique_ptr<WithDevicePortConnectedState> mConnectedPort;
-    std::unique_ptr<WithAudioPatch> mPatch;
-    std::unique_ptr<WithStream<Stream>> mStream;
+    std::unique_ptr<StreamFixture<Stream>> mStream;
+    std::unique_ptr<StreamLogicDefaultDriver> mWorkerDriver;
+    std::unique_ptr<typename IOTraits<Stream>::Worker> mWorker;
 };
 
 class AudioModuleRemoteSubmix : public AudioCoreModule {
   public:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(AudioCoreModule::SetUp());
+        // Turn off "debug" which enables connections simulation. Since devices of the remote
+        // submix module are virtual, there is no need for simulation.
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpImpl(GetParam(), false /*setUpDebug*/));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpModuleConfig());
     }
-
-    void TearDown() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TearDownImpl()); }
 };
 
 TEST_P(AudioModuleRemoteSubmix, OutputDoesNotBlockWhenNoInput) {
-    // open output stream
     WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamOut> streamOut;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
-    if (streamOut.skipTest()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-    }
-    // write something to stream
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.sendBurstCommands());
+    // Note: here and in other tests any issue with connection attempts is considered as a problem.
+    ASSERT_EQ("", streamOut.skipTestReason());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SendBurstCommands());
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioModuleRemoteSubmix, OutputDoesNotBlockWhenInputStuck) {
-    // open output stream
     WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamOut> streamOut;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
-    if (streamOut.skipTest()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-    }
+    ASSERT_EQ("", streamOut.skipTestReason());
     auto address = streamOut.getAudioDeviceAddress();
     ASSERT_TRUE(address.has_value());
 
-    // open input stream
     WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamIn> streamIn(address.value());
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIn.SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
-    if (streamIn.skipTest()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-    }
+    ASSERT_EQ("", streamIn.skipTestReason());
 
-    // write something to stream
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.sendBurstCommands());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SendBurstCommands());
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioModuleRemoteSubmix, OutputAndInput) {
-    // open output stream
     WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamOut> streamOut;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
-    if (streamOut.skipTest()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-    }
+    ASSERT_EQ("", streamOut.skipTestReason());
     auto address = streamOut.getAudioDeviceAddress();
     ASSERT_TRUE(address.has_value());
 
-    // open input stream
     WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamIn> streamIn(address.value());
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIn.SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
-    if (streamIn.skipTest()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-    }
+    ASSERT_EQ("", streamIn.skipTestReason());
 
-    // write something to stream
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.sendBurstCommands());
-    // read from input stream
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIn.sendBurstCommands());
+    // Start writing into the output stream.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SendBurstCommandsStartWorker());
+    // Simultaneously, read from the input stream.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIn.SendBurstCommands());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SendBurstCommandsJoinWorker());
 }
 
 TEST_P(AudioModuleRemoteSubmix, OpenInputMultipleTimes) {
-    // open output stream
     WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamOut> streamOut;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
-    if (streamOut.skipTest()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-    }
+    ASSERT_EQ("", streamOut.skipTestReason());
     auto address = streamOut.getAudioDeviceAddress();
     ASSERT_TRUE(address.has_value());
 
-    // connect remote submix input device port
-    auto port = WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamIn>::getRemoteSubmixAudioPort(moduleConfig.get(),
-                                                                      address.value());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(port.has_value()) << "Device AudioPort for remote submix not found";
-    WithDevicePortConnectedState connectedInputPort(port.value());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(connectedInputPort.SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
-
-    // open input streams
-    const int streamInCount = 3;
+    const size_t streamInCount = 3;
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamIn>>> streamIns(streamInCount);
-    for (int i = 0; i < streamInCount; i++) {
-        streamIns[i] = std::make_unique<WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamIn>>();
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                streamIns[i]->SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get(), connectedInputPort.get()));
-        if (streamIns[i]->skipTest()) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "No mix port for attached devices";
-        }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < streamInCount; i++) {
+        streamIns[i] = std::make_unique<WithRemoteSubmix<IStreamIn>>(address.value());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIns[i]->SetUp(module.get(), moduleConfig.get()));
+        ASSERT_EQ("", streamIns[i]->skipTestReason());
     }
-    // write something to output stream
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.sendBurstCommands());
-
-    // read from input streams
-    for (int i = 0; i < streamInCount; i++) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIns[i]->sendBurstCommands());
+    // Start writing into the output stream.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SendBurstCommandsStartWorker());
+    // Simultaneously, read from input streams.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < streamInCount; i++) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIns[i]->SendBurstCommandsStartWorker());
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < streamInCount; i++) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamIns[i]->SendBurstCommandsJoinWorker());
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(streamOut.SendBurstCommandsJoinWorker());
+    // Clean up input streams in the reverse order because the device connection is owned
+    // by the first one.
+    for (size_t i = streamInCount; i != 0; --i) {
+        streamIns[i - 1].reset();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
index c5e2346..925f9ec 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
@@ -32,27 +32,19 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Parameter;
 using android::hardware::audio::common::testing::detail::TestExecutionTracer;
 
-/**
- * Here we focus on specific parameter checking, general IEffect interfaces testing performed in
- * VtsAudioEffectTargetTest.
- */
-enum ParamName { PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME, PARAM_GAIN_MB };
-using LoudnessEnhancerParamTestParam =
-        std::tuple<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>, int>;
+static constexpr float kMaxAudioSample = 1;
+static constexpr int kZeroGain = 0;
+static constexpr int kMaxGain = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+static constexpr int kMinGain = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
+static constexpr float kAbsError = 0.0001;
 
 // Every int 32 bit value is a valid gain, so testing the corner cases and one regular value.
 // TODO : Update the test values once range/capability is updated by implementation.
-const std::vector<int> kGainMbValues = {std::numeric_limits<int>::min(), 100,
-                                        std::numeric_limits<int>::max()};
+static const std::vector<int> kGainMbValues = {kMinGain, -100, -50, kZeroGain, 50, 100, kMaxGain};
 
-class LoudnessEnhancerParamTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<LoudnessEnhancerParamTestParam>,
-                                  public EffectHelper {
+class LoudnessEnhancerEffectHelper : public EffectHelper {
   public:
-    LoudnessEnhancerParamTest() : mParamGainMb(std::get<PARAM_GAIN_MB>(GetParam())) {
-        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(GetParam());
-    }
-
-    void SetUp() override {
+    void SetUpLoudnessEnhancer() {
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mFactory);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(create(mFactory, mEffect, mDescriptor));
 
@@ -60,13 +52,14 @@
         Parameter::Common common = EffectHelper::createParamCommon(
                 0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, 44100 /* iSampleRate */, 44100 /* oSampleRate */,
                 kInputFrameCount /* iFrameCount */, kOutputFrameCount /* oFrameCount */);
-        IEffect::OpenEffectReturn ret;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, specific, &ret, EX_NONE));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, specific, &mOpenEffectReturn, EX_NONE));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mEffect);
     }
-    void TearDown() override {
+
+    void TearDownLoudnessEnhancer() {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(close(mEffect));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(destroy(mFactory, mEffect));
+        mOpenEffectReturn = IEffect::OpenEffectReturn{};
     }
 
     Parameter::Specific getDefaultParamSpecific() {
@@ -76,52 +69,230 @@
         return specific;
     }
 
-    static const long kInputFrameCount = 0x100, kOutputFrameCount = 0x100;
-    std::shared_ptr<IFactory> mFactory;
-    std::shared_ptr<IEffect> mEffect;
-    Descriptor mDescriptor;
-    int mParamGainMb = 0;
+    Parameter createLoudnessParam(int gainMb) {
+        LoudnessEnhancer le;
+        le.set<LoudnessEnhancer::gainMb>(gainMb);
+        Parameter param;
+        Parameter::Specific specific;
+        specific.set<Parameter::Specific::loudnessEnhancer>(le);
+        param.set<Parameter::specific>(specific);
+        return param;
+    }
 
-    void SetAndGetParameters() {
-        for (auto& it : mTags) {
-            auto& tag = it.first;
-            auto& le = it.second;
-
-            // set parameter
-            Parameter expectParam;
-            Parameter::Specific specific;
-            specific.set<Parameter::Specific::loudnessEnhancer>(le);
-            expectParam.set<Parameter::specific>(specific);
-            // All values are valid, set parameter should succeed
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->setParameter(expectParam)) << expectParam.toString();
-
-            // get parameter
-            Parameter getParam;
-            Parameter::Id id;
-            LoudnessEnhancer::Id leId;
-            leId.set<LoudnessEnhancer::Id::commonTag>(tag);
-            id.set<Parameter::Id::loudnessEnhancerTag>(leId);
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam));
-
-            EXPECT_EQ(expectParam, getParam) << "\nexpect:" << expectParam.toString()
-                                             << "\ngetParam:" << getParam.toString();
+    binder_exception_t isGainValid(int gainMb) {
+        LoudnessEnhancer le;
+        le.set<LoudnessEnhancer::gainMb>(gainMb);
+        if (isParameterValid<LoudnessEnhancer, Range::loudnessEnhancer>(le, mDescriptor)) {
+            return EX_NONE;
+        } else {
+            return EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
         }
     }
 
-    void addGainMbParam(int gainMb) {
-        LoudnessEnhancer le;
-        le.set<LoudnessEnhancer::gainMb>(gainMb);
-        mTags.push_back({LoudnessEnhancer::gainMb, le});
+    void setParameters(int gain, binder_exception_t expected) {
+        // set parameter
+        auto param = createLoudnessParam(gain);
+        EXPECT_STATUS(expected, mEffect->setParameter(param)) << param.toString();
     }
 
-  private:
-    std::vector<std::pair<LoudnessEnhancer::Tag, LoudnessEnhancer>> mTags;
-    void CleanUp() { mTags.clear(); }
+    void validateParameters(int gain) {
+        // get parameter
+        LoudnessEnhancer::Id leId;
+        Parameter getParam;
+        Parameter::Id id;
+
+        LoudnessEnhancer::Tag tag(LoudnessEnhancer::gainMb);
+        leId.set<LoudnessEnhancer::Id::commonTag>(tag);
+        id.set<Parameter::Id::loudnessEnhancerTag>(leId);
+        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam));
+        auto expectedParam = createLoudnessParam(gain);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedParam, getParam) << "\nexpectedParam:" << expectedParam.toString()
+                                           << "\ngetParam:" << getParam.toString();
+    }
+
+    static const long kInputFrameCount = 0x100, kOutputFrameCount = 0x100;
+    IEffect::OpenEffectReturn mOpenEffectReturn;
+    std::shared_ptr<IFactory> mFactory;
+    std::shared_ptr<IEffect> mEffect;
+    Descriptor mDescriptor;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Here we focus on specific parameter checking, general IEffect interfaces testing performed in
+ * VtsAudioEffectTargetTest.
+ */
+enum ParamName { PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME, PARAM_GAIN_MB };
+using LoudnessEnhancerParamTestParam =
+        std::tuple<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>, int>;
+
+class LoudnessEnhancerParamTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<LoudnessEnhancerParamTestParam>,
+                                  public LoudnessEnhancerEffectHelper {
+  public:
+    LoudnessEnhancerParamTest() : mParamGainMb(std::get<PARAM_GAIN_MB>(GetParam())) {
+        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(GetParam());
+    }
+
+    void SetUp() override { SetUpLoudnessEnhancer(); }
+    void TearDown() override { TearDownLoudnessEnhancer(); }
+    int mParamGainMb = 0;
 };
 
 TEST_P(LoudnessEnhancerParamTest, SetAndGetGainMb) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addGainMbParam(mParamGainMb));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    binder_exception_t expected = isGainValid(mParamGainMb);
+    setParameters(mParamGainMb, expected);
+    if (expected == EX_NONE) {
+        validateParameters(mParamGainMb);
+    }
+}
+
+using LoudnessEnhancerDataTestParam = std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>;
+
+class LoudnessEnhancerDataTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<LoudnessEnhancerDataTestParam>,
+                                 public LoudnessEnhancerEffectHelper {
+  public:
+    LoudnessEnhancerDataTest() {
+        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = GetParam();
+        generateInputBuffer();
+        mOutputBuffer.resize(kBufferSize);
+    }
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        SetUpLoudnessEnhancer();
+
+        // Creating AidlMessageQueues
+        mStatusMQ = std::make_unique<EffectHelper::StatusMQ>(mOpenEffectReturn.statusMQ);
+        mInputMQ = std::make_unique<EffectHelper::DataMQ>(mOpenEffectReturn.inputDataMQ);
+        mOutputMQ = std::make_unique<EffectHelper::DataMQ>(mOpenEffectReturn.outputDataMQ);
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override { TearDownLoudnessEnhancer(); }
+
+    // Fill inputBuffer with random values between -kMaxAudioSample to kMaxAudioSample
+    void generateInputBuffer() {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kBufferSize; i++) {
+            mInputBuffer.push_back(((static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1) *
+                                   kMaxAudioSample);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Add gains to the mInputBuffer and store processed output to mOutputBuffer
+    void processAndWriteToOutput() {
+        // Check AidlMessageQueues are not null
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mStatusMQ->isValid());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mInputMQ->isValid());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mOutputMQ->isValid());
+
+        // Enabling the process
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(command(mEffect, CommandId::START));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(expectState(mEffect, State::PROCESSING));
+
+        // Write from buffer to message queues and calling process
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(EffectHelper::writeToFmq(mStatusMQ, mInputMQ, mInputBuffer));
+
+        // Read the updated message queues into buffer
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(EffectHelper::readFromFmq(mStatusMQ, 1, mOutputMQ,
+                                                          mOutputBuffer.size(), mOutputBuffer));
+
+        // Disable the process
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(command(mEffect, CommandId::STOP));
+    }
+
+    void assertGreaterGain(const std::vector<float>& first, const std::vector<float>& second) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < first.size(); i++) {
+            if (first[i] != 0) {
+                ASSERT_GT(abs(first[i]), abs(second[i]));
+
+            } else {
+                ASSERT_EQ(first[i], second[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void assertSequentialGains(const std::vector<int>& gainValues, bool isIncreasing) {
+        std::vector<float> baseOutput(kBufferSize);
+
+        // Process a reference output buffer with 0 gain which gives compressed input values
+        binder_exception_t expected;
+        expected = isGainValid(kZeroGain);
+        ASSERT_EQ(expected, EX_NONE);
+        setParameters(kZeroGain, expected);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput());
+        baseOutput = mOutputBuffer;
+
+        // Compare the outputs for increasing gain
+        for (int gain : gainValues) {
+            // Setting the parameters
+            binder_exception_t expected = isGainValid(gain);
+            if (expected != EX_NONE) {
+                GTEST_SKIP() << "Gains not supported.";
+            }
+            setParameters(gain, expected);
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput());
+
+            // Compare the mOutputBuffer values with baseOutput and update it
+            if (isIncreasing) {
+                ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertGreaterGain(mOutputBuffer, baseOutput));
+            } else {
+                ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertGreaterGain(baseOutput, mOutputBuffer));
+            }
+
+            baseOutput = mOutputBuffer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<StatusMQ> mStatusMQ;
+    std::unique_ptr<DataMQ> mInputMQ;
+    std::unique_ptr<DataMQ> mOutputMQ;
+
+    std::vector<float> mInputBuffer;
+    std::vector<float> mOutputBuffer;
+    static constexpr float kBufferSize = 128;
+};
+
+TEST_P(LoudnessEnhancerDataTest, IncreasingGains) {
+    static const std::vector<int> kIncreasingGains = {50, 100};
+
+    assertSequentialGains(kIncreasingGains, true /*isIncreasing*/);
+}
+
+TEST_P(LoudnessEnhancerDataTest, DecreasingGains) {
+    static const std::vector<int> kDecreasingGains = {-50, -100};
+
+    assertSequentialGains(kDecreasingGains, false /*isIncreasing*/);
+}
+
+TEST_P(LoudnessEnhancerDataTest, MinimumGain) {
+    // Setting the parameters
+    binder_exception_t expected = isGainValid(kMinGain);
+    if (expected != EX_NONE) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Minimum integer value not supported";
+    }
+    setParameters(kMinGain, expected);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput());
+
+    // Validate that mOutputBuffer has 0 values for INT_MIN gain
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mOutputBuffer.size(); i++) {
+        ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(mOutputBuffer[i], 0);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(LoudnessEnhancerDataTest, MaximumGain) {
+    // Setting the parameters
+    binder_exception_t expected = isGainValid(kMaxGain);
+    if (expected != EX_NONE) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Maximum integer value not supported";
+    }
+    setParameters(kMaxGain, expected);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput());
+
+    // Validate that mOutputBuffer reaches to kMaxAudioSample for INT_MAX gain
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mOutputBuffer.size(); i++) {
+        if (mInputBuffer[i] != 0) {
+            EXPECT_NEAR(kMaxAudioSample, abs(mOutputBuffer[i]), kAbsError);
+        } else {
+            ASSERT_EQ(mOutputBuffer[i], mInputBuffer[i]);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
@@ -140,6 +311,20 @@
 
 GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(LoudnessEnhancerParamTest);
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        LoudnessEnhancerTest, LoudnessEnhancerDataTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
+                IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidLoudnessEnhancer())),
+        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<LoudnessEnhancerDataTest::ParamType>& info) {
+            auto descriptor = info.param;
+            std::string name = getPrefix(descriptor.second);
+            std::replace_if(
+                    name.begin(), name.end(), [](const char c) { return !std::isalnum(c); }, '_');
+            return name;
+        });
+
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(LoudnessEnhancerDataTest);
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
     ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners().Append(new TestExecutionTracer());
diff --git a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraUtils.cpp b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraUtils.cpp
index cfb95f2..30c216f 100644
--- a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraUtils.cpp
+++ b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraUtils.cpp
@@ -402,7 +402,10 @@
         buffer_handle_t buf,
         /*out*/ buffer_handle_t** outBufPtr) {
     using ::aidl::android::hardware::camera::common::Status;
-    if (buf == nullptr && bufId == BUFFER_ID_NO_BUFFER) {
+    // AIDL does not have null NativeHandles. It sends empty handles instead.
+    // We check for when the buf is empty instead of when buf is null.
+    bool isBufEmpty = buf == nullptr || (buf->numFds == 0 && buf->numInts == 0);
+    if (isBufEmpty && bufId == BUFFER_ID_NO_BUFFER) {
         ALOGE("%s: bufferId %" PRIu64 " has null buffer handle!", __FUNCTION__, bufId);
         return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
     }
@@ -857,4 +860,4 @@
 }  // namespace device
 }  // namespace camera
 }  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/Android.bp b/compatibility_matrices/Android.bp
index 7844ac8..712f28a 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/Android.bp
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/Android.bp
@@ -22,6 +22,19 @@
 }
 
 vintf_compatibility_matrix {
+    name: "framework_compatibility_matrix.4.xml",
+    stem: "compatibility_matrix.4.xml",
+    srcs: [
+        "compatibility_matrix.4.xml",
+    ],
+    kernel_configs: [
+        "kernel_config_q_4.14",
+        "kernel_config_q_4.19",
+    ],
+    core_hals: "only",
+}
+
+vintf_compatibility_matrix {
     name: "framework_compatibility_matrix.5.xml",
     stem: "compatibility_matrix.5.xml",
     srcs: [
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/Android.mk b/compatibility_matrices/Android.mk
index d145f9e..d356cf3 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/Android.mk
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/Android.mk
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@
 endif # DEVICE_PRODUCT_COMPATIBILITY_MATRIX_FILE
 
 my_system_matrix_deps := \
+    framework_compatibility_matrix.4.xml \
     framework_compatibility_matrix.5.xml \
     framework_compatibility_matrix.6.xml \
     framework_compatibility_matrix.7.xml \
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb7637a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+<compatibility-matrix version="1.0" type="framework" level="4">
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.atrace</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IAtraceDevice</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.audio</name>
+        <version>5.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IDevicesFactory</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
+        <version>5.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IEffectsFactory</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IAuthSecret</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IAudioControl</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IEvsEnumerator</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IVehicle</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IBiometricsFace</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
+        <version>2.1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IBiometricsFingerprint</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IBluetoothHci</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.audio</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IBluetoothAudioProvidersFactory</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.boot</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IBootControl</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
+        <version>1.0-1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IBroadcastRadioFactory</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IBroadcastRadio</name>
+            <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
+        <version>2.4-5</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ICameraProvider</name>
+            <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.cas</name>
+        <version>1.1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IMediaCasService</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.configstore</name>
+        <version>1.1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ISurfaceFlingerConfigs</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfirmationUI</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.contexthub</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IContexthub</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
+        <version>1.0-2</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ICryptoFactory</name>
+            <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
+        </interface>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IDrmFactory</name>
+            <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.dumpstate</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IDumpstateDevice</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.gatekeeper</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IGatekeeper</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IGnss</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL allocator HAL must exist on the device.
+         If the HIDL composer HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.0.
+         See DeviceManifestTest.GrallocHal -->
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <version>3.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IAllocator</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer</name>
+        <version>2.1-3</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IComposer</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
+        <version>2.1</version>
+        <version>3.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IMapper</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL health HAL must exist on the device.
+         If the HIDL health HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.0.
+         See DeviceManifestTest.HealthHal -->
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.health</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IHealth</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.health.storage</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IStorage</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.ir</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConsumerIr</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.input.classifier</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IInputClassifier</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
+        <version>3.0</version>
+        <version>4.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IKeymasterDevice</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
+        <version>4.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IKeymasterDevice</name>
+            <instance>strongbox</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.light</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ILight</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IComponentStore</name>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+            <regex-instance>default[0-9]*</regex-instance>
+            <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
+        </interface>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfigurable</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IOmx</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IOmxStore</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IMemtrack</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
+        <version>1.0-2</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IDevice</name>
+            <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
+        <version>1.2</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>INfc</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IOemLock</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.power</name>
+        <version>1.0-3</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IPower</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.power.stats</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IPowerStats</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
+        <version>1.4</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IRadio</name>
+            <instance>slot1</instance>
+            <instance>slot2</instance>
+            <instance>slot3</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
+        <version>1.2</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ISap</name>
+            <instance>slot1</instance>
+            <instance>slot2</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
+        <!--
+        Note: Devices launching with target-level 4, if implementing the
+        radio config HAL, must provide an implementation of 1.1 IRadioConfig
+        that can handle version 1.2 of IRadioConfigResponse and
+        IRadioConfigIndication.
+        -->
+        <version>1.1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IRadioConfig</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.renderscript</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IDevice</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.secure_element</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ISecureElement</name>
+            <regex-instance>eSE[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
+            <regex-instance>SIM[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ISensors</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger</name>
+        <version>2.0-2</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ISoundTriggerHw</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.config</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IOffloadConfig</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.control</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IOffloadControl</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.thermal</name>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IThermal</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.tv.cec</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IHdmiCec</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.tv.input</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ITvInput</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
+        <version>1.0-2</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IUsb</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.usb.gadget</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IUsbGadget</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
+        <version>1.0-3</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IVibrator</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.vr</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IVr</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IWeaver</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
+        <version>1.0-3</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IWifi</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
+        <version>1.0-1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IHostapd</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
+        <version>1.0-2</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ISupplicant</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+</compatibility-matrix>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml
index da31888..6ed8e8f 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml
@@ -509,6 +509,14 @@
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.security.authgraph</name>
+        <version>1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IAuthGraphKeyExchange</name>
+            <instance>nonsecure</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.secureclock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp b/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp
index bb4cf78..d92c0b9 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp
@@ -84,26 +84,6 @@
             "android.hardware.thermal@1.0",
             "android.hardware.thermal@1.1",
             "android.hardware.wifi.offload@1.0",
-
-            // TODO(b/279809679): File bugs for the HALs deprecated in Q
-            "android.hardware.audio.effect@5.0",
-            "android.hardware.audio@5.0",
-            "android.hardware.boot@1.0",
-            "android.hardware.configstore@1.1",
-            "android.hardware.drm@1.0",
-            "android.hardware.drm@1.1",
-            "android.hardware.drm@1.2",
-            "android.hardware.dumpstate@1.0",
-            "android.hardware.health@2.0",
-            "android.hardware.light@2.0",
-            "android.hardware.power@1.0",
-            "android.hardware.power@1.1",
-            "android.hardware.power@1.2",
-            "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-            "android.hardware.vibrator@1.0",
-            "android.hardware.vibrator@1.1",
-            "android.hardware.vibrator@1.2",
-            "android.hardware.vibrator@1.3",
     };
 
     auto package_has_prefix = [&](const std::string& prefix) {
diff --git a/gatekeeper/aidl/Android.bp b/gatekeeper/aidl/Android.bp
index b050f6a..169a7d5 100644
--- a/gatekeeper/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/gatekeeper/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
         cpp: {
             enabled: false,
         },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
     },
     versions_with_info: [
         {
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/default/Android.bp b/gnss/aidl/default/Android.bp
index ca5a41f..7310922 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/gnss/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -26,12 +26,7 @@
 cc_binary {
     name: "android.hardware.gnss-service.example",
     relative_install_path: "hw",
-    init_rc: [
-        "gnss-default.rc",
-    ],
-    vintf_fragments: [
-        "gnss-default.xml",
-    ],
+    installable: false, // install APEX instead
     vendor: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -73,3 +68,35 @@
         "android.hardware.gnss@common-default-lib",
     ],
 }
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "gnss-default.rc",
+    src: "gnss-default.rc",
+    installable: false,
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "gnss-default.xml",
+    src: "gnss-default.xml",
+    sub_dir: "vintf",
+    installable: false,
+}
+
+apex {
+    name: "com.android.hardware.gnss",
+    manifest: "apex_manifest.json",
+    file_contexts: "apex_file_contexts",
+    key: "com.android.hardware.key",
+    certificate: ":com.android.hardware.certificate",
+    updatable: false,
+    vendor: true,
+
+    binaries: [
+        "android.hardware.gnss-service.example",
+    ],
+    prebuilts: [
+        "gnss-default.rc",
+        "gnss-default.xml",
+        "android.hardware.location.gps.prebuilt.xml", // permission
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/default/apex_file_contexts b/gnss/aidl/default/apex_file_contexts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83b01ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/aidl/default/apex_file_contexts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(/.*)?                                                          u:object_r:vendor_file:s0
+/etc(/.*)?                                                      u:object_r:vendor_configs_file:s0
+/bin/hw/android\.hardware\.gnss-service\.example                u:object_r:hal_gnss_default_exec:s0
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/default/apex_manifest.json b/gnss/aidl/default/apex_manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b2db23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/aidl/default/apex_manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "name": "com.android.hardware.gnss",
+    "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/default/gnss-default.rc b/gnss/aidl/default/gnss-default.rc
index fe179c3..d47b3a5 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/default/gnss-default.rc
+++ b/gnss/aidl/default/gnss-default.rc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-service vendor.gnss-default /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.gnss-service.example
+service vendor.gnss-default /apex/com.android.hardware.gnss/bin/hw/android.hardware.gnss-service.example
     class hal
     user nobody
     group nobody
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/Android.bp b/security/authgraph/aidl/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d94f640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "hardware_interfaces_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["hardware_interfaces_license"],
+}
+
+aidl_interface {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.authgraph",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "android/hardware/security/authgraph/*.aidl",
+    ],
+    stability: "vintf",
+    frozen: false,
+    backend: {
+        java: {
+            platform_apis: true,
+        },
+        ndk: {
+            apps_enabled: false,
+        },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+            apex_available: [
+                "//apex_available:platform",
+                "com.android.virt",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+// cc_defaults that includes the latest Authgraph AIDL library.
+// Modules that depend on Authgraph directly can include this cc_defaults to avoid
+// managing dependency versions explicitly.
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "authgraph_use_latest_hal_aidl_ndk_static",
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.authgraph-V1-ndk",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "authgraph_use_latest_hal_aidl_ndk_shared",
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.authgraph-V1-ndk",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "authgraph_use_latest_hal_aidl_cpp_static",
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.authgraph-V1-cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "authgraph_use_latest_hal_aidl_cpp_shared",
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.authgraph-V1-cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+// A rust_defaults that includes the latest Authgraph AIDL library.
+// Modules that depend on Authgraph directly can include this rust_defaults to avoid
+// managing dependency versions explicitly.
+rust_defaults {
+    name: "authgraph_use_latest_hal_aidl_rust",
+    rustlibs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.authgraph-V1-rust",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc86fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+/* @hide */
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable Arc {
+  byte[] arc;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Error.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Error.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a78b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Error.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+/* @hide */
+@Backing(type="int") @VintfStability
+enum Error {
+  OK = 0,
+  INVALID_PEER_NONCE = (-1) /* -1 */,
+  INVALID_PEER_KE_KEY = (-2) /* -2 */,
+  INVALID_IDENTITY = (-3) /* -3 */,
+  INVALID_CERT_CHAIN = (-4) /* -4 */,
+  INVALID_SIGNATURE = (-5) /* -5 */,
+  INVALID_KE_KEY = (-6) /* -6 */,
+  INVALID_PUB_KEY_IN_KEY = (-7) /* -7 */,
+  INVALID_PRIV_KEY_ARC_IN_KEY = (-8) /* -8 */,
+  INVALID_SHARED_KEY_ARCS = (-9) /* -9 */,
+  MEMORY_ALLOCATION_FAILED = (-10) /* -10 */,
+  INCOMPATIBLE_PROTOCOL_VERSION = (-11) /* -11 */,
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/IAuthGraphKeyExchange.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/IAuthGraphKeyExchange.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c56f33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/IAuthGraphKeyExchange.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+/* @hide */
+@VintfStability
+interface IAuthGraphKeyExchange {
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInitiationInfo create();
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.KeInitResult init(in android.hardware.security.authgraph.PubKey peerPubKey, in android.hardware.security.authgraph.Identity peerId, in byte[] peerNonce, in int peerVersion);
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInfo finish(in android.hardware.security.authgraph.PubKey peerPubKey, in android.hardware.security.authgraph.Identity peerId, in android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionIdSignature peerSignature, in byte[] peerNonce, in int peerVersion, in android.hardware.security.authgraph.Key ownKey);
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc[2] authenticationComplete(in android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionIdSignature peerSignature, in android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc[2] sharedKeys);
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd5453e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable Identity {
+  byte[] identity;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/KeInitResult.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/KeInitResult.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c91523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/KeInitResult.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable KeInitResult {
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInitiationInfo sessionInitiationInfo;
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInfo sessionInfo;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Key.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Key.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b4ebbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Key.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable Key {
+  @nullable android.hardware.security.authgraph.PubKey pubKey;
+  @nullable android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc arcFromPBK;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f070bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable PlainPubKey {
+  byte[] plainPubKey;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PubKey.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PubKey.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c3376e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PubKey.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+union PubKey {
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.PlainPubKey plainKey;
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.SignedPubKey signedKey;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dabc0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable SessionIdSignature {
+  byte[] signature;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInfo.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInfo.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..427962b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInfo.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable SessionInfo {
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc[2] sharedKeys;
+  byte[] sessionId;
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionIdSignature signature;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInitiationInfo.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInitiationInfo.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf55e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInitiationInfo.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable SessionInitiationInfo {
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.Key key;
+  android.hardware.security.authgraph.Identity identity;
+  byte[] nonce;
+  int version;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dbaed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.security.authgraph/current/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true) @VintfStability
+parcelable SignedPubKey {
+  byte[] signedPubKey;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..855ce5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+/**
+ * This is the definition of the data format of an Arc.
+ * @hide
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable Arc {
+    /**
+     * The messages exchanged between the domains in the AuthGraph protocol are called Arcs.
+     * An arc is simply AES-GCM. Encryption of a payload P with a key K and additional
+     * authentication data (AAD) D: (i.e. Arc = Enc(K, P, D)).
+     *
+     * Data is CBOR-encoded according to the `Arc` CDDL definition in Arc.cddl.
+     */
+    byte[] arc;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.cddl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.cddl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c1b965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Arc.cddl
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+;
+; Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+;
+; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+; you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+; You may obtain a copy of the License at
+;
+;      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+;
+; Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+; distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+; WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+; See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+; limitations under the License.
+;
+Arc = [                            ; COSE_Encrypt0 [RFC9052 s5.2]
+    protected : bstr .cbor ArcProtectedHeaders,
+    unprotected : {
+        5 : bstr .size 12          ; IV
+    },
+    ciphertext : bstr    ; Enc(K, bstr .cbor Payload, encoded ArcEncStruct)
+]
+
+ArcProtectedHeaders = {
+           1 : 3,                  ; Algorithm: AES-GCM mode w/ 256-bit key, 128-bit tag
+    ? -70001 : { + Permission }, ; One or more Permissions
+    ? -70002 : { + Limitation }, ; One or more Limitations
+    ? -70003 : int,   ; Timestamp in milliseconds since some starting point (generally
+                      ; the most recent device boot) which all of the applications within
+                      ; the secure domain must agree upon
+    ? -70004 : bstr .size 16,      ; Nonce used in key exchange methods
+    ? -70005 : PayloadType,        ; Payload type, if needed to disambiguate, when processing an arc
+    ? -70006 : int,                ; Version of the payload structure (if applicable)
+    ? -70007 : int,                ; Sequence number (if needed to prevent replay attacks)
+    ? -70008 : Direction           ; Direction of the encryption key (i.e. whether it is used to
+                                   ; encrypt incoming messages or outgoing messages)
+    ? -70009 : bool,               ; "authentication_completed" - this is used during authenticated
+                                   ; key exchange indicate whether signature verification is done
+    ? -70010 : bstr .size 32       ; "session_id" computed during key exchange protocol
+}
+
+; Permissions indicate what an arc can be used with. Permissions are added to an arc during the
+; `create()` primitive operation and are propagated during `mint` and `snap` primitive operations.
+Permission = &(
+    -4770552 : IdentityEncoded,  ; "source_id" - in the operations performed by a source, the
+                                 ; source adds its own identity to the permissions of an arc.
+    -4770553 : IdentityEncoded,  ; "sink_id" - in the operations performed by a sink, the sink
+                                 ; adds its own identity to the permissions of an arc.
+    -4770555 : [ +IdentityEncoded ]  ; "minting_allowed" - defines the set of TA identities
+                                     ; to whom the payload key is allowed to be minted.
+    -4770556 : bool                  ; "deleted_on_biometric_change" - A Boolean value that
+                                     ; indicates whether an auth key issued from a biometric TA is
+                                     ; invalidated on new biometric enrollment or removal of all
+                                     ; biometrics.
+)
+
+; Limitations indicate what restrictions are applied on the usage of an arc. Permissions are added
+; to an arc during the `create` primitive operation and are propagated during `snap` primitive
+; operation.
+Limitation = &(
+    -4770554 : bstr,      ; "challenge" - is added to an arc that transfers an auth key to a channel
+                          ; key, in order to ensure the freshness of the authentication.
+                          ; A challenge is issued by a sink (e.g. Keymint TA, Biometric TAs).
+)
+
+; INCLUDE Identity.cddl for: Identity
+IdentityEncoded = bstr .cbor Identity
+
+Direction = &(
+    In:  1,
+    Out: 2,
+)
+
+PayloadType = &(
+    SecretKey: 1,
+    Arc: 2,
+    ; Any other payload types should also be defined here
+)
+
+Payload = &(
+    SecretKey,
+    Arc,
+    ; Any other payload formats should also be defined here
+)
+
+SecretKey = &(                     ; One of the payload types of an Arc is a secret key
+    SymmetricKey,
+    ECPrivateKey,    ; Private key of a key pair generated for key exchange
+)
+
+ECPrivateKey = {              ; COSE_Key [RFC9052 s7]
+    1 : 2,                    ; Key type : EC2
+    3 : -25,                  ; Algorithm: ECDH ES w/ HKDF 256 - generate key directly
+ ?  4 : [7],                  ; Key_ops: [derive key]
+   -1 : 1,                    ; Curve: P-256
+ ? -2 : bstr,                 ; x coordinate
+ ? -3 : bstr,                 ; y coordinate
+   -4 : bstr,                 ; private key (d)
+}
+
+SymmetricKey = {              ; COSE_Key [RFC9052 s7] - For symmetric key encryption
+    1 : 4,                    ; Key type : Symmetric
+    3 : 3,                    ; Algorithm : AES-GCM mode w/ 256-bit key, 128-bit tag
+    4 : [ 4 ],                ; Key_ops: [decrypt]
+   -1 : bstr .size 32,        ; Key value (k)
+}
+
+ArcEncStruct = [              ; COSE_Enc_structure [RFC9052 s5.3]
+    context   : "Encrypt0",
+    protected : bstr .cbor ArcProtectedHeaders,
+    external_aad : bstr .size 0,
+]
+
+; INCLUDE generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl for: PubKeyEd25519, PubKeyECDSA256, PubKeyECDSA384
+; from hardware/interfaces/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/DicePolicy.cddl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/DicePolicy.cddl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7dcbc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/DicePolicy.cddl
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+;
+; Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+;
+; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+; you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+; You may obtain a copy of the License at
+;
+;      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+;
+; Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+; distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+; WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+; See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+; limitations under the License.
+;
+DicePolicy = [
+    1, ; dice policy version
+    + nodeConstraintList ; for each entry in dice chain
+]
+
+nodeConstraintList = [
+    * nodeConstraint
+]
+
+; We may add a hashConstraint item later
+nodeConstraint = exactMatchConstraint / geConstraint
+
+exactMatchConstraint = [1, keySpec, value]
+geConstraint = [2, keySpec, int]
+
+keySpec = [value+]
+
+value = bool / int / tstr / bstr
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Error.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Error.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad6054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Error.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+/**
+ * AuthGraph error codes. Aidl will return these error codes as service specific errors in
+ * EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC.
+ * @hide
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@Backing(type="int")
+enum Error {
+    /* Success */
+    OK = 0,
+    /* Invalid peer nonce for key exchange */
+    INVALID_PEER_NONCE = -1,
+    /* Invalid key exchange public key by the peer */
+    INVALID_PEER_KE_KEY = -2,
+    /* Invalid identity of the peer */
+    INVALID_IDENTITY = -3,
+    /* Invalid certificate chain in the identity of the peer */
+    INVALID_CERT_CHAIN = -4,
+    /* Invalid signature by the peer */
+    INVALID_SIGNATURE = -5,
+    /* Invalid key exchange key created by a particular party themselves to be used as a handle */
+    INVALID_KE_KEY = -6,
+    /* Invalid public key in the `Key` struct */
+    INVALID_PUB_KEY_IN_KEY = -7,
+    /* Invalid private key arc in the `Key` struct */
+    INVALID_PRIV_KEY_ARC_IN_KEY = -8,
+    /* Invalid shared key arcs */
+    INVALID_SHARED_KEY_ARCS = -9,
+    /* Memory allocation failed */
+    MEMORY_ALLOCATION_FAILED = -10,
+    /* The protocol version negotiated with the sink is incompatible */
+    INCOMPATIBLE_PROTOCOL_VERSION = -11,
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain.cddl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain.cddl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3de5617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain.cddl
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+;
+; Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+;
+; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+; you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+; You may obtain a copy of the License at
+;
+;      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+;
+; Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+; distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+; WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+; See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+; limitations under the License.
+;
+ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain = [
+    1, ; version, hopefully will never change
+    DiceCertChainInitialPayload,
+    * DiceChainEntry
+]
+
+DiceCertChainInitialPayload = {
+    -4670552 : bstr .cbor PubKeyEd25519 /
+               bstr .cbor PubKeyECDSA256 /
+               bstr .cbor PubKeyECDSA384 ; subjectPublicKey
+}
+
+; INCLUDE generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl for: PubKeyEd25519, PubKeyECDSA256, PubKeyECDSA384,
+;                                                DiceChainEntry
+; from hardware/interfaces/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/IAuthGraphKeyExchange.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/IAuthGraphKeyExchange.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ceb09c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/IAuthGraphKeyExchange.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Identity;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.KeInitResult;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Key;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.PubKey;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionIdSignature;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInfo;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInitiationInfo;
+
+/**
+ * AuthGraph interface definition for authenticated key exchange between two parties: P1 (source)
+ * and P2 (sink).
+ * Pre-requisites: each participant should have a:
+ *     1. Persistent identity - e.g. a signing key pair with a self signed certificate or a DICE
+ *        certificate chain.
+ *     2. A symmetric encryption key kept in memory with per-boot life time of the participant
+ *        (a.k.a per-boot key)
+ *
+ * ErrorCodes are defined in android.hardware.security.authgraph.ErrorCode.aidl.
+ * @hide
+ */
+@VintfStability
+interface IAuthGraphKeyExchange {
+    /**
+     * This method is invoked on P1 (source).
+     * Create an ephermeral EC key pair on NIST curve P-256 and a nonce (of 16 bytes) for
+     * key exchange.
+     *
+     * @return SessionInitiationInfo including the `Key` containing the public key of the created
+     * key pair and an arc from the per-boot key to the private key, the nonce, the persistent
+     * identity and the latest protocol version (i.e. AIDL version) supported.
+     *
+     * Note: The arc from the per-boot key to the private key in `Key` of the return type:
+     * `SessionInitiationInfo` serves two purposes:
+     * i. A mapping to correlate `create` and `finish` calls to P1 in a particular instance of the
+     *    key exchange protocol.
+     * ii.A way to minimize the in-memory storage (P1 can include the nonce in the protected headers
+     *    of the arc).
+     * However, P1 should maintain some form of in-memory record to be able to verify that the input
+     * `Key` sent to `finish` is from an unfinished instance of a key exchange protocol, to prevent
+     * any replay attacks in `finish`.
+     */
+    SessionInitiationInfo create();
+
+    /**
+     * This method is invoked on P2 (sink).
+     * Perform the following steps for key exchange:
+     *     0. If either `peerPubKey`, `peerId`, `peerNonce` is not in the expected format, return
+     *        errors: INVALID_PEER_KE_KEY, INVALID_IDENTITY, INVALID_PEER_NONCE respectively.
+     *     1. Create an ephemeral EC key pair on NIST curve P-256.
+     *     2. Create a nonce (of 16 bytes).
+     *     3. Compute the diffie-hellman shared secret: Z.
+     *     4. Compute a salt = bstr .cbor [
+     *            source_version:    int,                    ; from input `peerVersion`
+     *            sink_pub_key:      bstr .cbor PlainPubKey, ; from step #1
+     *            source_pub_key:    bstr .cbor PlainPubKey, ; from input `peerPubKey`
+     *            sink_nonce:        bstr .size 16,          ; from step #2
+     *            source_nonce:      bstr .size 16,          ; from input `peerNonce`
+     *            sink_cert_chain:   bstr .cbor ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain, ; from own identity
+     *            source_cert_chain: bstr .cbor ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain, ; from input `peerId`
+     *        ]
+     *     5. Extract a cryptographic secret S from Z, using the salt from #4 above.
+     *     6. Derive two symmetric encryption keys of 256 bits with:
+     *        i. b"KE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_SOURCE_TO_SINK" as context for the key used to encrypt incoming
+     *           messages
+     *       ii. b"KE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_SINK_TO_SOURCE" as context for the key used to encrypt outgoing
+     *           messages
+     *     7. Create arcs from the per-boot key to each of the two shared keys from step #6 and
+     *        mark authentication_complete = false in arcs' protected headers.
+     *     8. Derive a MAC key with b"KE_HMAC_KEY" as the context.
+     *     9. Compute session_id_input = bstr .cbor [
+     *            sink_nonce:     bstr .size 16,
+     *            source_nonce:   bstr .size 16,
+     *        ],
+     *     10.Compute a session_id as a 256 bits HMAC over the session_id_input from step#9 with
+     *        the key from step #8.
+     *     11.Create a signature over the session_id from step #10, using the signing key which is
+     *        part of the party's identity.
+     *
+     * @param peerPubKey - the public key of the key pair created by the peer (P1) for key exchange
+     *
+     * @param peerId - the persistent identity of the peer
+     *
+     * @param peerNonce - nonce created by the peer
+     *
+     * @param peerVersion - an integer representing the latest protocol version (i.e. AIDL version)
+     *                      supported by the peer
+     *
+     * @return KeInitResult including the `Key` containing the public key of the created key pair,
+     * the nonce, the persistent identity, two shared key arcs from step #7, session id, signature
+     * over the session id and the negotiated protocol version. The negotiated protocol version
+     * should be less than or equal to the peer's version.
+     *
+     * Note: The two shared key arcs in the return type: `KeInitResult` serves two purposes:
+     * i. A mapping to correlate `init` and `authenticationComplete` calls to P2 in a particular
+     *    instance of the key exchange protocol.
+     * ii.A way to minimize the in-memory storage of P2 allocated for key exchange.
+     * However, P2 should maintain some in-memory record to be able to verify that the input
+     * `sharedkeys` sent to `authenticationComplete` and to any subsequent AuthGraph protocol
+     * methods are valid shared keys agreed with the party identified by `peerId`, to prevent
+     * any replay attacks in `authenticationComplete` and in any subsequent AuthGraph protocol
+     * methods which use the shared keys to encrypt the secret messages.
+     */
+    KeInitResult init(
+            in PubKey peerPubKey, in Identity peerId, in byte[] peerNonce, in int peerVersion);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is invoked on P1 (source).
+     * Perform the following steps:
+     *     0. If either `peerPubKey`, `peerId`, `peerNonce` is not in the expected format, return
+     *        errors: INVALID_PEER_KE_KEY, INVALID_IDENTITY, INVALID_PEER_NONCE respectively. If
+     *        `peerVersion` is greater than the version advertised in `create`, return error:
+     *        INCOMPATIBLE_PROTOCOL_VERSION.
+     *        If `ownKey` is not in the in-memory records for unfinished instances of a key
+     *        exchange protocol, return error: INVALID_KE_KEY. Similarly, if the public key or the
+     *        arc containing the private key in `ownKey` is invalid, return INVALID_PUB_KEY_IN_KEY
+     *        and INVALID_PRIV_KEY_ARC_IN_KEY respectively.
+     *     1. Compute the diffie-hellman shared secret: Z.
+     *     2. Compute a salt = bstr .cbor [
+     *            source_version:    int,                    ; the protocol version used in `create`
+     *            sink_pub_key:      bstr .cbor PlainPubKey, ; from input `peerPubKey`
+     *            source_pub_key:    bstr .cbor PlainPubKey, ; from the output of `create`
+     *            sink_nonce:        bstr .size 16,          ; from input `peerNonce`
+     *            source_nonce:      bstr .size 16,          ; from the output of `create`
+     *            sink_cert_chain:   bstr .cbor ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain, ; from input `peerId`
+     *            source_cert_chain: bstr .cbor ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain, ; from own identity
+     *        ]
+     *     3. Extract a cryptographic secret S from Z, using the salt from #2 above.
+     *     4. Derive two symmetric encryption keys of 256 bits with:
+     *        i. b"KE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_SOURCE_TO_SINK" as context for the key used to encrypt outgoing
+     *           messages
+     *       ii. b"KE_ENCRYPTION_KEY_SINK_TO_SOURCE" as context for the key used to encrypt incoming
+     *           messages
+     *     5. Derive a MAC key with b"KE_HMAC_KEY" as the context.
+     *     6. Compute session_id_input = bstr .cbor [
+     *            sink_nonce:     bstr .size 16,
+     *            source_nonce:   bstr .size 16,
+     *        ],
+     *     7. Compute a session_id as a 256 bits HMAC over the session_id_input from step #6 with
+     *        the key from step #5.
+     *     8. Verify the peer's signature over the session_id from step #7. If successful, proceed,
+     *        otherwise, return error: INVALID_SIGNATURE.
+     *     9. Create arcs from the per-boot key to each of the two shared keys from step #4 and
+     *        mark authentication_complete = true in arcs' protected headers.
+     *     10.Create a signature over the session_id from step #7, using the signing key which is
+     *        part of the party's identity.
+     *
+     * @param peerPubKey - the public key of the key pair created by the peer (P2) for key exchange
+     *
+     * @param peerId - the persistent identity of the peer
+     *
+     * @param peerSignature - the signature created by the peer over the session id computed by the
+     *                        peer
+     *
+     * @param peerNonce - nonce created by the peer
+     *
+     * @param peerVersion - an integer representing the protocol version (i.e. AIDL version)
+     *                      negotiated with the peer
+     *
+     * @param ownKey - the key created by P1 (source) in `create()` for key exchange
+     *
+     * @return SessionInfo including the two shared key arcs from step #9, session id and the
+     * signature over the session id.
+     *
+     * Note: The two shared key arcs in the return type: `SessionInfo` serves two purposes:
+     * i. A mapping to correlate the key exchange protocol taken place with a particular peer and
+     *    subsequent AuthGraph protocols execued with the same peer.
+     * ii.A way to minimize the in-memory storage for shared keys.
+     * However, P1 should maintain some in-memory record to be able to verify that the shared key
+     * arcs sent to any subsequent AuthGraph protocol methods are valid shared keys agreed with the
+     * party identified by `peerId`, to prevent any replay attacks.
+     */
+    SessionInfo finish(in PubKey peerPubKey, in Identity peerId,
+            in SessionIdSignature peerSignature, in byte[] peerNonce, in int peerVersion,
+            in Key ownKey);
+
+    /**
+     * This method is invoked on P2 (sink).
+     * Perform the following steps:
+     *   0. If input `sharedKeys` is invalid (i.e. they cannot be decrypted with P2's per-boot key
+     *      or they are not in P2's in-memory records as valid shared keys agreed with the party
+     *      identified by `peerId`), return error: INVALID_SHARED_KEY_ARCS.
+     *   1. Verify that both shared key arcs have the same session id and peer identity.
+     *   2. Verify the peer's signature over the session id attached to the shared key arcs'
+     *      headers. If successful, proceed, otherwise, return error: INVALID_SIGNATURE.
+     *   3. Mark authentication_complete = true in the shared key arcs' headers
+     *
+     * @param peerSignature - the signature created by the peer over the session id computed by the
+     *                        peer
+     *
+     * @param sharedKeys - two shared key arcs created by P2 in `init`. P2 obtains from the arcs'
+     *                     protected headers, the session id and the peer's identity to verify the
+     *                     peer's signature over the session id.
+     *
+     * @return Arc[] - an array of two updated shared key arcs
+     */
+    Arc[2] authenticationComplete(in SessionIdSignature peerSignature, in Arc[2] sharedKeys);
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e350e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+/**
+ * Persistent (versioned) identity of a participant of Authgraph key exchange.
+ * Identity consists of two main parts:
+ *     1. a certificate chain (e.g. a DICE certificate chain)
+ *     2. (optional) a policy specifying how to verify the certificate chain - if a policy is not
+ *        provided, a simple byte-to-byte comparison of the certificate chain is assumed.
+ *
+ * During identity verification, the certificate chain of the identity attached to the access
+ * request is compared against the policy of the identity attached to the persistent resources.
+ *
+ * The usage of policy based identity verification in Authgraph is three-fold:
+ *        1. Retain access to persistent resources for the newer versions of the party who
+ *           created them, even when parts of the certificate chain are updated in the new version.
+ *        2. Deny access to the new persistent resources for the older versions of the party
+ *           who created the new persistent resources.
+ *        3. Trigger rotation of critical keys encrypted in persistent arcs created by the previous
+ *           version of the party, by including an updated policy in the identity attached to the
+ *           access request.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable Identity {
+    /* Data is CBOR-encoded according to the `Identity` CDDL definition in Identity.cddl */
+    byte[] identity;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.cddl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.cddl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0419421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Identity.cddl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+;
+; Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+;
+; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+; you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+; You may obtain a copy of the License at
+;
+;      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+;
+; Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+; distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+; WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+; See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+; limitations under the License.
+;
+Identity = [
+    1, ; Version
+    cert_chain: bstr .cbor ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain,
+    policy: bstr .cbor DicePolicy / nil,
+]
+
+; INCLUDE ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain.cddl for: ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain
+; INCLUDE DicePolicy.cddl for: DicePolicy
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/KeInitResult.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/KeInitResult.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4ae451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/KeInitResult.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInfo;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionInitiationInfo;
+
+/**
+ * The return type for the init() step of authenticated key exchange.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable KeInitResult {
+    /**
+     * Session initiation information.
+     */
+    SessionInitiationInfo sessionInitiationInfo;
+
+    /**
+     * Session information.
+     */
+    SessionInfo sessionInfo;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Key.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Key.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11fe174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Key.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.PubKey;
+
+/**
+ * The type that encapsulates a key. Key can be either a symmetric key or an asymmetric key.
+ * If it is an asymmetric key, it is used for key exchange.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable Key {
+    /**
+     * If the Key is an asymmetric key, public key should be present.
+     */
+    @nullable PubKey pubKey;
+
+    /**
+     * Arc from the per-boot key to the payload key. The payload key is either the symmetric key
+     * or the private key of an asymmetric key, based on the type of the key being created.
+     * This is marked as optional because there are instances where only the public key is returned,
+     * e.g. `init` method in the key exchange protocol.
+     */
+    @nullable Arc arcFromPBK;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5483ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+/**
+ * One of the two enum variants of the enum type: `PubKey`. This represents the plain public key
+ * material encoded as a COSE_Key.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable PlainPubKey {
+    /* Data is CBOR-encoded according to the `PlainPubKey` CDDL definition in PlainPubKey.cddl */
+    byte[] plainPubKey;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.cddl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.cddl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34b316b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PlainPubKey.cddl
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+;
+; Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+;
+; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+; you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+; You may obtain a copy of the License at
+;
+;      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+;
+; Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+; distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+; WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+; See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+; limitations under the License.
+;
+
+; P-256 public key for key exchange.
+PlainPubKey = [ ; COSE_Key [RFC9052 s7]
+    1 : 2,                       ; Key type : EC2
+    3 : -27,                     ; Algorithm : ECDH-SS + HKDF-256
+    -1 : 1,                      ; Curve: P256
+    -2 : bstr,                   ; X coordinate, big-endian
+    -3 : bstr                    ; Y coordinate, big-endian
+]
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PubKey.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PubKey.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8640871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/PubKey.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.PlainPubKey;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.SignedPubKey;
+
+/**
+ * The enum type representing the public key of an asymmetric key pair.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+union PubKey {
+    /**
+     * Plain public key material encoded as a COSE_Key.
+     */
+    PlainPubKey plainKey;
+
+    /**
+     * Public key signed with the long term signing key of the party.
+     */
+    SignedPubKey signedKey;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fa8b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+/**
+ * Signature computed by a party over the session id during authenticated key exchange.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable SessionIdSignature {
+    /* Data is CBOR-encoded according to the `SessionIdSignature` CDDL definition in
+     * SessionIdSignature.cddl */
+    byte[] signature;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.cddl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.cddl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..038a0f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionIdSignature.cddl
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+;
+; Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+;
+; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+; you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+; You may obtain a copy of the License at
+;
+;      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+;
+; Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+; distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+; WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+; See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+; limitations under the License.
+;
+SessionIdSignature = [ ; COSE_Sign1 (untagged) [RFC9052 s4.2]
+    protected: bstr .cbor SessionIdSignatureProtected,
+    unprotected: {},
+    payload: nil,       ; session ID payload to be transported separately
+    signature: bstr     ; PureEd25519(privateKey, SessionIdSignatureSigStruct) /
+                        ; ECDSA(privateKey, SessionIdSignatureSigStruct)
+]
+
+SessionIdSignatureProtected = {
+    1 : AlgorithmEdDSA / AlgorithmES256,
+}
+
+SessionIdSignatureSigStruct = [ ; Sig_structure for SessionIdSignature [ RFC9052 s4.4]
+    context: "Signature1",
+    protected: bstr SessionIdSignatureProtected,
+    external_aad: bstr .size 0,
+    payload: bstr,       ; session ID payload provided separately
+]
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInfo.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInfo.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef49a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInfo.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.SessionIdSignature;
+
+/**
+ * Session information returned as part of authenticated key exchange.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable SessionInfo {
+    /**
+     * The arcs that encrypt the two derived symmetric encryption keys (for two-way communication)
+     * from the party's per-boot key.
+     */
+    Arc[2] sharedKeys;
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the session id computed by the two parties during the authenticate key
+     * exchange. Apart from the usage of the session id by the two peers, session id is also useful
+     * to verify (by a third party) that the key exchange was successful.
+     */
+    byte[] sessionId;
+
+    /**
+     * The signature over the session id, created by the party who computed the session id.
+     *
+     * If there is one or more `DiceChainEntry` in the `ExplicitKeyDiceCertChain` of the party's
+     * identity, the signature is verified with the public key in the leaf of the chain of
+     * DiceChainEntries (i.e the public key in the last of the array of DiceChainEntries).
+     * Otherwise, the signature is verified with the `DiceCertChainInitialPayload`.
+     */
+    SessionIdSignature signature;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInitiationInfo.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInitiationInfo.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c630d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SessionInitiationInfo.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Arc;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Identity;
+import android.hardware.security.authgraph.Key;
+
+/**
+ * Session initiation information returned as part of authenticated key exchange.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable SessionInitiationInfo {
+    /**
+     * An ephemeral EC key created for the ECDH process.
+     */
+    Key key;
+
+    /**
+     * The identity of the party who created the Diffie-Hellman key exchange key.
+     */
+    Identity identity;
+
+    /**
+     * Nonce value specific to this session. The nonce serves three purposes:
+     * 1. freshness of key exchange
+     * 2. creating a session id (a publicly known value related to the exchanged keys)
+     * 3. usage as salt into the HKDF-EXTRACT function during key derivation from the shared DH key
+     */
+    byte[] nonce;
+
+    /**
+     * The protocol version (i.e. AIDL version) - This is used to prevent version downgrade attacks
+     * as follows:
+     * 1. In `create`, the source advertises the latest protocol version supported by the source,
+     *    which is given as input to the `init` call on the sink in the input parameter:
+     *    `peerVersion`.
+     * 2. In `init`, the sink includes the `peerVersion` in the inputs to the derivation of the
+     *    shared keys. Then the sink returns the latest protocol version supported by the sink,
+     *    which is given as input to the `finish` call on the source in the input parameter:
+     *    `peerVersion`.
+     * 3. In `finish`, the source first checks whether the sink's version is equal or less than the
+     *    source's version and includes in the source's version in the inputs to the derivation of
+     *    the shared keys.
+     * Analysis: if an attacker-in-the-middle wanted the two parties to use an older (vulnerable)
+     * version of the protocol, they can invoke `init` with a version that is lower than the version
+     * advertised by the source in `create`. However, since both parties include the source's
+     * version in the inputs to the derivation of the shared keys, the two parties won't end up with
+     * the same shared keys in the presence of such an attack. This is detected when checking the
+     * signature on the session id in `finish`, at which point the protocol aborts. Therefore,
+     * an attacker cannot successfully launch a version downgrade attack on this protocol.
+     */
+    int version;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.aidl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72ee219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.security.authgraph;
+
+/**
+ * One of the two enum variants of the enum type: `PubKey`. This represents the public key signed
+ * with the long term signing key of the party.
+ */
+@VintfStability
+@RustDerive(Clone=true, Eq=true, PartialEq=true)
+parcelable SignedPubKey {
+    /* Data is CBOR-encoded according to the `SignedPubKey` CDDL definition in SignedPubKey.cddl */
+    byte[] signedPubKey;
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.cddl b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.cddl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f23a492
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/SignedPubKey.cddl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+;
+; Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+;
+; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+; you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+; You may obtain a copy of the License at
+;
+;      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+;
+; Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+; distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+; WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+; See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+; limitations under the License.
+;
+SignedPubKey = [ ; COSE_Sign1 (untagged) [RFC9052 s4.2]
+    protected: bstr .cbor SignedPubKeyProtected,
+    unprotected: {},
+    payload: bstr .cbor PlainPubKey,
+    signature: bstr     ; PureEd25519(privateKey, SignedPubKeySigStruct) /
+                        ; ECDSA(privateKey, SignedPubKeySigStruct)
+]
+
+SignedPubKeyProtected = {
+           1 : AlgorithmEdDSA / AlgorithmES256,
+    ? -70011 : Identity,        ; the party who performs the signing operation adds its own
+                                ; identity to the protected headers.
+}
+
+SignedPubKeySigStruct = [ ; Sig_structure for SignedPubKey [ RFC9052 s4.4]
+    context: "Signature1",
+    protected: bstr SignedPubKeyProtected,
+    external_aad: bstr .size 0,
+    payload: bstr .cbor PlainPubKey,
+]
+
+AlgorithmES256 = -7              ; [RFC9053 s2.1]
+AlgorithmEdDSA = -8              ; [RFC9053 s2.2]
+
+; INCLUDE PlainPubKey.cddl for: PlainPubKey
+; INCLUDE Identity.cddl for: Identity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp b/security/authgraph/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc13759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "hardware_interfaces_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["hardware_interfaces_license"],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "VtsAidlAuthGraphSessionTest",
+    defaults: [
+        "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults",
+        "authgraph_use_latest_hal_aidl_ndk_static",
+        "use_libaidlvintf_gtest_helper_static",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "AuthGraphSessionTest.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libcrypto",
+    ],
+    test_suites: [
+        "general-tests",
+        "vts",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/aidl/vts/functional/AuthGraphSessionTest.cpp b/security/authgraph/aidl/vts/functional/AuthGraphSessionTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9dea77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/aidl/vts/functional/AuthGraphSessionTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#define LOG_TAG "authgraph_session_test"
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include <aidl/Gtest.h>
+#include <aidl/Vintf.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/Error.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/security/authgraph/IAuthGraphKeyExchange.h>
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::security::authgraph::test {
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::security::authgraph::Error;
+
+namespace {
+
+// Check that the signature in the encoded COSE_Sign1 data is correct, and that the payload matches.
+// TODO: maybe drop separate payload, and extract it from cose_sign1.payload (and return it).
+void CheckSignature(std::vector<uint8_t>& /*pub_cose_key*/, std::vector<uint8_t>& /*payload*/,
+                    std::vector<uint8_t>& /*cose_sign1*/) {
+    // TODO: implement me
+}
+
+void CheckSignature(std::vector<uint8_t>& pub_cose_key, std::vector<uint8_t>& payload,
+                    SessionIdSignature& signature) {
+    return CheckSignature(pub_cose_key, payload, signature.signature);
+}
+
+std::vector<uint8_t> SigningKeyFromIdentity(const Identity& identity) {
+    // TODO: This is a CBOR-encoded `Identity` which currently happens to be a COSE_Key with the
+    // pubkey This will change in future.
+    return identity.identity;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+class AuthGraphSessionTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
+    enum ErrorType { AIDL_ERROR, BINDER_ERROR };
+
+    union ErrorValue {
+        Error aidl_error;
+        int32_t binder_error;
+    };
+
+    struct ReturnedError {
+        ErrorType err_type;
+        ErrorValue err_val;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const ReturnedError& lhs, const ReturnedError& rhs) {
+            return lhs.err_type == rhs.err_type;
+            switch (lhs.err_type) {
+                case ErrorType::AIDL_ERROR:
+                    return lhs.err_val.aidl_error == rhs.err_val.aidl_error;
+                case ErrorType::BINDER_ERROR:
+                    return lhs.err_val.binder_error == rhs.err_val.binder_error;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    const ReturnedError OK = {.err_type = ErrorType::AIDL_ERROR, .err_val.aidl_error = Error::OK};
+
+    ReturnedError GetReturnError(const ::ndk::ScopedAStatus& result) {
+        if (result.isOk()) {
+            return OK;
+        }
+        int32_t exception_code = result.getExceptionCode();
+        int32_t error_code = result.getServiceSpecificError();
+        if (exception_code == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC && error_code != 0) {
+            ReturnedError re = {.err_type = ErrorType::AIDL_ERROR,
+                                .err_val.aidl_error = static_cast<Error>(error_code)};
+            return re;
+        }
+        ReturnedError re = {.err_type = ErrorType::BINDER_ERROR,
+                            .err_val.binder_error = exception_code};
+        return re;
+    }
+
+    // Build the parameters for the VTS test by enumerating the available HAL instances
+    static std::vector<std::string> build_params() {
+        auto params = ::android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IAuthGraphKeyExchange::descriptor);
+        return params;
+    }
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(AServiceManager_isDeclared(GetParam().c_str()))
+                << "No instance declared for " << GetParam();
+        ::ndk::SpAIBinder binder(AServiceManager_waitForService(GetParam().c_str()));
+        authNode_ = IAuthGraphKeyExchange::fromBinder(binder);
+        ASSERT_NE(authNode_, nullptr) << "Failed to get Binder reference for " << GetParam();
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override {}
+
+  protected:
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> authNode_;
+};
+
+TEST_P(AuthGraphSessionTest, Mainline) {
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> source = authNode_;
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> sink = authNode_;
+
+    // Step 1: create an ephemeral ECDH key at the source.
+    SessionInitiationInfo source_init_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->create(&source_init_info)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source_init_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source_init_info.key.arcFromPBK.has_value());
+
+    // Step 2: pass the source's ECDH public key and other session info to the sink.
+    KeInitResult init_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->init(source_init_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                            source_init_info.identity, source_init_info.nonce,
+                                            source_init_info.version, &init_result)));
+    SessionInitiationInfo sink_init_info = init_result.sessionInitiationInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sink_init_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+    // The sink_init_info.arcFromPBK need not be populated, as the ephemeral key agreement
+    // key is no longer needed.
+
+    SessionInfo sink_info = init_result.sessionInfo;
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)sink_info.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from init()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)sink_info.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from sink";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sink_signing_key = SigningKeyFromIdentity(sink_init_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(sink_signing_key, sink_info.sessionId, sink_info.signature);
+
+    // Step 3: pass the sink's ECDH public key and other session info to the source, so it can
+    // calculate the same pair of symmetric keys.
+    SessionInfo source_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->finish(sink_init_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                                sink_init_info.identity, sink_info.signature,
+                                                sink_init_info.nonce, sink_init_info.version,
+                                                source_init_info.key, &source_info)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)source_info.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from finsh()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)source_info.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from source";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> source_signing_key = SigningKeyFromIdentity(source_init_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(source_signing_key, source_info.sessionId, source_info.signature);
+
+    // Both ends should agree on the session ID.
+    ASSERT_EQ(source_info.sessionId, sink_info.sessionId);
+
+    // Step 4: pass the source's session ID info back to the sink, so it can check it and
+    // update the symmetric keys so they're marked as authentication complete.
+    std::array<Arc, 2> auth_complete_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->authenticationComplete(
+                          source_info.signature, sink_info.sharedKeys, &auth_complete_result)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)auth_complete_result.size(), 2)
+            << "Expect two symmetric keys from authComplete()";
+    sink_info.sharedKeys = auth_complete_result;
+
+    // At this point the sink and source have agreed on the same pair of symmetric keys,
+    // encoded as `sink_info.sharedKeys` and `source_info.sharedKeys`.
+}
+
+TEST_P(AuthGraphSessionTest, ParallelSink) {
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> source = authNode_;
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> sink1 = authNode_;
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> sink2 = authNode_;
+
+    // Step 1: create ephemeral ECDH keys at the source.
+    SessionInitiationInfo source_init1_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->create(&source_init1_info)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source_init1_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source_init1_info.key.arcFromPBK.has_value());
+    SessionInitiationInfo source_init2_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->create(&source_init2_info)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source_init2_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source_init2_info.key.arcFromPBK.has_value());
+
+    // Step 2: pass the source's ECDH public keys and other session info to the sinks.
+    KeInitResult init1_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink1->init(source_init1_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                             source_init1_info.identity, source_init1_info.nonce,
+                                             source_init1_info.version, &init1_result)));
+    SessionInitiationInfo sink1_init_info = init1_result.sessionInitiationInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sink1_init_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+
+    SessionInfo sink1_info = init1_result.sessionInfo;
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)sink1_info.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from init()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)sink1_info.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from sink";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sink1_signing_key = SigningKeyFromIdentity(sink1_init_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(sink1_signing_key, sink1_info.sessionId, sink1_info.signature);
+    KeInitResult init2_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink2->init(source_init2_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                             source_init2_info.identity, source_init2_info.nonce,
+                                             source_init2_info.version, &init2_result)));
+    SessionInitiationInfo sink2_init_info = init2_result.sessionInitiationInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sink2_init_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+
+    SessionInfo sink2_info = init2_result.sessionInfo;
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)sink2_info.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from init()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)sink2_info.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from sink";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sink2_signing_key = SigningKeyFromIdentity(sink2_init_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(sink2_signing_key, sink2_info.sessionId, sink2_info.signature);
+
+    // Step 3: pass each sink's ECDH public key and other session info to the source, so it can
+    // calculate the same pair of symmetric keys.
+    SessionInfo source_info1;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->finish(sink1_init_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                                sink1_init_info.identity, sink1_info.signature,
+                                                sink1_init_info.nonce, sink1_init_info.version,
+                                                source_init1_info.key, &source_info1)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)source_info1.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from finsh()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)source_info1.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from source";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> source_signing_key1 = SigningKeyFromIdentity(source_init1_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(source_signing_key1, source_info1.sessionId, source_info1.signature);
+    SessionInfo source_info2;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->finish(sink2_init_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                                sink2_init_info.identity, sink2_info.signature,
+                                                sink2_init_info.nonce, sink2_init_info.version,
+                                                source_init2_info.key, &source_info2)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)source_info2.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from finsh()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)source_info2.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from source";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> source_signing_key2 = SigningKeyFromIdentity(source_init2_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(source_signing_key2, source_info2.sessionId, source_info2.signature);
+
+    // Both ends should agree on the session ID.
+    ASSERT_EQ(source_info1.sessionId, sink1_info.sessionId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(source_info2.sessionId, sink2_info.sessionId);
+
+    // Step 4: pass the source's session ID info back to the sink, so it can check it and
+    // update the symmetric keys so they're marked as authentication complete.
+    std::array<Arc, 2> auth_complete_result1;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink1->authenticationComplete(
+                          source_info1.signature, sink1_info.sharedKeys, &auth_complete_result1)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)auth_complete_result1.size(), 2)
+            << "Expect two symmetric keys from authComplete()";
+    sink1_info.sharedKeys = auth_complete_result1;
+    std::array<Arc, 2> auth_complete_result2;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink2->authenticationComplete(
+                          source_info2.signature, sink2_info.sharedKeys, &auth_complete_result2)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)auth_complete_result2.size(), 2)
+            << "Expect two symmetric keys from authComplete()";
+    sink2_info.sharedKeys = auth_complete_result2;
+}
+
+TEST_P(AuthGraphSessionTest, ParallelSource) {
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> source1 = authNode_;
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> source2 = authNode_;
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> sink = authNode_;
+
+    // Step 1: create an ephemeral ECDH key at each of the sources.
+    SessionInitiationInfo source1_init_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source1->create(&source1_init_info)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source1_init_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source1_init_info.key.arcFromPBK.has_value());
+    SessionInitiationInfo source2_init_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source1->create(&source2_init_info)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source2_init_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(source2_init_info.key.arcFromPBK.has_value());
+
+    // Step 2: pass each source's ECDH public key and other session info to the sink.
+    KeInitResult init1_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->init(source1_init_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                            source1_init_info.identity, source1_init_info.nonce,
+                                            source1_init_info.version, &init1_result)));
+    SessionInitiationInfo sink_init1_info = init1_result.sessionInitiationInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sink_init1_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+
+    SessionInfo sink_info1 = init1_result.sessionInfo;
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)sink_info1.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from init()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)sink_info1.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from sink";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sink_signing_key1 = SigningKeyFromIdentity(sink_init1_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(sink_signing_key1, sink_info1.sessionId, sink_info1.signature);
+
+    KeInitResult init2_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->init(source2_init_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                            source2_init_info.identity, source2_init_info.nonce,
+                                            source2_init_info.version, &init2_result)));
+    SessionInitiationInfo sink_init2_info = init2_result.sessionInitiationInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sink_init2_info.key.pubKey.has_value());
+
+    SessionInfo sink_info2 = init2_result.sessionInfo;
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)sink_info2.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from init()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)sink_info2.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from sink";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sink_signing_key2 = SigningKeyFromIdentity(sink_init2_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(sink_signing_key2, sink_info2.sessionId, sink_info2.signature);
+
+    // Step 3: pass the sink's ECDH public keys and other session info to the each of the sources.
+    SessionInfo source1_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source1->finish(sink_init1_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                                 sink_init1_info.identity, sink_info1.signature,
+                                                 sink_init1_info.nonce, sink_init1_info.version,
+                                                 source1_init_info.key, &source1_info)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)source1_info.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from finsh()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)source1_info.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from source";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> source1_signing_key = SigningKeyFromIdentity(source1_init_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(source1_signing_key, source1_info.sessionId, source1_info.signature);
+
+    SessionInfo source2_info;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source2->finish(sink_init2_info.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                                 sink_init2_info.identity, sink_info2.signature,
+                                                 sink_init2_info.nonce, sink_init2_info.version,
+                                                 source2_init_info.key, &source2_info)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)source2_info.sharedKeys.size(), 2) << "Expect two symmetric keys from finsh()";
+    ASSERT_GT((int)source2_info.sessionId.size(), 0) << "Expect non-empty session ID from source";
+    std::vector<uint8_t> source2_signing_key = SigningKeyFromIdentity(source2_init_info.identity);
+    CheckSignature(source2_signing_key, source2_info.sessionId, source2_info.signature);
+
+    // Both ends should agree on the session ID.
+    ASSERT_EQ(source1_info.sessionId, sink_info1.sessionId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(source2_info.sessionId, sink_info2.sessionId);
+
+    // Step 4: pass the each source's session ID info back to the sink, so it can check it and
+    // update the symmetric keys so they're marked as authentication complete.
+    std::array<Arc, 2> auth_complete_result1;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->authenticationComplete(
+                          source1_info.signature, sink_info1.sharedKeys, &auth_complete_result1)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)auth_complete_result1.size(), 2)
+            << "Expect two symmetric keys from authComplete()";
+    sink_info1.sharedKeys = auth_complete_result1;
+    std::array<Arc, 2> auth_complete_result2;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->authenticationComplete(
+                          source2_info.signature, sink_info2.sharedKeys, &auth_complete_result2)));
+    ASSERT_EQ((int)auth_complete_result2.size(), 2)
+            << "Expect two symmetric keys from authComplete()";
+    sink_info2.sharedKeys = auth_complete_result2;
+}
+
+TEST_P(AuthGraphSessionTest, FreshNonces) {
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> source = authNode_;
+    std::shared_ptr<IAuthGraphKeyExchange> sink = authNode_;
+
+    SessionInitiationInfo source_init_info1;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->create(&source_init_info1)));
+    SessionInitiationInfo source_init_info2;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(source->create(&source_init_info2)));
+
+    // Two calls to create() should result in the same identity but different nonce values.
+    ASSERT_EQ(source_init_info1.identity, source_init_info2.identity);
+    ASSERT_NE(source_init_info1.nonce, source_init_info2.nonce);
+    ASSERT_NE(source_init_info1.key.pubKey, source_init_info2.key.pubKey);
+    ASSERT_NE(source_init_info1.key.arcFromPBK, source_init_info2.key.arcFromPBK);
+
+    KeInitResult init_result1;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->init(source_init_info1.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                            source_init_info1.identity, source_init_info1.nonce,
+                                            source_init_info1.version, &init_result1)));
+    KeInitResult init_result2;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, GetReturnError(sink->init(source_init_info2.key.pubKey.value(),
+                                            source_init_info2.identity, source_init_info2.nonce,
+                                            source_init_info2.version, &init_result2)));
+
+    // Two calls to init() should result in the same identity buf different nonces and session IDs.
+    ASSERT_EQ(init_result1.sessionInitiationInfo.identity,
+              init_result2.sessionInitiationInfo.identity);
+    ASSERT_NE(init_result1.sessionInitiationInfo.nonce, init_result2.sessionInitiationInfo.nonce);
+    ASSERT_NE(init_result1.sessionInfo.sessionId, init_result2.sessionInfo.sessionId);
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AuthGraphSessionTest,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(AuthGraphSessionTest::build_params()),
+                         ::android::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(AuthGraphSessionTest);
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::security::authgraph::test
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/default/Android.bp b/security/authgraph/default/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9de3bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/default/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "hardware_interfaces_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["hardware_interfaces_license"],
+}
+
+rust_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.authgraph-service.nonsecure",
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    vendor: true,
+    init_rc: ["authgraph.rc"],
+    vintf_fragments: ["authgraph.xml"],
+    defaults: [
+        "authgraph_use_latest_hal_aidl_rust",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libandroid_logger",
+        "libauthgraph_core",
+        "libauthgraph_boringssl",
+        "libauthgraph_hal",
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "liblibc",
+        "liblog_rust",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "src/main.rs",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/security/authgraph/default/authgraph.rc b/security/authgraph/default/authgraph.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0222994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/default/authgraph.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+service vendor.authgraph /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.security.authgraph-service.nonsecure
+    interface aidl android.hardware.security.authgraph.IAuthGraph/nonsecure
+    class hal
+    user nobody
+    group nobody
diff --git a/security/authgraph/default/authgraph.xml b/security/authgraph/default/authgraph.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9529a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/default/authgraph.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<manifest version="1.0" type="device">
+    <hal format="aidl">
+        <name>android.hardware.security.authgraph</name>
+        <version>1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IAuthGraphKeyExchange</name>
+            <instance>nonsecure</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/security/authgraph/default/src/main.rs b/security/authgraph/default/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2112e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/authgraph/default/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Default implementation of the AuthGraph key exchange HAL.
+//!
+//! This implementation of the HAL is only intended to allow testing and policy compliance.  A real
+//! implementation of the AuthGraph HAL would be implemented in a secure environment, and would not
+//! be independently registered with service manager (a secure component that uses AuthGraph would
+//! expose an entrypoint that allowed retrieval of the specific IAuthGraphKeyExchange instance that
+//! is correlated with the component).
+
+use android_hardware_security_authgraph::aidl::android::hardware::security::authgraph::{
+    Arc::Arc, IAuthGraphKeyExchange::BnAuthGraphKeyExchange,
+    IAuthGraphKeyExchange::IAuthGraphKeyExchange, Identity::Identity, KeInitResult::KeInitResult,
+    Key::Key, PubKey::PubKey, SessionIdSignature::SessionIdSignature, SessionInfo::SessionInfo,
+    SessionInitiationInfo::SessionInitiationInfo,
+};
+use authgraph_boringssl as boring;
+use authgraph_core::{key::MillisecondsSinceEpoch, keyexchange as ke, traits};
+use authgraph_hal::{err_to_binder, Innto, TryInnto};
+use log::{error, info};
+use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+static SERVICE_NAME: &str = "android.hardware.security.authgraph.IAuthGraphKeyExchange";
+static SERVICE_INSTANCE: &str = "nonsecure";
+
+/// Local error type for failures in the HAL service.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct HalServiceError(String);
+
+impl From<String> for HalServiceError {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        Self(s)
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    if let Err(e) = inner_main() {
+        panic!("HAL service failed: {:?}", e);
+    }
+}
+
+fn inner_main() -> Result<(), HalServiceError> {
+    // Initialize Android logging.
+    android_logger::init_once(
+        android_logger::Config::default()
+            .with_tag("authgraph-hal-nonsecure")
+            .with_min_level(log::Level::Info)
+            .with_log_id(android_logger::LogId::System),
+    );
+    // Redirect panic messages to logcat.
+    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
+        error!("{}", panic_info);
+    }));
+
+    info!("Insecure AuthGraph key exchange HAL service is starting.");
+
+    info!("Starting thread pool now.");
+    binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();
+
+    // Register the service
+    let service = AuthGraphService::new_as_binder();
+    let service_name = format!("{}/{}", SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_INSTANCE);
+    binder::add_service(&service_name, service.as_binder()).map_err(|e| {
+        format!(
+            "Failed to register service {} because of {:?}.",
+            service_name, e
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    info!("Successfully registered AuthGraph HAL services.");
+    binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool();
+    info!("AuthGraph HAL service is terminating."); // should not reach here
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Non-secure implementation of the AuthGraph key exchange service.
+struct AuthGraphService {
+    imp: Mutex<traits::TraitImpl>,
+}
+
+impl AuthGraphService {
+    /// Create a new instance.
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            imp: Mutex::new(traits::TraitImpl {
+                aes_gcm: Box::new(boring::BoringAes),
+                ecdh: Box::new(boring::BoringEcDh),
+                ecdsa: Box::new(boring::BoringEcDsa),
+                hmac: Box::new(boring::BoringHmac),
+                hkdf: Box::new(boring::BoringHkdf),
+                sha256: Box::new(boring::BoringSha256),
+                rng: Box::new(boring::BoringRng),
+                device: Box::<boring::test_device::AgDevice>::default(),
+                clock: Some(Box::new(StdClock)),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new instance wrapped in a proxy object.
+    pub fn new_as_binder() -> binder::Strong<dyn IAuthGraphKeyExchange> {
+        BnAuthGraphKeyExchange::new_binder(Self::new(), binder::BinderFeatures::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl binder::Interface for AuthGraphService {}
+
+/// Extract (and require) an unsigned public key as bytes from a [`PubKey`].
+fn unsigned_pub_key(pub_key: &PubKey) -> binder::Result<&[u8]> {
+    match pub_key {
+        PubKey::PlainKey(key) => Ok(&key.plainPubKey),
+        PubKey::SignedKey(_) => Err(binder::Status::new_exception(
+            binder::ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
+            Some(&CString::new("expected unsigned public key").unwrap()),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// This nonsecure implementation of the AuthGraph HAL interface directly calls the AuthGraph
+/// reference implementation library code; a real implementation requires the AuthGraph
+/// code to run in a secure environment, not within Android.
+impl IAuthGraphKeyExchange for AuthGraphService {
+    fn create(&self) -> binder::Result<SessionInitiationInfo> {
+        info!("create()");
+        let mut imp = self.imp.lock().unwrap();
+        let info = ke::create(&mut *imp).map_err(err_to_binder)?;
+        Ok(info.innto())
+    }
+    fn init(
+        &self,
+        peer_pub_key: &PubKey,
+        peer_id: &Identity,
+        peer_nonce: &[u8],
+        peer_version: i32,
+    ) -> binder::Result<KeInitResult> {
+        info!("init(v={peer_version})");
+        let mut imp = self.imp.lock().unwrap();
+        let peer_pub_key = unsigned_pub_key(peer_pub_key)?;
+        let result = ke::init(
+            &mut *imp,
+            peer_pub_key,
+            &peer_id.identity,
+            &peer_nonce,
+            peer_version,
+        )
+        .map_err(err_to_binder)?;
+        Ok(result.innto())
+    }
+
+    fn finish(
+        &self,
+        peer_pub_key: &PubKey,
+        peer_id: &Identity,
+        peer_signature: &SessionIdSignature,
+        peer_nonce: &[u8],
+        peer_version: i32,
+        own_key: &Key,
+    ) -> binder::Result<SessionInfo> {
+        info!("finish(v={peer_version})");
+        let mut imp = self.imp.lock().unwrap();
+        let peer_pub_key = unsigned_pub_key(peer_pub_key)?;
+        let own_key: Key = own_key.clone();
+        let own_key: authgraph_core::key::Key = own_key.try_innto()?;
+        let session_info = ke::finish(
+            &mut *imp,
+            peer_pub_key,
+            &peer_id.identity,
+            &peer_signature.signature,
+            &peer_nonce,
+            peer_version,
+            own_key,
+        )
+        .map_err(err_to_binder)?;
+        Ok(session_info.innto())
+    }
+
+    fn authenticationComplete(
+        &self,
+        peer_signature: &SessionIdSignature,
+        shared_keys: &[Arc; 2],
+    ) -> binder::Result<[Arc; 2]> {
+        info!("authComplete()");
+        let mut imp = self.imp.lock().unwrap();
+        let shared_keys = [shared_keys[0].arc.clone(), shared_keys[1].arc.clone()];
+        let arcs = ke::authentication_complete(&mut *imp, &peer_signature.signature, shared_keys)
+            .map_err(err_to_binder)?;
+        Ok(arcs.map(|arc| Arc { arc }))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Monotonic clock.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct StdClock;
+
+impl traits::MonotonicClock for StdClock {
+    fn now(&self) -> authgraph_core::key::MillisecondsSinceEpoch {
+        let mut time = libc::timespec {
+            tv_sec: 0,  // libc::time_t
+            tv_nsec: 0, // libc::c_long
+        };
+        let rc =
+        // Safety: `time` is a valid structure.
+            unsafe { libc::clock_gettime(libc::CLOCK_BOOTTIME, &mut time as *mut libc::timespec) };
+        if rc < 0 {
+            log::warn!("failed to get time!");
+            return MillisecondsSinceEpoch(0);
+        }
+        // The types in `libc::timespec` may be different on different architectures,
+        // so allow conversion to `i64`.
+        #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+        MillisecondsSinceEpoch((time.tv_sec as i64 * 1000) + (time.tv_nsec as i64 / 1000 / 1000))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl
index 36f0106..aa7bf28 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl
@@ -643,6 +643,8 @@
      * Tag::ATTESTATION_CHALLENGE is used to deliver a "challenge" value to the attested key
      * generation/import methods, which must place the value in the KeyDescription SEQUENCE of the
      * attestation extension.
+     * The challenge value may be up to 128 bytes. If the caller provides a bigger challenge,
+     * INVALID_INPUT_LENGTH error should be returned.
      *
      * Must never appear in KeyCharacteristics.
      */
diff --git a/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp b/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp
index 618acbb..be11b87 100644
--- a/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::sensors::SensorInfo;
 using aidl::android::hardware::sensors::SensorStatus;
 using aidl::android::hardware::sensors::SensorType;
+using aidl::android::hardware::sensors::AdditionalInfo;
 using android::ProcessState;
 using std::chrono::duration_cast;
 
@@ -629,6 +630,15 @@
     Event additionalInfoEvent;
     additionalInfoEvent.sensorType = SensorType::ADDITIONAL_INFO;
     additionalInfoEvent.timestamp = android::elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    AdditionalInfo info;
+    info.type = AdditionalInfo::AdditionalInfoType::AINFO_BEGIN;
+    info.serial = 1;
+    AdditionalInfo::AdditionalInfoPayload::Int32Values infoData;
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < 14; i++) {
+        infoData.values[i] = i;
+    }
+    info.payload.set<AdditionalInfo::AdditionalInfoPayload::Tag::dataInt32>(infoData);
+    additionalInfoEvent.payload.set<Event::EventPayload::Tag::additional>(info);
 
     Event injectedEvent;
     injectedEvent.timestamp = android::elapsedRealtimeNano();
diff --git a/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp b/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp
index 53afef7..533d0e6 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp
@@ -305,13 +305,18 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
 
     status = mFilters[filterId]->configureMonitorEvent(monitorEventTypes);
+    return AssertionResult(status.isOk());
+}
+
+AssertionResult FilterTests::testMonitorEvent(uint64_t filterId, uint32_t monitorEventTypes) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mFilterCallbacks[filterId]) << "Test with getNewlyOpenedFilterId first.";
     if (monitorEventTypes & static_cast<int32_t>(DemuxFilterMonitorEventType::SCRAMBLING_STATUS)) {
         mFilterCallbacks[filterId]->testFilterScramblingEvent();
     }
     if (monitorEventTypes & static_cast<int32_t>(DemuxFilterMonitorEventType::IP_CID_CHANGE)) {
         mFilterCallbacks[filterId]->testFilterIpCidEvent();
     }
-    return AssertionResult(status.isOk());
+    return AssertionResult(true);
 }
 
 AssertionResult FilterTests::startIdTest(int64_t filterId) {
diff --git a/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.h b/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.h
index f579441..f57093e 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/FilterTests.h
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@
     AssertionResult configAvFilterStreamType(AvStreamType type, int64_t filterId);
     AssertionResult configIpFilterCid(int32_t ipCid, int64_t filterId);
     AssertionResult configureMonitorEvent(int64_t filterId, int32_t monitorEventTypes);
+    AssertionResult testMonitorEvent(uint64_t filterId, uint32_t monitorEventTypes);
     AssertionResult getFilterMQDescriptor(int64_t filterId, bool getMqDesc);
     AssertionResult startFilter(int64_t filterId);
     AssertionResult stopFilter(int64_t filterId);
diff --git a/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerTargetTest.cpp b/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerTargetTest.cpp
index 9db82c8..3664b6c 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerTargetTest.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@
     }
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getFilterMQDescriptor(filterId, filterConf.getMqDesc));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.startFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.tuneFrontend(frontendConf, true /*testWithDemux*/));
+    if (filterConf.monitorEventTypes > 0) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.testMonitorEvent(filterId, filterConf.monitorEventTypes));
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.stopTuneFrontend(true /*testWithDemux*/));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.stopFilter(filterId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.closeFilter(filterId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());