diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 1d74e21..6c7f477 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
 .vscode/
+
+# Vim temporary files
+**/*.swp
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 20682d6..fe386a2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -115,8 +115,6 @@
 cc_binary {
     name: "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example",
     relative_install_path: "hw",
-    init_rc: ["android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc"],
-    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml"],
     defaults: [
         "aidlaudioservice_defaults",
         "latest_android_hardware_audio_core_sounddose_ndk_shared",
@@ -142,6 +140,7 @@
         "-Wthread-safety",
         "-DBACKEND_NDK",
     ],
+    installable: false, //installed in apex com.android.hardware.audio
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -235,10 +234,9 @@
 cc_binary {
     name: "android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example",
     relative_install_path: "hw",
-    init_rc: ["android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example.rc"],
-    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.xml"],
     defaults: ["aidlaudioeffectservice_defaults"],
     shared_libs: [
+        "libapexsupport",
         "libtinyxml2",
     ],
     srcs: [
@@ -246,6 +244,7 @@
         "EffectFactory.cpp",
         "EffectMain.cpp",
     ],
+    installable: false, //installed in apex com.android.hardware.audio.effect
 }
 
 cc_library_headers {
@@ -254,3 +253,22 @@
     vendor_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
 }
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc",
+    src: "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc",
+    installable: false,
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml",
+    src: "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml",
+    sub_dir: "vintf",
+    installable: false,
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "audio_effects_config.xml",
+    src: "audio_effects_config.xml",
+    installable: false,
+}
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/EffectConfig.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/EffectConfig.cpp
index 4a12f8a..1cc4897 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/EffectConfig.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/EffectConfig.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@
 
 #include "effectFactory-impl/EffectConfig.h"
 
+#ifdef __ANDROID_APEX__
+#include <android/apexsupport.h>
+#endif
+
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioSource;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioStreamType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioUuid;
@@ -89,6 +93,24 @@
 }
 
 bool EffectConfig::resolveLibrary(const std::string& path, std::string* resolvedPath) {
+    if (__builtin_available(android AAPEXSUPPORT_API, *)) {
+        AApexInfo *apexInfo;
+        if (AApexInfo_create(&apexInfo) == AAPEXINFO_OK) {
+            std::string apexName(AApexInfo_getName(apexInfo));
+            AApexInfo_destroy(apexInfo);
+            std::string candidatePath("/apex/");
+            candidatePath.append(apexName).append(kEffectLibApexPath).append(path);
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << " effect lib path " << candidatePath;
+            if (access(candidatePath.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                *resolvedPath = std::move(candidatePath);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << " libapexsupport is not supported";
+    }
+
+    // If audio effects libs are not in vendor apex, locate them in kEffectLibPath
     for (auto* libraryDirectory : kEffectLibPath) {
         std::string candidatePath = std::string(libraryDirectory) + '/' + path;
         if (access(candidatePath.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/EffectMain.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/EffectMain.cpp
index ca81204..ac178b6 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/EffectMain.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/EffectMain.cpp
@@ -21,15 +21,39 @@
 #include <android/binder_process.h>
 #include <system/audio_config.h>
 
+#ifdef __ANDROID_APEX__
+#include <android/apexsupport.h>
+#endif
+
 /** Default name of effect configuration file. */
 static const char* kDefaultConfigName = "audio_effects_config.xml";
 
+static inline std::string config_file_path() {
+    if (__builtin_available(android AAPEXSUPPORT_API, *)) {
+        AApexInfo *apexInfo;
+        if (AApexInfo_create(&apexInfo) == AAPEXINFO_OK) {
+            std::string apexName(AApexInfo_getName(apexInfo));
+            AApexInfo_destroy(apexInfo);
+            std::string candidatePath("/apex/");
+            candidatePath.append(apexName).append("/etc/").append(kDefaultConfigName);
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << " effect lib path " << candidatePath;
+            if (access(candidatePath.c_str(), R_OK) == 0) {
+                return std::move(candidatePath);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << " libapexsupport is not supported";
+    }
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Unable to resolve config file path in APEX";
+    return android::audio_find_readable_configuration_file(kDefaultConfigName);
+}
+
 int main() {
     // This is a debug implementation, always enable debug logging.
     android::base::SetMinimumLogSeverity(::android::base::DEBUG);
     ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(0);
 
-    auto configFile = android::audio_find_readable_configuration_file(kDefaultConfigName);
+    auto configFile = config_file_path();
     if (configFile == "") {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": config file " << kDefaultConfigName << " not found!";
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/acousticEchoCanceler/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/acousticEchoCanceler/Android.bp
index 35d4a56..d0404cd 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/acousticEchoCanceler/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/acousticEchoCanceler/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example.rc b/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f859a1..0000000
--- a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-service vendor.audio-effect-hal-aidl /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example
-    class hal
-    user audioserver
-    # media gid needed for /dev/fm (radio) and for /data/misc/media (tee)
-    group audio media
-    capabilities BLOCK_SUSPEND
-    # setting RLIMIT_RTPRIO allows binder RT priority inheritance
-    rlimit rtprio 10 10
-    ioprio rt 4
-    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh HighPerformance
-    onrestart restart audioserver
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.xml b/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 05a825d..0000000
--- a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-<manifest version="1.0" type="device">
-  <hal format="aidl">
-    <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
-    <version>2</version>
-    <fqname>IFactory/default</fqname>
-  </hal>
-</manifest>
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc b/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc
index 757976f..c3e19ba 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-service vendor.audio-hal-aidl /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example
+
+service vendor.audio-hal-aidl /apex/com.android.hardware.audio/bin/hw/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example
     class hal
     user audioserver
     # media gid needed for /dev/fm (radio) and for /data/misc/media (tee)
@@ -9,3 +10,15 @@
     ioprio rt 4
     task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh HighPerformance
     onrestart restart audioserver
+
+service vendor.audio-effect-hal-aidl /apex/com.android.hardware.audio/bin/hw/android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example
+    class hal
+    user audioserver
+    # media gid needed for /dev/fm (radio) and for /data/misc/media (tee)
+    group audio media
+    capabilities BLOCK_SUSPEND
+    # setting RLIMIT_RTPRIO allows binder RT priority inheritance
+    rlimit rtprio 10 10
+    ioprio rt 4
+    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh HighPerformance
+    onrestart restart audioserver
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml b/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml
index 2a51876..5278e4f 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml
@@ -31,4 +31,9 @@
     <fqname>IModule/usb</fqname>
   </hal>
   -->
+  <hal format="aidl">
+    <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
+    <version>2</version>
+    <fqname>IFactory/default</fqname>
+  </hal>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da84412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "hardware_interfaces_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["hardware_interfaces_license"],
+}
+
+apex {
+    name: "com.android.hardware.audio",
+    manifest: "manifest.json",
+    file_contexts: "file_contexts",
+    key: "com.android.hardware.key",
+    certificate: ":com.android.hardware.certificate",
+    updatable: false,
+    vendor: true,
+
+    binaries: [
+        "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example",
+        "android.hardware.audio.effect.service-aidl.example",
+    ],
+    native_shared_libs: [
+        "libaecsw",
+        "libagc1sw",
+        "libagc2sw",
+        "libbassboostsw",
+        "libbundleaidl",
+        "libdownmixaidl",
+        "libdynamicsprocessingaidl",
+        "libenvreverbsw",
+        "libequalizersw",
+        "libextensioneffect",
+        "libhapticgeneratoraidl",
+        "libloudnessenhanceraidl",
+        "libnssw",
+        "libpreprocessingaidl",
+        "libpresetreverbsw",
+        "libreverbaidl",
+        "libvirtualizersw",
+        "libvisualizeraidl",
+        "libvolumesw",
+    ],
+    prebuilts: [
+        "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc",
+        "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml",
+        "audio_effects_config.xml",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/file_contexts b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/file_contexts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41a6ada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/file_contexts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+(/.*)?                                                              u:object_r:vendor_file:s0
+/etc(/.*)?                                                          u:object_r:vendor_configs_file:s0
+/bin/hw/android\.hardware\.audio\.service-aidl\.example             u:object_r:hal_audio_default_exec:s0
+/bin/hw/android\.hardware\.audio\.effect\.service-aidl\.example     u:object_r:hal_audio_default_exec:s0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/manifest.json b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42a2368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "name": "com.android.hardware.audio",
+    "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV1/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV1/Android.bp
index 05c2c54..7b753eb 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV1/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV1/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV2/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV2/Android.bp
index dedc555..ea05152 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV2/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/automaticGainControlV2/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/bassboost/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/bassboost/Android.bp
index 9f47770..8f53eae 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/bassboost/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/bassboost/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/envReverb/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/envReverb/Android.bp
index 2443c2a..23495f1 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/envReverb/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/envReverb/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/equalizer/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/equalizer/Android.bp
index 42708d1..1d29d40 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/equalizer/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/equalizer/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/extension/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/extension/Android.bp
index 5fee479..2b21e3e 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/extension/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/extension/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/effectFactory-impl/EffectConfig.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/effectFactory-impl/EffectConfig.h
index 344846a..7456b99 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/effectFactory-impl/EffectConfig.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/effectFactory-impl/EffectConfig.h
@@ -64,12 +64,16 @@
     const ProcessingLibrariesMap& getProcessingMap() const;
 
   private:
-    static constexpr const char* kEffectLibPath[] =
 #ifdef __LP64__
-            {"/odm/lib64/soundfx", "/vendor/lib64/soundfx", "/system/lib64/soundfx"};
+#define SOUND_FX_PATH "/lib64/soundfx/"
 #else
-            {"/odm/lib/soundfx", "/vendor/lib/soundfx", "/system/lib/soundfx"};
+#define SOUND_FX_PATH "/lib/soundfx/"
 #endif
+    static constexpr const char* kEffectLibPath[] =
+      { "/odm" SOUND_FX_PATH, "/vendor" SOUND_FX_PATH, "/system" SOUND_FX_PATH };
+
+    static constexpr const char* kEffectLibApexPath = SOUND_FX_PATH;
+#undef SOUND_FX_PATH
 
     int mSkippedElements;
     /* Parsed Libraries result */
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/noiseSuppression/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/noiseSuppression/Android.bp
index f24ded6..5729571 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/noiseSuppression/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/noiseSuppression/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/presetReverb/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/presetReverb/Android.bp
index d600141..2a2ae75 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/presetReverb/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/presetReverb/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/virtualizer/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/virtualizer/Android.bp
index 1c41bb5..5d59f7c 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/virtualizer/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/virtualizer/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/volume/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/volume/Android.bp
index f1a051f..8d5401a 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/volume/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/volume/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@
     ],
     relative_install_path: "soundfx",
     visibility: [
-        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default",
+        "//hardware/interfaces/audio/aidl/default:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index 03f256e..ff7f41c 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -2010,6 +2010,13 @@
 
     // Test each reported camera
     for (auto&& cam: cameraInfo) {
+        bool isLogicalCam = false;
+        getPhysicalCameraIds(cam.v1.cameraId, isLogicalCam);
+        if (isLogicalCam) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Skip a logical device " << cam.v1.cameraId;
+            continue;
+        }
+
         // Request exclusive access to the EVS display
         sp<IEvsDisplay_1_0> pDisplay = pEnumerator->openDisplay();
         ASSERT_NE(pDisplay, nullptr);
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl
index ddaba72..172ac5e 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@
 package android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging;
 @VintfStability
 parcelable ChannelSoundingSingleSideData {
-  @nullable List<android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.StepTonePct> stepTonePcts;
+  @nullable android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.StepTonePct[] stepTonePcts;
   @nullable byte[] packetQuality;
   @nullable byte[] packetRssiDbm;
   @nullable android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.Nadm[] packetNadm;
   @nullable int[] measuredFreqOffset;
-  @nullable List<android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.ComplexNumber> packetPct1;
-  @nullable List<android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.ComplexNumber> packetPct2;
+  @nullable android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.ComplexNumber[] packetPct1;
+  @nullable android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.ComplexNumber[] packetPct2;
   byte referencePowerDbm;
   @nullable byte[] vendorSpecificCsSingleSidedata;
 }
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl
index 75cdabc..1e8ae91 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 // later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
 
 package android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging;
-@Backing(type="int") @VintfStability
+@Backing(type="byte") @VintfStability
 enum ModeType {
   ZERO = 0x00,
   ONE = 0x01,
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl
index f660c91..b72a97d 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging/current/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@
 // later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
 
 package android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging;
-@Backing(type="int") @VintfStability
+@Backing(type="byte") @VintfStability
 enum SubModeType {
   ONE = 0x01,
   TWO = 0x02,
   THREE = 0x03,
-  UNUSED = 0xff,
+  UNUSED = 0xffu8,
 }
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/AddressType.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/AddressType.aidl
index bd03213..499d42f 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/AddressType.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/AddressType.aidl
@@ -16,9 +16,13 @@
 
 package android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging;
 
+/**
+ * Same as the BLE address type, except anonymous isn't supported for ranging.
+ */
 @VintfStability
 @Backing(type="int")
 enum AddressType {
     PUBLIC = 0x00,
+    /* Still may be fixed on the device and is not randomized on boot */
     RANDOM = 0x01,
 }
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoudingRawData.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoudingRawData.aidl
index 0106865..78ce4f4 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoudingRawData.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoudingRawData.aidl
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
 
 /**
  * Raw ranging data of Channel Sounding.
+ * See Channel Sounding CR_PR 3.1.10 and Channel Sounding HCI Updates CR_PR 3.1.23 for details.
+ *
+ * Specification: https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/specs/channel-sounding-cr-pr/
  */
 @VintfStability
 parcelable ChannelSoudingRawData {
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl
index 942fc0d..9c4b472 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ChannelSoundingSingleSideData.aidl
@@ -21,14 +21,17 @@
 import android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging.StepTonePct;
 
 /**
- * Raw ranging data of Channel Sounding from either Initator or Reflector
+ * Raw ranging data of Channel Sounding from either Initator or Reflector.
+ * See Channel Sounding CR_PR 3.1.10 and Channel Sounding HCI Updates CR_PR 3.1.23 for details.
+ *
+ * Specification: https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/specs/channel-sounding-cr-pr/
  */
 @VintfStability
 parcelable ChannelSoundingSingleSideData {
     /**
      * PCT (complex value) measured from mode-2 or mode-3 steps in a CS procedure (in time order).
      */
-    @nullable List<StepTonePct> stepTonePcts;
+    @nullable StepTonePct[] stepTonePcts;
     /**
      * Packet Quality from mode-1 or mode-3 steps in a CS procedures (in time order).
      */
@@ -49,8 +52,8 @@
      * Packet_PCT1 or packet_PCT2 of mode-1 or mode-3, if sounding sequence is used and sounding
      * phase-based ranging is supported.
      */
-    @nullable List<ComplexNumber> packetPct1;
-    @nullable List<ComplexNumber> packetPct2;
+    @nullable ComplexNumber[] packetPct1;
+    @nullable ComplexNumber[] packetPct2;
     /**
      * Reference power level (-127 to 20) of the signal in the procedure, in dBm.
      */
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl
index 2058ae8..3a727aa 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/ModeType.aidl
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 package android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging;
 
 @VintfStability
-@Backing(type="int")
+@Backing(type="byte")
 enum ModeType {
     ZERO = 0x00,
     ONE = 0x01,
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/Nadm.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/Nadm.aidl
index 3cfb22f..74cf731 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/Nadm.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/Nadm.aidl
@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@
 
 package android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging;
 
+/**
+ * Normalized Attack Detector Metric.
+ * See Channel Sounding CR_PR, 3.13.24 for details.
+ *
+ * Specification: https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/specs/channel-sounding-cr-pr/
+ */
 @VintfStability
 @Backing(type="byte")
 enum Nadm {
@@ -26,5 +32,7 @@
     ATTACK_IS_LIKELY = 0x04,
     ATTACK_IS_VERY_LIKELY = 0x05,
     ATTACK_IS_EXTREMELY_LIKELY = 0x06,
+    /* If a device is unable to determine a NADM value, then it shall report a NADM value of Unknown
+     */
     UNKNOWN = 0xFFu8,
 }
diff --git a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl
index ca9bfcb..b775002 100644
--- a/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/ranging/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/ranging/SubModeType.aidl
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 package android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging;
 
 @VintfStability
-@Backing(type="int")
+@Backing(type="byte")
 enum SubModeType {
     ONE = 0x01,
     TWO = 0x02,
     THREE = 0x03,
-    UNUSED = 0xff,
+    UNUSED = 0xffu8,
 }
diff --git a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp
index 6a17453..bb21620 100644
--- a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -310,21 +310,11 @@
 
 void CameraAidlTest::verifyStreamUseCaseCharacteristics(const camera_metadata_t* metadata) {
     camera_metadata_ro_entry entry;
-    // Check capabilities
-    int retcode =
-            find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(metadata, ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES, &entry);
-    bool hasStreamUseCaseCap = false;
-    if ((0 == retcode) && (entry.count > 0)) {
-        if (std::find(entry.data.u8, entry.data.u8 + entry.count,
-                      ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE) !=
-            entry.data.u8 + entry.count) {
-            hasStreamUseCaseCap = true;
-        }
-    }
+    bool hasStreamUseCaseCap = supportsStreamUseCaseCap(metadata);
 
     bool supportMandatoryUseCases = false;
-    retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(metadata, ANDROID_SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES,
-                                            &entry);
+    int retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(metadata, ANDROID_SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES,
+                                                &entry);
     if ((0 == retcode) && (entry.count > 0)) {
         supportMandatoryUseCases = true;
         for (size_t i = 0; i < kMandatoryUseCases.size(); i++) {
@@ -2279,10 +2269,10 @@
                                &cameraDevice /*out*/);
 
         camera_metadata_t* staticMeta = reinterpret_cast<camera_metadata_t*>(meta.metadata.data());
-        // Check if camera support depth only
-        if (isDepthOnly(staticMeta) ||
-                (threshold.format == static_cast<int32_t>(PixelFormat::RAW16) &&
-                        !supportsCroppedRawUseCase(staticMeta))) {
+        // Check if camera support depth only or doesn't support stream use case capability
+        if (isDepthOnly(staticMeta) || !supportsStreamUseCaseCap(staticMeta) ||
+            (threshold.format == static_cast<int32_t>(PixelFormat::RAW16) &&
+             !supportsCroppedRawUseCase(staticMeta))) {
             ndk::ScopedAStatus ret = mSession->close();
             mSession = nullptr;
             ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -3296,6 +3286,21 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+bool CameraAidlTest::supportsStreamUseCaseCap(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta) {
+    camera_metadata_ro_entry entry;
+    int retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(staticMeta, ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES,
+                                                &entry);
+    bool hasStreamUseCaseCap = false;
+    if ((0 == retcode) && (entry.count > 0)) {
+        if (std::find(entry.data.u8, entry.data.u8 + entry.count,
+                      ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE) !=
+            entry.data.u8 + entry.count) {
+            hasStreamUseCaseCap = true;
+        }
+    }
+    return hasStreamUseCaseCap;
+}
+
 bool CameraAidlTest::isPerFrameControl(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta) {
     camera_metadata_ro_entry syncLatencyEntry;
     int rc = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(staticMeta, ANDROID_SYNC_MAX_LATENCY,
diff --git a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h
index 3018d5a..36687c2 100644
--- a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h
+++ b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h
@@ -418,7 +418,8 @@
             int32_t frameCount, const bool *overrideSequence, const bool *expectedResults);
 
     bool supportZoomSettingsOverride(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta);
-    bool supportsCroppedRawUseCase(const camera_metadata_t *staticMeta);
+    static bool supportsStreamUseCaseCap(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta);
+    static bool supportsCroppedRawUseCase(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta);
     bool isPerFrameControl(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta);
 
     void getSupportedSizes(const camera_metadata_t* ch, uint32_t tag, int32_t format,
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202404.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202404.xml
index 4498f90..490498e 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202404.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202404.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <compatibility-matrix version="1.0" type="framework" level="202404">
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.core</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.sounddose</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
          <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
          <version>1</version>
          <interface>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
              <instance>default</instance>
          </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol</name>
         <version>2-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.can</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[a-z]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.occupant_awareness</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -82,21 +82,21 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.remoteaccess</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IRemoteAccess</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.ivn</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IIvnAndroidDevice</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <version>3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@
             <instance>virtual</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IBluetoothHci</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.audio</name>
         <version>3-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.ranging</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.finder</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.lmp_event</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -152,21 +152,21 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.boot</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IBootControl</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IBroadcastRadio</name>
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.cas</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IMediaCasService</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.contexthub</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -205,14 +205,14 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.dumpstate</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IDumpstateDevice</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gatekeeper</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <version>2-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer3</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <!-- Either the native or the HIDL mapper HAL must exist on the device -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
         <version>4.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health</name>
         <version>3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health.storage</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.identity</name>
         <version>1-5</version>
         <interface>
@@ -277,14 +277,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.net.nlinterceptor</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IInterceptor</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.ir</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.input.processor</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.secretkeeper</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@
             <instance>nonsecure</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <version>1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <version>1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.light</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
             <instance>software</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <version>1-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -387,14 +387,14 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
         <interface>
             <name>INfc</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power</name>
         <version>4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power.stats</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.data</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.messaging</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.modem</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.network</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.sim</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.sap</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.voice</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.ims</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.ims.media</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.rebootescrow</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.secure_element</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@
             <regex-instance>SIM[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.authgraph</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@
             <instance>nonsecure</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.secureclock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.sharedsecret</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
          <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger3</name>
          <version>1-2</version>
          <interface>
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@
              <instance>default</instance>
          </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.thermal</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.threadnetwork</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@
             <regex-instance>chip[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.threadnetwork</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
             <instance>chip0</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.hdmi.cec</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.hdmi.earc</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.hdmi.connection</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.tuner</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.input</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -644,14 +644,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb.gadget</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IUsbGadget</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.uwb</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <!-- Either the native or the HIDL mapper HAL must exist on the device -->
-    <hal format="native" optional="true">
+    <hal format="native">
         <name>mapper</name>
         <version>5.0</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
index bb7637a..952f53d 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <compatibility-matrix version="1.0" type="framework" level="4">
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.atrace</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio</name>
         <version>5.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
         <version>5.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <version>2.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.audio</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.boot</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
         <version>2.4-5</version>
         <interface>
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.cas</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.configstore</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.contexthub</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.dumpstate</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gatekeeper</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
     <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL allocator HAL must exist on the device.
          If the HIDL composer HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.0.
          See DeviceManifestTest.GrallocHal -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <version>3.0</version>
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer</name>
         <version>2.1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
         <version>2.1</version>
         <version>3.0</version>
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
     <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL health HAL must exist on the device.
          If the HIDL health HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.0.
          See DeviceManifestTest.HealthHal -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health.storage</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.ir</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.input.classifier</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>3.0</version>
         <version>4.0</version>
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>4.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.light</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
             <instance>software</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power.stats</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
         <version>1.4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
             <instance>slot2</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
         <!--
         Note: Devices launching with target-level 4, if implementing the
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.renderscript</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.secure_element</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@
             <regex-instance>SIM[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <version>2.0</version>
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger</name>
         <version>2.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.config</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.control</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.thermal</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.cec</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.input</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb.gadget</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vr</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
index dad1558..1cf98b0 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <compatibility-matrix version="1.0" type="framework" level="5">
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.atrace</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <version>2.0</version>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.can</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@
             <regex-instance>[a-z]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.occupant_awareness</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IOccupantAwareness</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.sv</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <version>2.1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.audio</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.boot</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
         <version>2.4-6</version>
         <interface>
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.cas</name>
         <version>1.1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.contexthub</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
         <version>1.3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.dumpstate</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gatekeeper</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <version>2.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
     <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL allocator HAL must exist on the device.
          If the HIDL composer HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.0.
          See DeviceManifestTest.GrallocHal -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
         <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0, tested in vts_treble_vintf_vendor_test -->
         <version>2.0</version>
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer</name>
         <version>2.1-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
         <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0, tested in vts_treble_vintf_vendor_test -->
         <version>2.1</version>
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
     <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL health HAL must exist on the device.
          If the HIDL health HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.1.
          See DeviceManifestTest.HealthHal -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health</name>
         <version>2.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health.storage</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.identity</name>
         <!--
           b/178458001: identity V2 is introduced in R, but Android R VINTF does not support AIDL
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.ir</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.input.classifier</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>3.0</version>
         <version>4.0-1</version>
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>4.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -307,14 +307,14 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.light</name>
         <interface>
             <name>ILights</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
             <instance>software</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -377,14 +377,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IPower</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power.stats</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
         <version>1.4</version>
         <version>1.5</version>
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@
             <instance>slot2</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
         <!--
         See compatibility_matrix.4.xml on versioning of radio config HAL.
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.renderscript</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -431,14 +431,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.rebootescrow</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IRebootEscrow</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.secure_element</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@
             <regex-instance>SIM[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <version>2.0-1</version>
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger</name>
         <version>2.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.config</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.control</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.thermal</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.cec</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.input</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.tuner</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb.gadget</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -528,14 +528,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IVibrator</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vr</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
         <version>1.0-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml
index 23f634d..fdd7952 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <compatibility-matrix version="1.0" type="framework" level="6">
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.atrace</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <version>7.0</version>
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <version>7.0</version>
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
          <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
          <version>1</version>
          <interface>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
              <instance>default</instance>
          </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IAudioControl</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.can</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[a-z]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.occupant_awareness</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.sv</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IFace</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <version>2.1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -116,14 +116,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IFingerprint</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.audio</name>
         <version>2.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.boot</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
         <version>2.4-7</version>
         <interface>
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.cas</name>
         <version>1.1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.contexthub</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
         <version>1.3-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.dumpstate</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gatekeeper</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <version>2.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IGnss</name>
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
     <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL allocator HAL must exist on the device.
          If the HIDL composer HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.0.
          See DeviceManifestTest.GrallocHal -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
         <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0, tested in vts_treble_vintf_vendor_test -->
         <version>2.0</version>
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer</name>
         <version>2.1-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
         <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0, tested in vts_treble_vintf_vendor_test -->
         <version>2.1</version>
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
     <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL health HAL must exist on the device.
          If the HIDL health HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.1.
          See DeviceManifestTest.HealthHal -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health</name>
         <version>2.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health.storage</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.identity</name>
         <version>1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.ir</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.input.classifier</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>3.0</version>
         <version>4.0-1</version>
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>4.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -348,14 +348,14 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IRemotelyProvisionedComponent</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.light</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
             <instance>software</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -410,14 +410,14 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IDevice</name>
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -441,14 +441,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power.stats</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IPowerStats</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
         <version>1.6</version>
         <interface>
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@
             <instance>slot2</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
         <!--
         See compatibility_matrix.4.xml on versioning of radio config HAL.
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
         <version>1.3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.renderscript</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.rebootescrow</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.secure_element</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@
             <regex-instance>SIM[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.secureclock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.sharedsecret</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <version>2.0-1</version>
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger</name>
         <version>2.3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.config</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.control</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.thermal</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.cec</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.input</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.tuner</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb.gadget</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
         <version>1.3-5</version>
         <interface>
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
         <version>1.2-4</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml
index fe424bd..8dcc4ae 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <compatibility-matrix version="1.0" type="framework" level="7">
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.atrace</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <version>7.0-1</version>
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <version>7.0</version>
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
          <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
          <version>1</version>
          <interface>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
              <instance>default</instance>
          </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.can</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IEvsEnumerator</name>
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[a-z]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[a-z]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.occupant_awareness</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -86,14 +86,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IVehicle</name>
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <version>2.1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.audio</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.boot</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
         <version>2.4-7</version>
         <interface>
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.cas</name>
         <version>1.1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -205,14 +205,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.contexthub</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IContextHub</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
         <version>1.3-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -232,14 +232,14 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.dumpstate</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IDumpstateDevice</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gatekeeper</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <version>2.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
         <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0 or the AIDL hal. -->
         <version>2.0</version>
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@
     <!-- Either the AIDL or the HIDL composer HAL must exist on the device.
          If the HIDL composer HAL exists, it must be at least version 2.1.
          See DeviceManifestTest.ComposerHal -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer</name>
         <version>2.1-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer3</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
         <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0, tested in vts_treble_vintf_vendor_test -->
         <version>2.1</version>
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health.storage</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.identity</name>
         <version>1-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -336,14 +336,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.net.nlinterceptor</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IInterceptor</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.ir</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.input.processor</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>3.0</version>
         <version>4.0-1</version>
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.keymaster</name>
         <version>4.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.light</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@
             <instance>software</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <version>1-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -473,14 +473,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
         <interface>
             <name>INfc</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power</name>
         <version>2-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -496,14 +496,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power.stats</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IPowerStats</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.data</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.messaging</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.modem</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.network</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.sim</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.voice</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
         <version>1.2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@
             <instance>slot2</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.renderscript</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.rebootescrow</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.secure_element</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
             <regex-instance>SIM[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.secureclock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.security.sharedsecret</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -622,14 +622,14 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
         <interface>
             <name>ISensors</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <version>2.0-1</version>
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger</name>
         <version>2.3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
          <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger3</name>
          <version>1</version>
          <interface>
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@
              <instance>default</instance>
          </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.config</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.control</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.thermal</name>
         <version>2.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.cec</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.input</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.tuner</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.tuner</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
         <version>1.0-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -718,14 +718,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IUsb</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb.gadget</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
         <version>1.3-6</version>
         <interface>
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.uwb</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
         <interface>
             <name>ISupplicant</name>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml
index 9057788..d8115e1 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <compatibility-matrix version="1.0" type="framework" level="8">
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <version>7.0-1</version>
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
         <version>6.0</version>
         <version>7.0</version>
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.core</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.effect</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.audio.sounddose</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
          <name>android.hardware.authsecret</name>
          <version>1</version>
          <interface>
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
              <instance>default</instance>
          </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol</name>
         <version>2-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.can</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.evs</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
             <regex-instance>[a-z]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.occupant_awareness</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -100,21 +100,21 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.remoteaccess</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IRemoteAccess</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.automotive.ivn</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IIvnAndroidDevice</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
             <instance>virtual</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint</name>
         <version>3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
             <instance>virtual</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IBluetoothHci</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.bluetooth.audio</name>
         <version>3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -155,21 +155,21 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.boot</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IBootControl</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.broadcastradio</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IBroadcastRadio</name>
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -177,14 +177,14 @@
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.cas</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IMediaCasService</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.confirmationui</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.contexthub</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.drm</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.dumpstate</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IDumpstateDevice</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gatekeeper</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.gnss</name>
         <version>2-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.allocator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer3</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <!-- Either the native or the HIDL mapper HAL must exist on the device -->
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
         <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0, tested in vts_treble_vintf_vendor_test -->
         <version>2.1</version>
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.health.storage</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.identity</name>
         <version>1-5</version>
         <interface>
@@ -283,14 +283,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.net.nlinterceptor</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IInterceptor</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.oemlock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.ir</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.input.processor</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <version>1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.keymint</name>
         <version>1-3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
             <instance>widevine</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.light</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
             <instance>software</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.neuralnetworks</name>
         <version>1-4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -388,14 +388,14 @@
             <regex-instance>.*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.nfc</name>
         <interface>
             <name>INfc</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power</name>
         <version>4</version>
         <interface>
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.power.stats</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.config</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.data</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.messaging</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.modem</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.network</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.sim</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.sap</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.voice</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.ims</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@
             <instance>slot3</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.radio.ims.media</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.renderscript</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.rebootescrow</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.secure_element</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@
             <regex-instance>SIM[1-9][0-9]*</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.secureclock</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.security.sharedsecret</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@
             <instance>strongbox</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger</name>
         <version>2.3</version>
         <interface>
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
          <name>android.hardware.soundtrigger3</name>
          <version>1</version>
          <interface>
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@
              <instance>default</instance>
          </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.config</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="hidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload.control</name>
         <version>1.1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tetheroffload</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.thermal</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.hdmi.cec</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.hdmi.earc</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.hdmi.connection</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.tuner</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.tv.input</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -653,14 +653,14 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.usb.gadget</name>
         <interface>
             <name>IUsbGadget</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.vibrator</name>
         <version>1-2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.weaver</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true" updatable-via-apex="true">
+    <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.uwb</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
         <version>1</version>
         <interface>
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@
             <instance>default</instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
-    <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
+    <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
         <version>2</version>
         <interface>
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <!-- Either the native or the HIDL mapper HAL must exist on the device -->
-    <hal format="native" optional="true">
+    <hal format="native">
         <name>mapper</name>
         <version>5.0</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/health/OWNERS b/health/OWNERS
index 1d4d086..e540d55 100644
--- a/health/OWNERS
+++ b/health/OWNERS
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Bug component: 30545
 
 apelosi@google.com
-elsk@google.com
+dvander@google.com
 smoreland@google.com
 wjack@google.com
diff --git a/radio/aidl/vts/radio_network_test.cpp b/radio/aidl/vts/radio_network_test.cpp
index a48abb8..0cb8ba7 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/vts/radio_network_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/aidl/vts/radio_network_test.cpp
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@
 
     ALOGI("setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisDlKbps, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@
 
     ALOGI("setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisUlKbps, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@
 
     ALOGI("setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_emptyParams, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::NONE}));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_network->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index 720b8a2..9d1701a 100644
--- a/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -18,6 +18,19 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
+rust_library {
+    name: "libsecretkeeper_test",
+    crate_name: "secretkeeper_test",
+    srcs: ["lib.rs"],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libciborium",
+        "libcoset",
+        "libdiced_open_dice",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "libsecretkeeper_client",
+    ],
+}
+
 rust_test {
     name: "VtsSecretkeeperTargetTest",
     srcs: ["secretkeeper_test_client.rs"],
@@ -30,20 +43,40 @@
     ],
     test_config: "AndroidTest.xml",
     rustlibs: [
-        "libdiced_open_dice",
-        "libdice_policy",
-        "libsecretkeeper_client",
-        "libsecretkeeper_comm_nostd",
-        "libsecretkeeper_core_nostd",
         "android.hardware.security.secretkeeper-V1-rust",
         "libauthgraph_boringssl",
         "libauthgraph_core",
-        "libcoset",
         "libauthgraph_vts_test",
         "libbinder_rs",
         "libciborium",
         "libcoset",
+        "libdice_policy",
         "liblog_rust",
+        "libsecretkeeper_client",
+        "libsecretkeeper_comm_nostd",
+        "libsecretkeeper_core_nostd",
+        "libsecretkeeper_test",
     ],
     require_root: true,
 }
+
+rust_binary {
+    name: "secretkeeper_cli",
+    srcs: ["secretkeeper_cli.rs"],
+    lints: "android",
+    rlibs: [
+        "android.hardware.security.secretkeeper-V1-rust",
+        "libanyhow",
+        "libauthgraph_boringssl",
+        "libauthgraph_core",
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "libclap",
+        "libcoset",
+        "libdice_policy",
+        "libhex",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "libsecretkeeper_client",
+        "libsecretkeeper_comm_nostd",
+        "libsecretkeeper_test",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/lib.rs b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f98165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Test helper functions.
+
+pub mod dice_sample;
+
+// Constants for DICE map keys.
+
+/// Map key for authority hash.
+pub const AUTHORITY_HASH: i64 = -4670549;
+/// Map key for config descriptor.
+pub const CONFIG_DESC: i64 = -4670548;
+/// Map key for component name.
+pub const COMPONENT_NAME: i64 = -70002;
+/// Map key for component version.
+pub const COMPONENT_VERSION: i64 = -70003;
+/// Map key for security version.
+pub const SECURITY_VERSION: i64 = -70005;
+/// Map key for mode.
+pub const MODE: i64 = -4670551;
diff --git a/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/secretkeeper_cli.rs b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/secretkeeper_cli.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f08482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/secretkeeper_cli.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Command line test tool for interacting with Secretkeeper.
+
+use android_hardware_security_secretkeeper::aidl::android::hardware::security::secretkeeper::{
+    ISecretkeeper::ISecretkeeper, SecretId::SecretId,
+};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use authgraph_boringssl::BoringSha256;
+use authgraph_core::traits::Sha256;
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+use coset::CborSerializable;
+use dice_policy::{ConstraintSpec, ConstraintType, DicePolicy, MissingAction};
+use secretkeeper_client::{dice::OwnedDiceArtifactsWithExplicitKey, SkSession};
+use secretkeeper_comm::data_types::{
+    error::SecretkeeperError,
+    packet::{ResponsePacket, ResponseType},
+    request::Request,
+    request_response_impl::{GetSecretRequest, GetSecretResponse, StoreSecretRequest},
+    response::Response,
+    {Id, Secret},
+};
+use secretkeeper_test::{
+    dice_sample::make_explicit_owned_dice, AUTHORITY_HASH, CONFIG_DESC, MODE, SECURITY_VERSION,
+};
+use std::io::Write;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(about = "Interact with Secretkeeper HAL")]
+#[command(version = "0.1")]
+#[command(propagate_version = true)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+
+    /// Secretkeeper instance to connect to.
+    #[arg(long, short)]
+    instance: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Security version in leaf DICE node.
+    #[clap(default_value_t = 100)]
+    #[arg(long, short = 'v')]
+    dice_version: u64,
+
+    /// Show hex versions of secrets and their IDs.
+    #[clap(default_value_t = false)]
+    #[arg(long, short = 'v')]
+    hex: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Store a secret value.
+    Store(StoreArgs),
+    /// Get a secret value.
+    Get(GetArgs),
+    /// Delete a secret value.
+    Delete(DeleteArgs),
+    /// Delete all secret values.
+    DeleteAll(DeleteAllArgs),
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, Debug)]
+struct StoreArgs {
+    /// Identifier for the secret, as either a short (< 32 byte) string, or as 32 bytes of hex.
+    id: String,
+    /// Value to use as the secret value. If specified as 32 bytes of hex, the decoded value
+    /// will be used as-is; otherwise, a string (less than 31 bytes in length) will be encoded
+    /// as the secret.
+    value: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, Debug)]
+struct GetArgs {
+    /// Identifier for the secret, as either a short (< 32 byte) string, or as 32 bytes of hex.
+    id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, Debug)]
+struct DeleteArgs {
+    /// Identifier for the secret, as either a short (< 32 byte) string, or as 32 bytes of hex.
+    id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Args, Debug)]
+struct DeleteAllArgs {
+    /// Confirm deletion of all secrets.
+    yes: bool,
+}
+
+const SECRETKEEPER_SERVICE: &str = "android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.ISecretkeeper";
+
+/// Secretkeeper client information.
+struct SkClient {
+    sk: binder::Strong<dyn ISecretkeeper>,
+    session: SkSession,
+    dice_artifacts: OwnedDiceArtifactsWithExplicitKey,
+}
+
+impl SkClient {
+    fn new(instance: &str, dice_artifacts: OwnedDiceArtifactsWithExplicitKey) -> Self {
+        let sk: binder::Strong<dyn ISecretkeeper> =
+            binder::get_interface(&format!("{SECRETKEEPER_SERVICE}/{instance}")).unwrap();
+        let session = SkSession::new(sk.clone(), &dice_artifacts).unwrap();
+        Self { sk, session, dice_artifacts }
+    }
+
+    fn secret_management_request(&mut self, req_data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.session
+            .secret_management_request(req_data)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("secret management: {e:?}"))
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a sealing policy on the DICE chain with constraints:
+    /// 1. `ExactMatch` on `AUTHORITY_HASH` (non-optional).
+    /// 2. `ExactMatch` on `MODE` (non-optional).
+    /// 3. `GreaterOrEqual` on `SECURITY_VERSION` (optional).
+    fn sealing_policy(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let dice =
+            self.dice_artifacts.explicit_key_dice_chain().context("extract explicit DICE chain")?;
+
+        let constraint_spec = [
+            ConstraintSpec::new(
+                ConstraintType::ExactMatch,
+                vec![AUTHORITY_HASH],
+                MissingAction::Fail,
+            ),
+            ConstraintSpec::new(ConstraintType::ExactMatch, vec![MODE], MissingAction::Fail),
+            ConstraintSpec::new(
+                ConstraintType::GreaterOrEqual,
+                vec![CONFIG_DESC, SECURITY_VERSION],
+                MissingAction::Ignore,
+            ),
+        ];
+        DicePolicy::from_dice_chain(dice, &constraint_spec)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_vec()
+            .context("serialize DICE policy")
+    }
+
+    fn store(&mut self, id: &Id, secret: &Secret) -> Result<()> {
+        let store_request = StoreSecretRequest {
+            id: id.clone(),
+            secret: secret.clone(),
+            sealing_policy: self.sealing_policy().context("build sealing policy")?,
+        };
+        let store_request =
+            store_request.serialize_to_packet().to_vec().context("serialize StoreSecretRequest")?;
+
+        let store_response = self.secret_management_request(&store_request)?;
+        let store_response =
+            ResponsePacket::from_slice(&store_response).context("deserialize ResponsePacket")?;
+        let response_type = store_response.response_type().unwrap();
+        if response_type == ResponseType::Success {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            let err = *SecretkeeperError::deserialize_from_packet(store_response).unwrap();
+            Err(anyhow!("STORE failed: {err:?}"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get(&mut self, id: &Id) -> Result<Option<Secret>> {
+        let get_request = GetSecretRequest { id: id.clone(), updated_sealing_policy: None }
+            .serialize_to_packet()
+            .to_vec()
+            .context("serialize GetSecretRequest")?;
+
+        let get_response = self.secret_management_request(&get_request).context("secret mgmt")?;
+        let get_response =
+            ResponsePacket::from_slice(&get_response).context("deserialize ResponsePacket")?;
+
+        if get_response.response_type().unwrap() == ResponseType::Success {
+            let get_response = *GetSecretResponse::deserialize_from_packet(get_response).unwrap();
+            Ok(Some(Secret(get_response.secret.0)))
+        } else {
+            // Only expect a not-found failure.
+            let err = *SecretkeeperError::deserialize_from_packet(get_response).unwrap();
+            if err == SecretkeeperError::EntryNotFound {
+                Ok(None)
+            } else {
+                Err(anyhow!("GET failed: {err:?}"))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Helper method to delete secrets.
+    fn delete(&self, ids: &[&Id]) -> Result<()> {
+        let ids: Vec<SecretId> = ids.iter().map(|id| SecretId { id: id.0 }).collect();
+        self.sk.deleteIds(&ids).context("deleteIds")
+    }
+
+    /// Helper method to delete everything.
+    fn delete_all(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.sk.deleteAll().context("deleteAll")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert a string input into an `Id`.  Input can be 64 bytes of hex, or a string
+/// that will be hashed to give the `Id` value. Returns the `Id` and a display string.
+fn string_to_id(s: &str, show_hex: bool) -> (Id, String) {
+    if let Ok(data) = hex::decode(s) {
+        if data.len() == 64 {
+            // Assume something that parses as 64 bytes of hex is it.
+            return (Id(data.try_into().unwrap()), s.to_string().to_lowercase());
+        }
+    }
+    // Create a secret ID by repeating the SHA-256 hash of the string twice.
+    let hash = BoringSha256.compute_sha256(s.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    let mut id = Id([0; 64]);
+    id.0[..32].copy_from_slice(&hash);
+    id.0[32..].copy_from_slice(&hash);
+    if show_hex {
+        let hex_id = hex::encode(&id.0);
+        (id, format!("'{s}' (as {hex_id})"))
+    } else {
+        (id, format!("'{s}'"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert a string input into a `Secret`.  Input can be 32 bytes of hex, or a short string
+/// that will be encoded as the `Secret` value. Returns the `Secret` and a display string.
+fn value_to_secret(s: &str, show_hex: bool) -> Result<(Secret, String)> {
+    if let Ok(data) = hex::decode(s) {
+        if data.len() == 32 {
+            // Assume something that parses as 32 bytes of hex is it.
+            return Ok((Secret(data.try_into().unwrap()), s.to_string().to_lowercase()));
+        }
+    }
+    let data = s.as_bytes();
+    if data.len() > 31 {
+        return Err(anyhow!("secret too long"));
+    }
+    let mut secret = Secret([0; 32]);
+    secret.0[0] = data.len() as u8;
+    secret.0[1..1 + data.len()].copy_from_slice(data);
+    Ok(if show_hex {
+        let hex_secret = hex::encode(&secret.0);
+        (secret, format!("'{s}' (as {hex_secret})"))
+    } else {
+        (secret, format!("'{s}'"))
+    })
+}
+
+/// Convert a `Secret` into a displayable string. If the secret looks like an encoded
+/// string, show that, otherwise show the value in hex.
+fn secret_to_value_display(secret: &Secret, show_hex: bool) -> String {
+    let hex = hex::encode(&secret.0);
+    secret_to_value(secret)
+        .map(|s| if show_hex { format!("'{s}' (from {hex})") } else { format!("'{s}'") })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_e| format!("{hex}"))
+}
+
+/// Attempt to convert a `Secret` back to a string.
+fn secret_to_value(secret: &Secret) -> Result<String> {
+    let len = secret.0[0] as usize;
+    if len > 31 {
+        return Err(anyhow!("too long"));
+    }
+    std::str::from_utf8(&secret.0[1..1 + len]).map(|s| s.to_string()).context("not UTF-8 string")
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    // Figure out which Secretkeeper instance is desired, and connect to it.
+    let instance = if let Some(instance) = &cli.instance {
+        // Explicitly specified.
+        instance.clone()
+    } else {
+        // If there's only one instance, use that.
+        let instances: Vec<String> = binder::get_declared_instances(SECRETKEEPER_SERVICE)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect();
+        match instances.len() {
+            0 => bail!("No Secretkeeper instances available on device!"),
+            1 => instances[0].clone(),
+            _ => {
+                bail!(
+                    concat!(
+                        "Multiple Secretkeeper instances available on device: {}\n",
+                        "Use --instance <instance> to specify one."
+                    ),
+                    instances.join(", ")
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let dice = make_explicit_owned_dice(cli.dice_version);
+    let mut sk_client = SkClient::new(&instance, dice);
+
+    match cli.command {
+        Command::Get(args) => {
+            let (id, display_id) = string_to_id(&args.id, cli.hex);
+            print!("GET key {display_id}: ");
+            match sk_client.get(&id).context("GET") {
+                Ok(None) => println!("not found"),
+                Ok(Some(s)) => println!("{}", secret_to_value_display(&s, cli.hex)),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("failed!");
+                    return Err(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Command::Store(args) => {
+            let (id, display_id) = string_to_id(&args.id, cli.hex);
+            let (secret, display_secret) = value_to_secret(&args.value, cli.hex)?;
+            println!("STORE key {display_id}: {display_secret}");
+            sk_client.store(&id, &secret).context("STORE")?;
+        }
+        Command::Delete(args) => {
+            let (id, display_id) = string_to_id(&args.id, cli.hex);
+            println!("DELETE key {display_id}");
+            sk_client.delete(&[&id]).context("DELETE")?;
+        }
+        Command::DeleteAll(args) => {
+            if !args.yes {
+                // Request confirmation.
+                println!("Confirm delete all secrets: [y/N]");
+                let _ = std::io::stdout().flush();
+                let mut input = String::new();
+                std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut input)?;
+                let c = input.chars().next();
+                if c != Some('y') && c != Some('Y') {
+                    bail!("DELETE_ALL not confirmed");
+                }
+            }
+            println!("DELETE_ALL");
+            sk_client.delete_all().context("DELETE_ALL")?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/secretkeeper_test_client.rs b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/secretkeeper_test_client.rs
index 4c0f659..8c33f04 100644
--- a/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/secretkeeper_test_client.rs
+++ b/security/secretkeeper/aidl/vts/secretkeeper_test_client.rs
@@ -14,19 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#![cfg(test)]
-mod dice_sample;
-
-use crate::dice_sample::make_explicit_owned_dice;
-
-use rdroidtest_macro::{ignore_if, rdroidtest};
 use android_hardware_security_secretkeeper::aidl::android::hardware::security::secretkeeper::ISecretkeeper::ISecretkeeper;
 use android_hardware_security_secretkeeper::aidl::android::hardware::security::secretkeeper::SecretId::SecretId;
 use authgraph_vts_test as ag_vts;
 use authgraph_boringssl as boring;
 use authgraph_core::key;
 use coset::{CborSerializable, CoseEncrypt0};
-use dice_policy::{ConstraintSpec, ConstraintType, DicePolicy};
+use dice_policy::{ConstraintSpec, ConstraintType, DicePolicy, MissingAction};
+use rdroidtest::{ignore_if, rdroidtest};
 use secretkeeper_client::dice::OwnedDiceArtifactsWithExplicitKey;
 use secretkeeper_client::SkSession;
 use secretkeeper_core::cipher;
@@ -38,6 +33,10 @@
 use secretkeeper_comm::data_types::{Id, Secret, SeqNum};
 use secretkeeper_comm::data_types::response::Response;
 use secretkeeper_comm::data_types::packet::{ResponsePacket, ResponseType};
+use secretkeeper_test::{
+    AUTHORITY_HASH, MODE, CONFIG_DESC, SECURITY_VERSION,
+    dice_sample::make_explicit_owned_dice
+};
 
 const SECRETKEEPER_SERVICE: &str = "android.hardware.security.secretkeeper.ISecretkeeper";
 const CURRENT_VERSION: u64 = 1;
@@ -246,25 +245,16 @@
 /// Construct a sealing policy on the dice chain. This method uses the following set of
 /// constraints which are compatible with sample DICE chains used in VTS.
 /// 1. ExactMatch on AUTHORITY_HASH (non-optional).
-/// 2. ExactMatch on KEY_MODE (non-optional).
+/// 2. ExactMatch on MODE (non-optional).
 /// 3. GreaterOrEqual on SECURITY_VERSION (optional).
 fn sealing_policy(dice: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let authority_hash: i64 = -4670549;
-    let key_mode: i64 = -4670551;
-    let config_desc: i64 = -4670548;
-    let security_version: i64 = -70005;
-
     let constraint_spec = [
-        ConstraintSpec::new(
-            ConstraintType::ExactMatch,
-            vec![authority_hash],
-            /* Optional */ false,
-        ),
-        ConstraintSpec::new(ConstraintType::ExactMatch, vec![key_mode], false),
+        ConstraintSpec::new(ConstraintType::ExactMatch, vec![AUTHORITY_HASH], MissingAction::Fail),
+        ConstraintSpec::new(ConstraintType::ExactMatch, vec![MODE], MissingAction::Fail),
         ConstraintSpec::new(
             ConstraintType::GreaterOrEqual,
-            vec![config_desc, security_version],
-            true,
+            vec![CONFIG_DESC, SECURITY_VERSION],
+            MissingAction::Ignore,
         ),
     ];
 
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/vts/VtsHalThreadNetworkTargetTest.cpp b/threadnetwork/aidl/vts/VtsHalThreadNetworkTargetTest.cpp
index 5925b54..2f71b2f 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/vts/VtsHalThreadNetworkTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/vts/VtsHalThreadNetworkTargetTest.cpp
@@ -87,11 +87,16 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(ThreadNetworkAidl, Reset) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
     std::shared_ptr<ThreadChipCallback> callback =
             ndk::SharedRefBase::make<ThreadChipCallback>([](auto /* data */) {});
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(thread_chip->open(callback).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(thread_chip->hardwareReset().isOk());
+    status = thread_chip->hardwareReset();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk() || (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION));
+    if (status.getExceptionCode() == EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Hardware reset is not supported";
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(ThreadNetworkAidl, SendSpinelFrame) {