diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 41fc80b..844f1e9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
         "EffectFactory.cpp",
         "EffectMain.cpp",
     ],
-    installable: false, //installed in apex com.android.hardware.audio.effect
+    installable: false, //installed in apex com.android.hardware.audio
 }
 
 cc_library_headers {
@@ -271,9 +271,3 @@
     sub_dir: "vintf",
     installable: false,
 }
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "audio_effects_config.xml",
-    src: "audio_effects_config.xml",
-    installable: false,
-}
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/Android.bp
index 2ece7a1..ee7e46e 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/apex/com.android.hardware.audio/Android.bp
@@ -46,6 +46,5 @@
     prebuilts: [
         "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.example.rc",
         "android.hardware.audio.service-aidl.xml",
-        "audio_effects_config.xml",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/visualizer/VisualizerSw.h b/audio/aidl/default/visualizer/VisualizerSw.h
index 4b87b04..819351a 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/visualizer/VisualizerSw.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/visualizer/VisualizerSw.h
@@ -19,20 +19,22 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/audio/effect/BnEffect.h>
+#include <system/audio_effects/effect_visualizer.h>
 #include "effect-impl/EffectImpl.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect {
 
 class VisualizerSwContext final : public EffectContext {
   public:
-    static const int kMinCaptureSize = 0x80;
-    static const int kMaxCaptureSize = 0x400;
-    static const int kMaxLatencyMs = 3000;
-    static const int kMaxCaptureBufSize = 0xffff;
+    // need align the min/max capture size to VISUALIZER_CAPTURE_SIZE_MIN and
+    // VISUALIZER_CAPTURE_SIZE_MAX because of limitation in audio_utils fixedfft.
+    static constexpr int32_t kMinCaptureSize = VISUALIZER_CAPTURE_SIZE_MIN;
+    static constexpr int32_t kMaxCaptureSize = VISUALIZER_CAPTURE_SIZE_MAX;
+    static constexpr int32_t kMaxLatencyMs = 3000;
     VisualizerSwContext(int statusDepth, const Parameter::Common& common)
         : EffectContext(statusDepth, common) {
         LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
-        mCaptureSampleBuffer.resize(kMaxCaptureBufSize);
+        mCaptureSampleBuffer.resize(kMaxCaptureSize);
         fill(mCaptureSampleBuffer.begin(), mCaptureSampleBuffer.end(), 0x80);
     }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index 5218fdd..d219fa4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
         "android.hardware.common.fmq-V1-ndk",
         "libaudioaidlcommon",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
+        "libpffft",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libaudioaidl_headers",
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
         "-Wextra",
         "-Werror",
         "-Wthread-safety",
+        "-Wno-error=unused-parameter",
     ],
     test_config_template: "VtsHalAudioTargetTestTemplate.xml",
     test_suites: [
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h b/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
index 0be4e50..82a07fd 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include "EffectFactoryHelper.h"
 #include "TestUtils.h"
+#include "pffft.hpp"
 
 using namespace android;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::CommandId;
@@ -329,4 +330,45 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(command(mEffect, CommandId::RESET));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(expectState(mEffect, State::IDLE));
     }
+
+    // Find FFT bin indices for testFrequencies and get bin center frequencies
+    void roundToFreqCenteredToFftBin(std::vector<int>& testFrequencies,
+                                     std::vector<int>& binOffsets, const float kBinWidth) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < testFrequencies.size(); i++) {
+            binOffsets[i] = std::round(testFrequencies[i] / kBinWidth);
+            testFrequencies[i] = std::round(binOffsets[i] * kBinWidth);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Generate multitone input between -1 to +1 using testFrequencies
+    void generateMultiTone(const std::vector<int>& testFrequencies, std::vector<float>& input,
+                           const int samplingFrequency) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < input.size(); i++) {
+            input[i] = 0;
+
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < testFrequencies.size(); j++) {
+                input[i] += sin(2 * M_PI * testFrequencies[j] * i / samplingFrequency);
+            }
+            input[i] /= testFrequencies.size();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Use FFT transform to convert the buffer to frequency domain
+    // Compute its magnitude at binOffsets
+    std::vector<float> calculateMagnitude(const std::vector<float>& buffer,
+                                          const std::vector<int>& binOffsets, const int nPointFFT) {
+        std::vector<float> fftInput(nPointFFT);
+        PFFFT_Setup* inputHandle = pffft_new_setup(nPointFFT, PFFFT_REAL);
+        pffft_transform_ordered(inputHandle, buffer.data(), fftInput.data(), nullptr,
+                                PFFFT_FORWARD);
+        pffft_destroy_setup(inputHandle);
+        std::vector<float> bufferMag(binOffsets.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < binOffsets.size(); i++) {
+            size_t k = binOffsets[i];
+            bufferMag[i] = sqrt((fftInput[k * 2] * fftInput[k * 2]) +
+                                (fftInput[k * 2 + 1] * fftInput[k * 2 + 1]));
+        }
+
+        return bufferMag;
+    }
 };
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVolumeTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVolumeTargetTest.cpp
index aa2c05f..059d6ab 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVolumeTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVolumeTargetTest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 using namespace android;
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::getChannelCount;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Descriptor;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::getEffectTypeUuidVolume;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect;
@@ -29,6 +30,80 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Volume;
 using android::hardware::audio::common::testing::detail::TestExecutionTracer;
 
+class VolumeControlHelper : public EffectHelper {
+  public:
+    void SetUpVolumeControl() {
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mFactory);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(create(mFactory, mEffect, mDescriptor));
+        initFrameCount();
+        Parameter::Specific specific = getDefaultParamSpecific();
+        Parameter::Common common = EffectHelper::createParamCommon(
+                0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, kSamplingFrequency /* iSampleRate */,
+                kSamplingFrequency /* oSampleRate */, mInputFrameCount /* iFrameCount */,
+                mInputFrameCount /* oFrameCount */);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, specific, &mOpenEffectReturn, EX_NONE));
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mEffect);
+    }
+
+    void TearDownVolumeControl() {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(close(mEffect));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(destroy(mFactory, mEffect));
+        mOpenEffectReturn = IEffect::OpenEffectReturn{};
+    }
+
+    Parameter::Specific getDefaultParamSpecific() {
+        Volume vol = Volume::make<Volume::levelDb>(kMinLevel);
+        Parameter::Specific specific = Parameter::Specific::make<Parameter::Specific::volume>(vol);
+        return specific;
+    }
+
+    Parameter createVolumeParam(int param, Volume::Tag volTag) {
+        return Parameter::make<Parameter::specific>(
+                Parameter::Specific::make<Parameter::Specific::volume>(
+                        (volTag == Volume::mute) ? Volume::make<Volume::mute>(param)
+                                                 : Volume::make<Volume::levelDb>(param)));
+    }
+
+    void initFrameCount() {
+        int channelCount = getChannelCount(
+                AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(kDefaultChannelLayout));
+        mInputFrameCount = kBufferSize / channelCount;
+        mOutputFrameCount = kBufferSize / channelCount;
+    }
+
+    bool isLevelValid(int level) {
+        auto vol = Volume::make<Volume::levelDb>(level);
+        return isParameterValid<Volume, Range::volume>(vol, mDescriptor);
+    }
+
+    void setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::Tag volTag, int param, binder_exception_t expected) {
+        auto expectedParam = createVolumeParam(param, volTag);
+        EXPECT_STATUS(expected, mEffect->setParameter(expectedParam)) << expectedParam.toString();
+
+        if (expected == EX_NONE) {
+            Volume::Id volId = Volume::Id::make<Volume::Id::commonTag>(volTag);
+
+            auto id = Parameter::Id::make<Parameter::Id::volumeTag>(volId);
+            // get parameter
+            Parameter getParam;
+            // if set success, then get should match
+            EXPECT_STATUS(expected, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam));
+            EXPECT_EQ(expectedParam, getParam) << "\nexpectedParam:" << expectedParam.toString()
+                                               << "\ngetParam:" << getParam.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static constexpr int kSamplingFrequency = 44100;
+    static constexpr int kDurationMilliSec = 2000;
+    static constexpr int kBufferSize = kSamplingFrequency * kDurationMilliSec / 1000;
+    static constexpr int kMinLevel = -96;
+    static constexpr int kDefaultChannelLayout = AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO;
+    long mInputFrameCount, mOutputFrameCount;
+    std::shared_ptr<IFactory> mFactory;
+    std::shared_ptr<IEffect> mEffect;
+    IEffect::OpenEffectReturn mOpenEffectReturn;
+    Descriptor mDescriptor;
+};
 /**
  * Here we focus on specific parameter checking, general IEffect interfaces testing performed in
  * VtsAudioEffectTargetTest.
@@ -37,7 +112,8 @@
 using VolumeParamTestParam =
         std::tuple<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>, int, bool>;
 
-class VolumeParamTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<VolumeParamTestParam>, public EffectHelper {
+class VolumeParamTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<VolumeParamTestParam>,
+                        public VolumeControlHelper {
   public:
     VolumeParamTest()
         : mParamLevel(std::get<PARAM_LEVEL>(GetParam())),
@@ -45,94 +121,167 @@
         std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(GetParam());
     }
 
-    void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mFactory);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(create(mFactory, mEffect, mDescriptor));
+    void SetUp() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpVolumeControl()); }
+    void TearDown() override { TearDownVolumeControl(); }
 
-        Parameter::Specific specific = getDefaultParamSpecific();
-        Parameter::Common common = EffectHelper::createParamCommon(
-                0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, 44100 /* iSampleRate */, 44100 /* oSampleRate */,
-                kInputFrameCount /* iFrameCount */, kOutputFrameCount /* oFrameCount */);
-        IEffect::OpenEffectReturn ret;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, specific, &ret, EX_NONE));
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mEffect);
-    }
-    void TearDown() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(close(mEffect));
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(destroy(mFactory, mEffect));
-    }
-
-    Parameter::Specific getDefaultParamSpecific() {
-        Volume vol = Volume::make<Volume::levelDb>(-9600);
-        Parameter::Specific specific = Parameter::Specific::make<Parameter::Specific::volume>(vol);
-        return specific;
-    }
-
-    static const long kInputFrameCount = 0x100, kOutputFrameCount = 0x100;
-    std::shared_ptr<IFactory> mFactory;
-    std::shared_ptr<IEffect> mEffect;
-    Descriptor mDescriptor;
     int mParamLevel = 0;
     bool mParamMute = false;
-
-    void SetAndGetParameters() {
-        for (auto& it : mTags) {
-            auto& tag = it.first;
-            auto& vol = it.second;
-
-            // validate parameter
-            Descriptor desc;
-            ASSERT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getDescriptor(&desc));
-            const bool valid = isParameterValid<Volume, Range::volume>(it.second, desc);
-            const binder_exception_t expected = valid ? EX_NONE : EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
-
-            // set parameter
-            Parameter expectParam;
-            Parameter::Specific specific;
-            specific.set<Parameter::Specific::volume>(vol);
-            expectParam.set<Parameter::specific>(specific);
-            EXPECT_STATUS(expected, mEffect->setParameter(expectParam)) << expectParam.toString();
-
-            // only get if parameter is in range and set success
-            if (expected == EX_NONE) {
-                Parameter getParam;
-                Parameter::Id id;
-                Volume::Id volId;
-                volId.set<Volume::Id::commonTag>(tag);
-                id.set<Parameter::Id::volumeTag>(volId);
-                EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam));
-
-                EXPECT_EQ(expectParam, getParam) << "\nexpect:" << expectParam.toString()
-                                                 << "\ngetParam:" << getParam.toString();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    void addLevelParam(int level) {
-        Volume vol;
-        vol.set<Volume::levelDb>(level);
-        mTags.push_back({Volume::levelDb, vol});
-    }
-
-    void addMuteParam(bool mute) {
-        Volume vol;
-        vol.set<Volume::mute>(mute);
-        mTags.push_back({Volume::mute, vol});
-    }
-
-  private:
-    std::vector<std::pair<Volume::Tag, Volume>> mTags;
-    void CleanUp() { mTags.clear(); }
 };
 
-TEST_P(VolumeParamTest, SetAndGetLevel) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addLevelParam(mParamLevel));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+TEST_P(VolumeParamTest, SetAndGetParams) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::levelDb, mParamLevel,
+                                   isLevelValid(mParamLevel) ? EX_NONE : EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::mute, mParamMute, EX_NONE));
 }
 
-TEST_P(VolumeParamTest, SetAndGetMute) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addMuteParam(mParamMute));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+using VolumeDataTestParam = std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>;
+
+class VolumeDataTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<VolumeDataTestParam>,
+                       public VolumeControlHelper {
+  public:
+    VolumeDataTest() {
+        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = GetParam();
+        mInput.resize(kBufferSize);
+        mInputMag.resize(mTestFrequencies.size());
+        mBinOffsets.resize(mTestFrequencies.size());
+        roundToFreqCenteredToFftBin(mTestFrequencies, mBinOffsets, kBinWidth);
+        generateMultiTone(mTestFrequencies, mInput, kSamplingFrequency);
+        mInputMag = calculateMagnitude(mInput, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<int> calculatePercentageDiff(const std::vector<float>& outputMag) {
+        std::vector<int> percentages(mTestFrequencies.size());
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < mInputMag.size(); i++) {
+            float diff = mInputMag[i] - outputMag[i];
+            percentages[i] = std::round(diff / mInputMag[i] * 100);
+        }
+        return percentages;
+    }
+
+    // Convert Decibel value to Percentage
+    int percentageDb(float level) { return std::round((1 - (pow(10, level / 20))) * 100); }
+
+    void SetUp() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpVolumeControl()); }
+    void TearDown() override { TearDownVolumeControl(); }
+
+    static constexpr int kMaxAudioSample = 1;
+    static constexpr int kTransitionDuration = 300;
+    static constexpr int kNPointFFT = 32768;
+    static constexpr float kBinWidth = (float)kSamplingFrequency / kNPointFFT;
+    static constexpr size_t offset = kSamplingFrequency * kTransitionDuration / 1000;
+    static constexpr float kBaseLevel = 0;
+    std::vector<int> mTestFrequencies = {100, 1000};
+    std::vector<float> mInput;
+    std::vector<float> mInputMag;
+    std::vector<int> mBinOffsets;
+};
+
+TEST_P(VolumeDataTest, ApplyLevelMuteUnmute) {
+    std::vector<float> output(kBufferSize);
+    std::vector<int> diffs(mTestFrequencies.size());
+    std::vector<float> outputMag(mTestFrequencies.size());
+
+    if (!isLevelValid(kBaseLevel)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Volume Level not supported, skipping the test\n";
+    }
+
+    // Apply Volume Level
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::levelDb, kBaseLevel, EX_NONE));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput(mInput, output, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
+
+    outputMag = calculateMagnitude(output, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+    diffs = calculatePercentageDiff(outputMag);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < diffs.size(); i++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(diffs[i], percentageDb(kBaseLevel));
+    }
+
+    // Apply Mute
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::mute, true /*mute*/, EX_NONE));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput(mInput, output, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
+
+    std::vector<float> subOutputMute(output.begin() + offset, output.end());
+    outputMag = calculateMagnitude(subOutputMute, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+    diffs = calculatePercentageDiff(outputMag);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < diffs.size(); i++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(diffs[i], percentageDb(kMinLevel /*Mute*/));
+    }
+
+    // Verifying Fade out
+    outputMag = calculateMagnitude(output, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+    diffs = calculatePercentageDiff(outputMag);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < diffs.size(); i++) {
+        ASSERT_LT(diffs[i], percentageDb(kMinLevel /*Mute*/));
+    }
+
+    // Apply Unmute
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::mute, false /*unmute*/, EX_NONE));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput(mInput, output, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
+
+    std::vector<float> subOutputUnmute(output.begin() + offset, output.end());
+
+    outputMag = calculateMagnitude(subOutputUnmute, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+    diffs = calculatePercentageDiff(outputMag);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < diffs.size(); i++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(diffs[i], percentageDb(kBaseLevel));
+    }
+
+    // Verifying Fade in
+    outputMag = calculateMagnitude(output, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+    diffs = calculatePercentageDiff(outputMag);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < diffs.size(); i++) {
+        ASSERT_GT(diffs[i], percentageDb(kBaseLevel));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(VolumeDataTest, DecreasingLevels) {
+    std::vector<int> decreasingLevels = {-24, -48, -96};
+    std::vector<float> baseOutput(kBufferSize);
+    std::vector<int> baseDiffs(mTestFrequencies.size());
+    std::vector<float> outputMag(mTestFrequencies.size());
+
+    if (!isLevelValid(kBaseLevel)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Volume Level not supported, skipping the test\n";
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::levelDb, kBaseLevel, EX_NONE));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            processAndWriteToOutput(mInput, baseOutput, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
+
+    outputMag = calculateMagnitude(baseOutput, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+    baseDiffs = calculatePercentageDiff(outputMag);
+
+    for (int level : decreasingLevels) {
+        std::vector<float> output(kBufferSize);
+        std::vector<int> diffs(mTestFrequencies.size());
+
+        // Skipping the further steps for unnsupported level values
+        if (!isLevelValid(level)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameters(Volume::levelDb, level, EX_NONE));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                processAndWriteToOutput(mInput, output, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
+
+        outputMag = calculateMagnitude(output, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT);
+        diffs = calculatePercentageDiff(outputMag);
+
+        // Decrease in volume level results in greater magnitude difference
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < diffs.size(); i++) {
+            ASSERT_GT(diffs[i], baseDiffs[i]);
+        }
+
+        baseDiffs = diffs;
+    }
 }
 
 std::vector<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>> kDescPair;
@@ -157,6 +306,20 @@
 
 GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(VolumeParamTest);
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(VolumeTest, VolumeDataTest,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
+                                 IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidVolume())),
+                         [](const testing::TestParamInfo<VolumeDataTest::ParamType>& info) {
+                             auto descriptor = info.param;
+                             std::string name = getPrefix(descriptor.second);
+                             std::replace_if(
+                                     name.begin(), name.end(),
+                                     [](const char c) { return !std::isalnum(c); }, '_');
+                             return name;
+                         });
+
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(VolumeDataTest);
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
     ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners().Append(new TestExecutionTracer());
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/Android.bp b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/Android.bp
index be6a425..cf173d5 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/Android.bp
@@ -52,11 +52,6 @@
     defaults: ["remote-access-hal-defaults"],
     vintf_fragments: ["remoteaccess-default-service.xml"],
     init_rc: ["remoteaccess-default-service.rc"],
-    cflags: [
-        // Uncomment this if running on emulator and connecting to a local grpc server
-        // running on host 127.0.0.1:50051 (TestWakeupClientServerHost)
-        // "-DGRPC_SERVICE_ADDRESS=\"10.0.2.2:50051\"",
-    ],
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -64,10 +59,6 @@
     defaults: ["remote-access-hal-defaults"],
     vintf_fragments: ["remoteaccess-default-service.xml"],
     init_rc: ["remoteaccess-tcu-test-service.rc"],
-    cflags: [
-        "-DGRPC_SERVICE_ADDRESS=\"10.10.10.1:50051\"",
-        "-DGRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME=\"eth1\"",
-    ],
 }
 
 cc_library {
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/proto/wakeup_client.proto b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/proto/wakeup_client.proto
index 14ba0a5..8ff6059 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/proto/wakeup_client.proto
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/proto/wakeup_client.proto
@@ -124,6 +124,11 @@
     ErrorCode errorCode = 1;
 }
 
+enum ScheduleTaskType {
+    CUSTOM = 0;
+    ENTER_GARAGE_MODE = 1;
+}
+
 message GrpcScheduleInfo {
     string clientId = 1;
     string scheduleId = 2;
@@ -131,6 +136,7 @@
     int32 count = 4;
     int64 startTimeInEpochSeconds = 5;
     int64 periodicInSeconds = 6;
+    ScheduleTaskType taskType = 7;
 }
 
 message UnscheduleTaskRequest {
@@ -162,3 +168,25 @@
 message GetAllPendingScheduledTasksResponse {
     repeated GrpcScheduleInfo allScheduledTasks = 1;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Service provided by a power controller unit.
+ */
+service PowerController {
+    rpc IsVehicleInUse(IsVehicleInUseRequest) returns (IsVehicleInUseResponse) {}
+
+    rpc GetApPowerBootupReason(GetApPowerBootupReasonRequest)
+            returns (GetApPowerBootupReasonResponse) {}
+}
+
+message IsVehicleInUseRequest {}
+
+message IsVehicleInUseResponse {
+    bool isVehicleInUse = 1;
+}
+
+message GetApPowerBootupReasonRequest {}
+
+message GetApPowerBootupReasonResponse {
+    int32 bootupReason = 1;
+}
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessImpl.cpp b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessImpl.cpp
index 28c5cd5..a50f3bb 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessImpl.cpp
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessImpl.cpp
@@ -27,37 +27,66 @@
 #include <libnetdevice/libnetdevice.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
+namespace {
+
+constexpr char GRPC_SERVICE_CONFIG_FILE[] = "/vendor/etc/automotive/powercontroller/serverconfig";
 constexpr char SERVICE_NAME[] = "android.hardware.automotive.remoteaccess.IRemoteAccess/default";
 
+void maybeGetGrpcServiceInfo(std::string* address, std::string* ifname) {
+    std::ifstream ifs(GRPC_SERVICE_CONFIG_FILE);
+    if (!ifs) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Cannot open grpc service config file at: " << GRPC_SERVICE_CONFIG_FILE
+                  << ", assume no service is available";
+        return;
+    }
+    int count = 0;
+    while (ifs.good()) {
+        std::string line;
+        ifs >> line;
+        // First line is address, second line, if present is ifname.
+        if (count == 0) {
+            *address = line;
+        } else {
+            *ifname = line;
+            break;
+        }
+        count++;
+    }
+    ifs.close();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 int main(int /* argc */, char* /* argv */[]) {
-    android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::WakeupClient::StubInterface* grpcStub = nullptr;
+    std::string grpcServiceAddress = "";
+    std::string grpcServiceIfname = "";
+    maybeGetGrpcServiceInfo(&grpcServiceAddress, &grpcServiceIfname);
 
-#ifdef GRPC_SERVICE_ADDRESS
-    LOG(INFO) << "Registering RemoteAccessService as service, server: " << GRPC_SERVICE_ADDRESS
-              << "...";
-    grpc::ChannelArguments grpcargs = {};
+    std::unique_ptr<android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::WakeupClient::Stub> grpcStub;
 
-#ifdef GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME
-    grpcargs.SetSocketMutator(
-            android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::MakeBindToDeviceSocketMutator(
-                    GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME));
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME specified as: " << GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME;
-    LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for interface: " << GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME;
-    android::netdevice::waitFor({GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME},
-                                android::netdevice::WaitCondition::PRESENT_AND_UP);
-    LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for interface: " << GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME << " done";
-#endif  // #ifdef GRPC_SERVICE_IFNAME
-    auto channel = grpc::CreateChannel(GRPC_SERVICE_ADDRESS, grpc::InsecureChannelCredentials());
-    auto clientStub = android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::WakeupClient::NewStub(channel);
+    if (grpcServiceAddress != "") {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Registering RemoteAccessService as service, server: " << grpcServiceAddress
+                  << "...";
+        grpc::ChannelArguments grpcargs = {};
 
-    grpcStub = clientStub.get();
-
-#else
-    LOG(INFO) << "GRPC_SERVICE_ADDRESS is not defined, work in fake mode";
-#endif  // #ifdef GRPC_SERVICE_ADDRESS
+        if (grpcServiceIfname != "") {
+            grpcargs.SetSocketMutator(
+                    android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::MakeBindToDeviceSocketMutator(
+                            grpcServiceIfname));
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "grpcServiceIfname specified as: " << grpcServiceIfname;
+            LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for interface: " << grpcServiceIfname;
+            android::netdevice::waitFor({grpcServiceIfname},
+                                        android::netdevice::WaitCondition::PRESENT_AND_UP);
+            LOG(INFO) << "Waiting for interface: " << grpcServiceIfname << " done";
+        }
+        auto channel = grpc::CreateChannel(grpcServiceAddress, grpc::InsecureChannelCredentials());
+        grpcStub = android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::WakeupClient::NewStub(channel);
+    } else {
+        LOG(INFO) << "grpcServiceAddress is not defined, work in fake mode";
+    }
 
     auto service = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<
-            android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::RemoteAccessService>(grpcStub);
+            android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::RemoteAccessService>(grpcStub.get());
 
     binder_exception_t err = AServiceManager_addService(service->asBinder().get(), SERVICE_NAME);
     if (err != EX_NONE) {
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessService.cpp b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessService.cpp
index dbd5bed..91689b1 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessService.cpp
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/hal/default/src/RemoteAccessService.cpp
@@ -346,8 +346,8 @@
         return ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
 
-    // TODO(b/316233421): support ENTER_GARAGE_MODE type.
     out->push_back(TaskType::CUSTOM);
+    out->push_back(TaskType::ENTER_GARAGE_MODE);
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -380,6 +380,8 @@
     }
 
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_clientid(scheduleInfo.clientId);
+    request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_tasktype(
+            static_cast<ScheduleTaskType>(scheduleInfo.taskType));
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_scheduleid(scheduleInfo.scheduleId);
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_data(scheduleInfo.taskData.data(),
                                              scheduleInfo.taskData.size());
@@ -485,6 +487,7 @@
         const GrpcScheduleInfo& rpcScheduleInfo = response.allscheduledtasks(i);
         ScheduleInfo scheduleInfo = {
                 .clientId = rpcScheduleInfo.clientid(),
+                .taskType = static_cast<TaskType>(rpcScheduleInfo.tasktype()),
                 .scheduleId = rpcScheduleInfo.scheduleid(),
                 .taskData = stringToBytes(rpcScheduleInfo.data()),
                 .count = rpcScheduleInfo.count(),
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/include/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.h b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/include/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.h
index 41cc5d0..7424571 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/include/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.h
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/include/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.h
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@
 namespace automotive {
 namespace remoteaccess {
 
+// The following are the same as VehicleApPowerBootupReason defined in VHAL.
+constexpr int32_t BOOTUP_REASON_USER_POWER_ON = 0;
+constexpr int32_t BOOTUP_REASON_SYSTEM_REMOTE_ACCESS = 2;
+constexpr int32_t BOOTUP_REASON_SYSTEM_ENTER_GARAGE_MODE = 3;
+
 // A class to generate fake task for testing. Not required for real implementation. In real
 // implementation, the task should come from remote task server. This class is thread-safe.
 class FakeTaskGenerator final {
@@ -98,50 +103,57 @@
 };
 
 // forward-declaration
-class TestWakeupClientServiceImpl;
+class ServiceImpl;
 
 class TaskScheduleMsgHandler final : public android::MessageHandler {
   public:
-    TaskScheduleMsgHandler(TestWakeupClientServiceImpl* mImpl);
+    TaskScheduleMsgHandler(ServiceImpl* impl);
     void handleMessage(const android::Message& message) override;
 
   private:
-    TestWakeupClientServiceImpl* mImpl;
+    ServiceImpl* mImpl;
 };
 
-class TestWakeupClientServiceImpl : public WakeupClient::Service {
+class ServiceImpl {
   public:
-    TestWakeupClientServiceImpl();
+    ServiceImpl();
 
-    ~TestWakeupClientServiceImpl();
+    virtual ~ServiceImpl() = 0;
 
     // Stop the handling for all income requests. Prepare for shutdown.
     void stopServer();
 
     grpc::Status GetRemoteTasks(grpc::ServerContext* context, const GetRemoteTasksRequest* request,
-                                grpc::ServerWriter<GetRemoteTasksResponse>* writer) override;
+                                grpc::ServerWriter<GetRemoteTasksResponse>* writer);
 
     grpc::Status NotifyWakeupRequired(grpc::ServerContext* context,
                                       const NotifyWakeupRequiredRequest* request,
-                                      NotifyWakeupRequiredResponse* response) override;
+                                      NotifyWakeupRequiredResponse* response);
 
     grpc::Status ScheduleTask(grpc::ServerContext* context, const ScheduleTaskRequest* request,
-                              ScheduleTaskResponse* response) override;
+                              ScheduleTaskResponse* response);
 
     grpc::Status UnscheduleTask(grpc::ServerContext* context, const UnscheduleTaskRequest* request,
-                                UnscheduleTaskResponse* response) override;
+                                UnscheduleTaskResponse* response);
 
     grpc::Status UnscheduleAllTasks(grpc::ServerContext* context,
                                     const UnscheduleAllTasksRequest* request,
-                                    UnscheduleAllTasksResponse* response) override;
+                                    UnscheduleAllTasksResponse* response);
 
     grpc::Status IsTaskScheduled(grpc::ServerContext* context,
                                  const IsTaskScheduledRequest* request,
-                                 IsTaskScheduledResponse* response) override;
+                                 IsTaskScheduledResponse* response);
 
-    grpc::Status GetAllPendingScheduledTasks(
-            grpc::ServerContext* context, const GetAllPendingScheduledTasksRequest* request,
-            GetAllPendingScheduledTasksResponse* response) override;
+    grpc::Status GetAllPendingScheduledTasks(grpc::ServerContext* context,
+                                             const GetAllPendingScheduledTasksRequest* request,
+                                             GetAllPendingScheduledTasksResponse* response);
+
+    grpc::Status IsVehicleInUse(grpc::ServerContext* context, const IsVehicleInUseRequest* request,
+                                IsVehicleInUseResponse* response);
+
+    grpc::Status GetApPowerBootupReason(grpc::ServerContext* context,
+                                        const GetApPowerBootupReasonRequest* request,
+                                        GetApPowerBootupReasonResponse* response);
 
     /**
      * Starts generating fake tasks for the specific client repeatedly.
@@ -177,7 +189,7 @@
      * This must be implemented by child class and contains device specific logic. E.g. this might
      * be sending QEMU commands for the emulator device.
      */
-    virtual void wakeupApplicationProcessor() = 0;
+    virtual void wakeupApplicationProcessor(int32_t bootupReason) = 0;
 
     /**
      * Cleans up a scheduled task info.
@@ -185,6 +197,16 @@
     void cleanupScheduledTaskLocked(const std::string& clientId, const std::string& scheduleId)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
 
+    /**
+     * Sets whether vehicle is in use.
+     */
+    void setVehicleInUse(bool vehicleInUse);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the bootup reason.
+     */
+    void setBootupReason(int32_t bootupReason);
+
   private:
     friend class TaskScheduleMsgHandler;
 
@@ -218,6 +240,8 @@
     std::atomic<bool> mServerStopped = false;
     std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unordered_map<std::string, ScheduleInfo>>
             mInfoByScheduleIdByClientId GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::atomic<bool> mVehicleInUse = false;
+    std::atomic<int32_t> mBootupReason = BOOTUP_REASON_USER_POWER_ON;
 
     // Thread-safe. For test impl only.
     FakeTaskGenerator mFakeTaskGenerator;
@@ -232,6 +256,72 @@
     void loop();
 };
 
+class WakeupClientServiceImpl : public WakeupClient::Service {
+  public:
+    WakeupClientServiceImpl(ServiceImpl* impl) { mImpl = impl; }
+
+    grpc::Status GetRemoteTasks(grpc::ServerContext* context, const GetRemoteTasksRequest* request,
+                                grpc::ServerWriter<GetRemoteTasksResponse>* writer) override {
+        return mImpl->GetRemoteTasks(context, request, writer);
+    }
+
+    grpc::Status NotifyWakeupRequired(grpc::ServerContext* context,
+                                      const NotifyWakeupRequiredRequest* request,
+                                      NotifyWakeupRequiredResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->NotifyWakeupRequired(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+    grpc::Status ScheduleTask(grpc::ServerContext* context, const ScheduleTaskRequest* request,
+                              ScheduleTaskResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->ScheduleTask(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+    grpc::Status UnscheduleTask(grpc::ServerContext* context, const UnscheduleTaskRequest* request,
+                                UnscheduleTaskResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->UnscheduleTask(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+    grpc::Status UnscheduleAllTasks(grpc::ServerContext* context,
+                                    const UnscheduleAllTasksRequest* request,
+                                    UnscheduleAllTasksResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->UnscheduleAllTasks(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+    grpc::Status IsTaskScheduled(grpc::ServerContext* context,
+                                 const IsTaskScheduledRequest* request,
+                                 IsTaskScheduledResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->IsTaskScheduled(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+    grpc::Status GetAllPendingScheduledTasks(
+            grpc::ServerContext* context, const GetAllPendingScheduledTasksRequest* request,
+            GetAllPendingScheduledTasksResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->GetAllPendingScheduledTasks(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    ServiceImpl* mImpl;
+};
+
+class PowerControllerServiceImpl : public PowerController::Service {
+  public:
+    PowerControllerServiceImpl(ServiceImpl* impl) { mImpl = impl; }
+
+    grpc::Status IsVehicleInUse(grpc::ServerContext* context, const IsVehicleInUseRequest* request,
+                                IsVehicleInUseResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->IsVehicleInUse(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+    grpc::Status GetApPowerBootupReason(grpc::ServerContext* context,
+                                        const GetApPowerBootupReasonRequest* request,
+                                        GetApPowerBootupReasonResponse* response) override {
+        return mImpl->GetApPowerBootupReason(context, request, response);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    ServiceImpl* mImpl;
+};
+
 }  // namespace remoteaccess
 }  // namespace automotive
 }  // namespace hardware
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.cpp b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.cpp
index eed3495..5d33fcb 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.cpp
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/TestWakeupClientServiceImpl.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 using ::grpc::Status;
 
 constexpr int64_t kTaskIntervalInMs = 5'000;
-constexpr int64_t kTaskTimeoutInMs = 20'000;
+constexpr int64_t kTaskTimeoutInMs = 60'000;
 
 int64_t msToNs(int64_t ms) {
     return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::milliseconds(ms))
@@ -140,21 +140,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::TestWakeupClientServiceImpl() {
+ServiceImpl::ServiceImpl() {
     mTaskScheduleMsgHandler = android::sp<TaskScheduleMsgHandler>::make(this);
     mLooper = android::sp<Looper>::make(/*opts=*/0);
     mLooperThread = std::thread([this] { loop(); });
     mTaskQueue = std::make_unique<TaskQueue>(mLooper);
 }
 
-TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::~TestWakeupClientServiceImpl() {
+ServiceImpl::~ServiceImpl() {
     if (mServerStopped) {
         return;
     }
     stopServer();
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::stopServer() {
+void ServiceImpl::stopServer() {
     mTaskQueue->stopWait();
     stopGeneratingFakeTask();
     // Set the flag so that the loop thread will exit.
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::loop() {
+void ServiceImpl::loop() {
     Looper::setForThread(mLooper);
 
     while (true) {
@@ -176,23 +176,22 @@
     }
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::injectTask(const std::string& taskData,
-                                             const std::string& clientId) {
+void ServiceImpl::injectTask(const std::string& taskData, const std::string& clientId) {
     GetRemoteTasksResponse response;
     response.set_data(taskData);
     response.set_clientid(clientId);
     injectTaskResponse(response);
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::injectTaskResponse(const GetRemoteTasksResponse& response) {
+void ServiceImpl::injectTaskResponse(const GetRemoteTasksResponse& response) {
     printf("Receive a new task\n");
     mTaskQueue->add(response);
     if (mWakeupRequired) {
-        wakeupApplicationProcessor();
+        wakeupApplicationProcessor(BOOTUP_REASON_SYSTEM_REMOTE_ACCESS);
     }
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::startGeneratingFakeTask(const std::string& clientId) {
+void ServiceImpl::startGeneratingFakeTask(const std::string& clientId) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
     if (mGeneratingFakeTask) {
         printf("Fake task is already being generated\n");
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@
     printf("Started generating fake tasks\n");
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::stopGeneratingFakeTask() {
+void ServiceImpl::stopGeneratingFakeTask() {
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
         if (!mGeneratingFakeTask) {
@@ -219,7 +218,7 @@
     printf("Stopped generating fake tasks\n");
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::fakeTaskGenerateLoop(const std::string& clientId) {
+void ServiceImpl::fakeTaskGenerateLoop(const std::string& clientId) {
     // In actual implementation, this should communicate with the remote server and receives tasks
     // from it. Here we simulate receiving one remote task every {kTaskIntervalInMs}ms.
     while (true) {
@@ -237,9 +236,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-Status TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::GetRemoteTasks(ServerContext* context,
-                                                   const GetRemoteTasksRequest* request,
-                                                   ServerWriter<GetRemoteTasksResponse>* writer) {
+Status ServiceImpl::GetRemoteTasks(ServerContext* context, const GetRemoteTasksRequest* request,
+                                   ServerWriter<GetRemoteTasksResponse>* writer) {
     printf("GetRemoteTasks called\n");
     mRemoteTaskConnectionAlive = true;
     while (true) {
@@ -277,15 +275,15 @@
     return Status::CANCELLED;
 }
 
-Status TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::NotifyWakeupRequired(ServerContext* context,
-                                                         const NotifyWakeupRequiredRequest* request,
-                                                         NotifyWakeupRequiredResponse* response) {
+Status ServiceImpl::NotifyWakeupRequired(ServerContext* context,
+                                         const NotifyWakeupRequiredRequest* request,
+                                         NotifyWakeupRequiredResponse* response) {
     printf("NotifyWakeupRequired called\n");
     if (request->iswakeuprequired() && !mWakeupRequired && !mTaskQueue->isEmpty()) {
         // If wakeup is now required and previously not required, this means we have finished
         // shutting down the device. If there are still pending tasks, try waking up AP again
         // to finish executing those tasks.
-        wakeupApplicationProcessor();
+        wakeupApplicationProcessor(BOOTUP_REASON_SYSTEM_REMOTE_ACCESS);
     }
     mWakeupRequired = request->iswakeuprequired();
     if (mWakeupRequired) {
@@ -296,23 +294,22 @@
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::cleanupScheduledTaskLocked(const std::string& clientId,
-                                                             const std::string& scheduleId) {
+void ServiceImpl::cleanupScheduledTaskLocked(const std::string& clientId,
+                                             const std::string& scheduleId) {
     mInfoByScheduleIdByClientId[clientId].erase(scheduleId);
     if (mInfoByScheduleIdByClientId[clientId].size() == 0) {
         mInfoByScheduleIdByClientId.erase(clientId);
     }
 }
 
-TaskScheduleMsgHandler::TaskScheduleMsgHandler(TestWakeupClientServiceImpl* impl) : mImpl(impl) {}
+TaskScheduleMsgHandler::TaskScheduleMsgHandler(ServiceImpl* impl) : mImpl(impl) {}
 
 void TaskScheduleMsgHandler::handleMessage(const android::Message& message) {
     mImpl->handleAddTask(message.what);
 }
 
-Status TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::ScheduleTask(ServerContext* context,
-                                                 const ScheduleTaskRequest* request,
-                                                 ScheduleTaskResponse* response) {
+Status ServiceImpl::ScheduleTask(ServerContext* context, const ScheduleTaskRequest* request,
+                                 ScheduleTaskResponse* response) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
 
     const GrpcScheduleInfo& grpcScheduleInfo = request->scheduleinfo();
@@ -359,8 +356,7 @@
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-bool TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::getScheduleInfoLocked(int scheduleMsgId,
-                                                        ScheduleInfo** outScheduleInfoPtr) {
+bool ServiceImpl::getScheduleInfoLocked(int scheduleMsgId, ScheduleInfo** outScheduleInfoPtr) {
     for (auto& [_, infoByScheduleId] : mInfoByScheduleIdByClientId) {
         for (auto& [_, scheduleInfo] : infoByScheduleId) {
             if (scheduleInfo.scheduleMsgId == scheduleMsgId) {
@@ -372,7 +368,7 @@
     return false;
 }
 
-void TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::handleAddTask(int scheduleMsgId) {
+void ServiceImpl::handleAddTask(int scheduleMsgId) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
 
     ScheduleInfo* scheduleInfoPtr;
@@ -385,15 +381,27 @@
     const GrpcScheduleInfo& grpcScheduleInfo = *scheduleInfoPtr->grpcScheduleInfo;
     const std::string scheduleId = grpcScheduleInfo.scheduleid();
     const std::string clientId = grpcScheduleInfo.clientid();
-
-    GetRemoteTasksResponse injectResponse;
-    injectResponse.set_data(grpcScheduleInfo.data().data(), grpcScheduleInfo.data().size());
-    injectResponse.set_clientid(clientId);
-    injectTaskResponse(injectResponse);
     scheduleInfoPtr->currentCount++;
+    ScheduleTaskType taskType = grpcScheduleInfo.tasktype();
+    printf("Sending scheduled tasks for scheduleId: %s, clientId: %s, taskCount: %d, "
+           "taskType: %d\n",
+           scheduleId.c_str(), clientId.c_str(), scheduleInfoPtr->currentCount,
+           static_cast<int>(taskType));
 
-    printf("Sending scheduled tasks for scheduleId: %s, clientId: %s, taskCount: %d\n",
-           scheduleId.c_str(), clientId.c_str(), scheduleInfoPtr->currentCount);
+    if (taskType == ScheduleTaskType::ENTER_GARAGE_MODE) {
+        if (mWakeupRequired) {
+            wakeupApplicationProcessor(BOOTUP_REASON_SYSTEM_ENTER_GARAGE_MODE);
+        } else {
+            printf("Ignore ENTER_GARAGE_MODE task type because the head unit is already running");
+        }
+    } else if (grpcScheduleInfo.tasktype() == ScheduleTaskType::CUSTOM) {
+        GetRemoteTasksResponse injectResponse;
+        injectResponse.set_data(grpcScheduleInfo.data().data(), grpcScheduleInfo.data().size());
+        injectResponse.set_clientid(clientId);
+        injectTaskResponse(injectResponse);
+    } else {
+        printf("Unknown task type: %d\n", static_cast<int>(taskType));
+    }
 
     if (scheduleInfoPtr->totalCount != 0 &&
         scheduleInfoPtr->currentCount == scheduleInfoPtr->totalCount) {
@@ -407,9 +415,8 @@
                                 android::Message(scheduleMsgId));
 }
 
-Status TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::UnscheduleTask(ServerContext* context,
-                                                   const UnscheduleTaskRequest* request,
-                                                   UnscheduleTaskResponse* response) {
+Status ServiceImpl::UnscheduleTask(ServerContext* context, const UnscheduleTaskRequest* request,
+                                   UnscheduleTaskResponse* response) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
 
     const std::string& clientId = request->clientid();
@@ -431,9 +438,9 @@
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-Status TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::UnscheduleAllTasks(ServerContext* context,
-                                                       const UnscheduleAllTasksRequest* request,
-                                                       UnscheduleAllTasksResponse* response) {
+Status ServiceImpl::UnscheduleAllTasks(ServerContext* context,
+                                       const UnscheduleAllTasksRequest* request,
+                                       UnscheduleAllTasksResponse* response) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
 
     const std::string& clientId = request->clientid();
@@ -452,9 +459,8 @@
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-Status TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::IsTaskScheduled(ServerContext* context,
-                                                    const IsTaskScheduledRequest* request,
-                                                    IsTaskScheduledResponse* response) {
+Status ServiceImpl::IsTaskScheduled(ServerContext* context, const IsTaskScheduledRequest* request,
+                                    IsTaskScheduledResponse* response) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
 
     const std::string& clientId = request->clientid();
@@ -475,9 +481,9 @@
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-Status TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::GetAllPendingScheduledTasks(
-        ServerContext* context, const GetAllPendingScheduledTasksRequest* request,
-        GetAllPendingScheduledTasksResponse* response) {
+Status ServiceImpl::GetAllPendingScheduledTasks(ServerContext* context,
+                                                const GetAllPendingScheduledTasksRequest* request,
+                                                GetAllPendingScheduledTasksResponse* response) {
     const std::string& clientId = request->clientid();
     printf("GetAllPendingScheduledTasks called with client Id: %s\n", clientId.c_str());
     response->clear_allscheduledtasks();
@@ -493,14 +499,35 @@
     return Status::OK;
 }
 
-bool TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::isWakeupRequired() {
+Status ServiceImpl::IsVehicleInUse(ServerContext* context, const IsVehicleInUseRequest* request,
+                                   IsVehicleInUseResponse* response) {
+    response->set_isvehicleinuse(mVehicleInUse);
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+Status ServiceImpl::GetApPowerBootupReason(ServerContext* context,
+                                           const GetApPowerBootupReasonRequest* request,
+                                           GetApPowerBootupReasonResponse* response) {
+    response->set_bootupreason(mBootupReason);
+    return Status::OK;
+}
+
+bool ServiceImpl::isWakeupRequired() {
     return mWakeupRequired;
 }
 
-bool TestWakeupClientServiceImpl::isRemoteTaskConnectionAlive() {
+bool ServiceImpl::isRemoteTaskConnectionAlive() {
     return mRemoteTaskConnectionAlive;
 }
 
+void ServiceImpl::setVehicleInUse(bool vehicleInUse) {
+    mVehicleInUse = vehicleInUse;
+}
+
+void ServiceImpl::setBootupReason(int32_t bootupReason) {
+    mBootupReason = bootupReason;
+}
+
 }  // namespace remoteaccess
 }  // namespace automotive
 }  // namespace hardware
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/main.cpp b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/main.cpp
index 5443ad9..63324f3 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/main.cpp
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/src/main.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,12 @@
 #include <grpcpp/server.h>
 #include <grpcpp/server_builder.h>
 
-using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::TestWakeupClientServiceImpl;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::BOOTUP_REASON_SYSTEM_ENTER_GARAGE_MODE;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::BOOTUP_REASON_SYSTEM_REMOTE_ACCESS;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::BOOTUP_REASON_USER_POWER_ON;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::PowerControllerServiceImpl;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::ServiceImpl;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::WakeupClientServiceImpl;
 using ::grpc::Server;
 using ::grpc::ServerBuilder;
 using ::grpc::ServerWriter;
@@ -48,11 +53,13 @@
 
 pid_t emuPid = 0;
 
-void RunServer(const std::string& serviceAddr,
-               std::shared_ptr<TestWakeupClientServiceImpl> service) {
+void RunServer(const std::string& serviceAddr, std::shared_ptr<ServiceImpl> service) {
     ServerBuilder builder;
     builder.AddListeningPort(serviceAddr, grpc::InsecureServerCredentials());
-    builder.RegisterService(service.get());
+    WakeupClientServiceImpl wakeupClientService(service.get());
+    builder.RegisterService(&wakeupClientService);
+    PowerControllerServiceImpl powerControllerService(service.get());
+    builder.RegisterService(&powerControllerService);
     std::unique_ptr<Server> server(builder.BuildAndStart());
     printf("Test Remote Access GRPC Server listening on %s\n", serviceAddr.c_str());
     server->Wait();
@@ -81,20 +88,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool powerOnEmu() {
+bool powerOnEmu(ServiceImpl* service, int32_t bootupReason) {
     updateEmuStatus();
     if (emuPid != 0) {
         printf("The emulator is already running\n");
         return false;
     }
+    service->setBootupReason(bootupReason);
     emuPid = runCommand(COMMAND_RUN_EMU);
     printf("Emulator started in process: %d\n", emuPid);
     return true;
 }
 
-bool powerOn() {
+bool powerOn(ServiceImpl* service, int32_t bootupReason) {
 #ifdef HOST
-    return powerOnEmu();
+    return powerOnEmu(service, bootupReason);
 #else
     printf("power on is only supported on host\n");
     return false;
@@ -133,21 +141,6 @@
 #endif
 }
 
-void setVehicleInUse(bool vehicleInUse) {
-#ifdef HOST
-    printf("Set vehicleInUse to %d\n", vehicleInUse);
-    int value = 0;
-    if (vehicleInUse) {
-        value = 1;
-    }
-    const char* command = getSetPropCommand(VEHICLE_IN_USE, value);
-    runCommand(command);
-    delete[] command;
-#else
-    printf("set vehicleInUse is only supported on host\n");
-#endif
-}
-
 void help() {
     std::cout << "Remote Access Host Test Utility" << std::endl
               << "help:\t"
@@ -171,8 +164,7 @@
               << "(only supported on host)" << std::endl;
 }
 
-void parseCommand(const std::string& userInput,
-                  std::shared_ptr<TestWakeupClientServiceImpl> service) {
+void parseCommand(const std::string& userInput, std::shared_ptr<ServiceImpl> service) {
     if (userInput == "") {
         // ignore empty line.
     } else if (userInput == "help") {
@@ -199,8 +191,10 @@
         printf("isWakeupRequired: %B, isRemoteTaskConnectionAlive: %B\n",
                service->isWakeupRequired(), service->isRemoteTaskConnectionAlive());
     } else if (userInput == "power on") {
-        powerOn();
+        service->setVehicleInUse(true);
+        powerOn(service.get(), BOOTUP_REASON_USER_POWER_ON);
     } else if (userInput == "power off") {
+        service->setVehicleInUse(false);
         powerOff();
     } else if (userInput.rfind("inject task", 0) == 0) {
         std::stringstream ss;
@@ -226,7 +220,7 @@
         printf("Remote task with client ID: %s, data: %s injected\n", clientId.c_str(),
                taskData.c_str());
     } else if (userInput == "set vehicleInUse") {
-        setVehicleInUse(true);
+        service->setVehicleInUse(true);
     } else {
         printf("Unknown command, see 'help'\n");
     }
@@ -242,14 +236,11 @@
     exit(-1);
 }
 
-class MyTestWakeupClientServiceImpl final : public TestWakeupClientServiceImpl {
+class MyServiceImpl final : public ServiceImpl {
   public:
-    void wakeupApplicationProcessor() override {
+    void wakeupApplicationProcessor(int32_t bootupReason) override {
 #ifdef HOST
-        if (powerOnEmu()) {
-            // If we wake up AP to execute remote task, vehicle in use should be false.
-            setVehicleInUse(false);
-        }
+        powerOnEmu(this, bootupReason);
 #else
         wakeupAp();
 #endif
@@ -262,8 +253,7 @@
         serviceAddr = argv[1];
     }
     // Let the server thread run, we will force kill the server when we exit the program.
-    std::shared_ptr<TestWakeupClientServiceImpl> service =
-            std::make_shared<MyTestWakeupClientServiceImpl>();
+    std::shared_ptr<ServiceImpl> service = std::make_shared<MyServiceImpl>();
     std::thread serverThread([serviceAddr, service] { RunServer(serviceAddr, service); });
 
     // Register the signal handler for SIGTERM and SIGINT so that we can stop the emulator before
diff --git a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/test/TestWakeupClientServiceImplUnitTest.cpp b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/test/TestWakeupClientServiceImplUnitTest.cpp
index 63458ae..4bc0086 100644
--- a/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/test/TestWakeupClientServiceImplUnitTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/remoteaccess/test_grpc_server/impl/test/TestWakeupClientServiceImplUnitTest.cpp
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@
 constexpr int64_t kTestPeriodicInSeconds = 123;
 const std::string kTestGrpcAddr = "localhost:50051";
 
-class MyTestWakeupClientServiceImpl final : public TestWakeupClientServiceImpl {
+class MyTestWakeupClientServiceImpl final : public ServiceImpl {
   public:
-    void wakeupApplicationProcessor() override {
+    void wakeupApplicationProcessor([[maybe_unused]] int32_t bootupReason) override {
         // Do nothing.
     }
 };
@@ -54,13 +54,14 @@
   public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         mServerThread = std::thread([this] {
+            mService = std::make_unique<MyTestWakeupClientServiceImpl>();
+            ServerBuilder builder;
+            builder.AddListeningPort(kTestGrpcAddr, grpc::InsecureServerCredentials());
+            WakeupClientServiceImpl wakeupClientService(mService.get());
+            builder.RegisterService(&wakeupClientService);
+            mServer = builder.BuildAndStart();
             {
                 std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
-                mService = std::make_unique<MyTestWakeupClientServiceImpl>();
-                ServerBuilder builder;
-                builder.AddListeningPort(kTestGrpcAddr, grpc::InsecureServerCredentials());
-                builder.RegisterService(mService.get());
-                mServer = builder.BuildAndStart();
                 mServerStartCv.notify_one();
             }
             mServer->Wait();
@@ -124,6 +125,7 @@
                               std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
                               .count();
         request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_clientid(kTestClientId);
+        request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_tasktype(ScheduleTaskType::CUSTOM);
         request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_scheduleid(scheduleId);
         request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_data(kTestData.data(), kTestData.size());
         request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_count(count);
@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@
     ScheduleTaskResponse response = {};
 
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_clientid(kTestClientId);
+    request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_tasktype(ScheduleTaskType::CUSTOM);
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_scheduleid(kTestScheduleId);
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_data(kTestData.data(), kTestData.size());
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_count(2);
@@ -191,6 +194,7 @@
 
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_clientid(kTestClientId);
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_scheduleid(kTestScheduleId);
+    request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_tasktype(ScheduleTaskType::CUSTOM);
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_data(kTestData.data(), kTestData.size());
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_count(2);
     request.mutable_scheduleinfo()->set_starttimeinepochseconds(getNow() + 1);
@@ -315,6 +319,7 @@
     for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
         EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).clientid(), kTestClientId);
         if (response2.allscheduledtasks(i).scheduleid() == scheduleId1) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).tasktype(), ScheduleTaskType::CUSTOM);
             EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).data(),
                       std::string(kTestData.begin(), kTestData.end()));
             EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).count(), count1);
@@ -322,6 +327,7 @@
             EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).periodicinseconds(), periodicInSeconds1);
         } else {
             EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).scheduleid(), scheduleId2);
+            EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).tasktype(), ScheduleTaskType::CUSTOM);
             EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).data(),
                       std::string(kTestData.begin(), kTestData.end()));
             EXPECT_EQ(response2.allscheduledtasks(i).count(), count2);
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/TEST_MAPPING b/automotive/vehicle/TEST_MAPPING
index e1a90cb..7306b47 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -25,9 +25,6 @@
       "name": "VehiclePropertyAnnotationJavaTest"
     },
     {
-      "name": "FakeVehicleHardwareTest"
-    },
-    {
       "name": "FakeVehicleHalValueGeneratorsTest"
     },
     {
@@ -45,6 +42,9 @@
       "name": "VtsHalAutomotiveVehicle_TargetTest"
     },
     {
+      "name": "FakeVehicleHardwareTest"
+    },
+    {
       "name": "CarServiceUnitTest",
       "options" : [
         {
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleAreaConfig.aidl b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleAreaConfig.aidl
index aab3c46..96c4a74 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleAreaConfig.aidl
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleAreaConfig.aidl
@@ -53,21 +53,25 @@
     /**
      * Defines if the area ID for this property is READ, WRITE or READ_WRITE. This only applies if
      * the property is defined in the framework as a READ_WRITE property. Access (if set) should be
-     * equal to, or a superset of, the VehiclePropConfig.access of the property.
+     * equal to, or a superset of, the VehiclePropConfig.access of the property. If access is not
+     * set for this VehicleAreaConfig (i.e. access == VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE), then it will
+     * automatically be assumed that the areaId access is the same as the VehiclePropConfig.access
+     * of the property.
      *
      * For example, if a property is defined as READ_WRITE, but the OEM wants to specify certain
      * area Ids as READ-only, the corresponding areaIds should have an access set to READ, while the
      * others must be set to READ_WRITE. We do not support setting specific area Ids to WRITE-only
      * when the property is READ-WRITE.
      *
-     * Exclusively one of VehiclePropConfig and the VehicleAreaConfigs should be specified for a
-     * single property. If VehiclePropConfig.access is populated, none of the
-     * VehicleAreaConfig.access values should be populated. If VehicleAreaConfig.access values are
-     * populated, VehiclePropConfig.access must not be populated.
+     * VehiclePropConfig.access should be equal the maximal subset of the accesses set in
+     * VehiclePropConfig.areaConfigs, excluding those with access == VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE. For
+     * example, if a VehiclePropConfig has some area configs with an access of
+     * VehiclePropertyAccess.READ and others with an access of VehiclePropertyAccess.READ_WRITE, the
+     * VehiclePropConfig object's access should be VehiclePropertyAccess.READ.
      *
-     * VehicleAreaConfigs should not be partially populated with access. If the OEM wants to specify
-     * access for one area Id, all other configs should be populated with their access levels as
-     * well.
+     * In the scenario where the OEM actually wants to set VehicleAreaConfig.access =
+     * VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE, the maximal subset rule should apply with this area config
+     * included, making the VehiclePropConfig.access = VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE.
      */
     VehiclePropertyAccess access = VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE;
 
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehiclePropConfig.aidl b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehiclePropConfig.aidl
index 1135b26..c629b82 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehiclePropConfig.aidl
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehiclePropConfig.aidl
@@ -29,9 +29,20 @@
     /**
      * Defines if the property is read or write or both.
      *
-     * If populating VehicleAreaConfig.access fields for this property, this field should not be
-     * populated. If the OEM decides to populate this field, none of the VehicleAreaConfig.access
-     * fields should be populated.
+     * If any VehicleAreaConfig.access is not set (i.e. VehicleAreaConfig.access ==
+     * VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE) for this property, it will automatically be assumed that the
+     * areaId access is the same as the VehiclePropConfig.access.
+     *
+     * VehiclePropConfig.access should be equal the maximal subset of the accesses set in its
+     * areaConfigs, excluding those with access == VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE. For example, if a
+     * VehiclePropConfig has some area configs with an access of VehiclePropertyAccess.READ and
+     * others with an access of VehiclePropertyAccess.READ_WRITE, the VehiclePropConfig object's
+     * access should be VehiclePropertyAccess.READ.
+     *
+     * In the scenario where the OEM actually wants to set VehicleAreaConfig.access =
+     * VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE for a particular area config, the maximal subset rule should apply
+     * with this area config included, making the VehiclePropConfig.access =
+     * VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE.
      */
     VehiclePropertyAccess access = VehiclePropertyAccess.NONE;
 
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
index df0f51c..c812326 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@
                 "data_enum": "TrailerState"
             },
             {
-                "name": "Vehicle’s curb weight",
+                "name": "VEHICLE_CURB_WEIGHT",
                 "value": 289410886
             },
             {
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/generated_lib/java/UnitsForVehicleProperty.java b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/generated_lib/java/UnitsForVehicleProperty.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b30c8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/generated_lib/java/UnitsForVehicleProperty.java
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * DO NOT EDIT MANUALLY!!!
+ *
+ * Generated by tools/generate_annotation_enums.py.
+ */
+
+// clang-format off
+
+package android.hardware.automotive.vehicle;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public final class UnitsForVehicleProperty {
+
+    public static final Map<Integer, Integer> values = Map.ofEntries(
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.INFO_MODEL_YEAR, VehicleUnit.YEAR),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.INFO_FUEL_CAPACITY, VehicleUnit.MILLILITER),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.INFO_EV_BATTERY_CAPACITY, VehicleUnit.WATT_HOUR),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.INFO_EXTERIOR_DIMENSIONS, VehicleUnit.MILLIMETER),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.PERF_ODOMETER, VehicleUnit.KILOMETER),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED, VehicleUnit.METER_PER_SEC),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED_DISPLAY, VehicleUnit.METER_PER_SEC),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.PERF_STEERING_ANGLE, VehicleUnit.DEGREES),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.PERF_REAR_STEERING_ANGLE, VehicleUnit.DEGREES),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.ENGINE_COOLANT_TEMP, VehicleUnit.CELSIUS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.ENGINE_OIL_TEMP, VehicleUnit.CELSIUS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.ENGINE_RPM, VehicleUnit.RPM),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.FUEL_LEVEL, VehicleUnit.MILLILITER),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.EV_BATTERY_LEVEL, VehicleUnit.WATT_HOUR),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.EV_CURRENT_BATTERY_CAPACITY, VehicleUnit.WATT_HOUR),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.EV_BATTERY_INSTANTANEOUS_CHARGE_RATE, VehicleUnit.MILLIWATTS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.RANGE_REMAINING, VehicleUnit.METER),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.EV_BATTERY_AVERAGE_TEMPERATURE, VehicleUnit.CELSIUS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.TIRE_PRESSURE, VehicleUnit.KILOPASCAL),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.CRITICALLY_LOW_TIRE_PRESSURE, VehicleUnit.KILOPASCAL),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.HVAC_TEMPERATURE_CURRENT, VehicleUnit.CELSIUS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.HVAC_TEMPERATURE_SET, VehicleUnit.CELSIUS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.EXTERNAL_CAR_TIME, VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.ANDROID_EPOCH_TIME, VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.ENV_OUTSIDE_TEMPERATURE, VehicleUnit.CELSIUS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.WINDSHIELD_WIPERS_PERIOD, VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.EV_CHARGE_CURRENT_DRAW_LIMIT, VehicleUnit.AMPERE),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.EV_CHARGE_TIME_REMAINING, VehicleUnit.SECS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.CRUISE_CONTROL_TARGET_SPEED, VehicleUnit.METER_PER_SEC),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.ADAPTIVE_CRUISE_CONTROL_TARGET_TIME_GAP, VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS),
+        Map.entry(VehicleProperty.ADAPTIVE_CRUISE_CONTROL_LEAD_VEHICLE_MEASURED_DISTANCE, VehicleUnit.MILLIMETER)
+    );
+
+}
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/include/JsonConfigLoader.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/include/JsonConfigLoader.h
index 82e5860..00c497f 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/include/JsonConfigLoader.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/include/JsonConfigLoader.h
@@ -142,10 +142,8 @@
                          std::vector<std::string>* errors);
 
     // Prase a JSON field as an array of area configs.
-    void parseAreas(
-            const Json::Value& parentJsonNode, const std::string& fieldName,
-            ConfigDeclaration* outPtr, std::vector<std::string>* errors,
-            aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehiclePropertyAccess defaultAccess);
+    void parseAreas(const Json::Value& parentJsonNode, const std::string& fieldName,
+                    ConfigDeclaration* outPtr, std::vector<std::string>* errors);
 };
 
 }  // namespace jsonconfigloader_impl
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/src/JsonConfigLoader.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/src/JsonConfigLoader.cpp
index 2a7ac96..ea1437e 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/src/JsonConfigLoader.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/src/JsonConfigLoader.cpp
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::LowSpeedCollisionWarningState;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::RawPropValues;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleAirbagLocation;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerBootupReason;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateReport;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateReq;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleAreaConfig;
@@ -303,6 +304,8 @@
             std::make_unique<ConstantParser<CrossTrafficMonitoringWarningState>>();
     mConstantParsersByType["LowSpeedAutomaticEmergencyBrakingState"] =
             std::make_unique<ConstantParser<LowSpeedAutomaticEmergencyBrakingState>>();
+    mConstantParsersByType["VehicleApPowerBootupReason"] =
+            std::make_unique<ConstantParser<VehicleApPowerBootupReason>>();
     mConstantParsersByType["Constants"] = std::make_unique<LocalVariableParser>();
 #ifdef ENABLE_VEHICLE_HAL_TEST_PROPERTIES
     mConstantParsersByType["TestVendorProperty"] =
@@ -541,8 +544,7 @@
 }
 
 void JsonConfigParser::parseAreas(const Json::Value& parentJsonNode, const std::string& fieldName,
-                                  ConfigDeclaration* config, std::vector<std::string>* errors,
-                                  VehiclePropertyAccess defaultAccess) {
+                                  ConfigDeclaration* config, std::vector<std::string>* errors) {
     if (!parentJsonNode.isObject()) {
         errors->push_back("Node: " + parentJsonNode.toStyledString() + " is not an object");
         return;
@@ -566,8 +568,8 @@
         }
         VehicleAreaConfig areaConfig = {};
         areaConfig.areaId = areaId;
-        parseAccessChangeMode(jsonAreaConfig, "access", propStr, &defaultAccess, &areaConfig.access,
-                              errors);
+        parseAccessChangeMode(jsonAreaConfig, "access", propStr, &(config->config.access),
+                              &areaConfig.access, errors);
         tryParseJsonValueToVariable(jsonAreaConfig, "minInt32Value", /*optional=*/true,
                                     &areaConfig.minInt32Value, errors);
         tryParseJsonValueToVariable(jsonAreaConfig, "maxInt32Value", /*optional=*/true,
@@ -625,8 +627,8 @@
     if (itChangeMode != ChangeModeForVehicleProperty.end()) {
         defaultChangeMode = &itChangeMode->second;
     }
-    VehiclePropertyAccess access = VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE;
-    parseAccessChangeMode(propJsonValue, "access", propStr, defaultAccessMode, &access, errors);
+    parseAccessChangeMode(propJsonValue, "access", propStr, defaultAccessMode,
+                          &configDecl.config.access, errors);
 
     parseAccessChangeMode(propJsonValue, "changeMode", propStr, defaultChangeMode,
                           &configDecl.config.changeMode, errors);
@@ -645,14 +647,14 @@
     tryParseJsonValueToVariable(propJsonValue, "maxSampleRate", /*optional=*/true,
                                 &configDecl.config.maxSampleRate, errors);
 
-    parseAreas(propJsonValue, "areas", &configDecl, errors, access);
+    parseAreas(propJsonValue, "areas", &configDecl, errors);
 
     // If there is no area config, by default we allow variable update rate, so we have to add
     // a global area config.
     if (configDecl.config.areaConfigs.size() == 0) {
         VehicleAreaConfig areaConfig = {
                 .areaId = 0,
-                .access = access,
+                .access = configDecl.config.access,
                 .supportVariableUpdateRate = true,
         };
         configDecl.config.areaConfigs.push_back(std::move(areaConfig));
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/JsonConfigLoaderUnitTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/JsonConfigLoaderUnitTest.cpp
index a13d3df..54afbd4 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/JsonConfigLoaderUnitTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/JsonConfigLoaderUnitTest.cpp
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& propConfig = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.areaConfigs[0].access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.changeMode, VehiclePropertyChangeMode::STATIC);
 }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& propConfig = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::WRITE);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.areaConfigs[0].access, VehiclePropertyAccess::WRITE);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.changeMode, VehiclePropertyChangeMode::STATIC);
 }
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& propConfig = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.areaConfigs[0].access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.changeMode, VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE);
 }
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& propConfig = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::WRITE);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.areaConfigs[0].access, VehiclePropertyAccess::WRITE);
     ASSERT_EQ(propConfig.changeMode, VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE);
 }
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& config = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(config.areaConfigs.size(), 1u);
     const VehicleAreaConfig& areaConfig = config.areaConfigs[0];
     ASSERT_EQ(areaConfig.minInt32Value, 1);
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& config = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(config.areaConfigs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehicleAreaConfig& areaConfig = config.areaConfigs[0];
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& config = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(config.areaConfigs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehicleAreaConfig& areaConfig = config.areaConfigs[0];
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& config = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(config.areaConfigs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehicleAreaConfig& areaConfig = config.areaConfigs[0];
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& config = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE);
     ASSERT_EQ(config.areaConfigs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehicleAreaConfig& areaConfig = config.areaConfigs[0];
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& config = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(config.areaConfigs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehicleAreaConfig& areaConfig = config.areaConfigs[0];
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(configs.size(), 1u);
 
     const VehiclePropConfig& config = configs.begin()->second.config;
-    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(config.access, VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
     ASSERT_EQ(config.areaConfigs.size(), 2u);
 
     const VehicleAreaConfig& areaConfig1 = config.areaConfigs[0];
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json
index b7911eb..0a859af 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json
@@ -3196,6 +3196,14 @@
             }
         },
         {
+            "property": "VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_BOOTUP_REASON",
+            "defaultValue": {
+                "int32Values": [
+                    "VehicleApPowerBootupReason::USER_POWER_ON"
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+        {
             "property": "VehicleProperty::DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS",
             "defaultValue": {
                 "int32Values": [
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/Android.bp
index e75f648..5fc07c9 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/Android.bp
@@ -27,11 +27,16 @@
     ],
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    cflags: ["-DENABLE_VEHICLE_HAL_TEST_PROPERTIES"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-DENABLE_VEHICLE_HAL_TEST_PROPERTIES",
+    ],
     defaults: [
         "VehicleHalDefaults",
         "FakeVehicleHardwareDefaults",
     ],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "wakeup_client_protos",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
@@ -54,7 +59,9 @@
         "Prebuilt_VehicleHalVendorClusterTestProperties_JSON",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
+        "libgrpc++",
         "libjsoncpp",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-full",
     ],
     export_static_lib_headers: ["VehicleHalUtils"],
 }
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
index 1153217..644d1cd 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <grpc++/grpc++.h>
+#include <wakeup_client.grpc.pb.h>
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -187,6 +189,10 @@
     // Only used during initialization.
     JsonConfigLoader mLoader;
 
+    // Only used during initialization. If not empty, points to an external grpc server that
+    // provides power controlling related properties.
+    std::string mPowerControllerServiceAddress = "";
+
     void init();
     // Stores the initial value to property store.
     void storePropInitialValue(const ConfigDeclaration& config);
@@ -240,6 +246,11 @@
     VhalResult<void> synchronizeHvacTemp(int32_t hvacDualOnAreaId,
                                          std::optional<float> newTempC) const;
     std::optional<int32_t> getSyncedAreaIdIfHvacDualOn(int32_t hvacTemperatureSetAreaId) const;
+    ValueResultType getPowerPropFromExternalService(int32_t propId) const;
+    ValueResultType getVehicleInUse(
+            android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::PowerController::Stub* clientStub) const;
+    ValueResultType getApPowerBootupReason(
+            android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::PowerController::Stub* clientStub) const;
 
     std::unordered_map<int32_t, ConfigDeclaration> loadConfigDeclarations();
 
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
index bcc765c..072aafc 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
@@ -82,6 +82,12 @@
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehiclePropValue;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleUnit;
 
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::GetApPowerBootupReasonRequest;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::GetApPowerBootupReasonResponse;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::IsVehicleInUseRequest;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::IsVehicleInUseResponse;
+using ::android::hardware::automotive::remoteaccess::PowerController;
+
 using ::android::base::EqualsIgnoreCase;
 using ::android::base::Error;
 using ::android::base::GetIntProperty;
@@ -108,6 +114,9 @@
 // The directory for property configuration file that overrides the default configuration file.
 // For config file format, see impl/default_config/config/README.md.
 constexpr char OVERRIDE_CONFIG_DIR[] = "/vendor/etc/automotive/vhaloverride/";
+// The optional config file for power controller grpc service that provides vehicleInUse and
+// ApPowerBootupReason property.
+constexpr char GRPC_SERVICE_CONFIG_FILE[] = "/vendor/etc/automotive/powercontroller/serverconfig";
 // If OVERRIDE_PROPERTY is set, we will use the configuration files from OVERRIDE_CONFIG_DIR to
 // overwrite the default configs.
 constexpr char OVERRIDE_PROPERTY[] = "persist.vendor.vhal_init_value_override";
@@ -256,6 +265,22 @@
                 },
         },
 };
+
+// The list of VHAL properties that might be handled by an external power controller.
+const std::unordered_set<int32_t> mPowerPropIds = {toInt(VehicleProperty::VEHICLE_IN_USE),
+                                                   toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_BOOTUP_REASON)};
+
+void maybeGetGrpcServiceInfo(std::string* address) {
+    std::ifstream ifs(GRPC_SERVICE_CONFIG_FILE);
+    if (!ifs) {
+        ALOGI("Cannot open grpc service config file at: %s, assume no service is available",
+              GRPC_SERVICE_CONFIG_FILE);
+        return;
+    }
+    ifs >> *address;
+    ifs.close();
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 void FakeVehicleHardware::storePropInitialValue(const ConfigDeclaration& config) {
@@ -346,6 +371,8 @@
 }
 
 void FakeVehicleHardware::init() {
+    maybeGetGrpcServiceInfo(&mPowerControllerServiceAddress);
+
     for (auto& [_, configDeclaration] : loadConfigDeclarations()) {
         VehiclePropConfig cfg = configDeclaration.config;
         VehiclePropertyStore::TokenFunction tokenFunction = nullptr;
@@ -763,6 +790,13 @@
     int32_t propId = value.prop;
     ValueResultType result;
 
+    if (mPowerControllerServiceAddress != "") {
+        if (mPowerPropIds.find(propId) != mPowerPropIds.end()) {
+            *isSpecialValue = true;
+            return getPowerPropFromExternalService(propId);
+        }
+    }
+
     if (propId >= STARTING_VENDOR_CODE_PROPERTIES_FOR_TEST &&
         propId < ENDING_VENDOR_CODE_PROPERTIES_FOR_TEST) {
         *isSpecialValue = true;
@@ -844,6 +878,56 @@
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+FakeVehicleHardware::ValueResultType FakeVehicleHardware::getPowerPropFromExternalService(
+        int32_t propId) const {
+    auto channel =
+            grpc::CreateChannel(mPowerControllerServiceAddress, grpc::InsecureChannelCredentials());
+    auto clientStub = PowerController::NewStub(channel);
+    switch (propId) {
+        case toInt(VehicleProperty::VEHICLE_IN_USE):
+            return getVehicleInUse(clientStub.get());
+        case toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_BOOTUP_REASON):
+            return getApPowerBootupReason(clientStub.get());
+        default:
+            return StatusError(StatusCode::INTERNAL_ERROR)
+                   << "Unsupported power property ID: " << propId;
+    }
+}
+
+FakeVehicleHardware::ValueResultType FakeVehicleHardware::getVehicleInUse(
+        PowerController::Stub* clientStub) const {
+    IsVehicleInUseRequest request = {};
+    IsVehicleInUseResponse response = {};
+    grpc::ClientContext context;
+    auto status = clientStub->IsVehicleInUse(&context, request, &response);
+    if (!status.ok()) {
+        return StatusError(StatusCode::TRY_AGAIN) << "Cannot connect to GRPC service "
+                                                  << ", error: " << status.error_message();
+    }
+    auto result = mValuePool->obtainBoolean(response.isvehicleinuse());
+    result->prop = toInt(VehicleProperty::VEHICLE_IN_USE);
+    result->areaId = 0;
+    result->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    return result;
+}
+
+FakeVehicleHardware::ValueResultType FakeVehicleHardware::getApPowerBootupReason(
+        PowerController::Stub* clientStub) const {
+    GetApPowerBootupReasonRequest request = {};
+    GetApPowerBootupReasonResponse response = {};
+    grpc::ClientContext context;
+    auto status = clientStub->GetApPowerBootupReason(&context, request, &response);
+    if (!status.ok()) {
+        return StatusError(StatusCode::TRY_AGAIN) << "Cannot connect to GRPC service "
+                                                  << ", error: " << status.error_message();
+    }
+    auto result = mValuePool->obtainInt32(response.bootupreason());
+    result->prop = toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_BOOTUP_REASON);
+    result->areaId = 0;
+    result->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    return result;
+}
+
 FakeVehicleHardware::ValueResultType FakeVehicleHardware::getEchoReverseBytes(
         const VehiclePropValue& value) const {
     auto readResult = mServerSidePropStore->readValue(value);
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp
index b763d2f..ac70b51 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp
@@ -41,7 +41,9 @@
         "libgmock",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
+        "libgrpc++",
         "libjsoncpp",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-full",
     ],
     data: [
         ":VehicleHalDefaultProperties_JSON",
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
index 90643aa..cab33e1 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
@@ -506,6 +506,12 @@
             continue;
         }
 
+        if (propId == toInt(VehicleProperty::VEHICLE_IN_USE) ||
+            propId == toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_BOOTUP_REASON)) {
+            // These may be controller by an external power control unit.
+            continue;
+        }
+
         if (isGlobalProp(propId)) {
             if (config.initialValue == RawPropValues{}) {
                 addGetValueRequest(getValueRequests, expectedGetValueResults, requestId++,
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleHalTypes.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleHalTypes.h
index 1cd0d16..30f14e2 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleHalTypes.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleHalTypes.h
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/StatusCode.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/SubscribeOptions.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleAirbagLocation.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleApPowerBootupReason.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleApPowerStateReport.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleApPowerStateReq.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleArea.h>
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleUtils.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleUtils.h
index 523cac5..aca725d 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleUtils.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/utils/common/include/VehicleUtils.h
@@ -333,6 +333,23 @@
             static_cast<aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleProperty>(propId));
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+void roundToNearestResolution(std::vector<T>& arrayToSanitize, float resolution) {
+    if (resolution == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arrayToSanitize.size(); i++) {
+        arrayToSanitize[i] = (T)((std::round(arrayToSanitize[i] / resolution)) * resolution);
+    }
+}
+
+inline void sanitizeByResolution(aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::RawPropValues* value,
+                                 float resolution) {
+    roundToNearestResolution(value->int32Values, resolution);
+    roundToNearestResolution(value->floatValues, resolution);
+    roundToNearestResolution(value->int64Values, resolution);
+}
+
 }  // namespace vehicle
 }  // namespace automotive
 }  // namespace hardware
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h
index 5053c96..2f16fca 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/SubscriptionManager.h
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 
+#include <cmath>
+#include <limits>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <optional>
 #include <unordered_map>
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@
 // A structure to represent subscription config for one subscription client.
 struct SubConfig {
     float sampleRateHz;
+    float resolution;
     bool enableVur;
 };
 
@@ -47,14 +50,19 @@
   public:
     using ClientIdType = const AIBinder*;
 
-    void addClient(const ClientIdType& clientId, float sampleRateHz, bool enableVur);
+    void addClient(const ClientIdType& clientId, const SubConfig& subConfig);
     void removeClient(const ClientIdType& clientId);
     float getMaxSampleRateHz() const;
+    float getMinRequiredResolution() const;
     bool isVurEnabled() const;
-    bool isVurEnabledForClient(const ClientIdType& clientId);
+    bool isVurEnabledForClient(const ClientIdType& clientId) const;
+    float getResolutionForClient(const ClientIdType& clientId) const;
 
   private:
     float mMaxSampleRateHz = 0.;
+    // Baseline for resolution is maximum possible float. We want to sanitize to the highest
+    // requested resolution, which is the smallest float value for resolution.
+    float mMinRequiredResolution = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
     bool mEnableVur;
     std::unordered_map<ClientIdType, SubConfig> mConfigByClient;
 
@@ -117,6 +125,9 @@
     // Checks whether the sample rate is valid.
     static bool checkSampleRateHz(float sampleRateHz);
 
+    // Checks whether the resolution is valid.
+    static bool checkResolution(float resolution);
+
   private:
     // Friend class for testing.
     friend class DefaultVehicleHalTest;
@@ -153,8 +164,8 @@
 
     VhalResult<void> addContinuousSubscriberLocked(const ClientIdType& clientId,
                                                    const PropIdAreaId& propIdAreaId,
-                                                   float sampleRateHz, bool enableVur)
-            REQUIRES(mLock);
+                                                   float sampleRateHz, float resolution,
+                                                   bool enableVur) REQUIRES(mLock);
     VhalResult<void> addOnChangeSubscriberLocked(const PropIdAreaId& propIdAreaId) REQUIRES(mLock);
     // Removes the subscription client for the continuous [propId, areaId].
     VhalResult<void> removeContinuousSubscriberLocked(const ClientIdType& clientId,
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
index cc5edcc..a29861f 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
@@ -722,6 +722,10 @@
                 return StatusError(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG)
                        << "invalid sample rate: " << sampleRateHz << " HZ";
             }
+            if (!SubscriptionManager::checkResolution(option.resolution)) {
+                return StatusError(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG)
+                       << "invalid resolution: " << option.resolution;
+            }
         }
     }
     return {};
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp
index 29d81a7..f1106ee 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/SubscriptionManager.cpp
@@ -43,11 +43,12 @@
 constexpr float ONE_SECOND_IN_NANOS = 1'000'000'000.;
 
 SubscribeOptions newSubscribeOptions(int32_t propId, int32_t areaId, float sampleRateHz,
-                                     bool enableVur) {
+                                     float resolution, bool enableVur) {
     SubscribeOptions subscribedOptions;
     subscribedOptions.propId = propId;
     subscribedOptions.areaIds = {areaId};
     subscribedOptions.sampleRate = sampleRateHz;
+    subscribedOptions.resolution = resolution;
     subscribedOptions.enableVariableUpdateRate = enableVur;
 
     return subscribedOptions;
@@ -81,8 +82,18 @@
     return intervalNanos;
 }
 
+bool SubscriptionManager::checkResolution(float resolution) {
+    if (resolution == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    float log = std::log10(resolution);
+    return log == (int)log;
+}
+
 void ContSubConfigs::refreshCombinedConfig() {
     float maxSampleRateHz = 0.;
+    float minRequiredResolution = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
     bool enableVur = true;
     // This is not called frequently so a brute-focre is okay. More efficient way exists but this
     // is simpler.
@@ -90,6 +101,9 @@
         if (subConfig.sampleRateHz > maxSampleRateHz) {
             maxSampleRateHz = subConfig.sampleRateHz;
         }
+        if (subConfig.resolution < minRequiredResolution) {
+            minRequiredResolution = subConfig.resolution;
+        }
         if (!subConfig.enableVur) {
             // If one client does not enable variable update rate, we cannot enable variable update
             // rate in IVehicleHardware.
@@ -97,14 +111,12 @@
         }
     }
     mMaxSampleRateHz = maxSampleRateHz;
+    mMinRequiredResolution = minRequiredResolution;
     mEnableVur = enableVur;
 }
 
-void ContSubConfigs::addClient(const ClientIdType& clientId, float sampleRateHz, bool enableVur) {
-    mConfigByClient[clientId] = {
-            .sampleRateHz = sampleRateHz,
-            .enableVur = enableVur,
-    };
+void ContSubConfigs::addClient(const ClientIdType& clientId, const SubConfig& subConfig) {
+    mConfigByClient[clientId] = subConfig;
     refreshCombinedConfig();
 }
 
@@ -117,12 +129,26 @@
     return mMaxSampleRateHz;
 }
 
+float ContSubConfigs::getMinRequiredResolution() const {
+    return mMinRequiredResolution;
+}
+
 bool ContSubConfigs::isVurEnabled() const {
     return mEnableVur;
 }
 
-bool ContSubConfigs::isVurEnabledForClient(const ClientIdType& clientId) {
-    return mConfigByClient[clientId].enableVur;
+bool ContSubConfigs::isVurEnabledForClient(const ClientIdType& clientId) const {
+    if (mConfigByClient.find(clientId) == mConfigByClient.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return mConfigByClient.at(clientId).enableVur;
+}
+
+float ContSubConfigs::getResolutionForClient(const ClientIdType& clientId) const {
+    if (mConfigByClient.find(clientId) == mConfigByClient.end()) {
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+    return mConfigByClient.at(clientId).resolution;
 }
 
 VhalResult<void> SubscriptionManager::addOnChangeSubscriberLocked(
@@ -135,7 +161,8 @@
     int32_t propId = propIdAreaId.propId;
     int32_t areaId = propIdAreaId.areaId;
     if (auto status = mVehicleHardware->subscribe(
-                newSubscribeOptions(propId, areaId, /*updateRateHz=*/0, /*enableVur*/ false));
+                newSubscribeOptions(propId, areaId, /*updateRateHz=*/0, /*resolution*/ 0.0f,
+                                    /*enableVur*/ false));
         status != StatusCode::OK) {
         return StatusError(status)
                << StringPrintf("failed subscribe for prop: %s, areaId: %" PRId32,
@@ -146,10 +173,15 @@
 
 VhalResult<void> SubscriptionManager::addContinuousSubscriberLocked(
         const ClientIdType& clientId, const PropIdAreaId& propIdAreaId, float sampleRateHz,
-        bool enableVur) {
+        float resolution, bool enableVur) {
     // Make a copy so that we don't modify 'mContSubConfigsByPropIdArea' on failure cases.
     ContSubConfigs newConfig = mContSubConfigsByPropIdArea[propIdAreaId];
-    newConfig.addClient(clientId, sampleRateHz, enableVur);
+    SubConfig subConfig = {
+            .sampleRateHz = sampleRateHz,
+            .resolution = resolution,
+            .enableVur = enableVur,
+    };
+    newConfig.addClient(clientId, subConfig);
     return updateContSubConfigsLocked(propIdAreaId, newConfig);
 }
 
@@ -183,7 +215,10 @@
     const auto& oldConfig = mContSubConfigsByPropIdArea[propIdAreaId];
     float newRateHz = newConfig.getMaxSampleRateHz();
     float oldRateHz = oldConfig.getMaxSampleRateHz();
-    if (newRateHz == oldRateHz && newConfig.isVurEnabled() == oldConfig.isVurEnabled()) {
+    float newResolution = newConfig.getMinRequiredResolution();
+    float oldResolution = oldConfig.getMinRequiredResolution();
+    if (newRateHz == oldRateHz && newResolution == oldResolution &&
+        newConfig.isVurEnabled() == oldConfig.isVurEnabled()) {
         mContSubConfigsByPropIdArea[propIdAreaId] = newConfig;
         return {};
     }
@@ -199,8 +234,8 @@
         }
     }
     if (newRateHz != 0) {
-        if (auto status = mVehicleHardware->subscribe(
-                    newSubscribeOptions(propId, areaId, newRateHz, newConfig.isVurEnabled()));
+        if (auto status = mVehicleHardware->subscribe(newSubscribeOptions(
+                    propId, areaId, newRateHz, newResolution, newConfig.isVurEnabled()));
             status != StatusCode::OK) {
             return StatusError(status) << StringPrintf(
                            "failed subscribe for prop: %s, areaId"
@@ -231,6 +266,11 @@
             if (auto result = getIntervalNanos(sampleRateHz); !result.ok()) {
                 return StatusError(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG) << result.error().message();
             }
+            if (!checkResolution(option.resolution)) {
+                return StatusError(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG) << StringPrintf(
+                               "SubscribeOptions.resolution %f is not an integer power of 10",
+                               option.resolution);
+            }
         }
 
         if (option.areaIds.empty()) {
@@ -253,6 +293,7 @@
             VhalResult<void> result;
             if (isContinuousProperty) {
                 result = addContinuousSubscriberLocked(clientId, propIdAreaId, option.sampleRate,
+                                                       option.resolution,
                                                        option.enableVariableUpdateRate);
             } else {
                 result = addOnChangeSubscriberLocked(propIdAreaId);
@@ -393,15 +434,19 @@
 
         for (const auto& [client, callback] : mClientsByPropIdAreaId[propIdAreaId]) {
             auto& subConfigs = mContSubConfigsByPropIdArea[propIdAreaId];
+            // Clients must be sent different VehiclePropValues with different levels of granularity
+            // as requested by the client using resolution.
+            VehiclePropValue newValue = value;
+            sanitizeByResolution(&(newValue.value), subConfigs.getResolutionForClient(client));
             // If client wants VUR (and VUR is supported as checked in DefaultVehicleHal), it is
             // possible that VUR is not enabled in IVehicleHardware because another client does not
             // enable VUR. We will implement VUR filtering here for the client that enables it.
             if (subConfigs.isVurEnabledForClient(client) && !subConfigs.isVurEnabled()) {
-                if (isValueUpdatedLocked(callback, value)) {
-                    clients[callback].push_back(value);
+                if (isValueUpdatedLocked(callback, newValue)) {
+                    clients[callback].push_back(newValue);
                 }
             } else {
-                clients[callback].push_back(value);
+                clients[callback].push_back(newValue);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp
index bb82108..11a8fc7 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/DefaultVehicleHalTest.cpp
@@ -234,6 +234,14 @@
                             },
             },
             {
+                    .name = "invalid_resolution",
+                    .option =
+                            {
+                                    .propId = GLOBAL_CONTINUOUS_PROP,
+                                    .resolution = 2.0,
+                            },
+            },
+            {
                     .name = "static_property",
                     .option =
                             {
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/SubscriptionManagerTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/SubscriptionManagerTest.cpp
index aa5f003..f377202 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/SubscriptionManagerTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/test/SubscriptionManagerTest.cpp
@@ -520,6 +520,14 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(SubscriptionManager::checkSampleRateHz(0));
 }
 
+TEST_F(SubscriptionManagerTest, testCheckResolutionValid) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(SubscriptionManager::checkResolution(1.0));
+}
+
+TEST_F(SubscriptionManagerTest, testCheckResolutionInvalid) {
+    ASSERT_FALSE(SubscriptionManager::checkResolution(2.0));
+}
+
 TEST_F(SubscriptionManagerTest, testSubscribe_enableVur) {
     std::vector<SubscribeOptions> options = {{
             .propId = 0,
@@ -641,6 +649,102 @@
             << "Must filter out property events if VUR is enabled";
 }
 
+TEST_F(SubscriptionManagerTest, testSubscribe_enableVur_filterUnchangedEvents_withResolution) {
+    SpAIBinder binder1 = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<PropertyCallback>()->asBinder();
+    std::shared_ptr<IVehicleCallback> client1 = IVehicleCallback::fromBinder(binder1);
+    SpAIBinder binder2 = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<PropertyCallback>()->asBinder();
+    std::shared_ptr<IVehicleCallback> client2 = IVehicleCallback::fromBinder(binder2);
+    SubscribeOptions client1Option = {
+            .propId = 0,
+            .areaIds = {0},
+            .sampleRate = 10.0,
+            .resolution = 0.01,
+            .enableVariableUpdateRate = false,
+    };
+    auto result = getManager()->subscribe(client1, {client1Option}, true);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.ok()) << "failed to subscribe: " << result.error().message();
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(getHardware()->getSubscribeOptions(), UnorderedElementsAre(client1Option));
+
+    getHardware()->clearSubscribeOptions();
+    SubscribeOptions client2Option = {
+            .propId = 0,
+            .areaIds = {0, 1},
+            .sampleRate = 20.0,
+            .resolution = 0.1,
+            .enableVariableUpdateRate = true,
+    };
+
+    result = getManager()->subscribe(client2, {client2Option}, true);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.ok()) << "failed to subscribe: " << result.error().message();
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(getHardware()->getSubscribeOptions(),
+                UnorderedElementsAre(
+                        SubscribeOptions{
+                                .propId = 0,
+                                .areaIds = {0},
+                                .sampleRate = 20.0,
+                                .resolution = 0.01,
+                                // This is enabled for client2, but disabled for client1.
+                                .enableVariableUpdateRate = false,
+                        },
+                        SubscribeOptions{
+                                .propId = 0,
+                                .areaIds = {1},
+                                .sampleRate = 20.0,
+                                .resolution = 0.1,
+                                .enableVariableUpdateRate = true,
+                        }));
+
+    std::vector<VehiclePropValue> propertyEvents = {{
+                                                            .prop = 0,
+                                                            .areaId = 0,
+                                                            .value = {.floatValues = {1.0}},
+                                                            .timestamp = 1,
+                                                    },
+                                                    {
+                                                            .prop = 0,
+                                                            .areaId = 1,
+                                                            .value = {.floatValues = {1.0}},
+                                                            .timestamp = 1,
+                                                    }};
+    auto clients =
+            getManager()->getSubscribedClients(std::vector<VehiclePropValue>(propertyEvents));
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(clients[client1], UnorderedElementsAre(propertyEvents[0]));
+    ASSERT_THAT(clients[client2], UnorderedElementsAre(propertyEvents[0], propertyEvents[1]));
+
+    clients = getManager()->getSubscribedClients({{
+            .prop = 0,
+            .areaId = 0,
+            .value = {.floatValues = {1.01}},
+            .timestamp = 2,
+    }});
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(clients.find(client1) == clients.end())
+            << "Must not filter out property events if VUR is not enabled";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(clients.find(client2) == clients.end())
+            << "Must filter out property events if VUR is enabled and change is too small";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(abs(clients[client1][0].value.floatValues[0] - 1.01) < 0.0000001)
+            << "Expected property value == 1.01, instead got "
+            << clients[client1][0].value.floatValues[0];
+
+    clients = getManager()->getSubscribedClients({{
+            .prop = 0,
+            .areaId = 1,
+            .value = {.floatValues = {1.06}},
+            .timestamp = 3,
+    }});
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(clients.find(client1) == clients.end())
+            << "Must not get property events for an areaId that the client hasn't subscribed to";
+    ASSERT_FALSE(clients.find(client2) == clients.end())
+            << "Must get property events significant changes";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(abs(clients[client2][0].value.floatValues[0] - 1.1) < 0.0000001)
+            << "Expected property value == 1.1, instead got "
+            << clients[client2][0].value.floatValues[0];
+}
+
 TEST_F(SubscriptionManagerTest, testSubscribe_enableVur_mustNotFilterStatusChange) {
     SpAIBinder binder1 = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<PropertyCallback>()->asBinder();
     std::shared_ptr<IVehicleCallback> client1 = IVehicleCallback::fromBinder(binder1);
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
index 812b9b9..6f5c0c1 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.STATIC
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:YEAR
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.YEAR
      * @version 2
      */
     INFO_MODEL_YEAR = 0x0103 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.STATIC
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLILITER
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLILITER
      * @version 2
      */
     INFO_FUEL_CAPACITY = 0x0104 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.STATIC
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:WH
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.WATT_HOUR
      * @version 2
      */
     INFO_EV_BATTERY_CAPACITY = 0x0106 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.STATIC
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLIMETER
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLIMETER
      * @version 2
      */
     INFO_EXTERIOR_DIMENSIONS = 0x010B + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:KILOMETER
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.KILOMETER
      * @version 2
      */
     PERF_ODOMETER = 0x0204 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:METER_PER_SEC
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.METER_PER_SEC
      * @version 2
      */
     PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED = 0x0207 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:METER_PER_SEC
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.METER_PER_SEC
      * @version 2
      */
     PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED_DISPLAY = 0x0208 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:DEGREES
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.DEGREES
      * @version 2
      */
     PERF_STEERING_ANGLE = 0x0209 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:DEGREES
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.DEGREES
      * @version 2
      */
     PERF_REAR_STEERING_ANGLE = 0x0210 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:CELSIUS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.CELSIUS
      * @version 2
      */
     ENGINE_COOLANT_TEMP = 0x0301 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:CELSIUS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.CELSIUS
      * @version 2
      */
     ENGINE_OIL_TEMP = 0x0304 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:RPM
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.RPM
      * @version 2
      */
     ENGINE_RPM = 0x0305 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLILITER
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLILITER
      * @version 2
      */
     FUEL_LEVEL = 0x0307 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:WH
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.WATT_HOUR
      * @version 2
      */
     EV_BATTERY_LEVEL = 0x0309 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:WH
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.WATT_HOUR
      * @version 2
      */
     EV_CURRENT_BATTERY_CAPACITY =
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MW
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLIWATTS
      * @version 2
      */
     EV_BATTERY_INSTANTANEOUS_CHARGE_RATE = 0x030C + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ_WRITE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:METER
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.METER
      * @version 2
      */
     RANGE_REMAINING = 0x0308 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:CELSIUS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.CELSIUS
      * @version 3
      */
     EV_BATTERY_AVERAGE_TEMPERATURE =
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:KILOPASCAL
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.KILOPASCAL
      * @version 2
      */
     TIRE_PRESSURE = 0x0309 + 0x10000000 + 0x07000000
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.STATIC
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:KILOPASCAL
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.KILOPASCAL
      * @version 2
      */
     CRITICALLY_LOW_TIRE_PRESSURE = 0x030A + 0x10000000 + 0x07000000
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:CELSIUS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.CELSIUS
      * @version 2
      */
     HVAC_TEMPERATURE_CURRENT = 0x0502 + 0x10000000 + 0x05000000
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ_WRITE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:CELSIUS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.CELSIUS
      * @version 2
      */
     HVAC_TEMPERATURE_SET = 0x0503 + 0x10000000 + 0x05000000
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@
      *              configArray[1] = FAHRENHEIT
      *
      * This parameter MAY be used for displaying any HVAC temperature in the system.
-     * Values must be one of VehicleUnit::CELSIUS or VehicleUnit::FAHRENHEIT
+     * Values must be one of VehicleUnit.CELSIUS or VehicleUnit.FAHRENHEIT
      * Note that internally, all temperatures are represented in floating point Celsius.
      *
      * If updating HVAC_TEMPERATURE_DISPLAY_UNITS affects the values of other *_DISPLAY_UNITS
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@
      *
      *      floatValues[0] = the requested value that an application wants to set a temperature to.
      *      floatValues[1] = the unit for floatValues[0]. It should be one of
-     *                       {VehicleUnit:CELSIUS, VehicleUnit:FAHRENHEIT}.
+     *                       {VehicleUnit.CELSIUS, VehicleUnit.FAHRENHEIT}.
      *      floatValues[2] = the value OEMs suggested in CELSIUS. This value is not included
      *                       in the request.
      *      floatValues[3] = the value OEMs suggested in FAHRENHEIT. This value is not included
@@ -1300,18 +1300,18 @@
      * For example, when a user uses the voice assistant to set HVAC temperature to 66.2 in
      * Fahrenheit.
      * First, an application will set this property with the value
-     * [66.2, (float)VehicleUnit:FAHRENHEIT,0,0].
+     * [66.2, (float)VehicleUnit.FAHRENHEIT,0,0].
      * If OEMs suggest to set 19.0 in Celsius or 66.5 in Fahrenheit for user's request, then VHAL
      * must generate a callback with property value
-     * [66.2, (float)VehicleUnit:FAHRENHEIT, 19.0, 66.5]. After the voice assistant gets the
+     * [66.2, (float)VehicleUnit.FAHRENHEIT, 19.0, 66.5]. After the voice assistant gets the
      * callback, it will inform the user and set HVAC temperature to the suggested value.
      *
      * Another example, an application receives 21 Celsius as the current temperature value by
      * querying HVC_TEMPERATURE_SET. But the application wants to know what value is displayed on
      * the car's UI in Fahrenheit.
-     * For this, the application sets the property to [21, (float)VehicleUnit:CELSIUS, 0, 0]. If
+     * For this, the application sets the property to [21, (float)VehicleUnit.CELSIUS, 0, 0]. If
      * the suggested value by the OEM for 21 Celsius is 70 Fahrenheit, then VHAL must generate a
-     * callback with property value [21, (float)VehicleUnit:CELSIUS, 21.0, 70.0].
+     * callback with property value [21, (float)VehicleUnit.CELSIUS, 21.0, 70.0].
      * In this case, the application can know that the value is 70.0 Fahrenheit in the car’s UI.
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
@@ -1504,7 +1504,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLI_SECS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS
      * @version 2
      */
     EXTERNAL_CAR_TIME = 0x0608 + 0x10000000 // VehiclePropertyGroup:SYSTEM
@@ -1534,7 +1534,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.WRITE
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLI_SECS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS
      * @version 2
      */
     ANDROID_EPOCH_TIME = 0x0606 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:CELSIUS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.CELSIUS
      * @version 2
      */
     ENV_OUTSIDE_TEMPERATURE = 0x0703 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -3212,7 +3212,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLI_SECS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS
      * @version 2
      */
     WINDSHIELD_WIPERS_PERIOD =
@@ -4789,7 +4789,7 @@
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ_WRITE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:AMPERE
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.AMPERE
      * @version 2
      */
     EV_CHARGE_CURRENT_DRAW_LIMIT = 0x0F3F + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -4854,7 +4854,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:SECS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.SECS
      * @version 2
      */
     EV_CHARGE_TIME_REMAINING = 0x0F43 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
@@ -4888,7 +4888,7 @@
             + 0x00400000, // VehiclePropertyGroup:SYSTEM,VehicleArea:GLOBAL,VehiclePropertyType:INT32
 
     /**
-     * Vehicle’s curb weight
+     * Vehicle’s curb weight in kilograms.
      *
      * Returns the vehicle's curb weight in kilograms. Curb weight is
      * the total weight of the vehicle with standard equipment and all
@@ -4905,10 +4905,8 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.STATIC
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:KILOGRAM
      * @version 2
      */
-
     VEHICLE_CURB_WEIGHT = 0x0F46 + 0x10000000 + 0x01000000
             + 0x00400000, // VehiclePropertyGroup:SYSTEM,VehicleArea:GLOBAL,VehiclePropertyType:INT32
 
@@ -5567,7 +5565,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:METER_PER_SEC
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.METER_PER_SEC
      * @version 2
      */
     CRUISE_CONTROL_TARGET_SPEED =
@@ -5599,7 +5597,7 @@
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ_WRITE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLI_SECS
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLI_SECS
      * @version 2
      */
     ADAPTIVE_CRUISE_CONTROL_TARGET_TIME_GAP =
@@ -5630,7 +5628,7 @@
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
-     * @unit VehicleUnit:MILLIMETER
+     * @unit VehicleUnit.MILLIMETER
      * @version 2
      */
     ADAPTIVE_CRUISE_CONTROL_LEAD_VEHICLE_MEASURED_DISTANCE =
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/tools/generate_annotation_enums.py b/automotive/vehicle/tools/generate_annotation_enums.py
index 93d408e..f279767 100755
--- a/automotive/vehicle/tools/generate_annotation_enums.py
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/tools/generate_annotation_enums.py
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 
    Need ANDROID_BUILD_TOP environmental variable to be set. This script will update
    ChangeModeForVehicleProperty.h and AccessForVehicleProperty.h under generated_lib/cpp and
-   ChangeModeForVehicleProperty.java, AccessForVehicleProperty.java, EnumForVehicleProperty.java under generated_lib/java.
+   ChangeModeForVehicleProperty.java, AccessForVehicleProperty.java, EnumForVehicleProperty.java
+   UnitsForVehicleProperty.java under generated_lib/java.
 
    Usage:
    $ python generate_annotation_enums.py
@@ -42,6 +43,8 @@
     'AccessForVehicleProperty.java')
 ENUM_JAVA_FILE_PATH = ('hardware/interfaces/automotive/vehicle/aidl/generated_lib/java/' +
                          'EnumForVehicleProperty.java')
+UNITS_JAVA_FILE_PATH = ('hardware/interfaces/automotive/vehicle/aidl/generated_lib/java/' +
+                       'UnitsForVehicleProperty.java')
 VERSION_CPP_FILE_PATH = ('hardware/interfaces/automotive/vehicle/aidl/generated_lib/cpp/' +
     'VersionForVehicleProperty.h')
 SCRIPT_PATH = 'hardware/interfaces/automotive/vehicle/tools/generate_annotation_enums.py'
@@ -175,6 +178,15 @@
     public static final Map<Integer, List<Class<?>>> values = Map.ofEntries(
 """
 
+UNITS_JAVA_HEADER = """package android.hardware.automotive.vehicle;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public final class UnitsForVehicleProperty {
+
+    public static final Map<Integer, Integer> values = Map.ofEntries(
+"""
+
 
 class PropertyConfig:
     """Represents one VHAL property definition in VehicleProperty.aidl."""
@@ -316,6 +328,12 @@
                     continue;
                 if not cpp:
                     annotation = "List.of(" + ', '.join([class_name + ".class" for class_name in config.enum_types]) + ")"
+            elif field == 'unit_type':
+                if not config.unit_type:
+                    continue
+                if not cpp:
+                    annotation = config.unit_type
+
             elif field == 'version':
                 if cpp:
                     annotation = config.version
@@ -499,6 +517,12 @@
     enum_types.setJavaFooter(JAVA_FOOTER)
     generated_files.append(enum_types)
 
+    unit_type = GeneratedFile('unit_type')
+    unit_type.setJavaFilePath(os.path.join(android_top, UNITS_JAVA_FILE_PATH))
+    unit_type.setJavaHeader(UNITS_JAVA_HEADER)
+    unit_type.setJavaFooter(JAVA_FOOTER)
+    generated_files.append(unit_type)
+
     version = GeneratedFile('version')
     version.setCppFilePath(os.path.join(android_top, VERSION_CPP_FILE_PATH))
     version.setCppHeader(VERSION_CPP_HEADER)
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/vts/src/VtsHalAutomotiveVehicle_TargetTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/vts/src/VtsHalAutomotiveVehicle_TargetTest.cpp
index d9cd9d5..ccc0f3f 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/vts/src/VtsHalAutomotiveVehicle_TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/vts/src/VtsHalAutomotiveVehicle_TargetTest.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
@@ -58,10 +59,12 @@
 using ::android::base::StringPrintf;
 using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::ErrorCode;
 using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::HalPropError;
+using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::IHalAreaConfig;
 using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::IHalPropConfig;
 using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::IHalPropValue;
 using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::ISubscriptionCallback;
 using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::IVhalClient;
+using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::SubscribeOptionsBuilder;
 using ::android::frameworks::automotive::vhal::VhalClientResult;
 using ::android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames;
 using ::android::hardware::Sanitize;
@@ -82,8 +85,8 @@
 class VtsVehicleCallback final : public ISubscriptionCallback {
   private:
     std::mutex mLock;
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t, size_t> mEventsCount GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::vector<int64_t>> mEventTimestamps GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IHalPropValue>>> mEvents
+            GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::condition_variable mEventCond;
 
   public:
@@ -92,8 +95,7 @@
             std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
             for (auto& value : values) {
                 int32_t propId = value->getPropId();
-                mEventsCount[propId] += 1;
-                mEventTimestamps[propId].push_back(value->getTimestamp());
+                mEvents[propId].push_back(std::move(value->clone()));
             }
         }
         mEventCond.notify_one();
@@ -109,20 +111,37 @@
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> uniqueLock(mLock);
         return mEventCond.wait_for(uniqueLock, timeout, [this, propId, expectedEvents] {
             ScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mLock);
-            return mEventsCount[propId] >= expectedEvents;
+            return mEvents[propId].size() >= expectedEvents;
         });
     }
 
-    std::vector<int64_t> getEventTimestamps(int32_t propId) {
-        {
-            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
-            return mEventTimestamps[propId];
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IHalPropValue>> getEvents(int32_t propId) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IHalPropValue>> events;
+        if (mEvents.find(propId) == mEvents.end()) {
+            return events;
         }
+        for (const auto& eventPtr : mEvents[propId]) {
+            events.push_back(std::move(eventPtr->clone()));
+        }
+        return events;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<int64_t> getEventTimestamps(int32_t propId) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
+        std::vector<int64_t> timestamps;
+        if (mEvents.find(propId) == mEvents.end()) {
+            return timestamps;
+        }
+        for (const auto& valuePtr : mEvents[propId]) {
+            timestamps.push_back(valuePtr->getTimestamp());
+        }
+        return timestamps;
     }
 
     void reset() {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
-        mEventsCount.clear();
+        mEvents.clear();
     }
 };
 
@@ -136,6 +155,9 @@
 
   public:
     void verifyAccessMode(int actualAccess, int expectedAccess);
+    void verifyGlobalAccessIsMaximalAreaAccessSubset(
+            int propertyLevelAccess,
+            const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IHalAreaConfig>>& areaConfigs) const;
     void verifyProperty(VehicleProperty propId, VehiclePropertyAccess access,
                         VehiclePropertyChangeMode changeMode, VehiclePropertyGroup group,
                         VehicleArea area, VehiclePropertyType propertyType);
@@ -254,6 +276,23 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_P(VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest, testPropConfigs_globalAccessIsMaximalAreaAccessSubset) {
+    if (!mVhalClient->isAidlVhal()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip for HIDL VHAL because HAL interface run-time version is only"
+                     << "introduced for AIDL";
+    }
+
+    auto result = mVhalClient->getAllPropConfigs();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.ok()) << "Failed to get all property configs, error: "
+                             << result.error().message();
+
+    const auto& configs = result.value();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < configs.size(); i++) {
+        verifyGlobalAccessIsMaximalAreaAccessSubset(configs[i]->getAccess(),
+                                                    configs[i]->getAreaConfigs());
+    }
+}
+
 // Test get() return current value for properties.
 TEST_P(VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest, get) {
     ALOGD("VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest::get");
@@ -524,6 +563,93 @@
             << "Expect not to get events after unsubscription";
 }
 
+bool isVariableUpdateRateSupported(const std::unique_ptr<IHalPropConfig>& config, int32_t areaId) {
+    for (const auto& areaConfigPtr : config->getAreaConfigs()) {
+        if (areaConfigPtr->getAreaId() == areaId &&
+            areaConfigPtr->isVariableUpdateRateSupported()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+// Test subscribe with variable update rate enabled if supported.
+TEST_P(VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest, subscribe_enableVurIfSupported) {
+    ALOGD("VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest::subscribe_enableVurIfSupported");
+
+    int32_t propId = toInt(VehicleProperty::PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED);
+    if (!checkIsSupported(propId)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Property: " << propId << " is not supported, skip the test";
+    }
+    if (!mVhalClient->isAidlVhal()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Variable update rate is only supported by AIDL VHAL";
+    }
+
+    auto propConfigsResult = mVhalClient->getPropConfigs({propId});
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(propConfigsResult.ok()) << "Failed to get property config for PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED: "
+                                        << "error: " << propConfigsResult.error().message();
+    ASSERT_EQ(propConfigsResult.value().size(), 1u)
+            << "Expect to return 1 config for PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED";
+    auto& propConfig = propConfigsResult.value()[0];
+    float maxSampleRate = propConfig->getMaxSampleRate();
+    if (maxSampleRate < 1) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Sample rate for vehicle speed < 1 times/sec, skip test since it would "
+                        "take too long";
+    }
+    // PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED is a global property, so areaId is 0.
+    if (!isVariableUpdateRateSupported(propConfig, /* areaId= */ 0)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Variable update rate is not supported for PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED, "
+                     << "skip testing";
+    }
+
+    auto client = mVhalClient->getSubscriptionClient(mCallback);
+    ASSERT_NE(client, nullptr) << "Failed to get subscription client";
+    SubscribeOptionsBuilder builder(propId);
+    // By default variable update rate is true.
+    builder.setSampleRate(maxSampleRate);
+    auto option = builder.build();
+
+    auto result = client->subscribe({option});
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.ok()) << StringPrintf("Failed to subscribe to property: %" PRId32
+                                             ", error: %s",
+                                             propId, result.error().message().c_str());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mCallback->waitForExpectedEvents(propId, 1, std::chrono::seconds(2)))
+            << "Must get at least 1 events within 2 seconds after subscription for rate: "
+            << maxSampleRate;
+
+    // Sleep for 1 seconds to wait for more possible events to arrive.
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+
+    client->unsubscribe({propId});
+
+    auto events = mCallback->getEvents(propId);
+    if (events.size() == 1) {
+        // We only received one event, the value is not changing so nothing to check here.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Sort the values by the timestamp.
+    std::map<int64_t, float> valuesByTimestamp;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < events.size(); i++) {
+        valuesByTimestamp[events[i]->getTimestamp()] = events[i]->getFloatValues()[0];
+    }
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+    float previousValue;
+    for (const auto& [_, value] : valuesByTimestamp) {
+        if (i == 0) {
+            previousValue = value;
+        } else {
+            ASSERT_FALSE(value != previousValue) << "received duplicate value: " << value
+                                                 << " when variable update rate is true";
+            previousValue = value;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // Test subscribe() with an invalid property.
 TEST_P(VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest, subscribeInvalidProp) {
     ALOGD("VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest::subscribeInvalidProp");
@@ -586,42 +712,10 @@
     }
 }
 
-// Test that access mode is populated in exclusively one of the VehiclePropConfig or the
-// VehicleAreaConfigs. Either VehiclePropConfig.access must be populated, or all the
-// VehicleAreaConfig.access fields should be populated.
-TEST_P(VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest, testAccessModeExclusivityAIDL) {
-    if (!mVhalClient->isAidlVhal()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip checking access mode for HIDL because the access mode field is only "
-                        "present for AIDL";
-    }
-
-    auto result = mVhalClient->getAllPropConfigs();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result.ok());
-    for (const auto& cfgPtr : result.value()) {
-        const IHalPropConfig& cfg = *cfgPtr;
-
-        bool propAccessIsSet = (cfg.getAccess() != toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE));
-        bool unsetAreaAccessExists = false;
-        bool setAreaAccessExists = false;
-
-        for (const auto& areaConfig : cfg.getAreaConfigs()) {
-            if (areaConfig->getAccess() == toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE)) {
-                unsetAreaAccessExists = true;
-            } else {
-                setAreaAccessExists = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        ASSERT_FALSE(propAccessIsSet && setAreaAccessExists) << StringPrintf(
-                "Both prop and area config access is set for propertyId %d", cfg.getPropId());
-        ASSERT_FALSE(!propAccessIsSet && !setAreaAccessExists) << StringPrintf(
-                "Neither prop and area config access is set for propertyId %d", cfg.getPropId());
-        ASSERT_FALSE(unsetAreaAccessExists && setAreaAccessExists) << StringPrintf(
-                "Area access is only set in some configs for propertyId %d", cfg.getPropId());
-    }
-}
-
 void VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest::verifyAccessMode(int actualAccess, int expectedAccess) {
+    if (actualAccess == toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE)) {
+        return;
+    }
     if (expectedAccess == toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE)) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(actualAccess == expectedAccess ||
                     actualAccess == toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::READ))
@@ -633,6 +727,44 @@
             "Expect to get VehiclePropertyAccess: %i, got %i", expectedAccess, actualAccess);
 }
 
+void VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest::verifyGlobalAccessIsMaximalAreaAccessSubset(
+        int propertyLevelAccess,
+        const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IHalAreaConfig>>& areaConfigs) const {
+    bool readOnlyPresent = false;
+    bool writeOnlyPresent = false;
+    bool readWritePresent = false;
+    int maximalAreaAccessSubset = toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < areaConfigs.size(); i++) {
+        int access = areaConfigs[i]->getAccess();
+        switch (access) {
+            case toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::READ):
+                readOnlyPresent = true;
+                break;
+            case toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::WRITE):
+                writeOnlyPresent = true;
+                break;
+            case toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE):
+                readWritePresent = true;
+                break;
+            default:
+                ASSERT_EQ(access, toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::NONE)) << StringPrintf(
+                        "Area access can be NONE only if global property access is also NONE");
+                return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (readOnlyPresent && !writeOnlyPresent) {
+        maximalAreaAccessSubset = toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::READ);
+    } else if (writeOnlyPresent) {
+        maximalAreaAccessSubset = toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::WRITE);
+    } else if (readWritePresent) {
+        maximalAreaAccessSubset = toInt(VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE);
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(propertyLevelAccess, maximalAreaAccessSubset) << StringPrintf(
+            "Expected global access to be equal to maximal area access subset %d, Instead got %d",
+            maximalAreaAccessSubset, propertyLevelAccess);
+}
+
 // Helper function to compare actual vs expected property config
 void VtsHalAutomotiveVehicleTargetTest::verifyProperty(VehicleProperty propId,
                                                        VehiclePropertyAccess access,
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothAudioTargetTest.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothAudioTargetTest.cpp
index 7b98634..789e8a1 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothAudioTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothAudioTargetTest.cpp
@@ -2583,6 +2583,10 @@
 
 TEST_P(BluetoothAudioProviderLeAudioOutputHardwareAidl,
        GetDataPathConfiguration) {
+  if (GetProviderFactoryInterfaceVersion() <
+      BluetoothAudioHalVersion::VERSION_AIDL_V4) {
+    GTEST_SKIP();
+  }
   IBluetoothAudioProvider::StreamConfig sink_requirement;
   IBluetoothAudioProvider::StreamConfig source_requirement;
   std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioDataPathConfiguration>
diff --git a/camera/device/aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/ICameraDevice.aidl b/camera/device/aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/ICameraDevice.aidl
index da3d5df..440c2b3 100644
--- a/camera/device/aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/ICameraDevice.aidl
+++ b/camera/device/aidl/android/hardware/camera/device/ICameraDevice.aidl
@@ -450,6 +450,9 @@
      *   - ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE
      *   - SCALER_AVAILABLE_MAX_DIGITAL_ZOOM
      *
+     * No other tags (other than vendor tags) should be set in the characteristics returned from
+     * the HAL.
+     *
      * A service specific error will be returned on the following conditions
      *     INTERNAL_ERROR:
      *         The camera device cannot be opened due to an internal
diff --git a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp
index 9a5f248..6e3ddc9 100644
--- a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp
@@ -330,10 +330,14 @@
             StreamConfiguration config;
             createStreamConfiguration(streams, StreamConfigurationMode::NORMAL_MODE, &config);
 
-            CameraMetadata chars;
-            ret = device->getSessionCharacteristics(config, &chars);
+            CameraMetadata camera_chars;
+            ret = device->getCameraCharacteristics(&camera_chars);
             ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-            verifySessionCharacteristics(chars);
+
+            CameraMetadata session_chars;
+            ret = device->getSessionCharacteristics(config, &session_chars);
+            ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+            verifySessionCharacteristics(session_chars, camera_chars);
         }
     } else {
         ALOGI("getSessionCharacteristics: Test skipped.\n");
diff --git a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp
index ce5b849..aef50d4 100644
--- a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -1916,52 +1916,83 @@
     }
 }
 
-void CameraAidlTest::verifySessionCharacteristics(const CameraMetadata& chars) {
-    if (flags::feature_combination_query()) {
-        const camera_metadata_t* metadata =
-                reinterpret_cast<const camera_metadata_t*>(chars.metadata.data());
+void CameraAidlTest::verifySessionCharacteristics(const CameraMetadata& session_chars,
+                                                  const CameraMetadata& camera_chars) {
+    if (!flags::feature_combination_query()) {
+        return;
+    }
 
-        size_t expectedSize = chars.metadata.size();
-        int result = validate_camera_metadata_structure(metadata, &expectedSize);
-        ASSERT_TRUE((result == 0) || (result == CAMERA_METADATA_VALIDATION_SHIFTED));
-        size_t entryCount = get_camera_metadata_entry_count(metadata);
-        ASSERT_GT(entryCount, 0u);
+    const camera_metadata_t* session_metadata =
+            reinterpret_cast<const camera_metadata_t*>(session_chars.metadata.data());
 
-        camera_metadata_ro_entry entry;
-        int retcode = 0;
-        float maxDigitalZoom = 1.0;
+    const camera_metadata_t* camera_metadata =
+            reinterpret_cast<const camera_metadata_t*>(camera_chars.metadata.data());
 
-        retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(metadata, ANDROID_SCALER_AVAILABLE_MAX_DIGITAL_ZOOM,
-                                                &entry);
-        // ANDROID_SCALER_AVAILABLE_MAX_DIGITAL_ZOOM should always be present.
-        if ((0 == retcode) && (entry.count == 1)) {
-            maxDigitalZoom = entry.data.f[0];
-        } else {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Get camera scalerAvailableMaxDigitalZoom failed!";
+    size_t expectedSize = session_chars.metadata.size();
+    int result = validate_camera_metadata_structure(session_metadata, &expectedSize);
+    ASSERT_TRUE((result == 0) || (result == CAMERA_METADATA_VALIDATION_SHIFTED));
+    size_t entryCount = get_camera_metadata_entry_count(session_metadata);
+    // There should be at least 1 characteristic present:
+    // SCALER_MAX_DIGITAL_ZOOM must always be available.
+    // ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE must be available if ZOOM_RATIO is supported.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(entryCount >= 1);
+
+    camera_metadata_ro_entry entry;
+    int retcode = 0;
+    float maxDigitalZoom = 1.0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < entryCount; i++) {
+        retcode = get_camera_metadata_ro_entry(session_metadata, i, &entry);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(retcode == 0);
+
+        std::set<uint32_t> allowed_tags = {ANDROID_SCALER_AVAILABLE_MAX_DIGITAL_ZOOM,
+                                           ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE};
+
+        if (contains(allowed_tags, entry.tag)) {
+            continue;
         }
 
-        retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(metadata, ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE, &entry);
-        bool hasZoomRatioRange = (0 == retcode && entry.count == 2);
-        if (!hasZoomRatioRange) {
-            return;
-        }
-        float minZoomRatio = entry.data.f[0];
-        float maxZoomRatio = entry.data.f[1];
-        constexpr float FLOATING_POINT_THRESHOLD = 0.00001f;
-        if (abs(maxDigitalZoom - maxZoomRatio) > FLOATING_POINT_THRESHOLD) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Difference between maximum digital zoom " << maxDigitalZoom
-                          << " and maximum zoom ratio " << maxZoomRatio
-                          << " is greater than the threshold " << FLOATING_POINT_THRESHOLD << "!";
-        }
-        if (minZoomRatio > maxZoomRatio) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Maximum zoom ratio is less than minimum zoom ratio!";
-        }
-        if (minZoomRatio > 1.0f) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Minimum zoom ratio is more than 1.0!";
-        }
-        if (maxZoomRatio < 1.0f) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Maximum zoom ratio is less than 1.0!";
-        }
+        // Other than the ones above, no tags should be allowed apart from vendor tags.
+        ASSERT_TRUE(entry.tag >= VENDOR_SECTION_START);
+    }
+
+    retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(session_metadata,
+                                            ANDROID_SCALER_AVAILABLE_MAX_DIGITAL_ZOOM, &entry);
+    if ((0 == retcode) && (entry.count == 1)) {
+        maxDigitalZoom = entry.data.f[0];
+    } else {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Get camera scalerAvailableMaxDigitalZoom failed!";
+    }
+
+    retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(camera_metadata, ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE,
+                                            &entry);
+    bool hasZoomRatioRange = (0 == retcode && entry.count == 2);
+    if (!hasZoomRatioRange) {
+        ALOGI("Skipping the rest of the test as ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE is not in camera characteristics");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Session characteristics must contain zoom_ratio_range if camera characteristics has it.
+    retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(session_metadata, ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE,
+                                            &entry);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(0 == retcode && entry.count == 2);
+
+    float minZoomRatio = entry.data.f[0];
+    float maxZoomRatio = entry.data.f[1];
+    constexpr float FLOATING_POINT_THRESHOLD = 0.00001f;
+    if (abs(maxDigitalZoom - maxZoomRatio) > FLOATING_POINT_THRESHOLD) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Difference between maximum digital zoom " << maxDigitalZoom
+                      << " and maximum zoom ratio " << maxZoomRatio
+                      << " is greater than the threshold " << FLOATING_POINT_THRESHOLD << "!";
+    }
+    if (minZoomRatio > maxZoomRatio) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Maximum zoom ratio is less than minimum zoom ratio!";
+    }
+    if (minZoomRatio > 1.0f) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Minimum zoom ratio is more than 1.0!";
+    }
+    if (maxZoomRatio < 1.0f) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Maximum zoom ratio is less than 1.0!";
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h
index 7bcf430..782794b 100644
--- a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h
+++ b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/camera_aidl_test.h
@@ -290,7 +290,8 @@
     static void verifyStreamCombination(const std::shared_ptr<ICameraDevice>& device,
                                         const StreamConfiguration& config, bool expectedStatus);
 
-    static void verifySessionCharacteristics(const CameraMetadata& chars);
+    static void verifySessionCharacteristics(const CameraMetadata& session_chars,
+                                             const CameraMetadata& camera_chars);
 
     static void verifyLogicalCameraResult(const camera_metadata_t* staticMetadata,
                                           const std::vector<uint8_t>& resultMetadata);
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
index 6663a19..5ec9806 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
@@ -168,8 +168,7 @@
     manager->listManifestByInterface(
             "android.hardware.gnss@1.1::IGnss",
             [&hasGnssHalVersion_1_1](const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& registered) {
-                ASSERT_EQ(1, registered.size());
-                hasGnssHalVersion_1_1 = true;
+                hasGnssHalVersion_1_1 = registered.size() != 0;
             });
 
     bool hasGnssHalVersion_2_0 = false;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
index 5e45fd9..f72cf55 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
@@ -1291,6 +1291,9 @@
                                                                frameIntervalPowerHints.cend());
                     EXPECT_LE(minFrameInterval->frameIntervalNs,
                               VtsComposerClient::kMaxFrameIntervalNs);
+                    const auto maxFrameInterval = *max_element(frameIntervalPowerHints.cbegin(),
+                                                               frameIntervalPowerHints.cend());
+                    EXPECT_GE(maxFrameInterval->frameIntervalNs, vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs);
 
                     EXPECT_TRUE(std::all_of(frameIntervalPowerHints.cbegin(),
                                             frameIntervalPowerHints.cend(),
@@ -1385,17 +1388,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-// TODO(b/291792736) Add detailed VTS test cases for NotifyExpectedPresent
-TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlV3Test, NotifyExpectedPresent) {
-    for (const auto& display : mDisplays) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient
-                            ->notifyExpectedPresent(display.getDisplayId(),
-                                                    ClockMonotonicTimestamp{0},
-                                                    std::chrono::nanoseconds{8ms}.count())
-                            .isOk());
-    }
-}
-
 // Tests for Command.
 class GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest : public GraphicsComposerAidlTest {
   protected:
@@ -1539,18 +1531,20 @@
     }
 
     sp<::android::Fence> presentAndGetFence(
-            std::optional<ClockMonotonicTimestamp> expectedPresentTime) {
-        auto& writer = getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId());
-        writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), expectedPresentTime,
-                               VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+            std::optional<ClockMonotonicTimestamp> expectedPresentTime,
+            std::optional<int64_t> displayIdOpt = {},
+            int32_t frameIntervalNs = VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs) {
+        const auto displayId = displayIdOpt.value_or(getPrimaryDisplayId());
+        auto& writer = getWriter(displayId);
+        writer.validateDisplay(displayId, expectedPresentTime, frameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         EXPECT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
 
-        writer.presentDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId());
+        writer.presentDisplay(displayId);
         execute();
         EXPECT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
 
-        auto presentFence = mReader.takePresentFence(getPrimaryDisplayId());
+        auto presentFence = mReader.takePresentFence(displayId);
         // take ownership
         const int fenceOwner = presentFence.get();
         *presentFence.getR() = -1;
@@ -1569,18 +1563,17 @@
         return vsyncPeriod;
     }
 
-    int64_t createOnScreenLayer(Composition composition = Composition::DEVICE) {
-        auto& writer = getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId());
+    int64_t createOnScreenLayer(const VtsDisplay& display,
+                                Composition composition = Composition::DEVICE) {
+        auto& writer = getWriter(display.getDisplayId());
         const auto& [status, layer] =
-                mComposerClient->createLayer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), kBufferSlotCount, &writer);
+                mComposerClient->createLayer(display.getDisplayId(), kBufferSlotCount, &writer);
         EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-        Rect displayFrame{0, 0, getPrimaryDisplay().getDisplayWidth(),
-                          getPrimaryDisplay().getDisplayHeight()};
-        FRect cropRect{0, 0, (float)getPrimaryDisplay().getDisplayWidth(),
-                       (float)getPrimaryDisplay().getDisplayHeight()};
-        configureLayer(getPrimaryDisplay(), layer, composition, displayFrame, cropRect);
+        Rect displayFrame{0, 0, display.getDisplayWidth(), display.getDisplayHeight()};
+        FRect cropRect{0, 0, (float)display.getDisplayWidth(), (float)display.getDisplayHeight()};
+        configureLayer(display, layer, composition, displayFrame, cropRect);
 
-        writer.setLayerDataspace(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, common::Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
+        writer.setLayerDataspace(display.getDisplayId(), layer, common::Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
         return layer;
     }
 
@@ -1692,7 +1685,7 @@
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, buffer1);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, buffer2);
 
-        const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer();
+        const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer(getPrimaryDisplay());
         auto& writer = getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId());
         writer.setLayerBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, /*slot*/ 0, buffer1->handle,
                               /*acquireFence*/ -1);
@@ -1725,6 +1718,38 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setPowerMode(getPrimaryDisplayId(), PowerMode::OFF).isOk());
     }
 
+    void forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig(
+            std::function<void(VtsDisplay&, const DisplayConfiguration&)> func) {
+        for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+            const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
+            EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setPowerMode(displayId, PowerMode::ON).isOk());
+            const auto& [status, displayConfigurations] =
+                    mComposerClient->getDisplayConfigurations(displayId);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+            EXPECT_FALSE(displayConfigurations.empty());
+            for (const auto& config : displayConfigurations) {
+                if (config.vrrConfig && config.vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig) {
+                    const auto [vsyncPeriodStatus, oldVsyncPeriod] =
+                            mComposerClient->getDisplayVsyncPeriod(displayId);
+                    ASSERT_TRUE(vsyncPeriodStatus.isOk());
+                    const auto& [timelineStatus, timeline] =
+                            mComposerClient->setActiveConfigWithConstraints(
+                                    &display, config.configId,
+                                    VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints{.seamlessRequired = false});
+                    ASSERT_TRUE(timelineStatus.isOk());
+                    if (timeline.refreshRequired) {
+                        sendRefreshFrame(display, &timeline);
+                    }
+                    waitForVsyncPeriodChange(displayId, timeline, systemTime(), oldVsyncPeriod,
+                                             config.vsyncPeriod);
+                    func(display, config);
+                }
+            }
+            EXPECT_TRUE(
+                    mComposerClient->setPowerMode(getPrimaryDisplayId(), PowerMode::OFF).isOk());
+        }
+    }
+
     void configureLayer(const VtsDisplay& display, int64_t layer, Composition composition,
                         const Rect& displayFrame, const FRect& cropRect) {
         auto& writer = getWriter(display.getDisplayId());
@@ -2592,7 +2617,7 @@
     const auto buffer = allocate(::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, buffer->handle);
 
-    const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer();
+    const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer(getPrimaryDisplay());
     auto& writer = getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId());
     writer.setLayerBuffer(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, /*slot*/ 0, buffer->handle,
                           /*acquireFence*/ -1);
@@ -2778,8 +2803,8 @@
     }
 
     // Send the REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR update
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            sendBufferUpdate(createOnScreenLayer(Composition::REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR)));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(sendBufferUpdate(
+            createOnScreenLayer(getPrimaryDisplay(), Composition::REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR)));
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
     EXPECT_FALSE(checkIfCallbackRefreshRateChangedDebugEnabledReceived(displayFilter))
             << "A callback should not be received for REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR";
@@ -3075,6 +3100,141 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(errors.size() == 1 && errors[0].errorCode == IComposerClient::EX_BAD_LAYER);
 }
 
+TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandV3Test, notifyExpectedPresentTimeout) {
+    if (hasCapability(Capability::PRESENT_FENCE_IS_NOT_RELIABLE)) {
+        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Device has unreliable present fences capability, skipping";
+        return;
+    }
+    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](VtsDisplay& display,
+                                           const DisplayConfiguration& config) {
+        const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
+        auto minFrameIntervalNs = config.vrrConfig->minFrameIntervalNs;
+        const auto timeoutNs = config.vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->timeoutNs;
+
+        const auto buffer = allocate(::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, buffer);
+        const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer(display);
+        auto& writer = getWriter(displayId);
+        writer.setLayerBuffer(displayId, layer, /*slot*/ 0, buffer->handle,
+                              /*acquireFence*/ -1);
+        sp<::android::Fence> presentFence = presentAndGetFence(ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
+                                                               displayId, minFrameIntervalNs);
+        presentFence->waitForever(LOG_TAG);
+        auto lastPresentTimeNs = presentFence->getSignalTime();
+
+        // Frame presents 30ms after timeout
+        const auto timeout = static_cast<const std::chrono::nanoseconds>(timeoutNs);
+        const auto vsyncPeriod = config.vsyncPeriod;
+        int32_t frameAfterTimeoutNs =
+                vsyncPeriod * static_cast<int32_t>((timeout + 30ms).count() / vsyncPeriod);
+        auto expectedPresentTimestamp =
+                ClockMonotonicTimestamp{lastPresentTimeNs + frameAfterTimeoutNs};
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(timeout);
+        mComposerClient->notifyExpectedPresent(displayId, expectedPresentTimestamp,
+                                               minFrameIntervalNs);
+        presentFence = presentAndGetFence(expectedPresentTimestamp, displayId, minFrameIntervalNs);
+        presentFence->waitForever(LOG_TAG);
+        lastPresentTimeNs = presentFence->getSignalTime();
+        ASSERT_GE(lastPresentTimeNs, expectedPresentTimestamp.timestampNanos - vsyncPeriod / 2);
+        mComposerClient->destroyLayer(displayId, layer, &writer);
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandV3Test, notifyExpectedPresentFrameIntervalChange) {
+    if (hasCapability(Capability::PRESENT_FENCE_IS_NOT_RELIABLE)) {
+        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Device has unreliable present fences capability, skipping";
+        return;
+    }
+    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](VtsDisplay& display,
+                                           const DisplayConfiguration& config) {
+        const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
+        const auto buffer = allocate(::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, buffer);
+        const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer(display);
+        auto& writer = getWriter(displayId);
+        writer.setLayerBuffer(displayId, layer, /*slot*/ 0, buffer->handle,
+                              /*acquireFence*/ -1);
+        auto minFrameIntervalNs = config.vrrConfig->minFrameIntervalNs;
+        sp<::android::Fence> presentFence = presentAndGetFence(ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
+                                                               displayId, minFrameIntervalNs);
+        presentFence->waitForever(LOG_TAG);
+        auto lastPresentTimeNs = presentFence->getSignalTime();
+
+        auto vsyncPeriod = config.vsyncPeriod;
+        int32_t highestDivisor = VtsComposerClient::kMaxFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
+        int32_t lowestDivisor = minFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
+        const auto headsUpNs = config.vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->headsUpNs;
+        float totalDivisorsPassed = 0.f;
+        for (int divisor = lowestDivisor; divisor <= highestDivisor; divisor++) {
+            const auto frameIntervalNs = vsyncPeriod * divisor;
+            const auto frameAfterHeadsUp = frameIntervalNs * (headsUpNs / frameIntervalNs);
+            auto presentTime = lastPresentTimeNs + frameIntervalNs + frameAfterHeadsUp;
+            const auto expectedPresentTimestamp = ClockMonotonicTimestamp{presentTime};
+            ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient
+                                ->notifyExpectedPresent(displayId, expectedPresentTimestamp,
+                                                        frameIntervalNs)
+                                .isOk());
+            presentFence = presentAndGetFence(expectedPresentTimestamp, displayId, frameIntervalNs);
+            presentFence->waitForever(LOG_TAG);
+            lastPresentTimeNs = presentFence->getSignalTime();
+            if (lastPresentTimeNs >= expectedPresentTimestamp.timestampNanos - vsyncPeriod / 2) {
+                ++totalDivisorsPassed;
+            }
+        }
+        EXPECT_TRUE(totalDivisorsPassed >
+                    (static_cast<float>(highestDivisor - lowestDivisor)) * 0.75f);
+        mComposerClient->destroyLayer(displayId, layer, &writer);
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandV3Test, frameIntervalChangeAtPresentFrame) {
+    if (hasCapability(Capability::PRESENT_FENCE_IS_NOT_RELIABLE)) {
+        GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Device has unreliable present fences capability, skipping";
+        return;
+    }
+    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](VtsDisplay& display,
+                                           const DisplayConfiguration& config) {
+        const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
+        const auto buffer = allocate(::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, buffer);
+        const auto layer = createOnScreenLayer(display);
+        auto& writer = getWriter(displayId);
+        writer.setLayerBuffer(displayId, layer, /*slot*/ 0, buffer->handle,
+                              /*acquireFence*/ -1);
+        auto minFrameIntervalNs = config.vrrConfig->minFrameIntervalNs;
+
+        auto vsyncPeriod = config.vsyncPeriod;
+        int32_t highestDivisor = VtsComposerClient::kMaxFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
+        int32_t lowestDivisor = minFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
+        const auto headsUpNs = config.vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->headsUpNs;
+        float totalDivisorsPassed = 0.f;
+        int divisor = lowestDivisor;
+        auto frameIntervalNs = vsyncPeriod * divisor;
+        sp<::android::Fence> presentFence =
+                presentAndGetFence(ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp, displayId, frameIntervalNs);
+        presentFence->waitForever(LOG_TAG);
+        auto lastPresentTimeNs = presentFence->getSignalTime();
+        do {
+            frameIntervalNs = vsyncPeriod * divisor;
+            ++divisor;
+            const auto nextFrameIntervalNs = vsyncPeriod * divisor;
+            const auto frameAfterHeadsUp = frameIntervalNs * (headsUpNs / frameIntervalNs);
+            auto presentTime = lastPresentTimeNs + frameIntervalNs + frameAfterHeadsUp;
+            const auto expectedPresentTimestamp = ClockMonotonicTimestamp{presentTime};
+            presentFence =
+                    presentAndGetFence(expectedPresentTimestamp, displayId, nextFrameIntervalNs);
+            presentFence->waitForever(LOG_TAG);
+            lastPresentTimeNs = presentFence->getSignalTime();
+            if (lastPresentTimeNs >= expectedPresentTimestamp.timestampNanos - vsyncPeriod / 2) {
+                ++totalDivisorsPassed;
+            }
+        } while (divisor < highestDivisor);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(totalDivisorsPassed >
+                    (static_cast<float>(highestDivisor - lowestDivisor)) * 0.75f);
+        mComposerClient->destroyLayer(displayId, layer, &writer);
+    });
+}
+
 GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest);
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         PerInstance, GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest,
diff --git a/power/stats/aidl/vts/VtsHalPowerStatsTargetTest.cpp b/power/stats/aidl/vts/VtsHalPowerStatsTargetTest.cpp
index 4ee14e3..edc25b8 100644
--- a/power/stats/aidl/vts/VtsHalPowerStatsTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/power/stats/aidl/vts/VtsHalPowerStatsTargetTest.cpp
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@
     template <typename T, typename S, typename R>
     void testMatching(std::vector<T> const& c1, R T::*f1, std::vector<S> const& c2, R S::*f2);
 
-    bool containsTimedEntity(const std::string& str);
+    bool isEntitySkipped(const std::string& str);
 
-    void excludeTimedEntities(std::vector<PowerEntity>* entities,
-                              std::vector<StateResidencyResult>* results);
+    void excludeSkippedEntities(std::vector<PowerEntity>* entities,
+                                std::vector<StateResidencyResult>* results);
 
     std::shared_ptr<IPowerStats> powerstats;
 };
@@ -116,15 +116,20 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(c1fields, c2fields);
 }
 
-bool PowerStatsAidl::containsTimedEntity(const std::string& str) {
+bool PowerStatsAidl::isEntitySkipped(const std::string& str) {
+    bool skip = false;
     // TODO(b/229698505): Extend PowerEntityInfo to identify timed power entity
-    return str.find("AoC") != std::string::npos;
+    skip |= str.find("AoC") != std::string::npos;
+    // Lassen GNSS power stats will be present after running GPS session once.
+    // Otherwise, VTS will fail due to missing GPS power stats.
+    skip |= str.find("GPS") != std::string::npos;
+    return skip;
 }
 
-void PowerStatsAidl::excludeTimedEntities(std::vector<PowerEntity>* entities,
-                                          std::vector<StateResidencyResult>* results) {
+void PowerStatsAidl::excludeSkippedEntities(std::vector<PowerEntity>* entities,
+                                            std::vector<StateResidencyResult>* results) {
     for (auto it = entities->begin(); it != entities->end(); it++) {
-        if (containsTimedEntity((*it).name)) {
+        if (isEntitySkipped((*it).name)) {
             auto entityId = (*it).id;
             entities->erase(it--);
 
@@ -214,19 +219,19 @@
 }
 
 // State residency must return all results except timed power entities
-TEST_P(PowerStatsAidl, TestGetStateResidencyAllResultsExceptTimedEntities) {
+TEST_P(PowerStatsAidl, TestGetStateResidencyAllResultsExceptSkippedEntities) {
     std::vector<PowerEntity> entities;
     ASSERT_OK(powerstats->getPowerEntityInfo(&entities));
 
     std::vector<StateResidencyResult> results;
     ASSERT_OK(powerstats->getStateResidency({}, &results));
-    excludeTimedEntities(&entities, &results);
+    excludeSkippedEntities(&entities, &results);
 
     testMatching(entities, &PowerEntity::id, results, &StateResidencyResult::id);
 }
 
 // Each result must contain all state residencies except timed power entities
-TEST_P(PowerStatsAidl, TestGetStateResidencyAllStateResidenciesExceptTimedEntities) {
+TEST_P(PowerStatsAidl, TestGetStateResidencyAllStateResidenciesExceptSkippedEntities) {
     std::vector<PowerEntity> entities;
     ASSERT_OK(powerstats->getPowerEntityInfo(&entities));
 
@@ -234,7 +239,7 @@
     ASSERT_OK(powerstats->getStateResidency({}, &results));
 
     for (auto entity : entities) {
-        if (!containsTimedEntity(entity.name)) {
+        if (!isEntitySkipped(entity.name)) {
             auto it = std::find_if(results.begin(), results.end(),
                                    [&entity](const auto& x) { return x.id == entity.id; });
             ASSERT_NE(it, results.end());
@@ -255,7 +260,7 @@
     std::vector<PowerEntity> selectedEntities = getRandomSubset(entities);
     std::vector<int32_t> selectedIds;
     for (auto it = selectedEntities.begin(); it != selectedEntities.end(); it++) {
-        if (!containsTimedEntity((*it).name)) {
+        if (!isEntitySkipped((*it).name)) {
             selectedIds.push_back((*it).id);
         } else {
             selectedEntities.erase(it--);
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
index aeb0163..4ebafee 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
@@ -794,33 +794,40 @@
             in @nullable HardwareAuthToken authToken);
 
     /**
-     * Called by client to notify the IKeyMintDevice that the device is now locked, and keys with
-     * the UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED tag should no longer be usable.  When this function is called,
-     * the IKeyMintDevice should note the current timestamp, and attempts to use
-     * UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED keys must be rejected with Error::DEVICE_LOCKED until an
-     * authentication token with a later timestamp is presented.  If the `passwordOnly' argument is
-     * set to true the sufficiently-recent authentication token must indicate that the user
-     * authenticated with a password, not a biometric.
+     * This method is deprecated and has never been used.  Implementations should return
+     * ErrorCode::UNIMPLEMENTED.
      *
-     * Note that the IKeyMintDevice UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED semantics are slightly different from
-     * the UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED semantics enforced by keystore.  Keystore handles device locking
-     * on a per-user basis.  Because auth tokens do not contain an Android user ID, it's not
-     * possible to replicate the keystore enforcement logic in IKeyMintDevice.  So from the
-     * IKeyMintDevice perspective, any user unlock unlocks all UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED keys.
-     * Keystore will continue enforcing the per-user device locking.
+     * This method was originally intended to be used to notify KeyMint that the device is now
+     * locked, and keys with the UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED tag should no longer be usable until a
+     * later valid HardwareAuthToken is presented.  However, Android has never called this method
+     * and it cannot start doing so, because KeyMint's enforcement of UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED did
+     * not provide the correct semantics and therefore could never be enabled.  Specifically, the
+     * following issues existed with the design of KeyMint's enforcement of
+     * UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED:
      *
-     * @param passwordOnly specifies whether the device must be unlocked with a password, rather
-     * than a biometric, before UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED keys can be used.
+     * o It assumed a global device lock state only.  Android actually has a separate lock state for
+     *   each user.  See the javadoc for KeyguardManager#isDeviceLocked().
+     * o It assumed that unlocking the device involves a successful user authentication that
+     *   generates a HardwareAuthToken.  This is not necessarily the case, since Android supports
+     *   weaker unlock methods including class 1 and 2 biometrics and trust agents.  These unlock
+     *   methods do not generate a HardwareAuthToken or interact with KeyMint in any way.  Also,
+     *   UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED must work even for users who do not have a secure lock screen.
+     * o It would have made UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED incompatible with requiring user
+     *   authentication in some cases.  These two key protections can each require a different
+     *   HardwareAuthToken, but KeyMint only supports one HardwareAuthToken per operation.
+     * o It would have provided no security benefit over Keystore's enforcement of
+     *   UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED.  This is because since Android 12, Keystore enforces
+     *   UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED not just logically, but it also cryptographically by
+     *   superencrypting all such keys and wiping or re-encrypting the superencryption key when the
+     *   device is locked (whenever possible).  KeyMint is still used to support biometric unlocks,
+     *   but this mechanism does not use KeyMint's direct enforcement of UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED.
      *
-     * @param timestampToken is used by StrongBox implementations of IKeyMintDevice.  It
-     * provides the StrongBox IKeyMintDevice with a fresh, MACed timestamp which it can use as the
-     * device-lock time, for future comparison against auth tokens when operations using
-     * UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED keys are attempted.  Unless the auth token timestamp is newer than
-     * the timestamp in the timestampToken, the device is still considered to be locked.
-     * Crucially, if a StrongBox IKeyMintDevice receives a deviceLocked() call with a timestampToken
-     * timestamp that is less than the timestamp in the last deviceLocked() call, it must ignore the
-     * new timestamp.  TEE IKeyMintDevice implementations will receive an empty timestampToken (zero
-     * values and empty vectors) and should use their own clock as the device-lock time.
+     * Therefore, this method is not useful, and there is no reason for it be called.
+     * Implementations should return ErrorCode::UNIMPLEMENTED and should not include
+     * UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED in the list of hardware-enforced key parameters.
+     *
+     * @param passwordOnly N/A due to the deprecation
+     * @param timestampToken N/A due to the deprecation
      */
     void deviceLocked(in boolean passwordOnly, in @nullable TimeStampToken timestampToken);
 
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl
index be29f59..996e4e3 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/Tag.aidl
@@ -482,11 +482,12 @@
 
     /**
      * Tag::UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED specifies that the key may only be used when the device is
-     * unlocked, as reported to KeyMint via authToken operation parameter and the
-     * IKeyMintDevice::deviceLocked() method
+     * unlocked.
      *
-     * Must be hardware-enforced (but is also keystore-enforced on a per-user basis: see the
-     * deviceLocked() documentation).
+     * This tag was originally intended to be hardware-enforced.  However, the support for hardware
+     * enforcement of this tag is now considered deprecated because it cannot work correctly, and
+     * even if implemented it does nothing because it was never enabled by Keystore.  Refer to the
+     * documentation for the deprecated method IKeyMintDevice::deviceLocked().
      */
     UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED = TagType.BOOL | 509,
 
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp
index 0b7627c..a8f41c3 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintTest.cpp
@@ -8760,40 +8760,6 @@
 
 INSTANTIATE_KEYMINT_AIDL_TEST(EarlyBootKeyTest);
 
-using UnlockedDeviceRequiredTest = KeyMintAidlTestBase;
-
-// This may be a problematic test.  It can't be run repeatedly without unlocking the device in
-// between runs... and on most test devices there are no enrolled credentials so it can't be
-// unlocked at all, meaning the only way to get the test to pass again on a properly-functioning
-// device is to reboot it.  For that reason, this is disabled by default.  It can be used as part of
-// a manual test process, which includes unlocking between runs, which is why it's included here.
-// Well, that and the fact that it's the only test we can do without also making calls into the
-// Gatekeeper HAL.  We haven't written any cross-HAL tests, and don't know what all of the
-// implications might be, so that may or may not be a solution.
-TEST_P(UnlockedDeviceRequiredTest, DISABLED_KeysBecomeUnusable) {
-    auto [aesKeyData, hmacKeyData, rsaKeyData, ecdsaKeyData] =
-            CreateTestKeys(TAG_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED, ErrorCode::OK);
-    KeyBlobDeleter aes_deleter(keymint_, aesKeyData.blob);
-    KeyBlobDeleter hmac_deleter(keymint_, hmacKeyData.blob);
-    KeyBlobDeleter rsa_deleter(keymint_, rsaKeyData.blob);
-    KeyBlobDeleter ecdsa_deleter(keymint_, ecdsaKeyData.blob);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, UseAesKey(aesKeyData.blob));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, UseHmacKey(hmacKeyData.blob));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, UseRsaKey(rsaKeyData.blob));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, UseEcdsaKey(ecdsaKeyData.blob));
-
-    ErrorCode rc = GetReturnErrorCode(
-            keyMint().deviceLocked(false /* passwordOnly */, {} /* timestampToken */));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, rc);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::DEVICE_LOCKED, UseAesKey(aesKeyData.blob));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::DEVICE_LOCKED, UseHmacKey(hmacKeyData.blob));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::DEVICE_LOCKED, UseRsaKey(rsaKeyData.blob));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::DEVICE_LOCKED, UseEcdsaKey(ecdsaKeyData.blob));
-}
-
-INSTANTIATE_KEYMINT_AIDL_TEST(UnlockedDeviceRequiredTest);
-
 using VsrRequirementTest = KeyMintAidlTestBase;
 
 // @VsrTest = VSR-3.10-008
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/Android.bp b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f669be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["hardware_interfaces_license"],
+}
+
+aidl_interface {
+    name: "android.hardware.security.see.storage",
+    unstable: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "android/hardware/security/see/storage/*.aidl",
+    ],
+    backend: {
+        java: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        cpp: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+        ndk: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/CreationMode.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/CreationMode.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c65038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/CreationMode.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+enum CreationMode {
+    /** Returns an error if the file does not already exist. */
+    NO_CREATE,
+
+    /** Creates the file or returns an error if it already exists. */
+    CREATE_EXCLUSIVE,
+
+    /** Creates the file if it does not already exist. */
+    CREATE,
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/DeleteOptions.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/DeleteOptions.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a94eb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/DeleteOptions.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.ReadIntegrity;
+
+parcelable DeleteOptions {
+    /**
+     * Set to acknowledge possible files tampering.
+     *
+     * If unacknowledged tampering is detected, the operation will fail with an ERR_FS_*
+     * service-specific code.
+     */
+    ReadIntegrity readIntegrity = ReadIntegrity.NO_TAMPER;
+
+    /**
+     * Allow writes to succeed while the filesystem is in the middle of an A/B update.
+     *
+     * If the A/B update fails, the operation will be rolled back. This rollback will not
+     * cause subsequent operations fail with any ERR_FS_* code nor will need to be
+     * acknowledged by setting the `readIntegrity`.
+     */
+    boolean allowWritesDuringAbUpdate = false;
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileAvailability.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileAvailability.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d339170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileAvailability.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+/** Determines how early during the boot process file is able to be accessed. */
+enum FileAvailability {
+    /** Available before userdata is mounted, but after android has booted. */
+    BEFORE_USERDATA,
+
+    /** Available after userdata is mounted. */
+    AFTER_USERDATA,
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileIntegrity.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileIntegrity.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1879b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileIntegrity.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+enum FileIntegrity {
+    /** REE may prevent operations, but cannot alter data once written. */
+    TAMPER_PROOF_AT_REST,
+
+    /**
+     * REE may alter written data, but changes will be detected and reported as
+     * an error on read.
+     */
+    TAMPER_DETECT,
+
+    /**
+     * REE may alter written data. Changes other than full filesystem resets will be detected and
+     * reported.
+     */
+    TAMPER_DETECT_IGNORE_RESET,
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileMode.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileMode.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18a2eae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileMode.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+enum FileMode {
+    /** The file may only be read from. */
+    READ_ONLY,
+
+    /** The file may only be written to. */
+    WRITE_ONLY,
+
+    /** The file may be both read from and written to. */
+    READ_WRITE,
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileProperties.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileProperties.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..733b5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/FileProperties.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.FileAvailability;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.FileIntegrity;
+
+parcelable FileProperties {
+    FileIntegrity integrity = FileIntegrity.TAMPER_PROOF_AT_REST;
+    FileAvailability availability = FileAvailability.BEFORE_USERDATA;
+
+    /** Whether the file is reset when user data is wiped. */
+    boolean persistent;
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IDir.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IDir.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0a9f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IDir.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+/** The interface for an open directory */
+interface IDir {
+    /**
+     * Gets the next batch of filenames in this directory.
+     *
+     * Calling multiple times will return different results as the IDir iterates through all the
+     * files it contains. When all filenames have been returned, all successive calls will return an
+     * empty list.
+     *
+     * @maxCount:
+     *     the maximum number of filenames to return. A @maxCount of 0 signifies no limit on the
+     * number of filenames returned.
+     *
+     * Returns:
+     *     An ordered list of filenames. If @maxCount > 0, the length of the returned list will be
+     * less than or equal to @maxCount.
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that the `readIntegrity` the
+     *       dir was opened with does not acknowledge
+     */
+    @utf8InCpp String[] readNextFilenames(int maxCount);
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IFile.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IFile.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff26aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IFile.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.CreationMode;
+
+/** The interface for an open file */
+interface IFile {
+    /**
+     * Read bytes from this file.
+     *
+     * @size:
+     *     the size (in bytes) of the segment to read. If @size is larger than the service's maximum
+     *       read size, the call will return an error (EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT).
+     * @offset:
+     *     the offset (in bytes) at which to start reading
+     *
+     * Return:
+     *     the sequence of bytes at [offset, offset + size) in the file
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that the `readIntegrity` the
+     *       file was opened with does not acknowledge
+     */
+    byte[] read(long size, long offset);
+
+    /**
+     * Write the bytes in `buffer` to this file.
+     *
+     * @offset:
+     *     the offset (in bytes) at which to start writing
+     *
+     * Return:
+     *     the number of bytes written successfully
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that the `readIntegrity` the
+     *       file was opened with does not acknowledge
+     */
+    long write(long offset, in byte[] buffer);
+
+    /**
+     * Reads this file's size.
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that the `readIntegrity` the
+     *       file was opened with does not acknowledge
+     */
+    long getSize();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets this file's size.
+     *
+     * Truncates the file if `new_size` is less than the current size. If `new_size` is greater than
+     * the current size, the file will be extended with zeroed data.
+     *
+     * @newSize:
+     *     the file's new size
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that the `readIntegrity` the
+     *       file was opened with does not acknowledge
+     */
+    void setSize(long newSize);
+
+    /**
+     * Renames this file.
+     *
+     * @destPath:
+     *     the file's new path, relative to filesystem root
+     * @destCreateMode:
+     *     controls creation behavior of the dest file
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_NOT_FOUND if no file exists at @destPath and @destCreateMode is `NO_CREATE`
+     *   - ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS if a file already exists at @destPath and @destCreateMode is
+     *       `CREATE_EXCLUSIVE`
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that the `readIntegrity` the
+     *       file was opened with does not acknowledge
+     */
+    void rename(in @utf8InCpp String destPath, in CreationMode destCreateMode);
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/ISecureStorage.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/ISecureStorage.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be3c045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/ISecureStorage.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.FileProperties;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.IStorageSession;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for the Secure Storage HAL
+ *
+ * Creates sessions which can be used to access storage.
+ */
+interface ISecureStorage {
+    const int ERR_UNSUPPORTED_PROPERTIES = 1;
+    const int ERR_NOT_FOUND = 2;
+    const int ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS = 3;
+    const int ERR_BAD_TRANSACTION = 4;
+
+    const int ERR_FS_RESET = 5;
+    const int ERR_FS_ROLLED_BACK = 6;
+    const int ERR_FS_TAMPERED = 7;
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a storage session for a filesystem.
+     *
+     * @properties:
+     *     the minimum filesystem properties requested for the session.
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_UNSUPPORTED_PROPERTIES if no filesystems exist which meet the minimum requested
+     * requirements
+     */
+    IStorageSession startSession(in FileProperties properties);
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IStorageSession.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IStorageSession.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd126b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/IStorageSession.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.DeleteOptions;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.IDir;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.IFile;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.OpenOptions;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.ReadIntegrity;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.RenameOptions;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for a Secure Storage session
+ *
+ * When the connection is opened, it will start a transaction and any changes made through this
+ * session or the interfaces this session returns will be added to this transaction's pending
+ * changes. Calling `CommitChanges`/`AbandonChanges` will commit/abandon these pending changes, and
+ * start a new, empty transaction. The interfaces this session returns _remain_ valid across
+ * transactions; it is not necessary, for example, to reopen a file after a commit.
+ *
+ * Any changes still pending when the session is dropped will be abandoned.
+ */
+interface IStorageSession {
+    /**
+     * Commits any pending changes made through this session to storage.
+     *
+     * The session will no longer have pending changes after this call returns. Files may then still
+     * be modified through this session to create another commit.
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_BAD_TRANSACTION
+     */
+    void commitChanges();
+
+    /**
+     * Abandons any pending changes made through this session.
+     *
+     * The session can then be reused to make new changes.
+     */
+    void abandonChanges();
+
+    /**
+     * Opens a secure file for writing and/or reading.
+     *
+     * Changes made to the file are part of the current transaction. Dropping this session
+     * invalidates the returned `IFile` interface
+     *
+     * @filePath:
+     *     path to the file, relative to filesystem root
+     * @options:
+     *     options controlling opening behavior
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_NOT_FOUND
+     *   - ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that @options.readIntegrity
+     *       does not acknowledge
+     */
+    IFile openFile(in @utf8InCpp String filePath, in OpenOptions options);
+
+    /**
+     * Delete a file.
+     *
+     * @filePath:
+     *     path to the file, relative to filesystem root
+     * @options:
+     *     options controlling deletion behavior
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_NOT_FOUND
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that @options.readIntegrity
+     *       does not acknowledge
+     */
+    void deleteFile(in @utf8InCpp String filePath, in DeleteOptions options);
+
+    /**
+     * Renames an existing file.
+     *
+     * The file must not already be opened. (If it is, use `IFile::rename`.)
+     *
+     * @currentPath:
+     *     path to the file, relative to filesystem root
+     * @destPath:
+     *     the file's new path, relative to filesystem root
+     * @options:
+     *     options controlling rename behavior
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_NOT_FOUND if no file exists at @currentPath, or if @options.destCreateMode is
+     *       `NO_CREATE` and no file exists at @destPath
+     *   - ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS if @options.destCreateMode is `CREATE_EXCLUSIVE` and a file exists at
+     *       @destPath
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that @options.readIntegrity
+     *       does not acknowledge
+     */
+    void renameFile(in @utf8InCpp String currentPath, in @utf8InCpp String destPath,
+            in RenameOptions options);
+
+    /**
+     * Opens a directory from a filesystem with the given properties.
+     *
+     * Dropping this session invalidates the returned `IDir` interface.
+     *
+     * @path:
+     *     path to the directory, relative to filesystem root
+     * @readIntegrity:
+     *     allow opening (and subsequent read/write operations) despite possible tampering for the
+     * directory
+     *
+     * May return service-specific errors:
+     *   - ERR_NOT_FOUND
+     *   - ERR_FS_* if the filesystem has been tampered with in a way that @readIntegrity does not
+     *       acknowledge
+     */
+    IDir openDir(in @utf8InCpp String path, in ReadIntegrity readIntegrity);
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/OpenOptions.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/OpenOptions.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..997ca62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/OpenOptions.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.CreationMode;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.FileMode;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.ReadIntegrity;
+
+parcelable OpenOptions {
+    /** Controls creation behavior of the to-be-opened file. See `CreationMode` docs for details. */
+    CreationMode createMode = CreationMode.NO_CREATE;
+
+    /** Controls access behavior of the to-be-opened file. See `FileMode` docs for details. */
+    FileMode accessMode = FileMode.READ_WRITE;
+
+    /**
+     * Set to acknowledge possible files tampering.
+     *
+     * If unacknowledged tampering is detected, the operation will fail with an ERR_FS_*
+     * service-specific code.
+     */
+    ReadIntegrity readIntegrity = ReadIntegrity.NO_TAMPER;
+
+    /**
+     * If this file already exists, discard existing content and open
+     * it as a new file. No semantic change if the file does not exist.
+     */
+    boolean truncateOnOpen;
+
+    /**
+     * Allow writes to succeed while the filesystem is in the middle of an A/B update.
+     *
+     * If the A/B update fails, the operation will be rolled back. This rollback will not
+     * cause subsequent operations fail with any ERR_FS_* code nor will need to be
+     * acknowledged by setting the `readIntegrity`.
+     */
+    boolean allowWritesDuringAbUpdate = false;
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/ReadIntegrity.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/ReadIntegrity.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc0e4f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/ReadIntegrity.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+enum ReadIntegrity {
+    /**
+     * Return an error on reads if any REE alteration of the written data
+     * has been detected.
+     */
+    NO_TAMPER,
+
+    /**
+     * Return an error on reads if any REE alteration other than a reset
+     * has been detected.
+     */
+    IGNORE_RESET,
+
+    /**
+     * Return an error if any REE alteration other than a rollback to a
+     * valid checkpoint has been detected. (What makes a checkpoint valid is
+     * implementation defined; an implementation might take a checkpoint on its
+     * first post-factory boot. A reset is a rollback to the initial state.)
+     */
+    IGNORE_ROLLBACK,
+
+    // There's no `IGNORE_ALL` because if REE has done any alteration other
+    // than a rollback, the file contents will be known-bad data.
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/RenameOptions.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/RenameOptions.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f55ea7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/RenameOptions.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.CreationMode;
+import android.hardware.security.see.storage.ReadIntegrity;
+
+parcelable RenameOptions {
+    /** Controls creation behavior of the dest file. See `CreationMode` docs for details. */
+    CreationMode destCreateMode = CreationMode.CREATE_EXCLUSIVE;
+
+    /**
+     * Set to acknowledge possible files tampering.
+     *
+     * If unacknowledged tampering is detected, the operation will fail with an ERR_FS_*
+     * service-specific code.
+     */
+    ReadIntegrity readIntegrity = ReadIntegrity.NO_TAMPER;
+
+    /**
+     * Allow writes to succeed while the filesystem is in the middle of an A/B update.
+     *
+     * If the A/B update fails, the operation will be rolled back. This rollback will not
+     * cause subsequent operations fail with any ERR_FS_* code nor will need to be
+     * acknowledged by setting the `readIntegrity`.
+     */
+    boolean allowWritesDuringAbUpdate = false;
+}
diff --git a/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/Tamper.aidl b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/Tamper.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a39fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/staging/security/see/storage/aidl/android/hardware/security/see/storage/Tamper.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.hardware.security.see.storage;
+
+/** Specifies types of REE tampering the filesystem may detect */
+enum Tamper {
+    /** REE has reset this file or the containing file system. */
+    RESET,
+
+    /** REE has rolled back this file or the containing file system to a previous state. */
+    ROLLBACK,
+
+    /** REE has made some other modification to the file. */
+    OTHER,
+}
diff --git a/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp b/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp
index 403c6c8..4208d09 100644
--- a/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
 #define LOG_TAG "thermal_aidl_hal_test"
@@ -333,6 +334,49 @@
     }
 }
 
+// Test Thermal->getTemperatureThresholdsWithType(SKIN).
+// @VsrTest = GMS-VSR-3.2.5-001
+// @VsrTest = VSR-3.2.5-001
+// @VsrTest = GMS-VSR-3.2.5-002
+// @VsrTest = VSR-3.2.5-002
+TEST_P(ThermalAidlTest, SkinTemperatureThresholdsTest) {
+    auto apiLevel = ::android::base::GetIntProperty<int32_t>("ro.vendor.api_level", 0);
+    if (apiLevel < 35) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test as the vendor level is below 35: " << apiLevel;
+    }
+    std::vector<Temperature> temperatures;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus status =
+            mThermal->getTemperaturesWithType(TemperatureType::SKIN, &temperatures);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << "getTemperaturesWithType(SKIN) failed";
+    ASSERT_FALSE(temperatures.empty()) << "getTemperaturesWithType(SKIN) returns empty";
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, temperatures.size())
+            << "getTemperaturesWithType(SKIN) returns multiple temperatures";
+
+    std::vector<TemperatureThreshold> thresholds;
+    status = mThermal->getTemperatureThresholdsWithType(TemperatureType::SKIN, &thresholds);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << "getTemperatureThresholdsWithType(SKIN) failed";
+    ASSERT_FALSE(thresholds.empty()) << "getTemperatureThresholdsWithType(SKIN) returns empty";
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, thresholds.size())
+            << "getTemperatureThresholdsWithType(SKIN) returns multiple thresholds";
+    auto temperature = temperatures[0];
+    auto threshold = thresholds[0];
+    ASSERT_EQ(temperature.name, threshold.name);
+    auto severities = ::ndk::enum_range<ThrottlingSeverity>();
+    auto cardinality = std::distance(severities.begin(), severities.end());
+    ASSERT_NE(NAN, temperature.value);
+    ASSERT_EQ(cardinality, threshold.hotThrottlingThresholds.size());
+    float lastThreshold = threshold.hotThrottlingThresholds[1];
+    // skip NONE, and check that the rest should be set and non-decreasing
+    for (auto i = 2; i < cardinality; i++) {
+        float t = threshold.hotThrottlingThresholds[i];
+        ASSERT_NE(NAN, t);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(t >= lastThreshold) << "Temperature thresholds should be non-decreasing "
+                                        << "but got " << t << " for status " << i << " and "
+                                        << lastThreshold << " for status " << i - 1;
+        lastThreshold = t;
+    }
+}
+
 // Test Thermal->getCoolingDevices().
 TEST_P(ThermalAidlTest, CoolingDeviceTest) {
     std::vector<CoolingDevice> ret;
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp b/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp
index 0f0c77e..d9e023c 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp
@@ -1085,6 +1085,41 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+// TODO (b/324519882): Remove logs after validating the structure size.
+void logAidlLinkLayerStatsSize(StaLinkLayerStats& aidl_stats) {
+    unsigned long expectedMaxRadios = 5;
+    unsigned long expectedMaxLinks = 5;
+    unsigned long expectedMaxChannelStats = 512;
+    unsigned long expectedMaxPeers = 3;
+    unsigned long expectedMaxRateStats = 1024;
+
+    unsigned long maxChannelStats = 0, maxPeers = 0, maxRateStats = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < aidl_stats.radios.size(); i++) {
+        maxChannelStats =
+                std::max(maxChannelStats, (unsigned long)aidl_stats.radios[i].channelStats.size());
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < aidl_stats.iface.links.size(); i++) {
+        maxPeers = std::max(maxPeers, (unsigned long)aidl_stats.iface.links[i].peers.size());
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < aidl_stats.iface.links[i].peers.size(); j++) {
+            maxRateStats =
+                    std::max(maxRateStats,
+                             (unsigned long)aidl_stats.iface.links[i].peers[j].rateStats.size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (aidl_stats.radios.size() > expectedMaxRadios ||
+        aidl_stats.iface.links.size() > expectedMaxLinks ||
+        maxChannelStats > expectedMaxChannelStats || maxPeers > expectedMaxPeers ||
+        maxRateStats > expectedMaxRateStats) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "StaLinkLayerStats exceeds expected vector size";
+        LOG(INFO) << "  numRadios: " << aidl_stats.radios.size();
+        LOG(INFO) << "  numLinks: " << aidl_stats.iface.links.size();
+        LOG(INFO) << "  maxChannelStats: " << maxChannelStats;
+        LOG(INFO) << "  maxPeers: " << maxPeers;
+        LOG(INFO) << "  maxRateStats: " << maxRateStats;
+    }
+}
+
 bool convertLegacyPeerInfoStatsToAidl(const legacy_hal::WifiPeerInfo& legacy_peer_info_stats,
                                       StaPeerInfo* aidl_peer_info_stats) {
     if (!aidl_peer_info_stats) {
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.h b/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.h
index 7089363..2574f95 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.h
+++ b/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.h
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@
                                          StaLinkLayerStats* aidl_stats);
 bool convertLegacyLinkLayerStatsToAidl(const legacy_hal::LinkLayerStats& legacy_stats,
                                        StaLinkLayerStats* aidl_stats);
+void logAidlLinkLayerStatsSize(StaLinkLayerStats& aidl_stats);
 bool convertLegacyRoamingCapabilitiesToAidl(
         const legacy_hal::wifi_roaming_capabilities& legacy_caps,
         StaRoamingCapabilities* aidl_caps);
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp b/wifi/aidl/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp
index f0509dc..aee183d 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp
@@ -435,6 +435,7 @@
     } else {
         return {StaLinkLayerStats{}, createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_UNKNOWN)};
     }
+    aidl_struct_util::logAidlLinkLayerStatsSize(aidl_stats);
     return {aidl_stats, ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok()};
 }
 
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.cpp b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.cpp
index 986e3a8..21d50ac 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.cpp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.cpp
@@ -62,6 +62,23 @@
     int mode_id;
     return configureChipToSupportConcurrencyTypeInternal(wifi_chip, type, &mode_id);
 }
+
+OuiKeyedData generateOuiKeyedData(int oui) {
+    PersistableBundle bundle;
+    bundle.putString("stringKey", "stringValue");
+    bundle.putInt("intKey", 12345);
+
+    OuiKeyedData data;
+    data.oui = oui;
+    data.vendorData = bundle;
+    return data;
+}
+
+// Wraps generateOuiKeyedData result in std::optional
+std::optional<OuiKeyedData> generateOuiKeyedDataOptional(int oui) {
+    return std::optional<OuiKeyedData>{generateOuiKeyedData(oui)};
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 bool checkStatusCode(ndk::ScopedAStatus* status, WifiStatusCode expected_code) {
@@ -238,3 +255,20 @@
 bool isAidlServiceAvailable(const char* instance_name) {
     return AServiceManager_isDeclared(instance_name);
 }
+
+std::vector<OuiKeyedData> generateOuiKeyedDataList(int size) {
+    std::vector<OuiKeyedData> dataList;
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        dataList.push_back(generateOuiKeyedData(i + 1));
+    }
+    return dataList;
+}
+
+// Generate OuiKeyedData list fully wrapped in std::optional
+std::optional<std::vector<std::optional<OuiKeyedData>>> generateOuiKeyedDataListOptional(int size) {
+    std::vector<std::optional<OuiKeyedData>> dataList;
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        dataList.push_back(generateOuiKeyedDataOptional(i + 1));
+    }
+    return std::optional<std::vector<std::optional<OuiKeyedData>>>{dataList};
+}
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.h b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.h
index 921d689..1369dd4 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.h
+++ b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_aidl_test_utils.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/wifi/IWifi.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <android/persistable_bundle_aidl.h>
 #include <wifi_system/interface_tool.h>
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::IfaceConcurrencyType;
@@ -30,6 +31,8 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::IWifiNanIface;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::IWifiStaIface;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::WifiStatusCode;
+using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::common::OuiKeyedData;
+using aidl::android::os::PersistableBundle;
 
 // Helper functions to obtain references to the various AIDL interface objects.
 std::shared_ptr<IWifi> getWifi(const char* instance_name);
@@ -50,3 +53,6 @@
 int32_t getChipFeatureSet(const std::shared_ptr<IWifiChip>& wifi_chip);
 bool checkStatusCode(ndk::ScopedAStatus* status, WifiStatusCode expected_code);
 bool isAidlServiceAvailable(const char* instance_name);
+// Generate test vendor data.
+std::vector<OuiKeyedData> generateOuiKeyedDataList(int size);
+std::optional<std::vector<std::optional<OuiKeyedData>>> generateOuiKeyedDataListOptional(int size);
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_nan_iface_aidl_test.cpp b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_nan_iface_aidl_test.cpp
index 738e72c..bc169a4 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_nan_iface_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_nan_iface_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/wifi/BnWifi.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/wifi/BnWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/wifi/NanBandIndex.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/binder_status.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
@@ -60,6 +61,10 @@
 
 #define TIMEOUT_PERIOD 10
 
+namespace {
+const auto& kTestVendorDataOptional = generateOuiKeyedDataListOptional(5);
+}
+
 class WifiNanIfaceAidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
     void SetUp() override {
@@ -72,6 +77,7 @@
         std::shared_ptr<WifiNanIfaceEventCallback> callback =
                 ndk::SharedRefBase::make<WifiNanIfaceEventCallback>(*this);
         EXPECT_TRUE(wifi_nan_iface_->registerEventCallback(callback).isOk());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(wifi_nan_iface_->getInterfaceVersion(&interface_version_).isOk());
     }
 
     void TearDown() override { stopWifiService(getInstanceName()); }
@@ -401,6 +407,7 @@
 
   protected:
     std::shared_ptr<IWifiNanIface> wifi_nan_iface_;
+    int interface_version_;
     uint64_t callback_event_bitmap_;
     uint16_t id_;
     uint8_t session_id_;
@@ -640,6 +647,10 @@
     nanPublishRequest.autoAcceptDataPathRequests = false;
     nanPublishRequest.publishType = NanPublishType::UNSOLICITED;
     nanPublishRequest.txType = NanTxType::BROADCAST;
+    if (interface_version_ >= 2) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Including vendor data in Publish request";
+        nanPublishRequest.vendorData = kTestVendorDataOptional;
+    }
 
     status = wifi_nan_iface_->startPublishRequest(inputCmdId + 1, nanPublishRequest);
     if (!checkStatusCode(&status, WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED)) {
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_aidl_test.cpp b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_aidl_test.cpp
index 4aedc0e..9c6a29e 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <aidl/Vintf.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/wifi/BnWifi.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/wifi/BnWifiRttControllerEventCallback.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/binder_status.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
@@ -42,6 +43,10 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::WifiChannelWidthInMhz;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::WifiStatusCode;
 
+namespace {
+const auto& kTestVendorDataOptional = generateOuiKeyedDataListOptional(5);
+}
+
 class WifiRttControllerAidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
     void SetUp() override {
@@ -50,6 +55,7 @@
         stopWifiService(getInstanceName());
         wifi_rtt_controller_ = getWifiRttController();
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, wifi_rtt_controller_.get());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(wifi_rtt_controller_->getInterfaceVersion(&interface_version_).isOk());
 
         // Check RTT support before we run the test.
         RttCapabilities caps = {};
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@
     }
 
     std::shared_ptr<IWifiRttController> wifi_rtt_controller_;
+    int interface_version_;
 
   private:
     const char* getInstanceName() { return GetParam().c_str(); }
@@ -226,6 +233,10 @@
     config.numRetriesPerRttFrame = 3;
     config.numRetriesPerFtmr = 3;
     config.burstDuration = 9;
+    if (interface_version_ >= 2) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Including vendor data in Rtt Config";
+        config.vendorData = kTestVendorDataOptional;
+    }
 
     int cmdId = 55;
     std::vector<RttConfig> configs = {config};
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp
index fa7149f..e8e19ae 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 
 #include "wifi_aidl_test_utils.h"
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::CachedScanData;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::IWifi;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::IWifiStaIface;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::MacAddress;
@@ -74,7 +75,17 @@
         return testing::deviceSupportsFeature("com.google.android.tv.mdns_offload");
     }
 
-    // Detected panel TV device by using ro.oem.key1 property.
+    bool doesDeviceSupportFullNetworkingUnder2w() {
+        return testing::deviceSupportsFeature("com.google.android.tv.full_networking_under_2w");
+    }
+
+    // Detect TV devices.
+    bool isTvDevice() {
+        return testing::deviceSupportsFeature("android.software.leanback") ||
+               testing::deviceSupportsFeature("android.hardware.type.television");
+    }
+
+    // Detect Panel TV devices by using ro.oem.key1 property.
     // https://docs.partner.android.com/tv/build/platform/props-vars/ro-oem-key1
     bool isPanelTvDevice() {
         const std::string oem_key1 = getPropertyString("ro.oem.key1");
@@ -135,10 +146,23 @@
  */
 // @VsrTest = 5.3.12
 TEST_P(WifiStaIfaceAidlTest, CheckApfIsSupported) {
-    // Flat panel TV devices that support MDNS offload do not have to implement APF if the WiFi
-    // chipset does not have sufficient RAM to do so.
-    if (isPanelTvDevice() && isMdnsOffloadPresentInNIC()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Panel TV supports mDNS offload. It is not required to support APF";
+    const std::string oem_key1 = getPropertyString("ro.oem.key1");
+    if (isTvDevice()) {
+        // Flat panel TV devices that support MDNS offload do not have to implement APF if the WiFi
+        // chipset does not have sufficient RAM to do so.
+        if (isPanelTvDevice() && isMdnsOffloadPresentInNIC()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "Panel TV supports mDNS offload. It is not required to support APF";
+        }
+        // For TV devices declaring the
+        // com.google.android.tv.full_networking_under_2w feature, this indicates
+        // the device can meet the <= 2W standby power requirement while
+        // continuously processing network packets on the CPU, even in standby mode.
+        // In these cases, APF support is strongly recommended rather than being
+        // mandatory.
+        if (doesDeviceSupportFullNetworkingUnder2w()) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "TV Device meets the <= 2W standby power demand requirement. It is not "
+                            "required to support APF.";
+        }
     }
     int vendor_api_level = property_get_int32("ro.vendor.api_level", 0);
     // Before VSR 14, APF support is optional.
@@ -315,6 +339,23 @@
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * CachedScanData
+ */
+TEST_P(WifiStaIfaceAidlTest, CachedScanData) {
+    if (!isFeatureSupported(IWifiStaIface::FeatureSetMask::CACHED_SCAN_DATA)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Cached scan data is not supported.";
+    }
+
+    // Retrieve cached scan data.
+    CachedScanData cached_scan_data = {};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(wifi_sta_iface_->getCachedScanData(&cached_scan_data).isOk());
+
+    if (cached_scan_data.cachedScanResults.size() > 0) {
+        EXPECT_GT(cached_scan_data.cachedScanResults[0].frequencyMhz, 0);
+    }
+}
+
 GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(WifiStaIfaceAidlTest);
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(WifiTest, WifiStaIfaceAidlTest,
                          testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IWifi::descriptor)),
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp b/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 9fbbf4b..f614679 100644
--- a/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
         "libvndksupport",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.wifi.hostapd-V1-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.hostapd-V2-ndk",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_0TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_5TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_6TargetTestUtil",
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalHostapdTargetTest.cpp b/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalHostapdTargetTest.cpp
index 137537d..590c58b 100644
--- a/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalHostapdTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/VtsHalHostapdTargetTest.cpp
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 const int kIfaceInvalidChannel = 567;
 const std::vector<uint8_t> kTestZeroMacAddr(6, 0x0);
 const Ieee80211ReasonCode kTestDisconnectReasonCode = Ieee80211ReasonCode::WLAN_REASON_UNSPECIFIED;
+const auto& kTestVendorDataOptional = generateOuiKeyedDataListOptional(5);
 
 inline BandMask operator|(BandMask a, BandMask b) {
     return static_cast<BandMask>(static_cast<int32_t>(a) |
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@
         hostapd = getHostapd(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(hostapd, nullptr);
         EXPECT_TRUE(hostapd->setDebugParams(DebugLevel::EXCESSIVE).isOk());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(hostapd->getInterfaceVersion(&interface_version_).isOk());
 
         isAcsSupport = testing::checkSubstringInCommandOutput(
             "/system/bin/cmd wifi get-softap-supported-features",
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@
     bool isAcsSupport;
     bool isWpa3SaeSupport;
     bool isBridgedSupport;
+    int interface_version_;
 
     IfaceParams getIfaceParamsWithoutAcs(std::string iface_name) {
         IfaceParams iface_params;
@@ -343,6 +346,22 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * Adds an access point with Open network config & ACS disabled.
+ * IfaceParams will also include vendor data.
+ * Access point creation should pass.
+ */
+TEST_P(HostapdAidl, AddOpenAccessPointWithVendorData) {
+    if (interface_version_ < 2) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Vendor data is available in IfaceParams as of Hostapd V2";
+    }
+    std::string ifname = setupApIfaceAndGetName(false);
+    IfaceParams params = getIfaceParamsWithoutAcs(ifname);
+    params.vendorData = kTestVendorDataOptional;
+    auto status = hostapd->addAccessPoint(params, getOpenNwParams());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+}
+
+/**
  * Adds an access point with SAE Transition network config & ACS disabled.
  * Access point creation should pass.
  */
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_p2p_iface_aidl_test.cpp b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_p2p_iface_aidl_test.cpp
index 82e3128..8f1c4bd 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_p2p_iface_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_p2p_iface_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 
 #include "supplicant_test_utils.h"
+#include "wifi_aidl_test_utils.h"
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::BnSupplicantP2pIfaceCallback;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::DebugLevel;
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp
index 5d00485..58f9be8 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::ISupplicantStaIface;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::ISupplicantStaNetwork;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::KeyMgmtMask;
+using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::MscsParams;
+using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::QosCharacteristics;
+using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::QosPolicyScsData;
+using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::QosPolicyScsRequestStatus;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::WpsConfigMethods;
 using android::ProcessState;
@@ -252,6 +256,7 @@
                                          true,  // show timestamps
                                          true)
                         .isOk());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(supplicant_->getInterfaceVersion(&interface_version_).isOk());
         EXPECT_TRUE(supplicant_->getStaInterface(getStaIfaceName(), &sta_iface_)
                         .isOk());
         ASSERT_NE(sta_iface_, nullptr);
@@ -293,6 +298,7 @@
    protected:
     std::shared_ptr<ISupplicant> supplicant_;
     std::shared_ptr<ISupplicantStaIface> sta_iface_;
+    int interface_version_;
 
    private:
     // synchronization objects
@@ -788,6 +794,55 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(sta_iface_->removeDppUri(peer_id).isOk());
 }
 
+/*
+ * Configure and Disable MSCS
+ */
+TEST_P(SupplicantStaIfaceAidlTest, ConfigureAndDisableMscs) {
+    if (interface_version_ < 3) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "MSCS configure/disable is available as of Supplicant V3";
+    }
+    MscsParams params;
+    params.upBitmap = 0;
+    params.upLimit = 7;
+    params.streamTimeoutUs = 1000;  // 1 ms
+    params.frameClassifierMask = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sta_iface_->configureMscs(params).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sta_iface_->disableMscs().isOk());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add and remove QoS policy with traffic characteristics
+ */
+TEST_P(SupplicantStaIfaceAidlTest, AddAndRemoveQosWithTrafficChars) {
+    if (interface_version_ < 3) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "QosCharacteristics is available as of Supplicant V3";
+    }
+
+    QosCharacteristics qosChars;
+    qosChars.minServiceIntervalUs = 2000;
+    qosChars.maxServiceIntervalUs = 5000;
+    qosChars.minDataRateKbps = 500;
+    qosChars.delayBoundUs = 200;
+    qosChars.optionalFieldMask = 0;  // no optional fields
+
+    uint8_t policyId = 5;
+    QosPolicyScsData qosPolicy;
+    qosPolicy.policyId = policyId;
+    qosPolicy.direction = QosPolicyScsData::LinkDirection::UPLINK;
+    qosPolicy.QosCharacteristics = qosChars;
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> policyIdList{policyId};
+    std::vector<QosPolicyScsData> policyList{qosPolicy};
+    std::vector<QosPolicyScsRequestStatus> responseList;
+
+    // Check that we receive some reply for this request.
+    // Policy may not be accepted (ex. policy with this id already exists).
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sta_iface_->addQosPolicyRequestForScs(policyList, &responseList).isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, responseList.size());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sta_iface_->removeQosPolicyForScs(policyIdList, &responseList).isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, responseList.size());
+}
+
 GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(SupplicantStaIfaceAidlTest);
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Supplicant, SupplicantStaIfaceAidlTest,
                          testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_aidl_test.cpp b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_aidl_test.cpp
index a541f8f..9bdd2f5 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_aidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_aidl_test.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 
 #include "supplicant_test_utils.h"
+#include "wifi_aidl_test_utils.h"
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::AuthAlgMask;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::BnSupplicantStaNetworkCallback;
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_test_utils.h b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_test_utils.h
index 51793fd..e39e2f4 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_test_utils.h
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/supplicant_test_utils.h
@@ -16,18 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <android/persistable_bundle_aidl.h>
-
 #include "supplicant_aidl_test_utils.h"
 #include "supplicant_legacy_test_utils.h"
 
-using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::common::OuiKeyedData;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::IfaceInfo;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::ISupplicant;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::ISupplicantP2pIface;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::ISupplicantStaIface;
 using aidl::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::KeyMgmtMask;
-using aidl::android::os::PersistableBundle;
 
 std::string getStaIfaceName() {
     std::array<char, PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX> buffer;
@@ -101,36 +97,3 @@
     std::copy(vectorAddr.begin(), vectorAddr.begin() + 6, arrayAddr.begin());
     return arrayAddr;
 }
-
-OuiKeyedData generateOuiKeyedData(int oui) {
-    PersistableBundle bundle;
-    bundle.putString("stringKey", "stringValue");
-    bundle.putInt("intKey", 12345);
-
-    OuiKeyedData data;
-    data.oui = oui;
-    data.vendorData = bundle;
-    return data;
-}
-
-std::vector<OuiKeyedData> generateOuiKeyedDataList(int size) {
-    std::vector<OuiKeyedData> dataList;
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        dataList.push_back(generateOuiKeyedData(i + 1));
-    }
-    return dataList;
-}
-
-// Wraps generateOuiKeyedData result in std::optional
-std::optional<OuiKeyedData> generateOuiKeyedDataOptional(int oui) {
-    return std::optional<OuiKeyedData>{generateOuiKeyedData(oui)};
-}
-
-// Generate OuiKeyedData list fully wrapped in std::optional
-std::optional<std::vector<std::optional<OuiKeyedData>>> generateOuiKeyedDataListOptional(int size) {
-    std::vector<std::optional<OuiKeyedData>> dataList;
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        dataList.push_back(generateOuiKeyedDataOptional(i + 1));
-    }
-    return std::optional<std::vector<std::optional<OuiKeyedData>>>{dataList};
-}