diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/Android.bp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 85c4f99..cd30f7d 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@
         "android.hardware.radio.config@1.1",
     ],
     header_libs: ["radio.util.header@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"]
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"]
 }
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp
index 5f11d19..31466c5 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h>
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, RadioHidlTest_v1_5,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadio::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index 687c06f..4d0a16b 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() with invalid hysteresisDb
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_invalidHysteresisDb) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_invalidHysteresisDb) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() with empty thresholds
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_EmptyThresholds) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_EmptyThresholds) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for GERAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Geran) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Geran) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for UTRAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Utran) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Utran) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for EUTRAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Eutran_RSRP) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Eutran_RSRP) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for EUTRAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Eutran_RSRQ) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Eutran_RSRQ) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for EUTRAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Eutran_RSSNR) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Eutran_RSSNR) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for CDMA2000
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Cdma2000) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Cdma2000) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for NGRAN_SSRSRP
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_NGRAN_SSRSRP) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_NGRAN_SSRSRP) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for NGRAN_SSRSRQ
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_NGRAN_SSRSRQ) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_NGRAN_SSRSRQ) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for EUTRAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Disable_RSSNR) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Disable_RSSNR) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for NGRAN_SSSINR
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_NGRAN_SSSINR) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_NGRAN_SSSINR) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5() invalid hysteresisDlKbps
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_invalidHysteresisDlKbps) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_invalidHysteresisDlKbps) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5(
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5() invalid hysteresisUlKbps
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_invalidHysteresisUlKbps) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_invalidHysteresisUlKbps) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5(
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5() empty params
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_emptyParams) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_emptyParams) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5(
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5() for GERAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_Geran) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5_Geran) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_1_5(
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.enableUiccApplications() for the response returned.
  * For SIM ABSENT case.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimAbsent) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimAbsent) {
     // This test case only test SIM ABSENT case.
     if (cardStatus.base.base.base.cardState != CardState::ABSENT) return;
 
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.enableUiccApplications() for the response returned.
  * For SIM PRESENT case.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimPresent) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimPresent) {
     // This test case only test SIM ABSENT case.
     if (cardStatus.base.base.base.cardState != CardState::PRESENT) return;
 
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.areUiccApplicationsEnabled() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, areUiccApplicationsEnabled) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, areUiccApplicationsEnabled) {
     // Disable Uicc applications.
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     radio_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled(serial);
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid specifier.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {.type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid interval (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid interval (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid max search time (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid max search time (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid periodicity (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid periodicity (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with valid periodicity
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with valid periodicity and plmns
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setupDataCall_1_5() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setupDataCall_1_5) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setupDataCall_1_5) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork accessNetwork =
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setInitialAttachApn_1_5() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setInitialAttachApn_1_5) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setInitialAttachApn_1_5) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a dataProfileInfo
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setDataProfile_1_5() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setDataProfile_1_5) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setDataProfile_1_5) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a dataProfileInfo
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setRadioPower_1_5() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setRadioPower_1_5_emergencyCall_cancelled) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setRadioPower_1_5_emergencyCall_cancelled) {
     // Set radio power to off.
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     radio_v1_5->setRadioPower_1_5(serial, false, false, false);
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setNetworkSelectionModeManual_1_5() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setNetworkSelectionModeManual_1_5) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setNetworkSelectionModeManual_1_5) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // can't camp on nonexistent MCCMNC, so we expect this to fail.
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendCdmaSmsExpectMore() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, sendCdmaSmsExpectMore) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, sendCdmaSmsExpectMore) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getBarringInfo() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, getBarringInfo) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, getBarringInfo) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->getBarringInfo(serial);
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 81cac33..7313de4 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,19 +17,7 @@
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest_v1_5::SetUp() {
-    radio_v1_5 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                    ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadio>(
-                            hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
-    if (radio_v1_5 == NULL) {
-        sleep(60);
-        radio_v1_5 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-                ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadio>(
-                RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                        ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadio>(
-                                hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
-    }
+    radio_v1_5 = android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radio_v1_5.get());
 
     radioRsp_v1_5 = new (std::nothrow) RadioResponse_v1_5(*this);
@@ -48,10 +36,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
 
     sp<::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig> radioConfig =
-            ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-                    ::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig>();
-
-    /* Enforce Vts tesing with RadioConfig is existed. */
+            ::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig::getService();
+    /* Enforce Vts testing with RadioConfig is existed. */
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radioConfig.get());
 
     /* Enforce Vts Testing with Sim Status Present only. */
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h
index 7ee0fe8..6a369cc 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h
@@ -14,10 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#pragma once
+
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -811,24 +815,8 @@
             /*barringInfos*/);
 };
 
-// Test environment for Radio HIDL HAL.
-class RadioHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-  public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RadioHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RadioHidlEnvironment* instance = new RadioHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadio>();
-    }
-
-  private:
-    RadioHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
 // The main test class for Radio HIDL.
-class RadioHidlTest_v1_5 : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class RadioHidlTest_v1_5 : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   protected:
     std::mutex mtx_;
     std::condition_variable cv_;