diff --git a/PREUPLOAD.cfg b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
index 0140275..6740bb5 100644
--- a/PREUPLOAD.cfg
+++ b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 ignore_merged_commits = true
 
 [Builtin Hooks]
+bpfmt = true
 clang_format = true
 
 [Hook Scripts]
diff --git a/audio/6.0/IStream.hal b/audio/6.0/IStream.hal
index d7d3c84..2ea1ab3 100644
--- a/audio/6.0/IStream.hal
+++ b/audio/6.0/IStream.hal
@@ -274,6 +274,7 @@
      *
      * @param minSizeFrames minimum buffer size requested. The actual buffer
      *                     size returned in struct MmapBufferInfo can be larger.
+     *                     The size must be a positive value.
      * @return retval OK in case the success.
      *                NOT_SUPPORTED on non mmap mode streams
      *                NOT_INITIALIZED in case of memory allocation error
diff --git a/audio/common/6.0/types.hal b/audio/common/6.0/types.hal
index fa2f3a9..32692c0 100644
--- a/audio/common/6.0/types.hal
+++ b/audio/common/6.0/types.hal
@@ -739,6 +739,7 @@
     MMAP_NOIRQ   = 0x10, // input operates in MMAP no IRQ mode.
     VOIP_TX      = 0x20, // preferred input for VoIP calls.
     HW_AV_SYNC   = 0x40, // input connected to an output that uses a hardware A/V sync
+    DIRECT       = 0x80, // for acquiring encoded streams
 };
 
 @export(name="audio_usage_t", value_prefix="AUDIO_USAGE_")
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/default/include/core/default/Stream.h b/audio/core/all-versions/default/include/core/default/Stream.h
index 91df0c7..ce0003b 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/default/include/core/default/Stream.h
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/default/include/core/default/Stream.h
@@ -157,6 +157,10 @@
     native_handle_t* hidlHandle = nullptr;
 
     if (mStream->create_mmap_buffer != NULL) {
+        if (minSizeFrames <= 0) {
+            retval = Result::INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
+            goto exit;
+        }
         struct audio_mmap_buffer_info halInfo;
         retval = Stream::analyzeStatus(
             "create_mmap_buffer", mStream->create_mmap_buffer(mStream, minSizeFrames, &halInfo));
@@ -184,6 +188,7 @@
             info.burstSizeFrames = halInfo.burst_size_frames;
         }
     }
+exit:
     _hidl_cb(retval, info);
     if (hidlHandle != nullptr) {
         native_handle_delete(hidlHandle);
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
index d849f85..cb6584d 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
@@ -113,7 +113,11 @@
 #elif MAJOR_VERSION >= 6
         {
             sp<IDevice> device = getExisting(std::make_tuple(factoryName, name));
-            if (device != nullptr) device->close();
+            if (device != nullptr) {
+                auto ret = device->close();
+                ALOGE_IF(!ret.isOk(), "Device %s::%s close failed: %s", factoryName.c_str(),
+                         name.c_str(), ret.description().c_str());
+            }
         }
         return InterfaceManager::reset(std::make_tuple(factoryName, name), false);
 #endif
diff --git a/audio/effect/6.0/IEffectsFactory.hal b/audio/effect/6.0/IEffectsFactory.hal
index e08b2de..4c37bad 100644
--- a/audio/effect/6.0/IEffectsFactory.hal
+++ b/audio/effect/6.0/IEffectsFactory.hal
@@ -48,11 +48,15 @@
      *                stream.
      * @param ioHandle identifies the output or input stream this effect is
      *                 directed to in audio HAL.
+     * @param device identifies the sink or source device this effect is directed to in the
+     *               audio HAL. Must be specified if session is AudioSessionConsts.DEVICE.
+     *               "device" is the AudioPortHandle used for the device when the audio
+     *               patch is created at the audio HAL.
      * @return retval operation completion status.
      * @return result the interface for the created effect.
      * @return effectId the unique ID of the effect to be used with
      *                  IStream::addEffect and IStream::removeEffect methods.
      */
-    createEffect(Uuid uid, AudioSession session, AudioIoHandle ioHandle)
+    createEffect(Uuid uid, AudioSession session, AudioIoHandle ioHandle, AudioPortHandle device)
         generates (Result retval, IEffect result, uint64_t effectId);
 };
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.cpp b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.cpp
index 6283e7b..acce7de 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.cpp
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.cpp
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<void> EffectsFactory::getDescriptor(const Uuid& uid, getDescriptor_cb _hidl_cb) {
+Return<void> EffectsFactory::getDescriptor(const Uuid& uuid, getDescriptor_cb _hidl_cb) {
     effect_uuid_t halUuid;
-    HidlUtils::uuidToHal(uid, &halUuid);
+    HidlUtils::uuidToHal(uuid, &halUuid);
     effect_descriptor_t halDescriptor;
     status_t status = EffectGetDescriptor(&halUuid, &halDescriptor);
     EffectDescriptor descriptor;
@@ -154,13 +154,31 @@
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<void> EffectsFactory::createEffect(const Uuid& uid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle,
-                                          createEffect_cb _hidl_cb) {
+#if MAJOR_VERSION <= 5
+Return<void> EffectsFactory::createEffect(const Uuid& uuid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle,
+                                          EffectsFactory::createEffect_cb _hidl_cb) {
+    return createEffectImpl(uuid, session, ioHandle, AUDIO_PORT_HANDLE_NONE, _hidl_cb);
+}
+#else
+Return<void> EffectsFactory::createEffect(const Uuid& uuid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle,
+                                          int32_t device,
+                                          EffectsFactory::createEffect_cb _hidl_cb) {
+    return createEffectImpl(uuid, session, ioHandle, device, _hidl_cb);
+}
+#endif
+
+Return<void> EffectsFactory::createEffectImpl(const Uuid& uuid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle,
+                                              int32_t device, createEffect_cb _hidl_cb) {
     effect_uuid_t halUuid;
-    HidlUtils::uuidToHal(uid, &halUuid);
+    HidlUtils::uuidToHal(uuid, &halUuid);
     effect_handle_t handle;
     Result retval(Result::OK);
-    status_t status = EffectCreate(&halUuid, session, ioHandle, &handle);
+    status_t status;
+    if (session == AUDIO_SESSION_DEVICE) {
+        status = EffectCreateOnDevice(&halUuid, device, ioHandle, &handle);
+    } else {
+        status = EffectCreate(&halUuid, session, ioHandle, &handle);
+    }
     sp<IEffect> effect;
     uint64_t effectId = EffectMap::INVALID_ID;
     if (status == OK) {
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.h b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.h
index f0d09ec..0b86836 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.h
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/EffectsFactory.h
@@ -47,9 +47,15 @@
 struct EffectsFactory : public IEffectsFactory {
     // Methods from ::android::hardware::audio::effect::CPP_VERSION::IEffectsFactory follow.
     Return<void> getAllDescriptors(getAllDescriptors_cb _hidl_cb) override;
-    Return<void> getDescriptor(const Uuid& uid, getDescriptor_cb _hidl_cb) override;
-    Return<void> createEffect(const Uuid& uid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle,
+    Return<void> getDescriptor(const Uuid& uuid, getDescriptor_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+#if MAJOR_VERSION <= 5
+    Return<void> createEffect(const Uuid& uuid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle,
                               createEffect_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+#else
+    Return<void> createEffect(const Uuid& uuid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle, int32_t device,
+                              createEffect_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+#endif
+
     Return<void> debugDump(
         const hidl_handle& fd);  //< in CPP_VERSION::IEffectsFactory only, alias of debug
     Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& options) override;
@@ -57,6 +63,8 @@
    private:
     static sp<IEffect> dispatchEffectInstanceCreation(const effect_descriptor_t& halDescriptor,
                                                       effect_handle_t handle);
+    Return<void> createEffectImpl(const Uuid& uuid, int32_t session, int32_t ioHandle,
+                                  int32_t device, createEffect_cb _hidl_cb);
 };
 
 extern "C" IEffectsFactory* HIDL_FETCH_IEffectsFactory(const char* name);
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTest.cpp b/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTest.cpp
index 3c712b5..c151d3a 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTest.cpp
@@ -134,13 +134,16 @@
     Result retval = Result::NOT_INITIALIZED;
     sp<IEffect> effect;
     ret = effectsFactory->createEffect(
-        effectUuid, 1 /*session*/, 1 /*ioHandle*/,
-        [&](Result r, const sp<IEffect>& result, uint64_t /*effectId*/) {
-            retval = r;
-            if (r == Result::OK) {
-                effect = result;
-            }
-        });
+            effectUuid, 1 /*session*/, 1 /*ioHandle*/,
+#if MAJOR_VERSION >= 6
+            0 /*device*/,
+#endif
+            [&](Result r, const sp<IEffect>& result, uint64_t /*effectId*/) {
+                retval = r;
+                if (r == Result::OK) {
+                    effect = result;
+                }
+            });
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
     EXPECT_EQ(Result::OK, retval);
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, effect.get());
@@ -236,12 +239,15 @@
     Uuid effectUuid;
     findEffectInstance(type, &effectUuid);
     Return<void> ret = effectsFactory->createEffect(
-        effectUuid, 1 /*session*/, 1 /*ioHandle*/,
-        [&](Result r, const sp<IEffect>& result, uint64_t /*effectId*/) {
-            if (r == Result::OK) {
-                effect = result;
-            }
-        });
+            effectUuid, 1 /*session*/, 1 /*ioHandle*/,
+#if MAJOR_VERSION >= 6
+            0 /*device*/,
+#endif
+            [&](Result r, const sp<IEffect>& result, uint64_t /*effectId*/) {
+                if (r == Result::OK) {
+                    effect = result;
+                }
+            });
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 080fa19..d14ccfa 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
         "libcamera_metadata",
         "libcutils",
         "libfmq",
-        "libgralloctypes",
         "libgui",
         "libui",
     ],
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@
         "android.hidl.allocator@1.0",
         "libgrallocusage",
         "libhidlmemory",
+        "libgralloctypes",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
index 9416a54..69ec0d9 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
@@ -47,8 +47,12 @@
 #include <gui/BufferItemConsumer.h>
 #include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
 #include <gui/Surface.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <hardware/gralloc.h>
 #include <hardware/gralloc1.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <system/camera.h>
 #include <system/camera_metadata.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
@@ -59,9 +63,6 @@
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
-
 using namespace ::android::hardware::camera::device;
 using ::android::hardware::Return;
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
@@ -283,27 +284,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-// Test environment for camera
-class CameraHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static CameraHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static CameraHidlEnvironment* instance = new CameraHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void HidlSetUp() override { ALOGI("SetUp CameraHidlEnvironment"); }
-
-    virtual void HidlTearDown() override { ALOGI("TearDown CameraHidlEnvironment"); }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<ICameraProvider>(); }
-
-   private:
-    CameraHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(CameraHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
 struct BufferItemHander: public BufferItemConsumer::FrameAvailableListener {
     BufferItemHander(wp<BufferItemConsumer> consumer) : mConsumer(consumer) {}
 
@@ -544,12 +524,13 @@
 }
 
 // The main test class for camera HIDL HAL.
-class CameraHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class CameraHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
 public:
  virtual void SetUp() override {
-     string service_name = CameraHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<ICameraProvider>();
+     std::string service_name = GetParam();
      ALOGI("get service with name: %s", service_name.c_str());
-     mProvider = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<ICameraProvider>(service_name);
+     mProvider = ICameraProvider::getService(service_name);
+
      ASSERT_NE(mProvider, nullptr);
 
      uint32_t id;
@@ -878,7 +859,7 @@
         // return from HAL but framework.
         ::android::Vector<StreamBuffer> resultOutputBuffers;
 
-        std::unordered_set<string> expectedPhysicalResults;
+        std::unordered_set<std::string> expectedPhysicalResults;
 
         InFlightRequest() :
                 shutterTimestamp(0),
@@ -912,7 +893,7 @@
 
         InFlightRequest(ssize_t numBuffers, bool hasInput,
                 bool partialResults, uint32_t partialCount,
-                const std::unordered_set<string>& extraPhysicalResult,
+                const std::unordered_set<std::string>& extraPhysicalResult,
                 std::shared_ptr<ResultMetadataQueue> queue = nullptr) :
                 shutterTimestamp(0),
                 errorCodeValid(false),
@@ -1573,7 +1554,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test devices with first_api_level >= P does not advertise device@1.0
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, noHal1AfterP) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, noHal1AfterP) {
     constexpr int32_t HAL1_PHASE_OUT_API_LEVEL = 28;
     int32_t firstApiLevel = 0;
     getFirstApiLevel(&firstApiLevel);
@@ -1598,7 +1579,7 @@
 
 // Test if ICameraProvider::isTorchModeSupported returns Status::OK
 // Also if first_api_level >= Q torch API must be supported.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, isTorchModeSupported) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, isTorchModeSupported) {
     constexpr int32_t API_LEVEL_Q = 29;
     int32_t firstApiLevel = 0;
     getFirstApiLevel(&firstApiLevel);
@@ -1615,7 +1596,7 @@
 }
 
 // TODO: consider removing this test if getCameraDeviceNames() has the same coverage
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, getCameraIdList) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getCameraIdList) {
     Return<void> ret;
     ret = mProvider->getCameraIdList([&](auto status, const auto& idList) {
         ALOGI("getCameraIdList returns status:%d", (int)status);
@@ -1628,7 +1609,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test if ICameraProvider::getVendorTags returns Status::OK
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, getVendorTags) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getVendorTags) {
     Return<void> ret;
     ret = mProvider->getVendorTags([&](auto status, const auto& vendorTagSecs) {
         ALOGI("getVendorTags returns status:%d numSections %zu", (int)status, vendorTagSecs.size());
@@ -1646,7 +1627,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test if ICameraProvider::setCallback returns Status::OK
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, setCallback) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, setCallback) {
     struct ProviderCb : public ICameraProviderCallback {
         virtual Return<void> cameraDeviceStatusChange(
                 const hidl_string& cameraDeviceName,
@@ -1674,7 +1655,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test if ICameraProvider::getCameraDeviceInterface returns Status::OK and non-null device
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, getCameraDeviceInterface) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getCameraDeviceInterface) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1716,7 +1697,7 @@
 
 // Verify that the device resource cost can be retrieved and the values are
 // sane.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, getResourceCost) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getResourceCost) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1786,7 +1767,7 @@
 
 // Verify that the static camera info can be retrieved
 // successfully.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, getCameraInfo) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getCameraInfo) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1834,7 +1815,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check whether preview window can be configured
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, setPreviewWindow) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, setPreviewWindow) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1854,7 +1835,7 @@
 }
 
 // Verify that setting preview window fails in case device is not open
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, setPreviewWindowInvalid) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, setPreviewWindowInvalid) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1879,7 +1860,7 @@
 }
 
 // Start and stop preview checking whether it gets enabled in between.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, startStopPreview) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, startStopPreview) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1904,7 +1885,7 @@
 
 // Start preview without active preview window. Preview should start as soon
 // as a valid active window gets configured.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, startStopPreviewDelayed) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, startStopPreviewDelayed) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1934,7 +1915,7 @@
 }
 
 // Verify that image capture behaves as expected along with preview callbacks.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, takePicture) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, takePicture) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -1983,7 +1964,7 @@
 }
 
 // Image capture should fail in case preview didn't get enabled first.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, takePictureFail) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, takePictureFail) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2003,7 +1984,7 @@
 }
 
 // Verify that image capture can be cancelled.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, cancelPicture) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, cancelPicture) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2030,7 +2011,7 @@
 }
 
 // Image capture cancel is a no-op when image capture is not running.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, cancelPictureNOP) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, cancelPictureNOP) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2053,7 +2034,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test basic video recording.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, startStopRecording) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, startStopRecording) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2131,7 +2112,7 @@
 }
 
 // It shouldn't be possible to start recording without enabling preview first.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, startRecordingFail) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, startRecordingFail) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2155,7 +2136,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check autofocus support if available.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, autoFocus) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, autoFocus) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<const char*> focusModes = {CameraParameters::FOCUS_MODE_AUTO,
                                            CameraParameters::FOCUS_MODE_CONTINUOUS_PICTURE,
@@ -2216,7 +2197,7 @@
 }
 
 // In case autofocus is supported verify that it can be cancelled.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, cancelAutoFocus) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, cancelAutoFocus) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2262,7 +2243,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check whether face detection is available and try to enable&disable.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, sendCommandFaceDetection) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, sendCommandFaceDetection) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2317,7 +2298,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check whether smooth zoom is available and try to enable&disable.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, sendCommandSmoothZoom) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, sendCommandSmoothZoom) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2365,7 +2346,7 @@
 }
 
 // Basic sanity tests related to camera parameters.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, getSetParameters) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getSetParameters) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2457,7 +2438,7 @@
 
 // Verify that the static camera characteristics can be retrieved
 // successfully.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, getCameraCharacteristics) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getCameraCharacteristics) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2523,7 +2504,7 @@
 
 //In case it is supported verify that torch can be enabled.
 //Check for corresponding toch callbacks as well.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, setTorchMode) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, setTorchMode) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     bool torchControlSupported = false;
     Return<void> ret;
@@ -2661,7 +2642,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check dump functionality.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, dumpState) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, dumpState) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     Return<void> ret;
 
@@ -2726,7 +2707,7 @@
 }
 
 // Open, dumpStates, then close
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, openClose) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, openClose) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     Return<void> ret;
 
@@ -2819,7 +2800,7 @@
 
 // Check whether all common default request settings can be sucessfully
 // constructed.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, constructDefaultRequestSettings) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, constructDefaultRequestSettings) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -2909,7 +2890,7 @@
 
 // Verify that all supported stream formats and sizes can be configured
 // successfully.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsAvailableOutputs) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsAvailableOutputs) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputStreams;
 
@@ -3017,7 +2998,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check for correct handling of invalid/incorrect configuration parameters.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsInvalidOutputs) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsInvalidOutputs) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputStreams;
 
@@ -3213,7 +3194,7 @@
 
 // Check whether all supported ZSL output stream combinations can be
 // configured successfully.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsZSLInputOutputs) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsZSLInputOutputs) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> inputStreams;
     std::vector<AvailableZSLInputOutput> inputOutputMap;
@@ -3379,7 +3360,7 @@
 
 // Check whether session parameters are supported. If Hal support for them
 // exist, then try to configure a preview stream using them.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsWithSessionParameters) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsWithSessionParameters) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputPreviewStreams;
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
@@ -3498,7 +3479,7 @@
 
 // Verify that all supported preview + still capture stream combinations
 // can be configured successfully.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsPreviewStillOutputs) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsPreviewStillOutputs) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputBlobStreams;
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputPreviewStreams;
@@ -3621,7 +3602,7 @@
 // In case constrained mode is supported, test whether it can be
 // configured. Additionally check for common invalid inputs when
 // using this mode.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsConstrainedOutputs) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsConstrainedOutputs) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
 
     for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
@@ -3826,7 +3807,7 @@
 
 // Verify that all supported video + snapshot stream combinations can
 // be configured successfully.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsVideoStillOutputs) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, configureStreamsVideoStillOutputs) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputBlobStreams;
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputVideoStreams;
@@ -3947,7 +3928,7 @@
 }
 
 // Generate and verify a camera capture request
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestPreview) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestPreview) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
                                         static_cast<int32_t>(PixelFormat::IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED)};
@@ -4115,7 +4096,7 @@
 }
 
 // Generate and verify a multi-camera capture request
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, processMultiCaptureRequestPreview) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, processMultiCaptureRequestPreview) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
                                         static_cast<int32_t>(PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888)};
@@ -4184,7 +4165,7 @@
 
         // Leave only 2 physical devices in the id set.
         auto it = physicalIds.begin();
-        string physicalDeviceId = *it; it++;
+        std::string physicalDeviceId = *it; it++;
         physicalIds.erase(++it, physicalIds.end());
         ASSERT_EQ(physicalIds.size(), 2u);
 
@@ -4362,7 +4343,7 @@
 }
 
 // Generate and verify a burst containing alternating sensor sensitivity values
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestBurstISO) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestBurstISO) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
                                         static_cast<int32_t>(PixelFormat::IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED)};
@@ -4520,7 +4501,7 @@
 
 // Test whether an incorrect capture request with missing settings will
 // be reported correctly.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestInvalidSinglePreview) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestInvalidSinglePreview) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputPreviewStreams;
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
@@ -4595,7 +4576,7 @@
 
 // Check whether an invalid capture request with missing output buffers
 // will be reported correctly.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestInvalidBuffer) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, processCaptureRequestInvalidBuffer) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputBlobStreams;
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
@@ -4660,7 +4641,7 @@
 }
 
 // Generate, trigger and flush a preview request
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, flushPreviewRequest) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, flushPreviewRequest) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputPreviewStreams;
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
@@ -4803,7 +4784,7 @@
 }
 
 // Verify that camera flushes correctly without any pending requests.
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, flushEmpty) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, flushEmpty) {
     hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
     std::vector<AvailableStream> outputPreviewStreams;
     AvailableStream previewThreshold = {kMaxPreviewWidth, kMaxPreviewHeight,
@@ -4848,7 +4829,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test camera provider@2.5 notify method
-TEST_F(CameraHidlTest, providerDeviceStateNotification) {
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, providerDeviceStateNotification) {
 
     notifyDeviceState(provider::V2_5::DeviceState::BACK_COVERED);
     notifyDeviceState(provider::V2_5::DeviceState::NORMAL);
@@ -6309,7 +6290,7 @@
     buffer_handle_t buffer;
     uint32_t stride;
 
-    android::status_t err = android::GraphicBufferAllocator::get().allocate(
+    android::status_t err = android::GraphicBufferAllocator::get().allocateRawHandle(
             width, height, static_cast<int32_t>(format), 1u /*layerCount*/, usage, &buffer, &stride,
             "VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4");
     ASSERT_EQ(err, android::NO_ERROR);
@@ -6434,11 +6415,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-  ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(CameraHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-  ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-  CameraHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-  int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-  ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-  return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, CameraHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ICameraProvider::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
index 8abbd48..b0a82a5 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.hostapd</name>
-        <version>1.0-1</version>
+        <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IHostapd</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
diff --git a/current.txt b/current.txt
index c716c54..ca2949c 100644
--- a/current.txt
+++ b/current.txt
@@ -298,7 +298,13 @@
 3661fa0623056922fdc4235ac5a9c91a2d066ab6f1ab4297e3b240fe302ba500 android.hardware.audio.effect@4.0::IPresetReverbEffect
 e88e520f8c98a62fccd8d5316c6687808f775de145d1405a7a9a66587ee6a001 android.hardware.audio.effect@4.0::IVirtualizerEffect
 fe28829dab10d171783b79ac9cc45412739f8ff275e90228d7c6370ef189b859 android.hardware.audio.effect@4.0::IVisualizerEffect
-21c8a702579356480236c6851b5b2c16b9bd369ce12bdd6ffdc4626a89f34f73  android.hardware.audio.effect@4.0::types
+21c8a702579356480236c6851b5b2c16b9bd369ce12bdd6ffdc4626a89f34f73 android.hardware.audio.effect@4.0::types
+a0f93c768c353cecee6237fe479bce47404eb10b629fafe07e32a054fd67f2af android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol@1.0::IAudioControl
+f2904a4c108ad1b93eb2fa4e43b82bd01ce1ff26156316e49d1d9fc80dfecaad android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsCamera
+94cba6ad04c83aa840de2ed52b74ba2126a26dd960225e61ac36703315279a80 android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsCameraStream
+5ea36fb043d9e3b413219de3dfd7b046b48af4fda39f167f3528652e986cb76d android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsDisplay
+b15c5d8f28be4f0469c11d184ebca616895f109d553a6c31018789d8c1bc0ac5 android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsEnumerator
+3b17c1fdfc389e0abe626c37054954b07201127d890c2bc05d47613ec1f4de4f android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::types
 42a06dc288f61b0690580f3d37b30b663c31d74d50bb58d0772386b550d5faab android.hardware.authsecret@1.0::IAuthSecret
 32cc50cc2a7658ec613c0c2dd2accbf6a05113b749852879e818b8b7b438db19 android.hardware.bluetooth.a2dp@1.0::IBluetoothAudioHost
 ff4be64d7992f8bec97dff37f35450e79b3430c61f85f54322ce45bef229dc3b android.hardware.bluetooth.a2dp@1.0::IBluetoothAudioOffload
@@ -572,6 +578,12 @@
 cfa81f229b69f9011c58f48264fcb552447430fe68610eac514e811e65bc306a android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.2::types
 
 # ABI preserving changes to HALs during Android R
+c3ec182ce325862b7d79e526f3e170c02cfee1497ed309d7c60d0de4ca636b0b android.hardware.automotive.audiocontrol@1.0::IAudioControl
+1b6d0927615ddbf4c56a993fa1845bca15543e315fb6f48c77276e2fa2918ac5 android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsCamera
+3901859d36b7b4d32910d61cd1e8982b0ffeb8fb77b457ac6349e8bf1abcd595 android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsCameraStream
+578f640c653726d58f99c84a7e1bb63862e21ef7cbb4f7d95c3cc62de00dca35 android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsDisplay
+f5bc6aa840db933cb9fd36668b06d3e2021cf5384bb70e459f22e2f2f921fba5 android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::IEvsEnumerator
+d3a344b7bd4c0d2658ae7209f55a979b8f53f361fd00f4fca29d5baa56d11fd2 android.hardware.automotive.evs@1.0::types
 2410dd02d67786a732d36e80b0f8ccf55086604ef37f9838e2013ff2c571e404 android.hardware.camera.device@3.5::types
 b69a7615c508acf5c5201efd1bfa3262167874fc3594e2db5a3ff93addd8ac75 android.hardware.keymaster@4.0::IKeymasterDevice
 eb2fa0c883c2185d514be0b84c179b283753ef0c1b77b45b4f359bd23bba8b75 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::IPreparedModel
@@ -589,11 +601,11 @@
 2736c59abaccacac407ebe80c5e48d446edf015051d05632fb679ba471779e6e android.hardware.audio@6.0::IDevice
 2402876cbc23c0de3690a665eca84fd3857d1808dba5cad25ce272f81ecef8c9 android.hardware.audio@6.0::IDevicesFactory
 bca5379d5065e2e08b6ad7308ffc8a71a972fc0698bec678ea32eea786d01cb5 android.hardware.audio@6.0::IPrimaryDevice
-7318b521ea12fdd4b6e3f381085c71784c810d1ec7a8d701ec2250f3f86712e4 android.hardware.audio@6.0::IStream
+fd1f1b29f26b42e886220f04a08086c00e5ade9d7b53f095438e578ab9d42a93 android.hardware.audio@6.0::IStream
 2df5d5866b37776f25079c0e54b54350a2abe4e025a59c9e02a7d3abe8ca00e8 android.hardware.audio@6.0::IStreamIn
 78e4138cc8307c11fc777c3bd376e581ba4ba48196b05ca1d7cdfa515c87b48a android.hardware.audio@6.0::IStreamOut
 997fdaad7a9d17ee7e01feb7031a753e2365e72ad30b11d950e9183fabdf3844 android.hardware.audio@6.0::IStreamOutCallback
-0b291ebd7e94dd1cfaadd41a8b9a80bc9389bbb76f5ad5b3df94db5fe7faea9d android.hardware.audio.common@6.0::types
+e7d91d8293cc04117969b238c1a7292ef8db8eca2018542bce775bdc87e5522d android.hardware.audio.common@6.0::types
 817930d58412d662cb45e641c50cb62c727e4a3e3ffe7029a53cad9677b97d58 android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::types
 525bec6b44f1103869c269a128d51b8dccd73af5340ba863c8886c68357c7faf android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IAcousticEchoCancelerEffect
 8d76bbe3719d051a8e9a1dcf9244f37f5b0a491feb249fa48391edf7cb4f3131 android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IAutomaticGainControlEffect
@@ -601,7 +613,7 @@
 8bc597d166e07e9eba633267fc2872c4c53d13d3f0025b778c98e13324a165de android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IDownmixEffect
 9ee022c81e79da6051fde0836c1c1c4d5414e0c9a6cccc0ce17a90346ceb1391 android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IEffect
 75c99a70577d543359910a0b378bcbf5a0d6076712e58e6864cd8803f76c8684 android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IEffectBufferProviderCallback
-5910bdd600fc6501a67233a9a3f4f21dda86af08c05497322712600131d1fa8f android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IEffectsFactory
+b138d519696f23af2c7cb92c532178c35f4b3a5c1b689260b1c308fe00249f8b android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IEffectsFactory
 dd377f404a8e71f6191d295e10067db629b0f0c28e594af906f2bea5d87fe2cc android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IEnvironmentalReverbEffect
 455e085e136767302ec34d02b51a085c310e79bf500b76dda7c96a7f3637f11a android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::IEqualizerEffect
 24b5e107a0cbd2b322f764a4d5f7fb8b5d8c337a060b9a4a26b9af050c57b5d0 android.hardware.audio.effect@6.0::ILoudnessEnhancerEffect
@@ -633,19 +645,21 @@
 df9c79c4fdde2821550c6d5c3d07f5ec0adfb1b702561ce543c906ddef698703 android.hardware.media.c2@1.1::IComponent
 a3eddd9bbdc87e8c22764070037dd1154f1cf006e6fba93364c4f85d4c134a19 android.hardware.media.c2@1.1::IComponentStore
 9e59fffceed0dd72a9799e04505db5f777bbbea1af0695ba4107ef6d967c6fda android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.3::IDevice
-4a6c3b3556da951b4def21ba579a227c022980fe4465df6cdfbe20628fa75f5a android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.3::IPreparedModel
+258825966435b3ed08832055bb736d81516013e405f161d9ccde9a90cfcdde83 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.3::IPreparedModel
 94e803236398bed1febb11cc21051bc42ec003700139b099d6c479e02a7ca3c3 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.3::IPreparedModelCallback
 cf1d55e8c68300090747ab90b94c22e4c859b29c84ced68a317c595bb115eab2 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.3::types
 3e01d4446cd69fd1c48f8572efd97487bc179564b32bd795800b97bbe10be37b android.hardware.wifi@1.4::IWifi
+03d37dfebbc27b13adce1ed6389ac483bf7cf32488ca14037c5569bc3e903e4f android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.2::IHostapd
+2defa258951e25a132aaeb36e3febe6f41bf9c6dbb1b1ebdf0b41708ab4e107e android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.2::types
 a64467bae843569f0d465c5be7f0c7a5b987985b55a3ef4794dd5afc68538650 android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::ISupplicant
 44445b8a03d7b9e68b2fbd954672c18a8fce9e32851b0692f4f4ab3407f86ecb android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::ISupplicantStaIface
 619fc9839ec6e369cfa9b28e3e9412e6885720ff8f9b5750c1b6ffb905120391 android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::ISupplicantStaIfaceCallback
 c9273429fcf98d797d3bb07fdba6f1be95bf960f9255cde169fd1ca4db85f856 android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::ISupplicantStaNetwork
 9b0a3ab6f4f74b971ed094426d8a443e29b512ff03e1ab50c07156396cdb2483 android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::types
 eaf870a7439838c66127a74e1896c4a2346979c116eb1931785ebb4d353230ae android.hardware.radio@1.5::types
-584001c25a16e3a29d496cff28dee690833cd2bda5376febe01cecd476ce876f android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadio
+ae2fd16a80caff9cb6e3f91875c7f68f7ff76c75334056549d38496673eafe5b android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadio
 3afac66f21a33bc9c4b80481c7d5540038348651d9a7d8af64ea13610af138da android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadioIndication
-caf00e0d942b77b17d7061b38de11e5b19e1da90d4818434cb4916ba89e30686 android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadioResponse
+e7268d32bedcf7d98324ffc808ec3dc45248d47ff4d04519d09e3c71767a7ad1 android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadioResponse
 55f0a15642869ec98a55ea0a5ac049d3e1a6245ff7750deb6bcb7182057eee83 android.hardware.radio.config@1.3::types
 b27ab0cd40b0b078cdcd024bfe1061c4c4c065f3519eeb9347fa359a3268a5ae android.hardware.radio.config@1.3::IRadioConfig
 742360c775313438b0f82256eac62fb5bbc76a6ae6f388573f3aa142fb2c1eea android.hardware.radio.config@1.3::IRadioConfigIndication
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
index 6481db4..e0d8b54 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@
  *
  * 1) Turns on location, waits for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
  * GnssStatus for any non-GPS constellations.
- * 2a & b) Turns off location, and blacklist first non-GPS constellations.
+ * 2a & b) Blacklist first non-GPS constellation, and turn off location.
  * 3) Restart location, wait for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
  * GnssStatus does not use any constellation but GPS.
  * 4a & b) Clean up by turning off location, and send in empty blacklist.
diff --git a/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp b/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
index 7cfe0db..22268f6 100644
--- a/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
@@ -148,6 +148,47 @@
     }
 }
 
+GnssConstellationType GnssHalTest::startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation(
+        const int locations_to_await, const int gnss_sv_info_list_timeout) {
+    gnss_cb_->location_cbq_.reset();
+    StartAndCheckLocations(locations_to_await);
+    const int location_called_count = gnss_cb_->location_cbq_.calledCount();
+
+    // Tolerate 1 less sv status to handle edge cases in reporting.
+    int sv_info_list_cbq_size = gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.size();
+    EXPECT_GE(sv_info_list_cbq_size + 1, locations_to_await);
+    ALOGD("Observed %d GnssSvInfo, while awaiting %d Locations (%d received)",
+          sv_info_list_cbq_size, locations_to_await, location_called_count);
+
+    // Find first non-GPS constellation to blacklist
+    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN;
+    for (int i = 0; i < sv_info_list_cbq_size; ++i) {
+        hidl_vec<IGnssCallback_2_1::GnssSvInfo> sv_info_vec;
+        gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.retrieve(sv_info_vec, gnss_sv_info_list_timeout);
+        for (uint32_t iSv = 0; iSv < sv_info_vec.size(); iSv++) {
+            const auto& gnss_sv = sv_info_vec[iSv];
+            if ((gnss_sv.v2_0.v1_0.svFlag & IGnssCallback_1_0::GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX) &&
+                (gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) &&
+                (gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation != GnssConstellationType::GPS)) {
+                // found a non-GPS constellation
+                constellation_to_blacklist = gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (constellation_to_blacklist != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (constellation_to_blacklist == GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
+        ALOGI("No non-GPS constellations found, constellation blacklist test less effective.");
+        // Proceed functionally to blacklist something.
+        constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::GLONASS;
+    }
+
+    return constellation_to_blacklist;
+}
+
 GnssHalTest::GnssCallback::GnssCallback()
     : info_cbq_("system_info"),
       name_cbq_("name"),
diff --git a/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h b/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
index 2e1add0..6b67e13 100644
--- a/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
+++ b/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 
 using android::hardware::gnss::common::GnssCallbackEventQueue;
 using android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocationFlags;
+using android::hardware::gnss::V2_0::GnssConstellationType;
 using android::hardware::gnss::V2_1::IGnss;
 
 using GnssLocation_1_0 = android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocation;
@@ -184,6 +185,17 @@
      */
     void SetPositionMode(const int min_interval_msec, const bool low_power_mode);
 
+    /*
+     * startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation:
+     * 1. Start location
+     * 2. Find and return first non-GPS constellation
+     *
+     * Note that location is not stopped in this method. The client should call
+     * StopAndClearLocations() after the call.
+     */
+    GnssConstellationType startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation(
+            const int locations_to_await, const int gnss_sv_info_list_timeout);
+
     sp<IGnss> gnss_hal_;        // GNSS HAL to call into
     sp<GnssCallback> gnss_cb_;  // Primary callback interface
 };
diff --git a/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp b/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
index 45a3d2a..2c51717 100644
--- a/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
+++ b/gnss/2.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * BlacklistConstellation:
+ * BlacklistConstellationLocationOff:
  *
  * 1) Turns on location, waits for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
  * GnssStatus for any non-GPS constellations.
@@ -393,48 +393,17 @@
  * GnssStatus does not use any constellation but GPS.
  * 4a & b) Clean up by turning off location, and send in empty blacklist.
  */
-TEST_P(GnssHalTest, BlacklistConstellation) {
+TEST_P(GnssHalTest, BlacklistConstellationLocationOff) {
     const int kLocationsToAwait = 3;
-
-    gnss_cb_->location_cbq_.reset();
-    StartAndCheckLocations(kLocationsToAwait);
-    const int location_called_count = gnss_cb_->location_cbq_.calledCount();
-
-    // Tolerate 1 less sv status to handle edge cases in reporting.
-    int sv_info_list_cbq_size = gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.size();
-    EXPECT_GE(sv_info_list_cbq_size + 1, kLocationsToAwait);
-    ALOGD("Observed %d GnssSvInfo, while awaiting %d Locations (%d received)",
-          sv_info_list_cbq_size, kLocationsToAwait, location_called_count);
+    const int kGnssSvInfoListTimeout = 2;
 
     // Find first non-GPS constellation to blacklist
-    const int kGnssSvInfoListTimeout = 2;
-    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN;
-    for (int i = 0; i < sv_info_list_cbq_size; ++i) {
-        hidl_vec<IGnssCallback_2_1::GnssSvInfo> sv_info_vec;
-        gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.retrieve(sv_info_vec, kGnssSvInfoListTimeout);
-        for (uint32_t iSv = 0; iSv < sv_info_vec.size(); iSv++) {
-            const auto& gnss_sv = sv_info_vec[iSv];
-            if ((gnss_sv.v2_0.v1_0.svFlag & IGnssCallback_1_0::GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX) &&
-                (gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) &&
-                (gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation != GnssConstellationType::GPS)) {
-                // found a non-GPS constellation
-                constellation_to_blacklist = gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (constellation_to_blacklist != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
+    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist =
+            startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation(kLocationsToAwait, kGnssSvInfoListTimeout);
 
     // Turns off location
     StopAndClearLocations();
 
-    if (constellation_to_blacklist == GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
-        ALOGI("No non-GPS constellations found, constellation blacklist test less effective.");
-        // Proceed functionally to blacklist something.
-        constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::GLONASS;
-    }
     IGnssConfiguration::BlacklistedSource source_to_blacklist_1;
     source_to_blacklist_1.constellation = constellation_to_blacklist;
     source_to_blacklist_1.svid = 0;  // documented wildcard for all satellites in this constellation
@@ -466,7 +435,83 @@
     StartAndCheckLocations(kLocationsToAwait);
 
     // Tolerate 1 less sv status to handle edge cases in reporting.
-    sv_info_list_cbq_size = gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.size();
+    int sv_info_list_cbq_size = gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.size();
+    EXPECT_GE(sv_info_list_cbq_size + 1, kLocationsToAwait);
+    ALOGD("Observed %d GnssSvInfo, while awaiting %d Locations", sv_info_list_cbq_size,
+          kLocationsToAwait);
+    for (int i = 0; i < sv_info_list_cbq_size; ++i) {
+        hidl_vec<IGnssCallback_2_1::GnssSvInfo> sv_info_vec;
+        gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.retrieve(sv_info_vec, kGnssSvInfoListTimeout);
+        for (uint32_t iSv = 0; iSv < sv_info_vec.size(); iSv++) {
+            const auto& gnss_sv = sv_info_vec[iSv];
+            EXPECT_FALSE((gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation == source_to_blacklist_1.constellation) &&
+                         (gnss_sv.v2_0.v1_0.svFlag & IGnssCallback_1_0::GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX));
+            EXPECT_FALSE((gnss_sv.v2_0.constellation == source_to_blacklist_2.constellation) &&
+                         (gnss_sv.v2_0.v1_0.svFlag & IGnssCallback_1_0::GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // clean up
+    StopAndClearLocations();
+    sources.resize(0);
+    result = gnss_configuration_hal->setBlacklist_2_1(sources);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * BlacklistConstellationLocationOn:
+ *
+ * 1) Turns on location, waits for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
+ * GnssStatus for any non-GPS constellations.
+ * 2a & b) Blacklist first non-GPS constellation, and turn off location.
+ * 3) Restart location, wait for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
+ * GnssStatus does not use any constellation but GPS.
+ * 4a & b) Clean up by turning off location, and send in empty blacklist.
+ */
+TEST_P(GnssHalTest, BlacklistConstellationLocationOn) {
+    const int kLocationsToAwait = 3;
+    const int kGnssSvInfoListTimeout = 2;
+
+    // Find first non-GPS constellation to blacklist
+    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist =
+            startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation(kLocationsToAwait, kGnssSvInfoListTimeout);
+
+    IGnssConfiguration::BlacklistedSource source_to_blacklist_1;
+    source_to_blacklist_1.constellation = constellation_to_blacklist;
+    source_to_blacklist_1.svid = 0;  // documented wildcard for all satellites in this constellation
+
+    // IRNSS was added in 2.0. Always attempt to blacklist IRNSS to verify that the new enum is
+    // supported.
+    IGnssConfiguration::BlacklistedSource source_to_blacklist_2;
+    source_to_blacklist_2.constellation = GnssConstellationType::IRNSS;
+    source_to_blacklist_2.svid = 0;  // documented wildcard for all satellites in this constellation
+
+    auto gnss_configuration_hal_return = gnss_hal_->getExtensionGnssConfiguration_2_1();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(gnss_configuration_hal_return.isOk());
+    sp<IGnssConfiguration> gnss_configuration_hal = gnss_configuration_hal_return;
+    ASSERT_NE(gnss_configuration_hal, nullptr);
+
+    hidl_vec<IGnssConfiguration::BlacklistedSource> sources;
+    sources.resize(2);
+    sources[0] = source_to_blacklist_1;
+    sources[1] = source_to_blacklist_2;
+
+    auto result = gnss_configuration_hal->setBlacklist_2_1(sources);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result);
+
+    // Turns off location
+    StopAndClearLocations();
+
+    // retry and ensure constellation not used
+    gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.reset();
+
+    gnss_cb_->location_cbq_.reset();
+    StartAndCheckLocations(kLocationsToAwait);
+
+    // Tolerate 1 less sv status to handle edge cases in reporting.
+    int sv_info_list_cbq_size = gnss_cb_->sv_info_list_cbq_.size();
     EXPECT_GE(sv_info_list_cbq_size + 1, kLocationsToAwait);
     ALOGD("Observed %d GnssSvInfo, while awaiting %d Locations", sv_info_list_cbq_size,
           kLocationsToAwait);
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
index d08ac56..d4e4dde 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -30,10 +28,10 @@
 }
 
 void Gralloc::init(const std::string& allocatorServiceName, const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mAllocator.get()) << "failed to get allocator service";
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mMapper.get()) << "failed to get mapper service";
     ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h
index 6c2c9a6..fc8a102 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/2.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 853c2a3..a055b61 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 5ec0af2..b079a4b 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -35,28 +37,12 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.mapper.
-class GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* instance = new GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IAllocator>();
-        registerTestService<IMapper>();
-    }
-};
-
-class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class GraphicsMapperHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                     std::get<1>(GetParam())));
 
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
@@ -75,14 +61,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::dumpDebugInfo by calling it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
     mGralloc->dumpDebugInfo();
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with valid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -105,7 +91,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with invalid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
     // this assumes any valid descriptor is non-empty
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     mGralloc->getAllocator()->allocate(descriptor, 1,
@@ -117,7 +103,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate does not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -131,7 +117,7 @@
 /**
  * Test that IAllocator::allocate is thread-safe.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -161,14 +147,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 0;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor(info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
@@ -179,7 +165,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with allocated buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle));
@@ -188,7 +174,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with cloned buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
     const native_handle_t* clonedBufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(clonedBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -206,7 +192,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer cross mapper instances.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
     const native_handle_t* rawHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rawHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -218,10 +204,8 @@
 
     // free the imported handle with another mapper
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> anotherGralloc;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-        anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                       std::get<1>(GetParam())));
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(importedHandle);
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error);
 
@@ -231,7 +215,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer do not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -245,7 +229,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -263,7 +247,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::freeBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
     EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error) << "freeBuffer with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
@@ -286,7 +270,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::lock and IMapper::unlock.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
@@ -332,7 +316,7 @@
  * Test IMapper::lockYCbCr.  This locks a YV12 buffer, and makes sure we can
  * write to and read from it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
 
@@ -391,7 +375,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::unlock with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -426,6 +410,14 @@
 #endif
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        PerInstance, GraphicsMapperHidlTest,
+        testing::Combine(
+                testing::ValuesIn(
+                        android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IAllocator::descriptor)),
+                testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IMapper::descriptor))),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_0
@@ -433,13 +425,3 @@
 }  // namespace graphics
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::vts::GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
index ca02aad..abbe50a 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
-    defaults: ["hidl_defaults"],
+    defaults: ["hidl_defaults", "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     srcs: ["MapperVts.cpp"],
     cflags: [
         "-O0",
         "-g",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
index 36f9cbb..239de74 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index afd8e7f..bb76c74 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp
index 5e7cf93..1185945 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest"
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.1/IMapper.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -34,28 +36,12 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
 using V2_0::Error;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.mapper.
-class GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* instance = new GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IAllocator>();
-        registerTestService<IMapper>();
-    }
-};
-
-class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class GraphicsMapperHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                     std::get<1>(GetParam())));
 
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
@@ -74,7 +60,7 @@
 /**
  * Test that IMapper::validateBufferSize works.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     uint32_t stride;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true, &stride));
@@ -87,7 +73,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::validateBufferSize with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadBuffer) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     Error ret = mGralloc->getMapper()->validateBufferSize(invalidHandle, mDummyDescriptorInfo,
                                                           mDummyDescriptorInfo.width);
@@ -114,7 +100,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::validateBufferSize with invalid descriptor and/or stride.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadValue) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadValue) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -161,7 +147,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getTransportSize.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     uint32_t numFds;
     uint32_t numInts;
@@ -173,7 +159,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getTransportSize with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBadBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBadBuffer) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->getTransportSize(
         invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&, const auto&) {
@@ -203,14 +189,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Basic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Basic) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Negative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Negative) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 0;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor_2_1(info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
@@ -218,22 +204,18 @@
     });
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        PerInstance, GraphicsMapperHidlTest,
+        testing::Combine(
+                testing::ValuesIn(
+                        android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IAllocator::descriptor)),
+                testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IMapper::descriptor))),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace mapper
 }  // namespace graphics
 }  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::vts::GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-
-    return status;
-}
+}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
index c94e8db..de886a9 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -35,19 +33,19 @@
 }
 
 void Gralloc::init(const std::string& allocatorServiceName, const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mAllocator.get()) << "failed to get allocator service";
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mMapper.get()) << "failed to get mapper service";
     ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
 }
 
 void Gralloc::initNoErr(const std::string& allocatorServiceName,
                         const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     if (mMapper.get()) {
         ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
     }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h
index 1141a88..b2fbebb1 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/3.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/3.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 77075a5..f01670e 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp
index ff73ecf..92b5994 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -35,28 +37,12 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::BufferUsage;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.mapper.
-class GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* instance = new GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IAllocator>();
-        registerTestService<IMapper>();
-    }
-};
-
-class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class GraphicsMapperHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                     std::get<1>(GetParam())));
 
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
@@ -75,14 +61,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::dumpDebugInfo by calling it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
     mGralloc->dumpDebugInfo();
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with valid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -105,7 +91,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with invalid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
     // this assumes any valid descriptor is non-empty
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     mGralloc->getAllocator()->allocate(descriptor, 1,
@@ -117,7 +103,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate does not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -131,7 +117,7 @@
 /**
  * Test that IAllocator::allocate is thread-safe.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -161,14 +147,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 0;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor(info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
@@ -179,7 +165,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with allocated buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle));
@@ -188,7 +174,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with cloned buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
     const native_handle_t* clonedBufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(clonedBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -206,7 +192,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer cross mapper instances.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
     const native_handle_t* rawHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rawHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -218,10 +204,8 @@
 
     // free the imported handle with another mapper
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> anotherGralloc;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-        anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                       std::get<1>(GetParam())));
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(importedHandle);
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error);
 
@@ -231,7 +215,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer do not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -245,7 +229,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -263,7 +247,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::freeBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
     EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error) << "freeBuffer with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
@@ -286,7 +270,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::lock and IMapper::unlock.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
@@ -346,7 +330,7 @@
  * Test IMapper::lockYCbCr.  This locks a YV12 buffer, and makes sure we can
  * write to and read from it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
 
@@ -405,7 +389,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::unlock with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -443,7 +427,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with required format RGBA_8888
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedRGBA8888) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedRGBA8888) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     bool supported = false;
 
@@ -454,7 +438,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with required format YV12
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedYV12) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedYV12) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
     bool supported = false;
@@ -466,7 +450,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with optional format Y16
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedY16) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedY16) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::Y16;
     bool supported = false;
@@ -474,6 +458,14 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(supported = mGralloc->isSupported(info));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        PerInstance, GraphicsMapperHidlTest,
+        testing::Combine(
+                testing::ValuesIn(
+                        android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IAllocator::descriptor)),
+                testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IMapper::descriptor))),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V3_0
@@ -481,13 +473,3 @@
 }  // namespace graphics
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::vts::GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp b/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
index c317ed2..8a5f54e 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #include <gralloctypes/Gralloc4.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -36,19 +34,19 @@
 }
 
 void Gralloc::init(const std::string& allocatorServiceName, const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mAllocator.get()) << "failed to get allocator service";
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mMapper.get()) << "failed to get mapper service";
     ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
 }
 
 void Gralloc::initNoErr(const std::string& allocatorServiceName,
                         const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     if (mMapper.get()) {
         ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
     }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h b/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h
index eed043f..1c635c4 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h
+++ b/graphics/mapper/4.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/4.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/4.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 506026d..926cf31 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
     srcs: ["VtsHalGraphicsMapperV4_0TargetTest.cpp"],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
+        "libgralloctypes",
         "libsync",
+        "vintf-graphics-common-ndk_platform",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
@@ -28,11 +30,9 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
-        "libgralloctypes",
-        "vintf-graphics-common-ndk_platform",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libsystem_headers",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV4_0TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV4_0TargetTest.cpp
index 347eca6..4ca5e7e 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV4_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/4.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV4_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@
 
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/graphics/common/PlaneLayoutComponentType.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/sync.h>
 #include <gralloctypes/Gralloc4.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h>
 #include <system/graphics.h>
 
@@ -52,28 +54,12 @@
 using DecodeFunction = std::function<void(const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& descriptorInfo,
                                           const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec)>;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.mapper.
-class GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-  public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* instance = new GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IAllocator>();
-        registerTestService<IMapper>();
-    }
-};
-
-class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class GraphicsMapperHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
   protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                        GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                        GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                     std::get<1>(GetParam())));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mGralloc->getAllocator().get());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mGralloc->getMapper().get());
 
@@ -322,14 +308,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::dumpDebugInfo by calling it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
     mGralloc->dumpDebugInfo();
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with valid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -352,7 +338,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with invalid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
     // this assumes any valid descriptor is non-empty
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     mGralloc->getAllocator()->allocate(descriptor, 1,
@@ -364,7 +350,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate does not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -378,7 +364,7 @@
 /**
  * Test that IAllocator::allocate is thread-safe.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -409,14 +395,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 0;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor(info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
@@ -427,7 +413,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with allocated buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle));
@@ -436,7 +422,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with cloned buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
     const native_handle_t* clonedBufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(clonedBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -454,7 +440,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer cross mapper instances.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
     const native_handle_t* rawHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rawHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -466,10 +452,8 @@
 
     // free the imported handle with another mapper
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> anotherGralloc;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                       std::get<1>(GetParam())));
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(importedHandle);
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error);
 
@@ -479,7 +463,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer do not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -493,7 +477,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -511,7 +495,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::freeBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
     EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error) << "freeBuffer with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
@@ -534,7 +518,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::lock and IMapper::unlock.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
@@ -565,7 +549,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, Lock_YCBCR_420_888) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, Lock_YCBCR_420_888) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888;
 
@@ -638,7 +622,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::unlock with bad access region
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockBadAccessRegion) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockBadAccessRegion) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
@@ -680,7 +664,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::unlock with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -718,7 +702,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::flush and IMapper::reread.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FlushRereadBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FlushRereadBasic) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
     const native_handle_t* rawHandle;
@@ -770,7 +754,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::flushLockedBuffer with bad buffer
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FlushLockedBufferBadBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FlushLockedBufferBadBuffer) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->getMapper()->flushLockedBuffer(
             nullptr, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& /*tmpReleaseFence*/) {
                 ASSERT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError);
@@ -780,14 +764,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::rereadLockedBuffer with bad buffer
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, RereadLockedBufferBadBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, RereadLockedBufferBadBuffer) {
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, mGralloc->getMapper()->rereadLockedBuffer(nullptr));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with required format RGBA_8888
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedRGBA8888) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedRGBA8888) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     bool supported = false;
 
@@ -798,7 +782,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with required format YV12
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedYV12) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedYV12) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
     bool supported = false;
@@ -810,7 +794,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with optional format Y16
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedY16) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedY16) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::Y16;
     bool supported = false;
@@ -821,7 +805,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(BufferId)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetBufferId) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetBufferId) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_BufferId,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint64_t bufferId = 0;
@@ -832,7 +816,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(Name)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetName) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetName) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Name,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& info, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 std::string name;
@@ -844,7 +828,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(Width)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetWidth) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetWidth) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Width,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& info, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint64_t width = 0;
@@ -856,7 +840,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(Height)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetHeight) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetHeight) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Height,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& info, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint64_t height = 0;
@@ -868,7 +852,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(LayerCount)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetLayerCount) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetLayerCount) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_LayerCount,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& info, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint64_t layerCount = 0;
@@ -880,7 +864,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(PixelFormatRequested)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPixelFormatRequested) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPixelFormatRequested) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_PixelFormatRequested,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& info, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 PixelFormat pixelFormatRequested = PixelFormat::BLOB;
@@ -893,7 +877,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(PixelFormatFourCC)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPixelFormatFourCC) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPixelFormatFourCC) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_PixelFormatFourCC,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint32_t pixelFormatFourCC = 0;
@@ -904,7 +888,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(PixelFormatModifier)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPixelFormatModifier) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPixelFormatModifier) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_PixelFormatModifier,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint64_t pixelFormatModifier = 0;
@@ -915,7 +899,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(Usage)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetUsage) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetUsage) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Usage,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& info, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint64_t usage = 0;
@@ -927,7 +911,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(AllocationSize)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetAllocationSize) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetAllocationSize) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_AllocationSize,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 uint64_t allocationSize = 0;
@@ -938,7 +922,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(ProtectedContent)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetProtectedContent) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetProtectedContent) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.usage = BufferUsage::PROTECTED | BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY;
 
@@ -960,7 +944,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(Compression)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetCompression) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetCompression) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
 
@@ -977,7 +961,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(Interlaced)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetInterlaced) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetInterlaced) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Interlaced,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 ExtendableType interlaced = gralloc4::Interlaced_TopBottom;
@@ -991,7 +975,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(ChromaSiting)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetChromaSiting) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetChromaSiting) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_ChromaSiting,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 ExtendableType chromaSiting = gralloc4::ChromaSiting_Unknown;
@@ -1005,7 +989,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(PlaneLayouts)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPlaneLayouts) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetPlaneLayouts) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
 
@@ -1021,7 +1005,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(Dataspace)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetDataspace) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetDataspace) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Dataspace,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 Dataspace dataspace = Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
@@ -1033,7 +1017,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(BlendMode)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetBlendMode) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetBlendMode) {
     testGet(mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_BlendMode,
             [](const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& /*info*/, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& vec) {
                 BlendMode blendMode = BlendMode::NONE;
@@ -1045,7 +1029,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(metadata) with a bad buffer
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetMetadataBadValue) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetMetadataBadValue) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER,
@@ -1100,7 +1084,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(metadata) for unsupported metadata
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetUnsupportedMetadata) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetUnsupportedMetadata) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
 
@@ -1114,7 +1098,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::get(metadata) for unsupported standard metadata
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetUnsupportedStandardMetadata) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetUnsupportedStandardMetadata) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
 
@@ -1128,7 +1112,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(PixelFormatFourCC)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetPixelFormatFourCC) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetPixelFormatFourCC) {
     uint32_t pixelFormatFourCC = 0x34324142;  // DRM_FORMAT_BGRA8888
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodePixelFormatFourCC(pixelFormatFourCC, &vec));
@@ -1144,7 +1128,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(PixelFormatModifier)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetPixelFormatModifier) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetPixelFormatModifier) {
     uint64_t pixelFormatModifier = 10;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodePixelFormatModifier(pixelFormatModifier, &vec));
@@ -1161,7 +1145,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(Usage) remove flag
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetUsageRemoveBit) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetUsageRemoveBit) {
     uint64_t usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN);
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodeUsage(usage, &vec));
@@ -1176,7 +1160,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(Usage) add flag
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetUsageAddBit) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetUsageAddBit) {
     uint64_t usage = mDummyDescriptorInfo.usage | static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE);
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodeUsage(usage, &vec));
@@ -1192,7 +1176,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(Usage) to test protected content
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetUsageProtected) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetUsageProtected) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.usage = BufferUsage::PROTECTED | BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY;
@@ -1219,7 +1203,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(AllocationSize)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetAllocationSize) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetAllocationSize) {
     uint64_t allocationSize = 1000000;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodeAllocationSize(allocationSize, &vec));
@@ -1235,7 +1219,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(ProtectedContent)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetProtectedContent) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetProtectedContent) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.usage = BufferUsage::PROTECTED | BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY;
@@ -1263,7 +1247,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(Compression)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetCompression) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetCompression) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
 
@@ -1284,7 +1268,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(Interlaced)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetInterlaced) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetInterlaced) {
     ExtendableType interlaced = gralloc4::Interlaced_RightLeft;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodeInterlaced(interlaced, &vec));
@@ -1302,7 +1286,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(ChromaSiting)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetChromaSiting) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetChromaSiting) {
     ExtendableType chromaSiting = gralloc4::ChromaSiting_SitedInterstitial;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodeChromaSiting(chromaSiting, &vec));
@@ -1320,7 +1304,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(PlaneLayouts)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetPlaneLayouts) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetPlaneLayouts) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(info, true));
@@ -1421,7 +1405,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(Dataspace)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetDataspace) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetDataspace) {
     Dataspace dataspace = Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodeDataspace(dataspace, &vec));
@@ -1437,7 +1421,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(BlendMode)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetBlendMode) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetBlendMode) {
     BlendMode blendMode = BlendMode::PREMULTIPLIED;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, gralloc4::encodeBlendMode(blendMode, &vec));
@@ -1453,7 +1437,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(metadata) with a bad buffer
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetMetadataNullBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetMetadataNullBuffer) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, mGralloc->set(bufferHandle, gralloc4::MetadataType_BufferId, vec));
@@ -1490,7 +1474,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(metadata) for constant metadata
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetConstantMetadata) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetConstantMetadata) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
 
@@ -1509,7 +1493,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::set(metadata) for bad metadata
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetBadMetadata) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, SetBadMetadata) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
 
@@ -1549,7 +1533,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(BufferId)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoBufferId) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoBufferId) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::UNSUPPORTED,
               mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(mDummyDescriptorInfo,
@@ -1559,7 +1543,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(Name)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoName) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoName) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Name, &vec));
@@ -1572,7 +1556,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(Width)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoWidth) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoWidth) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Width, &vec));
@@ -1585,7 +1569,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(Height)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoHeight) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoHeight) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Height, &vec));
@@ -1598,7 +1582,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(PixelFormatRequested)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPixelFormatRequested) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPixelFormatRequested) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE,
               mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
@@ -1612,7 +1596,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(PixelFormatFourCC)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPixelFormatFourCC) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPixelFormatFourCC) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     Error err = mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
             mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_PixelFormatFourCC, &vec);
@@ -1628,7 +1612,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(PixelFormatModifier)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPixelFormatModifier) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPixelFormatModifier) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     Error err = mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
             mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_PixelFormatModifier, &vec);
@@ -1644,7 +1628,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(Usage)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoUsage) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoUsage) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Usage, &vec));
@@ -1657,7 +1641,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(AllocationSize)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoAllocationSize) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoAllocationSize) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     Error err = mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(mDummyDescriptorInfo,
                                                       gralloc4::MetadataType_AllocationSize, &vec);
@@ -1673,7 +1657,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(ProtectedContent)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoProtectedContent) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoProtectedContent) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.usage = BufferUsage::PROTECTED | BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY;
 
@@ -1689,7 +1673,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(Compression)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoCompression) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoCompression) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
 
@@ -1707,7 +1691,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(Interlaced)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoInterlaced) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoInterlaced) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Interlaced, &vec));
@@ -1722,7 +1706,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(ChromaSiting)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoChromaSiting) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoChromaSiting) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE,
               mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(mDummyDescriptorInfo,
@@ -1738,7 +1722,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(PlaneLayouts)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPlaneLayouts) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoPlaneLayouts) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE,
               mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(mDummyDescriptorInfo,
@@ -1752,7 +1736,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(Dataspace)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoDataspace) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoDataspace) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_Dataspace, &vec));
@@ -1765,7 +1749,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(BlendMode)
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoBlendMode) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoBlendMode) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, mGralloc->getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(
                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, gralloc4::MetadataType_BlendMode, &vec));
@@ -1778,7 +1762,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(metadata) for unsupported metadata
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoUnsupportedMetadata) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoUnsupportedMetadata) {
     MetadataType metadataTypeFake = {"FAKE", 1};
 
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
@@ -1790,7 +1774,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getFromBufferDescriptorInfo(metadata) for unsupported standard metadata
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoUnsupportedStandardMetadata) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetFromBufferDescriptorInfoUnsupportedStandardMetadata) {
     MetadataType metadataTypeFake = {GRALLOC4_STANDARD_METADATA_TYPE, 9999};
 
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> vec;
@@ -1802,7 +1786,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::listSupportedMetadataTypes()
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ListSupportedMetadataTypes) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ListSupportedMetadataTypes) {
     hidl_vec<IMapper::MetadataTypeDescription> descriptions;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->listSupportedMetadataTypes(
             [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpDescriptions) {
@@ -1850,7 +1834,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::dumpBuffer()
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, DumpBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, DumpBuffer) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
     auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
@@ -1867,7 +1851,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::dumpBuffer() with an invalid buffer
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, DumpBufferNullBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, DumpBufferNullBuffer) {
     native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
 
@@ -1880,7 +1864,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::dumpBuffer() multiple
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, DumpBuffers) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, DumpBuffers) {
     size_t bufferCount = 10;
 
     for (int i = 0; i < bufferCount; i++) {
@@ -1903,7 +1887,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getReservedRegion()
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetReservedRegion) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetReservedRegion) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
@@ -1935,7 +1919,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getReservedRegion() request over a page
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetLargeReservedRegion) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetLargeReservedRegion) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
@@ -1973,7 +1957,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getReservedRegion() across multiple mappers
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetReservedRegionMultiple) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetReservedRegionMultiple) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
@@ -1991,10 +1975,8 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(info.reservedSize, reservedSize1);
 
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> anotherGralloc;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                       std::get<1>(GetParam())));
 
     void* reservedRegion2 = nullptr;
     uint64_t reservedSize2 = 0;
@@ -2007,7 +1989,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getReservedRegion() with a bad buffer
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetReservedRegionBadBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetReservedRegionBadBuffer) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
 
     void* reservedRegion = nullptr;
@@ -2018,6 +2000,14 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, reservedSize);
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        PerInstance, GraphicsMapperHidlTest,
+        testing::Combine(
+                testing::ValuesIn(
+                        android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IAllocator::descriptor)),
+                testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IMapper::descriptor))),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V4_0
@@ -2025,13 +2015,3 @@
 }  // namespace graphics
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V4_0::vts::GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
diff --git a/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index b090548..43571ef 100644
--- a/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
         "android.hardware.health@1.0",
         "android.hardware.health@2.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 6e13a98..49891b7 100644
--- a/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,17 +20,18 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/health/2.0/IHealth.h>
 #include <android/hardware/health/2.0/types.h>
 #include <gflags/gflags.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 using ::testing::AssertionFailure;
 using ::testing::AssertionResult;
 using ::testing::AssertionSuccess;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase;
 
 DEFINE_bool(force, false, "Force test healthd even when the default instance is present.");
 
@@ -74,30 +75,13 @@
 
 using V1_0::BatteryStatus;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.composer
-class HealthHidlEnvironment : public VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static HealthHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static HealthHidlEnvironment* instance = new HealthHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IHealth>(); }
-
-   private:
-    HealthHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(HealthHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class HealthHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class HealthHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        std::string serviceName = HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IHealth>();
+        std::string serviceName = GetParam();
 
         if (serviceName == "backup" && !FLAGS_force &&
-            ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IHealth>() != nullptr) {
+            IHealth::getService() != nullptr) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Skipping tests on healthd because the default instance is present. "
                       << "Use --force if you really want to test healthd.";
             GTEST_SKIP();
@@ -105,7 +89,7 @@
 
         LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << serviceName;
         ASSERT_FALSE(serviceName.empty());
-        mHealth = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IHealth>(serviceName);
+        mHealth = IHealth::getService(serviceName);
         ASSERT_NE(mHealth, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -156,7 +140,7 @@
  * Test whether callbacks work. Tested functions are IHealth::registerCallback,
  * unregisterCallback, and update.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, Callbacks) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, Callbacks) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
     sp<Callback> firstCallback = new Callback();
@@ -193,7 +177,7 @@
     ASSERT_ALL_OK(mHealth->unregisterCallback(secondCallback));
 }
 
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, UnregisterNonExistentCallback) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, UnregisterNonExistentCallback) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     sp<Callback> callback = new Callback();
     auto ret = mHealth->unregisterCallback(callback);
@@ -278,7 +262,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getChargeCounter() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getChargeCounter) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getChargeCounter) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getChargeCounter([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value > 0);
@@ -288,7 +272,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCurrentNow() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentNow) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentNow) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCurrentNow([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT32_MIN);
@@ -298,7 +282,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCurrentAverage() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentAverage) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentAverage) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCurrentAverage([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT32_MIN);
@@ -308,7 +292,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCapacity() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCapacity) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCapacity) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCapacity([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), 0 <= value && value <= 100);
@@ -318,7 +302,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getEnergyCounter() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getEnergyCounter) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getEnergyCounter) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getEnergyCounter([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT64_MIN);
@@ -328,7 +312,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getChargeStatus() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getChargeStatus) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getChargeStatus) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getChargeStatus([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(
@@ -340,7 +324,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getStorageInfo() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getStorageInfo) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getStorageInfo) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getStorageInfo([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), verifyStorageInfo(value));
@@ -350,7 +334,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getDiskStats() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getDiskStats) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getDiskStats) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getDiskStats([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), true);
@@ -360,25 +344,24 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getHealthInfo() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getHealthInfo) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getHealthInfo) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getHealthInfo([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), verifyHealthInfo(value));
     }));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, HealthHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IHealth::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 }  // namespace V2_0
 }  // namespace health
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using ::android::hardware::health::V2_0::HealthHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true /* remove flags */);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 69aa56d..36a6861 100644
--- a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@
         "libcrypto_static",
         "libsoftkeymasterdevice",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71e41fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000"/>
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index ccb5622..ae32764 100644
--- a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -25,17 +25,15 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/3.0/IKeymasterDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/3.0/types.h>
-
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
-
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <keymaster/keymaster_configuration.h>
 
 #include "authorization_set.h"
 #include "key_param_output.h"
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
-
 #include "attestation_record.h"
 #include "openssl_utils.h"
 
@@ -413,33 +411,19 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-// Test environment for Keymaster HIDL HAL.
-class KeymasterHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* instance = new KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IKeymasterDevice>(); }
-   private:
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
-class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
     void TearDown() override {
         if (key_blob_.size()) {
             CheckedDeleteKey();
         }
         AbortIfNeeded();
+
+        keymaster_.clear();
     }
 
-    // SetUpTestCase runs only once per test case, not once per test.
-    static void SetUpTestCase() {
-        keymaster_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IKeymasterDevice>(
-            KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IKeymasterDevice>());
+    void SetUp() override {
+        keymaster_ = IKeymasterDevice::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(keymaster_, nullptr);
 
         ASSERT_TRUE(
@@ -461,11 +445,9 @@
         os_patch_level_ = ::keymaster::GetOsPatchlevel();
     }
 
-    static void TearDownTestCase() { keymaster_.clear(); }
-
-    static IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
-    static uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
+    IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
+    uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
+    uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
 
     AuthorizationSet UserAuths() { return AuthorizationSetBuilder().Authorization(TAG_USER_ID, 7); }
 
@@ -929,134 +911,121 @@
         }
     }
 
-    static bool IsSecure() { return is_secure_; }
-    static bool SupportsEc() { return supports_ec_; }
-    static bool SupportsSymmetric() { return supports_symmetric_; }
-    static bool SupportsAllDigests() { return supports_all_digests_; }
-    static bool SupportsAttestation() { return supports_attestation_; }
+    bool IsSecure() { return is_secure_; }
+    bool SupportsEc() { return supports_ec_; }
+    bool SupportsSymmetric() { return supports_symmetric_; }
+    bool SupportsAllDigests() { return supports_all_digests_; }
+    bool SupportsAttestation() { return supports_attestation_; }
 
-    static bool Km2Profile() {
+    bool Km2Profile() {
         return SupportsAttestation() && SupportsAllDigests() && SupportsSymmetric() &&
                SupportsEc() && IsSecure();
     }
 
-    static bool Km1Profile() {
+    bool Km1Profile() {
         return !SupportsAttestation() && SupportsSymmetric() && SupportsEc() && IsSecure();
     }
 
-    static bool Km0Profile() {
+    bool Km0Profile() {
         return !SupportsAttestation() && !SupportsAllDigests() && !SupportsSymmetric() &&
                IsSecure();
     }
 
-    static bool SwOnlyProfile() {
+    bool SwOnlyProfile() {
         return !SupportsAttestation() && !SupportsAllDigests() && !SupportsSymmetric() &&
                !SupportsEc() && !IsSecure();
     }
 
+    bool verify_attestation_record(const string& challenge, const string& app_id,
+                                   AuthorizationSet expected_sw_enforced,
+                                   AuthorizationSet expected_tee_enforced,
+                                   const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& attestation_cert) {
+        X509_Ptr cert(parse_cert_blob(attestation_cert));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(!!cert.get());
+        if (!cert.get()) return false;
+
+        ASN1_OCTET_STRING* attest_rec = get_attestation_record(cert.get());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(!!attest_rec);
+        if (!attest_rec) return false;
+
+        AuthorizationSet att_sw_enforced;
+        AuthorizationSet att_tee_enforced;
+        uint32_t att_attestation_version;
+        uint32_t att_keymaster_version;
+        SecurityLevel att_attestation_security_level;
+        SecurityLevel att_keymaster_security_level;
+        HidlBuf att_challenge;
+        HidlBuf att_unique_id;
+        HidlBuf att_app_id;
+        EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
+                  parse_attestation_record(attest_rec->data,                 //
+                                           attest_rec->length,               //
+                                           &att_attestation_version,         //
+                                           &att_attestation_security_level,  //
+                                           &att_keymaster_version,           //
+                                           &att_keymaster_security_level,    //
+                                           &att_challenge,                   //
+                                           &att_sw_enforced,                 //
+                                           &att_tee_enforced,                //
+                                           &att_unique_id));
+
+        EXPECT_TRUE(att_attestation_version == 1 || att_attestation_version == 2);
+
+        expected_sw_enforced.push_back(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID, HidlBuf(app_id));
+
+        if (!IsSecure()) {
+            // SW is KM3
+            EXPECT_EQ(att_keymaster_version, 3U);
+        }
+
+        if (SupportsSymmetric()) {
+            EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 1U);
+        }
+
+        if (SupportsAttestation()) {
+            EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 2U);
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(IsSecure() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
+                  att_keymaster_security_level);
+        EXPECT_EQ(SupportsAttestation() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT
+                                        : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
+                  att_attestation_security_level);
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(challenge.length(), att_challenge.size());
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp(challenge.data(), att_challenge.data(), challenge.length()));
+
+        att_sw_enforced.Sort();
+        expected_sw_enforced.Sort();
+        EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_sw_enforced), filter_tags(att_sw_enforced))
+                << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
+
+        att_tee_enforced.Sort();
+        expected_tee_enforced.Sort();
+        EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_tee_enforced), filter_tags(att_tee_enforced))
+                << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
     HidlBuf key_blob_;
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics_;
     OperationHandle op_handle_ = kOpHandleSentinel;
 
   private:
-    static sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
-    static uint32_t os_version_;
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level_;
+    sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
+    uint32_t os_version_;
+    uint32_t os_patch_level_;
 
-    static bool is_secure_;
-    static bool supports_ec_;
-    static bool supports_symmetric_;
-    static bool supports_attestation_;
-    static bool supports_all_digests_;
-    static hidl_string name_;
-    static hidl_string author_;
+    bool is_secure_;
+    bool supports_ec_;
+    bool supports_symmetric_;
+    bool supports_attestation_;
+    bool supports_all_digests_;
+    hidl_string name_;
+    hidl_string author_;
 };
 
-bool verify_attestation_record(const string& challenge, const string& app_id,
-                               AuthorizationSet expected_sw_enforced,
-                               AuthorizationSet expected_tee_enforced,
-                               const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& attestation_cert) {
-    X509_Ptr cert(parse_cert_blob(attestation_cert));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!!cert.get());
-    if (!cert.get()) return false;
-
-    ASN1_OCTET_STRING* attest_rec = get_attestation_record(cert.get());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!!attest_rec);
-    if (!attest_rec) return false;
-
-    AuthorizationSet att_sw_enforced;
-    AuthorizationSet att_tee_enforced;
-    uint32_t att_attestation_version;
-    uint32_t att_keymaster_version;
-    SecurityLevel att_attestation_security_level;
-    SecurityLevel att_keymaster_security_level;
-    HidlBuf att_challenge;
-    HidlBuf att_unique_id;
-    HidlBuf att_app_id;
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
-              parse_attestation_record(attest_rec->data,                 //
-                                       attest_rec->length,               //
-                                       &att_attestation_version,         //
-                                       &att_attestation_security_level,  //
-                                       &att_keymaster_version,           //
-                                       &att_keymaster_security_level,    //
-                                       &att_challenge,                   //
-                                       &att_sw_enforced,                 //
-                                       &att_tee_enforced,                //
-                                       &att_unique_id));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(att_attestation_version == 1 || att_attestation_version == 2);
-
-    expected_sw_enforced.push_back(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID,
-                                   HidlBuf(app_id));
-
-    if (!KeymasterHidlTest::IsSecure()) {
-        // SW is KM3
-        EXPECT_EQ(att_keymaster_version, 3U);
-    }
-
-    if (KeymasterHidlTest::SupportsSymmetric()) {
-        EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 1U);
-    }
-
-    if (KeymasterHidlTest::SupportsAttestation()) {
-        EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 2U);
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(KeymasterHidlTest::IsSecure() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT
-                                            : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
-              att_keymaster_security_level);
-    EXPECT_EQ(KeymasterHidlTest::SupportsAttestation() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT
-                                                       : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
-              att_attestation_security_level);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(challenge.length(), att_challenge.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp(challenge.data(), att_challenge.data(), challenge.length()));
-
-    att_sw_enforced.Sort();
-    expected_sw_enforced.Sort();
-    EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_sw_enforced), filter_tags(att_sw_enforced))
-        << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
-
-    att_tee_enforced.Sort();
-    expected_tee_enforced.Sort();
-    EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_tee_enforced), filter_tags(att_tee_enforced))
-        << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-sp<IKeymasterDevice> KeymasterHidlTest::keymaster_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_version_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_patch_level_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::is_secure_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_ec_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_symmetric_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_all_digests_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_attestation_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::name_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::author_;
-
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest KeymasterVersionTest;
 
 /*
@@ -1065,7 +1034,7 @@
  * Queries keymaster to find the set of features it supports. Fails if the combination doesn't
  * correspond to any well-defined keymaster version.
  */
-TEST_F(KeymasterVersionTest, SensibleFeatures) {
+TEST_P(KeymasterVersionTest, SensibleFeatures) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(Km2Profile() || Km1Profile() || Km0Profile() || SwOnlyProfile())
         << "Keymaster feature set doesn't fit any reasonable profile.  Reported features:"
         << "SupportsAttestation [" << SupportsAttestation() << "], "
@@ -1124,7 +1093,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required RSA key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
     for (auto key_size : {1024, 2048, 3072, 4096}) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -1158,7 +1127,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for RSA key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::RSA)
@@ -1172,7 +1141,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required EC key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
     for (auto key_size : {224, 256, 384, 521}) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -1203,7 +1172,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for EC key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::EC)
@@ -1217,7 +1186,7 @@
  * Verifies that failing to specify an invalid key size for EC key generation returns
  * UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder().EcdsaSigningKey(190).Digest(Digest::NONE)));
 }
@@ -1228,7 +1197,7 @@
  * Verifies that specifying mismatched key size and curve for EC key generation returns
  * INVALID_ARGUMENT.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .EcdsaSigningKey(224)
@@ -1237,7 +1206,7 @@
         << "(Possibly b/36233343)";
 }
 
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
     size_t valid_sizes[] = {224, 256, 384, 521};
     for (size_t size : valid_sizes) {
         EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -1252,7 +1221,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required EC curves.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
     EcCurve curves[] = {EcCurve::P_224, EcCurve::P_256, EcCurve::P_384, EcCurve::P_521};
     for (auto curve : curves) {
         EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -1269,7 +1238,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required digests, and that the resulting keys have correct
  * characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
     for (auto digest : {Digest::MD5, Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA_2_224, Digest::SHA_2_256,
                         Digest::SHA_2_384, Digest::SHA_2_512}) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
@@ -1318,7 +1287,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all key sizes, and rejects all invalid key sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
     for (size_t key_size = 0; key_size <= 512; ++key_size) {
         if (key_size < 64 || key_size % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very slow, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -1349,7 +1318,7 @@
  * test is probabilistic in order to keep the runtime down, but any failure prints out the specific
  * MAC length that failed, so reproducing a failed run will be easy.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
     for (size_t min_mac_length = 0; min_mac_length <= 256; ++min_mac_length) {
         if (min_mac_length < 64 || min_mac_length % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very long, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -1379,7 +1348,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with multiple specified digest algorithms.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1393,7 +1362,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with no digest or Digest::NONE
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
     ASSERT_EQ(
         ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
         GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder().HmacKey(128).Authorization(TAG_MIN_MAC_LENGTH, 128)));
@@ -1413,7 +1382,7 @@
  * Verifies that getKeyCharacteristics functions, and that generated and retrieved key
  * characteristics match.
  */
-TEST_F(GetKeyCharacteristicsTest, SimpleRsa) {
+TEST_P(GetKeyCharacteristicsTest, SimpleRsa) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1438,7 +1407,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1454,7 +1423,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-PSS signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -1472,7 +1441,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects signature operations that specify a padding mode when the key
  * supports only unpadded operations.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1492,7 +1461,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that digested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -1509,7 +1478,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1527,7 +1496,7 @@
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1555,7 +1524,7 @@
  * uses SHA512, which has a digest_size == 512, so the message size is 1040 bits, too large for a
  * 1024-bit key.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_512)
@@ -1574,7 +1543,7 @@
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1608,7 +1577,7 @@
  * Verifies that operations can be aborted correctly.  Uses an RSA signing operation for the test,
  * but the behavior should be algorithm and purpose-independent.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1633,7 +1602,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail with the correct error (but key gen succeeds) when used with a
  * padding mode inappropriate for RSA.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1650,7 +1619,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PSS operations fail when no digest is used.  PSS requires a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1670,7 +1639,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail when no padding mode is specified.  PaddingMode::NONE is
  * supported in some cases (as validated in other tests), but a mode must be specified.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
     // Padding must be specified
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1686,7 +1655,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signatures succeed with a message shorter than the key size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1707,7 +1676,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA encryption keys cannot be used to sign.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1724,7 +1693,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting a raw signature of a message which is the same length as the key, but
  * numerically larger than the public modulus, fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1746,7 +1715,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible key sizes and hashes.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
     for (auto key_size : {224, 256, 384, 521}) {
         for (auto digest : {
                  Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA_2_224, Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384,
@@ -1773,7 +1742,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible curves.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
     for (auto curve : {EcCurve::P_224, EcCurve::P_256, EcCurve::P_384, EcCurve::P_521}) {
         ErrorCode error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                           .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1795,7 +1764,7 @@
  * work because ECDSA actually only signs the leftmost L_n bits of the message, however large it may
  * be.  Not using digesting is a bad idea, but in some cases digesting is done by the framework.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(224)
@@ -1809,7 +1778,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempts to use AES keys to sign fail in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .SigningKey()
@@ -1832,7 +1801,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that HMAC works with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
     for (auto digest : {Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA_2_224, Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384,
                         Digest::SHA_2_512}) {
         ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -1855,7 +1824,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC larger than the digest
  * size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1876,7 +1845,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC smaller than the
  * specified minimum MAC length.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1896,7 +1865,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 3.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
     string key(20, 0xaa);
     string message(50, 0xdd);
     uint8_t sha_224_expected[] = {
@@ -1933,7 +1902,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 5.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
     string key(20, 0x0c);
     string message = "Test With Truncation";
 
@@ -1965,7 +1934,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 6.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase6) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase6) {
     string key(131, 0xaa);
     string message = "Test Using Larger Than Block-Size Key - Hash Key First";
 
@@ -2003,7 +1972,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 7.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase7) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase7) {
     string key(131, 0xaa);
     string message = "This is a test using a larger than block-size key and a larger than "
                      "block-size data. The key needs to be hashed before being used by the HMAC "
@@ -2045,7 +2014,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that a simple RSA signature/verification sequence succeeds.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2063,7 +2032,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies RSA signature/verification for all padding modes and digests.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2159,7 +2128,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies ECDSA signature/verification for all digests and curves.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
     auto digests = {
         Digest::NONE,      Digest::SHA1,      Digest::SHA_2_224,
         Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384, Digest::SHA_2_512,
@@ -2242,7 +2211,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies HMAC signing and verification, but that a signing key cannot be used to verify.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
     string key_material = "HelloThisIsAKey";
 
     HidlBuf signing_key, verification_key;
@@ -2290,7 +2259,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys in PKCS#8 format fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -2305,7 +2274,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is essentially
  * a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2328,7 +2297,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export ECDSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is
  * essentially a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -2349,7 +2318,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2368,7 +2337,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an RSA key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -2395,7 +2364,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(2048 /* Doesn't match key */, 65537)
@@ -2410,7 +2379,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a public exponent that doesn't match the key fails
  * in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2424,7 +2393,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2450,7 +2419,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-521 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .EcdsaSigningKey(521)
@@ -2477,7 +2446,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .EcdsaSigningKey(224 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2491,7 +2460,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a curve that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
     if (SupportsSymmetric() && !SupportsAttestation()) {
         // KM1 hardware doesn't know about curves
         return;
@@ -2510,7 +2479,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an AES key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2537,7 +2506,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an HMAC key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2563,7 +2532,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2586,7 +2555,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of short messages works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2615,7 +2584,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-long messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2635,7 +2604,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-large (numerically) messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2677,7 +2646,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations work, with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
     auto digests = {Digest::MD5,       Digest::SHA1,      Digest::SHA_2_224,
                     Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384, Digest::SHA_2_512};
 
@@ -2729,7 +2698,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to operate
  * without a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2747,7 +2716,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to decrypt with a
  * different digest than was used to encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2773,7 +2742,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to encrypt a
  * too-large message.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2796,7 +2765,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption/decrypts works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2835,7 +2804,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption fails in the correct way when the mssage is too large.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2855,7 +2824,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use ECDSA keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(224)
@@ -2872,7 +2841,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use HMAC keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -2894,7 +2863,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES ECB mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2923,7 +2892,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized mode is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2943,7 +2912,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when provided an input that is not a
  * multiple of the block size and no padding is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2964,7 +2933,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES PKCS7 padding works for any message length.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2989,7 +2958,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES enryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized padding mode is
  * specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3010,7 +2979,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES decryption fails in the correct way when the padding is corrupted.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3041,7 +3010,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES CTR mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3088,7 +3057,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES works, all modes, when provided data in various size increments.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
     auto block_modes = {
         BlockMode::ECB, BlockMode::CBC, BlockMode::CTR, BlockMode::GCM,
     };
@@ -3226,7 +3195,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies AES CTR implementation against SP800-38A test vectors.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
         const AesCtrSp80038aTestVector& test(kAesCtrSp80038aTestVectors[i]);
         const string key = hex2str(test.key);
@@ -3242,7 +3211,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects use of CTR mode with PKCS7 padding in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3257,7 +3226,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3289,7 +3258,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3322,7 +3291,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES caller-provided nonces work correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3371,7 +3340,7 @@
  * Verifies that caller-provided nonces are not permitted when not specified in the key
  * authorizations.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3406,7 +3375,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3454,7 +3423,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag length is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3475,7 +3444,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag is provided to decryption.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3518,7 +3487,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when the decryption key is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
     const uint8_t nonce_bytes[] = {
         0xb7, 0x94, 0x37, 0xae, 0x08, 0xff, 0x35, 0x5d, 0x7d, 0x8a, 0x4d, 0x0f,
     };
@@ -3570,7 +3539,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data, but no data to
  * encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3616,7 +3585,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data in multiple chunks.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3675,7 +3644,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when given AAD after data to encipher.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3724,7 +3693,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when additional authenticated date is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3768,7 +3737,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the nonce is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3812,7 +3781,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the tag is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3862,7 +3831,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with AES keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3887,7 +3856,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with RSA keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -3914,7 +3883,7 @@
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up.  There's no way to test that entropy is
  * actually added.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf("foo")));
 }
 
@@ -3923,7 +3892,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given an empty buffer.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf()));
 }
 
@@ -3932,7 +3901,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given a largish amount of data.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf(string(2 * 1024, 'a'))));
 }
 
@@ -3943,7 +3912,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -3971,7 +3940,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA requires app ID.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -3992,7 +3961,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -4020,7 +3989,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys requires app ID
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4040,7 +4009,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4063,7 +4032,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to HMAC keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4090,7 +4059,7 @@
  * This test checks that if rollback protection is implemented, DeleteKey invalidates a formerly
  * valid key blob.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -4135,7 +4104,7 @@
  *
  * This test checks that the HAL excepts invalid key blobs.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
     // Generate key just to check if rollback protection is implemented
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -4172,7 +4141,7 @@
  * been provisioned. Use this test only on dedicated testing devices that have no valuable
  * credentials stored in Keystore/Keymaster.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
     if (!arm_deleteAllKeys) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -4207,6 +4176,45 @@
     key_blob_ = HidlBuf();
 }
 
+static const auto kKeymasterDeviceChoices =
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor));
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, NewKeyGenerationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, KeymasterVersionTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, GetKeyCharacteristicsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SigningOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, VerificationOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ExportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, EncryptionOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, MaxOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AddEntropyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AttestationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, KeyDeletionTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V3_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
@@ -4214,10 +4222,7 @@
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::keymaster::V3_0::test::KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
         if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
             if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--arm_deleteAllKeys") {
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 0401362..5649f20 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@
         "libkeymaster4support",
         "libsoftkeymasterdevice",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcf7129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000"/>
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
index f159796..c228ef7 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
     }
 };
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, GetParameters) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, GetParameters) {
     auto result1 = getHmacSharingParameters(keymaster());
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, result1.error);
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
         << "A given keymaster should always return the same nonce until restart.";
 }
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmac) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmac) {
     auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters());
     ASSERT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), params.size())
         << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@
 template <class F>
 class final_action {
    public:
-    explicit final_action(F f) : f_(move(f)) {}
-    ~final_action() { f_(); }
+     explicit final_action(F f) : f_(std::move(f)) {}
+     ~final_action() { f_(); }
 
    private:
     F f_;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
     return final_action<F>(f);
 }
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptNonce) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptNonce) {
     // Important: The execution of this test gets the keymaster implementations on the device out of
     // sync with respect to the HMAC key.  Granted that VTS tests aren't run on in-use production
     // devices, this still has the potential to cause confusion.  To mitigate that, we always
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptSeed) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptSeed) {
     // Important: The execution of this test gets the keymaster implementations on the device out of
     // sync with respect to the HMAC key.  Granted that VTS tests aren't run on in-use production
     // devices, this still has the potential to cause confusion.  To mitigate that, we always
@@ -236,6 +236,11 @@
     }
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, HmacKeySharingTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
index 4838e7e..07409f6 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
@@ -41,18 +41,9 @@
 
 namespace test {
 
-sp<IKeymasterDevice> KeymasterHidlTest::keymaster_;
-std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> KeymasterHidlTest::all_keymasters_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_version_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_patch_level_;
-SecurityLevel KeymasterHidlTest::securityLevel_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::name_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::author_;
-string KeymasterHidlTest::service_name_;
-
 void KeymasterHidlTest::InitializeKeymaster() {
-    service_name_ = KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IKeymasterDevice>();
-    keymaster_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IKeymasterDevice>(service_name_);
+    service_name_ = GetParam();
+    keymaster_ = IKeymasterDevice::getService(service_name_);
     ASSERT_NE(keymaster_, nullptr);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(keymaster_
@@ -65,8 +56,7 @@
                     .isOk());
 }
 
-void KeymasterHidlTest::SetUpTestCase() {
-
+void KeymasterHidlTest::SetUp() {
     InitializeKeymaster();
 
     os_version_ = ::keymaster::GetOsVersion();
@@ -79,8 +69,7 @@
         IKeymasterDevice::descriptor, [&](const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& names) {
             for (auto& name : names) {
                 if (name == service_name_) continue;
-                auto keymaster =
-                    ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IKeymasterDevice>(name);
+                auto keymaster = IKeymasterDevice::getService(name);
                 ASSERT_NE(keymaster, nullptr);
                 all_keymasters_.push_back(keymaster);
             }
@@ -222,8 +211,8 @@
             std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> reported_time{
                     std::chrono::milliseconds(sw_enforced[i].f.dateTime)};
             // The test is flaky for EC keys, so a buffer time of 120 seconds will be added.
-            EXPECT_LE(creation - 120s, reported_time);
-            EXPECT_LE(reported_time, now + 1s);
+            EXPECT_LE(creation - std::chrono::seconds(120), reported_time);
+            EXPECT_LE(reported_time, now + std::chrono::seconds(1));
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
index b09da45..adceead 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
@@ -14,14 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef HARDWARE_INTERFACES_KEYMASTER_40_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST_H_
-#define HARDWARE_INTERFACES_KEYMASTER_40_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST_H_
+#pragma once
 
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/IKeymasterDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/types.h>
-
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <keymaster/keymaster_configuration.h>
 
 #include <keymasterV4_0/authorization_set.h>
@@ -69,43 +68,24 @@
 
 constexpr uint64_t kOpHandleSentinel = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
 
-class KeymasterHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* instance = new KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IKeymasterDevice>(); }
-
-   private:
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment(){};
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(KeymasterHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
+    void SetUp();
     void TearDown() override {
         if (key_blob_.size()) {
             CheckedDeleteKey();
         }
         AbortIfNeeded();
-    }
-
-    // SetUpTestCase runs only once per test case, not once per test.
-    static void SetUpTestCase();
-    static void InitializeKeymaster();
-    static void TearDownTestCase() {
         keymaster_.clear();
         all_keymasters_.clear();
     }
 
-    static IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
-    static const std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>>& all_keymasters() { return all_keymasters_; }
-    static uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
+    void InitializeKeymaster();
+
+    IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
+    const std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>>& all_keymasters() { return all_keymasters_; }
+    uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
+    uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
 
     ErrorCode GenerateKey(const AuthorizationSet& key_desc, HidlBuf* key_blob,
                           KeyCharacteristics* key_characteristics);
@@ -216,8 +196,8 @@
 
     std::pair<ErrorCode, HidlBuf> UpgradeKey(const HidlBuf& key_blob);
 
-    static bool IsSecure() { return securityLevel_ != SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE; }
-    static SecurityLevel SecLevel() { return securityLevel_; }
+    bool IsSecure() { return securityLevel_ != SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE; }
+    SecurityLevel SecLevel() { return securityLevel_; }
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> ValidKeySizes(Algorithm algorithm);
     std::vector<uint32_t> InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm algorithm);
@@ -233,15 +213,15 @@
     OperationHandle op_handle_ = kOpHandleSentinel;
 
    private:
-    static sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
-    static std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> all_keymasters_;
-    static uint32_t os_version_;
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level_;
+     sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
+     std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> all_keymasters_;
+     uint32_t os_version_;
+     uint32_t os_patch_level_;
 
-    static SecurityLevel securityLevel_;
-    static hidl_string name_;
-    static hidl_string author_;
-    static string service_name_;
+     SecurityLevel securityLevel_;
+     hidl_string name_;
+     hidl_string author_;
+     string service_name_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace test
@@ -249,5 +229,3 @@
 }  // namespace keymaster
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // HARDWARE_INTERFACES_KEYMASTER_40_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST_H_
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
index de28683..693f4ae 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
  * thing we really can test is that tokens can be created by TEE keymasters, and that the
  * timestamps increase as expected.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationTokenTest, TestCreation) {
+TEST_P(VerificationTokenTest, TestCreation) {
     auto result1 = verifyAuthorization(
         1 /* operation handle */, AuthorizationSet() /* paramtersToVerify */, HardwareAuthToken());
     ASSERT_TRUE(result1.callSuccessful);
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
  * stamp is included in the mac but on failure we know that it is not. Other than in the test
  * case above we call verifyAuthorization with the exact same set of parameters.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationTokenTest, MacChangesOnChangingTimestamp) {
+TEST_P(VerificationTokenTest, MacChangesOnChangingTimestamp) {
     auto result1 =
             verifyAuthorization(0 /* operation handle */,
                                 AuthorizationSet() /* paramtersToVerify */, HardwareAuthToken());
@@ -185,6 +185,11 @@
               memcmp(result1.token.mac.data(), result2.token.mac.data(), result1.token.mac.size()));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, VerificationTokenTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 4409bde..35a2fb1 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required RSA key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
     for (auto key_size : ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::RSA)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that creation date time is correct.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaCheckCreationDateTime) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaCheckCreationDateTime) {
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster cannot generate any RSA key sizes that are designated as invalid.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, NoInvalidRsaSizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, NoInvalidRsaSizes) {
     for (auto key_size : InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm::RSA)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for RSA key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::RSA)
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required EC key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
     for (auto key_size : ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that creation date time is correct.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcCheckCreationDateTime) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcCheckCreationDateTime) {
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for EC key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::EC)
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that specifying an invalid key size for EC key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
     for (auto key_size : InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@
  * Verifies that specifying mismatched key size and curve for EC key generation returns
  * INVALID_ARGUMENT.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required EC key sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
     auto valid_sizes = ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC);
     for (size_t size : valid_sizes) {
         EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster does not support any curve designated as unsupported.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
     Digest digest;
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) {
         digest = Digest::SHA_2_256;
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required digests, and that the resulting keys have correct
  * characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
     for (auto digest : ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, true /* withMD5 */)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all key sizes, and rejects all invalid key sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
     for (size_t key_size = 0; key_size <= 512; ++key_size) {
         if (key_size < 64 || key_size % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very slow, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@
  * test is probabilistic in order to keep the runtime down, but any failure prints out the specific
  * MAC length that failed, so reproducing a failed run will be easy.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
     for (size_t min_mac_length = 0; min_mac_length <= 256; ++min_mac_length) {
         if (min_mac_length < 64 || min_mac_length % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very long, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with multiple specified digest algorithms.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with no digest or Digest::NONE
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
     ASSERT_EQ(
         ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
         GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder().HmacKey(128).Authorization(TAG_MIN_MAC_LENGTH, 128)));
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that getting RSA key characteristics requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     HidlBuf key_blob;
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that using an RSA key requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                   .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-PSS signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -976,7 +976,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects signature operations that specify a padding mode when the key
  * supports only unpadded operations.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@
  * TRUSTED_CONFIRMATION_REQUIRED and no valid confirmation token
  * presented.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, NoUserConfirmation) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, NoUserConfirmation) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that digested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@
  * uses SHA512, which has a digest_size == 512, so the message size is 1040 bits, too large for a
  * 1024-bit key.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@
  * Verifies that operations can be aborted correctly.  Uses an RSA signing operation for the test,
  * but the behavior should be algorithm and purpose-independent.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail with the correct error (but key gen succeeds) when used with a
  * padding mode inappropriate for RSA.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PSS operations fail when no digest is used.  PSS requires a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail when no padding mode is specified.  PaddingMode::NONE is
  * supported in some cases (as validated in other tests), but a mode must be specified.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
     // Padding must be specified
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signatures succeed with a message shorter than the key size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA encryption keys cannot be used to sign.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting a raw signature of a message which is the same length as the key, but
  * numerically larger than the public modulus, fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible key sizes and hashes.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
     for (auto key_size : ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC)) {
         for (auto digest : ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, false /* withMD5 */)) {
             ErrorCode error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -1298,7 +1298,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible curves.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
     for (auto curve : ValidCurves()) {
         ErrorCode error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                           .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1320,7 +1320,7 @@
  * work because ECDSA actually only signs the leftmost L_n bits of the message, however large it may
  * be.  Not using digesting is a bad idea, but in some cases digesting is done by the framework.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that getting EC key characteristics requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     HidlBuf key_blob;
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that using an EC key requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                   .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1391,7 +1391,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempts to use AES keys to sign fail in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .SigningKey()
@@ -1410,7 +1410,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that HMAC works with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
     for (auto digest : ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, false /* withMD5 */)) {
         ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                  .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1432,7 +1432,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC larger than the digest
  * size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC smaller than the
  * specified minimum MAC length.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 3.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
     string key(20, 0xaa);
     string message(50, 0xdd);
     uint8_t sha_224_expected[] = {
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 5.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
     string key(20, 0x0c);
     string message = "Test With Truncation";
 
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that a simple RSA signature/verification sequence succeeds.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1566,7 +1566,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies RSA signature/verification for all padding modes and digests.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
     auto authorizations = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                               .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1660,7 +1660,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies ECDSA signature/verification for all digests and curves.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
     auto digests = ValidDigests(true /* withNone */, false /* withMD5 */);
 
     string message = "1234567890";
@@ -1740,7 +1740,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies HMAC signing and verification, but that a signing key cannot be used to verify.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
     string key_material = "HelloThisIsAKey";
 
     HidlBuf signing_key, verification_key;
@@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys in PKCS#8 format fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1803,7 +1803,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is essentially
  * a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1826,7 +1826,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export ECDSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is
  * essentially a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -1847,7 +1847,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -1895,7 +1895,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an RSA key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -1922,7 +1922,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(2048 /* Doesn't match key */, 65537)
@@ -1937,7 +1937,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a public exponent that doesn't match the key fails
  * in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -1951,7 +1951,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -1976,7 +1976,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair encoded using RFC5915 works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256RFC5915Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256RFC5915Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2001,7 +2001,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair encoded using SEC1 works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256SEC1Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256SEC1Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2026,7 +2026,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-521 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2052,7 +2052,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .EcdsaSigningKey(224 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2066,7 +2066,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a curve that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_224 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2079,7 +2079,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an AES key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2106,7 +2106,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an HMAC key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2181,7 +2181,7 @@
 
 class ImportWrappedKeyTest : public KeymasterHidlTest {};
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, Success) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2202,7 +2202,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(message, plaintext);
 }
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, SuccessMasked) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, SuccessMasked) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2217,7 +2217,7 @@
                       .Padding(PaddingMode::RSA_OAEP)));
 }
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongMask) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongMask) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2232,7 +2232,7 @@
                       .Padding(PaddingMode::RSA_OAEP)));
 }
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongPurpose) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongPurpose) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2253,7 +2253,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2276,7 +2276,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of short messages works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2305,7 +2305,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-long messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2325,7 +2325,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-large (numerically) messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations work, with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
     auto digests = ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, true /* withMD5 */);
 
     size_t key_size = 2048;  // Need largish key for SHA-512 test.
@@ -2418,7 +2418,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to operate
  * without a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2436,7 +2436,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to decrypt with a
  * different digest than was used to encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -2464,7 +2464,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to encrypt a
  * too-large message.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2487,7 +2487,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption/decrypts works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2526,7 +2526,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption fails in the correct way when the mssage is too large.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2546,7 +2546,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use ECDSA keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2561,7 +2561,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use HMAC keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -2581,7 +2581,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES ECB mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2610,7 +2610,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized mode is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2629,7 +2629,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized purpose is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongPurpose) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongPurpose) {
     auto err = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                    .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                    .AesKey(128)
@@ -2664,7 +2664,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when provided an input that is not a
  * multiple of the block size and no padding is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2685,7 +2685,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES PKCS7 padding works for any message length.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2710,7 +2710,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES enryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized padding mode is
  * specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2731,7 +2731,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES decryption fails in the correct way when the padding is corrupted.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2762,7 +2762,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES CTR mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2809,7 +2809,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES works, all modes, when provided data in various size increments.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
     auto block_modes = {
         BlockMode::ECB, BlockMode::CBC, BlockMode::CTR, BlockMode::GCM,
     };
@@ -2948,7 +2948,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies AES CTR implementation against SP800-38A test vectors.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
     std::vector<uint32_t> InvalidSizes = InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm::AES);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
         const AesCtrSp80038aTestVector& test(kAesCtrSp80038aTestVectors[i]);
@@ -2968,7 +2968,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects use of CTR mode with PKCS7 padding in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2983,7 +2983,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3015,7 +3015,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3048,7 +3048,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES caller-provided nonces work correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3097,7 +3097,7 @@
  * Verifies that caller-provided nonces are not permitted when not specified in the key
  * authorizations.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3132,7 +3132,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3183,7 +3183,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works, even when there's a long delay
  * between operations.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripWithDelaySuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripWithDelaySuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3236,7 +3236,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that encrypting the same data with different nonces produces different outputs.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmDifferentNonces) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmDifferentNonces) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                  .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                  .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3268,7 +3268,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag length is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3289,7 +3289,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag is provided to decryption.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3332,7 +3332,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when the decryption key is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
     const uint8_t nonce_bytes[] = {
         0xb7, 0x94, 0x37, 0xae, 0x08, 0xff, 0x35, 0x5d, 0x7d, 0x8a, 0x4d, 0x0f,
     };
@@ -3384,7 +3384,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data, but no data to
  * encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3429,7 +3429,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data in multiple chunks.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
     const size_t tag_bits = 128;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -3490,7 +3490,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when given AAD after data to encipher.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3538,7 +3538,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when additional authenticated date is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3582,7 +3582,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the nonce is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3626,7 +3626,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the tag is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3674,7 +3674,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES is basically functional.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
     auto auths = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                      .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                      .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3703,7 +3703,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that CBC keys reject ECB usage.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNotAuthorized) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNotAuthorized) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3719,7 +3719,7 @@
  *
  * Tests ECB mode with PKCS#7 padding, various message sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3742,7 +3742,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keys configured for no padding reject PKCS7 padding
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3760,7 +3760,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that corrupted padding is detected.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3876,7 +3876,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that NIST (plus a few extra) test vectors produce the correct results.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesTestVector) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesTestVector) {
     constexpr size_t num_tests = sizeof(kTripleDesTestVectors) / sizeof(TripleDesTestVector);
     for (auto* test = kTripleDesTestVectors; test < kTripleDesTestVectors + num_tests; ++test) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(test->name);
@@ -3891,7 +3891,7 @@
  *
  * Validates CBC mode functionality.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3920,7 +3920,7 @@
  *
  * Validates that 3DES keys can allow caller-specified IVs, and use them correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerIv) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerIv) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3955,7 +3955,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES keys without TAG_CALLER_NONCE do not allow caller-specified IVS.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerNonceProhibited) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerNonceProhibited) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3987,7 +3987,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES ECB-only keys do not allow CBC usage.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNotAuthorized) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNotAuthorized) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -4005,7 +4005,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that unpadded CBC operations reject inputs that are not a multiple of block size.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4027,7 +4027,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that PKCS7 padding works correctly in CBC mode.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4050,7 +4050,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that a key that requires PKCS7 padding cannot be used in unpadded mode.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that corrupted PKCS7 padding is rejected during decryption.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4101,7 +4101,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES CBC works with many different input sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcIncrementalNoPadding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcIncrementalNoPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4146,7 +4146,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with AES keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -4173,7 +4173,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with RSA keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -4202,7 +4202,7 @@
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up.  There's no way to test that entropy is
  * actually added.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf("foo")));
 }
 
@@ -4211,7 +4211,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given an empty buffer.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf()));
 }
 
@@ -4220,7 +4220,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given a largish amount of data.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf(string(2 * 1024, 'a'))));
 }
 
@@ -4231,7 +4231,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4265,7 +4265,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA requires app ID.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4285,7 +4285,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4316,7 +4316,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys requires app ID
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -4338,7 +4338,7 @@
  * byte. Proper DER encoding specifies that for lengths greather than 127, one byte should be used
  * to specify how many following bytes will be used to encode the length.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, AttestationApplicationIDLengthProperlyEncoded) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, AttestationApplicationIDLengthProperlyEncoded) {
     std::vector<uint32_t> app_id_lengths{143, 258};
     for (uint32_t length : app_id_lengths) {
         auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
@@ -4368,7 +4368,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -4388,7 +4388,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to HMAC keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -4412,7 +4412,7 @@
  * This test checks that if rollback protection is implemented, DeleteKey invalidates a formerly
  * valid key blob.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
     auto error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                      .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                      .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -4444,7 +4444,7 @@
  *
  * This test checks that the HAL excepts invalid key blobs..
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
     // Generate key just to check if rollback protection is implemented
     auto error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                      .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4480,7 +4480,7 @@
  * been provisioned. Use this test only on dedicated testing devices that have no valuable
  * credentials stored in Keystore/Keymaster.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
     if (!arm_deleteAllKeys) return;
     auto error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                      .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4516,7 +4516,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that calling upgrade key on an up-to-date key works (i.e. does nothing).
  */
-TEST_F(UpgradeKeyTest, UpgradeKey) {
+TEST_P(UpgradeKeyTest, UpgradeKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
                                              .Padding(PaddingMode::NONE)
@@ -4528,7 +4528,6 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(result, std::make_pair(ErrorCode::OK, HidlBuf()));
 }
 
-
 using ClearOperationsTest = KeymasterHidlTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4539,7 +4538,7 @@
  * that aborting the operations clears the operations.
  *
  */
-TEST_F(ClearOperationsTest, TooManyOperations) {
+TEST_P(ClearOperationsTest, TooManyOperations) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4571,8 +4570,7 @@
  * Verifies that the service is restarted after death and the ongoing
  * operations are cleared.
  */
-TEST_F(ClearOperationsTest, ServiceDeath) {
-
+TEST_P(ClearOperationsTest, ServiceDeath) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4612,7 +4610,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that passing large input data to finish either succeeds or fails as expected.
  */
-TEST_F(TransportLimitTest, LargeFinishInput) {
+TEST_P(TransportLimitTest, LargeFinishInput) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                  .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                  .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -4657,18 +4655,53 @@
     CheckedDeleteKey();
 }
 
+static const auto kKeymasterDeviceChoices =
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor));
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, NewKeyGenerationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportWrappedKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SigningOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, VerificationOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ExportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, EncryptionOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, MaxOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AddEntropyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AttestationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, KeyDeletionTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, TransportLimitTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
-using android::hardware::keymaster::V4_0::test::KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
         if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
             if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--arm_deleteAllKeys") {
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/IPreparedModel.hal b/neuralnetworks/1.3/IPreparedModel.hal
index c04809f..7aea416 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/IPreparedModel.hal
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/IPreparedModel.hal
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@
 
 import @1.0::ErrorStatus;
 import @1.0::Request;
-import @1.2::MeasureTiming;
 import @1.2::IExecutionCallback;
 import @1.2::IPreparedModel;
+import @1.2::MeasureTiming;
+import @1.2::OutputShape;
+import @1.2::Timing;
 
 /**
  * IPreparedModel describes a model that has been prepared for execution and
@@ -62,8 +64,8 @@
      *   values, the execution should complete successfully (ErrorStatus::NONE):
      *   There must be no failure unless the device itself is in a bad state.
      *
-     * Any number of calls to the execute, execute_1_2, execute_1_3, and executeSynchronously
-     * functions, in any combination, may be made concurrently, even on the same
+     * Any number of calls to the execute* and executeSynchronously* functions,
+     * in any combination, may be made concurrently, even on the same
      * IPreparedModel object.
      *
      * @param request The input and output information on which the prepared
@@ -87,4 +89,60 @@
      */
     execute_1_3(Request request, MeasureTiming measure, IExecutionCallback callback)
         generates (ErrorStatus status);
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a synchronous execution on a prepared model.
+     *
+     * The execution is performed synchronously with respect to the caller.
+     * executeSynchronously_1_3 must verify the inputs to the function are
+     * correct. If there is an error, executeSynchronously_1_3 must immediately
+     * return with the appropriate ErrorStatus value. If the inputs to the
+     * function are valid and there is no error, executeSynchronously_1_3 must
+     * perform the execution, and must not return until the execution is
+     * complete.
+     *
+     * The caller must not change the content of any data object referenced by
+     * 'request' (described by the {@link @1.0::DataLocation} of a
+     * {@link @1.0::RequestArgument}) until executeSynchronously_1_3
+     * returns. executeSynchronously_1_3 must not change the content of any of the
+     * data objects corresponding to 'request' inputs.
+     *
+     * If the prepared model was prepared from a model wherein all tensor
+     * operands have fully specified dimensions, and the inputs to the function
+     * are valid, and at execution time every operation's input operands have
+     * legal values, then the execution should complete successfully
+     * (ErrorStatus::NONE): There must be no failure unless the device itself is
+     * in a bad state.
+     *
+     * Any number of calls to the execute* and executeSynchronously* functions,
+     * in any combination, may be made concurrently, even on the same
+     * IPreparedModel object.
+     *
+     * @param request The input and output information on which the prepared
+     *                model is to be executed.
+     * @param measure Specifies whether or not to measure duration of the execution.
+     *                The duration runs from the time the driver sees the call
+     *                to the executeSynchronously_1_3 function to the time the driver
+     *                returns from the function.
+     * @return status Error status of the execution, must be:
+     *                - NONE if execution is performed successfully
+     *                - DEVICE_UNAVAILABLE if driver is offline or busy
+     *                - GENERAL_FAILURE if there is an unspecified error
+     *                - OUTPUT_INSUFFICIENT_SIZE if at least one output
+     *                  operand buffer is not large enough to store the
+     *                  corresponding output
+     *                - INVALID_ARGUMENT if one of the input arguments is
+     *                  invalid
+     * @return outputShapes A list of shape information of model output operands.
+     *                      The index into "outputShapes" corresponds to the index
+     *                      of the output operand in the Request outputs vector.
+     *                      outputShapes must be empty unless the status is either
+     *                      NONE or OUTPUT_INSUFFICIENT_SIZE.
+     * @return Timing Duration of execution. Unless measure is YES and status is
+     *                NONE, all times must be reported as UINT64_MAX. A driver may
+     *                choose to report any time as UINT64_MAX, indicating that
+     *                measurement is not available.
+     */
+    executeSynchronously_1_3(Request request, MeasureTiming measure)
+            generates (ErrorStatus status, vec<OutputShape> outputShapes, Timing timing);
 };
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
index f61240e..be894f2 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
                                                 hidl_vec<OutputShape>* outputShapes,
                                                 Timing* timing) {
     ErrorStatus result;
-    Return<void> ret = preparedModel->executeSynchronously(
+    Return<void> ret = preparedModel->executeSynchronously_1_3(
             request, measure,
             [&result, outputShapes, timing](ErrorStatus error, const hidl_vec<OutputShape>& shapes,
                                             const Timing& time) {
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
index 242e12e..6fd5407 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
@@ -340,7 +340,8 @@
             case OperationType::ARGMAX:
             case OperationType::ARGMIN: {
                 if (type == OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT16 || type == OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32 ||
-                    type == OperandType::TENSOR_INT32 || type == OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM) {
+                    type == OperandType::TENSOR_INT32 || type == OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM ||
+                    type == OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM_SIGNED) {
                     return true;
                 }
             } break;
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp
index 2cf30d5..8092d04 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@
 
     // synchronous
     {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [executeSynchronously]");
+        SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [executeSynchronously_1_3]");
 
-        Return<void> executeStatus = preparedModel->executeSynchronously(
+        Return<void> executeStatus = preparedModel->executeSynchronously_1_3(
                 request, measure,
                 [](ErrorStatus error, const hidl_vec<OutputShape>& outputShapes,
                    const Timing& timing) {
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@
 }
 
 void validateRequestFailure(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const Request& request) {
-    SCOPED_TRACE("Expecting request to fail [executeSynchronously]");
-    Return<void> executeStatus = preparedModel->executeSynchronously(
+    SCOPED_TRACE("Expecting request to fail [executeSynchronously_1_3]");
+    Return<void> executeStatus = preparedModel->executeSynchronously_1_3(
             request, MeasureTiming::NO,
             [](ErrorStatus error, const hidl_vec<OutputShape>& outputShapes, const Timing& timing) {
                 ASSERT_NE(ErrorStatus::NONE, error);
diff --git a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 28d6bf6..90de347 100644
--- a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp"],
     static_libs: ["android.hardware.oemlock@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 05462a8..bafe87d 100644
--- a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 #include <android/hardware/oemlock/1.0/IOemLock.h>
-
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::oemlock::V1_0::IOemLock;
 using ::android::hardware::oemlock::V1_0::OemLockStatus;
@@ -25,22 +25,9 @@
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
 using ::android::sp;
 
-// Test environment for OemLock HIDL HAL.
-class OemLockHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static OemLockHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static OemLockHidlEnvironment* instance = new OemLockHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IOemLock>(); }
-};
-
-struct OemLockHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+struct OemLockHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        oemlock = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOemLock>(
-            OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOemLock>());
+        oemlock = IOemLock::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(oemlock, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -52,7 +39,7 @@
 /*
  * Check the name can be retrieved
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, GetName) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, GetName) {
     std::string name;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -72,7 +59,7 @@
 /*
  * Check the unlock allowed by device state can be queried
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByDevice) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByDevice) {
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -92,7 +79,7 @@
 /*
  * Check unlock allowed by device state can be toggled
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, AllowedByDeviceCanBeToggled) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, AllowedByDeviceCanBeToggled) {
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -129,7 +116,7 @@
 /*
  * Check the unlock allowed by device state can be queried
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByCarrier) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByCarrier) {
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -153,7 +140,7 @@
  * is a valid implementation so the test will pass. If there is no signature
  * required, the test will toggle the value.
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, CarrierUnlock) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, CarrierUnlock) {
     const hidl_vec<uint8_t> noSignature = {};
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
@@ -201,11 +188,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(allowed, originallyAllowed);
 };
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, OemLockHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOemLock::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal b/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal
index aa93ef3..a4eb93c 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal
+++ b/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@
      * The preference is per SIM, and must be remembered over power cycle, modem reboot, or SIM
      * insertion / unplug.
      *
-     * @param serial: Serial number of request.
-     * @param enable: true if to enable uiccApplications, false to disable.
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param enable true if to enable uiccApplications, false to disable.
 
      * Response callback is IRadioResponse.enableUiccApplicationsResponse()
      */
@@ -92,17 +92,6 @@
     oneway areUiccApplicationsEnabled(int32_t serial);
 
     /**
-     * Query whether disabling and enabling UiccApplications functionality is supported. If not,
-     * calling enableUiccApplications with a different value will return
-     * RadioError:REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED.
-     *
-     * @param serial Serial number of request.
-     *
-     * Response callback is IRadioResponse.canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablementResponse()
-     */
-    oneway canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement(int32_t serial);
-
-    /**
      * Specify which bands modem's background scan must act on.
      * If specifyChannels is true, it only scans bands specified in specifiers.
      * If specifyChannels is false, it scans all bands.
diff --git a/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal b/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal
index e7a3852..505c595 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal
+++ b/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
      *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
      *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
      *   RadioError:BUSY
-     *   RadioError:REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED
      */
     oneway enableUiccApplicationsResponse(RadioResponseInfo info);
 
@@ -55,23 +54,11 @@
      *   RadioError:SIM_ABSENT
      *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
      *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
-     *   RadioError:REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED
      */
     oneway areUiccApplicationsEnabledResponse(RadioResponseInfo info, bool enabled);
 
     /**
      * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
-     * @param canToggle whether toggling UiccApplications functionality is supported.
-     *
-     * Valid errors returned:
-     *   RadioError:NONE
-     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
-     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
-     */
-    oneway canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablementResponse(RadioResponseInfo info, bool canToggle);
-
-    /**
-     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
      *
      * Valid errors returned:
      *   RadioError:NONE
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index 6bf8170..67438ae 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -311,62 +311,9 @@
 
 /*
  * Test IRadio.enableUiccApplications() for the response returned.
- */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsNotSupported) {
-    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-
-    radio_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
-    // No error should happen.
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
-
-    // Supported case will be tested by other test cases.
-    if (radioRsp_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement) return;
-
-    // Enabling UiccApplications should still work as it should be enabled by default.
-    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-    radio_v1_5->enableUiccApplications(serial, true);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
-
-    // Disabling UiccApplications should return REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED error.
-    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-    radio_v1_5->enableUiccApplications(serial, false);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
-
-    // Query areUiccApplicationsEnabled should return true.
-    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-    radio_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(radioRsp_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled);
-}
-
-/*
- * Test IRadio.enableUiccApplications() for the response returned.
  * For SIM ABSENT case.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSupportedSimAbsent) {
-    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-
-    radio_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
-    // No error should happen.
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
-    // Not supported case will be tested by togglingUiccApplicationsNotSupported test case.
-    if (!radioRsp_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement) return;
-
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimAbsent) {
     // This test case only test SIM ABSENT case.
     if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState != CardState::ABSENT) return;
 
@@ -393,18 +340,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.enableUiccApplications() for the response returned.
  * For SIM PRESENT case.
  */
-TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSupportedSimPresent) {
-    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-
-    radio_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
-    // No error should happen.
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
-    // Not supported case will be tested by disablingUiccApplicationsNotSupported test case.
-    if (!radioRsp_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement) return;
-
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimPresent) {
     // This test case only test SIM ABSENT case.
     if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState != CardState::PRESENT) return;
 
@@ -451,18 +387,6 @@
  * Test IRadio.areUiccApplicationsEnabled() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, areUiccApplicationsEnabled) {
-    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-
-    radio_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
-    // No error should happen.
-    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
-
-    // Not supported case will be tested by togglingUiccApplicationsNotSupported test case.
-    if (!radioRsp_v1_5->canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement) return;
-
     // Disable Uicc applications.
     serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     radio_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled(serial);
diff --git a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 2b2b73e..6dbd027 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.secure_element@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 671923a..93ffd05 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/ISecureElement.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/ISecureElementHalCallback.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_0::ISecureElement;
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_0::ISecureElementHalCallback;
@@ -32,7 +33,6 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Return;
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 using ::android::sp;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase;
 
 #define DATA_APDU \
     { 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }
@@ -63,30 +63,11 @@
     };
 };
 
-class SecureElementHidlEnvironment : public VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* instance = new SecureElementHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<ISecureElement>(); }
-
-   private:
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SecureElementHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        std::string serviceName =
-            SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<ISecureElement>("eSE1");
-        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << serviceName;
-        ASSERT_FALSE(serviceName.empty());
-        se_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<ISecureElement>(serviceName);
+        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << GetParam();
+        se_ = ISecureElement::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(se_, nullptr);
 
         se_cb_ = new SecureElementHalCallback();
@@ -105,7 +86,7 @@
  * isCardPresent:
  * Expects the card to be present
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(se_->isCardPresent());
 }
 
@@ -113,7 +94,7 @@
  * transmit:
  * Check status word in the response
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, transmit) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, transmit) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> aid = ANDROID_TEST_AID;
     SecureElementStatus statusReturned;
     LogicalChannelResponse response;
@@ -153,7 +134,7 @@
  * If the secure element allows opening of basic channel:
  *  open channel, check the length of selectResponse and close the channel
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, openBasicChannel) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, openBasicChannel) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> aid = ANDROID_TEST_AID;
     SecureElementStatus statusReturned;
     std::vector<uint8_t> response;
@@ -179,7 +160,7 @@
 /*
  * GetATR
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, getAtr) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, getAtr) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> atr;
     se_->getAtr([&atr](std::vector<uint8_t> atrReturned) {
         atr.resize(atrReturned.size());
@@ -200,7 +181,7 @@
  * Check status
  * Close Channel
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, openCloseLogicalChannel) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, openCloseLogicalChannel) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> aid = ANDROID_TEST_AID;
     SecureElementStatus statusReturned;
     LogicalChannelResponse response;
@@ -223,10 +204,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(SecureElementStatus::SUCCESS, se_->closeChannel(response.channelNumber));
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, SecureElementHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ISecureElement::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 51410bd..a2c39dc 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@
         "android.hardware.secure_element@1.0",
         "android.hardware.secure_element@1.1",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index f8765ca..66fc47c 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/types.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.1/ISecureElement.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.1/ISecureElementHalCallback.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using ::android::sp;
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_1::ISecureElement;
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_1::ISecureElementHalCallback;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase;
 
 constexpr char kCallbackNameOnStateChange[] = "onStateChange";
 
@@ -60,30 +60,11 @@
     Return<void> onStateChange(__attribute__((unused)) bool state) override { return Void(); }
 };
 
-class SecureElementHidlEnvironment : public VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* instance = new SecureElementHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<ISecureElement>(); }
-
-   private:
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SecureElementHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        std::string serviceName =
-                SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<ISecureElement>("eSE1");
-        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << serviceName;
-        ASSERT_FALSE(serviceName.empty());
-        se_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<ISecureElement>(serviceName);
+        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << GetParam();
+        se_ = ISecureElement::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(se_, nullptr);
 
         se_cb_ = new SecureElementHalCallback();
@@ -103,14 +84,11 @@
  * isCardPresent:
  * Expects the card to be present
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(se_->isCardPresent());
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, SecureElementHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ISecureElement::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 7bb992b..1167fd4 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@
         "android.hardware.sensors@1.0",
         "VtsHalSensorsTargetTestUtils",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
 
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb0d64c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RunCommandTargetPreparer">
+        <option name="run-command" value="stop"/>
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="start"/>
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000" />
+        <option name="runtime-hint" value="300000"/>
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp
index 00207b1..1e5e886 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@
         // this do ... while is for easy error handling
         do {
             step = "getService()";
-            sensors = ISensors::getService(
-                SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance()->getServiceName<ISensors>());
+            sensors = ISensors::getService(mServiceName);
             if (sensors == nullptr) {
                 break;
             }
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h
index 0a9e59f..29bfa50 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h
@@ -32,23 +32,14 @@
 class SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0 : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase {
    public:
     using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* Instance() {
-        static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* instance = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0();
-        return instance;
-    }
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0(const std::string& service_name)
+        : SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(service_name) {}
 
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::ISensors>();
-    }
-
-   private:
+  private:
     friend SensorsHidlTest;
     // sensors hidl service
     sp<android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::ISensors> sensors;
 
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0() {}
-
     bool resetHal() override;
     void startPollingThread() override;
     static void pollingThread(SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* env, std::atomic_bool& stop);
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 5453ef6..2cad54d 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/ISensors.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/SystemClock.h>
 
@@ -33,7 +35,17 @@
 // The main test class for SENSORS HIDL HAL.
 
 class SensorsHidlTest : public SensorsHidlTestBase {
-   protected:
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        mEnvironment = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0(GetParam());
+        mEnvironment->HidlSetUp();
+        // Ensure that we have a valid environment before performing tests
+        ASSERT_NE(S(), nullptr);
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() override { mEnvironment->HidlTearDown(); }
+
+  protected:
     SensorInfo defaultSensorByType(SensorType type) override;
     std::vector<SensorInfo> getSensorsList();
     // implementation wrapper
@@ -66,11 +78,13 @@
         return S()->configDirectReport(sensorHandle, channelHandle, rate, _hidl_cb);
     }
 
-    inline sp<ISensors>& S() { return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance()->sensors; }
+    inline sp<ISensors>& S() { return mEnvironment->sensors; }
 
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override {
-        return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance();
-    }
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override { return mEnvironment; }
+
+  private:
+    // Test environment for sensors HAL.
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* mEnvironment;
 };
 
 Return<Result> SensorsHidlTest::activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) {
@@ -133,55 +147,52 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
-  S()->getSensorsList(
-      [&] (const auto &list) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
+    S()->getSensorsList([&](const auto& list) {
         const size_t count = list.size();
         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-          const auto &s = list[i];
-          SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << i << "/" << count << ": "
-                       << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
-                       << s.sensorHandle << std::dec
-                       << " type=" << static_cast<int>(s.type)
-                       << " name=" << s.name);
+            const auto& s = list[i];
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << i << "/" << count << ": "
+                         << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                         << s.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(s.type)
+                         << " name=" << s.name);
 
-          // Test non-empty type string
-          EXPECT_FALSE(s.typeAsString.empty());
+            // Test non-empty type string
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.typeAsString.empty());
 
-          // Test defined type matches defined string type
-          EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchStringType(s.type, s.typeAsString));
+            // Test defined type matches defined string type
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchStringType(s.type, s.typeAsString));
 
-          // Test if all sensor has name and vendor
-          EXPECT_FALSE(s.name.empty());
-          EXPECT_FALSE(s.vendor.empty());
+            // Test if all sensor has name and vendor
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.name.empty());
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.vendor.empty());
 
-          // Test power > 0, maxRange > 0
-          EXPECT_LE(0, s.power);
-          EXPECT_LT(0, s.maxRange);
+            // Test power > 0, maxRange > 0
+            EXPECT_LE(0, s.power);
+            EXPECT_LT(0, s.maxRange);
 
-          // Info type, should have no sensor
-          EXPECT_FALSE(
-              s.type == SensorType::ADDITIONAL_INFO
-              || s.type == SensorType::META_DATA);
+            // Info type, should have no sensor
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.type == SensorType::ADDITIONAL_INFO || s.type == SensorType::META_DATA);
 
-          // Test fifoMax >= fifoReserved
-          EXPECT_GE(s.fifoMaxEventCount, s.fifoReservedEventCount)
-              << "max=" << s.fifoMaxEventCount << " reserved=" << s.fifoReservedEventCount;
+            // Test fifoMax >= fifoReserved
+            EXPECT_GE(s.fifoMaxEventCount, s.fifoReservedEventCount)
+                    << "max=" << s.fifoMaxEventCount << " reserved=" << s.fifoReservedEventCount;
 
-          // Test Reporting mode valid
-          EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchReportMode(s.type, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
+            // Test Reporting mode valid
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchReportMode(s.type, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
 
-          // Test min max are in the right order
-          EXPECT_LE(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay);
-          // Test min/max delay matches reporting mode
-          EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-              assertDelayMatchReportMode(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
+            // Test min max are in the right order
+            EXPECT_LE(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay);
+            // Test min/max delay matches reporting mode
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                    assertDelayMatchReportMode(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
         }
-      });
+    });
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorList = getSensorsList();
 
     bool needOperationModeSupport =
@@ -199,7 +210,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorList = getSensorsList();
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorSupportInjection;
 
@@ -244,224 +255,202 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, false /*fastToSlow*/);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, false /*fastToSlow*/);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, false /*fastToSlow*/);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
-  testBatchingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
+    testBatchingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
-  testBatchingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
+    testBatchingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
-  testBatchingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
+    testBatchingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(
-      SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(
-      SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, SensorsHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ISensors::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 // vim: set ts=2 sw=2
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b710ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RunCommandTargetPreparer">
+        <option name="run-command" value="stop"/>
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="start"/>
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000" />
+        <option name="runtime-hint" value="300000"/>
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp
index dc54f27..81db5a0 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@
 bool SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::resetHal() {
     bool succeed = false;
     do {
-        mSensors = ISensors::getService(
-            SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance()->getServiceName<ISensors>());
+        mSensors = ISensors::getService(mServiceName);
         if (mSensors == nullptr) {
             break;
         }
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h
index b0dbd90..819cdd4 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h
@@ -42,22 +42,12 @@
 class SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0 : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase {
    public:
     using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0* Instance() {
-        static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0* instance = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0();
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors>();
-    }
-
     virtual void HidlTearDown() override;
 
    protected:
     friend SensorsHidlTest;
-
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0() : mEventQueueFlag(nullptr) {}
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0(const std::string& service_name)
+        : SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(service_name), mEventQueueFlag(nullptr) {}
 
     /**
      * Resets the HAL with new FMQs and a new Event Flag
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 8364ba9..c5eb442 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/ISensors.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/types.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/SystemClock.h>
 
@@ -120,10 +122,14 @@
 class SensorsHidlTest : public SensorsHidlTestBase {
   public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
+        mEnvironment = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0(GetParam());
+        mEnvironment->HidlSetUp();
         // Ensure that we have a valid environment before performing tests
         ASSERT_NE(getSensors(), nullptr);
     }
 
+    virtual void TearDown() override { mEnvironment->HidlTearDown(); }
+
   protected:
     SensorInfo defaultSensorByType(SensorType type) override;
     std::vector<SensorInfo> getSensorsList();
@@ -160,12 +166,10 @@
     }
 
     inline sp<::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors>& getSensors() {
-        return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance()->mSensors;
+        return mEnvironment->mSensors;
     }
 
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override {
-        return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance();
-    }
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override { return mEnvironment; }
 
     // Test helpers
     void runSingleFlushTest(const std::vector<SensorInfo>& sensors, bool activateSensor,
@@ -191,6 +195,10 @@
     void checkRateLevel(const SensorInfo& sensor, int32_t directChannelHandle, RateLevel rateLevel);
     void queryDirectChannelSupport(SharedMemType memType, bool* supportsSharedMemType,
                                    bool* supportsAnyDirectChannel);
+
+  private:
+    // Test environment for sensors HAL.
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0* mEnvironment;
 };
 
 Return<Result> SensorsHidlTest::activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) {
@@ -301,7 +309,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
     getSensors()->getSensorsList([&](const auto& list) {
         const size_t count = list.size();
         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
@@ -346,7 +354,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that SetOperationMode returns the expected value
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getInjectEventSensors();
     if (getInjectEventSensors().size() > 0) {
         ASSERT_EQ(Result::OK, getSensors()->setOperationMode(OperationMode::NORMAL));
@@ -358,7 +366,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that an injected event is written back to the Event FMQ
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getInjectEventSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
         return;
@@ -414,196 +422,196 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
     testBatchingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
     testBatchingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
     testBatchingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
@@ -619,9 +627,13 @@
 
 // Test that if initialize is called twice, then the HAL writes events to the FMQs from the second
 // call to the function.
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, CallInitializeTwice) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, CallInitializeTwice) {
     // Create a helper class so that a second environment is able to be instantiated
-    class SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0 {};
+    class SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0 {
+      public:
+        SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest(const std::string& service_name)
+            : SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0(service_name) {}
+    };
 
     if (getSensorsList().size() == 0) {
         // No sensors
@@ -633,7 +645,7 @@
 
     // Create a new environment that calls initialize()
     std::unique_ptr<SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest> newEnv =
-        std::make_unique<SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest>();
+            std::make_unique<SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest>(GetParam());
     newEnv->HidlSetUp();
     if (HasFatalFailure()) {
         return;  // Exit early if setting up the new environment failed
@@ -662,7 +674,7 @@
     activateAllSensors(false);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupConnectionsOnInitialize) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupConnectionsOnInitialize) {
     activateAllSensors(true);
 
     // Verify that events are received
@@ -731,7 +743,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushSensor) {
     // Find a sensor that is not a one-shot sensor
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getNonOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -743,7 +755,7 @@
     runFlushTest(sensors, true /* activateSensor */, kFlushes, kFlushes, Result::OK);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushOneShotSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushOneShotSensor) {
     // Find a sensor that is a one-shot sensor
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -754,7 +766,7 @@
                        Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushInactiveSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushInactiveSensor) {
     // Attempt to find a non-one shot sensor, then a one-shot sensor if necessary
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getNonOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -768,7 +780,7 @@
                        Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushNonexistentSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushNonexistentSensor) {
     SensorInfo sensor;
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getNonOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -783,7 +795,7 @@
                        0 /* expectedFlushCount */, Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, Batch) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, Batch) {
     if (getSensorsList().size() == 0) {
         return;
     }
@@ -815,7 +827,7 @@
               Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, Activate) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, Activate) {
     if (getSensorsList().size() == 0) {
         return;
     }
@@ -841,7 +853,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(activate(invalidHandle, false), Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, NoStaleEvents) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, NoStaleEvents) {
     constexpr milliseconds kFiveHundredMs(500);
     constexpr milliseconds kOneSecond(1000);
 
@@ -1021,11 +1033,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelAshmem) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelAshmem) {
     verifyDirectChannel(SharedMemType::ASHMEM);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelGralloc) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelGralloc) {
     verifyDirectChannel(SharedMemType::GRALLOC);
 }
 
@@ -1064,7 +1076,7 @@
     return found;
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, ConfigureDirectChannelWithInvalidHandle) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, ConfigureDirectChannelWithInvalidHandle) {
     SensorInfo sensor;
     SharedMemType memType;
     RateLevel rate;
@@ -1078,7 +1090,7 @@
     });
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupDirectConnectionOnInitialize) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupDirectConnectionOnInitialize) {
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 1;
     constexpr size_t kMemSize = kNumEvents * kEventSize;
 
@@ -1124,12 +1136,8 @@
     mDirectChannelHandles = handles;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SensorsHidlTest,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 // vim: set ts=2 sw=2
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp b/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp
index 02dc608..bb4d329 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "VtsHalSensorsTargetTestUtils",
+    defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     cflags: ["-DLOG_TAG=\"sensors_hidl_hal_test\""],
     srcs: [
         "GrallocWrapper.cpp",
@@ -36,6 +37,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
         "android.hardware.sensors@1.0",
-        "VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h
index 6499fba..dbc9392 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h
@@ -17,9 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_SENSORS_HIDL_ENVIRONMENT_BASE_H
 #define ANDROID_SENSORS_HIDL_ENVIRONMENT_BASE_H
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
-
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <memory>
@@ -33,11 +32,11 @@
     virtual void onEvent(const ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event& event) = 0;
 };
 
-class SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
+class SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase {
+  public:
     using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
-    virtual void HidlSetUp() override;
-    virtual void HidlTearDown() override;
+    virtual void HidlSetUp();
+    virtual void HidlTearDown();
 
     // Get and clear all events collected so far (like "cat" shell command).
     // If output is nullptr, it clears all collected events.
@@ -50,22 +49,27 @@
     void unregisterCallback();
 
    protected:
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase() : mCollectionEnabled(false), mCallback(nullptr) {}
+     SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(const std::string& service_name)
+         : mCollectionEnabled(false), mCallback(nullptr) {
+         mServiceName = service_name;
+     }
+     virtual ~SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(){};
 
-    void addEvent(const Event& ev);
+     void addEvent(const Event& ev);
 
-    virtual void startPollingThread() = 0;
-    virtual bool resetHal() = 0;
+     virtual void startPollingThread() = 0;
+     virtual bool resetHal() = 0;
 
-    bool mCollectionEnabled;
-    std::atomic_bool mStopThread;
-    std::thread mPollThread;
-    std::vector<Event> mEvents;
-    std::mutex mEventsMutex;
+     std::string mServiceName;
+     bool mCollectionEnabled;
+     std::atomic_bool mStopThread;
+     std::thread mPollThread;
+     std::vector<Event> mEvents;
+     std::mutex mEventsMutex;
 
-    IEventCallback* mCallback;
+     IEventCallback* mCallback;
 
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase);
+     GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase);
 };
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_SENSORS_HIDL_ENVIRONMENT_BASE_H
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h
index 6fd9a2b..5fb6c5c 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/ISensors.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SharedMemInfo;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SharedMemType;
 
-class SensorsHidlTestBase : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class SensorsHidlTestBase : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() = 0;
     virtual void SetUp() override {}
 
diff --git a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index e8e1414..4af59b6 100644
--- a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.config@1.0",
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.control@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 03b6406..b422b2f 100644
--- a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -17,15 +17,17 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "VtsOffloadControlV1_0TargetTest"
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/config/1.0/IOffloadConfig.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/control/1.0/IOffloadControl.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/control/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <linux/netfilter/nfnetlink.h>
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -110,24 +112,8 @@
     NatTimeoutUpdate last_params;
 };
 
-// Test environment for OffloadControl HIDL HAL.
-class OffloadControlHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static OffloadControlHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static OffloadControlHidlEnvironment* instance = new OffloadControlHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IOffloadConfig>();
-        registerTestService<IOffloadControl>();
-    }
-   private:
-    OffloadControlHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
-class OffloadControlHidlTestBase : public testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class OffloadControlHidlTestBase
+    : public testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         setupConfigHal();
@@ -144,8 +130,7 @@
     // The IOffloadConfig HAL is tested more thoroughly elsewhere. He we just
     // setup everything correctly and verify basic readiness.
     void setupConfigHal() {
-        config = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOffloadConfig>(
-            OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOffloadConfig>());
+        config = IOffloadConfig::getService(std::get<0>(GetParam()));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, config.get()) << "Could not get HIDL instance";
 
         unique_fd fd1(conntrackSocket(NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY));
@@ -173,8 +158,7 @@
     }
 
     void prepareControlHal() {
-        control = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOffloadControl>(
-            OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOffloadControl>());
+        control = IOffloadControl::getService(std::get<1>(GetParam()));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, control.get()) << "Could not get HIDL instance";
 
         control_cb = new TetheringOffloadCallback();
@@ -240,7 +224,7 @@
 };
 
 // Call initOffload() multiple times. Check that non-first initOffload() calls return false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalInitsWithoutStopReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalInitsWithoutStopReturnFalse) {
     initOffload(true);
     initOffload(false);
     initOffload(false);
@@ -248,7 +232,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling stopOffload() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, MultipleStopsWithoutInitReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, MultipleStopsWithoutInitReturnFalse) {
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
@@ -267,7 +251,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling stopOffload() after a complete init/stop cycle returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalStopsWithInitReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalStopsWithInitReturnFalse) {
     initOffload(true);
     // Call setUpstreamParameters() so that "offload" can be reasonably said
     // to be both requested and operational.
@@ -289,7 +273,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling setLocalPrefixes() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetLocalPrefixesWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetLocalPrefixesWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("2001:db8::/64")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -297,14 +281,14 @@
 
 // Check that calling getForwardedStats() without first having called initOffload()
 // returns zero bytes statistics.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, GetForwardedStatsWithoutInitReturnsZeroValues) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, GetForwardedStatsWithoutInitReturnsZeroValues) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Check that calling setDataLimit() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetDataLimitWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetDataLimitWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -313,7 +297,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling setUpstreamParameters() without first having called initOffload()
 // returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetUpstreamParametersWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetUpstreamParametersWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.0/24");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -325,7 +309,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling addDownstream() with an IPv4 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -334,7 +318,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling addDownstream() with an IPv6 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -343,7 +327,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling removeDownstream() with an IPv4 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -352,7 +336,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling removeDownstream() with an IPv6 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -379,21 +363,21 @@
  */
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts an IPv4 address.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4AddressOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4AddressOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.1")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts an IPv6 address.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv6AddressOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv6AddressOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("fe80::1")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts both IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4v6PrefixesOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4v6PrefixesOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.0/24"), hidl_string("fe80::/64")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -402,14 +386,14 @@
 // Test that setLocalPrefixes() fails given empty input. There is always
 // a non-empty set of local prefixes; when all networking interfaces are down
 // we still apply {127.0.0.0/8, ::1/128, fe80::/64} here.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesEmptyFails) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() fails on incorrectly formed input strings.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesInvalidFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesInvalidFails) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.0/24"), hidl_string("invalid")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -420,7 +404,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test that getForwardedStats() for a non-existent upstream yields zero bytes statistics.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsInvalidUpstreamIface) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsInvalidUpstreamIface) {
     const hidl_string upstream("invalid");
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -428,7 +412,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsDummyIface) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsDummyIface) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -439,7 +423,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test that setDataLimit() for an empty interface name fails.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitEmptyUpstreamIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitEmptyUpstreamIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string upstream("");
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -448,7 +432,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitNonZeroOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitNonZeroOk) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -457,7 +441,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitZeroOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitZeroOk) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 0ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -470,7 +454,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv6OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv6OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("");
@@ -482,7 +466,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersAlternateIPv6OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersAlternateIPv6OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr;
     const hidl_string v4Gw;
@@ -494,7 +478,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -506,7 +490,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4v6Ok) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4v6Ok) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -517,7 +501,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when all parameters are empty.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string v4Addr("");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("");
@@ -528,7 +512,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBogusIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBogusIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -542,7 +526,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv4 addresses.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4AddrFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4AddrFails) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -556,7 +540,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv4 gateways.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4GatewayFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4GatewayFails) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -570,7 +554,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv6 gateways.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBadIPv6GatewaysFail) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBadIPv6GatewaysFail) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -588,7 +572,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test addDownstream() works given an IPv4 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv4) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv4) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -596,7 +580,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() works given an IPv6 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv6) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv6) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -604,7 +588,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given all empty parameters.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string prefix("");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -612,7 +596,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamInvalidIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamInvalidIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "invalid"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("iface='%s'", bogus));
@@ -623,7 +607,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given unparseable prefix arguments.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "192.0.2/24", "2001:db8/64"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("prefix='%s'", bogus));
@@ -638,7 +622,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test removeDownstream() works given an IPv4 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv4) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv4) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     // First add the downstream, otherwise removeDownstream logic can reasonably
@@ -650,7 +634,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() works given an IPv6 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv6) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv6) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     // First add the downstream, otherwise removeDownstream logic can reasonably
@@ -662,7 +646,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given all empty parameters.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string prefix("");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -670,7 +654,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "invalid"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("iface='%s'", bogus));
@@ -681,7 +665,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given unparseable prefix arguments.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "192.0.2/24", "2001:db8/64"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("prefix='%s'", bogus));
@@ -691,11 +675,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGE("Test result with status=%d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+    PerInstance, OffloadControlHidlTestBase,
+    testing::Combine(
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadConfig::descriptor)),
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadControl::descriptor))),
+    android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+    PerInstance, OffloadControlHidlTest,
+    testing::Combine(
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadConfig::descriptor)),
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadControl::descriptor))),
+    android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
diff --git a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 1f0972f..32c470b 100644
--- a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@
         "android.hardware.usb@1.0",
         "android.hardware.usb@1.1",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
 
diff --git a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index caf9c69..d4b2ffd 100644
--- a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
 #include <android/hardware/usb/1.1/types.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <chrono>
@@ -114,25 +115,12 @@
     };
 };
 
-// Test environment for Usb HIDL HAL.
-class UsbHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static UsbHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static UsbHidlEnvironment* instance = new UsbHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IUsb>(); }
-};
-
 // The main test class for the USB hidl HAL
-class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         ALOGI(__FUNCTION__);
-        usb = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IUsb>(
-            UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IUsb>());
+        usb = IUsb::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(usb, nullptr);
 
         usb_cb_2 = new UsbCallback(2);
@@ -158,7 +146,7 @@
  * Callback oject is created and registered.
  * Check to see if the hidl transaction succeeded.
  */
-TEST_F(UsbHidlTest, setCallback) {
+TEST_P(UsbHidlTest, setCallback) {
     usb_cb_1 = new UsbCallback(1);
     ASSERT_NE(usb_cb_1, nullptr);
     Return<void> ret = usb->setCallback(usb_cb_1);
@@ -171,7 +159,7 @@
  * HAL service should call notifyPortStatusChange_1_1
  * instead of notifyPortStatusChange of V1_0 interface
  */
-TEST_F(UsbHidlTest, queryPortStatus) {
+TEST_P(UsbHidlTest, queryPortStatus) {
     Return<void> ret = usb->queryPortStatus();
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
     auto res = usb_cb_2->WaitForCallback(kCallbackNameNotifyPortStatusChange_1_1);
@@ -181,12 +169,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(PortMode::NONE, res.args->usb_last_port_status.status.supportedModes);
     EXPECT_EQ(Status::SUCCESS, res.args->usb_last_status);
 }
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, UsbHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IUsb::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl
index 2a9d0be..b9a80ec 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl
@@ -19,11 +19,34 @@
 @VintfStability
 @Backing(type="int")
 enum CompositePrimitive {
+    /**
+     * No haptic effect. Used to generate extended delays between primitives.
+     */
     NOOP,
+    /**
+     * This effect should produce a sharp, crisp click sensation.
+     */
     CLICK,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates downwards movement with gravity. Often
+     * followed by extra energy of hitting and reverberation to augment
+     * physicality.
+     */
     THUD,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates spinning momentum.
+     */
     SPIN,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates quick upward movement against gravity.
+     */
     QUICK_RISE,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates slow upward movement against gravity.
+     */
     SLOW_RISE,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates quick downwards movement with gravity.
+     */
     QUICK_FALL,
 }
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl
index ebf5faa..f553664 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@
      * Whether compose is supported.
      */
     const int CAP_COMPOSE_EFFECTS = 1 << 5;
+    /**
+     * Whether alwaysOnEnable/alwaysOnDisable is supported.
+     */
+    const int CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL = 1 << 6;
 
     /**
      * Determine capabilities of the vibrator HAL (CAP_* mask)
@@ -165,4 +169,31 @@
      */
     void compose(in CompositeEffect[] composite, in IVibratorCallback callback);
 
+    /**
+     * List of supported always-on effects.
+     *
+     * Return the effects which are supported by the alwaysOnEnable (an effect
+     * is expected to be supported at every strength level.
+     */
+    Effect[] getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects();
+
+    /**
+     * Enable an always-on haptic source, assigning a specific effect. An
+     * always-on haptic source is a source that can be triggered externally
+     * once enabled and assigned an effect to play. This may not be supported
+     * and this support is reflected in getCapabilities (CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL).
+     *
+     * @param id The device-specific always-on source ID to enable.
+     * @param effect The type of haptic event to trigger.
+     * @param strength The intensity of haptic event to trigger.
+     */
+    void alwaysOnEnable(in int id, in Effect effect, in EffectStrength strength);
+
+    /**
+     * Disable an always-on haptic source. This may not be supported and this
+     * support is reflected in getCapabilities (CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL).
+     *
+     * @param id The device-specific always-on source ID to disable.
+     */
+    void alwaysOnDisable(in int id);
 }
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp b/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp
index befdeab..cedd9cb 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@
     LOG(INFO) << "Vibrator reporting capabilities";
     *_aidl_return = IVibrator::CAP_ON_CALLBACK | IVibrator::CAP_PERFORM_CALLBACK |
                     IVibrator::CAP_AMPLITUDE_CONTROL | IVibrator::CAP_EXTERNAL_CONTROL |
-                    IVibrator::CAP_EXTERNAL_AMPLITUDE_CONTROL | IVibrator::CAP_COMPOSE_EFFECTS;
+                    IVibrator::CAP_EXTERNAL_AMPLITUDE_CONTROL | IVibrator::CAP_COMPOSE_EFFECTS |
+                    IVibrator::CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL;
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -151,6 +152,28 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Vibrator::getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(std::vector<Effect>* _aidl_return) {
+    return getSupportedEffects(_aidl_return);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Vibrator::alwaysOnEnable(int32_t id, Effect effect, EffectStrength strength) {
+    std::vector<Effect> effects;
+    getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(&effects);
+
+    if (std::find(effects.begin(), effects.end(), effect) == effects.end()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    } else {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Enabling always-on ID " << id << " with " << toString(effect) << "/"
+                  << toString(strength);
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Vibrator::alwaysOnDisable(int32_t id) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Disabling always-on ID " << id;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 }  // namespace vibrator
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h b/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h
index 817ec80..0eb957d 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getCompositionSizeMax(int32_t* maxSize);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus compose(const std::vector<CompositeEffect>& composite,
                                const std::shared_ptr<IVibratorCallback>& callback) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(std::vector<Effect>* _aidl_return) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus alwaysOnEnable(int32_t id, Effect effect, EffectStrength strength) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus alwaysOnDisable(int32_t id) override;
 };
 
 }  // namespace vibrator
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp b/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp
index 5c6120b..f47b10d 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp
@@ -135,13 +135,12 @@
             Status status = vibrator->perform(effect, strength, nullptr /*callback*/, &lengthMs);
 
             if (isEffectSupported) {
-                EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk())
-                        << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
                 EXPECT_GT(lengthMs, 0);
                 usleep(lengthMs * 1000);
             } else {
                 EXPECT_EQ(status.exceptionCode(), Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
-                        << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                        << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
                 EXPECT_EQ(lengthMs, 0);
             }
         }
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@
             int32_t lengthMs;
             Status status = vibrator->perform(effect, strength, nullptr /*callback*/, &lengthMs);
             EXPECT_EQ(status.exceptionCode(), Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
-                    << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                    << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
         }
     }
     for (Effect effect : kEffects) {
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@
             int32_t lengthMs;
             Status status = vibrator->perform(effect, strength, nullptr /*callback*/, &lengthMs);
             EXPECT_EQ(status.exceptionCode(), Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
-                    << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                    << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -371,6 +370,32 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_P(VibratorAidl, AlwaysOn) {
+    if (capabilities & IVibrator::CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL) {
+        std::vector<Effect> supported;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(vibrator->getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(&supported).isOk());
+
+        for (Effect effect : kEffects) {
+            bool isEffectSupported =
+                    std::find(supported.begin(), supported.end(), effect) != supported.end();
+
+            for (EffectStrength strength : kEffectStrengths) {
+                Status status = vibrator->alwaysOnEnable(0, effect, strength);
+
+                if (isEffectSupported) {
+                    EXPECT_EQ(Status::EX_NONE, status.exceptionCode())
+                            << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
+                } else {
+                    EXPECT_EQ(Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION, status.exceptionCode())
+                            << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(Status::EX_NONE, vibrator->alwaysOnDisable(0).exceptionCode());
+    }
+}
+
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Vibrator, VibratorAidl,
                          testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IVibrator::descriptor)),
                          android::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/Android.bp b/wifi/1.4/Android.bp
index e63b1eb..b443230 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
         "IWifiApIface.hal",
         "IWifiChip.hal",
         "IWifiChipEventCallback.hal",
+        "IWifiNanIface.hal",
         "IWifiRttController.hal",
         "IWifiRttControllerEventCallback.hal",
         "IWifiStaIface.hal",
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/IWifiChip.hal b/wifi/1.4/IWifiChip.hal
index de5a64e..07f4a65 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/IWifiChip.hal
+++ b/wifi/1.4/IWifiChip.hal
@@ -39,8 +39,7 @@
      *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED|,
      *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_WIFI_CHIP_INVALID|
      */
-    registerEventCallback_1_4(IWifiChipEventCallback callback)
-        generates (WifiStatus status);
+    registerEventCallback_1_4(IWifiChipEventCallback callback) generates (WifiStatus status);
 
     /**
      * Create a RTTController instance.
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/IWifiChipEventCallback.hal b/wifi/1.4/IWifiChipEventCallback.hal
index ecd0a44..9ead344 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/IWifiChipEventCallback.hal
+++ b/wifi/1.4/IWifiChipEventCallback.hal
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
          * only for debugging purposes.
          */
         uint32_t radioId;
+
         /**
          * List of bands on which this radio chain is operating.
          * Can be one of:
@@ -47,7 +48,10 @@
          * time sharing across the 3 bands).
          */
         WifiBand bandInfo;
-        /** List of interfaces on this radio chain (hardware MAC). */
+
+        /**
+         * List of interfaces on this radio chain (hardware MAC).
+         */
         vec<IfaceInfo> ifaceInfos;
     };
 
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/IWifiNanIface.hal b/wifi/1.4/IWifiNanIface.hal
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..881d06c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/1.4/IWifiNanIface.hal
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.wifi@1.4;
+
+import @1.0::CommandIdShort;
+import @1.0::WifiStatus;
+import @1.2::IWifiNanIface;
+import @1.2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental;
+import NanConfigRequest;
+import NanEnableRequest;
+
+/**
+ * Interface used to represent a single NAN (Neighbour Aware Network) iface.
+ *
+ * References to "NAN Spec" are to the Wi-Fi Alliance "Wi-Fi Neighbor Awareness
+ * Networking (NAN) Technical Specification".
+ */
+interface IWifiNanIface extends @1.2::IWifiNanIface {
+    /**
+     * Enable NAN: configures and activates NAN clustering (does not start
+     * a discovery session or set up data-interfaces or data-paths). Use the
+     * |IWifiNanIface.configureRequest| method to change the configuration of an already enabled
+     * NAN interface.
+     * Asynchronous response is with |IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.notifyEnableResponse|.
+     *
+     * Note: supersedes the @1.2::IWifiNanIface.enableRequest() method which is deprecated as of
+     * HAL version 1.4.
+     *
+     * @param cmdId command Id to use for this invocation.
+     * @param msg1 Instance of |NanEnableRequest|.
+     * @param msg2 Instance of |NanConfigRequestSupplemental|.
+     * @return status WifiStatus of the operation.
+     *         Possible status codes:
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.SUCCESS|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_INVALID_ARGS|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_UNKNOWN|
+     */
+    enableRequest_1_4(CommandIdShort cmdId, NanEnableRequest msg1,
+        NanConfigRequestSupplemental msg2) generates (WifiStatus status);
+
+    /**
+     * Configure NAN: configures an existing NAN functionality (i.e. assumes
+     * |IWifiNanIface.enableRequest| already submitted and succeeded).
+     * Asynchronous response is with |IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.notifyConfigResponse|.
+     *
+     * Note: supersedes the @1.2::IWifiNanIface.configRequest() method which is deprecated as of
+     * HAL version 1.4.
+     *
+     * @param cmdId command Id to use for this invocation.
+     * @param msg1 Instance of |NanConfigRequest|.
+     * @param msg1 Instance of |NanConfigRequestSupplemental|.
+     * @return status WifiStatus of the operation.
+     *         Possible status codes:
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.SUCCESS|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_INVALID_ARGS|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_UNKNOWN|
+     */
+    configRequest_1_4(CommandIdShort cmdId, NanConfigRequest msg1,
+        NanConfigRequestSupplemental msg2) generates (WifiStatus status);
+};
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/IWifiStaIface.hal b/wifi/1.4/IWifiStaIface.hal
index fb658cd..8bb0de8 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/IWifiStaIface.hal
+++ b/wifi/1.4/IWifiStaIface.hal
@@ -27,24 +27,22 @@
  * IWifiChip.createStaIface() may return a @1.4::IWifiStaIface when supported.
  */
 interface IWifiStaIface extends @1.3::IWifiStaIface {
-
     enum StaIfaceCapabilityMask : @1.0::IWifiStaIface.StaIfaceCapabilityMask {
-        STA_6G = 1 << 15
+        STA_6G = 1 << 15,
     };
 
-  /**
-   * Get the capabilities supported by this STA iface.
-   *
-   * @return status WifiStatus of the operation.
-   *         Possible status codes:
-   *         |WifiStatusCode.SUCCESS|,
-   *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID|,
-   *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_NOT_AVAILABLE|,
-   *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED|,
-   *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_UNKNOWN|
-   * @return capabilities Bitset of |StaIfaceCapabilityMask| values.
-   */
-  getCapabilities_1_4()
-      generates (WifiStatus status,
-                 bitfield<StaIfaceCapabilityMask> capabilities);
+    /**
+     * Get the capabilities supported by this STA iface.
+     *
+     * @return status WifiStatus of the operation.
+     *         Possible status codes:
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.SUCCESS|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_NOT_AVAILABLE|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED|,
+     *         |WifiStatusCode.ERROR_UNKNOWN|
+     * @return capabilities Bitset of |StaIfaceCapabilityMask| values.
+     */
+    getCapabilities_1_4()
+        generates (WifiStatus status, bitfield<StaIfaceCapabilityMask> capabilities);
 };
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.cpp
index 35c6839..a7c5686 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.cpp
@@ -1270,16 +1270,20 @@
         hidl_request.debugConfigs
             .useSdfInBandVal[(size_t)NanBandIndex::NAN_BAND_5GHZ];
 
+    /* TODO: b/145609058
+     * Missing updates needed to legacy_hal::NanEnableRequest and conversion to
+     * it for 6GHz band */
+
     return true;
 }
 
-bool convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_2ToLegacy(
+bool convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_4ToLegacy(
     const NanEnableRequest& hidl_request1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& hidl_request2,
     legacy_hal::NanEnableRequest* legacy_request) {
     if (!legacy_request) {
         LOG(ERROR)
-            << "convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_2ToLegacy: null legacy_request";
+            << "convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_4ToLegacy: null legacy_request";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1780,16 +1784,19 @@
     legacy_request->config_dw.dw_5g_interval_val =
         hidl_request.bandSpecificConfig[(size_t)NanBandIndex::NAN_BAND_5GHZ]
             .discoveryWindowIntervalVal;
+    /* TODO: b/145609058
+     * Missing updates needed to legacy_hal::NanConfigRequest and conversion to
+     * it for 6GHz band */
 
     return true;
 }
 
-bool convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_2ToLegacy(
+bool convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_4ToLegacy(
     const NanConfigRequest& hidl_request1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& hidl_request2,
     legacy_hal::NanConfigRequest* legacy_request) {
     if (!legacy_request) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_2ToLegacy: legacy_request "
+        LOG(ERROR) << "convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_4ToLegacy: legacy_request "
                       "is null";
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.h b/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.h
index 987891b..160870a 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.h
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/hidl_struct_util.h
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@
 bool convertHidlNanConfigRequestToLegacy(
     const NanConfigRequest& hidl_request,
     legacy_hal::NanConfigRequest* legacy_request);
-bool convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_2ToLegacy(
+bool convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_4ToLegacy(
     const NanEnableRequest& hidl_request1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& hidl_request2,
     legacy_hal::NanEnableRequest* legacy_request);
-bool convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_2ToLegacy(
+bool convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_4ToLegacy(
     const NanConfigRequest& hidl_request1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& hidl_request2,
     legacy_hal::NanConfigRequest* legacy_request);
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_chip_unit_tests.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_chip_unit_tests.cpp
index 90e81e1..d35adbc 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_chip_unit_tests.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_chip_unit_tests.cpp
@@ -720,13 +720,16 @@
             ASSERT_EQ(iface_names[0], "wlan0");
         });
     // Retrieve the exact iface object.
-    sp<IWifiNanIface> nan_iface;
-    chip_->getNanIface("wlan0", [&nan_iface](const WifiStatus& status,
-                                             const sp<IWifiNanIface>& iface) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::SUCCESS, status.code);
-        ASSERT_NE(iface.get(), nullptr);
-        nan_iface = iface;
-    });
+    sp<android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::IWifiNanIface> nan_iface;
+    chip_->getNanIface(
+        "wlan0",
+        [&nan_iface](
+            const WifiStatus& status,
+            const sp<android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::IWifiNanIface>& iface) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::SUCCESS, status.code);
+            ASSERT_NE(iface.get(), nullptr);
+            nan_iface = iface;
+        });
 
     // Remove the STA iface.
     removeIface(IfaceType::STA, "wlan0");
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_nan_iface_unit_tests.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_nan_iface_unit_tests.cpp
index 8aefa92..9022792 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_nan_iface_unit_tests.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/tests/wifi_nan_iface_unit_tests.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@
 namespace V1_4 {
 namespace implementation {
 
+using android::hardware::wifi::V1_2::IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback;
+using android::hardware::wifi::V1_2::NanDataPathConfirmInd;
+
 bool CaptureIfaceEventHandlers(
     const std::string& /* iface_name*/,
     iface_util::IfaceEventHandlers in_iface_event_handlers,
@@ -96,9 +99,15 @@
                  Return<void>(uint16_t, const WifiNanStatus&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(eventDataPathRequest,
                  Return<void>(const NanDataPathRequestInd&));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(eventDataPathConfirm,
-                 Return<void>(const NanDataPathConfirmInd&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(
+        eventDataPathConfirm,
+        Return<void>(
+            const android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::NanDataPathConfirmInd&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(eventDataPathTerminated, Return<void>(uint32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(eventDataPathConfirm_1_2,
+                 Return<void>(const NanDataPathConfirmInd&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(eventDataPathScheduleUpdate,
+                 Return<void>(const NanDataPathScheduleUpdateInd&));
 };
 
 class WifiNanIfaceTest : public Test {
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.cpp
index 981acb2..073101c 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.cpp
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> WifiNanIface::enableRequest(uint16_t cmd_id,
-                                         const NanEnableRequest& msg,
+                                         const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& msg,
                                          enableRequest_cb hidl_status_cb) {
     return validateAndCall(this, WifiStatusCode::ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID,
                            &WifiNanIface::enableRequestInternal, hidl_status_cb,
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> WifiNanIface::configRequest(uint16_t cmd_id,
-                                         const NanConfigRequest& msg,
+                                         const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& msg,
                                          configRequest_cb hidl_status_cb) {
     return validateAndCall(this, WifiStatusCode::ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID,
                            &WifiNanIface::configRequestInternal, hidl_status_cb,
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> WifiNanIface::enableRequest_1_2(
-    uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg1,
+    uint16_t cmd_id, const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& msg1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
     enableRequest_1_2_cb hidl_status_cb) {
     return validateAndCall(this, WifiStatusCode::ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID,
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> WifiNanIface::configRequest_1_2(
-    uint16_t cmd_id, const NanConfigRequest& msg1,
+    uint16_t cmd_id, const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& msg1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
     configRequest_1_2_cb hidl_status_cb) {
     return validateAndCall(this, WifiStatusCode::ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID,
@@ -704,6 +704,24 @@
                            hidl_status_cb, cmd_id, msg1, msg2);
 }
 
+Return<void> WifiNanIface::enableRequest_1_4(
+    uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg1,
+    const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
+    enableRequest_1_4_cb hidl_status_cb) {
+    return validateAndCall(this, WifiStatusCode::ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID,
+                           &WifiNanIface::enableRequest_1_4Internal,
+                           hidl_status_cb, cmd_id, msg1, msg2);
+}
+
+Return<void> WifiNanIface::configRequest_1_4(
+    uint16_t cmd_id, const NanConfigRequest& msg1,
+    const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
+    configRequest_1_4_cb hidl_status_cb) {
+    return validateAndCall(this, WifiStatusCode::ERROR_WIFI_IFACE_INVALID,
+                           &WifiNanIface::configRequest_1_4Internal,
+                           hidl_status_cb, cmd_id, msg1, msg2);
+}
+
 std::pair<WifiStatus, std::string> WifiNanIface::getNameInternal() {
     return {createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::SUCCESS), ifname_};
 }
@@ -727,12 +745,12 @@
 }
 
 WifiStatus WifiNanIface::enableRequestInternal(
-    uint16_t /* cmd_id */, const NanEnableRequest& /* msg */) {
+    uint16_t /* cmd_id */, const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& /* msg */) {
     return createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
 }
 
 WifiStatus WifiNanIface::configRequestInternal(
-    uint16_t /* cmd_id */, const NanConfigRequest& /* msg */) {
+    uint16_t /* cmd_id */, const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& /* msg */) {
     return createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
 }
 
@@ -855,10 +873,22 @@
 }
 
 WifiStatus WifiNanIface::enableRequest_1_2Internal(
+    uint16_t /* cmd_id */, const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& /* msg1 */,
+    const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& /*msg2 */) {
+    return createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
+}
+
+WifiStatus WifiNanIface::configRequest_1_2Internal(
+    uint16_t /* cmd_id */, const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& /* msg1 */,
+    const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& /* msg2 */) {
+    return createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
+}
+
+WifiStatus WifiNanIface::enableRequest_1_4Internal(
     uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2) {
     legacy_hal::NanEnableRequest legacy_msg;
-    if (!hidl_struct_util::convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_2ToLegacy(
+    if (!hidl_struct_util::convertHidlNanEnableRequest_1_4ToLegacy(
             msg1, msg2, &legacy_msg)) {
         return createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_INVALID_ARGS);
     }
@@ -867,11 +897,11 @@
     return createWifiStatusFromLegacyError(legacy_status);
 }
 
-WifiStatus WifiNanIface::configRequest_1_2Internal(
+WifiStatus WifiNanIface::configRequest_1_4Internal(
     uint16_t cmd_id, const NanConfigRequest& msg1,
     const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2) {
     legacy_hal::NanConfigRequest legacy_msg;
-    if (!hidl_struct_util::convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_2ToLegacy(
+    if (!hidl_struct_util::convertHidlNanConfigRequest_1_4ToLegacy(
             msg1, msg2, &legacy_msg)) {
         return createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_INVALID_ARGS);
     }
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.h b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.h
index e3a5c34..c16628b 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.h
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_nan_iface.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android/hardware/wifi/1.0/IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.h>
-#include <android/hardware/wifi/1.2/IWifiNanIface.h>
+#include <android/hardware/wifi/1.4/IWifiNanIface.h>
 
 #include "hidl_callback_util.h"
 #include "wifi_iface_util.h"
@@ -31,11 +31,12 @@
 namespace V1_4 {
 namespace implementation {
 using namespace android::hardware::wifi::V1_0;
+using namespace android::hardware::wifi::V1_2;
 
 /**
  * HIDL interface object used to control a NAN Iface instance.
  */
-class WifiNanIface : public V1_2::IWifiNanIface {
+class WifiNanIface : public V1_4::IWifiNanIface {
    public:
     WifiNanIface(const std::string& ifname,
                  const std::weak_ptr<legacy_hal::WifiLegacyHal> legacy_hal,
@@ -53,9 +54,11 @@
         registerEventCallback_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
     Return<void> getCapabilitiesRequest(
         uint16_t cmd_id, getCapabilitiesRequest_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
-    Return<void> enableRequest(uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg,
+    Return<void> enableRequest(uint16_t cmd_id,
+                               const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& msg,
                                enableRequest_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
-    Return<void> configRequest(uint16_t cmd_id, const NanConfigRequest& msg,
+    Return<void> configRequest(uint16_t cmd_id,
+                               const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& msg,
                                configRequest_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
     Return<void> disableRequest(uint16_t cmd_id,
                                 disableRequest_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
@@ -94,10 +97,18 @@
         const sp<V1_2::IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback>& callback,
         registerEventCallback_1_2_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
     Return<void> enableRequest_1_2(
-        uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg1,
+        uint16_t cmd_id, const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& msg1,
         const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
         enableRequest_1_2_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
     Return<void> configRequest_1_2(
+        uint16_t cmd_id, const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& msg1,
+        const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
+        configRequest_1_2_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
+    Return<void> enableRequest_1_4(
+        uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg1,
+        const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
+        enableRequest_1_2_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
+    Return<void> configRequest_1_4(
         uint16_t cmd_id, const NanConfigRequest& msg1,
         const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2,
         configRequest_1_2_cb hidl_status_cb) override;
@@ -110,9 +121,9 @@
         const sp<V1_0::IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback>& callback);
     WifiStatus getCapabilitiesRequestInternal(uint16_t cmd_id);
     WifiStatus enableRequestInternal(uint16_t cmd_id,
-                                     const NanEnableRequest& msg);
+                                     const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& msg);
     WifiStatus configRequestInternal(uint16_t cmd_id,
-                                     const NanConfigRequest& msg);
+                                     const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& msg);
     WifiStatus disableRequestInternal(uint16_t cmd_id);
     WifiStatus startPublishRequestInternal(uint16_t cmd_id,
                                            const NanPublishRequest& msg);
@@ -136,9 +147,15 @@
     WifiStatus registerEventCallback_1_2Internal(
         const sp<V1_2::IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback>& callback);
     WifiStatus enableRequest_1_2Internal(
-        uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg1,
+        uint16_t cmd_id, const V1_0::NanEnableRequest& msg1,
         const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2);
     WifiStatus configRequest_1_2Internal(
+        uint16_t cmd_id, const V1_0::NanConfigRequest& msg,
+        const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2);
+    WifiStatus enableRequest_1_4Internal(
+        uint16_t cmd_id, const NanEnableRequest& msg1,
+        const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2);
+    WifiStatus configRequest_1_4Internal(
         uint16_t cmd_id, const NanConfigRequest& msg,
         const V1_2::NanConfigRequestSupplemental& msg2);
 
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/types.hal b/wifi/1.4/types.hal
index 0db0c2c..4f1d22e 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/types.hal
+++ b/wifi/1.4/types.hal
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 package android.hardware.wifi@1.4;
 
 import @1.0::MacAddress;
+import @1.0::NanBandIndex;
+import @1.0::NanBandSpecificConfig;
 import @1.0::Rssi;
 import @1.0::RttBw;
 import @1.0::RttConfig;
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@
 import @1.0::TimeStampInUs;
 import @1.0::WifiBand;
 import @1.0::WifiChannelInfo;
+import @1.0::WifiChannelInMhz;
 import @1.0::WifiChannelWidthInMhz;
 import @1.0::WifiInformationElement;
 import @1.0::WifiRateNss;
@@ -37,22 +40,32 @@
  * Wifi bands defined in 80211 spec.
  */
 enum WifiBand : @1.0::WifiBand {
-  /**
-   * 6 GHz.
-   */
-  BAND_6GHZ = 8,
-  /**
-   * 5 GHz no DFS + 6 GHz.
-   */
-  BAND_5GHZ_6GHZ = 10,
-  /**
-   * 2.4 GHz + 5 GHz no DFS + 6 GHz.
-   */
-  BAND_24GHZ_5GHZ_6GHZ = 11,
-  /**
-   * 2.4 GHz + 5 GHz with DFS + 6 GHz.
-   */
-  BAND_24GHZ_5GHZ_WITH_DFS_6GHZ = 15
+    /**
+     * 6 GHz.
+     */
+    BAND_6GHZ = 8,
+    /**
+     * 5 GHz no DFS + 6 GHz.
+     */
+    BAND_5GHZ_6GHZ = 10,
+    /**
+     * 2.4 GHz + 5 GHz no DFS + 6 GHz.
+     */
+    BAND_24GHZ_5GHZ_6GHZ = 11,
+    /**
+     * 2.4 GHz + 5 GHz with DFS + 6 GHz.
+     */
+    BAND_24GHZ_5GHZ_WITH_DFS_6GHZ = 15,
+};
+
+/**
+ * The discovery bands supported by NAN.
+ */
+enum NanBandIndex : @1.0::NanBandIndex {
+    /**
+     * Index for 6 GHz band.
+     */
+    NAN_BAND_6GHZ = 2,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -76,6 +89,183 @@
 };
 
 /**
+ * Debug configuration parameters. Many of these allow non-standard-compliant operation and are
+ * not intended for normal operational mode.
+ */
+struct NanDebugConfig {
+    /**
+     * Specification of the lower 2 bytes of the cluster ID. The cluster ID is 50-60-9a-01-00-00 to
+     * 50-60-9a-01-FF-FF. Configuration of the bottom and top values of the range (which defaults to
+     * 0x0000 and 0xFFFF respectively).
+     * Configuration is only used if |validClusterIdVals| is set to true.
+     */
+    bool validClusterIdVals;
+
+    uint16_t clusterIdBottomRangeVal;
+
+    uint16_t clusterIdTopRangeVal;
+
+    /**
+     * NAN management interface address, if specified (|validIntfAddrVal| is true) then overrides any
+     * other configuration (specifically the default randomization configured by
+     * |NanConfigRequest.macAddressRandomizationIntervalSec|).
+     */
+    bool validIntfAddrVal;
+
+    MacAddress intfAddrVal;
+
+    /**
+     * Combination of the 24 bit Organizationally Unique ID (OUI) and the 8 bit OUI Type.
+     * Used if |validOuiVal| is set to true.
+     */
+    bool validOuiVal;
+
+    uint32_t ouiVal;
+
+    /**
+     * Force the Random Factor to the specified value for all transmitted Sync/Discovery beacons.
+     * Used if |validRandomFactorForceVal| is set to true.
+     * NAN Spec: Master Indication Attribute / Random Factor
+     */
+    bool validRandomFactorForceVal;
+
+    uint8_t randomFactorForceVal;
+
+    /**
+     * Forces the hop-count for all transmitted Sync and Discovery Beacons NO matter the real
+     * hop-count being received over the air. Used if the |validHopCountForceVal}| flag is set to
+     * true.
+     * NAN Spec: Cluster Attribute / Anchor Master Information / Hop Count to Anchor Master
+     */
+    bool validHopCountForceVal;
+
+    uint8_t hopCountForceVal;
+
+    /**
+     * Frequency in MHz to of the discovery channel in the specified band. Indexed by |NanBandIndex|.
+     * Used if the |validDiscoveryChannelVal| is set to true.
+     */
+    bool validDiscoveryChannelVal;
+
+    WifiChannelInMhz[3] discoveryChannelMhzVal;
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies whether sync/discovery beacons are transmitted in the specified band. Indexed by
+     * |NanBandIndex|. Used if the |validUseBeaconsInBandVal| is set to true.
+     */
+    bool validUseBeaconsInBandVal;
+
+    bool[3] useBeaconsInBandVal;
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies whether SDF (service discovery frames) are transmitted in the specified band. Indexed
+     * by |NanBandIndex|. Used if the |validUseSdfInBandVal| is set to true.
+     */
+    bool validUseSdfInBandVal;
+
+    bool[3] useSdfInBandVal;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Configuration parameters of NAN: used when enabling and re-configuring a NAN cluster.
+ */
+struct NanConfigRequest {
+    /**
+     * Master preference of this device.
+     * NAN Spec: Master Indication Attribute / Master Preference
+     */
+    uint8_t masterPref;
+
+    /**
+     * Controls whether or not the |IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.eventClusterEvent| will be delivered
+     * for |NanClusterEventType.DISCOVERY_MAC_ADDRESS_CHANGED|.
+     */
+    bool disableDiscoveryAddressChangeIndication;
+
+    /**
+     * Controls whether or not the |IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.eventClusterEvent| will be delivered
+     * for |NanClusterEventType.STARTED_CLUSTER|.
+     */
+    bool disableStartedClusterIndication;
+
+    /**
+     * Controls whether or not the |IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.eventClusterEvent| will be delivered
+     * for |NanClusterEventType.JOINED_CLUSTER|.
+     */
+    bool disableJoinedClusterIndication;
+
+    /**
+     * Control whether publish service IDs are included in Sync/Discovery beacons.
+     * NAN Spec: Service ID List Attribute
+     */
+    bool includePublishServiceIdsInBeacon;
+
+    /**
+     * If |includePublishServiceIdsInBeacon| is true then specifies the number of publish service IDs
+     * to include in the Sync/Discovery beacons:
+     *  Value = 0: include as many service IDs as will fit into the maximum allowed beacon frame size.
+     *  Value must fit within 7 bits - i.e. <= 127.
+     */
+    uint8_t numberOfPublishServiceIdsInBeacon;
+
+    /**
+     * Control whether subscribe service IDs are included in Sync/Discovery beacons.
+     * Spec: Subscribe Service ID List Attribute
+     */
+    bool includeSubscribeServiceIdsInBeacon;
+
+    /**
+     * If |includeSubscribeServiceIdsInBeacon| is true then specifies the number of subscribe service
+     * IDs to include in the Sync/Discovery beacons:
+     *  Value = 0: include as many service IDs as will fit into the maximum allowed beacon frame size.
+     *  Value must fit within 7 bits - i.e. <= 127.
+     */
+    uint8_t numberOfSubscribeServiceIdsInBeacon;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of samples used to calculate RSSI.
+     */
+    uint16_t rssiWindowSize;
+
+    /**
+     * Specifies the interval in seconds that the NAN management interface MAC address is randomized.
+     * A value of 0 is used to disable the MAC address randomization
+     */
+    uint32_t macAddressRandomizationIntervalSec;
+
+    /**
+     * Additional configuration provided per band: indexed by |NanBandIndex|.
+     */
+    NanBandSpecificConfig[3] bandSpecificConfig;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Enable requests for NAN: start-up configuration |IWifiNanIface.enableRequest|.
+ */
+struct NanEnableRequest {
+    /**
+     * Enable operation in a specific band: indexed by |NanBandIndex|.
+     */
+    bool[3] operateInBand;
+
+    /**
+     * Specify extent of cluster by specifying the max hop count.
+     */
+    uint8_t hopCountMax;
+
+    /**
+     * Configurations of NAN cluster operation. Can also be modified at run-time using
+     * |IWifiNanIface.configRequest|.
+     */
+    NanConfigRequest configParams;
+
+    /**
+     * Non-standard configurations of NAN cluster operation - useful for debugging operations.
+     */
+    NanDebugConfig debugConfigs;
+};
+
+/**
  * RTT configuration.
  */
 struct RttConfig {
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp b/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
index f3be25d..46ac3ee 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
     srcs: [
         "VtsHalWifiV1_4TargetTest.cpp",
         "wifi_ap_iface_hidl_test.cpp",
-        "wifi_chip_hidl_test.cpp"
+        "wifi_chip_hidl_test.cpp",
+		"wifi_nan_iface_hidl_test.cpp"
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalWifiV1_0TargetTestUtil",
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/wifi_nan_iface_hidl_test.cpp b/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/wifi_nan_iface_hidl_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..245e906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/wifi_nan_iface_hidl_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Nanache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include <android/hardware/wifi/1.2/IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback.h>
+#include <android/hardware/wifi/1.4/IWifi.h>
+#include <android/hardware/wifi/1.4/IWifiNanIface.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <mutex>
+
+#include "wifi_hidl_call_util.h"
+#include "wifi_hidl_test_utils.h"
+
+using namespace ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_0;
+using namespace ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_2;
+using namespace ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_4;
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::hardware::Return;
+using ::android::hardware::Void;
+
+#define TIMEOUT_PERIOD 10
+
+android::sp<android::hardware::wifi::V1_4::IWifiNanIface> getWifiNanIface_1_4(
+    const std::string& instance_name) {
+    return android::hardware::wifi::V1_4::IWifiNanIface::castFrom(
+        getWifiNanIface(instance_name));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fixture to use for all NAN Iface HIDL interface tests.
+ */
+class WifiNanIfaceHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+   public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        iwifiNanIface = getWifiNanIface_1_4(GetInstanceName());
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, iwifiNanIface.get());
+        ASSERT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::SUCCESS,
+                  HIDL_INVOKE(iwifiNanIface, registerEventCallback_1_2,
+                              new WifiNanIfaceEventCallback(*this))
+                      .code);
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() override { stopWifi(GetInstanceName()); }
+
+    /* Used as a mechanism to inform the test about data/event callback */
+    inline void notify() {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+        count_++;
+        cv_.notify_one();
+    }
+
+    enum CallbackType {
+        INVALID = -2,
+        ANY_CALLBACK = -1,
+
+        NOTIFY_CAPABILITIES_RESPONSE = 0,
+        NOTIFY_ENABLE_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_CONFIG_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_DISABLE_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_START_PUBLISH_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_STOP_PUBLISH_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_START_SUBSCRIBE_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_STOP_SUBSCRIBE_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_TRANSMIT_FOLLOWUP_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_CREATE_DATA_INTERFACE_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_DELETE_DATA_INTERFACE_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_INITIATE_DATA_PATH_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_RESPOND_TO_DATA_PATH_INDICATION_RESPONSE,
+        NOTIFY_TERMINATE_DATA_PATH_RESPONSE,
+
+        EVENT_CLUSTER_EVENT,
+        EVENT_DISABLED,
+        EVENT_PUBLISH_TERMINATED,
+        EVENT_SUBSCRIBE_TERMINATED,
+        EVENT_MATCH,
+        EVENT_MATCH_EXPIRED,
+        EVENT_FOLLOWUP_RECEIVED,
+        EVENT_TRANSMIT_FOLLOWUP,
+        EVENT_DATA_PATH_REQUEST,
+        EVENT_DATA_PATH_CONFIRM,
+        EVENT_DATA_PATH_TERMINATED,
+        EVENT_DATA_PATH_CONFIRM_1_2,
+        EVENT_DATA_PATH_SCHEDULE_UPDATE
+    };
+
+    /* Test code calls this function to wait for data/event callback */
+    /* Must set callbackType = INVALID before call this function */
+    inline std::cv_status wait(CallbackType waitForCallbackType) {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
+
+        EXPECT_NE(INVALID, waitForCallbackType);  // can't ASSERT in a
+                                                  // non-void-returning method
+
+        std::cv_status status = std::cv_status::no_timeout;
+        auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+        while (count_ == 0) {
+            status = cv_.wait_until(lock,
+                                    now + std::chrono::seconds(TIMEOUT_PERIOD));
+            if (status == std::cv_status::timeout) return status;
+            if (waitForCallbackType != ANY_CALLBACK &&
+                callbackType != INVALID &&
+                callbackType != waitForCallbackType) {
+                count_--;
+            }
+        }
+        count_--;
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    class WifiNanIfaceEventCallback
+        : public ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_2::IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback {
+        WifiNanIfaceHidlTest& parent_;
+
+       public:
+        WifiNanIfaceEventCallback(WifiNanIfaceHidlTest& parent)
+            : parent_(parent){};
+
+        virtual ~WifiNanIfaceEventCallback() = default;
+
+        Return<void> notifyCapabilitiesResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status,
+            const NanCapabilities& capabilities) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_CAPABILITIES_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+            parent_.capabilities = capabilities;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyEnableResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_ENABLE_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyConfigResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_CONFIG_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyDisableResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_DISABLE_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyStartPublishResponse(uint16_t id,
+                                                const WifiNanStatus& status,
+                                                uint8_t sessionId) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_START_PUBLISH_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+            parent_.sessionId = sessionId;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyStopPublishResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_STOP_PUBLISH_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyStartSubscribeResponse(uint16_t id,
+                                                  const WifiNanStatus& status,
+                                                  uint8_t sessionId) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_START_SUBSCRIBE_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+            parent_.sessionId = sessionId;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyStopSubscribeResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_STOP_SUBSCRIBE_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyTransmitFollowupResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_TRANSMIT_FOLLOWUP_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyCreateDataInterfaceResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_CREATE_DATA_INTERFACE_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyDeleteDataInterfaceResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_DELETE_DATA_INTERFACE_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyInitiateDataPathResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status,
+            uint32_t ndpInstanceId) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_INITIATE_DATA_PATH_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+            parent_.ndpInstanceId = ndpInstanceId;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyRespondToDataPathIndicationResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType =
+                NOTIFY_RESPOND_TO_DATA_PATH_INDICATION_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> notifyTerminateDataPathResponse(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = NOTIFY_TERMINATE_DATA_PATH_RESPONSE;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventClusterEvent(
+            const NanClusterEventInd& event) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_CLUSTER_EVENT;
+
+            parent_.nanClusterEventInd = event;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventDisabled(const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_DISABLED;
+
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventPublishTerminated(
+            uint8_t sessionId, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_PUBLISH_TERMINATED;
+
+            parent_.sessionId = sessionId;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventSubscribeTerminated(
+            uint8_t sessionId, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_SUBSCRIBE_TERMINATED;
+
+            parent_.sessionId = sessionId;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventMatch(const NanMatchInd& event) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_MATCH;
+
+            parent_.nanMatchInd = event;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventMatchExpired(uint8_t discoverySessionId,
+                                       uint32_t peerId) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_MATCH_EXPIRED;
+
+            parent_.sessionId = discoverySessionId;
+            parent_.peerId = peerId;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventFollowupReceived(
+            const NanFollowupReceivedInd& event) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_FOLLOWUP_RECEIVED;
+
+            parent_.nanFollowupReceivedInd = event;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventTransmitFollowup(
+            uint16_t id, const WifiNanStatus& status) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_TRANSMIT_FOLLOWUP;
+
+            parent_.id = id;
+            parent_.status = status;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventDataPathRequest(
+            const NanDataPathRequestInd& event) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_DATA_PATH_REQUEST;
+
+            parent_.nanDataPathRequestInd = event;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventDataPathConfirm(
+            const ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::NanDataPathConfirmInd& event)
+            override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_DATA_PATH_CONFIRM;
+
+            parent_.nanDataPathConfirmInd = event;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventDataPathTerminated(uint32_t ndpInstanceId) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_DATA_PATH_TERMINATED;
+
+            parent_.ndpInstanceId = ndpInstanceId;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventDataPathConfirm_1_2(
+            const ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_2::NanDataPathConfirmInd& event)
+            override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_DATA_PATH_CONFIRM_1_2;
+
+            parent_.nanDataPathConfirmInd_1_2 = event;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+
+        Return<void> eventDataPathScheduleUpdate(
+            const NanDataPathScheduleUpdateInd& event) override {
+            parent_.callbackType = EVENT_DATA_PATH_SCHEDULE_UPDATE;
+
+            parent_.nanDataPathScheduleUpdateInd = event;
+
+            parent_.notify();
+            return Void();
+        }
+    };
+
+   private:
+    // synchronization objects
+    std::mutex mtx_;
+    std::condition_variable cv_;
+    int count_;
+
+   protected:
+    android::sp<::android::hardware::wifi::V1_4::IWifiNanIface> iwifiNanIface;
+
+    // Data from IWifiNanIfaceEventCallback callbacks: this is the collection of
+    // all arguments to all callbacks. They are set by the callback
+    // (notifications or events) and can be retrieved by tests.
+    CallbackType callbackType;
+    uint16_t id;
+    WifiNanStatus status;
+    NanCapabilities capabilities;
+    uint8_t sessionId;
+    uint32_t ndpInstanceId;
+    NanClusterEventInd nanClusterEventInd;
+    NanMatchInd nanMatchInd;
+    uint32_t peerId;
+    NanFollowupReceivedInd nanFollowupReceivedInd;
+    NanDataPathRequestInd nanDataPathRequestInd;
+    ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::NanDataPathConfirmInd
+        nanDataPathConfirmInd;
+    ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_2::NanDataPathConfirmInd
+        nanDataPathConfirmInd_1_2;
+    NanDataPathScheduleUpdateInd nanDataPathScheduleUpdateInd;
+
+    std::string GetInstanceName() { return GetParam(); }
+};
+
+/*
+ * Create:
+ * Ensures that an instance of the IWifiNanIface proxy object is
+ * successfully created.
+ */
+TEST_P(WifiNanIfaceHidlTest, Create) {
+    // The creation of a proxy object is tested as part of SetUp method.
+}
+
+/*
+ * enableRequest_1_4InvalidArgs: validate that fails with invalid arguments
+ */
+TEST_P(WifiNanIfaceHidlTest, enableRequest_1_4InvalidArgs) {
+    uint16_t inputCmdId = 10;
+    callbackType = INVALID;
+    ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_4::NanEnableRequest nanEnableRequest = {};
+    NanConfigRequestSupplemental nanConfigRequestSupp = {};
+    ASSERT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::SUCCESS,
+              HIDL_INVOKE(iwifiNanIface, enableRequest_1_4, inputCmdId,
+                          nanEnableRequest, nanConfigRequestSupp)
+                  .code);
+    // wait for a callback
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait(NOTIFY_ENABLE_RESPONSE));
+    ASSERT_EQ(NOTIFY_ENABLE_RESPONSE, callbackType);
+    ASSERT_EQ(id, inputCmdId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(status.status, NanStatusType::INVALID_ARGS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * enableRequest_1_4ShimInvalidArgs: validate that fails with invalid arguments
+ * to the shim
+ */
+TEST_P(WifiNanIfaceHidlTest, enableRequest_1_4ShimInvalidArgs) {
+    uint16_t inputCmdId = 10;
+    ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_4::NanEnableRequest nanEnableRequest = {};
+    nanEnableRequest.configParams.numberOfPublishServiceIdsInBeacon =
+        128;  // must be <= 127
+    NanConfigRequestSupplemental nanConfigRequestSupp = {};
+    ASSERT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
+              HIDL_INVOKE(iwifiNanIface, enableRequest_1_4, inputCmdId,
+                          nanEnableRequest, nanConfigRequestSupp)
+                  .code);
+}
+
+/*
+ * configRequest_1_4InvalidArgs: validate that fails with invalid arguments
+ */
+TEST_P(WifiNanIfaceHidlTest, configRequest_1_4InvalidArgs) {
+    uint16_t inputCmdId = 10;
+    callbackType = INVALID;
+    ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_4::NanConfigRequest nanConfigRequest = {};
+    NanConfigRequestSupplemental nanConfigRequestSupp = {};
+    ASSERT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::SUCCESS,
+              HIDL_INVOKE(iwifiNanIface, configRequest_1_4, inputCmdId,
+                          nanConfigRequest, nanConfigRequestSupp)
+                  .code);
+    // wait for a callback
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait(NOTIFY_CONFIG_RESPONSE));
+    ASSERT_EQ(NOTIFY_CONFIG_RESPONSE, callbackType);
+    ASSERT_EQ(id, inputCmdId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(status.status, NanStatusType::INVALID_ARGS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * configRequest_1_4ShimInvalidArgs: validate that fails with invalid arguments
+ * to the shim
+ */
+TEST_P(WifiNanIfaceHidlTest, configRequest_1_4ShimInvalidArgs) {
+    uint16_t inputCmdId = 10;
+    ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_4::NanConfigRequest nanConfigRequest = {};
+    nanConfigRequest.numberOfPublishServiceIdsInBeacon = 128;  // must be <= 127
+    NanConfigRequestSupplemental nanConfigRequestSupp = {};
+    ASSERT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_INVALID_ARGS,
+              HIDL_INVOKE(iwifiNanIface, configRequest_1_4, inputCmdId,
+                          nanConfigRequest, nanConfigRequestSupp)
+                  .code);
+}
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.2/Android.bp b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dcad71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// This file is autogenerated by hidl-gen -Landroidbp.
+
+hidl_interface {
+    name: "android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.2",
+    root: "android.hardware",
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+    },
+    srcs: [
+        "types.hal",
+        "IHostapd.hal",
+    ],
+    interfaces: [
+        "android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.0",
+        "android.hidl.base@1.0",
+    ],
+    gen_java: true,
+}
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.2/IHostapd.hal b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/IHostapd.hal
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31ade13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/IHostapd.hal
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.2;
+
+import @1.1::IHostapd;
+import HostapdStatus;
+import MacAddress;
+import Ieee80211ReasonCode;
+
+/**
+ * Top-level object for managing SoftAPs.
+ */
+interface IHostapd extends @1.1::IHostapd {
+    /**
+     * force one of the hotspot clients disconnect..
+     *
+     * @param ifaceName Name of the interface.
+     * @param clientAddress Mac Address of the hotspot client.
+     * @param reasonCode One of disconnect reason code which defined by 802.11.
+     * @return status Status of the operation.
+     *         Possible status codes:
+     *         |HostapdStatusCode.SUCCESS|,
+     *         |HostapdStatusCode.FAILURE_IFACE_UNKNOWN|
+     *         |HostapdStatusCode.FAILURE_CLIENT_UNKNOWN|
+     */
+    forceClientDisconnect(string ifaceName, MacAddress clientAddress,
+        Ieee80211ReasonCode reasonCode) generates (HostapdStatus status);
+};
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.2/types.hal b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/types.hal
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06e890b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/types.hal
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.2;
+
+import @1.0::HostapdStatusCode;
+
+/**
+ * Enum values indicating the status of any hostapd operation.
+ */
+enum HostapdStatusCode : @1.0::HostapdStatusCode {
+    /**
+     * Failure because unknown the client.
+     */
+    FAILURE_CLIENT_UNKNOWN,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Enum values indicating the reason code for disconnect packet.
+ * Reason codes (IEEE Std 802.11-2016, 9.4.1.7, Table 9-45).
+ */
+enum Ieee80211ReasonCode : uint16_t {
+    WLAN_REASON_UNSPECIFIED = 1,
+    WLAN_REASON_PREV_AUTH_NOT_VALID = 2,
+    WLAN_REASON_DISASSOC_AP_BUSY = 5,
+};
+
+typedef uint8_t[6] MacAddress;
+
+/**
+ * Generic structure to return the status of any hostapd operation.
+ */
+struct HostapdStatus {
+    HostapdStatusCode code;
+
+    /**
+     * A vendor-specific error message to provide more information beyond the
+     * status code.
+     * This must be used for debugging purposes only.
+     */
+    string debugMessage;
+};
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/OWNERS b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bfb148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+rpius@google.com
+etancohen@google.com
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50cfdee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "VtsHalWifiHostapdV1_2TargetTest",
+    defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "VtsHalWifiHostapdV1_2TargetTest.cpp",
+        "hostapd_hidl_test.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "VtsHalWifiV1_0TargetTestUtil",
+        "VtsHalWifiHostapdV1_0TargetTestUtil",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.1",
+	"android.hardware.wifi.hostapd@1.2",
+        "android.hardware.wifi@1.0",
+        "libgmock",
+        "libwifi-system",
+        "libwifi-system-iface",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
+}
+
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalWifiHostapdV1_2TargetTest.cpp b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalWifiHostapdV1_2TargetTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e0f3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalWifiHostapdV1_2TargetTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+
+// TODO(b/143892896): Remove this file after wifi_hidl_test_utils.cpp is
+// updated.
+::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase* gEnv = nullptr;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/hostapd_hidl_test.cpp b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/hostapd_hidl_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d37221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.2/vts/functional/hostapd_hidl_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <cutils/properties.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+
+#include <android/hardware/wifi/1.0/IWifi.h>
+#include <android/hardware/wifi/hostapd/1.2/IHostapd.h>
+
+#include "hostapd_hidl_call_util.h"
+#include "hostapd_hidl_test_utils.h"
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
+using ::android::hardware::Return;
+using ::android::hardware::Void;
+using ::android::hardware::wifi::hostapd::V1_2::HostapdStatusCode;
+using ::android::hardware::wifi::hostapd::V1_2::Ieee80211ReasonCode;
+using ::android::hardware::wifi::hostapd::V1_2::IHostapd;
+using ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::IWifi;
+
+namespace {
+constexpr unsigned char kNwSsid[] = {'t', 'e', 's', 't', '1',
+                                     '2', '3', '4', '5'};
+constexpr int kIfaceChannel = 6;
+constexpr uint8_t kTestZeroMacAddr[] = {[0 ... 5] = 0x0};
+constexpr Ieee80211ReasonCode kTestDisconnectReasonCode =
+    Ieee80211ReasonCode::WLAN_REASON_UNSPECIFIED;
+}  // namespace
+
+class HostapdHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+   public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        wifi_instance_name_ = std::get<0>(GetParam());
+        hostapd_instance_name_ = std::get<1>(GetParam());
+        stopSupplicantIfNeeded(wifi_instance_name_);
+        startHostapdAndWaitForHidlService(wifi_instance_name_,
+                                          hostapd_instance_name_);
+        hostapd_ = IHostapd::getService(hostapd_instance_name_);
+        ASSERT_NE(hostapd_.get(), nullptr);
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() override { stopHostapd(wifi_instance_name_); }
+
+   protected:
+    std::string getPrimaryWlanIfaceName() {
+        std::array<char, PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX> buffer;
+        auto res = property_get("ro.vendor.wifi.sap.interface", buffer.data(),
+                                nullptr);
+        if (res > 0) return buffer.data();
+        property_get("wifi.interface", buffer.data(), "wlan0");
+        return buffer.data();
+    }
+
+    IHostapd::IfaceParams getIfaceParamsWithoutAcs() {
+        ::android::hardware::wifi::hostapd::V1_0::IHostapd::IfaceParams
+            iface_params;
+        IHostapd::IfaceParams iface_params_1_1;
+
+        iface_params.ifaceName = getPrimaryWlanIfaceName();
+        iface_params.hwModeParams.enable80211N = true;
+        iface_params.hwModeParams.enable80211AC = false;
+        iface_params.channelParams.enableAcs = false;
+        iface_params.channelParams.acsShouldExcludeDfs = false;
+        iface_params.channelParams.channel = kIfaceChannel;
+        iface_params.channelParams.band = IHostapd::Band::BAND_2_4_GHZ;
+        iface_params_1_1.V1_0 = iface_params;
+        return iface_params_1_1;
+    }
+
+    IHostapd::NetworkParams getOpenNwParams() {
+        IHostapd::NetworkParams nw_params;
+        nw_params.ssid =
+            std::vector<uint8_t>(kNwSsid, kNwSsid + sizeof(kNwSsid));
+        nw_params.isHidden = false;
+        nw_params.encryptionType = IHostapd::EncryptionType::NONE;
+        return nw_params;
+    }
+
+    // IHostapd object used for all tests in this fixture.
+    sp<IHostapd> hostapd_;
+    std::string wifi_instance_name_;
+    std::string hostapd_instance_name_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * forceClientDisconnect should return FAILURE_IFACE_UNKNOWN
+ * when hotspot interface doesn't init..
+ */
+TEST_P(HostapdHidlTest, DisconnectClientWhenIfaceNotAvailable) {
+    auto status =
+        HIDL_INVOKE(hostapd_, forceClientDisconnect, getPrimaryWlanIfaceName(),
+                    kTestZeroMacAddr, kTestDisconnectReasonCode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(HostapdStatusCode::FAILURE_IFACE_UNKNOWN, status.code);
+}
+
+/**
+ * forceClientDisconnect should return FAILURE_CLIENT_UNKNOWN
+ * when hotspot interface available.
+ */
+TEST_P(HostapdHidlTest, DisconnectClientWhenIfacAvailable) {
+    auto status_1_0 =
+        HIDL_INVOKE(hostapd_, addAccessPoint_1_1, getIfaceParamsWithoutAcs(),
+                    getOpenNwParams());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        android::hardware::wifi::hostapd::V1_0::HostapdStatusCode::SUCCESS,
+        status_1_0.code);
+
+    auto status_1_2 =
+        HIDL_INVOKE(hostapd_, forceClientDisconnect, getPrimaryWlanIfaceName(),
+                    kTestZeroMacAddr, kTestDisconnectReasonCode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(HostapdStatusCode::FAILURE_CLIENT_UNKNOWN, status_1_2.code);
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+    PerInstance, HostapdHidlTest,
+    testing::Combine(
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IWifi::descriptor)),
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+            android::hardware::wifi::hostapd::V1_2::IHostapd::descriptor))),
+    android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);