diff --git a/audio/effect/5.0/xml/api/current.txt b/audio/effect/5.0/xml/api/current.txt
index 473bb10..ef467c9 100644
--- a/audio/effect/5.0/xml/api/current.txt
+++ b/audio/effect/5.0/xml/api/current.txt
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 // Signature format: 2.0
 package audio.effects.V5_0 {
 
-  public class Audioeffectsconf {
-    ctor public Audioeffectsconf();
+  public class AudioEffectsConf {
+    ctor public AudioEffectsConf();
     method public audio.effects.V5_0.EffectsType getEffects();
     method public audio.effects.V5_0.LibrariesType getLibraries();
-    method public audio.effects.V5_0.Audioeffectsconf.Postprocess getPostprocess();
-    method public audio.effects.V5_0.Audioeffectsconf.Preprocess getPreprocess();
+    method public audio.effects.V5_0.AudioEffectsConf.Postprocess getPostprocess();
+    method public audio.effects.V5_0.AudioEffectsConf.Preprocess getPreprocess();
     method public audio.effects.V5_0.VersionType getVersion();
     method public void setEffects(audio.effects.V5_0.EffectsType);
     method public void setLibraries(audio.effects.V5_0.LibrariesType);
-    method public void setPostprocess(audio.effects.V5_0.Audioeffectsconf.Postprocess);
-    method public void setPreprocess(audio.effects.V5_0.Audioeffectsconf.Preprocess);
+    method public void setPostprocess(audio.effects.V5_0.AudioEffectsConf.Postprocess);
+    method public void setPreprocess(audio.effects.V5_0.AudioEffectsConf.Preprocess);
     method public void setVersion(audio.effects.V5_0.VersionType);
   }
 
-  public static class Audioeffectsconf.Postprocess {
-    ctor public Audioeffectsconf.Postprocess();
+  public static class AudioEffectsConf.Postprocess {
+    ctor public AudioEffectsConf.Postprocess();
     method public java.util.List<audio.effects.V5_0.StreamPostprocessType> getStream();
   }
 
-  public static class Audioeffectsconf.Preprocess {
-    ctor public Audioeffectsconf.Preprocess();
+  public static class AudioEffectsConf.Preprocess {
+    ctor public AudioEffectsConf.Preprocess();
     method public java.util.List<audio.effects.V5_0.StreamPreprocessType> getStream();
   }
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 
   public class XmlParser {
     ctor public XmlParser();
-    method public static audio.effects.V5_0.Audioeffectsconf read(java.io.InputStream) throws javax.xml.datatype.DatatypeConfigurationException, java.io.IOException, org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
+    method public static audio.effects.V5_0.AudioEffectsConf read(java.io.InputStream) throws javax.xml.datatype.DatatypeConfigurationException, java.io.IOException, org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
     method public static String readText(org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser) throws java.io.IOException, org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
     method public static void skip(org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser) throws java.io.IOException, org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
   }
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.0/IEvsEnumerator.hal b/automotive/evs/1.0/IEvsEnumerator.hal
index e1193d0..ee51e7e 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.0/IEvsEnumerator.hal
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.0/IEvsEnumerator.hal
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@
      *
      * There can be at most one EVS display object for the system and this function
      * requests access to it. If the EVS display is not available or is already in use,
-     * a null pointer is returned.
+     * the old instance shall be closed and give the new caller exclusive
+     * access.
      * When done using the display, the caller may release it by calling closeDisplay().
      * TODO(b/36122635) Reliance on the sp<> going out of scope is not recommended because the
      * resources may not be released right away due to asynchronos behavior in the hardware binder.
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
index b9828fb..2f9fb6e 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.camera.provider</name>
-        <version>2.5</version>
+        <version>2.4-5</version>
         <interface>
             <name>ICameraProvider</name>
             <regex-instance>[^/]+/[0-9]+</regex-instance>
diff --git a/current.txt b/current.txt
index 7cf8f43..f37a8e2 100644
--- a/current.txt
+++ b/current.txt
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@
 e9d0f11a52715f5a29d89e2d8e2e21db1e16a43174af6b9d51a62d705cda1455 android.hardware.radio@1.3::IRadioIndication
 d233f0da44f55fdef0a95db5229231412787bb67695cd1ea197ce89a3c2908b9 android.hardware.radio@1.3::IRadioResponse
 750a363c8cec70baa1aac19e275c15233c5898e93c6bb5155fa2ca7f365490dc android.hardware.radio@1.3::types
-b2dfa12706a1633c387f2ae0a911021b98fe0ecacf5e14a3776053a27d606050 android.hardware.radio@1.4::IRadio
+21e6ce53f1759f6a213ca05bac3c0325ed911f74764d1c1f6fa5ed8068ade65b android.hardware.radio@1.4::IRadio
 33d9e6895cca98aa56296bb01720d18b8acd0e4de4960beb712e63ad147438a5 android.hardware.radio@1.4::IRadioIndication
 0cc0dd87c634aad36d7df22b2832839ef7ded71909dbcde11cfdd69dc0dc52b8 android.hardware.radio@1.4::IRadioResponse
 29d34232cc3974626b08759e039fe788bded7695cdeb098458e3e11e4c7d3603 android.hardware.radio@1.4::types
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/default/Android.bp b/gnss/1.1/default/Android.bp
index 44aed2b..8c3aac4 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/default/Android.bp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/default/Android.bp
@@ -18,4 +18,7 @@
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.1",
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.0",
     ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.gnss@common-default-lib",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.cpp b/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.cpp
index bbf1cd3..4abe707 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.cpp
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include "Gnss.h"
-#include "GnssConstants.h"
 #include "GnssDebug.h"
 #include "GnssMeasurement.h"
+#include "Utils.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 namespace V1_1 {
 namespace implementation {
 
+using ::android::hardware::gnss::common::Utils;
 using GnssSvFlags = IGnssCallback::GnssSvFlags;
 
 const uint32_t MIN_INTERVAL_MILLIS = 100;
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@
             auto svStatus = this->getMockSvStatus();
             this->reportSvStatus(svStatus);
 
-            auto location = this->getMockLocation();
+            auto location = Utils::getMockLocation();
             this->reportLocation(location);
 
             std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(mMinIntervalMs));
@@ -193,44 +194,17 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-Return<GnssLocation> Gnss::getMockLocation() const {
-    GnssLocation location = {.gnssLocationFlags = 0xFF,
-                             .latitudeDegrees = kMockLatitudeDegrees,
-                             .longitudeDegrees = kMockLongitudeDegrees,
-                             .altitudeMeters = kMockAltitudeMeters,
-                             .speedMetersPerSec = kMockSpeedMetersPerSec,
-                             .bearingDegrees = kMockBearingDegrees,
-                             .horizontalAccuracyMeters = kMockHorizontalAccuracyMeters,
-                             .verticalAccuracyMeters = kMockVerticalAccuracyMeters,
-                             .speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond = kMockSpeedAccuracyMetersPerSecond,
-                             .bearingAccuracyDegrees = kMockBearingAccuracyDegrees,
-                             .timestamp = kMockTimestamp};
-    return location;
-}
-
-Return<GnssSvInfo> Gnss::getSvInfo(int16_t svid, GnssConstellationType type, float cN0DbHz,
-                                   float elevationDegrees, float azimuthDegrees) const {
-    GnssSvInfo svInfo = {.svid = svid,
-                         .constellation = type,
-                         .cN0Dbhz = cN0DbHz,
-                         .elevationDegrees = elevationDegrees,
-                         .azimuthDegrees = azimuthDegrees,
-                         .svFlag = GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX | GnssSvFlags::HAS_EPHEMERIS_DATA |
-                                   GnssSvFlags::HAS_ALMANAC_DATA};
-    return svInfo;
-}
-
 Return<GnssSvStatus> Gnss::getMockSvStatus() const {
     std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> lock(mGnssConfiguration->getMutex());
     GnssSvInfo mockGnssSvInfoList[] = {
-        getSvInfo(3, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 32.5, 59.1, 166.5),
-        getSvInfo(5, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 27.0, 29.0, 56.5),
-        getSvInfo(17, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 30.5, 71.0, 77.0),
-        getSvInfo(26, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 24.1, 28.0, 253.0),
-        getSvInfo(5, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 20.5, 11.5, 116.0),
-        getSvInfo(17, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 21.5, 28.5, 186.0),
-        getSvInfo(18, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 28.3, 38.8, 69.0),
-        getSvInfo(10, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 25.0, 66.0, 247.0)};
+            Utils::getSvInfo(3, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 32.5, 59.1, 166.5),
+            Utils::getSvInfo(5, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 27.0, 29.0, 56.5),
+            Utils::getSvInfo(17, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 30.5, 71.0, 77.0),
+            Utils::getSvInfo(26, GnssConstellationType::GPS, 24.1, 28.0, 253.0),
+            Utils::getSvInfo(5, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 20.5, 11.5, 116.0),
+            Utils::getSvInfo(17, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 21.5, 28.5, 186.0),
+            Utils::getSvInfo(18, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 28.3, 38.8, 69.0),
+            Utils::getSvInfo(10, GnssConstellationType::GLONASS, 25.0, 66.0, 247.0)};
 
     GnssSvStatus svStatus = {.numSvs = sizeof(mockGnssSvInfoList) / sizeof(GnssSvInfo)};
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < svStatus.numSvs; i++) {
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.h b/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.h
index 99af34c..21b66a2 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.h
+++ b/gnss/1.1/default/Gnss.h
@@ -84,10 +84,7 @@
 
     // Methods from ::android::hidl::base::V1_0::IBase follow.
    private:
-    Return<GnssLocation> getMockLocation() const;
     Return<GnssSvStatus> getMockSvStatus() const;
-    Return<GnssSvInfo> getSvInfo(int16_t svid, GnssConstellationType type, float cN0DbHz,
-                                 float elevationDegress, float azimuthDegress) const;
     Return<void> reportLocation(const GnssLocation&) const;
     Return<void> reportSvStatus(const GnssSvStatus&) const;
 
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/default/GnssDebug.cpp b/gnss/1.1/default/GnssDebug.cpp
index 62870e4..471ed24 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/default/GnssDebug.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/default/GnssDebug.cpp
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@
 
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "GnssConstants.h"
+#include "Constants.h"
 #include "GnssDebug.h"
 
+using namespace ::android::hardware::gnss::common;
+
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace gnss {
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 9892eca..147a470 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.0",
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.gnss@common-vts-lib",
     ],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
 }
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
index 433f5cb..381ac1d 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "GnssHalTest"
 
 #include <gnss_hal_test.h>
-
 #include <chrono>
+#include "Utils.h"
+
+using ::android::hardware::gnss::common::Utils;
 
 // Implementations for the main test class for GNSS HAL
 GnssHalTest::GnssHalTest()
@@ -124,69 +126,7 @@
 void GnssHalTest::CheckLocation(GnssLocation& location, bool check_speed) {
     bool check_more_accuracies = (info_called_count_ > 0 && last_info_.yearOfHw >= 2017);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_LAT_LONG);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_ALTITUDE);
-    if (check_speed) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED);
-    }
-    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_HORIZONTAL_ACCURACY);
-    // New uncertainties available in O must be provided,
-    // at least when paired with modern hardware (2017+)
-    if (check_more_accuracies) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY);
-        if (check_speed) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY);
-            if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
-                EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    EXPECT_GE(location.latitudeDegrees, -90.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.latitudeDegrees, 90.0);
-    EXPECT_GE(location.longitudeDegrees, -180.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.longitudeDegrees, 180.0);
-    EXPECT_GE(location.altitudeMeters, -1000.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.altitudeMeters, 30000.0);
-    if (check_speed) {
-        EXPECT_GE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 5.0);  // VTS tests are stationary.
-
-        // Non-zero speeds must be reported with an associated bearing
-        if (location.speedMetersPerSec > 0.0) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Tolerating some especially high values for accuracy estimate, in case of
-     * first fix with especially poor geometry (happens occasionally)
-     */
-    EXPECT_GT(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 250.0);
-
-    /*
-     * Some devices may define bearing as -180 to +180, others as 0 to 360.
-     * Both are okay & understandable.
-     */
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
-        EXPECT_GE(location.bearingDegrees, -180.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingDegrees, 360.0);
-    }
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY) {
-        EXPECT_GT(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 500.0);
-    }
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY) {
-        EXPECT_GT(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 50.0);
-    }
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY) {
-        EXPECT_GT(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 360.0);
-    }
-
-    // Check timestamp > 1.48e12 (47 years in msec - 1970->2017+)
-    EXPECT_GT(location.timestamp, 1.48e12);
+    Utils::checkLocation(location, check_speed, check_more_accuracies);
 }
 
 void GnssHalTest::StartAndCheckLocations(int count) {
diff --git a/gnss/2.0/default/Android.bp b/gnss/2.0/default/Android.bp
index 985aa2b..f327197 100644
--- a/gnss/2.0/default/Android.bp
+++ b/gnss/2.0/default/Android.bp
@@ -40,4 +40,7 @@
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.0",
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.1",
     ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.gnss@common-default-lib",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.cpp b/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.cpp
index 217f0f3..1efc9f5 100644
--- a/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.cpp
+++ b/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 #include "GnssConfiguration.h"
 #include "GnssMeasurement.h"
 #include "GnssVisibilityControl.h"
+#include "Utils.h"
 
 using ::android::hardware::Status;
+using ::android::hardware::gnss::common::Utils;
 using ::android::hardware::gnss::visibility_control::V1_0::implementation::GnssVisibilityControl;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -33,9 +35,17 @@
 namespace V2_0 {
 namespace implementation {
 
+using GnssSvFlags = IGnssCallback::GnssSvFlags;
+
 sp<V2_0::IGnssCallback> Gnss::sGnssCallback_2_0 = nullptr;
 sp<V1_1::IGnssCallback> Gnss::sGnssCallback_1_1 = nullptr;
 
+Gnss::Gnss() : mMinIntervalMs(1000) {}
+
+Gnss::~Gnss() {
+    stop();
+}
+
 // Methods from V1_0::IGnss follow.
 Return<bool> Gnss::setCallback(const sp<V1_0::IGnssCallback>&) {
     // TODO implement
@@ -43,13 +53,29 @@
 }
 
 Return<bool> Gnss::start() {
-    // TODO implement
-    return bool{};
+    if (mIsActive) {
+        ALOGW("Gnss has started. Restarting...");
+        stop();
+    }
+
+    mIsActive = true;
+    mThread = std::thread([this]() {
+        while (mIsActive == true) {
+            const auto location = Utils::getMockLocation();
+            this->reportLocation(location);
+
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(mMinIntervalMs));
+        }
+    });
+    return true;
 }
 
 Return<bool> Gnss::stop() {
-    // TODO implement
-    return bool{};
+    mIsActive = false;
+    if (mThread.joinable()) {
+        mThread.join();
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 Return<void> Gnss::cleanup() {
@@ -164,8 +190,7 @@
 Return<bool> Gnss::setPositionMode_1_1(V1_0::IGnss::GnssPositionMode,
                                        V1_0::IGnss::GnssPositionRecurrence, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                        uint32_t, bool) {
-    // TODO implement
-    return bool{};
+    return true;
 }
 
 Return<sp<V1_1::IGnssConfiguration>> Gnss::getExtensionGnssConfiguration_1_1() {
@@ -243,6 +268,16 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+Return<void> Gnss::reportLocation(const GnssLocation& location) const {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    if (sGnssCallback_1_1 == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: sGnssCallback is null.", __func__);
+        return Void();
+    }
+    sGnssCallback_1_1->gnssLocationCb(location);
+    return Void();
+}
+
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace V2_0
 }  // namespace gnss
diff --git a/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.h b/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.h
index 890b026..7d9e783 100644
--- a/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.h
+++ b/gnss/2.0/default/Gnss.h
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
 #include <android/hardware/gnss/2.0/IGnss.h>
 #include <hidl/MQDescriptor.h>
 #include <hidl/Status.h>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -35,7 +38,14 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Return;
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 
+using GnssConstellationType = V1_0::GnssConstellationType;
+using GnssLocation = V1_0::GnssLocation;
+using GnssSvInfo = V1_0::IGnssCallback::GnssSvInfo;
+using GnssSvStatus = V1_0::IGnssCallback::GnssSvStatus;
+
 struct Gnss : public IGnss {
+    Gnss();
+    ~Gnss();
     // Methods from V1_0::IGnss follow.
     Return<bool> setCallback(const sp<V1_0::IGnssCallback>& callback) override;
     Return<bool> start() override;
@@ -69,7 +79,7 @@
                                      uint32_t preferredTimeMs, bool lowPowerMode) override;
     Return<sp<V1_1::IGnssConfiguration>> getExtensionGnssConfiguration_1_1() override;
     Return<sp<V1_1::IGnssMeasurement>> getExtensionGnssMeasurement_1_1() override;
-    Return<bool> injectBestLocation(const V1_0::GnssLocation& location) override;
+    Return<bool> injectBestLocation(const GnssLocation& location) override;
 
     // Methods from V2_0::IGnss follow.
     Return<sp<V2_0::IGnssConfiguration>> getExtensionGnssConfiguration_2_0() override;
@@ -83,8 +93,13 @@
             override;
 
    private:
-    static sp<V2_0::IGnssCallback> sGnssCallback_2_0;
-    static sp<V1_1::IGnssCallback> sGnssCallback_1_1;
+     Return<void> reportLocation(const GnssLocation&) const;
+     static sp<V2_0::IGnssCallback> sGnssCallback_2_0;
+     static sp<V1_1::IGnssCallback> sGnssCallback_1_1;
+     std::atomic<long> mMinIntervalMs;
+     std::atomic<bool> mIsActive;
+     std::thread mThread;
+     mutable std::mutex mMutex;
 };
 
 }  // namespace implementation
diff --git a/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 684b381..278d87b 100644
--- a/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -28,5 +28,6 @@
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.0",
         "android.hardware.gnss@1.1",
         "android.hardware.gnss@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.gnss@common-vts-lib",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp b/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
index 3a48c9e..1580c28 100644
--- a/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "GnssHalTest"
 
 #include <gnss_hal_test.h>
-
 #include <chrono>
+#include "Utils.h"
+
+using ::android::hardware::gnss::common::Utils;
 
 // Implementations for the main test class for GNSS HAL
 GnssHalTest::GnssHalTest()
@@ -77,9 +79,88 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(name_called_count_, 1);
 }
 
+void GnssHalTest::StopAndClearLocations() {
+    const auto result = gnss_hal_->stop();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result);
+
+    /*
+     * Clear notify/waiting counter, allowing up till the timeout after
+     * the last reply for final startup messages to arrive (esp. system
+     * info.)
+     */
+    while (wait(TIMEOUT_SEC) == std::cv_status::no_timeout) {
+    }
+    location_called_count_ = 0;
+}
+
+void GnssHalTest::SetPositionMode(const int min_interval_msec, const bool low_power_mode) {
+    const int kPreferredAccuracy = 0;  // Ideally perfect (matches GnssLocationProvider)
+    const int kPreferredTimeMsec = 0;  // Ideally immediate
+
+    const auto result = gnss_hal_->setPositionMode_1_1(
+            IGnss::GnssPositionMode::MS_BASED, IGnss::GnssPositionRecurrence::RECURRENCE_PERIODIC,
+            min_interval_msec, kPreferredAccuracy, kPreferredTimeMsec, low_power_mode);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result);
+}
+
+bool GnssHalTest::StartAndCheckFirstLocation() {
+    const auto result = gnss_hal_->start();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result);
+
+    /*
+     * GnssLocationProvider support of AGPS SUPL & XtraDownloader is not available in VTS,
+     * so allow time to demodulate ephemeris over the air.
+     */
+    const int kFirstGnssLocationTimeoutSeconds = 75;
+
+    wait(kFirstGnssLocationTimeoutSeconds);
+    EXPECT_EQ(location_called_count_, 1);
+
+    if (location_called_count_ > 0) {
+        // don't require speed on first fix
+        CheckLocation(last_location_, false);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void GnssHalTest::CheckLocation(const GnssLocation& location, bool check_speed) {
+    const bool check_more_accuracies = (info_called_count_ > 0 && last_info_.yearOfHw >= 2017);
+
+    Utils::checkLocation(location, check_speed, check_more_accuracies);
+}
+
+void GnssHalTest::StartAndCheckLocations(int count) {
+    const int kMinIntervalMsec = 500;
+    const int kLocationTimeoutSubsequentSec = 2;
+    const bool kLowPowerMode = false;
+
+    SetPositionMode(kMinIntervalMsec, kLowPowerMode);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(StartAndCheckFirstLocation());
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < count; i++) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait(kLocationTimeoutSubsequentSec));
+        EXPECT_EQ(location_called_count_, i + 1);
+        // Don't cause confusion by checking details if no location yet
+        if (location_called_count_ > 0) {
+            // Should be more than 1 location by now, but if not, still don't check first fix speed
+            CheckLocation(last_location_, location_called_count_ > 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 void GnssHalTest::notify() {
-    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-    notify_count_++;
+    {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+        notify_count_++;
+    }
     cv_.notify_one();
 }
 
diff --git a/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h b/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
index 5649b45..2c16651 100644
--- a/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
+++ b/gnss/2.0/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
@@ -130,9 +130,51 @@
      */
     void SetUpGnssCallback();
 
+    /*
+     * StartAndCheckFirstLocation:
+     *   Helper function to start location, and check the first one.
+     *
+     *   <p> Note this leaves the Location request active, to enable Stop call vs. other call
+     *   reordering tests.
+     *
+     * returns  true if a location was successfully generated
+     */
+    bool StartAndCheckFirstLocation();
+
+    /*
+     * CheckLocation:
+     *   Helper function to vet Location fields
+     *
+     *   check_speed: true if speed related fields are also verified.
+     */
+    void CheckLocation(const GnssLocation& location, const bool check_speed);
+
+    /*
+     * StartAndCheckLocations:
+     *   Helper function to collect, and check a number of
+     *   normal ~1Hz locations.
+     *
+     *   Note this leaves the Location request active, to enable Stop call vs. other call
+     *   reordering tests.
+     */
+    void StartAndCheckLocations(int count);
+
+    /*
+     * StopAndClearLocations:
+     * Helper function to stop locations, and clear any remaining notifications
+     */
+    void StopAndClearLocations();
+
+    /*
+     * SetPositionMode:
+     * Helper function to set positioning mode and verify output
+     */
+    void SetPositionMode(const int min_interval_msec, const bool low_power_mode);
+
     sp<IGnss> gnss_hal_;         // GNSS HAL to call into
     sp<IGnssCallback> gnss_cb_;  // Primary callback interface
 
+    // TODO: make these variables thread-safe.
     /* Count of calls to set the following items, and the latest item (used by
      * test.)
      */
diff --git a/gnss/common/OWNERS b/gnss/common/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ed36da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/common/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+wyattriley@google.com
+gomo@google.com
+smalkos@google.com
+yuhany@google.com
+
+# VTS team
+yim@google.com
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/default/Android.bp b/gnss/common/utils/default/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ea97fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/default/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "android.hardware.gnss@common-default-lib",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "Utils.cpp",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.gnss@1.0",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/default/Utils.cpp b/gnss/common/utils/default/Utils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9a06e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/default/Utils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <Constants.h>
+#include <Utils.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace gnss {
+namespace common {
+
+using GnssSvFlags = V1_0::IGnssCallback::GnssSvFlags;
+
+GnssLocation Utils::getMockLocation() {
+    GnssLocation location = {.gnssLocationFlags = 0xFF,
+                             .latitudeDegrees = kMockLatitudeDegrees,
+                             .longitudeDegrees = kMockLongitudeDegrees,
+                             .altitudeMeters = kMockAltitudeMeters,
+                             .speedMetersPerSec = kMockSpeedMetersPerSec,
+                             .bearingDegrees = kMockBearingDegrees,
+                             .horizontalAccuracyMeters = kMockHorizontalAccuracyMeters,
+                             .verticalAccuracyMeters = kMockVerticalAccuracyMeters,
+                             .speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond = kMockSpeedAccuracyMetersPerSecond,
+                             .bearingAccuracyDegrees = kMockBearingAccuracyDegrees,
+                             .timestamp = kMockTimestamp};
+    return location;
+}
+
+GnssSvInfo Utils::getSvInfo(int16_t svid, GnssConstellationType type, float cN0DbHz,
+                            float elevationDegrees, float azimuthDegrees) {
+    GnssSvInfo svInfo = {.svid = svid,
+                         .constellation = type,
+                         .cN0Dbhz = cN0DbHz,
+                         .elevationDegrees = elevationDegrees,
+                         .azimuthDegrees = azimuthDegrees,
+                         .svFlag = GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX | GnssSvFlags::HAS_EPHEMERIS_DATA |
+                                   GnssSvFlags::HAS_ALMANAC_DATA};
+    return svInfo;
+}
+
+}  // namespace common
+}  // namespace gnss
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/default/GnssConstants.h b/gnss/common/utils/default/include/Constants.h
similarity index 78%
rename from gnss/1.1/default/GnssConstants.h
rename to gnss/common/utils/default/include/Constants.h
index 9ce1a12..000a9ec 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/default/GnssConstants.h
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/default/include/Constants.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,14 +14,15 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef android_hardware_gnss_V1_1_GnssConstants_H_
-#define android_hardware_gnss_V1_1_GnssConstants_H_
+#ifndef android_hardware_gnss_common_Constants_H_
+#define android_hardware_gnss_common_Constants_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace gnss {
-namespace V1_1 {
-namespace implementation {
+namespace common {
 
 const float kMockLatitudeDegrees = 37.4219999;
 const float kMockLongitudeDegrees = -122.0840575;
@@ -34,10 +35,9 @@
 const float kMockBearingAccuracyDegrees = 90;
 const int64_t kMockTimestamp = 1519930775453L;
 
-}  // namespace implementation
-}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace common
 }  // namespace gnss
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
-#endif  // android_hardware_gnss_V1_1_GnssConstants_H_
+#endif  // android_hardware_gnss_common_Constants_H_
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/default/include/Utils.h b/gnss/common/utils/default/include/Utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47c8812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/default/include/Utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef android_hardware_gnss_common_default_Utils_H_
+#define android_hardware_gnss_common_default_Utils_H_
+
+#include <android/hardware/gnss/1.0/IGnss.h>
+
+using GnssConstellationType = ::android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssConstellationType;
+using GnssLocation = ::android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocation;
+using GnssSvInfo = ::android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::IGnssCallback::GnssSvInfo;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace gnss {
+namespace common {
+
+struct Utils {
+    static GnssLocation getMockLocation();
+    static GnssSvInfo getSvInfo(int16_t svid, GnssConstellationType type, float cN0DbHz,
+                                float elevationDegrees, float azimuthDegrees);
+};
+
+}  // namespace common
+}  // namespace gnss
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // android_hardware_gnss_common_default_Utils_H_
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/vts/Android.bp b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99d8cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "android.hardware.gnss@common-vts-lib",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "Utils.cpp",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.gnss@1.0",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libgtest",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/vts/Utils.cpp b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Utils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24d6883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Utils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <Utils.h>
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace gnss {
+namespace common {
+
+using V1_0::GnssLocationFlags;
+
+void Utils::checkLocation(const GnssLocation& location, bool check_speed,
+                          bool check_more_accuracies) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_LAT_LONG);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_ALTITUDE);
+    if (check_speed) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED);
+    }
+    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_HORIZONTAL_ACCURACY);
+    // New uncertainties available in O must be provided,
+    // at least when paired with modern hardware (2017+)
+    if (check_more_accuracies) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY);
+        if (check_speed) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY);
+            if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
+                EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    EXPECT_GE(location.latitudeDegrees, -90.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.latitudeDegrees, 90.0);
+    EXPECT_GE(location.longitudeDegrees, -180.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.longitudeDegrees, 180.0);
+    EXPECT_GE(location.altitudeMeters, -1000.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.altitudeMeters, 30000.0);
+    if (check_speed) {
+        EXPECT_GE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 5.0);  // VTS tests are stationary.
+
+        // Non-zero speeds must be reported with an associated bearing
+        if (location.speedMetersPerSec > 0.0) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Tolerating some especially high values for accuracy estimate, in case of
+     * first fix with especially poor geometry (happens occasionally)
+     */
+    EXPECT_GT(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 250.0);
+
+    /*
+     * Some devices may define bearing as -180 to +180, others as 0 to 360.
+     * Both are okay & understandable.
+     */
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
+        EXPECT_GE(location.bearingDegrees, -180.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingDegrees, 360.0);
+    }
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY) {
+        EXPECT_GT(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 500.0);
+    }
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY) {
+        EXPECT_GT(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 50.0);
+    }
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY) {
+        EXPECT_GT(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 360.0);
+    }
+
+    // Check timestamp > 1.48e12 (47 years in msec - 1970->2017+)
+    EXPECT_GT(location.timestamp, 1.48e12);
+}
+
+}  // namespace common
+}  // namespace gnss
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/Utils.h b/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/Utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8eeff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/Utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef android_hardware_gnss_common_vts_Utils_H_
+#define android_hardware_gnss_common_vts_Utils_H_
+
+#include <android/hardware/gnss/1.0/IGnss.h>
+
+using GnssLocation = ::android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocation;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace gnss {
+namespace common {
+
+struct Utils {
+    static void checkLocation(const GnssLocation& location, bool check_speed,
+                              bool check_more_accuracies);
+};
+
+}  // namespace common
+}  // namespace gnss
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // android_hardware_gnss_common_vts_Utils_H_
diff --git a/health/storage/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthStorageV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/health/storage/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthStorageV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 5ad561c..946e5f2 100644
--- a/health/storage/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthStorageV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/health/storage/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthStorageV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 const uint64_t kDevGcTimeoutSec = 120;
 const std::chrono::seconds kDevGcTimeout{kDevGcTimeoutSec};
 // Time accounted for RPC calls.
-const std::chrono::milliseconds kRpcTime{100};
+const std::chrono::milliseconds kRpcTime{1000};
 
 template <typename R>
 std::string toString(std::chrono::duration<R, std::milli> time) {
@@ -90,11 +90,8 @@
     template <typename R, typename P>
     void waitForResult(std::chrono::duration<R, P> timeout, Result expected) {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-        if (waitLocked(&lock, timeout)) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(expected, mResult);
-        } else {
-            LOG(INFO) << "timeout after " << toString(timeout);
-        }
+        ASSERT_TRUE(waitLocked(&lock, timeout)) << "timeout after " << toString(timeout);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expected, mResult);
     }
 
    private:
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
index 1ff3b66..9ebc0aa 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_0
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0 {
 
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
     return os << toString(errorStatus);
@@ -69,10 +75,7 @@
     return os << toString(deviceStatus);
 }
 
-}  // namespace V1_0
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0
 
 using android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::vts::functional::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment;
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
index e79129b..d4c114d 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
@@ -72,14 +72,17 @@
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_0
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0 {
 
 // pretty-print values for error messages
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus);
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, DeviceStatus deviceStatus);
 
-}  // namespace V1_0
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0
 
 #endif  // VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
index 62381e6..4165953 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0 {
 
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
     return os << toString(errorStatus);
@@ -69,10 +75,7 @@
     return os << toString(deviceStatus);
 }
 
-}  // namespace V1_1
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0
 
 using android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::vts::functional::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment;
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
index 970e8b5..1c8c0e1 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
@@ -81,14 +81,17 @@
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0 {
 
 // pretty-print values for error messages
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus);
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, DeviceStatus deviceStatus);
 
-}  // namespace V1_1
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0
 
 #endif  // VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_1_H
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
index 4eced82..34c73ef 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_2
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0 {
 
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
     return os << toString(errorStatus);
@@ -75,10 +81,7 @@
     return os << toString(deviceStatus);
 }
 
-}  // namespace V1_2
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0
 
 using android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_2::vts::functional::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment;
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
index c0c21bd..404eec0 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
@@ -88,14 +88,17 @@
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_2
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0 {
 
 // pretty-print values for error messages
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus);
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, DeviceStatus deviceStatus);
 
-}  // namespace V1_2
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0
 
 #endif  // VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_2_H
diff --git a/radio/1.4/IRadio.hal b/radio/1.4/IRadio.hal
index 8ef1f96..f7ae39f 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/IRadio.hal
+++ b/radio/1.4/IRadio.hal
@@ -128,9 +128,11 @@
      * does not support the emergency service category or emergency uniform resource names, the
      * field 'categories' or 'urns' may be ignored.
      *
-     * 'fromEmergencyDialer' indicates if this request originated from emergency dialer/shortcut,
-     * which means an explicit intent from the user to dial an emergency number. The modem must
-     * treat this as an actual emergency dial and not try to disambiguate.
+     * In the scenarios that the 'address' in the 'dialInfo' field has other functions besides the
+     * emergency number function, if the 'hasKnownUserIntentEmergency' field is true, the user's
+     * intent for this dial request is emergency call, and the modem must treat this as an actual
+     * emergency dial; if the 'hasKnownUserIntentEmergency' field is false, Android does not know
+     * user's intent for this call.
      *
      * If 'isTesting' is true, this request is for testing purpose, and must not be sent to a real
      * emergency service; otherwise it's for a real emergency call request.
@@ -146,14 +148,15 @@
      *     of the call.
      * @param urns the emergency Uniform Resource Names (URN)
      * @param routing @1.4::EmergencyCallRouting the emergency call routing information.
-     * @param fromEmergencyDialer Flag indicating if this request originated from emergency dialer.
+     * @param hasKnownUserIntentEmergency Flag indicating if user's intent for the emergency call
+     *     is known.
      * @param isTesting Flag indicating if this request is for testing purpose.
      *
      * Response function is IRadioResponse.emergencyDialResponse()
      */
     oneway emergencyDial(int32_t serial, Dial dialInfo,
             bitfield<EmergencyServiceCategory> categories, vec<string> urns,
-            EmergencyCallRouting routing, bool fromEmergencyDialer, bool isTesting);
+            EmergencyCallRouting routing, bool hasKnownUserIntentEmergency, bool isTesting);
 
     /**
      * Starts a network scan
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index 6b1f85e..9237799 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -16,4 +16,81 @@
 
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_4.h>
 
-#define ASSERT_OK(ret) ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk())
\ No newline at end of file
+#define ASSERT_OK(ret) ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk())
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.emergencyDial() for the response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial dialInfo;
+    dialInfo.address = hidl_string("911");
+    int categories = static_cast<int>(
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyServiceCategory::UNSPECIFIED);
+    std::vector<hidl_string> urns = {""};
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyCallRouting routing =
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyCallRouting::UNKNOWN;
+
+    Return<void> res =
+            radio_v1_4->emergencyDial(serial, dialInfo, categories, urns, routing, true, true);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.serial);
+
+    ALOGI("emergencyDial, rspInfo.error = %s\n", toString(radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.emergencyDial() with specified service and its response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial_withServices) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial dialInfo;
+    dialInfo.address = hidl_string("911");
+    int categories =
+            static_cast<int>(::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyServiceCategory::AMBULANCE);
+    std::vector<hidl_string> urns = {"urn:service:sos.ambulance"};
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyCallRouting routing =
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyCallRouting::UNKNOWN;
+
+    Return<void> res =
+            radio_v1_4->emergencyDial(serial, dialInfo, categories, urns, routing, true, true);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.serial);
+
+    ALOGI("emergencyDial_withServices, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.emergencyDial() with known emergency call routing and its response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial_withEmergencyRouting) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial dialInfo;
+    dialInfo.address = hidl_string("911");
+    int categories = static_cast<int>(
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyServiceCategory::UNSPECIFIED);
+    std::vector<hidl_string> urns = {""};
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyCallRouting routing =
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::EmergencyCallRouting::EMERGENCY;
+
+    Return<void> res =
+            radio_v1_4->emergencyDial(serial, dialInfo, categories, urns, routing, true, true);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.serial);
+
+    ALOGI("emergencyDial_withEmergencyRouting, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error);
+}
\ No newline at end of file