diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol/current/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol/current/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl
index 2cb1760..57a9812 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol/current/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol/current/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl
@@ -35,11 +35,10 @@
 @JavaDerive(equals=true, toString=true) @VintfStability
 parcelable AudioZone {
   String name;
-  int id;
+  int id = android.media.audio.common.AudioHalProductStrategy.ZoneId.DEFAULT /* 0 */;
   int occupantZoneId = UNASSIGNED_OCCUPANT /* -1 */;
   android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol.AudioZoneContext audioZoneContext;
   List<android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol.AudioZoneConfig> audioZoneConfigs;
   List<android.media.audio.common.AudioPort> inputAudioDevices;
-  const int PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE = 0;
   const int UNASSIGNED_OCCUPANT = (-1) /* -1 */;
 }
diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioFadeConfiguration.aidl b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioFadeConfiguration.aidl
index d3181da..4190c46 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioFadeConfiguration.aidl
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioFadeConfiguration.aidl
@@ -73,6 +73,10 @@
 
     /**
      * Fade in delayed duration for audio focus offender in milliseconds
+     *
+     * <p>Fade offender are defined as audio players that do not stop playback after audio focus
+     * lost. This timeout serves to continue to fadeout the offender until audio is stopped or the
+     * timeout expires.
      */
     long fadeInDelayedForOffendersMs = DEFAULT_DELAY_FADE_IN_OFFENDERS_MS;
 
diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl
index c90bcfd..d31d6fd 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/AudioZone.aidl
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol.AudioZoneConfig;
 import android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol.AudioZoneContext;
+import android.media.audio.common.AudioHalProductStrategy;
 import android.media.audio.common.AudioPort;
 
 /**
@@ -27,11 +28,6 @@
 @VintfStability
 parcelable AudioZone {
     /**
-     * Value indicating the primary audio zone
-     */
-    const int PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE = 0;
-
-    /**
      * Value indicating the occupant zone is not assigned.
      */
     const int UNASSIGNED_OCCUPANT = -1;
@@ -47,8 +43,11 @@
     /**
      * Audio zone id use to distiguish between the different audio zones for
      * volume management, fade, and min/max activation management.
+     *
+     * <p>Value must start at {@link AudioHalProductStrategy#ZoneId#DEFAULT} for the primary zone
+     * and increase for each different zone. Zone id must also not repeat for different zones.
      */
-    int id;
+    int id = AudioHalProductStrategy.ZoneId.DEFAULT;
 
     /**
      * Occupant zone id that should be mapped to this audio zone.
diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/VolumeGroupConfig.aidl b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/VolumeGroupConfig.aidl
index 7e3bc60..bea80ce 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/VolumeGroupConfig.aidl
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/VolumeGroupConfig.aidl
@@ -33,8 +33,9 @@
     /**
      * Audio zone group name.
      *
-     * <p>Must be non-empty if using configurable audio policy engine volume management, see
-     * {@code AudioDeviceConfiguration#useCoreAudioVolume} for details.
+     * <p>Must be non-empty if using configurable audio policy engine volume management,
+     * {@see AudioDeviceConfiguration#useCoreAudioVolume} for details. For non-core volume group
+     * management this can be left empty or use for debugging purposes.
      */
     String name;
 
diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/src/CarAudioConfigurationXmlConverter.cpp b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/src/CarAudioConfigurationXmlConverter.cpp
index 206ce0c..f4e8123 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/src/CarAudioConfigurationXmlConverter.cpp
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/src/CarAudioConfigurationXmlConverter.cpp
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioHalProductStrategy;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortDeviceExt;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortExt;
@@ -537,6 +538,7 @@
 
 bool parseAudioZone(const xsd::ZoneType& zone, const ActivationMap& activations,
                     const FadeConfigurationMap& fadeConfigurations, api::AudioZone& audioZone) {
+    static int kPrimaryZoneId = static_cast<int>(AudioHalProductStrategy::ZoneId::DEFAULT);
     if (zone.hasName()) {
         audioZone.name = zone.getName();
     }
@@ -558,7 +560,7 @@
     bool isPrimary = zone.hasIsPrimary() && zone.getIsPrimary();
 
     if (isPrimary) {
-        audioZone.id = api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE;
+        audioZone.id = kPrimaryZoneId;
     }
 
     // ID not required in XML for primary zone
@@ -569,10 +571,10 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (isPrimary && audioZone.id != api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE) {
+    if (isPrimary && audioZone.id != kPrimaryZoneId) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << " Audio zone is primary but has zone id "
                    << std::to_string(audioZone.id) << " instead of primary zone id "
-                   << std::to_string(api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE);
+                   << std::to_string(kPrimaryZoneId);
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/test/AudioControlConverterUnitTest.cpp b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/test/AudioControlConverterUnitTest.cpp
index b6bebe5..d11a59a 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/test/AudioControlConverterUnitTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/default/converter/test/AudioControlConverterUnitTest.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
 using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
 using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
+using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioHalProductStrategy;
 using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort;
 using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortDeviceExt;
 using ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortExt;
@@ -476,7 +477,7 @@
         {kBusMediaVolumeGroup, kBusNavVolumeGroup, kBusCallVolumeGroup, kBusSysVolumeGroup}, true);
 
 const api::AudioZone kDriverZone =
-        createAudioZone("driver zone", api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE,
+        createAudioZone("driver zone", static_cast<int>(AudioHalProductStrategy::ZoneId::DEFAULT),
                         kSimpleCarAudioConfigurationContext, {kDriverZoneConfig});
 
 const api::AudioZoneFadeConfiguration kZoneAudioConfigFading = createAudioZoneFadeConfiguration(
@@ -491,9 +492,9 @@
                        "oem_system_sound", "oem_notification"})});
 const api::AudioZoneConfig kFrontZoneConfig = createAudioZoneConfig(
         "front passenger config 0", kZoneAudioConfigFading, {kFrontVolumeGroup}, true);
-const api::AudioZone kFrontZone =
-        createAudioZone("front passenger zone", api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE + 1,
-                        kSimpleCarAudioConfigurationContext, {kFrontZoneConfig});
+const api::AudioZone kFrontZone = createAudioZone(
+        "front passenger zone", static_cast<int>(AudioHalProductStrategy::ZoneId::DEFAULT) + 1,
+        kSimpleCarAudioConfigurationContext, {kFrontZoneConfig});
 
 const AudioPort kBusRearDevice = createAudioPort("BUS_REAR", AudioDeviceType::OUT_BUS);
 const api::VolumeGroupConfig kRearVolumeGroup =
@@ -503,9 +504,9 @@
                                                          "oem_system_sound", "oem_notification"})});
 const api::AudioZoneConfig kRearZoneConfig = createAudioZoneConfig(
         "rear seat config 0", kZoneAudioConfigFading, {kRearVolumeGroup}, true);
-const api::AudioZone kRearZone =
-        createAudioZone("rear seat zone", api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE + 2,
-                        kSimpleCarAudioConfigurationContext, {kRearZoneConfig});
+const api::AudioZone kRearZone = createAudioZone(
+        "rear seat zone", static_cast<int>(AudioHalProductStrategy::ZoneId::DEFAULT) + 2,
+        kSimpleCarAudioConfigurationContext, {kRearZoneConfig});
 
 std::vector<api::AudioZone> kMultiZones = {kDriverZone, kFrontZone, kRearZone};
 
@@ -624,7 +625,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(zones.size(), 1);
 
     const auto& zone = zones.front();
-    EXPECT_EQ(zone.id, api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(zone.id, static_cast<int>(AudioHalProductStrategy::ZoneId::DEFAULT));
     EXPECT_EQ(zone.occupantZoneId, 0);
     EXPECT_EQ(zone.name, "primary zone");
 
@@ -685,7 +686,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(zones.size(), 1);
 
     const auto& zone = zones.front();
-    EXPECT_EQ(zone.id, api::AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(zone.id, static_cast<int>(AudioHalProductStrategy::ZoneId::DEFAULT));
     EXPECT_EQ(zone.occupantZoneId, 0);
     EXPECT_EQ(zone.name, "primary zone");
 
diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioControlTargetTest.cpp b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioControlTargetTest.cpp
index cd58f40..f01f04d 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioControlTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioControlTargetTest.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/BnModuleChangeCallback.h>
 #include <android/hardware/automotive/audiocontrol/IAudioControl.h>
 #include <android/log.h>
+#include <android/media/audio/common/AudioHalProductStrategy.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <include/AudioControlTestUtils.h>
@@ -63,6 +64,8 @@
         DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVATION_VALUE;
 using android::hardware::automotive::audiocontrol::VolumeActivationConfigurationEntry::
         DEFAULT_MIN_ACTIVATION_VALUE;
+using android::media::audio::common::AudioHalProductStrategy;
+
 using ::testing::AnyOf;
 using ::testing::Eq;
 
@@ -628,7 +631,7 @@
     std::set<android::String16> zoneNames;
     std::set<std::string> deviceAddresses;
     for (const auto& zone : audioZones) {
-        if (zone.id == AudioZone::PRIMARY_AUDIO_ZONE) {
+        if (zone.id == static_cast<int>(AudioHalProductStrategy::ZoneId::DEFAULT)) {
             EXPECT_FALSE(primaryZoneFound) << "There can only be one primary zone";
             primaryZoneFound = true;
         }
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl b/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl
index 5f8fee7..1df2123 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl
+++ b/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
   @VintfStability
   parcelable GnssSatelliteCorrections {
     int svid;
-    android.hardware.gnss.gnss_assistance.IonosphericCorrection[] inonosphericCorrections;
+    android.hardware.gnss.gnss_assistance.IonosphericCorrection[] ionosphericCorrections;
   }
   @VintfStability
   parcelable GpsAssistance {
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl b/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl
index e02d97f..6e8434a 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl
+++ b/gnss/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.gnss/current/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@
 @VintfStability
 parcelable IonosphericCorrection {
   long carrierFrequencyHz;
-  android.hardware.gnss.gnss_assistance.GnssCorrectionComponent ionosphericCorrection;
+  android.hardware.gnss.gnss_assistance.GnssCorrectionComponent ionosphericCorrectionComponent;
 }
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl b/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl
index ddff848..4bf6154 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl
+++ b/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/GnssAssistance.aidl
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
          * OSN number for Glonass. The distinction is made by looking at the constellation field.
          * Values must be in the range of:
          *
-         * - GNSS:    1-32
+         * - GPS:    1-32
          * - GLONASS: 1-25
          * - QZSS:    183-206
          * - Galileo: 1-36
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         int svid;
 
         /** Ionospheric corrections */
-        IonosphericCorrection[] inonosphericCorrections;
+        IonosphericCorrection[] ionosphericCorrections;
     }
 
     /** Contains GPS assistance. */
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl b/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl
index e8e50bd..fe6b63d 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl
+++ b/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/IonosphericCorrection.aidl
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@
      */
     long carrierFrequencyHz;
 
-    /** Ionospheric correction. */
-    GnssCorrectionComponent ionosphericCorrection;
+    /** Ionospheric correction component. */
+    GnssCorrectionComponent ionosphericCorrectionComponent;
 }
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/RealTimeIntegrityModel.aidl b/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/RealTimeIntegrityModel.aidl
index 4a4122c..10a511f 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/RealTimeIntegrityModel.aidl
+++ b/gnss/aidl/android/hardware/gnss/gnss_assistance/RealTimeIntegrityModel.aidl
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
      * OSN number for Glonass. The distinction is made by looking at the constellation field.
      * Values must be in the range of:
      *
-     * - GNSS:    1-32
+     * - GPS:    1-32
      * - GLONASS: 1-25
      * - QZSS:    183-206
      * - Galileo: 1-36
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
index 2c53377..c1900d7 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
@@ -3362,15 +3362,11 @@
             mComposerClient->createLayer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), kBufferSlotCount, &writer);
     EXPECT_TRUE(layerStatus.isOk());
     const auto& [status, properties] = mComposerClient->getOverlaySupport();
-    if (!status.isOk() && status.getExceptionCode() == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC &&
-        status.getServiceSpecificError() == IComposerClient::EX_UNSUPPORTED) {
-        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "getOverlaySupport is not supported";
-        return;
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
 
     // TODO (b/362319189): add Lut VTS enforcement
-    if (!properties.lutProperties) {
+    if ((!status.isOk() && status.getExceptionCode() == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC &&
+         status.getServiceSpecificError() == IComposerClient::EX_UNSUPPORTED) ||
+        (status.isOk() && !properties.lutProperties)) {
         int32_t size = 7;
         size_t bufferSize = static_cast<size_t>(size) * sizeof(float);
         int32_t fd = ashmem_create_region("lut_shared_mem", bufferSize);
@@ -3384,13 +3380,22 @@
                 {LutProperties::Dimension::ONE_D, size, {LutProperties::SamplingKey::RGB}}};
         luts.pfd = ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor(fd);
 
+        const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer(getPrimaryDisplayId());
+        const auto buffer = allocate(::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, buffer->handle);
+        writer.setLayerBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, /*slot*/ 0, buffer->handle,
+                              /*acquireFence*/ -1);
         writer.setLayerLuts(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, luts);
         writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
                                VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
+        const auto errors = mReader.takeErrors();
+        if (errors.size() == 1 && errors[0].errorCode == IComposerClient::EX_UNSUPPORTED) {
+            GTEST_SUCCEED() << "setLayerLuts is not supported";
+            return;
+        }
         // change to client composition
         ASSERT_FALSE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/test/DeviceTest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/test/DeviceTest.cpp
index 0e855c4..0d8c141 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/test/DeviceTest.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/test/DeviceTest.cpp
@@ -54,10 +54,6 @@
         .execTime = std::numeric_limits<float>::max(),
         .powerUsage = std::numeric_limits<float>::max()};
 
-// FIXME: This function causes Clang to hang indefinitely when building with
-// -O1. Turn off optimization as a temporary workaround.
-// http://b/296850773
-#pragma clang optimize off
 template <typename... Args>
 auto makeCallbackReturn(Args&&... args) {
     return [argPack = std::make_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...)](const auto& cb) {
@@ -65,7 +61,6 @@
         return Void();
     };
 }
-#pragma clang optimize on
 
 sp<MockDevice> createMockDevice() {
     const auto mockDevice = MockDevice::create();
diff --git a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl
index a6fd27a..ad7473b 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@
 @VintfStability
 interface IRadioNetwork {
   oneway void getAllowedNetworkTypesBitmap(in int serial);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void getAvailableBandModes(in int serial);
   oneway void getAvailableNetworks(in int serial);
   oneway void getBarringInfo(in int serial);
@@ -58,6 +61,9 @@
   oneway void isNrDualConnectivityEnabled(in int serial);
   oneway void responseAcknowledgement();
   oneway void setAllowedNetworkTypesBitmap(in int serial, in int networkTypeBitmap);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setBandMode(in int serial, in android.hardware.radio.network.RadioBandMode mode);
   oneway void setBarringPassword(in int serial, in String facility, in String oldPassword, in String newPassword);
   /**
@@ -67,12 +73,18 @@
   oneway void setCellInfoListRate(in int serial, in int rate);
   oneway void setIndicationFilter(in int serial, in int indicationFilter);
   oneway void setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(in int serial, in int hysteresisMs, in int hysteresisDlKbps, in int hysteresisUlKbps, in int[] thresholdsDownlinkKbps, in int[] thresholdsUplinkKbps, in android.hardware.radio.AccessNetwork accessNetwork);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setLocationUpdates(in int serial, in boolean enable);
   oneway void setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic(in int serial);
   oneway void setNetworkSelectionModeManual(in int serial, in String operatorNumeric, in android.hardware.radio.AccessNetwork ran);
   oneway void setNrDualConnectivityState(in int serial, in android.hardware.radio.network.NrDualConnectivityState nrDualConnectivityState);
   oneway void setResponseFunctions(in android.hardware.radio.network.IRadioNetworkResponse radioNetworkResponse, in android.hardware.radio.network.IRadioNetworkIndication radioNetworkIndication);
   oneway void setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(in int serial, in android.hardware.radio.network.SignalThresholdInfo[] signalThresholdInfos);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setSuppServiceNotifications(in int serial, in boolean enable);
   oneway void setSystemSelectionChannels(in int serial, in boolean specifyChannels, in android.hardware.radio.network.RadioAccessSpecifier[] specifiers);
   oneway void startNetworkScan(in int serial, in android.hardware.radio.network.NetworkScanRequest request);
diff --git a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl
index 080b4aa..3c220ab 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.network/current/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@
 interface IRadioNetworkResponse {
   oneway void acknowledgeRequest(in int serial);
   oneway void getAllowedNetworkTypesBitmapResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in int networkTypeBitmap);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void getAvailableBandModesResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in android.hardware.radio.network.RadioBandMode[] bandModes);
   oneway void getAvailableNetworksResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in android.hardware.radio.network.OperatorInfo[] networkInfos);
   oneway void getBarringInfoResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in android.hardware.radio.network.CellIdentity cellIdentity, in android.hardware.radio.network.BarringInfo[] barringInfos);
@@ -58,6 +61,9 @@
   oneway void getVoiceRegistrationStateResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in android.hardware.radio.network.RegStateResult voiceRegResponse);
   oneway void isNrDualConnectivityEnabledResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in boolean isEnabled);
   oneway void setAllowedNetworkTypesBitmapResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setBandModeResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setBarringPasswordResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   /**
@@ -67,11 +73,17 @@
   oneway void setCellInfoListRateResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setIndicationFilterResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setLinkCapacityReportingCriteriaResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setLocationUpdatesResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setNetworkSelectionModeAutomaticResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setNetworkSelectionModeManualResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setNrDualConnectivityStateResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setSignalStrengthReportingCriteriaResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setSuppServiceNotificationsResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setSystemSelectionChannelsResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void startNetworkScanResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
diff --git a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl
index 5a4c5c1..c868f81 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl
@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@
   oneway void setFacilityLockForApp(in int serial, in String facility, in boolean lockState, in String password, in int serviceClass, in String appId);
   oneway void setResponseFunctions(in android.hardware.radio.sim.IRadioSimResponse radioSimResponse, in android.hardware.radio.sim.IRadioSimIndication radioSimIndication);
   oneway void setSimCardPower(in int serial, in android.hardware.radio.sim.CardPowerState powerUp);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setUiccSubscription(in int serial, in android.hardware.radio.sim.SelectUiccSub uiccSub);
   oneway void supplyIccPin2ForApp(in int serial, in String pin2, in String aid);
   oneway void supplyIccPinForApp(in int serial, in String pin, in String aid);
diff --git a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl
index a512bae..6526d8b 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.radio.sim/current/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl
@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@
   oneway void setCdmaSubscriptionSourceResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void setFacilityLockForAppResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in int retry);
   oneway void setSimCardPowerResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
+   */
   oneway void setUiccSubscriptionResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info);
   oneway void supplyIccPin2ForAppResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in int remainingRetries);
   oneway void supplyIccPinForAppResponse(in android.hardware.radio.RadioResponseInfo info, in int remainingRetries);
diff --git a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/modem/HardwareConfigModem.aidl b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/modem/HardwareConfigModem.aidl
index 4818c9e..0389170 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/modem/HardwareConfigModem.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/modem/HardwareConfigModem.aidl
@@ -32,9 +32,12 @@
      */
     int rilModel;
     /**
-     * Bitset value, based on RadioTechnology.
+     * All supported radio technologies.
+     *
+     * Despite the stated type, this is an int bitset: a mask where each bit position represents a
+     * radio technology.
      */
-    RadioTechnology rat = RadioTechnology.UNKNOWN;
+    RadioTechnology rat = RadioTechnology.UNKNOWN; // it's really an empty bitmask
     /**
      * Maximum number of concurrent active voice calls.
      */
diff --git a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl
index 68e4829..2509b6d 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetwork.aidl
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@
      * Response function is IRadioNetworkResponse.getAvailableBandModesResponse()
      *
      * This is available when android.hardware.telephony.radio.access is defined.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void getAvailableBandModes(in int serial);
 
@@ -247,6 +249,8 @@
      * Response function is IRadioNetworkResponse.setBandModeResponse()
      *
      * This is available when android.hardware.telephony.radio.access is defined.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setBandMode(in int serial, in RadioBandMode mode);
 
@@ -348,6 +352,8 @@
      * Response function is IRadioNetworkResponse.setLocationUpdatesResponse()
      *
      * This is available when android.hardware.telephony.radio.access is defined.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setLocationUpdates(in int serial, in boolean enable);
 
@@ -441,6 +447,8 @@
      * Response function is IRadioNetworkResponse.setSuppServiceNotificationsResponse()
      *
      * This is available when android.hardware.telephony.calling is defined.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setSuppServiceNotifications(in int serial, in boolean enable);
 
diff --git a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl
index 4c1a394..fd332fc 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/network/IRadioNetworkResponse.aidl
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@
      *   RadioError:MODEM_ERR
      *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
      *   RadioError:CANCELLED
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void getAvailableBandModesResponse(in RadioResponseInfo info, in RadioBandMode[] bandModes);
 
@@ -332,6 +334,8 @@
      *   RadioError:MODEM_ERR
      *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
      *   RadioError:CANCELLED
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setBandModeResponse(in RadioResponseInfo info);
 
@@ -437,6 +441,8 @@
      *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
      *   RadioError:CANCELLED
      *   RadioError:SIM_ABSENT
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setLocationUpdatesResponse(in RadioResponseInfo info);
 
@@ -528,6 +534,8 @@
      *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
      *   RadioError:CANCELLED
      *   RadioError:SIM_ABSENT
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setSuppServiceNotificationsResponse(in RadioResponseInfo info);
 
diff --git a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl
index 24c7320..16573f4 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSim.aidl
@@ -485,6 +485,8 @@
      * Response function is IRadioSimResponse.setUiccSubscriptionResponse()
      *
      * This is available when android.hardware.telephony.subscription is defined.
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setUiccSubscription(in int serial, in SelectUiccSub uiccSub);
 
diff --git a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl
index 92815d2..62fa674 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl
+++ b/radio/aidl/android/hardware/radio/sim/IRadioSimResponse.aidl
@@ -544,6 +544,8 @@
      *   RadioError:INVALID_ARGUMENTS
      *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
      *   RadioError:CANCELLED
+     *
+     * @deprecated Android Telephony framework doesn't use this.
      */
     void setUiccSubscriptionResponse(in RadioResponseInfo info);
 
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
index e8eed71..b57dd8a 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
@@ -548,10 +548,8 @@
     void deleteKey(in byte[] keyBlob);
 
     /**
-     * Deletes all keys in the hardware keystore.  Used when keystore is reset completely.  After
-     * this function is called all keys with Tag::ROLLBACK_RESISTANCE in their hardware-enforced
-     * authorization lists must be rendered permanently unusable.  Keys without
-     * Tag::ROLLBACK_RESISTANCE may or may not be rendered unusable.
+     * Deletes all keys in the hardware keystore. Used when keystore is reset completely. After
+     * this function is called all keys created previously must be rendered permanently unusable.
      */
     void deleteAllKeys();
 
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/default/hal/lib.rs b/security/keymint/aidl/default/hal/lib.rs
index 621f077..fad807f 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/default/hal/lib.rs
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/default/hal/lib.rs
@@ -47,11 +47,9 @@
 
 /// Get boot information based on system properties.
 pub fn get_boot_info() -> kmr_wire::SetBootInfoRequest {
-    // No access to a verified boot key.
-    let verified_boot_key = vec![0; 32];
     let vbmeta_digest = get_property("ro.boot.vbmeta.digest").unwrap_or_else(|_| "00".repeat(32));
     let verified_boot_hash = hex::decode(&vbmeta_digest).unwrap_or_else(|_e| {
-        error!("failed to parse hex data in '{}'", vbmeta_digest);
+        error!("failed to parse VBMeta digest hex data in '{vbmeta_digest}': {_e:?}");
         vec![0; 32]
     });
     let device_boot_locked = match get_property("ro.boot.vbmeta.device_state")
@@ -65,6 +63,18 @@
             false
         }
     };
+    let verified_boot_key_digest =
+        get_property("ro.boot.vbmeta.public_key_digest").unwrap_or_else(|_| "00".repeat(32));
+    let verified_boot_key = match device_boot_locked {
+        true => hex::decode(&verified_boot_key_digest).unwrap_or_else(|_e| {
+            error!("Failed to parse Verified Boot key hex data in '{verified_boot_key_digest}': {_e:?}");
+            vec![0; 32]
+        }),
+        // VTS-16+ requires the attested Verified Boot key to be 32 bytes of zeroes when the
+        // bootloader is unlocked, so we ignore the property's value in that case. Behaviour
+        // prior to VTS-16 is unspecified, so it's fine to return the same.
+        false => vec![0; 32],
+    };
     let verified_boot_state = match get_property("ro.boot.verifiedbootstate")
         .unwrap_or_else(|_| "no-prop".to_string())
         .as_str()
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp
index 067db78..416e6c0 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp
@@ -8305,21 +8305,15 @@
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Option --arm_deleteAllKeys not set";
         return;
     }
+    // This test was introduced in API level 36, but is not version guarded because it requires a
+    // manual opt-in anyway. This makes it easier to run on older devices.
     auto error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                      .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                      .Digest(Digest::NONE)
                                      .Padding(PaddingMode::NONE)
                                      .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_ROLLBACK_RESISTANCE)
                                      .SetDefaultValidity());
-    if (error == ErrorCode::ROLLBACK_RESISTANCE_UNAVAILABLE) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Rollback resistance not supported";
-    }
-
-    // Delete must work if rollback protection is implemented
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, error);
-    AuthorizationSet hardwareEnforced(SecLevelAuthorizations());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(hardwareEnforced.Contains(TAG_ROLLBACK_RESISTANCE));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, DeleteAllKeys());
 
diff --git a/security/keymint/support/include/remote_prov/remote_prov_utils.h b/security/keymint/support/include/remote_prov/remote_prov_utils.h
index 6cb00f2..9035d79 100644
--- a/security/keymint/support/include/remote_prov/remote_prov_utils.h
+++ b/security/keymint/support/include/remote_prov/remote_prov_utils.h
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@
 using bytevec = std::vector<uint8_t>;
 using namespace cppcose;
 
+constexpr std::string_view kErrorChallengeMismatch = "challenges do not match";
+constexpr std::string_view kErrorUdsCertsAreRequired = "UdsCerts are required";
+constexpr std::string_view kErrorKeysToSignMismatch = "KeysToSign do not match";
+constexpr std::string_view kErrorDiceChainIsDegenerate = "DICE chain is degenerate";
+
 extern bytevec kTestMacKey;
 
 // The Google root key for the Endpoint Encryption Key chain, encoded as COSE_Sign1
diff --git a/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp b/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp
index e11f021..ccb2768 100644
--- a/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp
@@ -123,37 +123,6 @@
     return std::make_tuple(std::move(pubX), std::move(pubY));
 }
 
-ErrMsgOr<bytevec> getRawPublicKey(const EVP_PKEY_Ptr& pubKey) {
-    if (pubKey.get() == nullptr) {
-        return "pkey is null.";
-    }
-    int keyType = EVP_PKEY_base_id(pubKey.get());
-    switch (keyType) {
-        case EVP_PKEY_EC: {
-            int nid = EVP_PKEY_bits(pubKey.get()) == 384 ? NID_secp384r1 : NID_X9_62_prime256v1;
-            auto ecKey = EC_KEY_Ptr(EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pubKey.get()));
-            if (ecKey.get() == nullptr) {
-                return "Failed to get ec key";
-          }
-          return ecKeyGetPublicKey(ecKey.get(), nid);
-        }
-        case EVP_PKEY_ED25519: {
-            bytevec rawPubKey;
-            size_t rawKeySize = 0;
-            if (!EVP_PKEY_get_raw_public_key(pubKey.get(), NULL, &rawKeySize)) {
-                return "Failed to get raw public key.";
-            }
-            rawPubKey.resize(rawKeySize);
-            if (!EVP_PKEY_get_raw_public_key(pubKey.get(), rawPubKey.data(), &rawKeySize)) {
-                return "Failed to get raw public key.";
-            }
-            return rawPubKey;
-        }
-        default:
-            return "Unknown key type.";
-    }
-}
-
 ErrMsgOr<std::tuple<bytevec, bytevec>> generateEc256KeyPair() {
     auto ec_key = EC_KEY_Ptr(EC_KEY_new());
     if (ec_key.get() == nullptr) {
@@ -166,7 +135,7 @@
     }
 
     if (EC_KEY_set_group(ec_key.get(), group.get()) != 1 ||
-        EC_KEY_generate_key(ec_key.get()) != 1 || EC_KEY_check_key(ec_key.get()) < 0) {
+        EC_KEY_generate_key(ec_key.get()) != 1 || EC_KEY_check_key(ec_key.get()) != 1) {
         return "Error generating key";
     }
 
@@ -331,17 +300,22 @@
     return chain.encode();
 }
 
+bool maybeOverrideAllowAnyMode(bool allowAnyMode) {
+    // Use ro.build.type instead of ro.debuggable because ro.debuggable=1 for VTS testing
+    std::string build_type = ::android::base::GetProperty("ro.build.type", "");
+    if (!build_type.empty() && build_type != "user") {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return allowAnyMode;
+}
+
 ErrMsgOr<std::vector<BccEntryData>> validateBcc(const cppbor::Array* bcc,
                                                 hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind kind, bool allowAnyMode,
                                                 bool allowDegenerate,
                                                 const std::string& instanceName) {
     auto encodedBcc = bcc->encode();
 
-    // Use ro.build.type instead of ro.debuggable because ro.debuggable=1 for VTS testing
-    std::string build_type = ::android::base::GetProperty("ro.build.type", "");
-    if (!build_type.empty() && build_type != "user") {
-        allowAnyMode = true;
-    }
+    allowAnyMode = maybeOverrideAllowAnyMode(allowAnyMode);
 
     auto chain =
             hwtrust::DiceChain::Verify(encodedBcc, kind, allowAnyMode, deviceSuffix(instanceName));
@@ -779,233 +753,9 @@
                                /*isFactory=*/false, allowAnyMode);
 }
 
-ErrMsgOr<X509_Ptr> parseX509Cert(const std::vector<uint8_t>& cert) {
-    CRYPTO_BUFFER_Ptr certBuf(CRYPTO_BUFFER_new(cert.data(), cert.size(), nullptr));
-    if (!certBuf.get()) {
-        return "Failed to create crypto buffer.";
-    }
-    X509_Ptr result(X509_parse_from_buffer(certBuf.get()));
-    if (!result.get()) {
-        return "Failed to parse certificate.";
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-std::string getX509IssuerName(const X509_Ptr& cert) {
-    char* name = X509_NAME_oneline(X509_get_issuer_name(cert.get()), nullptr, 0);
-    std::string result(name);
-    OPENSSL_free(name);
-    return result;
-}
-
-std::string getX509SubjectName(const X509_Ptr& cert) {
-    char* name = X509_NAME_oneline(X509_get_subject_name(cert.get()), nullptr, 0);
-    std::string result(name);
-    OPENSSL_free(name);
-    return result;
-}
-
-// Validates the certificate chain and returns the leaf public key.
-ErrMsgOr<bytevec> validateCertChain(const cppbor::Array& chain) {
-    bytevec rawPubKey;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < chain.size(); ++i) {
-        // Root must be self-signed.
-        size_t signingCertIndex = (i > 0) ? i - 1 : i;
-        auto& keyCertItem = chain[i];
-        auto& signingCertItem = chain[signingCertIndex];
-        if (!keyCertItem || !keyCertItem->asBstr()) {
-            return "Key certificate must be a Bstr.";
-        }
-        if (!signingCertItem || !signingCertItem->asBstr()) {
-            return "Signing certificate must be a Bstr.";
-        }
-
-        auto keyCert = parseX509Cert(keyCertItem->asBstr()->value());
-        if (!keyCert) {
-            return keyCert.message();
-        }
-        auto signingCert = parseX509Cert(signingCertItem->asBstr()->value());
-        if (!signingCert) {
-            return signingCert.message();
-        }
-
-        EVP_PKEY_Ptr pubKey(X509_get_pubkey(keyCert->get()));
-        if (!pubKey.get()) {
-            return "Failed to get public key.";
-        }
-        EVP_PKEY_Ptr signingPubKey(X509_get_pubkey(signingCert->get()));
-        if (!signingPubKey.get()) {
-            return "Failed to get signing public key.";
-        }
-
-        if (!X509_verify(keyCert->get(), signingPubKey.get())) {
-            return "Verification of certificate " + std::to_string(i) +
-                   " faile. OpenSSL error string: " + ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL);
-        }
-
-        auto certIssuer = getX509IssuerName(*keyCert);
-        auto signerSubj = getX509SubjectName(*signingCert);
-        if (certIssuer != signerSubj) {
-            return "Certificate " + std::to_string(i) + " has wrong issuer. Signer subject is " +
-                   signerSubj + " Issuer subject is " + certIssuer;
-        }
-        if (i == chain.size() - 1) {
-            auto key = getRawPublicKey(pubKey);
-            if (!key) return key.moveMessage();
-            rawPubKey = key.moveValue();
-        }
-    }
-    return rawPubKey;
-}
-
-std::optional<std::string> validateUdsCerts(const cppbor::Map& udsCerts,
-                                            const bytevec& udsCoseKeyBytes) {
-    for (const auto& [signerName, udsCertChain] : udsCerts) {
-        if (!signerName || !signerName->asTstr()) {
-            return "Signer Name must be a Tstr.";
-        }
-        if (!udsCertChain || !udsCertChain->asArray()) {
-            return "UDS certificate chain must be an Array.";
-        }
-        if (udsCertChain->asArray()->size() < 2) {
-            return "UDS certificate chain must have at least two entries: root and leaf.";
-        }
-
-        auto leafPubKey = validateCertChain(*udsCertChain->asArray());
-        if (!leafPubKey) {
-            return leafPubKey.message();
-        }
-        auto coseKey = CoseKey::parse(udsCoseKeyBytes);
-        if (!coseKey) {
-            return coseKey.moveMessage();
-        }
-        auto curve = coseKey->getIntValue(CoseKey::CURVE);
-        if (!curve) {
-            return "CoseKey must contain curve.";
-        }
-        bytevec udsPub;
-        if (curve == CoseKeyCurve::P256 || curve == CoseKeyCurve::P384) {
-            auto pubKey = coseKey->getEcPublicKey();
-            if (!pubKey) {
-                return pubKey.moveMessage();
-            }
-            // convert public key to uncompressed form by prepending 0x04 at begin.
-            pubKey->insert(pubKey->begin(), 0x04);
-            udsPub = pubKey.moveValue();
-        } else if (curve == CoseKeyCurve::ED25519) {
-            auto& pubkey = coseKey->getMap().get(cppcose::CoseKey::PUBKEY_X);
-            if (!pubkey || !pubkey->asBstr()) {
-                return "Invalid public key.";
-            }
-            udsPub = pubkey->asBstr()->value();
-        } else {
-            return "Unknown curve.";
-        }
-        if (*leafPubKey != udsPub) {
-            return "Leaf public key in UDS certificate chain doesn't match UDS public key.";
-        }
-    }
-    return std::nullopt;
-}
-
-ErrMsgOr<std::unique_ptr<cppbor::Array>> parseAndValidateCsrPayload(
-        const cppbor::Array& keysToSign, const std::vector<uint8_t>& csrPayload,
-        const RpcHardwareInfo& rpcHardwareInfo, bool isFactory) {
-    auto [parsedCsrPayload, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(csrPayload);
-    if (!parsedCsrPayload) {
-        return errMsg;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<cppbor::Array> parsed(parsedCsrPayload.release()->asArray());
-    if (!parsed) {
-        return "CSR payload is not a CBOR array.";
-    }
-
-    if (parsed->size() != 4U) {
-        return "CSR payload must contain version, certificate type, device info, keys. "
-               "However, the parsed CSR payload has " +
-               std::to_string(parsed->size()) + " entries.";
-    }
-
-    auto signedVersion = parsed->get(0)->asUint();
-    auto signedCertificateType = parsed->get(1)->asTstr();
-    auto signedDeviceInfo = parsed->get(2)->asMap();
-    auto signedKeys = parsed->get(3)->asArray();
-
-    if (!signedVersion || signedVersion->value() != 3U) {
-        return "CSR payload version must be an unsigned integer and must be equal to 3.";
-    }
-    if (!signedCertificateType) {
-        // Certificate type is allowed to be extendend by vendor, i.e. we can't
-        // enforce its value.
-        return "Certificate type must be a Tstr.";
-    }
-    if (!signedDeviceInfo) {
-        return "Device info must be an Map.";
-    }
-    if (!signedKeys) {
-        return "Keys must be an Array.";
-    }
-
-    auto result =
-            parseAndValidateDeviceInfo(signedDeviceInfo->encode(), rpcHardwareInfo, isFactory);
-    if (!result) {
-        return result.message();
-    }
-
-    if (signedKeys->encode() != keysToSign.encode()) {
-        return "Signed keys do not match.";
-    }
-
-    return std::move(parsed);
-}
-
-ErrMsgOr<bytevec> parseAndValidateAuthenticatedRequestSignedPayload(
-        const std::vector<uint8_t>& signedPayload, const std::vector<uint8_t>& challenge) {
-    auto [parsedSignedPayload, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(signedPayload);
-    if (!parsedSignedPayload) {
-        return errMsg;
-    }
-    if (!parsedSignedPayload->asArray()) {
-        return "SignedData payload is not a CBOR array.";
-    }
-    if (parsedSignedPayload->asArray()->size() != 2U) {
-        return "SignedData payload must contain the challenge and request. However, the parsed "
-               "SignedData payload has " +
-               std::to_string(parsedSignedPayload->asArray()->size()) + " entries.";
-    }
-
-    auto signedChallenge = parsedSignedPayload->asArray()->get(0)->asBstr();
-    auto signedRequest = parsedSignedPayload->asArray()->get(1)->asBstr();
-
-    if (!signedChallenge) {
-        return "Challenge must be a Bstr.";
-    }
-
-    if (challenge.size() > 64) {
-        return "Challenge size must be between 0 and 64 bytes inclusive. "
-               "However, challenge is " +
-               std::to_string(challenge.size()) + " bytes long.";
-    }
-
-    auto challengeBstr = cppbor::Bstr(challenge);
-    if (*signedChallenge != challengeBstr) {
-        return "Signed challenge does not match."
-               "\n  Actual: " +
-               cppbor::prettyPrint(signedChallenge->asBstr(), 64 /* maxBStrSize */) +
-               "\nExpected: " + cppbor::prettyPrint(&challengeBstr, 64 /* maxBStrSize */);
-    }
-
-    if (!signedRequest) {
-        return "Request must be a Bstr.";
-    }
-
-    return signedRequest->value();
-}
-
 ErrMsgOr<hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind> getDiceChainKind() {
     int vendor_api_level = ::android::base::GetIntProperty("ro.vendor.api_level", -1);
-    if (vendor_api_level == __ANDROID_API_T__) {
+    if (vendor_api_level <= __ANDROID_API_T__) {
         return hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind::kVsr13;
     } else if (vendor_api_level == __ANDROID_API_U__) {
         return hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind::kVsr14;
@@ -1018,87 +768,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-ErrMsgOr<bytevec> parseAndValidateAuthenticatedRequest(const std::vector<uint8_t>& request,
-                                                       const std::vector<uint8_t>& challenge,
-                                                       const std::string& instanceName,
-                                                       bool allowAnyMode = false,
-                                                       bool allowDegenerate = true,
-                                                       bool requireUdsCerts = false) {
-    auto [parsedRequest, _, csrErrMsg] = cppbor::parse(request);
-    if (!parsedRequest) {
-        return csrErrMsg;
-    }
-    if (!parsedRequest->asArray()) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest is not a CBOR array.";
-    }
-    if (parsedRequest->asArray()->size() != 4U) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest must contain version, UDS certificates, DICE chain, and "
-               "signed data. However, the parsed AuthenticatedRequest has " +
-               std::to_string(parsedRequest->asArray()->size()) + " entries.";
-    }
-
-    auto version = parsedRequest->asArray()->get(0)->asUint();
-    auto udsCerts = parsedRequest->asArray()->get(1)->asMap();
-    auto diceCertChain = parsedRequest->asArray()->get(2)->asArray();
-    auto signedData = parsedRequest->asArray()->get(3)->asArray();
-
-    if (!version || version->value() != 1U) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest version must be an unsigned integer and must be equal to 1.";
-    }
-
-    if (!udsCerts) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest UdsCerts must be a Map.";
-    }
-    if (requireUdsCerts && udsCerts->size() == 0) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest UdsCerts must not be empty.";
-    }
-    if (!diceCertChain) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest DiceCertChain must be an Array.";
-    }
-    if (!signedData) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest SignedData must be an Array.";
-    }
-
-    // DICE chain is [ pubkey, + DiceChainEntry ].
-    auto diceChainKind = getDiceChainKind();
-    if (!diceChainKind) {
-        return diceChainKind.message();
-    }
-
-    auto diceContents =
-            validateBcc(diceCertChain, *diceChainKind, allowAnyMode, allowDegenerate, instanceName);
-    if (!diceContents) {
-        return diceContents.message() + "\n" + prettyPrint(diceCertChain);
-    }
-
-    if (!diceCertChain->get(0)->asMap()) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest The first entry in DiceCertChain must be a Map.";
-    }
-    auto udsPub = diceCertChain->get(0)->asMap()->encode();
-    auto error = validateUdsCerts(*udsCerts, udsPub);
-    if (error) {
-        return *error;
-    }
-
-    if (diceContents->empty()) {
-        return "AuthenticatedRequest DiceContents must not be empty.";
-    }
-    auto& kmDiceKey = diceContents->back().pubKey;
-    auto signedPayload = verifyAndParseCoseSign1(signedData, kmDiceKey, /*aad=*/{});
-    if (!signedPayload) {
-        return signedPayload.message();
-    }
-
-    auto payload = parseAndValidateAuthenticatedRequestSignedPayload(*signedPayload, challenge);
-    if (!payload) {
-        return payload.message();
-    }
-
-    return payload;
-}
-
 ErrMsgOr<std::unique_ptr<cppbor::Array>> verifyCsr(
-        const cppbor::Array& keysToSign, const std::vector<uint8_t>& csr,
+        const cppbor::Array& keysToSign, const std::vector<uint8_t>& encodedCsr,
         const RpcHardwareInfo& rpcHardwareInfo, const std::string& instanceName,
         const std::vector<uint8_t>& challenge, bool isFactory, bool allowAnyMode = false,
         bool allowDegenerate = true, bool requireUdsCerts = false) {
@@ -1108,14 +779,68 @@
                ") does not match expected version (3).";
     }
 
-    auto csrPayload = parseAndValidateAuthenticatedRequest(
-            csr, challenge, instanceName, allowAnyMode, allowDegenerate, requireUdsCerts);
-
-    if (!csrPayload) {
-        return csrPayload.message();
+    auto diceChainKind = getDiceChainKind();
+    if (!diceChainKind) {
+        return diceChainKind.message();
     }
 
-    return parseAndValidateCsrPayload(keysToSign, *csrPayload, rpcHardwareInfo, isFactory);
+    allowAnyMode = maybeOverrideAllowAnyMode(allowAnyMode);
+
+    auto csr = hwtrust::Csr::validate(encodedCsr, *diceChainKind, isFactory, allowAnyMode,
+                                      deviceSuffix(instanceName));
+
+    if (!csr.ok()) {
+        return csr.error().message();
+    }
+
+    if (!allowDegenerate) {
+        auto diceChain = csr->getDiceChain();
+        if (!diceChain.ok()) {
+            return diceChain.error().message();
+        }
+
+        if (!diceChain->IsProper()) {
+            return kErrorDiceChainIsDegenerate;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (requireUdsCerts && !csr->hasUdsCerts()) {
+        return kErrorUdsCertsAreRequired;
+    }
+
+    auto equalChallenges = csr->compareChallenge(challenge);
+    if (!equalChallenges.ok()) {
+        return equalChallenges.error().message();
+    }
+
+    if (!*equalChallenges) {
+        return kErrorChallengeMismatch;
+    }
+
+    auto equalKeysToSign = csr->compareKeysToSign(keysToSign.encode());
+    if (!equalKeysToSign.ok()) {
+        return equalKeysToSign.error().message();
+    }
+
+    if (!*equalKeysToSign) {
+        return kErrorKeysToSignMismatch;
+    }
+
+    auto csrPayload = csr->getCsrPayload();
+    if (!csrPayload) {
+        return csrPayload.error().message();
+    }
+
+    auto [csrPayloadDecoded, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(*csrPayload);
+    if (!csrPayloadDecoded) {
+        return errMsg;
+    }
+
+    if (!csrPayloadDecoded->asArray()) {
+        return "CSR payload is not an array.";
+    }
+
+    return std::unique_ptr<cppbor::Array>(csrPayloadDecoded.release()->asArray());
 }
 
 ErrMsgOr<std::unique_ptr<cppbor::Array>> verifyFactoryCsr(
@@ -1143,8 +868,8 @@
         return diceChainKind.message();
     }
 
-    auto csr = hwtrust::Csr::validate(encodedCsr, *diceChainKind, false /*allowAnyMode*/,
-                                      deviceSuffix(instanceName));
+    auto csr = hwtrust::Csr::validate(encodedCsr, *diceChainKind, false /*isFactory*/,
+                                      false /*allowAnyMode*/, deviceSuffix(instanceName));
     if (!csr.ok()) {
         return csr.error().message();
     }
diff --git a/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils_test.cpp b/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils_test.cpp
index 6f6a2d6..4ea8bd8 100644
--- a/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils_test.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils_test.cpp
@@ -81,75 +81,88 @@
         0x50, 0x12, 0x82, 0x37, 0xfe, 0xa4, 0x07, 0xc3, 0xd5, 0xc3, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xf9, 0xef, 0xe1,
         0x95, 0x38, 0x9f, 0xb0, 0x79, 0x16, 0x4c, 0x4a, 0x23, 0xc4, 0xdc, 0x35, 0x4e, 0x0f};
 
+inline const std::vector<uint8_t> kKeysToSignForCsrWithDegenerateDiceChain{
+        0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x1d, 0x94, 0xf2, 0x27,
+        0xc3, 0x70, 0x01, 0xde, 0x3c, 0xaf, 0x6f, 0xfd, 0x78, 0x08, 0x37, 0x39, 0x21, 0xdd, 0x46,
+        0x6f, 0x08, 0x4f, 0x77, 0xf7, 0x80, 0x34, 0x30, 0x74, 0x78, 0x69, 0xeb, 0xb1, 0x22, 0x58,
+        0x20, 0x6b, 0x71, 0xd7, 0x7f, 0x0e, 0x51, 0xb2, 0xc9, 0x3d, 0x1a, 0xa0, 0xe8, 0x7a, 0x0d,
+        0x57, 0xfc, 0x91, 0xd0, 0x68, 0xf9, 0x33, 0x5f, 0x80, 0x29, 0x00, 0x80, 0x98, 0x78, 0x63,
+        0x5b, 0x30, 0x24, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x09, 0x83, 0xa6, 0x5a, 0xbb, 0x3a, 0xf8, 0x90, 0x88,
+        0x87, 0x16, 0x37, 0xb4, 0xe7, 0x11, 0x9b, 0xcc, 0xbb, 0x15, 0x82, 0xa9, 0x97, 0xa5, 0xad,
+        0xa9, 0x85, 0x39, 0x30, 0x55, 0x46, 0x99, 0xc6, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01,
+        0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xa8, 0xaa, 0x4b, 0x63, 0x86, 0xf6, 0x5c, 0xe4, 0x28, 0xda, 0x26, 0x3f,
+        0x9a, 0x42, 0x6e, 0xb9, 0x2b, 0x4d, 0x5a, 0x49, 0x4c, 0x5f, 0x1a, 0xa2, 0x5f, 0xd4, 0x8f,
+        0x84, 0xd7, 0x25, 0xe4, 0x6c, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x6b, 0xef, 0xde, 0xd6, 0x04, 0x58, 0x12,
+        0xdb, 0xf8, 0x90, 0x2c, 0x9c, 0xe0, 0x5e, 0x43, 0xbc, 0xcf, 0x22, 0x01, 0x4d, 0x5c, 0x0c,
+        0x86, 0x7b, 0x66, 0xd2, 0xa1, 0xfc, 0x69, 0x8a, 0x91, 0xfc, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x31, 0xaf,
+        0x30, 0x85, 0x1f, 0x2a, 0x82, 0xe1, 0x9c, 0xda, 0xe5, 0x68, 0xed, 0x79, 0xc1, 0x35, 0x1a,
+        0x02, 0xb4, 0x8a, 0xd2, 0x4c, 0xc4, 0x70, 0x6b, 0x88, 0x98, 0x23, 0x9e, 0xb3, 0x52, 0xb1};
+
 inline const std::vector<uint8_t> kCsrWithDegenerateDiceChain{
-        0x85, 0x01, 0xa0, 0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x65,
-        0xe0, 0x51, 0x62, 0x45, 0x17, 0xcc, 0xa8, 0x40, 0x41, 0x6d, 0xc0, 0x86, 0x7a, 0x15, 0x6e,
-        0xee, 0x04, 0xae, 0xbd, 0x05, 0x13, 0x36, 0xcb, 0xd2, 0x8d, 0xd8, 0x80, 0x16, 0xc1, 0x69,
-        0x0d, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0xea, 0xa1, 0x37, 0xd5, 0x01, 0xbd, 0xe0, 0x25, 0x6a, 0x3d, 0x4c,
-        0xcd, 0x31, 0xa1, 0x4d, 0xa6, 0x80, 0x82, 0x03, 0x40, 0xe2, 0x88, 0x81, 0x53, 0xc3, 0xb3,
-        0x6d, 0xf7, 0xf4, 0x10, 0xde, 0x96, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x24, 0x69, 0x44, 0x6e, 0xf5, 0xcc,
-        0x18, 0xfe, 0x63, 0xac, 0x5e, 0x85, 0x9c, 0xfc, 0x9d, 0xfa, 0x90, 0xee, 0x6c, 0xc2, 0x22,
-        0x49, 0x02, 0xc7, 0x93, 0xf4, 0x30, 0xf1, 0x51, 0x11, 0x20, 0x33, 0x84, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x01,
-        0x26, 0xa0, 0x58, 0x97, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x66, 0x69, 0x73, 0x73, 0x75, 0x65, 0x72, 0x02, 0x67,
-        0x73, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x56, 0x41, 0x01, 0x3a,
-        0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x57, 0x58, 0x70, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58,
-        0x20, 0x65, 0xe0, 0x51, 0x62, 0x45, 0x17, 0xcc, 0xa8, 0x40, 0x41, 0x6d, 0xc0, 0x86, 0x7a,
-        0x15, 0x6e, 0xee, 0x04, 0xae, 0xbd, 0x05, 0x13, 0x36, 0xcb, 0xd2, 0x8d, 0xd8, 0x80, 0x16,
-        0xc1, 0x69, 0x0d, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0xea, 0xa1, 0x37, 0xd5, 0x01, 0xbd, 0xe0, 0x25, 0x6a,
-        0x3d, 0x4c, 0xcd, 0x31, 0xa1, 0x4d, 0xa6, 0x80, 0x82, 0x03, 0x40, 0xe2, 0x88, 0x81, 0x53,
-        0xc3, 0xb3, 0x6d, 0xf7, 0xf4, 0x10, 0xde, 0x96, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x24, 0x69, 0x44, 0x6e,
-        0xf5, 0xcc, 0x18, 0xfe, 0x63, 0xac, 0x5e, 0x85, 0x9c, 0xfc, 0x9d, 0xfa, 0x90, 0xee, 0x6c,
-        0xc2, 0x22, 0x49, 0x02, 0xc7, 0x93, 0xf4, 0x30, 0xf1, 0x51, 0x11, 0x20, 0x33, 0x3a, 0x00,
-        0x47, 0x44, 0x58, 0x41, 0x20, 0x58, 0x40, 0x16, 0xb9, 0x51, 0xdf, 0x31, 0xad, 0xa0, 0x3d,
-        0x98, 0x40, 0x85, 0xdf, 0xd9, 0xbe, 0xf6, 0x79, 0x62, 0x36, 0x8b, 0x60, 0xaa, 0x79, 0x8e,
-        0x52, 0x04, 0xdd, 0xba, 0x39, 0xa2, 0x58, 0x9c, 0x60, 0xd5, 0x96, 0x51, 0x42, 0xe2, 0xa5,
-        0x57, 0x58, 0xb4, 0x89, 0x2c, 0x94, 0xb9, 0xda, 0xe7, 0x93, 0x85, 0xda, 0x64, 0xa0, 0x52,
-        0xfc, 0x6b, 0xb1, 0x0a, 0xa8, 0x13, 0xd9, 0x84, 0xfb, 0x34, 0x77, 0x84, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x01,
-        0x26, 0xa0, 0x59, 0x02, 0x0f, 0x82, 0x58, 0x20, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
-        0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16,
-        0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x20, 0x59, 0x01, 0xe9, 0x84, 0x03,
-        0x67, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0xae, 0x65, 0x62, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64,
-        0x66, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x65, 0x66, 0x75, 0x73, 0x65, 0x64, 0x01, 0x65,
-        0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76,
-        0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x66, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x67, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x64,
-        0x75, 0x63, 0x74, 0x65, 0x70, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x68, 0x76, 0x62, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x74,
-        0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x65, 0x67, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x6a, 0x6f, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x65,
-        0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x62, 0x31, 0x32, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x75, 0x66, 0x61,
-        0x63, 0x74, 0x75, 0x72, 0x65, 0x72, 0x66, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x76,
-        0x62, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x61, 0x5f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x67, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x22,
-        0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd, 0xee, 0xff, 0x6e, 0x73,
-        0x65, 0x63, 0x75, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x79, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x74,
-        0x65, 0x65, 0x70, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c,
-        0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x62, 0x70, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6c,
-        0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x63,
-        0x6b, 0x65, 0x64, 0x72, 0x73, 0x79, 0x73, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63,
-        0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x61, 0x72, 0x76, 0x65,
-        0x6e, 0x64, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65,
-        0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21,
-        0x58, 0x20, 0x46, 0xbd, 0xfc, 0xed, 0xa6, 0x94, 0x9a, 0xc4, 0x5e, 0x27, 0xcf, 0x24, 0x25,
-        0xc5, 0x0c, 0x7d, 0xed, 0x8f, 0x21, 0xe0, 0x47, 0x81, 0x5a, 0xdc, 0x3b, 0xd4, 0x9e, 0x13,
-        0xb6, 0x06, 0x36, 0x70, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x0a, 0xbd, 0xbc, 0x0d, 0x19, 0xba, 0xcc, 0xdc,
-        0x00, 0x64, 0x31, 0x4c, 0x84, 0x66, 0x1d, 0xfb, 0x50, 0xd0, 0xe3, 0xf8, 0x78, 0x9d, 0xf9,
-        0x77, 0x2b, 0x40, 0x6b, 0xb5, 0x8e, 0xd3, 0xf8, 0xa9, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0x9c, 0x42,
-        0x3f, 0x79, 0x76, 0xa0, 0xd1, 0x98, 0x58, 0xbb, 0x9b, 0x9e, 0xfb, 0x3b, 0x08, 0xf2, 0xe1,
-        0xa3, 0xfe, 0xf4, 0x21, 0x5b, 0x97, 0x2d, 0xcb, 0x9a, 0x55, 0x1a, 0x7f, 0xa7, 0xc1, 0xa8,
-        0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xef, 0xd3, 0x88, 0xc4, 0xbc,
-        0xce, 0x51, 0x4d, 0x4b, 0xd3, 0x81, 0x26, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x66, 0x3b, 0x12, 0x38, 0xbf, 0x23,
-        0x7a, 0x2e, 0x7f, 0x82, 0xa7, 0x81, 0x74, 0x21, 0xc0, 0x12, 0x79, 0xf4, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20,
-        0xdc, 0x85, 0x6c, 0x1c, 0xcc, 0xf9, 0xf3, 0xe8, 0xff, 0x90, 0xfd, 0x89, 0x03, 0xf5, 0xaf,
-        0x75, 0xa0, 0x79, 0xbb, 0x53, 0x9a, 0x1f, 0x2b, 0x34, 0x86, 0x47, 0x3d, 0x66, 0x2a, 0x07,
-        0x3b, 0x1e, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x34, 0x7b, 0x15, 0xcc, 0xbf, 0x26, 0xc9, 0x28, 0x0e, 0xee,
-        0xc5, 0x47, 0xac, 0x00, 0xc4, 0x4d, 0x81, 0x2b, 0x1e, 0xac, 0x31, 0xd2, 0x6f, 0x36, 0x85,
-        0xe6, 0xa8, 0xf0, 0x46, 0xfc, 0xd2, 0x83, 0x58, 0x40, 0x55, 0x4c, 0x38, 0xdf, 0xfe, 0x49,
-        0xa8, 0xa0, 0xa5, 0x08, 0xce, 0x2f, 0xe5, 0xf6, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0xc2, 0x95, 0x39, 0xc8, 0xca,
-        0x77, 0xd6, 0xf6, 0x67, 0x24, 0x6b, 0x0e, 0x63, 0x5d, 0x11, 0x97, 0x26, 0x52, 0x30, 0xbc,
-        0x28, 0x1d, 0xbf, 0x2a, 0x3e, 0x8c, 0x90, 0x54, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xd1, 0x7c, 0x53, 0x7b, 0x48,
-        0x1f, 0x51, 0x50, 0x6c, 0x32, 0xe1, 0x0f, 0x57, 0xea, 0x47, 0x76, 0x85, 0x0c, 0xa1, 0x6b,
-        0x66, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x65, 0x72, 0x70, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x78, 0x3b, 0x62, 0x72,
-        0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x63, 0x74, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x64,
-        0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x31, 0x3a, 0x31, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x69, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x32, 0x30,
-        0x32, 0x31, 0x30, 0x38, 0x30, 0x35, 0x2e, 0x34, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x75, 0x73, 0x65, 0x72, 0x2f,
-        0x72, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65, 0x2d, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x73};
+        0x85, 0x01, 0xa0, 0x82, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xf2,
+        0xc6, 0x50, 0xd2, 0x42, 0x59, 0xe0, 0x4e, 0x7b, 0xc0, 0x75, 0x41, 0xa2, 0xe9, 0xd0, 0xe8,
+        0x18, 0xd7, 0xd7, 0x63, 0x7e, 0x41, 0x04, 0x7e, 0x52, 0x1a, 0xb1, 0xb7, 0xdc, 0x13, 0xb3,
+        0x0f, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x1a, 0xf3, 0x8b, 0x0f, 0x7a, 0xc6, 0xf2, 0xb8, 0x31, 0x0b, 0x40,
+        0x9b, 0x7e, 0xb6, 0xd6, 0xec, 0x9c, 0x21, 0xad, 0xde, 0xd1, 0x6c, 0x52, 0xfc, 0x06, 0xf1,
+        0x39, 0x31, 0xa0, 0x22, 0x65, 0x86, 0x84, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x26, 0xa0, 0x58, 0x74, 0xa5,
+        0x01, 0x66, 0x69, 0x73, 0x73, 0x75, 0x65, 0x72, 0x02, 0x67, 0x73, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65,
+        0x63, 0x74, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x56, 0x41, 0x01, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x57, 0x58,
+        0x4d, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xf2, 0xc6, 0x50, 0xd2,
+        0x42, 0x59, 0xe0, 0x4e, 0x7b, 0xc0, 0x75, 0x41, 0xa2, 0xe9, 0xd0, 0xe8, 0x18, 0xd7, 0xd7,
+        0x63, 0x7e, 0x41, 0x04, 0x7e, 0x52, 0x1a, 0xb1, 0xb7, 0xdc, 0x13, 0xb3, 0x0f, 0x22, 0x58,
+        0x20, 0x1a, 0xf3, 0x8b, 0x0f, 0x7a, 0xc6, 0xf2, 0xb8, 0x31, 0x0b, 0x40, 0x9b, 0x7e, 0xb6,
+        0xd6, 0xec, 0x9c, 0x21, 0xad, 0xde, 0xd1, 0x6c, 0x52, 0xfc, 0x06, 0xf1, 0x39, 0x31, 0xa0,
+        0x22, 0x65, 0x86, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x58, 0x41, 0x20, 0x58, 0x40, 0x1e, 0xdf, 0xe0,
+        0x1c, 0xca, 0xbb, 0xb2, 0x13, 0xae, 0xe2, 0x49, 0x32, 0x3c, 0x6e, 0x9c, 0x6e, 0xf4, 0x23,
+        0x87, 0x41, 0x60, 0x04, 0x34, 0xe6, 0x32, 0xe2, 0xf1, 0x22, 0x55, 0xcc, 0x89, 0x4b, 0x4f,
+        0xdb, 0x05, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x3c, 0x2f, 0x8a, 0x52, 0x84, 0x43, 0xdc, 0x43, 0x62, 0x7e, 0x85,
+        0xb3, 0xea, 0x49, 0x3b, 0x0b, 0x4a, 0xf0, 0x64, 0xfe, 0x8f, 0x41, 0xb6, 0xd1, 0xcc, 0xe3,
+        0xf6, 0x84, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x26, 0xa0, 0x59, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x82, 0x58, 0x20, 0x01, 0x02,
+        0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11,
+        0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x20,
+        0x59, 0x01, 0xe8, 0x84, 0x03, 0x67, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0xae, 0x65,
+        0x62, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x66, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x65, 0x66, 0x75,
+        0x73, 0x65, 0x64, 0x01, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65,
+        0x6c, 0x66, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x66, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65,
+        0x67, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x63, 0x74, 0x65, 0x70, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x68,
+        0x76, 0x62, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x65, 0x67, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x6a,
+        0x6f, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x62, 0x31, 0x32, 0x6c, 0x6d,
+        0x61, 0x6e, 0x75, 0x66, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x75, 0x72, 0x65, 0x72, 0x66, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x6f,
+        0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x76, 0x62, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x61, 0x5f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x67, 0x65,
+        0x73, 0x74, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc,
+        0xdd, 0xee, 0xff, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x63, 0x75, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x79, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65,
+        0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x74, 0x65, 0x65, 0x70, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61,
+        0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x62, 0x70,
+        0x62, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74,
+        0x65, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x64, 0x72, 0x73, 0x79, 0x73, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6d,
+        0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34,
+        0x8c, 0x61, 0x72, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68,
+        0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02,
+        0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x1d, 0x94, 0xf2, 0x27, 0xc3, 0x70, 0x01, 0xde,
+        0x3c, 0xaf, 0x6f, 0xfd, 0x78, 0x08, 0x37, 0x39, 0x21, 0xdd, 0x46, 0x6f, 0x08, 0x4f, 0x77,
+        0xf7, 0x80, 0x34, 0x30, 0x74, 0x78, 0x69, 0xeb, 0xb1, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x6b, 0x71, 0xd7,
+        0x7f, 0x0e, 0x51, 0xb2, 0xc9, 0x3d, 0x1a, 0xa0, 0xe8, 0x7a, 0x0d, 0x57, 0xfc, 0x91, 0xd0,
+        0x68, 0xf9, 0x33, 0x5f, 0x80, 0x29, 0x00, 0x80, 0x98, 0x78, 0x63, 0x5b, 0x30, 0x24, 0x23,
+        0x58, 0x20, 0x09, 0x83, 0xa6, 0x5a, 0xbb, 0x3a, 0xf8, 0x90, 0x88, 0x87, 0x16, 0x37, 0xb4,
+        0xe7, 0x11, 0x9b, 0xcc, 0xbb, 0x15, 0x82, 0xa9, 0x97, 0xa5, 0xad, 0xa9, 0x85, 0x39, 0x30,
+        0x55, 0x46, 0x99, 0xc6, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xa8,
+        0xaa, 0x4b, 0x63, 0x86, 0xf6, 0x5c, 0xe4, 0x28, 0xda, 0x26, 0x3f, 0x9a, 0x42, 0x6e, 0xb9,
+        0x2b, 0x4d, 0x5a, 0x49, 0x4c, 0x5f, 0x1a, 0xa2, 0x5f, 0xd4, 0x8f, 0x84, 0xd7, 0x25, 0xe4,
+        0x6c, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x6b, 0xef, 0xde, 0xd6, 0x04, 0x58, 0x12, 0xdb, 0xf8, 0x90, 0x2c,
+        0x9c, 0xe0, 0x5e, 0x43, 0xbc, 0xcf, 0x22, 0x01, 0x4d, 0x5c, 0x0c, 0x86, 0x7b, 0x66, 0xd2,
+        0xa1, 0xfc, 0x69, 0x8a, 0x91, 0xfc, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x31, 0xaf, 0x30, 0x85, 0x1f, 0x2a,
+        0x82, 0xe1, 0x9c, 0xda, 0xe5, 0x68, 0xed, 0x79, 0xc1, 0x35, 0x1a, 0x02, 0xb4, 0x8a, 0xd2,
+        0x4c, 0xc4, 0x70, 0x6b, 0x88, 0x98, 0x23, 0x9e, 0xb3, 0x52, 0xb1, 0x58, 0x40, 0x8e, 0x7e,
+        0xdf, 0x77, 0x13, 0xdb, 0x51, 0xf6, 0xc1, 0x67, 0x52, 0x48, 0x48, 0x79, 0xe6, 0xbc, 0x89,
+        0xe2, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x0d, 0x2c, 0x88, 0x3b, 0x23, 0x66, 0x93, 0x7b, 0x94, 0x59, 0xc4, 0x87,
+        0x16, 0xc4, 0x3a, 0x85, 0x60, 0xe3, 0x62, 0x45, 0x53, 0xa8, 0x1d, 0x4e, 0xa4, 0x2b, 0x61,
+        0x33, 0x17, 0x71, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x11, 0x7d, 0x23, 0x64, 0xe6, 0x49, 0xbe, 0xa6, 0x85, 0x32,
+        0x1a, 0x89, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x65, 0x72, 0x70, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74,
+        0x78, 0x3b, 0x62, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x63,
+        0x74, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x31, 0x3a, 0x31, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x69,
+        0x64, 0x2f, 0x32, 0x30, 0x32, 0x31, 0x30, 0x38, 0x30, 0x35, 0x2e, 0x34, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x75,
+        0x73, 0x65, 0x72, 0x2f, 0x72, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65, 0x2d, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79,
+        0x73};
 
 // The challenge that is in kKeysToSignForCsrWithUdsCerts and kCsrWithUdsCerts
 inline const std::vector<uint8_t> kChallenge{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08,
@@ -158,244 +171,242 @@
                                              0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x20};
 
 inline const std::vector<uint8_t> kKeysToSignForCsrWithUdsCerts{
-        0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x35, 0xeb, 0x56, 0xed,
-        0x62, 0x13, 0x6a, 0x41, 0x89, 0xf6, 0x72, 0xa6, 0xf1, 0x5c, 0xd1, 0xf6, 0x34, 0xbd, 0x81,
-        0xdb, 0x2e, 0x0b, 0x4d, 0xf6, 0x69, 0x6f, 0xa6, 0xf3, 0xce, 0x27, 0x2c, 0x78, 0x22, 0x58,
-        0x20, 0xac, 0xa9, 0x9f, 0x62, 0x81, 0x58, 0xc7, 0x10, 0xd7, 0xb5, 0xa8, 0xa0, 0x7b, 0x11,
-        0xf5, 0x75, 0xdb, 0xd9, 0xa2, 0x1d, 0x86, 0x34, 0xc6, 0xf4, 0x23, 0x79, 0xcc, 0x8a, 0x87,
-        0x3c, 0xb2, 0xd0, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x0f, 0x2c, 0x5a, 0xb7, 0xe1, 0x3b, 0x24, 0xa3, 0x4f,
-        0xaa, 0x49, 0x51, 0xfc, 0x8c, 0xd0, 0x35, 0x43, 0x7c, 0x21, 0xfa, 0x7d, 0x56, 0x97, 0x69,
-        0xe1, 0x81, 0xf5, 0x88, 0x15, 0x33, 0xa0, 0x7f, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01,
-        0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xb5, 0xcc, 0xd9, 0x4f, 0x7a, 0xe2, 0xca, 0xac, 0xfe, 0xa5, 0x65, 0x0c,
-        0x6a, 0xa8, 0x16, 0x45, 0x40, 0x41, 0x1c, 0xb2, 0x64, 0xcd, 0x34, 0xe8, 0x37, 0x88, 0xb9,
-        0x9a, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xfd, 0x6a, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x5e, 0xbe, 0xff, 0x98, 0x60, 0x6e, 0x1d,
-        0x6b, 0x42, 0x60, 0x59, 0xe9, 0x42, 0x95, 0xc8, 0x2e, 0xc5, 0xb6, 0x66, 0x4a, 0x53, 0xf1,
-        0x73, 0x02, 0xcb, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x2a, 0xc9, 0xa5, 0xa3, 0x39, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0xdb,
-        0xda, 0x3c, 0x3e, 0x27, 0x71, 0x5e, 0xd0, 0x2b, 0x09, 0xb8, 0x6f, 0xe2, 0x2c, 0xdd, 0x0a,
-        0xbf, 0x1d, 0x94, 0x36, 0xd2, 0x33, 0x88, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x05, 0x21, 0x92, 0x64, 0x79, 0xa9,
-        0x10};
+        0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xd5, 0x0b, 0x27, 0x39,
+        0xa3, 0xd5, 0xfd, 0xd9, 0x4f, 0x87, 0x4a, 0x97, 0x17, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x55, 0x13, 0xa0,
+        0xf5, 0x1c, 0x2b, 0xe7, 0x0e, 0x8e, 0xdb, 0x76, 0x82, 0x69, 0x5a, 0x46, 0xec, 0x22, 0x58,
+        0x20, 0xa6, 0x08, 0xb3, 0x57, 0xaa, 0x5f, 0x72, 0x2b, 0xb1, 0xf0, 0x43, 0x52, 0xf4, 0xcb,
+        0x97, 0x39, 0xfd, 0x54, 0x79, 0xa3, 0xaf, 0x07, 0xb7, 0xbe, 0xbc, 0x93, 0xc1, 0xb6, 0x9b,
+        0x2f, 0x75, 0x1b, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0xb4, 0x59, 0xe3, 0x78, 0x6f, 0x3f, 0xbd, 0xdc,
+        0x38, 0x8a, 0xa5, 0x7d, 0xbe, 0xe0, 0xce, 0xf9, 0x2e, 0x9a, 0x5b, 0xfc, 0xbd, 0x4d, 0x27,
+        0x7b, 0xa7, 0xc8, 0xda, 0xaa, 0xe4, 0xcd, 0xf3, 0xd2, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20,
+        0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x10, 0x6c, 0xe8, 0x71, 0xa8, 0x78, 0x9d, 0x29, 0xbe, 0xf8, 0x84,
+        0x39, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xf5, 0x3e, 0x09, 0xf1, 0xd4, 0x81, 0x59, 0x24, 0x63, 0x07, 0xae, 0x25,
+        0xad, 0x24, 0x72, 0x0f, 0x8b, 0xd0, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0xe8, 0xba, 0x76, 0x49, 0x7b, 0x97,
+        0x98, 0xcf, 0xbb, 0x90, 0xfa, 0x30, 0x3a, 0x2d, 0x88, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xc6, 0x75, 0x05, 0x7b,
+        0x59, 0xdf, 0x14, 0xd8, 0xde, 0x4d, 0x51, 0x8b, 0x2f, 0x5a, 0xc7, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x76,
+        0x11, 0x2f, 0x31, 0xe5, 0xc2, 0xbb, 0xa7, 0x2c, 0x2b, 0x2f, 0x73, 0x16, 0x29, 0xf8, 0x67,
+        0x66, 0x44, 0x7f, 0x3f, 0x22, 0xa2, 0x40, 0x45, 0x12, 0xac, 0x97, 0x06, 0xc8, 0x66, 0x08,
+        0xc9, 0x0a};
 
 inline const std::vector<uint8_t> kCsrWithUdsCerts{
-        0x84, 0x01, 0xa1, 0x70, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x73, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x72,
+        0x85, 0x01, 0xa1, 0x70, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x73, 0x69, 0x67, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x72,
         0x2d, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x82, 0x59, 0x01, 0x6c, 0x30, 0x82, 0x01, 0x68, 0x30, 0x82,
         0x01, 0x1a, 0xa0, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x7b, 0x30, 0x05, 0x06, 0x03, 0x2b,
         0x65, 0x70, 0x30, 0x2b, 0x31, 0x15, 0x30, 0x13, 0x06, 0x03, 0x55, 0x04, 0x0a, 0x13, 0x0c,
         0x46, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x31, 0x12, 0x30,
         0x10, 0x06, 0x03, 0x55, 0x04, 0x03, 0x13, 0x09, 0x46, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x20, 0x52, 0x6f,
-        0x6f, 0x74, 0x30, 0x1e, 0x17, 0x0d, 0x32, 0x34, 0x31, 0x30, 0x31, 0x37, 0x31, 0x39, 0x32,
-        0x33, 0x30, 0x39, 0x5a, 0x17, 0x0d, 0x32, 0x34, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x36, 0x31, 0x39, 0x32,
-        0x33, 0x30, 0x39, 0x5a, 0x30, 0x2b, 0x31, 0x15, 0x30, 0x13, 0x06, 0x03, 0x55, 0x04, 0x0a,
+        0x6f, 0x74, 0x30, 0x1e, 0x17, 0x0d, 0x32, 0x34, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x34, 0x30, 0x39, 0x35,
+        0x32, 0x30, 0x37, 0x5a, 0x17, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x39, 0x31, 0x31, 0x30, 0x38, 0x30, 0x39, 0x35,
+        0x32, 0x30, 0x37, 0x5a, 0x30, 0x2b, 0x31, 0x15, 0x30, 0x13, 0x06, 0x03, 0x55, 0x04, 0x0a,
         0x13, 0x0c, 0x46, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x31,
         0x12, 0x30, 0x10, 0x06, 0x03, 0x55, 0x04, 0x03, 0x13, 0x09, 0x46, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x20,
         0x52, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x30, 0x2a, 0x30, 0x05, 0x06, 0x03, 0x2b, 0x65, 0x70, 0x03, 0x21,
-        0x00, 0x20, 0xc5, 0xfa, 0x42, 0xe9, 0x23, 0xd3, 0x72, 0x83, 0x96, 0xc5, 0x73, 0x1e, 0xec,
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-        0x67, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x6a, 0x6f, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f,
-        0x6e, 0x62, 0x31, 0x32, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x75, 0x66, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x75, 0x72,
-        0x65, 0x72, 0x66, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x76, 0x62, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74,
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-        0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd, 0xee, 0xff, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x63, 0x75, 0x72,
-        0x69, 0x74, 0x79, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x74, 0x65, 0x65, 0x70, 0x62,
-        0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c,
-        0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x62, 0x70, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65,
-        0x72, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x64, 0x72,
-        0x73, 0x79, 0x73, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65,
-        0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x61, 0x72, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x6f, 0x72,
+        0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x56, 0x41, 0x01, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47,
+        0x44, 0x57, 0x58, 0x4d, 0xa5, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xb8,
+        0x42, 0x01, 0xd7, 0xf0, 0xb7, 0x57, 0x98, 0xe3, 0x05, 0xf5, 0xcf, 0xef, 0x7b, 0x38, 0x39,
+        0x6d, 0x55, 0x68, 0x72, 0xa6, 0x46, 0xd3, 0x16, 0x89, 0x1a, 0x3a, 0x9b, 0xc8, 0xce, 0xc0,
+        0x1c, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0xd1, 0xd5, 0x0e, 0xb8, 0xd0, 0x99, 0x09, 0x41, 0x63, 0x93, 0x33,
+        0x20, 0xef, 0x84, 0xbb, 0xf5, 0xc9, 0x27, 0x4b, 0x52, 0x33, 0xa9, 0x07, 0xcc, 0x5d, 0x22,
+        0xab, 0xf6, 0x8f, 0x2d, 0x15, 0x41, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x58, 0x41, 0x20, 0x58, 0x40,
+        0xd0, 0x6d, 0xb0, 0xd2, 0x49, 0xc8, 0xd3, 0x81, 0xdd, 0x10, 0x4b, 0xd9, 0x49, 0x45, 0x93,
+        0x10, 0xd5, 0x1b, 0xc7, 0x59, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x06, 0xb5, 0x72, 0x98, 0x51, 0x2d, 0xed,
+        0xa0, 0xd9, 0xbb, 0x4a, 0xe6, 0x9b, 0x67, 0x31, 0xd9, 0x27, 0xd0, 0x9c, 0xf8, 0x3d, 0xfc,
+        0x61, 0x8d, 0x53, 0x13, 0x53, 0x68, 0xb4, 0xb5, 0x41, 0x4c, 0xea, 0x6a, 0x28, 0xbb, 0xcb,
+        0x63, 0x4d, 0xd0, 0x20, 0x84, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x26, 0xa0, 0x59, 0x02, 0x0f, 0x82, 0x58,
+        0x20, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e,
+        0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d,
+        0x1e, 0x1f, 0x20, 0x59, 0x01, 0xe9, 0x84, 0x03, 0x67, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6e,
+        0x74, 0xae, 0x65, 0x62, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x66, 0x47, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65,
+        0x65, 0x66, 0x75, 0x73, 0x65, 0x64, 0x01, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d,
+        0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x66, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76,
+        0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x67, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x63, 0x74, 0x65, 0x70, 0x69, 0x78,
+        0x65, 0x6c, 0x68, 0x76, 0x62, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x65, 0x67, 0x72, 0x65,
+        0x65, 0x6e, 0x6a, 0x6f, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x62, 0x31,
+        0x32, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x75, 0x66, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x75, 0x72, 0x65, 0x72, 0x66,
+        0x47, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x76, 0x62, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x61, 0x5f, 0x64,
+        0x69, 0x67, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99,
+        0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd, 0xee, 0xff, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x63, 0x75, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x79,
+        0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x74, 0x65, 0x65, 0x70, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74,
         0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34,
-        0x8c, 0x63, 0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x35, 0xeb,
-        0x56, 0xed, 0x62, 0x13, 0x6a, 0x41, 0x89, 0xf6, 0x72, 0xa6, 0xf1, 0x5c, 0xd1, 0xf6, 0x34,
-        0xbd, 0x81, 0xdb, 0x2e, 0x0b, 0x4d, 0xf6, 0x69, 0x6f, 0xa6, 0xf3, 0xce, 0x27, 0x2c, 0x78,
-        0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0xac, 0xa9, 0x9f, 0x62, 0x81, 0x58, 0xc7, 0x10, 0xd7, 0xb5, 0xa8, 0xa0,
-        0x7b, 0x11, 0xf5, 0x75, 0xdb, 0xd9, 0xa2, 0x1d, 0x86, 0x34, 0xc6, 0xf4, 0x23, 0x79, 0xcc,
-        0x8a, 0x87, 0x3c, 0xb2, 0xd0, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x0f, 0x2c, 0x5a, 0xb7, 0xe1, 0x3b, 0x24,
-        0xa3, 0x4f, 0xaa, 0x49, 0x51, 0xfc, 0x8c, 0xd0, 0x35, 0x43, 0x7c, 0x21, 0xfa, 0x7d, 0x56,
-        0x97, 0x69, 0xe1, 0x81, 0xf5, 0x88, 0x15, 0x33, 0xa0, 0x7f, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26,
-        0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xb5, 0xcc, 0xd9, 0x4f, 0x7a, 0xe2, 0xca, 0xac, 0xfe, 0xa5,
-        0x65, 0x0c, 0x6a, 0xa8, 0x16, 0x45, 0x40, 0x41, 0x1c, 0xb2, 0x64, 0xcd, 0x34, 0xe8, 0x37,
-        0x88, 0xb9, 0x9a, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xfd, 0x6a, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x5e, 0xbe, 0xff, 0x98, 0x60,
-        0x6e, 0x1d, 0x6b, 0x42, 0x60, 0x59, 0xe9, 0x42, 0x95, 0xc8, 0x2e, 0xc5, 0xb6, 0x66, 0x4a,
-        0x53, 0xf1, 0x73, 0x02, 0xcb, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x2a, 0xc9, 0xa5, 0xa3, 0x39, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21,
-        0x00, 0xdb, 0xda, 0x3c, 0x3e, 0x27, 0x71, 0x5e, 0xd0, 0x2b, 0x09, 0xb8, 0x6f, 0xe2, 0x2c,
-        0xdd, 0x0a, 0xbf, 0x1d, 0x94, 0x36, 0xd2, 0x33, 0x88, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x05, 0x21, 0x92, 0x64,
-        0x79, 0xa9, 0x10, 0x58, 0x40, 0x87, 0xcf, 0xaa, 0x82, 0x6a, 0xba, 0x25, 0x8b, 0x81, 0xd8,
-        0x14, 0xca, 0xbd, 0xf4, 0x67, 0xdf, 0xc8, 0x2c, 0xa1, 0x04, 0x57, 0x99, 0xa0, 0x54, 0xe7,
-        0x9b, 0xb2, 0xd0, 0xaf, 0xdd, 0x07, 0x46, 0x0a, 0xd7, 0xbd, 0xa7, 0xf9, 0xa8, 0x0c, 0x08,
-        0x1e, 0x9c, 0xae, 0x73, 0x4c, 0x22, 0x6e, 0x56, 0x8b, 0xe4, 0x91, 0x54, 0xa4, 0x7a, 0xb0,
-        0xf5, 0xe4, 0x5d, 0xa9, 0x8f, 0xae, 0x43, 0x95, 0x7a};
+        0x8c, 0x62, 0x70, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x73,
+        0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x64, 0x72, 0x73, 0x79, 0x73,
+        0x74, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c,
+        0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x61, 0x72, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x61,
+        0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x5f, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x34, 0x8c, 0x63, 0x82,
+        0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xd5, 0x0b, 0x27, 0x39, 0xa3,
+        0xd5, 0xfd, 0xd9, 0x4f, 0x87, 0x4a, 0x97, 0x17, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x55, 0x13, 0xa0, 0xf5,
+        0x1c, 0x2b, 0xe7, 0x0e, 0x8e, 0xdb, 0x76, 0x82, 0x69, 0x5a, 0x46, 0xec, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20,
+        0xa6, 0x08, 0xb3, 0x57, 0xaa, 0x5f, 0x72, 0x2b, 0xb1, 0xf0, 0x43, 0x52, 0xf4, 0xcb, 0x97,
+        0x39, 0xfd, 0x54, 0x79, 0xa3, 0xaf, 0x07, 0xb7, 0xbe, 0xbc, 0x93, 0xc1, 0xb6, 0x9b, 0x2f,
+        0x75, 0x1b, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0xb4, 0x59, 0xe3, 0x78, 0x6f, 0x3f, 0xbd, 0xdc, 0x38,
+        0x8a, 0xa5, 0x7d, 0xbe, 0xe0, 0xce, 0xf9, 0x2e, 0x9a, 0x5b, 0xfc, 0xbd, 0x4d, 0x27, 0x7b,
+        0xa7, 0xc8, 0xda, 0xaa, 0xe4, 0xcd, 0xf3, 0xd2, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01,
+        0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x10, 0x6c, 0xe8, 0x71, 0xa8, 0x78, 0x9d, 0x29, 0xbe, 0xf8, 0x84, 0x39,
+        0xd4, 0xa2, 0xf5, 0x3e, 0x09, 0xf1, 0xd4, 0x81, 0x59, 0x24, 0x63, 0x07, 0xae, 0x25, 0xad,
+        0x24, 0x72, 0x0f, 0x8b, 0xd0, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0xe8, 0xba, 0x76, 0x49, 0x7b, 0x97, 0x98,
+        0xcf, 0xbb, 0x90, 0xfa, 0x30, 0x3a, 0x2d, 0x88, 0xfe, 0x3f, 0xc6, 0x75, 0x05, 0x7b, 0x59,
+        0xdf, 0x14, 0xd8, 0xde, 0x4d, 0x51, 0x8b, 0x2f, 0x5a, 0xc7, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x76, 0x11,
+        0x2f, 0x31, 0xe5, 0xc2, 0xbb, 0xa7, 0x2c, 0x2b, 0x2f, 0x73, 0x16, 0x29, 0xf8, 0x67, 0x66,
+        0x44, 0x7f, 0x3f, 0x22, 0xa2, 0x40, 0x45, 0x12, 0xac, 0x97, 0x06, 0xc8, 0x66, 0x08, 0xc9,
+        0x58, 0x40, 0x11, 0x65, 0x46, 0xfa, 0xbd, 0xe3, 0xd3, 0x1b, 0x0d, 0x78, 0x23, 0x2e, 0x5d,
+        0x48, 0x3c, 0xab, 0xd3, 0x74, 0xf8, 0x41, 0x88, 0x9b, 0x48, 0xf3, 0x93, 0x06, 0x40, 0x1b,
+        0x5f, 0x60, 0x7b, 0xbe, 0xd8, 0xa6, 0x65, 0xff, 0x6a, 0x89, 0x24, 0x12, 0x1b, 0xac, 0xa3,
+        0xd5, 0x37, 0x85, 0x6e, 0x53, 0x8d, 0xa5, 0x07, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0x44, 0x2c, 0xba, 0xa0, 0xbe,
+        0x1a, 0x43, 0xde, 0x28, 0x59, 0x65, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x65, 0x72, 0x70,
+        0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x78, 0x3b, 0x62, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72,
+        0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x63, 0x74, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x31, 0x3a,
+        0x31, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x69, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x32, 0x30, 0x32, 0x31, 0x30, 0x38, 0x30, 0x35, 0x2e,
+        0x34, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x75, 0x73, 0x65, 0x72, 0x2f, 0x72, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65,
+        0x2d, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x73};
 
 inline const std::vector<uint8_t> kKeysToSignForCsrWithoutUdsCerts = {
-        0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x50, 0x43, 0xb4, 0xf1,
-        0xc1, 0x7f, 0x17, 0xc6, 0x3b, 0x56, 0x27, 0x63, 0x03, 0x18, 0x78, 0x9d, 0x63, 0x93, 0x3b,
-        0x98, 0xed, 0x55, 0x8c, 0x87, 0x1b, 0xd7, 0x89, 0xb6, 0x81, 0x92, 0x5f, 0x24, 0x22, 0x58,
-        0x20, 0xd5, 0x24, 0x93, 0xda, 0x3e, 0x32, 0x17, 0xfa, 0xe8, 0x8d, 0x1e, 0xa9, 0xe0, 0x84,
-        0x4e, 0x1c, 0x6a, 0xef, 0x9a, 0xe3, 0xbe, 0x1d, 0xf1, 0x14, 0xe0, 0x9e, 0x82, 0xc8, 0x92,
-        0x1a, 0x3a, 0x69, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x29, 0xcb, 0x16, 0x78, 0x61, 0x35, 0x92, 0x3f, 0x71,
-        0xc4, 0x66, 0x61, 0xd4, 0xd4, 0x20, 0x8a, 0x86, 0x1e, 0xb0, 0x2b, 0x2f, 0x4f, 0x13, 0xb4,
-        0x0d, 0x89, 0x60, 0x87, 0x77, 0xac, 0x1a, 0x0f, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01,
-        0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x4b, 0xcc, 0x7a, 0x09, 0x99, 0x76, 0xe7, 0xfa, 0x06, 0xb9, 0x19, 0x22,
-        0x15, 0x3b, 0x9f, 0xa8, 0x34, 0x77, 0x24, 0x27, 0x8c, 0x8a, 0x97, 0x61, 0xf3, 0x6f, 0x29,
-        0x74, 0x4e, 0x9a, 0x66, 0x23, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x8f, 0xa8, 0xaf, 0x2b, 0x02, 0x3a, 0xd4,
-        0x8a, 0xa2, 0x9d, 0x25, 0xa8, 0x01, 0xe7, 0xbd, 0x61, 0x25, 0x88, 0xb4, 0xc9, 0xce, 0x05,
-        0x43, 0xcc, 0x0d, 0x38, 0x7d, 0xe2, 0xda, 0x03, 0xb3, 0x33, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0xc8,
-        0x67, 0xb8, 0xbe, 0xc4, 0x1c, 0xca, 0x3c, 0x73, 0x3c, 0xbf, 0x52, 0xb2, 0x5a, 0x64, 0x9e,
-        0x9f, 0xae, 0xc6, 0x9f, 0x02, 0x2f, 0xee, 0x92, 0x1d, 0xdb, 0x01, 0x77, 0x27, 0x12, 0x84,
-        0x14};
+        0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x11, 0x29, 0x11, 0x96,
+        0x98, 0x26, 0xb2, 0x3a, 0xf2, 0xf9, 0x95, 0xb7, 0x46, 0xb9, 0x38, 0x6e, 0x5e, 0x3d, 0x5e,
+        0xb2, 0x19, 0x90, 0xc7, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x49, 0x47, 0x55, 0xcb, 0xef, 0xeb, 0x89, 0x22, 0x58,
+        0x20, 0x42, 0x87, 0xea, 0x75, 0x27, 0x42, 0x34, 0xeb, 0xe8, 0xb5, 0x50, 0xdf, 0xb0, 0xbf,
+        0xef, 0x6b, 0x62, 0x90, 0x5c, 0xd1, 0xe8, 0x2b, 0x4d, 0x02, 0x58, 0xe6, 0xca, 0xda, 0xe6,
+        0x33, 0x97, 0xff, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0x9b, 0x34, 0xdb, 0x1e, 0xe6, 0x53, 0x72, 0xaf,
+        0x67, 0xb5, 0x5e, 0x9a, 0xee, 0x07, 0x31, 0x77, 0xa3, 0x8b, 0x6a, 0xe9, 0x58, 0x97, 0x04,
+        0xe2, 0xa2, 0x48, 0x0f, 0xdf, 0x26, 0x4d, 0xe5, 0xbb, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20,
+        0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xf9, 0xd7, 0x37, 0x75, 0x6b, 0x55, 0xc7, 0x64, 0xf9, 0xe2, 0x59,
+        0x8f, 0x11, 0x48, 0xa1, 0xac, 0x95, 0xb1, 0xe3, 0x60, 0xe5, 0xa8, 0xa4, 0x2f, 0xb5, 0xcb,
+        0x90, 0x1e, 0x9e, 0xcb, 0x4c, 0xab, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x20, 0xad, 0x7b, 0xeb, 0xba, 0x5d,
+        0x3c, 0xd5, 0xa3, 0x6d, 0x86, 0x6e, 0x3f, 0x38, 0xb8, 0x44, 0x32, 0x4b, 0xe7, 0x97, 0xea,
+        0xf8, 0x3d, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0x7c, 0x1b, 0x49, 0xe4, 0x22, 0x23, 0xc7, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20, 0x5f,
+        0x1f, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xcf, 0x59, 0x1d, 0x7e, 0x98, 0x51, 0x78, 0xbe, 0xf8, 0x88, 0x0b, 0x64,
+        0x1b, 0xc8, 0xf2, 0x7b, 0x12, 0x22, 0x53, 0xd9, 0xd5, 0x8d, 0x32, 0xe7, 0x7f, 0x0e, 0x97,
+        0x09};
 
 inline const std::vector<uint8_t> kCsrWithoutUdsCerts{
-        0x84, 0x01, 0xa0, 0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x38, 0x22, 0x20, 0x02, 0x21, 0x58, 0x30,
-        0x21, 0x09, 0x81, 0xb2, 0x4c, 0x8e, 0x23, 0x63, 0x46, 0xe5, 0x32, 0x1e, 0x1b, 0xa3, 0x39,
-        0x47, 0xd1, 0x19, 0x91, 0xc5, 0xe1, 0xd0, 0x51, 0xa4, 0x4e, 0x6d, 0xfd, 0x21, 0x46, 0xf3,
-        0x65, 0x6b, 0xd3, 0xec, 0x20, 0x21, 0xf8, 0xef, 0x39, 0x50, 0x0a, 0xfc, 0x6d, 0x18, 0xf8,
-        0x90, 0x1c, 0xc8, 0x22, 0x58, 0x30, 0x80, 0x1f, 0xd8, 0xe3, 0x64, 0x51, 0x48, 0x66, 0xa5,
-        0xad, 0x05, 0xcb, 0xe4, 0xee, 0x0f, 0x20, 0xc1, 0xca, 0x84, 0xc2, 0xe0, 0xcc, 0x22, 0x06,
-        0x7c, 0x5e, 0x2c, 0xb3, 0x3b, 0x52, 0xd4, 0xe7, 0xc1, 0xe2, 0x57, 0x9d, 0x8a, 0xa6, 0x5c,
-        0x08, 0xbb, 0x77, 0x07, 0xa8, 0x39, 0xba, 0x9f, 0x5f, 0x23, 0x58, 0x31, 0x00, 0xff, 0x5f,
-        0xa3, 0x03, 0x87, 0x70, 0xe5, 0xf0, 0x69, 0xcd, 0x0a, 0x32, 0x9e, 0x4a, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x1f,
-        0x26, 0xb9, 0x8a, 0x01, 0x83, 0xfe, 0xb9, 0x21, 0x22, 0x49, 0x9d, 0x9f, 0x78, 0x48, 0xf4,
-        0x24, 0x87, 0xe8, 0x4d, 0xab, 0xd5, 0xe9, 0xd6, 0x90, 0x49, 0x4b, 0x42, 0xb4, 0x68, 0xac,
-        0xf1, 0x84, 0x44, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x38, 0x22, 0xa0, 0x59, 0x01, 0x28, 0xa9, 0x01, 0x66, 0x69,
-        0x73, 0x73, 0x75, 0x65, 0x72, 0x02, 0x67, 0x73, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x3a,
-        0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x50, 0x58, 0x20, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55,
+        0x84, 0x01, 0xa0, 0x82, 0xa4, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03, 0x27, 0x20, 0x06, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xca,
+        0x73, 0xd6, 0x09, 0x91, 0xec, 0x92, 0x63, 0xee, 0x9f, 0x7c, 0x79, 0x3e, 0x80, 0xa9, 0xc9,
+        0x4e, 0xf7, 0x3b, 0x5b, 0x41, 0xa4, 0x56, 0xc1, 0x9e, 0xf3, 0x80, 0x16, 0x6d, 0xfe, 0x14,
+        0x98, 0x84, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x27, 0xa0, 0x59, 0x01, 0x04, 0xa9, 0x01, 0x66, 0x69, 0x73,
+        0x73, 0x75, 0x65, 0x72, 0x02, 0x67, 0x73, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x3a, 0x00,
+        0x47, 0x44, 0x50, 0x58, 0x20, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55,
         0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55,
-        0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x52, 0x58, 0x20,
-        0xb8, 0x96, 0x54, 0xe2, 0x2c, 0xa4, 0xd2, 0x4a, 0x9c, 0x0e, 0x45, 0x11, 0xc8, 0xf2, 0x63,
-        0xf0, 0x66, 0x0d, 0x2e, 0x20, 0x48, 0x96, 0x90, 0x14, 0xf4, 0x54, 0x63, 0xc4, 0xf4, 0x39,
-        0x30, 0x38, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x53, 0x55, 0xa1, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x71, 0x6e,
-        0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x3a,
-        0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x54, 0x58, 0x20, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55,
+        0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x52, 0x58, 0x20, 0xb8,
+        0x96, 0x54, 0xe2, 0x2c, 0xa4, 0xd2, 0x4a, 0x9c, 0x0e, 0x45, 0x11, 0xc8, 0xf2, 0x63, 0xf0,
+        0x66, 0x0d, 0x2e, 0x20, 0x48, 0x96, 0x90, 0x14, 0xf4, 0x54, 0x63, 0xc4, 0xf4, 0x39, 0x30,
+        0x38, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x53, 0x55, 0xa1, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x71, 0x6e, 0x63,
+        0x6f, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x3a, 0x00,
+        0x47, 0x44, 0x54, 0x58, 0x20, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55,
         0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55,
-        0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x56, 0x41, 0x01,
-        0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x57, 0x58, 0x71, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21,
-        0x58, 0x20, 0x2d, 0x41, 0x43, 0x19, 0xf2, 0x91, 0x58, 0x12, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x96, 0xb5, 0x9d,
-        0x12, 0x18, 0x58, 0x54, 0x11, 0xed, 0x41, 0x30, 0xef, 0xa4, 0xee, 0x69, 0x8f, 0x0c, 0x6e,
-        0xe6, 0x27, 0xc5, 0x20, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x21, 0x0e, 0x8f, 0x83, 0xe5, 0xeb, 0x40, 0x89,
-        0xc2, 0x0a, 0x43, 0x6c, 0x9f, 0xa8, 0x4e, 0xe0, 0xba, 0x9e, 0xba, 0x4f, 0xe3, 0x27, 0xc4,
-        0xbd, 0x41, 0xa0, 0xd6, 0xe9, 0x55, 0x54, 0x17, 0x78, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0xb6, 0x33,
-        0x44, 0x98, 0xa7, 0x1c, 0x90, 0x13, 0xcc, 0x42, 0x71, 0x43, 0x29, 0xe5, 0xe1, 0x57, 0x89,
-        0x7a, 0x39, 0x17, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0x03, 0xac, 0xd3, 0x1b, 0xd2, 0xae, 0x29, 0x5f, 0xd6, 0xf8,
-        0x3a, 0x00, 0x47, 0x44, 0x58, 0x41, 0x20, 0x58, 0x60, 0xc4, 0x54, 0xad, 0x40, 0xa2, 0x07,
-        0xc7, 0x80, 0xbd, 0x41, 0x77, 0x5d, 0xa7, 0xa2, 0xef, 0xef, 0x92, 0x67, 0x24, 0xab, 0xa1,
-        0x4a, 0x5e, 0x4f, 0x73, 0xfb, 0x5c, 0x1f, 0xe6, 0x46, 0x2f, 0xb9, 0x1b, 0x71, 0x86, 0x87,
-        0x29, 0xc4, 0x66, 0xb7, 0x3e, 0x85, 0x13, 0x9a, 0xa3, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0x63, 0x26, 0xe0, 0xba,
-        0x0b, 0xe0, 0x9b, 0x2e, 0x7d, 0x06, 0x06, 0xb8, 0x2f, 0xdd, 0x0c, 0xa5, 0x90, 0x1c, 0x10,
-        0x1c, 0x55, 0xf9, 0x65, 0xf6, 0x26, 0x40, 0x41, 0xaf, 0x5c, 0x16, 0x03, 0xf3, 0xee, 0x8d,
-        0x72, 0x2c, 0x6b, 0x1e, 0xb3, 0x1f, 0x96, 0x97, 0x34, 0x61, 0x0d, 0x5c, 0xe4, 0x94, 0x6a,
-        0x84, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x26, 0xa0, 0x59, 0x02, 0x0f, 0x82, 0x58, 0x20, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03,
-        0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12,
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-        0xa7, 0xb6, 0xc2, 0x40, 0x06, 0x65, 0xc5, 0xff, 0x19, 0xc5, 0xcd, 0x1c, 0xd5, 0x78, 0x01,
-        0xd4, 0xb8};
+        0x63, 0x82, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26, 0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0x11, 0x29, 0x11,
+        0x96, 0x98, 0x26, 0xb2, 0x3a, 0xf2, 0xf9, 0x95, 0xb7, 0x46, 0xb9, 0x38, 0x6e, 0x5e, 0x3d,
+        0x5e, 0xb2, 0x19, 0x90, 0xc7, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x49, 0x47, 0x55, 0xcb, 0xef, 0xeb, 0x89, 0x22,
+        0x58, 0x20, 0x42, 0x87, 0xea, 0x75, 0x27, 0x42, 0x34, 0xeb, 0xe8, 0xb5, 0x50, 0xdf, 0xb0,
+        0xbf, 0xef, 0x6b, 0x62, 0x90, 0x5c, 0xd1, 0xe8, 0x2b, 0x4d, 0x02, 0x58, 0xe6, 0xca, 0xda,
+        0xe6, 0x33, 0x97, 0xff, 0x23, 0x58, 0x21, 0x00, 0x9b, 0x34, 0xdb, 0x1e, 0xe6, 0x53, 0x72,
+        0xaf, 0x67, 0xb5, 0x5e, 0x9a, 0xee, 0x07, 0x31, 0x77, 0xa3, 0x8b, 0x6a, 0xe9, 0x58, 0x97,
+        0x04, 0xe2, 0xa2, 0x48, 0x0f, 0xdf, 0x26, 0x4d, 0xe5, 0xbb, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x26,
+        0x20, 0x01, 0x21, 0x58, 0x20, 0xf9, 0xd7, 0x37, 0x75, 0x6b, 0x55, 0xc7, 0x64, 0xf9, 0xe2,
+        0x59, 0x8f, 0x11, 0x48, 0xa1, 0xac, 0x95, 0xb1, 0xe3, 0x60, 0xe5, 0xa8, 0xa4, 0x2f, 0xb5,
+        0xcb, 0x90, 0x1e, 0x9e, 0xcb, 0x4c, 0xab, 0x22, 0x58, 0x20, 0x20, 0xad, 0x7b, 0xeb, 0xba,
+        0x5d, 0x3c, 0xd5, 0xa3, 0x6d, 0x86, 0x6e, 0x3f, 0x38, 0xb8, 0x44, 0x32, 0x4b, 0xe7, 0x97,
+        0xea, 0xf8, 0x3d, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0x7c, 0x1b, 0x49, 0xe4, 0x22, 0x23, 0xc7, 0x23, 0x58, 0x20,
+        0x5f, 0x1f, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xcf, 0x59, 0x1d, 0x7e, 0x98, 0x51, 0x78, 0xbe, 0xf8, 0x88, 0x0b,
+        0x64, 0x1b, 0xc8, 0xf2, 0x7b, 0x12, 0x22, 0x53, 0xd9, 0xd5, 0x8d, 0x32, 0xe7, 0x7f, 0x0e,
+        0x97, 0x09, 0x58, 0x40, 0xe1, 0x9a, 0x3f, 0x36, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xfe, 0x1b, 0x99, 0xc9, 0x35,
+        0x8f, 0xb5, 0x5c, 0xfe, 0x12, 0x9c, 0x6f, 0x0e, 0x97, 0x12, 0xbd, 0x26, 0x32, 0x46, 0xd9,
+        0x08, 0x6b, 0x7c, 0xa1, 0xd3, 0x47, 0xd6, 0xba, 0xf0, 0x9c, 0xe0, 0x12, 0x37, 0x39, 0x75,
+        0x88, 0xb5, 0xbe, 0xd8, 0x37, 0x33, 0x9b, 0x26, 0xfc, 0x38, 0x14, 0x28, 0xea, 0x47, 0xcc,
+        0x1f, 0xf3, 0xfe, 0x44, 0x0c, 0x1e, 0x6f, 0x2b, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x65,
+        0x72, 0x70, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x78, 0x3b, 0x62, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x31, 0x2f,
+        0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x63, 0x74, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65,
+        0x31, 0x3a, 0x31, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x69, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x32, 0x30, 0x32, 0x31, 0x30, 0x38, 0x30,
+        0x35, 0x2e, 0x34, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x75, 0x73, 0x65, 0x72, 0x2f, 0x72, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x61,
+        0x73, 0x65, 0x2d, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x73};
 
 const RpcHardwareInfo kRpcHardwareInfo = {.versionNumber = 3};
 
@@ -640,14 +651,87 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(*result) << "DICE Chain is proper";
 }
 
+TEST(RemoteProvUtils, csrHasUdsCerts) {
+    auto csr = hwtrust::Csr::validate(kCsrWithUdsCerts, hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind::kVsr16,
+                                      false /*isFactory*/, false /*allowAnyMode*/,
+                                      deviceSuffix(DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(csr.ok()) << csr.error().message();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(csr->hasUdsCerts());
+}
+
+TEST(RemoteProvUtils, csrDoesntHaveUdsCerts) {
+    auto csr = hwtrust::Csr::validate(kCsrWithoutUdsCerts, hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind::kVsr16,
+                                      false /*isFactory*/, false /*allowAnyMode*/,
+                                      deviceSuffix(DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(csr.ok()) << csr.error().message();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(csr->hasUdsCerts());
+}
+
+TEST(RemoteProvUtils, csrHasCorrectChallenge) {
+    auto csr = hwtrust::Csr::validate(kCsrWithoutUdsCerts, hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind::kVsr16,
+                                      false /*isFactory*/, false /*allowAnyMode*/,
+                                      deviceSuffix(DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(csr.ok()) << csr.error().message();
+
+    auto equal = csr->compareChallenge(kChallenge);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(equal.ok()) << equal.error().message();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(*equal) << kErrorChallengeMismatch;
+
+    auto zeroes = std::vector<uint8_t>(32, 0);
+    auto notEqual = csr->compareChallenge(zeroes);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(notEqual.ok()) << notEqual.error().message();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(*notEqual) << "ERROR: challenges are not different";
+}
+
+TEST(RemoteProvUtils, csrHasCorrectKeysToSign) {
+    auto csr = hwtrust::Csr::validate(kCsrWithoutUdsCerts, hwtrust::DiceChain::Kind::kVsr16,
+                                      false /*isFactory*/, false /*allowAnyMode*/,
+                                      deviceSuffix(DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(csr.ok()) << csr.error().message();
+
+    auto equal = csr->compareKeysToSign(kKeysToSignForCsrWithoutUdsCerts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(equal.ok()) << equal.error().message();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(*equal) << kErrorKeysToSignMismatch;
+
+    auto zeroes = std::vector<uint8_t>(kKeysToSignForCsrWithoutUdsCerts.size(), 0);
+    auto notEqual = csr->compareKeysToSign(zeroes);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(notEqual.ok()) << notEqual.error().message();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(*notEqual) << kErrorKeysToSignMismatch;
+}
+
+TEST(RemoteProvUtilsTest, allowDegenerateDiceChainWhenDegenerate) {
+    auto [keysToSignPtr, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(kKeysToSignForCsrWithDegenerateDiceChain);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(keysToSignPtr) << "Error: " << errMsg;
+
+    const auto keysToSign = keysToSignPtr->asArray();
+    auto csr = verifyFactoryCsr(*keysToSign, kCsrWithDegenerateDiceChain, kRpcHardwareInfo,
+                                DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME, kChallenge,
+                                /*allowDegenerate=*/true, /*requireUdsCerts=*/false);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(csr) << csr.message();
+}
+
+TEST(RemoteProvUtilsTest, disallowDegenerateDiceChainWhenDegenerate) {
+    auto [keysToSignPtr, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(kKeysToSignForCsrWithDegenerateDiceChain);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(keysToSignPtr) << "Error: " << errMsg;
+
+    const auto keysToSign = keysToSignPtr->asArray();
+    auto csr = verifyFactoryCsr(*keysToSign, kCsrWithDegenerateDiceChain, kRpcHardwareInfo,
+                                DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME, kChallenge,
+                                /*allowDegenerate=*/false, /*requireUdsCerts=*/false);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(csr);
+    ASSERT_THAT(csr.message(), testing::HasSubstr(kErrorDiceChainIsDegenerate));
+}
+
 TEST(RemoteProvUtilsTest, requireUdsCertsWhenPresent) {
     auto [keysToSignPtr, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(kKeysToSignForCsrWithUdsCerts);
     ASSERT_TRUE(keysToSignPtr) << "Error: " << errMsg;
 
     const auto keysToSign = keysToSignPtr->asArray();
-    auto csr =
-            verifyFactoryCsr(*keysToSign, kCsrWithUdsCerts, kRpcHardwareInfo, "default", kChallenge,
-                             /*allowDegenerate=*/false, /*requireUdsCerts=*/true);
+    auto csr = verifyFactoryCsr(*keysToSign, kCsrWithUdsCerts, kRpcHardwareInfo,
+                                DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME, kChallenge,
+                                /*allowDegenerate=*/false, /*requireUdsCerts=*/true);
     ASSERT_TRUE(csr) << csr.message();
 }
 
@@ -667,13 +751,11 @@
                                 DEFAULT_INSTANCE_NAME, kChallenge, /*allowDegenerate=*/false,
                                 /*requireUdsCerts=*/true);
     ASSERT_FALSE(csr);
-    ASSERT_THAT(csr.message(), testing::HasSubstr("UdsCerts must not be empty"));
+    ASSERT_THAT(csr.message(), testing::HasSubstr(kErrorUdsCertsAreRequired));
 }
 
 TEST(RemoteProvUtilsTest, dontRequireUdsCertsWhenNotPresent) {
-    auto [keysToSignPtr, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(
-            kKeysToSignForCsrWithoutUdsCerts.data(),
-            kKeysToSignForCsrWithoutUdsCerts.data() + kKeysToSignForCsrWithoutUdsCerts.size());
+    auto [keysToSignPtr, _, errMsg] = cppbor::parse(kKeysToSignForCsrWithoutUdsCerts);
     ASSERT_TRUE(keysToSignPtr) << "Error: " << errMsg;
 
     const auto* keysToSign = keysToSignPtr->asArray();
diff --git a/security/rkp/aidl/vts/functional/VtsRemotelyProvisionedComponentTests.cpp b/security/rkp/aidl/vts/functional/VtsRemotelyProvisionedComponentTests.cpp
index b9c742a..f0745d7 100644
--- a/security/rkp/aidl/vts/functional/VtsRemotelyProvisionedComponentTests.cpp
+++ b/security/rkp/aidl/vts/functional/VtsRemotelyProvisionedComponentTests.cpp
@@ -999,6 +999,7 @@
 
     std::unique_ptr<cppbor::Array> csrPayload = std::move(*result);
     ASSERT_TRUE(csrPayload);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(csrPayload->size() > 2);
 
     auto deviceInfo = csrPayload->get(2)->asMap();
     ASSERT_TRUE(deviceInfo);