diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 9dec2f2..2351d90 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.radio@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_config: "vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml",
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -47,7 +48,8 @@
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.radio@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_config: "vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml",
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index d53c062..9d61b52 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h>
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, RadioHidlTest,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadio::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
 
     // setup seed for rand function
     int seedSrand = time(NULL);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 859e6fb..b80b971 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <sap_hidl_hal_utils.h>
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SapHidlTest,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ISap::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SapHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SapHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
 
     // setup seed for rand function
     int seedSrand = time(NULL);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp
index 2c1eb60..125ea0c 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setGsmBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setGsmBroadcastConfig) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setGsmBroadcastConfig) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create GsmBroadcastSmsConfigInfo #1
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getGsmBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getGsmBroadcastConfig) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getGsmBroadcastConfig) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getGsmBroadcastConfig(serial);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaBroadcastConfig) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaBroadcastConfig) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     CdmaBroadcastSmsConfigInfo cbSmsConfig;
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCdmaBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaBroadcastConfig) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaBroadcastConfig) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCdmaBroadcastConfig(serial);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaBroadcastActivation() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaBroadcastActivation) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaBroadcastActivation) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool activate = false;
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setGsmBroadcastActivation() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setGsmBroadcastActivation) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setGsmBroadcastActivation) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool activate = false;
 
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp
index eaef3ed..d937d74 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getDataRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getDataRegistrationState) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getDataRegistrationState) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getDataRegistrationState(serial);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setupDataCall() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setupDataCall) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setupDataCall) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioTechnology radioTechnology = RadioTechnology::LTE;
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.deactivateDataCall() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, deactivateDataCall) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, deactivateDataCall) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int cid = 1;
     bool reasonRadioShutDown = false;
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getDataCallList() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getDataCallList) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getDataCallList) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getDataCallList(serial);
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setInitialAttachApn() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setInitialAttachApn) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setInitialAttachApn) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo;
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setDataAllowed() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setDataAllowed) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setDataAllowed) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool allow = true;
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setDataProfile() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setDataProfile) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setDataProfile) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a dataProfileInfo
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp
index 2670d96..60cb2fe 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getIccCardStatus() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getIccCardStatus) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getIccCardStatus) {
     EXPECT_LE(cardStatus.applications.size(), (unsigned int)RadioConst::CARD_MAX_APPS);
     EXPECT_LT(cardStatus.gsmUmtsSubscriptionAppIndex, (int)RadioConst::CARD_MAX_APPS);
     EXPECT_LT(cardStatus.cdmaSubscriptionAppIndex, (int)RadioConst::CARD_MAX_APPS);
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPinForApp() for the response returned
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPinForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPinForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPukForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPukForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPukForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPin2ForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPin2ForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPin2ForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPuk2ForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPuk2ForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPuk2ForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.changeIccPinForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, changeIccPinForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, changeIccPinForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.changeIccPin2ForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, changeIccPin2ForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, changeIccPin2ForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getImsiForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getImsiForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getImsiForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Check success returned while getting imsi for 3GPP and 3GPP2 apps only
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.iccIOForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccIOForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, iccIOForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     for (int i = 0; i < (int)cardStatus.applications.size(); i++) {
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.iccTransmitApduBasicChannel() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccTransmitApduBasicChannel) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, iccTransmitApduBasicChannel) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SimApdu msg;
     memset(&msg, 0, sizeof(msg));
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.iccOpenLogicalChannel() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccOpenLogicalChannel) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, iccOpenLogicalChannel) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int p2 = 0x04;
     // Specified in ISO 7816-4 clause 7.1.1 0x04 means that FCP template is requested.
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.iccCloseLogicalChannel() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccCloseLogicalChannel) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, iccCloseLogicalChannel) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     // Try closing invalid channel and check INVALID_ARGUMENTS returned as error
     radio->iccCloseLogicalChannel(serial, 0);
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SimApdu msg;
     memset(&msg, 0, sizeof(msg));
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.requestIccSimAuthentication() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, requestIccSimAuthentication) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, requestIccSimAuthentication) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong challenge string and check RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.supplyNetworkDepersonalization() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyNetworkDepersonalization) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, supplyNetworkDepersonalization) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->supplyNetworkDepersonalization(serial, hidl_string("test"));
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp
index 4331c06..e253dcf 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getClir() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getClir) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getClir) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getClir(serial);
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setClir() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setClir) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setClir) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int32_t status = 1;
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getFacilityLockForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getFacilityLockForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getFacilityLockForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string facility = "";
     std::string password = "";
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setFacilityLockForApp() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setFacilityLockForApp) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setFacilityLockForApp) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string facility = "";
     bool lockState = false;
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setBarringPassword() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setBarringPassword) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setBarringPassword) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string facility = "";
     std::string oldPassword = "";
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getClip() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getClip) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getClip) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getClip(serial);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSuppServiceNotifications() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setSuppServiceNotifications) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setSuppServiceNotifications) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool enable = false;
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.requestIsimAuthentication() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, requestIsimAuthentication) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, requestIsimAuthentication) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string challenge = "";
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getImsRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getImsRegistrationState) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getImsRegistrationState) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getImsRegistrationState(serial);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp
index 3499762..d04cb36 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getSignalStrength() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getSignalStrength) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getSignalStrength) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getSignalStrength(serial);
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getVoiceRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getVoiceRegistrationState) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getVoiceRegistrationState) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getVoiceRegistrationState(serial);
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getOperator() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getOperator) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getOperator) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getOperator(serial);
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setRadioPower() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setRadioPower) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setRadioPower) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setRadioPower(serial, 1);
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getNetworkSelectionMode() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getNetworkSelectionMode) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getNetworkSelectionMode) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getNetworkSelectionMode(serial);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic(serial);
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setNetworkSelectionModeManual() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setNetworkSelectionModeManual) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setNetworkSelectionModeManual) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setNetworkSelectionModeManual(serial, "123456");
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getAvailableNetworks() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getAvailableNetworks) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getAvailableNetworks) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getAvailableNetworks(serial);
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getBasebandVersion() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getBasebandVersion) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getBasebandVersion) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getBasebandVersion(serial);
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setBandMode() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setBandMode) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setBandMode) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setBandMode(serial, RadioBandMode::BAND_MODE_USA);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getAvailableBandModes() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getAvailableBandModes) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getAvailableBandModes) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getAvailableBandModes(serial);
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setPreferredNetworkType() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setPreferredNetworkType) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setPreferredNetworkType) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setPreferredNetworkType(serial, PreferredNetworkType::GSM_ONLY);
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getPreferredNetworkType() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getPreferredNetworkType) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getPreferredNetworkType) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getPreferredNetworkType(serial);
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getNeighboringCids() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getNeighboringCids) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getNeighboringCids) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getNeighboringCids(serial);
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLocationUpdates() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setLocationUpdates) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setLocationUpdates) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setLocationUpdates(serial, true);
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaRoamingPreference() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaRoamingPreference) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaRoamingPreference) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setCdmaRoamingPreference(serial, CdmaRoamingType::HOME_NETWORK);
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCdmaRoamingPreference() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaRoamingPreference) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaRoamingPreference) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCdmaRoamingPreference(serial);
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getTTYMode() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getTTYMode) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getTTYMode) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getTTYMode(serial);
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setTTYMode() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setTTYMode) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setTTYMode) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setTTYMode(serial, TtyMode::OFF);
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setPreferredVoicePrivacy() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setPreferredVoicePrivacy) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setPreferredVoicePrivacy) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setPreferredVoicePrivacy(serial, true);
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getPreferredVoicePrivacy() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getPreferredVoicePrivacy) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getPreferredVoicePrivacy) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getPreferredVoicePrivacy(serial);
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCDMASubscription() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCDMASubscription) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCDMASubscription) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCDMASubscription(serial);
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getDeviceIdentity() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getDeviceIdentity) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getDeviceIdentity) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getDeviceIdentity(serial);
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.exitEmergencyCallbackMode() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, exitEmergencyCallbackMode) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, exitEmergencyCallbackMode) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->exitEmergencyCallbackMode(serial);
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCdmaSubscriptionSource() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaSubscriptionSource) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaSubscriptionSource) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCdmaSubscriptionSource(serial);
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaSubscriptionSource() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaSubscriptionSource) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaSubscriptionSource) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setCdmaSubscriptionSource(serial, CdmaSubscriptionSource::RUIM_SIM);
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getVoiceRadioTechnology() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getVoiceRadioTechnology) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getVoiceRadioTechnology) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getVoiceRadioTechnology(serial);
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCellInfoList() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCellInfoList) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCellInfoList) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCellInfoList(serial);
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCellInfoListRate() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCellInfoListRate) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setCellInfoListRate) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // TODO(sanketpadawe): RIL crashes with value of rate = 10
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.nvReadItem() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvReadItem) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, nvReadItem) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->nvReadItem(serial, NvItem::LTE_BAND_ENABLE_25);
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.nvWriteItem() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvWriteItem) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, nvWriteItem) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     NvWriteItem item;
     memset(&item, 0, sizeof(item));
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.nvWriteCdmaPrl() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvWriteCdmaPrl) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, nvWriteCdmaPrl) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::vector<uint8_t> prl = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
 
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.nvResetConfig() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvResetConfig) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, nvResetConfig) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->nvResetConfig(serial, ResetNvType::ERASE);
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setUiccSubscription() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setUiccSubscription) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setUiccSubscription) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SelectUiccSub item;
     memset(&item, 0, sizeof(item));
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getHardwareConfig() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getHardwareConfig) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getHardwareConfig) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getHardwareConfig(serial);
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.requestShutdown() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, requestShutdown) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, requestShutdown) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->requestShutdown(serial);
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getRadioCapability() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getRadioCapability) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getRadioCapability) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getRadioCapability(serial);
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setRadioCapability() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setRadioCapability) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setRadioCapability) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     RadioCapability rc;
     memset(&rc, 0, sizeof(rc));
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startLceService() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, startLceService) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, startLceService) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->startLceService(serial, 5, true);
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.stopLceService() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, stopLceService) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, stopLceService) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->stopLceService(serial);
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.pullLceData() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, pullLceData) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, pullLceData) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->pullLceData(serial);
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getModemActivityInfo() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getModemActivityInfo) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getModemActivityInfo) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getModemActivityInfo(serial);
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setAllowedCarriers() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setAllowedCarriers) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setAllowedCarriers) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     CarrierRestrictions carriers;
     memset(&carriers, 0, sizeof(carriers));
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getAllowedCarriers() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getAllowedCarriers) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getAllowedCarriers) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getAllowedCarriers(serial);
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendDeviceState() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendDeviceState) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendDeviceState) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendDeviceState(serial, DeviceStateType::POWER_SAVE_MODE, true);
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setIndicationFilter() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setIndicationFilter) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setIndicationFilter) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setIndicationFilter(serial, 1);
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSimCardPower() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setSimCardPower) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setSimCardPower) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setSimCardPower(serial, true);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp
index 9e41429..58c3bbd 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendSms() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendSms) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendSms) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     GsmSmsMessage msg;
     msg.smscPdu = "";
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendSMSExpectMore() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendSMSExpectMore) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendSMSExpectMore) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     GsmSmsMessage msg;
     msg.smscPdu = "";
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool success = true;
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPdu() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPdu) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPdu) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool success = true;
     std::string ackPdu = "";
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendCdmaSms() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendCdmaSms) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendCdmaSms) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSms() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSms) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSms) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAck
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendImsSms() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendImsSms) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendImsSms) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getSmscAddress() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getSmscAddress) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getSmscAddress) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getSmscAddress(serial);
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSmscAddress() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setSmscAddress) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setSmscAddress) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     hidl_string address = hidl_string("smscAddress");
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.writeSmsToSim() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, writeSmsToSim) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, writeSmsToSim) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SmsWriteArgs smsWriteArgs;
     smsWriteArgs.status = SmsWriteArgsStatus::REC_UNREAD;
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.deleteSmsOnSim() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, deleteSmsOnSim) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, deleteSmsOnSim) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int index = 1;
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.writeSmsToRuim() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, writeSmsToRuim) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, writeSmsToRuim) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.deleteSmsOnRuim() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, deleteSmsOnRuim) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, deleteSmsOnRuim) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int index = 1;
 
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.reportSmsMemoryStatus() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, reportSmsMemoryStatus) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, reportSmsMemoryStatus) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool available = true;
 
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp
index a3b5029..1170111 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendEnvelope() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendEnvelope) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendEnvelope) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Test with sending empty string
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendTerminalResponseToSim() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendTerminalResponseToSim) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendTerminalResponseToSim) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Test with sending empty string
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool accept = false;
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.reportStkServiceIsRunning() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, reportStkServiceIsRunning) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, reportStkServiceIsRunning) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->reportStkServiceIsRunning(serial);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendEnvelopeWithStatus() for the response returned with empty
  * string.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendEnvelopeWithStatus) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendEnvelopeWithStatus) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Test with sending empty string
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 96719d6..3c833c0 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,13 +17,10 @@
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest::SetUp() {
-    radio = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IRadio>(
-        RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IRadio>(hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    radio = IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     if (radio == NULL) {
         sleep(60);
-        radio = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IRadio>(
-                hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+        radio = IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     }
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radio.get());
 
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h
index 23bc434..8a551f7 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -26,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.0/IRadioIndication.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.0/IRadioResponse.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "vts_test_util.h"
 
@@ -515,23 +514,9 @@
                             const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& reason);
 };
 
-// Test environment for Radio HIDL HAL.
-class RadioHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RadioHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RadioHidlEnvironment* instance = new RadioHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IRadio>(); }
-
-   private:
-    RadioHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
 // The main test class for Radio HIDL.
-class RadioHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class RadioHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  protected:
     std::mutex mtx;
     std::condition_variable cv;
     int count;
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp
index 1fce470..a192a33 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCurrentCalls() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCurrentCalls) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCurrentCalls) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCurrentCalls(serial);
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.dial() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, dial) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, dial) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Dial dialInfo;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.hangup() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, hangup) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, hangup) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->hangup(serial, 1);
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.hangupWaitingOrBackground() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, hangupWaitingOrBackground) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, hangupWaitingOrBackground) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->hangupWaitingOrBackground(serial);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.hangupForegroundResumeBackground() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, hangupForegroundResumeBackground) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, hangupForegroundResumeBackground) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->hangupForegroundResumeBackground(serial);
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive(serial);
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.conference() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, conference) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, conference) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->conference(serial);
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.rejectCall() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, rejectCall) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, rejectCall) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->rejectCall(serial);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getLastCallFailCause() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getLastCallFailCause) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getLastCallFailCause) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getLastCallFailCause(serial);
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendUssd() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendUssd) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendUssd) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     radio->sendUssd(serial, hidl_string("test"));
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.cancelPendingUssd() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, cancelPendingUssd) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, cancelPendingUssd) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->cancelPendingUssd(serial);
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCallForwardStatus() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCallForwardStatus) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCallForwardStatus) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     CallForwardInfo callInfo;
     memset(&callInfo, 0, sizeof(callInfo));
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCallForward() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCallForward) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setCallForward) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     CallForwardInfo callInfo;
     memset(&callInfo, 0, sizeof(callInfo));
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCallWaiting() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCallWaiting) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getCallWaiting) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCallWaiting(serial, 1);
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCallWaiting() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCallWaiting) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setCallWaiting) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setCallWaiting(serial, true, 1);
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.acceptCall() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acceptCall) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, acceptCall) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->acceptCall(serial);
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.separateConnection() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, separateConnection) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, separateConnection) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->separateConnection(serial, 1);
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.explicitCallTransfer() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, explicitCallTransfer) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, explicitCallTransfer) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->explicitCallTransfer(serial);
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendCDMAFeatureCode() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendCDMAFeatureCode) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendCDMAFeatureCode) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendCDMAFeatureCode(serial, hidl_string());
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendDtmf) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendDtmf) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendDtmf(serial, "1");
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, startDtmf) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, startDtmf) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->startDtmf(serial, "1");
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.stopDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, stopDtmf) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, stopDtmf) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->stopDtmf(serial);
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setMute() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setMute) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, setMute) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setMute(serial, true);
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getMute() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getMute) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, getMute) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getMute(serial);
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.sendBurstDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendBurstDtmf) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest, sendBurstDtmf) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendBurstDtmf(serial, "1", 0, 0);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index 1d79ff6..6bd2c88 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 /*
  * Test ISap.connectReq() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, connectReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, connectReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int32_t maxMsgSize = 100;
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.disconnectReq() for the response returned
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, disconnectReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, disconnectReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->disconnectReq(token);
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.apduReq() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, apduReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, apduReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SapApduType sapApduType = SapApduType::APDU;
     android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> command = {};
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.transferAtrReq() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, transferAtrReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, transferAtrReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->transferAtrReq(token);
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.powerReq() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, powerReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, powerReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool state = true;
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.resetSimReq() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, resetSimReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, resetSimReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->resetSimReq(token);
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.transferCardReaderStatusReq() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, transferCardReaderStatusReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, transferCardReaderStatusReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->transferCardReaderStatusReq(token);
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setTransferProtocolReq() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(SapHidlTest, setTransferProtocolReq) {
+TEST_P(SapHidlTest, setTransferProtocolReq) {
     token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SapTransferProtocol sapTransferProtocol = SapTransferProtocol::T0;
 
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 65b344b..fe10587 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 #include <sap_hidl_hal_utils.h>
 
 void SapHidlTest::SetUp() {
-    sap = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<ISap>(
-        SapHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<ISap>(hidl_string(SAP_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    sap = ISap::getService(GetParam());
     ASSERT_NE(sap, nullptr);
 
     sapCb = new SapCallback(*this);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h
index f432932..2fc9ae3 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -25,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.0/ISap.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.0/ISapCallback.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "vts_test_util.h"
 
@@ -80,23 +79,9 @@
     Return<void> transferProtocolResponse(int32_t token, SapResultCode resultCode);
 };
 
-// Test environment for Sap HIDL HAL.
-class SapHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SapHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static SapHidlEnvironment* instance = new SapHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<ISap>(); }
-
-   private:
-    SapHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
 // The main test class for Sap HIDL.
-class SapHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   private:
+class SapHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  private:
     std::mutex mtx;
     std::condition_variable cv;
     int count;
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e4a1cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..457d700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalSapV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_test_util.h b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_test_util.h
index 826f0de..05b47c9 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_test_util.h
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_test_util.h
@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioError;
 using ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SapResultCode;
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 5695c6b..58aa67e 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@
     header_libs: [
         "radio.util.header@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5badadd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index 83564ee..98dbf62 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h>
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, RadioHidlTest_v1_1,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index 33347c5..75abbbf 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSimCardPower() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, setSimCardPower_1_1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, setSimCardPower_1_1) {
     /* Record the sim card state for the testing environment */
     CardState cardStateForTest = cardStatus.cardState;
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startNetworkScan) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startNetworkScan) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     NetworkScanRequest request;
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     NetworkScanRequest request;
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.stopNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, stopNetworkScan) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, stopNetworkScan) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio_v1_1->stopNetworkScan(serial);
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryption() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryption) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryption) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     ImsiEncryptionInfo imsiInfo;
     imsiInfo.mcc = "310";
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startKeepalive() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startKeepalive) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startKeepalive) {
     std::vector<KeepaliveRequest> requests = {
         {
             // Invalid IPv4 source address
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.stopKeepalive() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, stopKeepalive) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, stopKeepalive) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio_v1_1->stopKeepalive(serial, 0xBAD);
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 2f657b4..020168e 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,18 +17,10 @@
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest_v1_1::SetUp() {
-    radio_v1_1 =
-        ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio>(
-                    hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    radio_v1_1 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     if (radio_v1_1 == NULL) {
         sleep(60);
-        radio_v1_1 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio>(
-                    hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+        radio_v1_1 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     }
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radio_v1_1.get());
 
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h
index 925f4fc..b81ee13 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -26,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.1/IRadioIndication.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.1/IRadioResponse.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.1/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "vts_test_util.h"
 
@@ -535,25 +535,9 @@
                             const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& reason);
 };
 
-// Test environment for Radio HIDL HAL.
-class RadioHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RadioHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RadioHidlEnvironment* instance = new RadioHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio>();
-    }
-
-   private:
-    RadioHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
 // The main test class for Radio HIDL.
-class RadioHidlTest_v1_1 : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class RadioHidlTest_v1_1 : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  protected:
     std::mutex mtx;
     std::condition_variable cv;
     int count;
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
index c5838a8..f7189a8 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@
         "android.hardware.radio.config@1.1",
     ],
     header_libs: ["radio.util.header@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d92248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest.cpp
index c1a2f3d..400e394 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h>
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, RadioHidlTest_v1_2,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index a98f22a..7464307 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     if (radioConfig != NULL && DDS_LOGICAL_SLOT_INDEX != logicalSlotId) {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid specifier.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {.type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid interval (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid interval (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid max search time (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid max search time (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid periodicity (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid periodicity (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with valid periodicity
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with valid periodicity and plmns
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setIndicationFilter_1_2()
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setIndicationFilter_1_2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setIndicationFilter_1_2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setIndicationFilter_1_2(
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() with invalid hysteresisDb
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisDb) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisDb) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() with empty parameters
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_EmptyParams) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_EmptyParams) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for GERAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Geran) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Geran) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for UTRAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Utran) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Utran) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for EUTRAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Eutran) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Eutran) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for CDMA2000
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Cdma2000) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Cdma2000) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() invalid hysteresisDlKbps
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisDlKbps) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisDlKbps) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() invalid hysteresisUlKbps
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisUlKbps) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisUlKbps) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() empty params
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_emptyParams) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_emptyParams) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() GERAN
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_Geran) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_Geran) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setupDataCall_1_2() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setupDataCall_1_2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setupDataCall_1_2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork accessNetwork =
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.deactivateDataCall_1_2() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, deactivateDataCall_1_2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, deactivateDataCall_1_2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int cid = 1;
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason reason =
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getCellInfoList() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getCellInfoList_1_2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getCellInfoList_1_2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->getCellInfoList(serial);
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getVoiceRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getVoiceRegistrationState) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getVoiceRegistrationState) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->getVoiceRegistrationState(serial);
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getDataRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getDataRegistrationState) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getDataRegistrationState) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->getDataRegistrationState(serial);
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getAvailableBandModes() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getAvailableBandModes) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getAvailableBandModes) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->getAvailableBandModes(serial);
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 21caddb..4845c7f 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,18 +17,10 @@
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest_v1_2::SetUp() {
-    radio_v1_2 =
-        ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
-                    hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    radio_v1_2 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     if (radio_v1_2 == NULL) {
         sleep(60);
-        radio_v1_2 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
-                    hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+        radio_v1_2 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     }
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radio_v1_2.get());
 
@@ -51,8 +43,7 @@
     /* Enforce Vts Testing with Sim Status Present only. */
     EXPECT_EQ(CardState::PRESENT, cardStatus.base.cardState);
 
-    radioConfig = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-            ::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig>();
+    radioConfig = ::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig::getService();
 
     /* Enforce Vts tesing with RadioConfig for network scan excemption. */
     // Some devices can only perform network scan on logical modem that currently used for packet
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h
index 2db1cac..479340c 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadioIndication.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadioResponse.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "vts_test_util.h"
 
@@ -631,25 +631,9 @@
                             const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& reason);
 };
 
-// Test environment for Radio HIDL HAL.
-class RadioHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RadioHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RadioHidlEnvironment* instance = new RadioHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>();
-    }
-
-   private:
-    RadioHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
 // The main test class for Radio HIDL.
-class RadioHidlTest_v1_2 : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class RadioHidlTest_v1_2 : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  protected:
     std::mutex mtx_;
     std::condition_variable cv_;
     int count_;
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 67aff6e..2301732 100644
--- a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -32,5 +32,5 @@
         "android.hardware.radio@1.0",
     ],
     header_libs: ["radio.util.header@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c910047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest.cpp
index 7d2623e..2622bbc 100644
--- a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_3.h>
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, RadioHidlTest_v1_3,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 ::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index 813dd13..4e48141 100644
--- a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.enableMddem() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_3, enableModem) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_3, enableModem) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     bool responseToggle = radioRsp_v1_3->enableModemResponseToggle;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getModemStackStatus() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_3, getModemStackStatus) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_3, getModemStackStatus) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_3->getModemStackStatus(serial);
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
  *
  * This test is excluded from manifest, due to non-implementation in Q. Tracked by b/130254624.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_3, setSystemSelectionChannels) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_3, setSystemSelectionChannels) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index a876b1a..4581350 100644
--- a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,18 +17,10 @@
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_3.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest_v1_3::SetUp() {
-    radio_v1_3 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                    ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio>(
-                            hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    radio_v1_3 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     if (radio_v1_3 == NULL) {
         sleep(60);
-        radio_v1_3 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-                ::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio>(
-                RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                        ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio>(
-                                hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+        radio_v1_3 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     }
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radio_v1_3.get());
 
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_3.h b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_3.h
index 1d03a99..893eac5 100644
--- a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_3.h
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_3.h
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -609,25 +608,9 @@
                             const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& reason);
 };
 
-// Test environment for Radio HIDL HAL.
-class RadioHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RadioHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RadioHidlEnvironment* instance = new RadioHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_3::IRadio>();
-    }
-
-   private:
-    RadioHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
 // The main test class for Radio HIDL.
-class RadioHidlTest_v1_3 : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class RadioHidlTest_v1_3 : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  protected:
     std::mutex mtx_;
     std::condition_variable cv_;
     int count_;
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 6827132..8284404 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -35,5 +35,5 @@
         "android.hardware.radio.config@1.1",
     ],
     header_libs: ["radio.util.header@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"]
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"]
 }
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c910047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_4TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_4TargetTest.cpp
index d6330e6..23ec011 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_4TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_4TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_4.h>
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, RadioHidlTest_v1_4,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index a4953d7..95136bb 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.emergencyDial() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial dialInfo;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.emergencyDial() with specified service and its response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial_withServices) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial_withServices) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial dialInfo;
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.emergencyDial() with known emergency call routing and its response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial_withEmergencyRouting) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, emergencyDial_withEmergencyRouting) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial dialInfo;
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getPreferredNetworkTypeBitmap() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getPreferredNetworkTypeBitmap) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getPreferredNetworkTypeBitmap) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_4->getPreferredNetworkTypeBitmap(serial);
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error);
 }
 
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setPreferredNetworkTypeBitmap) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setPreferredNetworkTypeBitmap) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     ::android::hardware::hidl_bitfield<::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::RadioAccessFamily>
             network_type_bitmap{};
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
  * REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED will be disallowed for all tests. Modems have "GSM" rat scan need to
  * support scanning requests combined with some parameters.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid specifier.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {.type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid interval (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid interval (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid max search time (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid max search time (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid periodicity (lower boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid periodicity (upper boundary).
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with valid periodicity
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with valid periodicity and plmns
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {.radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getSignalStrength_1_4() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getSignalStrength_1_4) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getSignalStrength_1_4) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio_v1_4->getSignalStrength_1_4(serial);
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.setupDataCall_1_4() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setupDataCall_1_4) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setupDataCall_1_4) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::AccessNetwork accessNetwork =
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getAllowedCarriers_1_4() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getAllowedCarriers_1_4) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getAllowedCarriers_1_4) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio_v1_4->getAllowedCarriers_1_4(serial);
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IRadio.setAllowedCarriers_1_4() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setAllowedCarriers_1_4) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setAllowedCarriers_1_4) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     CarrierRestrictionsWithPriority carrierRestrictions;
     memset(&carrierRestrictions, 0, sizeof(carrierRestrictions));
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setDataProfile_1_4) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setDataProfile_1_4) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a dataProfileInfo
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setInitialAttachApn_1_4) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, setInitialAttachApn_1_4) {
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a dataProfileInfo
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getDataRegistrationStateResponse_1_4() for the response returned.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getDataRegistrationState_1_4) {
+TEST_P(RadioHidlTest_v1_4, getDataRegistrationState_1_4) {
     int rat;
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index f27749b..15a0b24 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,18 +17,11 @@
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_4.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest_v1_4::SetUp() {
-    radio_v1_4 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio>(
-            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                    ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio>(
-                            hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    radio_v1_4 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
+
     if (radio_v1_4 == NULL) {
         sleep(60);
-        radio_v1_4 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-                ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio>(
-                RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
-                        ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio>(
-                                hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+        radio_v1_4 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio::getService(GetParam());
     }
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radio_v1_4.get());
 
@@ -48,8 +41,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_4->rspInfo.error);
 
     sp<::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig> radioConfig =
-            ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
-                    ::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig>();
+            ::android::hardware::radio::config::V1_1::IRadioConfig::getService();
 
     /* Enforce Vts tesing with RadioConfig is existed. */
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radioConfig.get());
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_4.h b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_4.h
index b07f9c3..31b7e13 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_4.h
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_4.h
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.4/IRadioIndication.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.4/IRadioResponse.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.4/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "vts_test_util.h"
 
@@ -705,25 +705,9 @@
                             const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& reason);
 };
 
-// Test environment for Radio HIDL HAL.
-class RadioHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RadioHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RadioHidlEnvironment* instance = new RadioHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::IRadio>();
-    }
-
-   private:
-    RadioHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
 // The main test class for Radio HIDL.
-class RadioHidlTest_v1_4 : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class RadioHidlTest_v1_4 : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  protected:
     std::mutex mtx_;
     std::condition_variable cv_;
     int count_;