diff --git a/audio/common/all-versions/default/service/android.hardware.audio.service.rc b/audio/common/all-versions/default/service/android.hardware.audio.service.rc
index 63d2542..f7e1e24 100644
--- a/audio/common/all-versions/default/service/android.hardware.audio.service.rc
+++ b/audio/common/all-versions/default/service/android.hardware.audio.service.rc
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
     group audio camera drmrpc inet media mediadrm net_bt net_bt_admin net_bw_acct wakelock
     capabilities BLOCK_SUSPEND
     ioprio rt 4
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/foreground/tasks /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
+    task_profiles ProcessCapacityHigh HighPerformance
     onrestart restart audioserver
diff --git a/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/include/utility/ValidateXml.h b/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/include/utility/ValidateXml.h
index ee206f7..274a10b 100644
--- a/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/include/utility/ValidateXml.h
+++ b/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/include/utility/ValidateXml.h
@@ -51,8 +51,31 @@
  */
 template <bool atLeastOneRequired = true>
 ::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations(
-    const char* xmlFileNameExpr, const char* xmlFileLocationsExpr, const char* xsdFilePathExpr,
-    const char* xmlFileName, std::vector<const char*> xmlFileLocations, const char* xsdFilePath);
+        const char* xmlFileNameExpr, const char* xmlFileLocationsExpr, const char* xsdFilePathExpr,
+        const char* xmlFileName, const std::vector<std::string>& xmlFileLocations,
+        const char* xsdFilePath);
+template <bool atLeastOneRequired = true>
+::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations(
+        const char* xmlFileNameExpr, const char* xmlFileLocationsExpr, const char* xsdFilePathExpr,
+        const char* xmlFileName, std::initializer_list<const char*> xmlFileLocations,
+        const char* xsdFilePath) {
+    return validateXmlMultipleLocations<atLeastOneRequired>(
+            xmlFileNameExpr, xmlFileLocationsExpr, xsdFilePathExpr, xmlFileName,
+            std::vector<std::string>(xmlFileLocations.begin(), xmlFileLocations.end()),
+            xsdFilePath);
+}
+template <bool atLeastOneRequired = true>
+::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations(const char* xmlFileNameExpr,
+                                                        const char* xmlFileLocationsExpr,
+                                                        const char* xsdFilePathExpr,
+                                                        const char* xmlFileName,
+                                                        std::vector<const char*> xmlFileLocations,
+                                                        const char* xsdFilePath) {
+    return validateXmlMultipleLocations<atLeastOneRequired>(
+            xmlFileNameExpr, xmlFileLocationsExpr, xsdFilePathExpr, xmlFileName,
+            std::vector<std::string>(xmlFileLocations.begin(), xmlFileLocations.end()),
+            xsdFilePath);
+}
 
 /** ASSERT that all found XML are valid according to an xsd. */
 #define ASSERT_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(xmlFileName, xmlFileLocations, xsdFilePath)         \
diff --git a/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/src/ValidateXml.cpp b/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/src/ValidateXml.cpp
index bdafa82..a866104 100644
--- a/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/src/ValidateXml.cpp
+++ b/audio/common/all-versions/test/utility/src/ValidateXml.cpp
@@ -131,14 +131,15 @@
 
 template <bool atLeastOneRequired>
 ::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations(
-    const char* xmlFileNameExpr, const char* xmlFileLocationsExpr, const char* xsdFilePathExpr,
-    const char* xmlFileName, std::vector<const char*> xmlFileLocations, const char* xsdFilePath) {
+        const char* xmlFileNameExpr, const char* xmlFileLocationsExpr, const char* xsdFilePathExpr,
+        const char* xmlFileName, const std::vector<std::string>& xmlFileLocations,
+        const char* xsdFilePath) {
     using namespace std::string_literals;
 
     std::vector<std::string> errors;
     std::vector<std::string> foundFiles;
 
-    for (const char* location : xmlFileLocations) {
+    for (const auto& location : xmlFileLocations) {
         std::string xmlFilePath = location + "/"s + xmlFileName;
         if (access(xmlFilePath.c_str(), F_OK) != 0) {
             // If the file does not exist ignore this location and fallback on the next one
@@ -166,14 +167,12 @@
                                   : "\nWhere no file might exist.");
 }
 
-template ::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations<true>(const char*, const char*,
-                                                                       const char*, const char*,
-                                                                       std::vector<const char*>,
-                                                                       const char*);
-template ::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations<false>(const char*, const char*,
-                                                                        const char*, const char*,
-                                                                        std::vector<const char*>,
-                                                                        const char*);
+template ::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations<true>(
+        const char*, const char*, const char*, const char*, const std::vector<std::string>&,
+        const char*);
+template ::testing::AssertionResult validateXmlMultipleLocations<false>(
+        const char*, const char*, const char*, const char*, const std::vector<std::string>&,
+        const char*);
 
 }  // namespace utility
 }  // namespace test
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.h b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.h
index 5d82e7b..d5af335 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.h
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <hwbinder/IPCThreadState.h>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <system/audio_config.h>
 
 #include PATH(android/hardware/audio/FILE_VERSION/IDevice.h)
 #include PATH(android/hardware/audio/FILE_VERSION/IDevicesFactory.h)
@@ -135,7 +136,6 @@
 ////////////////////////// Audio policy configuration ////////////////////////
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-static const std::vector<const char*> kConfigLocations = {"/odm/etc", "/vendor/etc", "/system/etc"};
 static constexpr char kConfigFileName[] = "audio_policy_configuration.xml";
 
 // Stringify the argument.
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@
     PolicyConfig()
         : AudioPolicyConfig(hwModules, availableOutputDevices, availableInputDevices,
                             defaultOutputDevice) {
-        for (const char* location : kConfigLocations) {
-            std::string path = std::string(location) + '/' + kConfigFileName;
+        for (const auto& location : android::audio_get_configuration_paths()) {
+            std::string path = location + '/' + kConfigFileName;
             if (access(path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
                 mFilePath = path;
                 break;
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
     std::string getError() const {
         if (mFilePath.empty()) {
             return std::string{"Could not find "} + kConfigFileName +
-                   " file in: " + testing::PrintToString(kConfigLocations);
+                   " file in: " + testing::PrintToString(android::audio_get_configuration_paths());
         } else {
             return "Invalid config file: " + mFilePath;
         }
@@ -304,7 +304,8 @@
                    "is valid according to the schema");
 
     const char* xsd = "/data/local/tmp/audio_policy_configuration_" STRINGIFY(CPP_VERSION) ".xsd";
-    EXPECT_ONE_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(kConfigFileName, kConfigLocations, xsd);
+    EXPECT_ONE_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(kConfigFileName,
+                                            android::audio_get_configuration_paths(), xsd);
 }
 
 class AudioPolicyConfigTest : public AudioHidlTestWithDeviceParameter {
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/ValidateAudioEffectsConfiguration.cpp b/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/ValidateAudioEffectsConfiguration.cpp
index 9c0135b..f251634 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/ValidateAudioEffectsConfiguration.cpp
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/vts/functional/ValidateAudioEffectsConfiguration.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <iterator>
 
 #include <media/EffectsConfig.h>
+#include <system/audio_config.h>
 // clang-format off
 #include PATH(android/hardware/audio/effect/FILE_VERSION/IEffectsFactory.h)
 // clang-format on
@@ -41,13 +42,14 @@
         GTEST_SKIP() << "No Effects HAL version " STRINGIFY(CPP_VERSION) " on this device";
     }
 
-    std::vector<const char*> locations(std::begin(DEFAULT_LOCATIONS), std::end(DEFAULT_LOCATIONS));
     const char* xsd = "/data/local/tmp/audio_effects_conf_" STRINGIFY(CPP_VERSION) ".xsd";
 #if MAJOR_VERSION == 2
     // In V2, audio effect XML is not required. .conf is still allowed though deprecated
-    EXPECT_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(DEFAULT_NAME, locations, xsd);
+    EXPECT_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(DEFAULT_NAME, android::audio_get_configuration_paths(),
+                                        xsd);
 #elif MAJOR_VERSION >= 4
     // Starting with V4, audio effect XML is required
-    EXPECT_ONE_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(DEFAULT_NAME, locations, xsd);
+    EXPECT_ONE_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(DEFAULT_NAME, android::audio_get_configuration_paths(),
+                                            xsd);
 #endif
 }
diff --git a/audio/policy/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateEngineConfiguration.cpp b/audio/policy/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateEngineConfiguration.cpp
index a0aaa6e..5741fa9 100644
--- a/audio/policy/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateEngineConfiguration.cpp
+++ b/audio/policy/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateEngineConfiguration.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@
 #include <string>
 #include "utility/ValidateXml.h"
 
-static const std::vector<const char*> locations = {"/odm/etc", "/vendor/etc", "/system/etc"};
+#include <system/audio_config.h>
+
 static const std::string config = "audio_policy_engine_configuration.xml";
 static const std::string schema =
         std::string(XSD_DIR) + "/audio_policy_engine_configuration_V1_0.xsd";
@@ -42,7 +43,8 @@
     RecordProperty("description",
                    "Verify that the audio policy engine configuration file "
                    "is valid according to the schemas");
-    EXPECT_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(config.c_str(), locations, schema.c_str());
+    EXPECT_VALID_XML_MULTIPLE_LOCATIONS(config.c_str(), android::audio_get_configuration_paths(),
+                                        schema.c_str());
 }
 
 /**
@@ -52,9 +54,11 @@
  */
 static bool deviceUsesConfigurableEngine() {
     return android::hardware::audio::common::test::utility::validateXmlMultipleLocations<true>(
-                   "", "", "", config.c_str(), locations, schema.c_str()) &&
+                   "", "", "", config.c_str(), android::audio_get_configuration_paths(),
+                   schema.c_str()) &&
            android::hardware::audio::common::test::utility::validateXmlMultipleLocations<true>(
-                   "", "", "", configurableConfig.c_str(), locations, configurableSchemas.c_str());
+                   "", "", "", configurableConfig.c_str(), android::audio_get_configuration_paths(),
+                   configurableSchemas.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(ValidateConfiguration, audioPolicyEngineConfigurable) {
diff --git a/automotive/audiocontrol/2.0/default/AudioControl.cpp b/automotive/audiocontrol/2.0/default/AudioControl.cpp
index 5bde839..b7c11cd 100644
--- a/automotive/audiocontrol/2.0/default/AudioControl.cpp
+++ b/automotive/audiocontrol/2.0/default/AudioControl.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> AudioControl::setFadeTowardFront(float value) {
-    if (!isValidValue(value)) {
+    if (isValidValue(value)) {
         // Just log in this default mock implementation
         LOG(INFO) << "Fader set to " << value;
     } else {
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/CanController.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/CanController.cpp
index a2643af..9c0f2c5 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/CanController.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/CanController.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hidl/manager/1.2/IServiceManager.h>
 
-#include <filesystem>
+#include <automotive/filesystem>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <regex>
 
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 
 using IfId = ICanController::BusConfig::InterfaceId;
 using IfIdDisc = ICanController::BusConfig::InterfaceId::hidl_discriminator;
+namespace fs = android::hardware::automotive::filesystem;
 
 namespace fsErrors {
 static const std::error_code ok;
@@ -42,10 +43,10 @@
 /* In the /sys/devices tree, there are files called "serial", which contain the serial numbers
  * for various devices. The exact location inside of this directory is dependent upon the
  * hardware we are running on, so we have to start from /sys/devices and work our way down. */
-static const std::filesystem::path kDevPath("/sys/devices/");
+static const fs::path kDevPath("/sys/devices/");
 static const std::regex kTtyRe("^tty[A-Z]+[0-9]+$");
-static constexpr auto kOpts = ~(std::filesystem::directory_options::follow_directory_symlink |
-                                std::filesystem::directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
+static constexpr auto kOpts = ~(fs::directory_options::follow_directory_symlink |
+                                fs::directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
 
 /**
  * A helper object to associate the interface name and type of a USB to CAN adapter.
@@ -72,16 +73,16 @@
  * \param serialPath - Absolute path to a "serial" file for a given device in /sys.
  * \return A populated UsbCanIface. On failure, nullopt is returned.
  */
-static std::optional<UsbCanIface> getIfaceName(std::filesystem::path serialPath) {
+static std::optional<UsbCanIface> getIfaceName(fs::path serialPath) {
     std::error_code fsStatus;
     // Since the path is to a file called "serial", we need to search its parent directory.
-    std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator fsItr(serialPath.parent_path(), kOpts, fsStatus);
+    fs::recursive_directory_iterator fsItr(serialPath.parent_path(), kOpts, fsStatus);
     if (fsStatus != fsErrors::ok) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << serialPath.parent_path();
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    for (; fsStatus == fsErrors::ok && fsItr != std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator();
+    for (; fsStatus == fsErrors::ok && fsItr != fs::recursive_directory_iterator();
          fsItr.increment(fsStatus)) {
         /* We want either a directory called "net" or a directory that looks like tty<something>, so
          * skip files. */
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@
         if (currentDir == "net") {
             /* This device is a SocketCAN device. The iface name is the only directory under
              * net/. Multiple directories under net/ is an error.*/
-            std::filesystem::directory_iterator netItr(fsItr->path(), kOpts, fsStatus);
+            fs::directory_iterator netItr(fsItr->path(), kOpts, fsStatus);
             if (fsStatus != fsErrors::ok) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << fsItr->path() << " to get net name!";
                 return std::nullopt;
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to verify " << fsItr->path() << " has valid net name!";
                 return std::nullopt;
             }
-            if (netItr != std::filesystem::directory_iterator()) {
+            if (netItr != fs::directory_iterator()) {
                 // There should never be more than one name under net/
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Found more than one net name in " << fsItr->path() << "!";
                 return std::nullopt;
@@ -157,13 +158,13 @@
  */
 static std::optional<UsbCanIface> findUsbDevice(const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& configSerialnos) {
     std::error_code fsStatus;
-    std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator fsItr(kDevPath, kOpts, fsStatus);
+    fs::recursive_directory_iterator fsItr(kDevPath, kOpts, fsStatus);
     if (fsStatus != fsErrors::ok) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << kDevPath;
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    for (; fsStatus == fsErrors::ok && fsItr != std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator();
+    for (; fsStatus == fsErrors::ok && fsItr != fs::recursive_directory_iterator();
          fsItr.increment(fsStatus)) {
         // We want to find a file called "serial", which is in a directory somewhere. Skip files.
         bool isDir = fsItr->is_directory(fsStatus);
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@
         if (!isDir) continue;
 
         auto serialnoPath = fsItr->path() / "serial";
-        bool isReg = std::filesystem::is_regular_file(serialnoPath, fsStatus);
+        bool isReg = fs::is_regular_file(serialnoPath, fsStatus);
 
         /* Make sure we have permissions to this directory, ignore enoent, since the file
          * "serial" may not exist, which is ok. */
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/.clang-format b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd59681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+
+---
+Language: Cpp
+Standard: Cpp03
+
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: true
+PointerAlignment: Left
+
+# Disable formatting options which may break tests.
+SortIncludes: false
+ReflowComments: false
+---
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/Android.bp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/Android.bp
index 1fe324e..7ab1c28 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/Android.bp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "android.hardware.automotive@libc++fsdefaults",
-    host_supported: true,
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     cflags: [
@@ -28,33 +27,12 @@
         "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     ],
     cppflags: [
-        "-std=c++14",
+        "-std=c++17",
         "-fexceptions",
         "-DLIBCXX_BUILDING_LIBCXXABI",
         "-D_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY",
     ],
     rtti: true,
-    stl: "none",
-    target: {
-        linux_bionic: {
-            enabled: true,
-        },
-        windows: {
-            enabled: true,
-            cflags: [
-                "-D_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_WIN32",
-                "-D_LIBCXXABI_BUILDING_LIBRARY",
-                "-D_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS",
-                "-D_LIBCXXABI_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS",
-                "-UWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN",
-            ],
-        },
-        windows_x86: {
-            cflags: [
-                "-fsjlj-exceptions",
-            ],
-        },
-    },
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/include b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/include
deleted file mode 120000
index 346e659..0000000
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/include
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../../../../../external/libcxx/include/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/include/automotive/filesystem b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/include/automotive/filesystem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..660ad09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/include/automotive/filesystem
@@ -0,0 +1,2699 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===--------------------------- filesystem -------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef _LIBAUTO_FILESYSTEM
+#define _LIBAUTO_FILESYSTEM
+/*
+    filesystem synopsis
+
+    namespace android::hardware::automotive { namespace filesystem {
+
+    class path;
+
+    void swap(path& lhs, path& rhs) noexcept;
+    size_t hash_value(const path& p) noexcept;
+
+    bool operator==(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
+    bool operator!=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
+    bool operator< (const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
+    bool operator<=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
+    bool operator> (const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
+    bool operator>=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    path operator/ (const path& lhs, const path& rhs);
+
+    // fs.path.io operators are friends of path.
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const path& p);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, path& p);
+
+    template <class Source>
+      path u8path(const Source& source);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      path u8path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    class filesystem_error;
+    class directory_entry;
+
+    class directory_iterator;
+
+    // enable directory_iterator range-based for statements
+    directory_iterator begin(directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
+    directory_iterator end(const directory_iterator&) noexcept;
+
+    class recursive_directory_iterator;
+
+    // enable recursive_directory_iterator range-based for statements
+    recursive_directory_iterator begin(recursive_directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
+    recursive_directory_iterator end(const recursive_directory_iterator&) noexcept;
+
+    class file_status;
+
+    struct space_info
+    {
+      uintmax_t capacity;
+      uintmax_t free;
+      uintmax_t available;
+    };
+
+    enum class file_type;
+    enum class perms;
+    enum class perm_options;
+    enum class copy_options;
+    enum class directory_options;
+
+    typedef chrono::time_point<trivial-clock>  file_time_type;
+
+    // operational functions
+
+    path absolute(const path& p);
+    path absolute(const path& p, error_code &ec);
+
+    path canonical(const path& p);
+    path canonical(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to);
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options);
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options,
+                   error_code& ec);
+
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to);
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option);
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option,
+                           error_code& ec);
+
+    void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink);
+    void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink,
+                              error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool create_directories(const path& p);
+    bool create_directories(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    bool create_directory(const path& p);
+    bool create_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes);
+    bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes,
+                                  error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
+    void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
+                                          error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link);
+    void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link,
+                                  error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
+    void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
+                                error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    path current_path();
+    path current_path(error_code& ec);
+    void current_path(const path& p);
+    void current_path(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool exists(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool exists(const path& p);
+    bool exists(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2);
+    bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    uintmax_t    file_size(const path& p);
+    uintmax_t    file_size(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    uintmax_t    hard_link_count(const path& p);
+    uintmax_t    hard_link_count(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_block_file(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_block_file(const path& p);
+    bool is_block_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_character_file(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_character_file(const path& p);
+    bool is_character_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_directory(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_directory(const path& p);
+    bool is_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_empty(const path& p);
+    bool is_empty(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_fifo(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_fifo(const path& p);
+    bool is_fifo(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_other(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_other(const path& p);
+    bool is_other(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_regular_file(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_regular_file(const path& p);
+    bool is_regular_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_socket(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_socket(const path& p);
+    bool is_socket(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_symlink(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_symlink(const path& p);
+    bool is_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    file_time_type  last_write_time(const path& p);
+    file_time_type  last_write_time(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+    void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time);
+    void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time,
+                                 error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void permissions(const path& p, perms prms,
+                     perm_options opts=perm_options::replace);
+    void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+    void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, perm_options opts,
+                     error_code& ec);
+
+    path proximate(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+    path proximate(const path& p, const path& base = current_path());
+    path proximate(const path& p, const path& base, error_code &ec);
+
+    path read_symlink(const path& p);
+    path read_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    path relative(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+    path relative(const path& p, const path& base=current_path());
+    path relative(const path& p, const path& base, error_code& ec);
+
+    bool remove(const path& p);
+    bool remove(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    uintmax_t    remove_all(const path& p);
+    uintmax_t    remove_all(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    void rename(const path& from, const path& to);
+    void rename(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size);
+    void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    space_info   space(const path& p);
+    space_info   space(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    file_status  status(const path& p);
+    file_status  status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool status_known(file_status s) noexcept;
+
+    file_status  symlink_status(const path& p);
+    file_status  symlink_status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    path temp_directory_path();
+    path temp_directory_path(error_code& ec);
+
+    path weakly_canonical(path const& p);
+    path weakly_canonical(path const& p, error_code& ec);
+
+
+} }  // namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <locale>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stack>
+#include <string>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <utility>
+#include <iomanip> // for quoted
+#include <string_view>
+#include <version>
+
+#include <__debug>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem {
+using namespace std;
+using namespace std::chrono;
+
+using std::basic_string;
+using std::enable_if;
+using std::error_code;
+using std::false_type;
+
+#ifndef _VSTD
+#define _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD
+#define _VSTD std
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _VSTD_FS
+#pragma push_macro("_VSTD_FS")
+#else
+#define _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD_FS
+#endif
+#define _VSTD_FS android::hardware::automotive::filesystem
+
+/* Begin copy of _FilesystemClock from include/chrono */
+struct _FilesystemClock {
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128)
+  typedef __int128_t rep;
+  typedef nano period;
+#else
+  typedef long long rep;
+  typedef nano period;
+#endif
+
+  typedef chrono::duration<rep, period> duration;
+  typedef chrono::time_point<_FilesystemClock> time_point;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 const bool is_steady = false;
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS static time_point now() noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  static time_t to_time_t(const time_point& __t) noexcept {
+      typedef chrono::duration<rep> __secs;
+      return time_t(
+          chrono::duration_cast<__secs>(__t.time_since_epoch()).count());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  static time_point from_time_t(time_t __t) noexcept {
+      typedef chrono::duration<rep> __secs;
+      return time_point(__secs(__t));
+  }
+};
+/* End copy of _FilesystemClock from include/chrono */
+
+typedef chrono::time_point<_FilesystemClock> file_time_type;
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS space_info {
+  uintmax_t capacity;
+  uintmax_t free;
+  uintmax_t available;
+};
+
+enum class _LIBCPP_ENUM_VIS file_type : signed char {
+  none = 0,
+  not_found = -1,
+  regular = 1,
+  directory = 2,
+  symlink = 3,
+  block = 4,
+  character = 5,
+  fifo = 6,
+  socket = 7,
+  unknown = 8
+};
+
+enum class _LIBCPP_ENUM_VIS perms : unsigned {
+  none = 0,
+
+  owner_read = 0400,
+  owner_write = 0200,
+  owner_exec = 0100,
+  owner_all = 0700,
+
+  group_read = 040,
+  group_write = 020,
+  group_exec = 010,
+  group_all = 070,
+
+  others_read = 04,
+  others_write = 02,
+  others_exec = 01,
+  others_all = 07,
+
+  all = 0777,
+
+  set_uid = 04000,
+  set_gid = 02000,
+  sticky_bit = 01000,
+  mask = 07777,
+  unknown = 0xFFFF,
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perms operator&(perms _LHS, perms _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS) &
+                            static_cast<unsigned>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perms operator|(perms _LHS, perms _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS) |
+                            static_cast<unsigned>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perms operator^(perms _LHS, perms _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS) ^
+                            static_cast<unsigned>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perms operator~(perms _LHS) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(~static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline perms& operator&=(perms& _LHS, perms _RHS) { return _LHS = _LHS & _RHS; }
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline perms& operator|=(perms& _LHS, perms _RHS) { return _LHS = _LHS | _RHS; }
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline perms& operator^=(perms& _LHS, perms _RHS) { return _LHS = _LHS ^ _RHS; }
+
+enum class _LIBCPP_ENUM_VIS perm_options : unsigned char {
+  replace = 1,
+  add = 2,
+  remove = 4,
+  nofollow = 8
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perm_options operator&(perm_options _LHS, perm_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS) &
+                                   static_cast<unsigned>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perm_options operator|(perm_options _LHS, perm_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS) |
+                                   static_cast<unsigned>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perm_options operator^(perm_options _LHS, perm_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS) ^
+                                   static_cast<unsigned>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr perm_options operator~(perm_options _LHS) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(~static_cast<unsigned>(_LHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline perm_options& operator&=(perm_options& _LHS, perm_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS & _RHS;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline perm_options& operator|=(perm_options& _LHS, perm_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS | _RHS;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline perm_options& operator^=(perm_options& _LHS, perm_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS ^ _RHS;
+}
+
+enum class _LIBCPP_ENUM_VIS copy_options : unsigned short {
+  none = 0,
+  skip_existing = 1,
+  overwrite_existing = 2,
+  update_existing = 4,
+  recursive = 8,
+  copy_symlinks = 16,
+  skip_symlinks = 32,
+  directories_only = 64,
+  create_symlinks = 128,
+  create_hard_links = 256,
+  __in_recursive_copy = 512,
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr copy_options operator&(copy_options _LHS, copy_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(static_cast<unsigned short>(_LHS) &
+                                   static_cast<unsigned short>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr copy_options operator|(copy_options _LHS, copy_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(static_cast<unsigned short>(_LHS) |
+                                   static_cast<unsigned short>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr copy_options operator^(copy_options _LHS, copy_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(static_cast<unsigned short>(_LHS) ^
+                                   static_cast<unsigned short>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr copy_options operator~(copy_options _LHS) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(~static_cast<unsigned short>(_LHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline copy_options& operator&=(copy_options& _LHS, copy_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS & _RHS;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline copy_options& operator|=(copy_options& _LHS, copy_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS | _RHS;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline copy_options& operator^=(copy_options& _LHS, copy_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS ^ _RHS;
+}
+
+enum class _LIBCPP_ENUM_VIS directory_options : unsigned char {
+  none = 0,
+  follow_directory_symlink = 1,
+  skip_permission_denied = 2
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr directory_options operator&(directory_options _LHS,
+                                             directory_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(static_cast<unsigned char>(_LHS) &
+                                        static_cast<unsigned char>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr directory_options operator|(directory_options _LHS,
+                                             directory_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(static_cast<unsigned char>(_LHS) |
+                                        static_cast<unsigned char>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr directory_options operator^(directory_options _LHS,
+                                             directory_options _RHS) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(static_cast<unsigned char>(_LHS) ^
+                                        static_cast<unsigned char>(_RHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline constexpr directory_options operator~(directory_options _LHS) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(~static_cast<unsigned char>(_LHS));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline directory_options& operator&=(directory_options& _LHS,
+                                     directory_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS & _RHS;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline directory_options& operator|=(directory_options& _LHS,
+                                     directory_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS | _RHS;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline directory_options& operator^=(directory_options& _LHS,
+                                     directory_options _RHS) {
+  return _LHS = _LHS ^ _RHS;
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS file_status {
+public:
+  // constructors
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_status() noexcept : file_status(file_type::none) {}
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  explicit file_status(file_type __ft, perms __prms = perms::unknown) noexcept
+      : __ft_(__ft),
+        __prms_(__prms) {}
+
+  file_status(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
+  file_status(file_status&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  ~file_status() {}
+
+  file_status& operator=(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
+  file_status& operator=(file_status&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  // observers
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_type type() const noexcept { return __ft_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  perms permissions() const noexcept { return __prms_; }
+
+  // modifiers
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void type(file_type __ft) noexcept { __ft_ = __ft; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void permissions(perms __p) noexcept { __prms_ = __p; }
+
+private:
+  file_type __ft_;
+  perms __prms_;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS directory_entry;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __can_convert_char {
+  static const bool value = false;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __can_convert_char<const _Tp> : public __can_convert_char<_Tp> {};
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<char> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type = char;
+};
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<wchar_t> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type = wchar_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<char16_t> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type = char16_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<char32_t> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type = char32_t;
+};
+
+template <class _ECharT>
+typename enable_if<__can_convert_char<_ECharT>::value, bool>::type
+__is_separator(_ECharT __e) {
+  return __e == _ECharT('/');
+}
+
+struct _NullSentinal {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using _Void = void;
+
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __is_pathable_string : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _ECharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
+struct __is_pathable_string<
+    basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Alloc>,
+    _Void<typename __can_convert_char<_ECharT>::__char_type> >
+    : public __can_convert_char<_ECharT> {
+  using _Str = basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Alloc>;
+  using _Base = __can_convert_char<_ECharT>;
+  static _ECharT const* __range_begin(_Str const& __s) { return __s.data(); }
+  static _ECharT const* __range_end(_Str const& __s) {
+    return __s.data() + __s.length();
+  }
+  static _ECharT __first_or_null(_Str const& __s) {
+    return __s.empty() ? _ECharT{} : __s[0];
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ECharT, class _Traits>
+struct __is_pathable_string<
+    basic_string_view<_ECharT, _Traits>,
+    _Void<typename __can_convert_char<_ECharT>::__char_type> >
+    : public __can_convert_char<_ECharT> {
+  using _Str = basic_string_view<_ECharT, _Traits>;
+  using _Base = __can_convert_char<_ECharT>;
+  static _ECharT const* __range_begin(_Str const& __s) { return __s.data(); }
+  static _ECharT const* __range_end(_Str const& __s) {
+    return __s.data() + __s.length();
+  }
+  static _ECharT __first_or_null(_Str const& __s) {
+    return __s.empty() ? _ECharT{} : __s[0];
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Source, class _DS = typename decay<_Source>::type,
+          class _UnqualPtrType =
+              typename remove_const<typename remove_pointer<_DS>::type>::type,
+          bool _IsCharPtr = is_pointer<_DS>::value&&
+              __can_convert_char<_UnqualPtrType>::value>
+struct __is_pathable_char_array : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Source, class _ECharT, class _UPtr>
+struct __is_pathable_char_array<_Source, _ECharT*, _UPtr, true>
+    : __can_convert_char<typename remove_const<_ECharT>::type> {
+  using _Base = __can_convert_char<typename remove_const<_ECharT>::type>;
+
+  static _ECharT const* __range_begin(const _ECharT* __b) { return __b; }
+  static _ECharT const* __range_end(const _ECharT* __b) {
+    using _Iter = const _ECharT*;
+    const _ECharT __sentinal = _ECharT{};
+    _Iter __e = __b;
+    for (; *__e != __sentinal; ++__e)
+      ;
+    return __e;
+  }
+
+  static _ECharT __first_or_null(const _ECharT* __b) { return *__b; }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, bool _IsIt = __is_input_iterator<_Iter>::value,
+          class = void>
+struct __is_pathable_iter : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __is_pathable_iter<
+    _Iter, true,
+    _Void<typename __can_convert_char<
+        typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type>::__char_type> >
+    : __can_convert_char<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type> {
+  using _ECharT = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type;
+  using _Base = __can_convert_char<_ECharT>;
+
+  static _Iter __range_begin(_Iter __b) { return __b; }
+  static _NullSentinal __range_end(_Iter) { return _NullSentinal{}; }
+
+  static _ECharT __first_or_null(_Iter __b) { return *__b; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool _IsStringT = __is_pathable_string<_Tp>::value,
+          bool _IsCharIterT = __is_pathable_char_array<_Tp>::value,
+          bool _IsIterT = !_IsCharIterT && __is_pathable_iter<_Tp>::value>
+struct __is_pathable : false_type {
+  static_assert(!_IsStringT && !_IsCharIterT && !_IsIterT, "Must all be false");
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_pathable<_Tp, true, false, false> : __is_pathable_string<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_pathable<_Tp, false, true, false> : __is_pathable_char_array<_Tp> {
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_pathable<_Tp, false, false, true> : __is_pathable_iter<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _ECharT>
+struct _PathCVT {
+  static_assert(__can_convert_char<_ECharT>::value,
+                "Char type not convertible");
+
+  typedef __narrow_to_utf8<sizeof(_ECharT) * __CHAR_BIT__> _Narrower;
+
+  static void __append_range(string& __dest, _ECharT const* __b,
+                             _ECharT const* __e) {
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__dest), __b, __e);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  static void __append_range(string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    static_assert(!is_same<_Iter, _ECharT*>::value, "Call const overload");
+    if (__b == __e)
+      return;
+    basic_string<_ECharT> __tmp(__b, __e);
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__dest), __tmp.data(),
+                __tmp.data() + __tmp.length());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  static void __append_range(string& __dest, _Iter __b, _NullSentinal) {
+    static_assert(!is_same<_Iter, _ECharT*>::value, "Call const overload");
+    const _ECharT __sentinal = _ECharT{};
+    if (*__b == __sentinal)
+      return;
+    basic_string<_ECharT> __tmp;
+    for (; *__b != __sentinal; ++__b)
+      __tmp.push_back(*__b);
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__dest), __tmp.data(),
+                __tmp.data() + __tmp.length());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  static void __append_source(string& __dest, _Source const& __s) {
+    using _Traits = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+    __append_range(__dest, _Traits::__range_begin(__s),
+                   _Traits::__range_end(__s));
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _PathCVT<char> {
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  static typename enable_if<__is_exactly_input_iterator<_Iter>::value>::type
+  __append_range(string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+      __dest.push_back(*__b);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  static typename enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<_Iter>::value>::type
+  __append_range(string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    __dest.__append_forward_unsafe(__b, __e);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  static void __append_range(string& __dest, _Iter __b, _NullSentinal) {
+    const char __sentinal = char{};
+    for (; *__b != __sentinal; ++__b)
+      __dest.push_back(*__b);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  static void __append_source(string& __dest, _Source const& __s) {
+    using _Traits = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+    __append_range(__dest, _Traits::__range_begin(__s),
+                   _Traits::__range_end(__s));
+  }
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS path {
+  template <class _SourceOrIter, class _Tp = path&>
+  using _EnableIfPathable =
+      typename enable_if<__is_pathable<_SourceOrIter>::value, _Tp>::type;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using _SourceChar = typename __is_pathable<_Tp>::__char_type;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using _SourceCVT = _PathCVT<_SourceChar<_Tp> >;
+
+public:
+  typedef char value_type;
+  typedef basic_string<value_type> string_type;
+  typedef _VSTD::string_view __string_view;
+  static constexpr value_type preferred_separator = '/';
+
+  enum class _LIBCPP_ENUM_VIS format : unsigned char {
+    auto_format,
+    native_format,
+    generic_format
+  };
+
+  // constructors and destructor
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path() noexcept {}
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path(const path& __p) : __pn_(__p.__pn_) {}
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path(path&& __p) noexcept
+      : __pn_(_VSTD::move(__p.__pn_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path(string_type&& __s, format = format::auto_format) noexcept
+      : __pn_(_VSTD::move(__s)) {}
+
+  template <class _Source, class = _EnableIfPathable<_Source, void> >
+  path(const _Source& __src, format = format::auto_format) {
+    _SourceCVT<_Source>::__append_source(__pn_, __src);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  path(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last, format = format::auto_format) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    _PathCVT<_ItVal>::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+  }
+
+  // TODO Implement locale conversions.
+  template <class _Source, class = _EnableIfPathable<_Source, void> >
+  path(const _Source& __src, const locale& __loc, format = format::auto_format);
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  path(_InputIt __first, _InputIt _last, const locale& __loc,
+       format = format::auto_format);
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  ~path() = default;
+
+  // assignments
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& operator=(const path& __p) {
+    __pn_ = __p.__pn_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& operator=(path&& __p) noexcept {
+    __pn_ = _VSTD::move(__p.__pn_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class = void>
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path& operator=(string_type&& __s) noexcept {
+    __pn_ = _VSTD::move(__s);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& assign(string_type&& __s) noexcept {
+    __pn_ = _VSTD::move(__s);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _EnableIfPathable<_Source>
+  operator=(const _Source& __src) {
+    return this->assign(__src);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _EnableIfPathable<_Source> assign(const _Source& __src) {
+    __pn_.clear();
+    _SourceCVT<_Source>::__append_source(__pn_, __src);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  path& assign(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    __pn_.clear();
+    _PathCVT<_ItVal>::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class _ECharT>
+  static bool __source_is_absolute(_ECharT __first_or_null) {
+    return __is_separator(__first_or_null);
+  }
+
+public:
+  // appends
+  path& operator/=(const path& __p) {
+    if (__p.is_absolute()) {
+      __pn_ = __p.__pn_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+    if (has_filename())
+      __pn_ += preferred_separator;
+    __pn_ += __p.native();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // FIXME: Use _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING to produce a diagnostic when __src
+  // is known at compile time to be "/' since the user almost certainly intended
+  // to append a separator instead of overwriting the path with "/"
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY _EnableIfPathable<_Source>
+  operator/=(const _Source& __src) {
+    return this->append(__src);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _EnableIfPathable<_Source> append(const _Source& __src) {
+    using _Traits = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+    using _CVT = _PathCVT<_SourceChar<_Source> >;
+    if (__source_is_absolute(_Traits::__first_or_null(__src)))
+      __pn_.clear();
+    else if (has_filename())
+      __pn_ += preferred_separator;
+    _CVT::__append_source(__pn_, __src);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  path& append(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    static_assert(__can_convert_char<_ItVal>::value, "Must convertible");
+    using _CVT = _PathCVT<_ItVal>;
+    if (__first != __last && __source_is_absolute(*__first))
+      __pn_.clear();
+    else if (has_filename())
+      __pn_ += preferred_separator;
+    _CVT::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // concatenation
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& operator+=(const path& __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x.__pn_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& operator+=(const string_type& __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& operator+=(__string_view __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& operator+=(const value_type* __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& operator+=(value_type __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _ECharT>
+  typename enable_if<__can_convert_char<_ECharT>::value, path&>::type
+  operator+=(_ECharT __x) {
+    basic_string<_ECharT> __tmp;
+    __tmp += __x;
+    _PathCVT<_ECharT>::__append_source(__pn_, __tmp);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _EnableIfPathable<_Source> operator+=(const _Source& __x) {
+    return this->concat(__x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _EnableIfPathable<_Source> concat(const _Source& __x) {
+    _SourceCVT<_Source>::__append_source(__pn_, __x);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  path& concat(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    _PathCVT<_ItVal>::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // modifiers
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void clear() noexcept { __pn_.clear(); }
+
+  path& make_preferred() { return *this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  path& remove_filename() {
+    auto __fname = __filename();
+    if (!__fname.empty())
+      __pn_.erase(__fname.data() - __pn_.data());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  path& replace_filename(const path& __replacement) {
+    remove_filename();
+    return (*this /= __replacement);
+  }
+
+  path& replace_extension(const path& __replacement = path());
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void swap(path& __rhs) noexcept { __pn_.swap(__rhs.__pn_); }
+
+  // private helper to allow reserving memory in the path
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void __reserve(size_t __s) { __pn_.reserve(__s); }
+
+  // native format observers
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  const string_type& native() const noexcept { return __pn_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  const value_type* c_str() const noexcept { return __pn_.c_str(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY operator string_type() const { return __pn_; }
+
+  template <class _ECharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_ECharT>,
+            class _Allocator = allocator<_ECharT> >
+  basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+  string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const {
+    using _CVT = __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(_ECharT) * __CHAR_BIT__>;
+    using _Str = basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+    _Str __s(__a);
+    __s.reserve(__pn_.size());
+    _CVT()(back_inserter(__s), __pn_.data(), __pn_.data() + __pn_.size());
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY std::string string() const { return __pn_; }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY std::wstring wstring() const {
+    return string<wchar_t>();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY std::string u8string() const { return __pn_; }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY std::u16string u16string() const {
+    return string<char16_t>();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY std::u32string u32string() const {
+    return string<char32_t>();
+  }
+
+  // generic format observers
+  template <class _ECharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_ECharT>,
+            class _Allocator = allocator<_ECharT> >
+  basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+  generic_string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const {
+    return string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>(__a);
+  }
+
+  std::string generic_string() const { return __pn_; }
+  std::wstring generic_wstring() const { return string<wchar_t>(); }
+  std::string generic_u8string() const { return __pn_; }
+  std::u16string generic_u16string() const { return string<char16_t>(); }
+  std::u32string generic_u32string() const { return string<char32_t>(); }
+
+private:
+  int __compare(__string_view) const;
+  __string_view __root_name() const;
+  __string_view __root_directory() const;
+  __string_view __root_path_raw() const;
+  __string_view __relative_path() const;
+  __string_view __parent_path() const;
+  __string_view __filename() const;
+  __string_view __stem() const;
+  __string_view __extension() const;
+
+public:
+  // compare
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int compare(const path& __p) const noexcept {
+    return __compare(__p.__pn_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int compare(const string_type& __s) const {
+    return __compare(__s);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int compare(__string_view __s) const {
+    return __compare(__s);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY int compare(const value_type* __s) const {
+    return __compare(__s);
+  }
+
+  // decomposition
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path root_name() const {
+    return string_type(__root_name());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path root_directory() const {
+    return string_type(__root_directory());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path root_path() const {
+    return root_name().append(string_type(__root_directory()));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path relative_path() const {
+    return string_type(__relative_path());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path parent_path() const {
+    return string_type(__parent_path());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path filename() const {
+    return string_type(__filename());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path stem() const { return string_type(__stem()); }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path extension() const {
+    return string_type(__extension());
+  }
+
+  // query
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD_AFTER_CXX17 _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+  empty() const noexcept {
+    return __pn_.empty();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_root_name() const {
+    return !__root_name().empty();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_root_directory() const {
+    return !__root_directory().empty();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_root_path() const {
+    return !__root_path_raw().empty();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_relative_path() const {
+    return !__relative_path().empty();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_parent_path() const {
+    return !__parent_path().empty();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_filename() const {
+    return !__filename().empty();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_stem() const { return !__stem().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool has_extension() const {
+    return !__extension().empty();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_absolute() const {
+    return has_root_directory();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_relative() const { return !is_absolute(); }
+
+  // relative paths
+  path lexically_normal() const;
+  path lexically_relative(const path& __base) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path lexically_proximate(const path& __base) const {
+    path __result = this->lexically_relative(__base);
+    if (__result.native().empty())
+      return *this;
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  // iterators
+  class _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS iterator;
+  typedef iterator const_iterator;
+
+  iterator begin() const;
+  iterator end() const;
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+      typename enable_if<is_same<_CharT, char>::value &&
+                             is_same<_Traits, char_traits<char> >::value,
+                         basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&>::type
+      operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const path& __p) {
+    __os << std::__quoted(__p.native());
+    return __os;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend
+      typename enable_if<!is_same<_CharT, char>::value ||
+                             !is_same<_Traits, char_traits<char> >::value,
+                         basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&>::type
+      operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const path& __p) {
+    __os << std::__quoted(__p.string<_CharT, _Traits>());
+    return __os;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, path& __p) {
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __tmp;
+    __is >> __quoted(__tmp);
+    __p = __tmp;
+    return __is;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator==(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator!=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) != 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator<(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator<=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator>(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator>=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path operator/(const path& __lhs,
+                                                  const path& __rhs) {
+    path __result(__lhs);
+    __result /= __rhs;
+    return __result;
+  }
+private:
+  inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path&
+  __assign_view(__string_view const& __s) noexcept {
+    __pn_ = string_type(__s);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  string_type __pn_;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void swap(path& __lhs, path& __rhs) noexcept {
+  __lhs.swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+size_t hash_value(const path& __p) noexcept;
+
+template <class _Source>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    typename enable_if<__is_pathable<_Source>::value, path>::type
+    u8path(const _Source& __s) {
+  static_assert(
+      is_same<typename __is_pathable<_Source>::__char_type, char>::value,
+      "u8path(Source const&) requires Source have a character type of type "
+      "'char'");
+  return path(__s);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIt>
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    typename enable_if<__is_pathable<_InputIt>::value, path>::type
+    u8path(_InputIt __f, _InputIt __l) {
+  static_assert(
+      is_same<typename __is_pathable<_InputIt>::__char_type, char>::value,
+      "u8path(Iter, Iter) requires Iter have a value_type of type 'char'");
+  return path(__f, __l);
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_TYPE_VIS path::iterator {
+public:
+  enum _ParserState : unsigned char {
+    _Singular,
+    _BeforeBegin,
+    _InRootName,
+    _InRootDir,
+    _InFilenames,
+    _InTrailingSep,
+    _AtEnd
+  };
+
+public:
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+
+  typedef path value_type;
+  typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+  typedef const path* pointer;
+  typedef const path& reference;
+
+  typedef void
+      __stashing_iterator_tag; // See reverse_iterator and __is_stashing_iterator
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  iterator()
+      : __stashed_elem_(), __path_ptr_(nullptr), __entry_(),
+        __state_(_Singular) {}
+
+  iterator(const iterator&) = default;
+  ~iterator() = default;
+
+  iterator& operator=(const iterator&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  reference operator*() const { return __stashed_elem_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  pointer operator->() const { return &__stashed_elem_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__state_ != _Singular,
+                   "attempting to increment a singular iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__state_ != _AtEnd,
+                   "attempting to increment the end iterator");
+    return __increment();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  iterator operator++(int) {
+    iterator __it(*this);
+    this->operator++();
+    return __it;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  iterator& operator--() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__state_ != _Singular,
+                   "attempting to decrement a singular iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__entry_.data() != __path_ptr_->native().data(),
+                   "attempting to decrement the begin iterator");
+    return __decrement();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  iterator operator--(int) {
+    iterator __it(*this);
+    this->operator--();
+    return __it;
+  }
+
+private:
+  friend class path;
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool operator==(const iterator&,
+                                                          const iterator&);
+
+  iterator& __increment();
+  iterator& __decrement();
+
+  path __stashed_elem_;
+  const path* __path_ptr_;
+  path::__string_view __entry_;
+  _ParserState __state_;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator==(const path::iterator& __lhs,
+                                                 const path::iterator& __rhs) {
+  return __lhs.__path_ptr_ == __rhs.__path_ptr_ &&
+         __lhs.__entry_.data() == __rhs.__entry_.data();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool operator!=(const path::iterator& __lhs,
+                                                 const path::iterator& __rhs) {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION_ABI filesystem_error : public system_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  filesystem_error(const string& __what, error_code __ec)
+      : system_error(__ec, __what),
+        __storage_(make_shared<_Storage>(path(), path())) {
+    __create_what(0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  filesystem_error(const string& __what, const path& __p1, error_code __ec)
+      : system_error(__ec, __what),
+        __storage_(make_shared<_Storage>(__p1, path())) {
+    __create_what(1);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  filesystem_error(const string& __what, const path& __p1, const path& __p2,
+                   error_code __ec)
+      : system_error(__ec, __what),
+        __storage_(make_shared<_Storage>(__p1, __p2)) {
+    __create_what(2);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  const path& path1() const noexcept { return __storage_->__p1_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  const path& path2() const noexcept { return __storage_->__p2_; }
+
+  ~filesystem_error() override; // key function
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  const char* what() const noexcept override {
+    return __storage_->__what_.c_str();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  void __create_what(int __num_paths);
+
+private:
+  struct _Storage {
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    _Storage(const path& __p1, const path& __p2) : __p1_(__p1), __p2_(__p2) {}
+
+    path __p1_;
+    path __p2_;
+    string __what_;
+  };
+  shared_ptr<_Storage> __storage_;
+};
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    void
+    __throw_filesystem_error(_Args&&... __args) {
+  throw filesystem_error(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+#else
+    void
+    __throw_filesystem_error(_Args&&...) {
+  _VSTD::abort();
+}
+#endif
+
+// operational functions
+
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+path __absolute(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+path __canonical(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __copy(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt,
+            error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+bool __copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt,
+                 error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __copy_symlink(const path& __existing_symlink, const path& __new_symlink,
+                    error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+bool __create_directories(const path& p, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+bool __create_directory(const path& p, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+bool __create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes,
+                        error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __create_directory_symlink(const path& __to, const path& __new_symlink,
+                                error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __create_hard_link(const path& __to, const path& __new_hard_link,
+                        error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __create_symlink(const path& __to, const path& __new_symlink,
+                      error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+path __current_path(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __current_path(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+bool __equivalent(const path&, const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+uintmax_t __file_size(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+uintmax_t __hard_link_count(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+bool __fs_is_empty(const path& p, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+file_time_type __last_write_time(const path& p, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time,
+                       error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __permissions(const path&, perms, perm_options, error_code* = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+path __read_symlink(const path& p, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+bool __remove(const path& p, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+uintmax_t __remove_all(const path& p, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __rename(const path& from, const path& to, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+void __resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size, error_code* ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+space_info __space(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+file_status __status(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+file_status __symlink_status(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+path __system_complete(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+path __temp_directory_path(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+path __weakly_canonical(path const& __p, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path current_path() {
+  return __current_path();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path current_path(error_code& __ec) {
+  return __current_path(&__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void current_path(const path& __p) {
+  __current_path(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void current_path(const path& __p,
+                                                   error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __current_path(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path absolute(const path& __p) {
+  return __absolute(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path absolute(const path& __p,
+                                               error_code& __ec) {
+  return __absolute(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path canonical(const path& __p) {
+  return __canonical(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path canonical(const path& __p,
+                                                error_code& __ec) {
+  return __canonical(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void copy(const path& __from,
+                                           const path& __to) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, copy_options::none);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void copy(const path& __from, const path& __to,
+                                           error_code& __ec) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, copy_options::none, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void copy(const path& __from, const path& __to,
+                                           copy_options __opt) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, __opt);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void copy(const path& __from, const path& __to,
+                                           copy_options __opt,
+                                           error_code& __ec) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, __opt, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool copy_file(const path& __from,
+                                                const path& __to) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, copy_options::none);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to, error_code& __ec) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, copy_options::none, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, __opt);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool copy_file(const path& __from,
+                                                const path& __to,
+                                                copy_options __opt,
+                                                error_code& __ec) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, __opt, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void copy_symlink(const path& __existing,
+                                                   const path& __new) {
+  __copy_symlink(__existing, __new);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+copy_symlink(const path& __ext, const path& __new, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __copy_symlink(__ext, __new, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool create_directories(const path& __p) {
+  return __create_directories(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool create_directories(const path& __p,
+                                                         error_code& __ec) {
+  return __create_directories(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool create_directory(const path& __p) {
+  return __create_directory(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+create_directory(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __create_directory(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool create_directory(const path& __p,
+                                                       const path& __attrs) {
+  return __create_directory(__p, __attrs);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+create_directory(const path& __p, const path& __attrs,
+                 error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __create_directory(__p, __attrs, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+create_directory_symlink(const path& __to, const path& __new) {
+  __create_directory_symlink(__to, __new);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+create_directory_symlink(const path& __to, const path& __new,
+                         error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __create_directory_symlink(__to, __new, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void create_hard_link(const path& __to,
+                                                       const path& __new) {
+  __create_hard_link(__to, __new);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+create_hard_link(const path& __to, const path& __new,
+                 error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __create_hard_link(__to, __new, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void create_symlink(const path& __to,
+                                                     const path& __new) {
+  __create_symlink(__to, __new);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+create_symlink(const path& __to, const path& __new, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __create_symlink(__to, __new, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool status_known(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() != file_type::none;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool exists(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return status_known(__s) && __s.type() != file_type::not_found;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool exists(const path& __p) {
+  return exists(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool exists(const path& __p,
+                                             error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  auto __s = __status(__p, &__ec);
+  if (status_known(__s))
+    __ec.clear();
+  return exists(__s);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool equivalent(const path& __p1,
+                                                 const path& __p2) {
+  return __equivalent(__p1, __p2);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+equivalent(const path& __p1, const path& __p2, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __equivalent(__p1, __p2, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY uintmax_t file_size(const path& __p) {
+  return __file_size(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY uintmax_t
+file_size(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __file_size(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY uintmax_t hard_link_count(const path& __p) {
+  return __hard_link_count(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY uintmax_t
+hard_link_count(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __hard_link_count(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_block_file(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::block;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_block_file(const path& __p) {
+  return is_block_file(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_block_file(const path& __p,
+                                                    error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_block_file(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+is_character_file(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::character;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_character_file(const path& __p) {
+  return is_character_file(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+is_character_file(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_character_file(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_directory(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::directory;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_directory(const path& __p) {
+  return is_directory(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_directory(const path& __p,
+                                                   error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_directory(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_empty(const path& __p) {
+  return __fs_is_empty(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_empty(const path& __p,
+                                               error_code& __ec) {
+  return __fs_is_empty(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_fifo(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::fifo;
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_fifo(const path& __p) {
+  return is_fifo(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_fifo(const path& __p,
+                                              error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_fifo(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+is_regular_file(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::regular;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_regular_file(const path& __p) {
+  return is_regular_file(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+is_regular_file(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_regular_file(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_socket(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::socket;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_socket(const path& __p) {
+  return is_socket(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_socket(const path& __p,
+                                                error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_socket(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_symlink(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::symlink;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_symlink(const path& __p) {
+  return is_symlink(__symlink_status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_symlink(const path& __p,
+                                                 error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_symlink(__symlink_status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_other(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return exists(__s) && !is_regular_file(__s) && !is_directory(__s) &&
+         !is_symlink(__s);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_other(const path& __p) {
+  return is_other(__status(__p));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool is_other(const path& __p,
+                                               error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_other(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY file_time_type
+last_write_time(const path& __p) {
+  return __last_write_time(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY file_time_type
+last_write_time(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __last_write_time(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void last_write_time(const path& __p,
+                                                      file_time_type __t) {
+  __last_write_time(__p, __t);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+last_write_time(const path& __p, file_time_type __t,
+                error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __last_write_time(__p, __t, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+permissions(const path& __p, perms __prms,
+            perm_options __opts = perm_options::replace) {
+  __permissions(__p, __prms, __opts);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void permissions(const path& __p, perms __prms,
+                                                  error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __permissions(__p, __prms, perm_options::replace, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void permissions(const path& __p, perms __prms,
+                                                  perm_options __opts,
+                                                  error_code& __ec) {
+  __permissions(__p, __prms, __opts, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path proximate(const path& __p,
+                                                const path& __base,
+                                                error_code& __ec) {
+  path __tmp = __weakly_canonical(__p, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return {};
+  path __tmp_base = __weakly_canonical(__base, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return {};
+  return __tmp.lexically_proximate(__tmp_base);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path proximate(const path& __p,
+                                                error_code& __ec) {
+  return proximate(__p, current_path(), __ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path
+proximate(const path& __p, const path& __base = current_path()) {
+  return __weakly_canonical(__p).lexically_proximate(
+      __weakly_canonical(__base));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path read_symlink(const path& __p) {
+  return __read_symlink(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path read_symlink(const path& __p,
+                                                   error_code& __ec) {
+  return __read_symlink(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path relative(const path& __p,
+                                               const path& __base,
+                                               error_code& __ec) {
+  path __tmp = __weakly_canonical(__p, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return path();
+  path __tmpbase = __weakly_canonical(__base, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return path();
+  return __tmp.lexically_relative(__tmpbase);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path relative(const path& __p,
+                                               error_code& __ec) {
+  return relative(__p, current_path(), __ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path
+relative(const path& __p, const path& __base = current_path()) {
+  return __weakly_canonical(__p).lexically_relative(__weakly_canonical(__base));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool remove(const path& __p) {
+  return __remove(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool remove(const path& __p,
+                                             error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __remove(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY uintmax_t remove_all(const path& __p) {
+  return __remove_all(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY uintmax_t remove_all(const path& __p,
+                                                      error_code& __ec) {
+  return __remove_all(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void rename(const path& __from,
+                                             const path& __to) {
+  return __rename(__from, __to);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+rename(const path& __from, const path& __to, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __rename(__from, __to, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void resize_file(const path& __p,
+                                                  uintmax_t __ns) {
+  return __resize_file(__p, __ns);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY void
+resize_file(const path& __p, uintmax_t __ns, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __resize_file(__p, __ns, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY space_info space(const path& __p) {
+  return __space(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY space_info space(const path& __p,
+                                                  error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __space(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY file_status status(const path& __p) {
+  return __status(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY file_status status(const path& __p,
+                                                    error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __status(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY file_status symlink_status(const path& __p) {
+  return __symlink_status(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY file_status
+symlink_status(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __symlink_status(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path temp_directory_path() {
+  return __temp_directory_path();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path temp_directory_path(error_code& __ec) {
+  return __temp_directory_path(&__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path weakly_canonical(path const& __p) {
+  return __weakly_canonical(__p);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY path weakly_canonical(path const& __p,
+                                                       error_code& __ec) {
+  return __weakly_canonical(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+class directory_iterator;
+class recursive_directory_iterator;
+class __dir_stream;
+
+class directory_entry {
+  typedef _VSTD_FS::path _Path;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and destructors
+  directory_entry() noexcept = default;
+  directory_entry(directory_entry const&) = default;
+  directory_entry(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  explicit directory_entry(_Path const& __p) : __p_(__p) {
+    error_code __ec;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  directory_entry(_Path const& __p, error_code& __ec) : __p_(__p) {
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  ~directory_entry() {}
+
+  directory_entry& operator=(directory_entry const&) = default;
+  directory_entry& operator=(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void assign(_Path const& __p) {
+    __p_ = __p;
+    error_code __ec;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void assign(_Path const& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+    __p_ = __p;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void replace_filename(_Path const& __p) {
+    __p_.replace_filename(__p);
+    error_code __ec;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void replace_filename(_Path const& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+    __p_ = __p_.parent_path() / __p;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void refresh() { __refresh(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void refresh(error_code& __ec) noexcept { __refresh(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  _Path const& path() const noexcept { return __p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  operator const _Path&() const noexcept { return __p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool exists() const { return _VSTD_FS::exists(file_status{__get_ft()}); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool exists(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return _VSTD_FS::exists(file_status{__get_ft(&__ec)});
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_block_file() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::block; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_block_file(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::block;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_character_file() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::character; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_character_file(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::character;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_directory() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::directory; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_directory(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::directory;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_fifo() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::fifo; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_fifo(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::fifo;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_other() const { return _VSTD_FS::is_other(file_status{__get_ft()}); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_other(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return _VSTD_FS::is_other(file_status{__get_ft(&__ec)});
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_regular_file() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::regular; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_regular_file(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::regular;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_socket() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::socket; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_socket(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::socket;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_symlink() const { return __get_sym_ft() == file_type::symlink; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool is_symlink(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_sym_ft(&__ec) == file_type::symlink;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  uintmax_t file_size() const { return __get_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  uintmax_t file_size(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_size(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  uintmax_t hard_link_count() const { return __get_nlink(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  uintmax_t hard_link_count(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_nlink(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_time_type last_write_time() const { return __get_write_time(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_time_type last_write_time(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_write_time(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_status status() const { return __get_status(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_status status(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_status(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_status symlink_status() const { return __get_symlink_status(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_status symlink_status(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_symlink_status(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool operator<(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return __p_ < __rhs.__p_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool operator==(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return __p_ == __rhs.__p_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool operator!=(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return __p_ != __rhs.__p_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool operator<=(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return __p_ <= __rhs.__p_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool operator>(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return __p_ > __rhs.__p_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool operator>=(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return __p_ >= __rhs.__p_;
+  }
+
+private:
+  friend class directory_iterator;
+  friend class recursive_directory_iterator;
+  friend class __dir_stream;
+
+  enum _CacheType : unsigned char {
+    _Empty,
+    _IterSymlink,
+    _IterNonSymlink,
+    _RefreshSymlink,
+    _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved,
+    _RefreshNonSymlink
+  };
+
+  struct __cached_data {
+    uintmax_t __size_;
+    uintmax_t __nlink_;
+    file_time_type __write_time_;
+    perms __sym_perms_;
+    perms __non_sym_perms_;
+    file_type __type_;
+    _CacheType __cache_type_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    __cached_data() noexcept { __reset(); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+    void __reset() {
+      __cache_type_ = _Empty;
+      __type_ = file_type::none;
+      __sym_perms_ = __non_sym_perms_ = perms::unknown;
+      __size_ = __nlink_ = uintmax_t(-1);
+      __write_time_ = file_time_type::min();
+    }
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  static __cached_data __create_iter_result(file_type __ft) {
+    __cached_data __data;
+    __data.__type_ = __ft;
+    __data.__cache_type_ = [&]() {
+      switch (__ft) {
+      case file_type::none:
+        return _Empty;
+      case file_type::symlink:
+        return _IterSymlink;
+      default:
+        return _IterNonSymlink;
+      }
+    }();
+    return __data;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void __assign_iter_entry(_Path&& __p, __cached_data __dt) {
+    __p_ = std::move(__p);
+    __data_ = __dt;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  error_code __do_refresh() noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  static bool __is_dne_error(error_code const& __ec) {
+    if (!__ec)
+      return true;
+    switch (static_cast<errc>(__ec.value())) {
+    case errc::no_such_file_or_directory:
+    case errc::not_a_directory:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void __handle_error(const char* __msg, error_code* __dest_ec,
+                      error_code const& __ec, bool __allow_dne = false) const {
+    if (__dest_ec) {
+      *__dest_ec = __ec;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (__ec && (!__allow_dne || !__is_dne_error(__ec)))
+      __throw_filesystem_error(__msg, __p_, __ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void __refresh(error_code* __ec = nullptr) {
+    __handle_error("in directory_entry::refresh", __ec, __do_refresh(),
+                   /*allow_dne*/ true);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_type __get_sym_ft(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+      return __symlink_status(__p_, __ec).type();
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      if (__ec)
+        __ec->clear();
+      return file_type::symlink;
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+      file_status __st(__data_.__type_);
+      if (__ec && !_VSTD_FS::exists(__st))
+        *__ec = make_error_code(errc::no_such_file_or_directory);
+      else if (__ec)
+        __ec->clear();
+      return __data_.__type_;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_type __get_ft(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return __status(__p_, __ec).type();
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlink: {
+      file_status __st(__data_.__type_);
+      if (__ec && !_VSTD_FS::exists(__st))
+        *__ec = make_error_code(errc::no_such_file_or_directory);
+      else if (__ec)
+        __ec->clear();
+      return __data_.__type_;
+    }
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_status __get_status(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return __status(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+      return file_status(__get_ft(__ec), __data_.__non_sym_perms_);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_status __get_symlink_status(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+      return __symlink_status(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+      return file_status(__get_sym_ft(__ec), __data_.__non_sym_perms_);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return file_status(__get_sym_ft(__ec), __data_.__sym_perms_);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  uintmax_t __get_size(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return _VSTD_FS::__file_size(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink: {
+      error_code __m_ec;
+      file_status __st(__get_ft(&__m_ec));
+      __handle_error("in directory_entry::file_size", __ec, __m_ec);
+      if (_VSTD_FS::exists(__st) && !_VSTD_FS::is_regular_file(__st)) {
+        errc __err_kind = _VSTD_FS::is_directory(__st) ? errc::is_a_directory
+                                                       : errc::not_supported;
+        __handle_error("in directory_entry::file_size", __ec,
+                       make_error_code(__err_kind));
+      }
+      return __data_.__size_;
+    }
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  uintmax_t __get_nlink(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return _VSTD_FS::__hard_link_count(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink: {
+      error_code __m_ec;
+      (void)__get_ft(&__m_ec);
+      __handle_error("in directory_entry::hard_link_count", __ec, __m_ec);
+      return __data_.__nlink_;
+    }
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  file_time_type __get_write_time(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return _VSTD_FS::__last_write_time(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink: {
+      error_code __m_ec;
+      file_status __st(__get_ft(&__m_ec));
+      __handle_error("in directory_entry::last_write_time", __ec, __m_ec);
+      if (_VSTD_FS::exists(__st) &&
+          __data_.__write_time_ == file_time_type::min())
+        __handle_error("in directory_entry::last_write_time", __ec,
+                       make_error_code(errc::value_too_large));
+      return __data_.__write_time_;
+    }
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Path __p_;
+  __cached_data __data_;
+};
+
+class __dir_element_proxy {
+public:
+  inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY directory_entry operator*() {
+    return _VSTD::move(__elem_);
+  }
+
+private:
+  friend class directory_iterator;
+  friend class recursive_directory_iterator;
+  explicit __dir_element_proxy(directory_entry const& __e) : __elem_(__e) {}
+  __dir_element_proxy(__dir_element_proxy&& __o)
+      : __elem_(_VSTD::move(__o.__elem_)) {}
+  directory_entry __elem_;
+};
+
+class directory_iterator {
+public:
+  typedef directory_entry value_type;
+  typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+  typedef value_type const* pointer;
+  typedef value_type const& reference;
+  typedef input_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+
+public:
+  //ctor & dtor
+  directory_iterator() noexcept {}
+
+  explicit directory_iterator(const path& __p)
+      : directory_iterator(__p, nullptr) {}
+
+  directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __opts)
+      : directory_iterator(__p, nullptr, __opts) {}
+
+  directory_iterator(const path& __p, error_code& __ec)
+      : directory_iterator(__p, &__ec) {}
+
+  directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __opts,
+                     error_code& __ec)
+      : directory_iterator(__p, &__ec, __opts) {}
+
+  directory_iterator(const directory_iterator&) = default;
+  directory_iterator(directory_iterator&&) = default;
+  directory_iterator& operator=(const directory_iterator&) = default;
+
+  directory_iterator& operator=(directory_iterator&& __o) noexcept {
+    // non-default implementation provided to support self-move assign.
+    if (this != &__o) {
+      __imp_ = _VSTD::move(__o.__imp_);
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~directory_iterator() = default;
+
+  const directory_entry& operator*() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__imp_, "The end iterator cannot be dereferenced");
+    return __dereference();
+  }
+
+  const directory_entry* operator->() const { return &**this; }
+
+  directory_iterator& operator++() { return __increment(); }
+
+  __dir_element_proxy operator++(int) {
+    __dir_element_proxy __p(**this);
+    __increment();
+    return __p;
+  }
+
+  directory_iterator& increment(error_code& __ec) { return __increment(&__ec); }
+
+private:
+  inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool
+  operator==(const directory_iterator& __lhs,
+             const directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept;
+
+  // construct the dir_stream
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  directory_iterator(const path&, error_code*,
+                     directory_options = directory_options::none);
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  directory_iterator& __increment(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  const directory_entry& __dereference() const;
+
+private:
+  shared_ptr<__dir_stream> __imp_;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+operator==(const directory_iterator& __lhs,
+           const directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.__imp_ == __rhs.__imp_;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+operator!=(const directory_iterator& __lhs,
+           const directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+// enable directory_iterator range-based for statements
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY directory_iterator
+begin(directory_iterator __iter) noexcept {
+  return __iter;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY directory_iterator
+end(const directory_iterator&) noexcept {
+  return directory_iterator();
+}
+
+class recursive_directory_iterator {
+public:
+  using value_type = directory_entry;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = directory_entry const*;
+  using reference = directory_entry const&;
+  using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and destructor
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  recursive_directory_iterator() noexcept : __rec_(false) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  explicit recursive_directory_iterator(
+      const path& __p, directory_options __xoptions = directory_options::none)
+      : recursive_directory_iterator(__p, __xoptions, nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  recursive_directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __xoptions,
+                               error_code& __ec)
+      : recursive_directory_iterator(__p, __xoptions, &__ec) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  recursive_directory_iterator(const path& __p, error_code& __ec)
+      : recursive_directory_iterator(__p, directory_options::none, &__ec) {}
+
+  recursive_directory_iterator(const recursive_directory_iterator&) = default;
+  recursive_directory_iterator(recursive_directory_iterator&&) = default;
+
+  recursive_directory_iterator&
+  operator=(const recursive_directory_iterator&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  recursive_directory_iterator&
+  operator=(recursive_directory_iterator&& __o) noexcept {
+    // non-default implementation provided to support self-move assign.
+    if (this != &__o) {
+      __imp_ = _VSTD::move(__o.__imp_);
+      __rec_ = __o.__rec_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~recursive_directory_iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  const directory_entry& operator*() const { return __dereference(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  const directory_entry* operator->() const { return &__dereference(); }
+
+  recursive_directory_iterator& operator++() { return __increment(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  __dir_element_proxy operator++(int) {
+    __dir_element_proxy __p(**this);
+    __increment();
+    return __p;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  recursive_directory_iterator& increment(error_code& __ec) {
+    return __increment(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS directory_options options() const;
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS int depth() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void pop() { __pop(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void pop(error_code& __ec) { __pop(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  bool recursion_pending() const { return __rec_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+  void disable_recursion_pending() { __rec_ = false; }
+
+private:
+  recursive_directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __opt,
+                               error_code* __ec);
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  const directory_entry& __dereference() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  bool __try_recursion(error_code* __ec);
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  void __advance(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  recursive_directory_iterator& __increment(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+  _LIBCPP_FUNC_VIS
+  void __pop(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY friend bool
+  operator==(const recursive_directory_iterator&,
+             const recursive_directory_iterator&) noexcept;
+
+  struct __shared_imp;
+  shared_ptr<__shared_imp> __imp_;
+  bool __rec_;
+}; // class recursive_directory_iterator
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY bool
+operator==(const recursive_directory_iterator& __lhs,
+           const recursive_directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.__imp_ == __rhs.__imp_;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY
+inline bool operator!=(const recursive_directory_iterator& __lhs,
+                       const recursive_directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+// enable recursive_directory_iterator range-based for statements
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY recursive_directory_iterator
+begin(recursive_directory_iterator __iter) noexcept {
+  return __iter;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY recursive_directory_iterator
+end(const recursive_directory_iterator&) noexcept {
+  return recursive_directory_iterator();
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem
+#ifdef _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD
+#undef _VSTD
+#undef _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD_FS
+#pragma pop_macro("_VSTD_FS")
+#else
+#undef _VSTD
+#undef _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD_FS
+#endif
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBAUTO_FILESYSTEM
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src
deleted file mode 120000
index 7abb4ba..0000000
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../../../../../../external/libcxx/src/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/directory_iterator.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/directory_iterator.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..624538b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/directory_iterator.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+//===------------------ directory_iterator.cpp ----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+/* clang-format off */
+#include "automotive/filesystem"
+#include <__config>
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#include <Windows.h>
+#else
+#include <dirent.h>
+#endif
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "filesystem_common.h"
+
+namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem {
+
+namespace detail {
+namespace {
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+template <class DirEntT, class = decltype(DirEntT::d_type)>
+static file_type get_file_type(DirEntT* ent, int) {
+  switch (ent->d_type) {
+  case DT_BLK:
+    return file_type::block;
+  case DT_CHR:
+    return file_type::character;
+  case DT_DIR:
+    return file_type::directory;
+  case DT_FIFO:
+    return file_type::fifo;
+  case DT_LNK:
+    return file_type::symlink;
+  case DT_REG:
+    return file_type::regular;
+  case DT_SOCK:
+    return file_type::socket;
+  // Unlike in lstat, hitting "unknown" here simply means that the underlying
+  // filesystem doesn't support d_type. Report is as 'none' so we correctly
+  // set the cache to empty.
+  case DT_UNKNOWN:
+    break;
+  }
+  return file_type::none;
+}
+
+template <class DirEntT>
+static file_type get_file_type(DirEntT* ent, long) {
+  return file_type::none;
+}
+
+static pair<string_view, file_type> posix_readdir(DIR* dir_stream,
+                                                  error_code& ec) {
+  struct dirent* dir_entry_ptr = nullptr;
+  errno = 0; // zero errno in order to detect errors
+  ec.clear();
+  if ((dir_entry_ptr = ::readdir(dir_stream)) == nullptr) {
+    if (errno)
+      ec = capture_errno();
+    return {};
+  } else {
+    return {dir_entry_ptr->d_name, get_file_type(dir_entry_ptr, 0)};
+  }
+}
+#else
+
+static file_type get_file_type(const WIN32_FIND_DATA& data) {
+  //auto attrs = data.dwFileAttributes;
+  // FIXME(EricWF)
+  return file_type::unknown;
+}
+static uintmax_t get_file_size(const WIN32_FIND_DATA& data) {
+  return (data.nFileSizeHight * (MAXDWORD + 1)) + data.nFileSizeLow;
+}
+static file_time_type get_write_time(const WIN32_FIND_DATA& data) {
+  ULARGE_INTEGER tmp;
+  FILETIME& time = data.ftLastWriteTime;
+  tmp.u.LowPart = time.dwLowDateTime;
+  tmp.u.HighPart = time.dwHighDateTime;
+  return file_time_type(file_time_type::duration(time.QuadPart));
+}
+
+#endif
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace detail
+
+using detail::ErrorHandler;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+class __dir_stream {
+public:
+  __dir_stream() = delete;
+  __dir_stream& operator=(const __dir_stream&) = delete;
+
+  __dir_stream(__dir_stream&& __ds) noexcept : __stream_(__ds.__stream_),
+                                               __root_(move(__ds.__root_)),
+                                               __entry_(move(__ds.__entry_)) {
+    __ds.__stream_ = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+  }
+
+  __dir_stream(const path& root, directory_options opts, error_code& ec)
+      : __stream_(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE), __root_(root) {
+    __stream_ = ::FindFirstFileEx(root.c_str(), &__data_);
+    if (__stream_ == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+      ec = error_code(::GetLastError(), generic_category());
+      const bool ignore_permission_denied =
+          bool(opts & directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
+      if (ignore_permission_denied && ec.value() == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)
+        ec.clear();
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ~__dir_stream() noexcept {
+    if (__stream_ == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+      return;
+    close();
+  }
+
+  bool good() const noexcept { return __stream_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; }
+
+  bool advance(error_code& ec) {
+    while (::FindNextFile(__stream_, &__data_)) {
+      if (!strcmp(__data_.cFileName, ".") || strcmp(__data_.cFileName, ".."))
+        continue;
+      // FIXME: Cache more of this
+      //directory_entry::__cached_data cdata;
+      //cdata.__type_ = get_file_type(__data_);
+      //cdata.__size_ = get_file_size(__data_);
+      //cdata.__write_time_ = get_write_time(__data_);
+      __entry_.__assign_iter_entry(
+          __root_ / __data_.cFileName,
+          directory_entry::__create_iter_result(get_file_type(__data)));
+      return true;
+    }
+    ec = error_code(::GetLastError(), generic_category());
+    close();
+    return false;
+  }
+
+private:
+  error_code close() noexcept {
+    error_code ec;
+    if (!::FindClose(__stream_))
+      ec = error_code(::GetLastError(), generic_category());
+    __stream_ = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    return ec;
+  }
+
+  HANDLE __stream_{INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE};
+  WIN32_FIND_DATA __data_;
+
+public:
+  path __root_;
+  directory_entry __entry_;
+};
+#else
+class __dir_stream {
+public:
+  __dir_stream() = delete;
+  __dir_stream& operator=(const __dir_stream&) = delete;
+
+  __dir_stream(__dir_stream&& other) noexcept : __stream_(other.__stream_),
+                                                __root_(move(other.__root_)),
+                                                __entry_(move(other.__entry_)) {
+    other.__stream_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  __dir_stream(const path& root, directory_options opts, error_code& ec)
+      : __stream_(nullptr), __root_(root) {
+    if ((__stream_ = ::opendir(root.c_str())) == nullptr) {
+      ec = detail::capture_errno();
+      const bool allow_eacess =
+          bool(opts & directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
+      if (allow_eacess && ec.value() == EACCES)
+        ec.clear();
+      return;
+    }
+    advance(ec);
+  }
+
+  ~__dir_stream() noexcept {
+    if (__stream_)
+      close();
+  }
+
+  bool good() const noexcept { return __stream_ != nullptr; }
+
+  bool advance(error_code& ec) {
+    while (true) {
+      auto str_type_pair = detail::posix_readdir(__stream_, ec);
+      auto& str = str_type_pair.first;
+      if (str == "." || str == "..") {
+        continue;
+      } else if (ec || str.empty()) {
+        close();
+        return false;
+      } else {
+        __entry_.__assign_iter_entry(
+            __root_ / str,
+            directory_entry::__create_iter_result(str_type_pair.second));
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  error_code close() noexcept {
+    error_code m_ec;
+    if (::closedir(__stream_) == -1)
+      m_ec = detail::capture_errno();
+    __stream_ = nullptr;
+    return m_ec;
+  }
+
+  DIR* __stream_{nullptr};
+
+public:
+  path __root_;
+  directory_entry __entry_;
+};
+#endif
+
+// directory_iterator
+
+directory_iterator::directory_iterator(const path& p, error_code* ec,
+                                       directory_options opts) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("directory_iterator::directory_iterator(...)", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  __imp_ = make_shared<__dir_stream>(p, opts, m_ec);
+  if (ec)
+    *ec = m_ec;
+  if (!__imp_->good()) {
+    __imp_.reset();
+    if (m_ec)
+      err.report(m_ec);
+  }
+}
+
+directory_iterator& directory_iterator::__increment(error_code* ec) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__imp_, "Attempting to increment an invalid iterator");
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("directory_iterator::operator++()", ec);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  if (!__imp_->advance(m_ec)) {
+    path root = move(__imp_->__root_);
+    __imp_.reset();
+    if (m_ec)
+      err.report(m_ec, "at root \"%s\"", root);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+directory_entry const& directory_iterator::__dereference() const {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__imp_, "Attempting to dereference an invalid iterator");
+  return __imp_->__entry_;
+}
+
+// recursive_directory_iterator
+
+struct recursive_directory_iterator::__shared_imp {
+  stack<__dir_stream> __stack_;
+  directory_options __options_;
+};
+
+recursive_directory_iterator::recursive_directory_iterator(
+    const path& p, directory_options opt, error_code* ec)
+    : __imp_(nullptr), __rec_(true) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("recursive_directory_iterator", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  __dir_stream new_s(p, opt, m_ec);
+  if (m_ec)
+    err.report(m_ec);
+  if (m_ec || !new_s.good())
+    return;
+
+  __imp_ = make_shared<__shared_imp>();
+  __imp_->__options_ = opt;
+  __imp_->__stack_.push(move(new_s));
+}
+
+void recursive_directory_iterator::__pop(error_code* ec) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(__imp_, "Popping the end iterator");
+  if (ec)
+    ec->clear();
+  __imp_->__stack_.pop();
+  if (__imp_->__stack_.size() == 0)
+    __imp_.reset();
+  else
+    __advance(ec);
+}
+
+directory_options recursive_directory_iterator::options() const {
+  return __imp_->__options_;
+}
+
+int recursive_directory_iterator::depth() const {
+  return __imp_->__stack_.size() - 1;
+}
+
+const directory_entry& recursive_directory_iterator::__dereference() const {
+  return __imp_->__stack_.top().__entry_;
+}
+
+recursive_directory_iterator&
+recursive_directory_iterator::__increment(error_code* ec) {
+  if (ec)
+    ec->clear();
+  if (recursion_pending()) {
+    if (__try_recursion(ec) || (ec && *ec))
+      return *this;
+  }
+  __rec_ = true;
+  __advance(ec);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+void recursive_directory_iterator::__advance(error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("recursive_directory_iterator::operator++()", ec);
+
+  const directory_iterator end_it;
+  auto& stack = __imp_->__stack_;
+  error_code m_ec;
+  while (stack.size() > 0) {
+    if (stack.top().advance(m_ec))
+      return;
+    if (m_ec)
+      break;
+    stack.pop();
+  }
+
+  if (m_ec) {
+    path root = move(stack.top().__root_);
+    __imp_.reset();
+    err.report(m_ec, "at root \"%s\"", root);
+  } else {
+    __imp_.reset();
+  }
+}
+
+bool recursive_directory_iterator::__try_recursion(error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("recursive_directory_iterator::operator++()", ec);
+
+  bool rec_sym = bool(options() & directory_options::follow_directory_symlink);
+
+  auto& curr_it = __imp_->__stack_.top();
+
+  bool skip_rec = false;
+  error_code m_ec;
+  if (!rec_sym) {
+    file_status st(curr_it.__entry_.__get_sym_ft(&m_ec));
+    if (m_ec && status_known(st))
+      m_ec.clear();
+    if (m_ec || is_symlink(st) || !is_directory(st))
+      skip_rec = true;
+  } else {
+    file_status st(curr_it.__entry_.__get_ft(&m_ec));
+    if (m_ec && status_known(st))
+      m_ec.clear();
+    if (m_ec || !is_directory(st))
+      skip_rec = true;
+  }
+
+  if (!skip_rec) {
+    __dir_stream new_it(curr_it.__entry_.path(), __imp_->__options_, m_ec);
+    if (new_it.good()) {
+      __imp_->__stack_.push(move(new_it));
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  if (m_ec) {
+    const bool allow_eacess =
+        bool(__imp_->__options_ & directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
+    if (m_ec.value() == EACCES && allow_eacess) {
+      if (ec)
+        ec->clear();
+    } else {
+      path at_ent = move(curr_it.__entry_.__p_);
+      __imp_.reset();
+      err.report(m_ec, "attempting recursion into \"%s\"", at_ent);
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem
+/* clang-format on */
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/filesystem_common.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/filesystem_common.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f44661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/filesystem_common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===////
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===////
+/* clang-format off */
+#ifndef AUTO_FILESYSTEM_COMMON_H
+#define AUTO_FILESYSTEM_COMMON_H
+
+#include "automotive/filesystem"
+#include <array>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <climits>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <sys/time.h> // for ::utimes as used in __last_write_time
+#include <fcntl.h>    /* values for fchmodat */
+
+#if !defined(__APPLE__)
+// We can use the presence of UTIME_OMIT to detect platforms that provide
+// utimensat.
+#if defined(UTIME_OMIT)
+#define _LIBCPP_USE_UTIMENSAT
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
+#endif
+
+namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem {
+using namespace std::chrono;
+
+using std::error_code;
+using std::is_floating_point;
+using std::micro;
+using std::nano;
+using std::ratio;
+
+namespace detail {
+namespace {
+
+static string format_string_imp(const char* msg, ...) {
+  // we might need a second shot at this, so pre-emptivly make a copy
+  struct GuardVAList {
+    va_list& target;
+    bool active = true;
+    GuardVAList(va_list& target) : target(target), active(true) {}
+    void clear() {
+      if (active)
+        va_end(target);
+      active = false;
+    }
+    ~GuardVAList() {
+      if (active)
+        va_end(target);
+    }
+  };
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, msg);
+  GuardVAList args_guard(args);
+
+  va_list args_cp;
+  va_copy(args_cp, args);
+  GuardVAList args_copy_guard(args_cp);
+
+  std::string result;
+
+  array<char, 256> local_buff;
+  size_t size_with_null = local_buff.size();
+  auto ret = ::vsnprintf(local_buff.data(), size_with_null, msg, args_cp);
+
+  args_copy_guard.clear();
+
+  // handle empty expansion
+  if (ret == 0)
+    return result;
+  if (static_cast<size_t>(ret) < size_with_null) {
+    result.assign(local_buff.data(), static_cast<size_t>(ret));
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // we did not provide a long enough buffer on our first attempt. The
+  // return value is the number of bytes (excluding the null byte) that are
+  // needed for formatting.
+  size_with_null = static_cast<size_t>(ret) + 1;
+  result.__resize_default_init(size_with_null - 1);
+  ret = ::vsnprintf(&result[0], size_with_null, msg, args);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(static_cast<size_t>(ret) == (size_with_null - 1), "TODO");
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+const char* unwrap(string const& s) { return s.c_str(); }
+const char* unwrap(path const& p) { return p.native().c_str(); }
+template <class Arg>
+Arg const& unwrap(Arg const& a) {
+  static_assert(!is_class<Arg>::value, "cannot pass class here");
+  return a;
+}
+
+template <class... Args>
+string format_string(const char* fmt, Args const&... args) {
+  return format_string_imp(fmt, unwrap(args)...);
+}
+
+error_code capture_errno() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(errno, "Expected errno to be non-zero");
+  return error_code(errno, generic_category());
+}
+
+template <class T>
+T error_value();
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 void error_value<void>() {}
+template <>
+bool error_value<bool>() {
+  return false;
+}
+template <>
+uintmax_t error_value<uintmax_t>() {
+  return uintmax_t(-1);
+}
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 file_time_type error_value<file_time_type>() {
+  return file_time_type::min();
+}
+template <>
+path error_value<path>() {
+  return {};
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct ErrorHandler {
+  const char* func_name;
+  error_code* ec = nullptr;
+  const path* p1 = nullptr;
+  const path* p2 = nullptr;
+
+  ErrorHandler(const char* fname, error_code* ec, const path* p1 = nullptr,
+               const path* p2 = nullptr)
+      : func_name(fname), ec(ec), p1(p1), p2(p2) {
+    if (ec)
+      ec->clear();
+  }
+
+  T report(const error_code& m_ec) const {
+    if (ec) {
+      *ec = m_ec;
+      return error_value<T>();
+    }
+    string what = string("in ") + func_name;
+    switch (bool(p1) + bool(p2)) {
+    case 0:
+      __throw_filesystem_error(what, m_ec);
+    case 1:
+      __throw_filesystem_error(what, *p1, m_ec);
+    case 2:
+      __throw_filesystem_error(what, *p1, *p2, m_ec);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  T report(const error_code& m_ec, const char* msg, Args const&... args) const {
+    if (ec) {
+      *ec = m_ec;
+      return error_value<T>();
+    }
+    string what =
+        string("in ") + func_name + ": " + format_string(msg, args...);
+    switch (bool(p1) + bool(p2)) {
+    case 0:
+      __throw_filesystem_error(what, m_ec);
+    case 1:
+      __throw_filesystem_error(what, *p1, m_ec);
+    case 2:
+      __throw_filesystem_error(what, *p1, *p2, m_ec);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  T report(errc const& err) const { return report(make_error_code(err)); }
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  T report(errc const& err, const char* msg, Args const&... args) const {
+    return report(make_error_code(err), msg, args...);
+  }
+
+private:
+  ErrorHandler(ErrorHandler const&) = delete;
+  ErrorHandler& operator=(ErrorHandler const&) = delete;
+};
+
+using chrono::duration;
+using chrono::duration_cast;
+
+using TimeSpec = struct ::timespec;
+using StatT = struct ::stat;
+
+template <class FileTimeT, class TimeT,
+          bool IsFloat = is_floating_point<typename FileTimeT::rep>::value>
+struct time_util_base {
+  using rep = typename FileTimeT::rep;
+  using fs_duration = typename FileTimeT::duration;
+  using fs_seconds = duration<rep>;
+  using fs_nanoseconds = duration<rep, nano>;
+  using fs_microseconds = duration<rep, micro>;
+
+  static constexpr rep max_seconds =
+      duration_cast<fs_seconds>(FileTimeT::duration::max()).count();
+
+  static constexpr rep max_nsec =
+      duration_cast<fs_nanoseconds>(FileTimeT::duration::max() -
+                                    fs_seconds(max_seconds))
+          .count();
+
+  static constexpr rep min_seconds =
+      duration_cast<fs_seconds>(FileTimeT::duration::min()).count();
+
+  static constexpr rep min_nsec_timespec =
+      duration_cast<fs_nanoseconds>(
+          (FileTimeT::duration::min() - fs_seconds(min_seconds)) +
+          fs_seconds(1))
+          .count();
+
+private:
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER > 11 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CXX14_CONSTEXPR)
+  static constexpr fs_duration get_min_nsecs() {
+    return duration_cast<fs_duration>(
+        fs_nanoseconds(min_nsec_timespec) -
+        duration_cast<fs_nanoseconds>(fs_seconds(1)));
+  }
+  // Static assert that these values properly round trip.
+  static_assert(fs_seconds(min_seconds) + get_min_nsecs() ==
+                    FileTimeT::duration::min(),
+                "value doesn't roundtrip");
+
+  static constexpr bool check_range() {
+    // This kinda sucks, but it's what happens when we don't have __int128_t.
+    if (sizeof(TimeT) == sizeof(rep)) {
+      typedef duration<long long, ratio<3600 * 24 * 365> > Years;
+      return duration_cast<Years>(fs_seconds(max_seconds)) > Years(250) &&
+             duration_cast<Years>(fs_seconds(min_seconds)) < Years(-250);
+    }
+    return max_seconds >= numeric_limits<TimeT>::max() &&
+           min_seconds <= numeric_limits<TimeT>::min();
+  }
+  static_assert(check_range(), "the representable range is unacceptable small");
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class FileTimeT, class TimeT>
+struct time_util_base<FileTimeT, TimeT, true> {
+  using rep = typename FileTimeT::rep;
+  using fs_duration = typename FileTimeT::duration;
+  using fs_seconds = duration<rep>;
+  using fs_nanoseconds = duration<rep, nano>;
+  using fs_microseconds = duration<rep, micro>;
+
+  static const rep max_seconds;
+  static const rep max_nsec;
+  static const rep min_seconds;
+  static const rep min_nsec_timespec;
+};
+
+template <class FileTimeT, class TimeT>
+const typename FileTimeT::rep
+    time_util_base<FileTimeT, TimeT, true>::max_seconds =
+        duration_cast<fs_seconds>(FileTimeT::duration::max()).count();
+
+template <class FileTimeT, class TimeT>
+const typename FileTimeT::rep time_util_base<FileTimeT, TimeT, true>::max_nsec =
+    duration_cast<fs_nanoseconds>(FileTimeT::duration::max() -
+                                  fs_seconds(max_seconds))
+        .count();
+
+template <class FileTimeT, class TimeT>
+const typename FileTimeT::rep
+    time_util_base<FileTimeT, TimeT, true>::min_seconds =
+        duration_cast<fs_seconds>(FileTimeT::duration::min()).count();
+
+template <class FileTimeT, class TimeT>
+const typename FileTimeT::rep
+    time_util_base<FileTimeT, TimeT, true>::min_nsec_timespec =
+        duration_cast<fs_nanoseconds>((FileTimeT::duration::min() -
+                                       fs_seconds(min_seconds)) +
+                                      fs_seconds(1))
+            .count();
+
+template <class FileTimeT, class TimeT, class TimeSpecT>
+struct time_util : time_util_base<FileTimeT, TimeT> {
+  using Base = time_util_base<FileTimeT, TimeT>;
+  using Base::max_nsec;
+  using Base::max_seconds;
+  using Base::min_nsec_timespec;
+  using Base::min_seconds;
+
+  using typename Base::fs_duration;
+  using typename Base::fs_microseconds;
+  using typename Base::fs_nanoseconds;
+  using typename Base::fs_seconds;
+
+public:
+  template <class CType, class ChronoType>
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 bool checked_set(CType* out,
+                                                        ChronoType time) {
+    using Lim = numeric_limits<CType>;
+    if (time > Lim::max() || time < Lim::min())
+      return false;
+    *out = static_cast<CType>(time);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 bool is_representable(TimeSpecT tm) {
+    if (tm.tv_sec >= 0) {
+      return tm.tv_sec < max_seconds ||
+             (tm.tv_sec == max_seconds && tm.tv_nsec <= max_nsec);
+    } else if (tm.tv_sec == (min_seconds - 1)) {
+      return tm.tv_nsec >= min_nsec_timespec;
+    } else {
+      return tm.tv_sec >= min_seconds;
+    }
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 bool is_representable(FileTimeT tm) {
+    auto secs = duration_cast<fs_seconds>(tm.time_since_epoch());
+    auto nsecs = duration_cast<fs_nanoseconds>(tm.time_since_epoch() - secs);
+    if (nsecs.count() < 0) {
+      secs = secs + fs_seconds(1);
+      nsecs = nsecs + fs_seconds(1);
+    }
+    using TLim = numeric_limits<TimeT>;
+    if (secs.count() >= 0)
+      return secs.count() <= TLim::max();
+    return secs.count() >= TLim::min();
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 FileTimeT
+  convert_from_timespec(TimeSpecT tm) {
+    if (tm.tv_sec >= 0 || tm.tv_nsec == 0) {
+      return FileTimeT(fs_seconds(tm.tv_sec) +
+                       duration_cast<fs_duration>(fs_nanoseconds(tm.tv_nsec)));
+    } else { // tm.tv_sec < 0
+      auto adj_subsec = duration_cast<fs_duration>(fs_seconds(1) -
+                                                   fs_nanoseconds(tm.tv_nsec));
+      auto Dur = fs_seconds(tm.tv_sec + 1) - adj_subsec;
+      return FileTimeT(Dur);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class SubSecT>
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 bool
+  set_times_checked(TimeT* sec_out, SubSecT* subsec_out, FileTimeT tp) {
+    auto dur = tp.time_since_epoch();
+    auto sec_dur = duration_cast<fs_seconds>(dur);
+    auto subsec_dur = duration_cast<fs_nanoseconds>(dur - sec_dur);
+    // The tv_nsec and tv_usec fields must not be negative so adjust accordingly
+    if (subsec_dur.count() < 0) {
+      if (sec_dur.count() > min_seconds) {
+        sec_dur = sec_dur - fs_seconds(1);
+        subsec_dur = subsec_dur + fs_seconds(1);
+      } else {
+        subsec_dur = fs_nanoseconds::zero();
+      }
+    }
+    return checked_set(sec_out, sec_dur.count()) &&
+           checked_set(subsec_out, subsec_dur.count());
+  }
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_AFTER_CXX11 bool convert_to_timespec(TimeSpecT& dest,
+                                                                FileTimeT tp) {
+    if (!is_representable(tp))
+      return false;
+    return set_times_checked(&dest.tv_sec, &dest.tv_nsec, tp);
+  }
+};
+
+using fs_time = time_util<file_time_type, time_t, TimeSpec>;
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+TimeSpec extract_mtime(StatT const& st) { return st.st_mtimespec; }
+TimeSpec extract_atime(StatT const& st) { return st.st_atimespec; }
+#else
+TimeSpec extract_mtime(StatT const& st) { return st.st_mtim; }
+TimeSpec extract_atime(StatT const& st) { return st.st_atim; }
+#endif
+
+// allow the utimes implementation to compile even it we're not going
+// to use it.
+
+bool posix_utimes(const path& p, std::array<TimeSpec, 2> const& TS,
+                  error_code& ec) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  auto Convert = [](long nsec) {
+    using int_type = decltype(std::declval< ::timeval>().tv_usec);
+    auto dur = duration_cast<microseconds>(nanoseconds(nsec)).count();
+    return static_cast<int_type>(dur);
+  };
+  struct ::timeval ConvertedTS[2] = {{TS[0].tv_sec, Convert(TS[0].tv_nsec)},
+                                     {TS[1].tv_sec, Convert(TS[1].tv_nsec)}};
+  if (::utimes(p.c_str(), ConvertedTS) == -1) {
+    ec = capture_errno();
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_USE_UTIMENSAT)
+bool posix_utimensat(const path& p, std::array<TimeSpec, 2> const& TS,
+                     error_code& ec) {
+  if (::utimensat(AT_FDCWD, p.c_str(), TS.data(), 0) == -1) {
+    ec = capture_errno();
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+#endif
+
+bool set_file_times(const path& p, std::array<TimeSpec, 2> const& TS,
+                    error_code& ec) {
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_USE_UTIMENSAT)
+  return posix_utimes(p, TS, ec);
+#else
+  return posix_utimensat(p, TS, ec);
+#endif
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // end namespace detail
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem
+
+#endif // AUTO_FILESYSTEM_COMMON_H
+/* clang-format on */
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/operations.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/operations.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..404c0bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libc++fs/src/filesystem/operations.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1773 @@
+//===--------------------- filesystem/ops.cpp -----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+/* clang-format off */
+#include "automotive/filesystem"
+#include <array>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <random> /* for unique_path */
+#include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <climits>
+
+#include "filesystem_common.h"
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <fcntl.h> /* values for fchmodat */
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+#include <linux/version.h>
+#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 33)
+#include <sys/sendfile.h>
+#define _LIBCPP_USE_SENDFILE
+#endif
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) || __has_include(<copyfile.h>)
+#include <copyfile.h>
+#define _LIBCPP_USE_COPYFILE
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__APPLE__)
+#define _LIBCPP_USE_CLOCK_GETTIME
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CLOCK_REALTIME) || !defined(_LIBCPP_USE_CLOCK_GETTIME)
+#include <sys/time.h> // for gettimeofday and timeval
+#endif                // !defined(CLOCK_REALTIME)
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+#if _GNUC_VER < 500
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem {
+
+#ifdef _VSTD_FS
+#pragma push_macro("_VSTD_FS")
+#else
+#define _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD_FS
+#endif
+#define _VSTD_FS android::hardware::automotive::filesystem
+
+namespace {
+namespace parser {
+
+using string_view_t = path::__string_view;
+using string_view_pair = pair<string_view_t, string_view_t>;
+using PosPtr = path::value_type const*;
+
+struct PathParser {
+  enum ParserState : unsigned char {
+    // Zero is a special sentinel value used by default constructed iterators.
+    PS_BeforeBegin = path::iterator::_BeforeBegin,
+    PS_InRootName = path::iterator::_InRootName,
+    PS_InRootDir = path::iterator::_InRootDir,
+    PS_InFilenames = path::iterator::_InFilenames,
+    PS_InTrailingSep = path::iterator::_InTrailingSep,
+    PS_AtEnd = path::iterator::_AtEnd
+  };
+
+  const string_view_t Path;
+  string_view_t RawEntry;
+  ParserState State;
+
+private:
+  PathParser(string_view_t P, ParserState State) noexcept : Path(P),
+                                                            State(State) {}
+
+public:
+  PathParser(string_view_t P, string_view_t E, unsigned char S)
+      : Path(P), RawEntry(E), State(static_cast<ParserState>(S)) {
+    // S cannot be '0' or PS_BeforeBegin.
+  }
+
+  static PathParser CreateBegin(string_view_t P) noexcept {
+    PathParser PP(P, PS_BeforeBegin);
+    PP.increment();
+    return PP;
+  }
+
+  static PathParser CreateEnd(string_view_t P) noexcept {
+    PathParser PP(P, PS_AtEnd);
+    return PP;
+  }
+
+  PosPtr peek() const noexcept {
+    auto TkEnd = getNextTokenStartPos();
+    auto End = getAfterBack();
+    return TkEnd == End ? nullptr : TkEnd;
+  }
+
+  void increment() noexcept {
+    const PosPtr End = getAfterBack();
+    const PosPtr Start = getNextTokenStartPos();
+    if (Start == End)
+      return makeState(PS_AtEnd);
+
+    switch (State) {
+    case PS_BeforeBegin: {
+      PosPtr TkEnd = consumeSeparator(Start, End);
+      if (TkEnd)
+        return makeState(PS_InRootDir, Start, TkEnd);
+      else
+        return makeState(PS_InFilenames, Start, consumeName(Start, End));
+    }
+    case PS_InRootDir:
+      return makeState(PS_InFilenames, Start, consumeName(Start, End));
+
+    case PS_InFilenames: {
+      PosPtr SepEnd = consumeSeparator(Start, End);
+      if (SepEnd != End) {
+        PosPtr TkEnd = consumeName(SepEnd, End);
+        if (TkEnd)
+          return makeState(PS_InFilenames, SepEnd, TkEnd);
+      }
+      return makeState(PS_InTrailingSep, Start, SepEnd);
+    }
+
+    case PS_InTrailingSep:
+      return makeState(PS_AtEnd);
+
+    case PS_InRootName:
+    case PS_AtEnd:
+      _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void decrement() noexcept {
+    const PosPtr REnd = getBeforeFront();
+    const PosPtr RStart = getCurrentTokenStartPos() - 1;
+    if (RStart == REnd) // we're decrementing the begin
+      return makeState(PS_BeforeBegin);
+
+    switch (State) {
+    case PS_AtEnd: {
+      // Try to consume a trailing separator or root directory first.
+      if (PosPtr SepEnd = consumeSeparator(RStart, REnd)) {
+        if (SepEnd == REnd)
+          return makeState(PS_InRootDir, Path.data(), RStart + 1);
+        return makeState(PS_InTrailingSep, SepEnd + 1, RStart + 1);
+      } else {
+        PosPtr TkStart = consumeName(RStart, REnd);
+        return makeState(PS_InFilenames, TkStart + 1, RStart + 1);
+      }
+    }
+    case PS_InTrailingSep:
+      return makeState(PS_InFilenames, consumeName(RStart, REnd) + 1,
+                       RStart + 1);
+    case PS_InFilenames: {
+      PosPtr SepEnd = consumeSeparator(RStart, REnd);
+      if (SepEnd == REnd)
+        return makeState(PS_InRootDir, Path.data(), RStart + 1);
+      PosPtr TkEnd = consumeName(SepEnd, REnd);
+      return makeState(PS_InFilenames, TkEnd + 1, SepEnd + 1);
+    }
+    case PS_InRootDir:
+      // return makeState(PS_InRootName, Path.data(), RStart + 1);
+    case PS_InRootName:
+    case PS_BeforeBegin:
+      _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a view with the "preferred representation" of the current
+  ///   element. For example trailing separators are represented as a '.'
+  string_view_t operator*() const noexcept {
+    switch (State) {
+    case PS_BeforeBegin:
+    case PS_AtEnd:
+      return "";
+    case PS_InRootDir:
+      return "/";
+    case PS_InTrailingSep:
+      return "";
+    case PS_InRootName:
+    case PS_InFilenames:
+      return RawEntry;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
+    return State != PS_BeforeBegin && State != PS_AtEnd;
+  }
+
+  PathParser& operator++() noexcept {
+    increment();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  PathParser& operator--() noexcept {
+    decrement();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  bool atEnd() const noexcept {
+    return State == PS_AtEnd;
+  }
+
+  bool inRootDir() const noexcept {
+    return State == PS_InRootDir;
+  }
+
+  bool inRootName() const noexcept {
+    return State == PS_InRootName;
+  }
+
+  bool inRootPath() const noexcept {
+    return inRootName() || inRootDir();
+  }
+
+private:
+  void makeState(ParserState NewState, PosPtr Start, PosPtr End) noexcept {
+    State = NewState;
+    RawEntry = string_view_t(Start, End - Start);
+  }
+  void makeState(ParserState NewState) noexcept {
+    State = NewState;
+    RawEntry = {};
+  }
+
+  PosPtr getAfterBack() const noexcept { return Path.data() + Path.size(); }
+
+  PosPtr getBeforeFront() const noexcept { return Path.data() - 1; }
+
+  /// \brief Return a pointer to the first character after the currently
+  ///   lexed element.
+  PosPtr getNextTokenStartPos() const noexcept {
+    switch (State) {
+    case PS_BeforeBegin:
+      return Path.data();
+    case PS_InRootName:
+    case PS_InRootDir:
+    case PS_InFilenames:
+      return &RawEntry.back() + 1;
+    case PS_InTrailingSep:
+    case PS_AtEnd:
+      return getAfterBack();
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a pointer to the first character in the currently lexed
+  ///   element.
+  PosPtr getCurrentTokenStartPos() const noexcept {
+    switch (State) {
+    case PS_BeforeBegin:
+    case PS_InRootName:
+      return &Path.front();
+    case PS_InRootDir:
+    case PS_InFilenames:
+    case PS_InTrailingSep:
+      return &RawEntry.front();
+    case PS_AtEnd:
+      return &Path.back() + 1;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+
+  PosPtr consumeSeparator(PosPtr P, PosPtr End) const noexcept {
+    if (P == End || *P != '/')
+      return nullptr;
+    const int Inc = P < End ? 1 : -1;
+    P += Inc;
+    while (P != End && *P == '/')
+      P += Inc;
+    return P;
+  }
+
+  PosPtr consumeName(PosPtr P, PosPtr End) const noexcept {
+    if (P == End || *P == '/')
+      return nullptr;
+    const int Inc = P < End ? 1 : -1;
+    P += Inc;
+    while (P != End && *P != '/')
+      P += Inc;
+    return P;
+  }
+};
+
+string_view_pair separate_filename(string_view_t const& s) {
+  if (s == "." || s == ".." || s.empty())
+    return string_view_pair{s, ""};
+  auto pos = s.find_last_of('.');
+  if (pos == string_view_t::npos || pos == 0)
+    return string_view_pair{s, string_view_t{}};
+  return string_view_pair{s.substr(0, pos), s.substr(pos)};
+}
+
+string_view_t createView(PosPtr S, PosPtr E) noexcept {
+  return {S, static_cast<size_t>(E - S) + 1};
+}
+
+} // namespace parser
+} // namespace
+
+//                       POSIX HELPERS
+
+namespace detail {
+namespace {
+
+using value_type = path::value_type;
+using string_type = path::string_type;
+
+struct FileDescriptor {
+  const path& name;
+  int fd = -1;
+  StatT m_stat;
+  file_status m_status;
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  static FileDescriptor create(const path* p, error_code& ec, Args... args) {
+    ec.clear();
+    int fd;
+    if ((fd = ::open(p->c_str(), args...)) == -1) {
+      ec = capture_errno();
+      return FileDescriptor{p};
+    }
+    return FileDescriptor(p, fd);
+  }
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  static FileDescriptor create_with_status(const path* p, error_code& ec,
+                                           Args... args) {
+    FileDescriptor fd = create(p, ec, args...);
+    if (!ec)
+      fd.refresh_status(ec);
+
+    return fd;
+  }
+
+  file_status get_status() const { return m_status; }
+  StatT const& get_stat() const { return m_stat; }
+
+  bool status_known() const { return _VSTD_FS::status_known(m_status); }
+
+  file_status refresh_status(error_code& ec);
+
+  void close() noexcept {
+    if (fd != -1)
+      ::close(fd);
+    fd = -1;
+  }
+
+  FileDescriptor(FileDescriptor&& other)
+      : name(other.name), fd(other.fd), m_stat(other.m_stat),
+        m_status(other.m_status) {
+    other.fd = -1;
+    other.m_status = file_status{};
+  }
+
+  ~FileDescriptor() { close(); }
+
+  FileDescriptor(FileDescriptor const&) = delete;
+  FileDescriptor& operator=(FileDescriptor const&) = delete;
+
+private:
+  explicit FileDescriptor(const path* p, int fd = -1) : name(*p), fd(fd) {}
+};
+
+perms posix_get_perms(const StatT& st) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<perms>(st.st_mode) & perms::mask;
+}
+
+::mode_t posix_convert_perms(perms prms) {
+  return static_cast< ::mode_t>(prms & perms::mask);
+}
+
+file_status create_file_status(error_code& m_ec, path const& p,
+                               const StatT& path_stat, error_code* ec) {
+  if (ec)
+    *ec = m_ec;
+  if (m_ec && (m_ec.value() == ENOENT || m_ec.value() == ENOTDIR)) {
+    return file_status(file_type::not_found);
+  } else if (m_ec) {
+    ErrorHandler<void> err("posix_stat", ec, &p);
+    err.report(m_ec, "failed to determine attributes for the specified path");
+    return file_status(file_type::none);
+  }
+  // else
+
+  file_status fs_tmp;
+  auto const mode = path_stat.st_mode;
+  if (S_ISLNK(mode))
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::symlink);
+  else if (S_ISREG(mode))
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::regular);
+  else if (S_ISDIR(mode))
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::directory);
+  else if (S_ISBLK(mode))
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::block);
+  else if (S_ISCHR(mode))
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::character);
+  else if (S_ISFIFO(mode))
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::fifo);
+  else if (S_ISSOCK(mode))
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::socket);
+  else
+    fs_tmp.type(file_type::unknown);
+
+  fs_tmp.permissions(detail::posix_get_perms(path_stat));
+  return fs_tmp;
+}
+
+file_status posix_stat(path const& p, StatT& path_stat, error_code* ec) {
+  error_code m_ec;
+  if (::stat(p.c_str(), &path_stat) == -1)
+    m_ec = detail::capture_errno();
+  return create_file_status(m_ec, p, path_stat, ec);
+}
+
+file_status posix_stat(path const& p, error_code* ec) {
+  StatT path_stat;
+  return posix_stat(p, path_stat, ec);
+}
+
+file_status posix_lstat(path const& p, StatT& path_stat, error_code* ec) {
+  error_code m_ec;
+  if (::lstat(p.c_str(), &path_stat) == -1)
+    m_ec = detail::capture_errno();
+  return create_file_status(m_ec, p, path_stat, ec);
+}
+
+file_status posix_lstat(path const& p, error_code* ec) {
+  StatT path_stat;
+  return posix_lstat(p, path_stat, ec);
+}
+
+bool posix_ftruncate(const FileDescriptor& fd, size_t to_size, error_code& ec) {
+  if (::ftruncate(fd.fd, to_size) == -1) {
+    ec = capture_errno();
+    return true;
+  }
+  ec.clear();
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool posix_fchmod(const FileDescriptor& fd, const StatT& st, error_code& ec) {
+  if (::fchmod(fd.fd, st.st_mode) == -1) {
+    ec = capture_errno();
+    return true;
+  }
+  ec.clear();
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool stat_equivalent(const StatT& st1, const StatT& st2) {
+  return (st1.st_dev == st2.st_dev && st1.st_ino == st2.st_ino);
+}
+
+file_status FileDescriptor::refresh_status(error_code& ec) {
+  // FD must be open and good.
+  m_status = file_status{};
+  m_stat = {};
+  error_code m_ec;
+  if (::fstat(fd, &m_stat) == -1)
+    m_ec = capture_errno();
+  m_status = create_file_status(m_ec, name, m_stat, &ec);
+  return m_status;
+}
+} // namespace
+} // end namespace detail
+
+using detail::capture_errno;
+using detail::ErrorHandler;
+using detail::StatT;
+using detail::TimeSpec;
+using parser::createView;
+using parser::PathParser;
+using parser::string_view_t;
+
+const bool _FilesystemClock::is_steady;
+
+_FilesystemClock::time_point _FilesystemClock::now() noexcept {
+  typedef chrono::duration<rep> __secs;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_USE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && defined(CLOCK_REALTIME)
+  typedef chrono::duration<rep, nano> __nsecs;
+  struct timespec tp;
+  if (0 != clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tp))
+    __throw_system_error(errno, "clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME) failed");
+  return time_point(__secs(tp.tv_sec) +
+                    chrono::duration_cast<duration>(__nsecs(tp.tv_nsec)));
+#else
+  typedef chrono::duration<rep, micro> __microsecs;
+  timeval tv;
+  gettimeofday(&tv, 0);
+  return time_point(__secs(tv.tv_sec) + __microsecs(tv.tv_usec));
+#endif // _LIBCPP_USE_CLOCK_GETTIME && CLOCK_REALTIME
+}
+
+filesystem_error::~filesystem_error() {}
+
+void filesystem_error::__create_what(int __num_paths) {
+  const char* derived_what = system_error::what();
+  __storage_->__what_ = [&]() -> string {
+    const char* p1 = path1().native().empty() ? "\"\"" : path1().c_str();
+    const char* p2 = path2().native().empty() ? "\"\"" : path2().c_str();
+    switch (__num_paths) {
+    default:
+      return detail::format_string("filesystem error: %s", derived_what);
+    case 1:
+      return detail::format_string("filesystem error: %s [%s]", derived_what,
+                                   p1);
+    case 2:
+      return detail::format_string("filesystem error: %s [%s] [%s]",
+                                   derived_what, p1, p2);
+    }
+  }();
+}
+
+static path __do_absolute(const path& p, path* cwd, error_code* ec) {
+  if (ec)
+    ec->clear();
+  if (p.is_absolute())
+    return p;
+  *cwd = __current_path(ec);
+  if (ec && *ec)
+    return {};
+  return (*cwd) / p;
+}
+
+path __absolute(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  path cwd;
+  return __do_absolute(p, &cwd, ec);
+}
+
+path __canonical(path const& orig_p, error_code* ec) {
+  path cwd;
+  ErrorHandler<path> err("canonical", ec, &orig_p, &cwd);
+
+  path p = __do_absolute(orig_p, &cwd, ec);
+  char buff[PATH_MAX + 1];
+  char* ret;
+  if ((ret = ::realpath(p.c_str(), buff)) == nullptr)
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+  return {ret};
+}
+
+void __copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options,
+            error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("copy", ec, &from, &to);
+
+  const bool sym_status = bool(
+      options & (copy_options::create_symlinks | copy_options::skip_symlinks));
+
+  const bool sym_status2 = bool(options & copy_options::copy_symlinks);
+
+  error_code m_ec1;
+  StatT f_st = {};
+  const file_status f = sym_status || sym_status2
+                            ? detail::posix_lstat(from, f_st, &m_ec1)
+                            : detail::posix_stat(from, f_st, &m_ec1);
+  if (m_ec1)
+    return err.report(m_ec1);
+
+  StatT t_st = {};
+  const file_status t = sym_status ? detail::posix_lstat(to, t_st, &m_ec1)
+                                   : detail::posix_stat(to, t_st, &m_ec1);
+
+  if (not status_known(t))
+    return err.report(m_ec1);
+
+  if (!exists(f) || is_other(f) || is_other(t) ||
+      (is_directory(f) && is_regular_file(t)) ||
+      detail::stat_equivalent(f_st, t_st)) {
+    return err.report(errc::function_not_supported);
+  }
+
+  if (ec)
+    ec->clear();
+
+  if (is_symlink(f)) {
+    if (bool(copy_options::skip_symlinks & options)) {
+      // do nothing
+    } else if (not exists(t)) {
+      __copy_symlink(from, to, ec);
+    } else {
+      return err.report(errc::file_exists);
+    }
+    return;
+  } else if (is_regular_file(f)) {
+    if (bool(copy_options::directories_only & options)) {
+      // do nothing
+    } else if (bool(copy_options::create_symlinks & options)) {
+      __create_symlink(from, to, ec);
+    } else if (bool(copy_options::create_hard_links & options)) {
+      __create_hard_link(from, to, ec);
+    } else if (is_directory(t)) {
+      __copy_file(from, to / from.filename(), options, ec);
+    } else {
+      __copy_file(from, to, options, ec);
+    }
+    return;
+  } else if (is_directory(f) && bool(copy_options::create_symlinks & options)) {
+    return err.report(errc::is_a_directory);
+  } else if (is_directory(f) && (bool(copy_options::recursive & options) ||
+                                 copy_options::none == options)) {
+
+    if (!exists(t)) {
+      // create directory to with attributes from 'from'.
+      __create_directory(to, from, ec);
+      if (ec && *ec) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    directory_iterator it =
+        ec ? directory_iterator(from, *ec) : directory_iterator(from);
+    if (ec && *ec) {
+      return;
+    }
+    error_code m_ec2;
+    for (; it != directory_iterator(); it.increment(m_ec2)) {
+      if (m_ec2) {
+        return err.report(m_ec2);
+      }
+      __copy(it->path(), to / it->path().filename(),
+             options | copy_options::__in_recursive_copy, ec);
+      if (ec && *ec) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+namespace {
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_USE_SENDFILE
+bool copy_file_impl_sendfile(FileDescriptor& read_fd, FileDescriptor& write_fd,
+                             error_code& ec) {
+
+  size_t count = read_fd.get_stat().st_size;
+  do {
+    ssize_t res;
+    if ((res = ::sendfile(write_fd.fd, read_fd.fd, nullptr, count)) == -1) {
+      ec = capture_errno();
+      return false;
+    }
+    count -= res;
+  } while (count > 0);
+
+  ec.clear();
+
+  return true;
+}
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_USE_COPYFILE)
+bool copy_file_impl_copyfile(FileDescriptor& read_fd, FileDescriptor& write_fd,
+                             error_code& ec) {
+  struct CopyFileState {
+    copyfile_state_t state;
+    CopyFileState() { state = copyfile_state_alloc(); }
+    ~CopyFileState() { copyfile_state_free(state); }
+
+  private:
+    CopyFileState(CopyFileState const&) = delete;
+    CopyFileState& operator=(CopyFileState const&) = delete;
+  };
+
+  CopyFileState cfs;
+  if (fcopyfile(read_fd.fd, write_fd.fd, cfs.state, COPYFILE_DATA) < 0) {
+    ec = capture_errno();
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ec.clear();
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Note: This function isn't guarded by ifdef's even though it may be unused
+// in order to assure it still compiles.
+__attribute__((unused)) bool copy_file_impl_default(FileDescriptor& read_fd,
+                                                    FileDescriptor& write_fd,
+                                                    error_code& ec) {
+  ifstream in;
+  in.__open(read_fd.fd, ios::binary);
+  if (!in.is_open()) {
+    // This assumes that __open didn't reset the error code.
+    ec = capture_errno();
+    return false;
+  }
+  ofstream out;
+  out.__open(write_fd.fd, ios::binary);
+  if (!out.is_open()) {
+    ec = capture_errno();
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (in.good() && out.good()) {
+    using InIt = istreambuf_iterator<char>;
+    using OutIt = ostreambuf_iterator<char>;
+    InIt bin(in);
+    InIt ein;
+    OutIt bout(out);
+    copy(bin, ein, bout);
+  }
+  if (out.fail() || in.fail()) {
+    ec = make_error_code(errc::io_error);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ec.clear();
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool copy_file_impl(FileDescriptor& from, FileDescriptor& to, error_code& ec) {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_USE_SENDFILE)
+  return copy_file_impl_sendfile(from, to, ec);
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_USE_COPYFILE)
+  return copy_file_impl_copyfile(from, to, ec);
+#else
+  return copy_file_impl_default(from, to, ec);
+#endif
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace detail
+
+bool __copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options,
+                 error_code* ec) {
+  using detail::FileDescriptor;
+  ErrorHandler<bool> err("copy_file", ec, &to, &from);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  FileDescriptor from_fd =
+      FileDescriptor::create_with_status(&from, m_ec, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK);
+  if (m_ec)
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+
+  auto from_st = from_fd.get_status();
+  StatT const& from_stat = from_fd.get_stat();
+  if (!is_regular_file(from_st)) {
+    if (not m_ec)
+      m_ec = make_error_code(errc::not_supported);
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  }
+
+  const bool skip_existing = bool(copy_options::skip_existing & options);
+  const bool update_existing = bool(copy_options::update_existing & options);
+  const bool overwrite_existing =
+      bool(copy_options::overwrite_existing & options);
+
+  StatT to_stat_path;
+  file_status to_st = detail::posix_stat(to, to_stat_path, &m_ec);
+  if (!status_known(to_st))
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+
+  const bool to_exists = exists(to_st);
+  if (to_exists && !is_regular_file(to_st))
+    return err.report(errc::not_supported);
+
+  if (to_exists && detail::stat_equivalent(from_stat, to_stat_path))
+    return err.report(errc::file_exists);
+
+  if (to_exists && skip_existing)
+    return false;
+
+  bool ShouldCopy = [&]() {
+    if (to_exists && update_existing) {
+      auto from_time = detail::extract_mtime(from_stat);
+      auto to_time = detail::extract_mtime(to_stat_path);
+      if (from_time.tv_sec < to_time.tv_sec)
+        return false;
+      if (from_time.tv_sec == to_time.tv_sec &&
+          from_time.tv_nsec <= to_time.tv_nsec)
+        return false;
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (!to_exists || overwrite_existing)
+      return true;
+    return err.report(errc::file_exists);
+  }();
+  if (!ShouldCopy)
+    return false;
+
+  // Don't truncate right away. We may not be opening the file we originally
+  // looked at; we'll check this later.
+  int to_open_flags = O_WRONLY;
+  if (!to_exists)
+    to_open_flags |= O_CREAT;
+  FileDescriptor to_fd = FileDescriptor::create_with_status(
+      &to, m_ec, to_open_flags, from_stat.st_mode);
+  if (m_ec)
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+
+  if (to_exists) {
+    // Check that the file we initially stat'ed is equivalent to the one
+    // we opened.
+    // FIXME: report this better.
+    if (!detail::stat_equivalent(to_stat_path, to_fd.get_stat()))
+      return err.report(errc::bad_file_descriptor);
+
+    // Set the permissions and truncate the file we opened.
+    if (detail::posix_fchmod(to_fd, from_stat, m_ec))
+      return err.report(m_ec);
+    if (detail::posix_ftruncate(to_fd, 0, m_ec))
+      return err.report(m_ec);
+  }
+
+  if (!copy_file_impl(from_fd, to_fd, m_ec)) {
+    // FIXME: Remove the dest file if we failed, and it didn't exist previously.
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void __copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink,
+                    error_code* ec) {
+  const path real_path(__read_symlink(existing_symlink, ec));
+  if (ec && *ec) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // NOTE: proposal says you should detect if you should call
+  // create_symlink or create_directory_symlink. I don't think this
+  // is needed with POSIX
+  __create_symlink(real_path, new_symlink, ec);
+}
+
+bool __create_directories(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<bool> err("create_directories", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  auto const st = detail::posix_stat(p, &m_ec);
+  if (!status_known(st))
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  else if (is_directory(st))
+    return false;
+  else if (exists(st))
+    return err.report(errc::file_exists);
+
+  const path parent = p.parent_path();
+  if (!parent.empty()) {
+    const file_status parent_st = status(parent, m_ec);
+    if (not status_known(parent_st))
+      return err.report(m_ec);
+    if (not exists(parent_st)) {
+      __create_directories(parent, ec);
+      if (ec && *ec) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __create_directory(p, ec);
+}
+
+bool __create_directory(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<bool> err("create_directory", ec, &p);
+
+  if (::mkdir(p.c_str(), static_cast<int>(perms::all)) == 0)
+    return true;
+  if (errno != EEXIST)
+    err.report(capture_errno());
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool __create_directory(path const& p, path const& attributes, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<bool> err("create_directory", ec, &p, &attributes);
+
+  StatT attr_stat;
+  error_code mec;
+  auto st = detail::posix_stat(attributes, attr_stat, &mec);
+  if (!status_known(st))
+    return err.report(mec);
+  if (!is_directory(st))
+    return err.report(errc::not_a_directory,
+                      "the specified attribute path is invalid");
+
+  if (::mkdir(p.c_str(), attr_stat.st_mode) == 0)
+    return true;
+  if (errno != EEXIST)
+    err.report(capture_errno());
+  return false;
+}
+
+void __create_directory_symlink(path const& from, path const& to,
+                                error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("create_directory_symlink", ec, &from, &to);
+  if (::symlink(from.c_str(), to.c_str()) != 0)
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+}
+
+void __create_hard_link(const path& from, const path& to, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("create_hard_link", ec, &from, &to);
+  if (::link(from.c_str(), to.c_str()) == -1)
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+}
+
+void __create_symlink(path const& from, path const& to, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("create_symlink", ec, &from, &to);
+  if (::symlink(from.c_str(), to.c_str()) == -1)
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+}
+
+path __current_path(error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<path> err("current_path", ec);
+
+  auto size = ::pathconf(".", _PC_PATH_MAX);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(size >= 0, "pathconf returned a 0 as max size");
+
+  auto buff = unique_ptr<char[]>(new char[size + 1]);
+  char* ret;
+  if ((ret = ::getcwd(buff.get(), static_cast<size_t>(size))) == nullptr)
+    return err.report(capture_errno(), "call to getcwd failed");
+
+  return {buff.get()};
+}
+
+void __current_path(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("current_path", ec, &p);
+  if (::chdir(p.c_str()) == -1)
+    err.report(capture_errno());
+}
+
+bool __equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<bool> err("equivalent", ec, &p1, &p2);
+
+  error_code ec1, ec2;
+  StatT st1 = {}, st2 = {};
+  auto s1 = detail::posix_stat(p1.native(), st1, &ec1);
+  if (!exists(s1))
+    return err.report(errc::not_supported);
+  auto s2 = detail::posix_stat(p2.native(), st2, &ec2);
+  if (!exists(s2))
+    return err.report(errc::not_supported);
+
+  return detail::stat_equivalent(st1, st2);
+}
+
+uintmax_t __file_size(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<uintmax_t> err("file_size", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  StatT st;
+  file_status fst = detail::posix_stat(p, st, &m_ec);
+  if (!exists(fst) || !is_regular_file(fst)) {
+    errc error_kind =
+        is_directory(fst) ? errc::is_a_directory : errc::not_supported;
+    if (!m_ec)
+      m_ec = make_error_code(error_kind);
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  }
+  // is_regular_file(p) == true
+  return static_cast<uintmax_t>(st.st_size);
+}
+
+uintmax_t __hard_link_count(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<uintmax_t> err("hard_link_count", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  StatT st;
+  detail::posix_stat(p, st, &m_ec);
+  if (m_ec)
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  return static_cast<uintmax_t>(st.st_nlink);
+}
+
+bool __fs_is_empty(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<bool> err("is_empty", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  StatT pst;
+  auto st = detail::posix_stat(p, pst, &m_ec);
+  if (m_ec)
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  else if (!is_directory(st) && !is_regular_file(st))
+    return err.report(errc::not_supported);
+  else if (is_directory(st)) {
+    auto it = ec ? directory_iterator(p, *ec) : directory_iterator(p);
+    if (ec && *ec)
+      return false;
+    return it == directory_iterator{};
+  } else if (is_regular_file(st))
+    return static_cast<uintmax_t>(pst.st_size) == 0;
+
+  _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
+static file_time_type __extract_last_write_time(const path& p, const StatT& st,
+                                                error_code* ec) {
+  using detail::fs_time;
+  ErrorHandler<file_time_type> err("last_write_time", ec, &p);
+
+  auto ts = detail::extract_mtime(st);
+  if (!fs_time::is_representable(ts))
+    return err.report(errc::value_too_large);
+
+  return fs_time::convert_from_timespec(ts);
+}
+
+file_time_type __last_write_time(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  ErrorHandler<file_time_type> err("last_write_time", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  StatT st;
+  detail::posix_stat(p, st, &m_ec);
+  if (m_ec)
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  return __extract_last_write_time(p, st, ec);
+}
+
+void __last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time, error_code* ec) {
+  using detail::fs_time;
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("last_write_time", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code m_ec;
+  array<TimeSpec, 2> tbuf;
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_USE_UTIMENSAT)
+  // This implementation has a race condition between determining the
+  // last access time and attempting to set it to the same value using
+  // ::utimes
+  StatT st;
+  file_status fst = detail::posix_stat(p, st, &m_ec);
+  if (m_ec)
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+  tbuf[0] = detail::extract_atime(st);
+#else
+  tbuf[0].tv_sec = 0;
+  tbuf[0].tv_nsec = UTIME_OMIT;
+#endif
+  if (!fs_time::convert_to_timespec(tbuf[1], new_time))
+    return err.report(errc::value_too_large);
+
+  detail::set_file_times(p, tbuf, m_ec);
+  if (m_ec)
+    return err.report(m_ec);
+}
+
+void __permissions(const path& p, perms prms, perm_options opts,
+                   error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("permissions", ec, &p);
+
+  auto has_opt = [&](perm_options o) { return bool(o & opts); };
+  const bool resolve_symlinks = !has_opt(perm_options::nofollow);
+  const bool add_perms = has_opt(perm_options::add);
+  const bool remove_perms = has_opt(perm_options::remove);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(
+      (add_perms + remove_perms + has_opt(perm_options::replace)) == 1,
+      "One and only one of the perm_options constants replace, add, or remove "
+      "is present in opts");
+
+  bool set_sym_perms = false;
+  prms &= perms::mask;
+  if (!resolve_symlinks || (add_perms || remove_perms)) {
+    error_code m_ec;
+    file_status st = resolve_symlinks ? detail::posix_stat(p, &m_ec)
+                                      : detail::posix_lstat(p, &m_ec);
+    set_sym_perms = is_symlink(st);
+    if (m_ec)
+      return err.report(m_ec);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(st.permissions() != perms::unknown,
+                   "Permissions unexpectedly unknown");
+    if (add_perms)
+      prms |= st.permissions();
+    else if (remove_perms)
+      prms = st.permissions() & ~prms;
+  }
+  const auto real_perms = detail::posix_convert_perms(prms);
+
+#if defined(AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) && defined(AT_FDCWD)
+  const int flags = set_sym_perms ? AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW : 0;
+  if (::fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, p.c_str(), real_perms, flags) == -1) {
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+  }
+#else
+  if (set_sym_perms)
+    return err.report(errc::operation_not_supported);
+  if (::chmod(p.c_str(), real_perms) == -1) {
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+path __read_symlink(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<path> err("read_symlink", ec, &p);
+
+  char buff[PATH_MAX + 1];
+  error_code m_ec;
+  ::ssize_t ret;
+  if ((ret = ::readlink(p.c_str(), buff, PATH_MAX)) == -1) {
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(ret <= PATH_MAX, "TODO");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(ret > 0, "TODO");
+  buff[ret] = 0;
+  return {buff};
+}
+
+bool __remove(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<bool> err("remove", ec, &p);
+  if (::remove(p.c_str()) == -1) {
+    if (errno != ENOENT)
+      err.report(capture_errno());
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+uintmax_t remove_all_impl(path const& p, error_code& ec) {
+  const auto npos = static_cast<uintmax_t>(-1);
+  const file_status st = __symlink_status(p, &ec);
+  if (ec)
+    return npos;
+  uintmax_t count = 1;
+  if (is_directory(st)) {
+    for (directory_iterator it(p, ec); !ec && it != directory_iterator();
+         it.increment(ec)) {
+      auto other_count = remove_all_impl(it->path(), ec);
+      if (ec)
+        return npos;
+      count += other_count;
+    }
+    if (ec)
+      return npos;
+  }
+  if (!__remove(p, &ec))
+    return npos;
+  return count;
+}
+
+} // end namespace
+
+uintmax_t __remove_all(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<uintmax_t> err("remove_all", ec, &p);
+
+  error_code mec;
+  auto count = remove_all_impl(p, mec);
+  if (mec) {
+    if (mec == errc::no_such_file_or_directory)
+      return 0;
+    return err.report(mec);
+  }
+  return count;
+}
+
+void __rename(const path& from, const path& to, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("rename", ec, &from, &to);
+  if (::rename(from.c_str(), to.c_str()) == -1)
+    err.report(capture_errno());
+}
+
+void __resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("resize_file", ec, &p);
+  if (::truncate(p.c_str(), static_cast< ::off_t>(size)) == -1)
+    return err.report(capture_errno());
+}
+
+space_info __space(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<void> err("space", ec, &p);
+  space_info si;
+  struct statvfs m_svfs = {};
+  if (::statvfs(p.c_str(), &m_svfs) == -1) {
+    err.report(capture_errno());
+    si.capacity = si.free = si.available = static_cast<uintmax_t>(-1);
+    return si;
+  }
+  // Multiply with overflow checking.
+  auto do_mult = [&](uintmax_t& out, uintmax_t other) {
+    out = other * m_svfs.f_frsize;
+    if (other == 0 || out / other != m_svfs.f_frsize)
+      out = static_cast<uintmax_t>(-1);
+  };
+  do_mult(si.capacity, m_svfs.f_blocks);
+  do_mult(si.free, m_svfs.f_bfree);
+  do_mult(si.available, m_svfs.f_bavail);
+  return si;
+}
+
+file_status __status(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  return detail::posix_stat(p, ec);
+}
+
+file_status __symlink_status(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  return detail::posix_lstat(p, ec);
+}
+
+path __temp_directory_path(error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<path> err("temp_directory_path", ec);
+
+  const char* env_paths[] = {"TMPDIR", "TMP", "TEMP", "TEMPDIR"};
+  const char* ret = nullptr;
+
+  for (auto& ep : env_paths)
+    if ((ret = getenv(ep)))
+      break;
+  if (ret == nullptr)
+    ret = "/tmp";
+
+  path p(ret);
+  error_code m_ec;
+  file_status st = detail::posix_stat(p, &m_ec);
+  if (!status_known(st))
+    return err.report(m_ec, "cannot access path \"%s\"", p);
+
+  if (!exists(st) || !is_directory(st))
+    return err.report(errc::not_a_directory, "path \"%s\" is not a directory",
+                      p);
+
+  return p;
+}
+
+path __weakly_canonical(const path& p, error_code* ec) {
+  ErrorHandler<path> err("weakly_canonical", ec, &p);
+
+  if (p.empty())
+    return __canonical("", ec);
+
+  path result;
+  path tmp;
+  tmp.__reserve(p.native().size());
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateEnd(p.native());
+  --PP;
+  vector<string_view_t> DNEParts;
+
+  while (PP.State != PathParser::PS_BeforeBegin) {
+    tmp.assign(createView(p.native().data(), &PP.RawEntry.back()));
+    error_code m_ec;
+    file_status st = __status(tmp, &m_ec);
+    if (!status_known(st)) {
+      return err.report(m_ec);
+    } else if (exists(st)) {
+      result = __canonical(tmp, ec);
+      break;
+    }
+    DNEParts.push_back(*PP);
+    --PP;
+  }
+  if (PP.State == PathParser::PS_BeforeBegin)
+    result = __canonical("", ec);
+  if (ec)
+    ec->clear();
+  if (DNEParts.empty())
+    return result;
+  for (auto It = DNEParts.rbegin(); It != DNEParts.rend(); ++It)
+    result /= *It;
+  return result.lexically_normal();
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//                            path definitions
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+constexpr path::value_type path::preferred_separator;
+
+path& path::replace_extension(path const& replacement) {
+  path p = extension();
+  if (not p.empty()) {
+    __pn_.erase(__pn_.size() - p.native().size());
+  }
+  if (!replacement.empty()) {
+    if (replacement.native()[0] != '.') {
+      __pn_ += ".";
+    }
+    __pn_.append(replacement.__pn_);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// path.decompose
+
+string_view_t path::__root_name() const {
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+  if (PP.State == PathParser::PS_InRootName)
+    return *PP;
+  return {};
+}
+
+string_view_t path::__root_directory() const {
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+  if (PP.State == PathParser::PS_InRootName)
+    ++PP;
+  if (PP.State == PathParser::PS_InRootDir)
+    return *PP;
+  return {};
+}
+
+string_view_t path::__root_path_raw() const {
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+  if (PP.State == PathParser::PS_InRootName) {
+    auto NextCh = PP.peek();
+    if (NextCh && *NextCh == '/') {
+      ++PP;
+      return createView(__pn_.data(), &PP.RawEntry.back());
+    }
+    return PP.RawEntry;
+  }
+  if (PP.State == PathParser::PS_InRootDir)
+    return *PP;
+  return {};
+}
+
+static bool ConsumeRootName(PathParser *PP) {
+  static_assert(PathParser::PS_BeforeBegin == 1 &&
+      PathParser::PS_InRootName == 2,
+      "Values for enums are incorrect");
+  while (PP->State <= PathParser::PS_InRootName)
+    ++(*PP);
+  return PP->State == PathParser::PS_AtEnd;
+}
+
+static bool ConsumeRootDir(PathParser* PP) {
+  static_assert(PathParser::PS_BeforeBegin == 1 &&
+                PathParser::PS_InRootName == 2 &&
+                PathParser::PS_InRootDir == 3, "Values for enums are incorrect");
+  while (PP->State <= PathParser::PS_InRootDir)
+    ++(*PP);
+  return PP->State == PathParser::PS_AtEnd;
+}
+
+string_view_t path::__relative_path() const {
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+  if (ConsumeRootDir(&PP))
+    return {};
+  return createView(PP.RawEntry.data(), &__pn_.back());
+}
+
+string_view_t path::__parent_path() const {
+  if (empty())
+    return {};
+  // Determine if we have a root path but not a relative path. In that case
+  // return *this.
+  {
+    auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+    if (ConsumeRootDir(&PP))
+      return __pn_;
+  }
+  // Otherwise remove a single element from the end of the path, and return
+  // a string representing that path
+  {
+    auto PP = PathParser::CreateEnd(__pn_);
+    --PP;
+    if (PP.RawEntry.data() == __pn_.data())
+      return {};
+    --PP;
+    return createView(__pn_.data(), &PP.RawEntry.back());
+  }
+}
+
+string_view_t path::__filename() const {
+  if (empty())
+    return {};
+  {
+    PathParser PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+    if (ConsumeRootDir(&PP))
+      return {};
+  }
+  return *(--PathParser::CreateEnd(__pn_));
+}
+
+string_view_t path::__stem() const {
+  return parser::separate_filename(__filename()).first;
+}
+
+string_view_t path::__extension() const {
+  return parser::separate_filename(__filename()).second;
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// path.gen
+
+enum PathPartKind : unsigned char {
+  PK_None,
+  PK_RootSep,
+  PK_Filename,
+  PK_Dot,
+  PK_DotDot,
+  PK_TrailingSep
+};
+
+static PathPartKind ClassifyPathPart(string_view_t Part) {
+  if (Part.empty())
+    return PK_TrailingSep;
+  if (Part == ".")
+    return PK_Dot;
+  if (Part == "..")
+    return PK_DotDot;
+  if (Part == "/")
+    return PK_RootSep;
+  return PK_Filename;
+}
+
+path path::lexically_normal() const {
+  if (__pn_.empty())
+    return *this;
+
+  using PartKindPair = pair<string_view_t, PathPartKind>;
+  vector<PartKindPair> Parts;
+  // Guess as to how many elements the path has to avoid reallocating.
+  Parts.reserve(32);
+
+  // Track the total size of the parts as we collect them. This allows the
+  // resulting path to reserve the correct amount of memory.
+  size_t NewPathSize = 0;
+  auto AddPart = [&](PathPartKind K, string_view_t P) {
+    NewPathSize += P.size();
+    Parts.emplace_back(P, K);
+  };
+  auto LastPartKind = [&]() {
+    if (Parts.empty())
+      return PK_None;
+    return Parts.back().second;
+  };
+
+  bool MaybeNeedTrailingSep = false;
+  // Build a stack containing the remaining elements of the path, popping off
+  // elements which occur before a '..' entry.
+  for (auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_); PP; ++PP) {
+    auto Part = *PP;
+    PathPartKind Kind = ClassifyPathPart(Part);
+    switch (Kind) {
+    case PK_Filename:
+    case PK_RootSep: {
+      // Add all non-dot and non-dot-dot elements to the stack of elements.
+      AddPart(Kind, Part);
+      MaybeNeedTrailingSep = false;
+      break;
+    }
+    case PK_DotDot: {
+      // Only push a ".." element if there are no elements preceding the "..",
+      // or if the preceding element is itself "..".
+      auto LastKind = LastPartKind();
+      if (LastKind == PK_Filename) {
+        NewPathSize -= Parts.back().first.size();
+        Parts.pop_back();
+      } else if (LastKind != PK_RootSep)
+        AddPart(PK_DotDot, "..");
+      MaybeNeedTrailingSep = LastKind == PK_Filename;
+      break;
+    }
+    case PK_Dot:
+    case PK_TrailingSep: {
+      MaybeNeedTrailingSep = true;
+      break;
+    }
+    case PK_None:
+      _LIBCPP_UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+  }
+  // [fs.path.generic]p6.8: If the path is empty, add a dot.
+  if (Parts.empty())
+    return ".";
+
+  // [fs.path.generic]p6.7: If the last filename is dot-dot, remove any
+  // trailing directory-separator.
+  bool NeedTrailingSep = MaybeNeedTrailingSep && LastPartKind() == PK_Filename;
+
+  path Result;
+  Result.__pn_.reserve(Parts.size() + NewPathSize + NeedTrailingSep);
+  for (auto& PK : Parts)
+    Result /= PK.first;
+
+  if (NeedTrailingSep)
+    Result /= "";
+
+  return Result;
+}
+
+static int DetermineLexicalElementCount(PathParser PP) {
+  int Count = 0;
+  for (; PP; ++PP) {
+    auto Elem = *PP;
+    if (Elem == "..")
+      --Count;
+    else if (Elem != "." && Elem != "")
+      ++Count;
+  }
+  return Count;
+}
+
+path path::lexically_relative(const path& base) const {
+  { // perform root-name/root-directory mismatch checks
+    auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+    auto PPBase = PathParser::CreateBegin(base.__pn_);
+    auto CheckIterMismatchAtBase = [&]() {
+      return PP.State != PPBase.State &&
+             (PP.inRootPath() || PPBase.inRootPath());
+    };
+    if (PP.inRootName() && PPBase.inRootName()) {
+      if (*PP != *PPBase)
+        return {};
+    } else if (CheckIterMismatchAtBase())
+      return {};
+
+    if (PP.inRootPath())
+      ++PP;
+    if (PPBase.inRootPath())
+      ++PPBase;
+    if (CheckIterMismatchAtBase())
+      return {};
+  }
+
+  // Find the first mismatching element
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+  auto PPBase = PathParser::CreateBegin(base.__pn_);
+  while (PP && PPBase && PP.State == PPBase.State && *PP == *PPBase) {
+    ++PP;
+    ++PPBase;
+  }
+
+  // If there is no mismatch, return ".".
+  if (!PP && !PPBase)
+    return ".";
+
+  // Otherwise, determine the number of elements, 'n', which are not dot or
+  // dot-dot minus the number of dot-dot elements.
+  int ElemCount = DetermineLexicalElementCount(PPBase);
+  if (ElemCount < 0)
+    return {};
+
+  // if n == 0 and (a == end() || a->empty()), returns path("."); otherwise
+  if (ElemCount == 0 && (PP.atEnd() || *PP == ""))
+    return ".";
+
+  // return a path constructed with 'n' dot-dot elements, followed by the
+  // elements of '*this' after the mismatch.
+  path Result;
+  // FIXME: Reserve enough room in Result that it won't have to re-allocate.
+  while (ElemCount--)
+    Result /= "..";
+  for (; PP; ++PP)
+    Result /= *PP;
+  return Result;
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// path.comparisons
+static int CompareRootName(PathParser *LHS, PathParser *RHS) {
+  if (!LHS->inRootName() && !RHS->inRootName())
+    return 0;
+
+  auto GetRootName = [](PathParser *Parser) -> string_view_t {
+    return Parser->inRootName() ? **Parser : "";
+  };
+  int res = GetRootName(LHS).compare(GetRootName(RHS));
+  ConsumeRootName(LHS);
+  ConsumeRootName(RHS);
+  return res;
+}
+
+static int CompareRootDir(PathParser *LHS, PathParser *RHS) {
+  if (!LHS->inRootDir() && RHS->inRootDir())
+    return -1;
+  else if (LHS->inRootDir() && !RHS->inRootDir())
+    return 1;
+  else {
+    ConsumeRootDir(LHS);
+    ConsumeRootDir(RHS);
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+static int CompareRelative(PathParser *LHSPtr, PathParser *RHSPtr) {
+  auto &LHS = *LHSPtr;
+  auto &RHS = *RHSPtr;
+
+  int res;
+  while (LHS && RHS) {
+    if ((res = (*LHS).compare(*RHS)) != 0)
+      return res;
+    ++LHS;
+    ++RHS;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int CompareEndState(PathParser *LHS, PathParser *RHS) {
+  if (LHS->atEnd() && !RHS->atEnd())
+    return -1;
+  else if (!LHS->atEnd() && RHS->atEnd())
+    return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int path::__compare(string_view_t __s) const {
+  auto LHS = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+  auto RHS = PathParser::CreateBegin(__s);
+  int res;
+
+  if ((res = CompareRootName(&LHS, &RHS)) != 0)
+    return res;
+
+  if ((res = CompareRootDir(&LHS, &RHS)) != 0)
+    return res;
+
+  if ((res = CompareRelative(&LHS, &RHS)) != 0)
+    return res;
+
+  return CompareEndState(&LHS, &RHS);
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// path.nonmembers
+size_t hash_value(const path& __p) noexcept {
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__p.native());
+  size_t hash_value = 0;
+  hash<string_view_t> hasher;
+  while (PP) {
+    hash_value = __hash_combine(hash_value, hasher(*PP));
+    ++PP;
+  }
+  return hash_value;
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// path.itr
+path::iterator path::begin() const {
+  auto PP = PathParser::CreateBegin(__pn_);
+  iterator it;
+  it.__path_ptr_ = this;
+  it.__state_ = static_cast<path::iterator::_ParserState>(PP.State);
+  it.__entry_ = PP.RawEntry;
+  it.__stashed_elem_.__assign_view(*PP);
+  return it;
+}
+
+path::iterator path::end() const {
+  iterator it{};
+  it.__state_ = path::iterator::_AtEnd;
+  it.__path_ptr_ = this;
+  return it;
+}
+
+path::iterator& path::iterator::__increment() {
+  PathParser PP(__path_ptr_->native(), __entry_, __state_);
+  ++PP;
+  __state_ = static_cast<_ParserState>(PP.State);
+  __entry_ = PP.RawEntry;
+  __stashed_elem_.__assign_view(*PP);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+path::iterator& path::iterator::__decrement() {
+  PathParser PP(__path_ptr_->native(), __entry_, __state_);
+  --PP;
+  __state_ = static_cast<_ParserState>(PP.State);
+  __entry_ = PP.RawEntry;
+  __stashed_elem_.__assign_view(*PP);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//                           directory entry definitions
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
+error_code directory_entry::__do_refresh() noexcept {
+  __data_.__reset();
+  error_code failure_ec;
+
+  StatT full_st;
+  file_status st = detail::posix_lstat(__p_, full_st, &failure_ec);
+  if (!status_known(st)) {
+    __data_.__reset();
+    return failure_ec;
+  }
+
+  if (!_VSTD_FS::exists(st) || !_VSTD_FS::is_symlink(st)) {
+    __data_.__cache_type_ = directory_entry::_RefreshNonSymlink;
+    __data_.__type_ = st.type();
+    __data_.__non_sym_perms_ = st.permissions();
+  } else { // we have a symlink
+    __data_.__sym_perms_ = st.permissions();
+    // Get the information about the linked entity.
+    // Ignore errors from stat, since we don't want errors regarding symlink
+    // resolution to be reported to the user.
+    error_code ignored_ec;
+    st = detail::posix_stat(__p_, full_st, &ignored_ec);
+
+    __data_.__type_ = st.type();
+    __data_.__non_sym_perms_ = st.permissions();
+
+    // If we failed to resolve the link, then only partially populate the
+    // cache.
+    if (!status_known(st)) {
+      __data_.__cache_type_ = directory_entry::_RefreshSymlinkUnresolved;
+      return error_code{};
+    }
+    // Otherwise, we resolved the link, potentially as not existing.
+    // That's OK.
+    __data_.__cache_type_ = directory_entry::_RefreshSymlink;
+  }
+
+  if (_VSTD_FS::is_regular_file(st))
+    __data_.__size_ = static_cast<uintmax_t>(full_st.st_size);
+
+  if (_VSTD_FS::exists(st)) {
+    __data_.__nlink_ = static_cast<uintmax_t>(full_st.st_nlink);
+
+    // Attempt to extract the mtime, and fail if it's not representable using
+    // file_time_type. For now we ignore the error, as we'll report it when
+    // the value is actually used.
+    error_code ignored_ec;
+    __data_.__write_time_ =
+        __extract_last_write_time(__p_, full_st, &ignored_ec);
+  }
+
+  return failure_ec;
+}
+#else
+error_code directory_entry::__do_refresh() noexcept {
+  __data_.__reset();
+  error_code failure_ec;
+
+  file_status st = _VSTD_FS::symlink_status(__p_, failure_ec);
+  if (!status_known(st)) {
+    __data_.__reset();
+    return failure_ec;
+  }
+
+  if (!_VSTD_FS::exists(st) || !_VSTD_FS::is_symlink(st)) {
+    __data_.__cache_type_ = directory_entry::_RefreshNonSymlink;
+    __data_.__type_ = st.type();
+    __data_.__non_sym_perms_ = st.permissions();
+  } else { // we have a symlink
+    __data_.__sym_perms_ = st.permissions();
+    // Get the information about the linked entity.
+    // Ignore errors from stat, since we don't want errors regarding symlink
+    // resolution to be reported to the user.
+    error_code ignored_ec;
+    st = _VSTD_FS::status(__p_, ignored_ec);
+
+    __data_.__type_ = st.type();
+    __data_.__non_sym_perms_ = st.permissions();
+
+    // If we failed to resolve the link, then only partially populate the
+    // cache.
+    if (!status_known(st)) {
+      __data_.__cache_type_ = directory_entry::_RefreshSymlinkUnresolved;
+      return error_code{};
+    }
+    __data_.__cache_type_ = directory_entry::_RefreshSymlink;
+  }
+
+  // FIXME: This is currently broken, and the implementation only a placeholder.
+  // We need to cache last_write_time, file_size, and hard_link_count here before
+  // the implementation actually works.
+
+  return failure_ec;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD_FS
+#pragma pop_macro("_VSTD_FS")
+#else
+#undef _VSTD
+#undef _LIBAUTO_UNDEF_VSTD_FS
+#endif
+}  // namespace android::hardware::automotive::filesystem
+/* clang-format on */
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.bp
index e529675..a4fd641 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.bp
@@ -15,10 +15,12 @@
 cc_defaults {
     name: "vhal_v2_0_defaults",
     shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
         "libhidlbase",
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
         "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0",
+        "carwatchdog_aidl_interface-ndk_platform",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@
         "common/src/VehiclePropertyStore.cpp",
         "common/src/VehicleUtils.cpp",
         "common/src/VmsUtils.cpp",
+        "common/src/WatchdogClient.cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -75,7 +78,10 @@
     ],
     local_include_dirs: ["common/include/vhal_v2_0"],
     export_include_dirs: ["impl"],
-    whole_static_libs: ["android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-manager-lib"],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-emulated-user-hal-lib",
+        "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-manager-lib",
+    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libjsoncpp",
@@ -87,6 +93,16 @@
     ],
 }
 
+// Library used  to emulate User HAL behavior through lshal debug requests.
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-emulated-user-hal-lib",
+    vendor: true,
+    defaults: ["vhal_v2_0_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedUserHal.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-manager-unit-tests",
     vendor: true,
@@ -125,6 +141,9 @@
 cc_binary {
     name: "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-service",
     defaults: ["vhal_v2_0_defaults"],
+    vintf_fragments: [
+        "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-service.xml",
+    ],
     init_rc: ["android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-service.rc"],
     vendor: true,
     relative_install_path: "hw",
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/VehicleService.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/VehicleService.cpp
index 127eb98..32e5e70 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/VehicleService.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/VehicleService.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,12 @@
 
 #include <iostream>
 
+#include <android/binder_process.h>
+#include <utils/Looper.h>
 #include <vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleConnector.h>
 #include <vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleHal.h>
 #include <vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalManager.h>
+#include <vhal_v2_0/WatchdogClient.h>
 
 using namespace android;
 using namespace android::hardware;
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@
     auto service = std::make_unique<VehicleHalManager>(hal.get());
     connector->setValuePool(hal->getValuePool());
 
-    configureRpcThreadpool(4, true /* callerWillJoin */);
+    configureRpcThreadpool(4, false /* callerWillJoin */);
 
     ALOGI("Registering as service...");
     status_t status = service->registerAsService();
@@ -46,8 +49,22 @@
         return 1;
     }
 
+    // Setup a binder thread pool to be a car watchdog client.
+    ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(1);
+    ABinderProcess_startThreadPool();
+    sp<Looper> looper(Looper::prepare(0 /* opts */));
+    std::shared_ptr<WatchdogClient> watchdogClient =
+            ndk::SharedRefBase::make<WatchdogClient>(looper, service.get());
+    // The current health check is done in the main thread, so it falls short of capturing the real
+    // situation. Checking through HAL binder thread should be considered.
+    if (!watchdogClient->initialize()) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to initialize car watchdog client");
+        return 1;
+    }
     ALOGI("Ready");
-    joinRpcThreadpool();
+    while (true) {
+        looper->pollAll(-1 /* timeoutMillis */);
+    }
 
     return 1;
 }
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-service.xml b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-service.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..660b03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-service.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<manifest version="1.0" type="device">
+    <hal format="hidl">
+        <name>android.hardware.automotive.vehicle</name>
+        <transport>hwbinder</transport>
+        <version>2.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IVehicle</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/include/vhal_v2_0/WatchdogClient.h b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/include/vhal_v2_0/WatchdogClient.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..578606d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/include/vhal_v2_0/WatchdogClient.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_WatchdogClient_H_
+#define android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_WatchdogClient_H_
+
+#include "VehicleHalManager.h"
+
+#include <aidl/android/automotive/watchdog/BnCarWatchdog.h>
+#include <aidl/android/automotive/watchdog/BnCarWatchdogClient.h>
+#include <utils/Looper.h>
+#include <utils/Mutex.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace automotive {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+class WatchdogClient : public aidl::android::automotive::watchdog::BnCarWatchdogClient {
+  public:
+    explicit WatchdogClient(const ::android::sp<::android::Looper>& handlerLooper,
+                            VehicleHalManager* vhalManager);
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus checkIfAlive(
+            int32_t sessionId, aidl::android::automotive::watchdog::TimeoutLength timeout) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus prepareProcessTermination() override;
+
+    bool initialize();
+
+  private:
+    class MessageHandlerImpl : public ::android::MessageHandler {
+      public:
+        explicit MessageHandlerImpl(WatchdogClient* client);
+        void handleMessage(const ::android::Message& message) override;
+
+      private:
+        WatchdogClient* mClient;
+    };
+
+  private:
+    void respondToWatchdog();
+    bool isClientHealthy() const;
+
+  private:
+    ::android::sp<::android::Looper> mHandlerLooper;
+    ::android::sp<MessageHandlerImpl> mMessageHandler;
+    std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::automotive::watchdog::ICarWatchdog> mWatchdogServer;
+    std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::automotive::watchdog::ICarWatchdogClient> mTestClient;
+    VehicleHalManager* mVhalManager;
+    ::android::Mutex mMutex;
+    int mCurrentSessionId GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+};
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace automotive
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_WatchdogClient_H_
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/src/WatchdogClient.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/src/WatchdogClient.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c067216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/src/WatchdogClient.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "automotive.vehicle@2.0-watchdog"
+
+#include <common/include/vhal_v2_0/WatchdogClient.h>
+
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/2.0/types.h>
+
+using aidl::android::automotive::watchdog::ICarWatchdog;
+using aidl::android::automotive::watchdog::TimeoutLength;
+
+namespace {
+
+enum { WHAT_CHECK_ALIVE = 1 };
+
+}  // namespace
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace automotive {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+WatchdogClient::WatchdogClient(const sp<Looper>& handlerLooper, VehicleHalManager* vhalManager)
+    : mHandlerLooper(handlerLooper), mVhalManager(vhalManager), mCurrentSessionId(-1) {
+    mMessageHandler = new MessageHandlerImpl(this);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus WatchdogClient::checkIfAlive(int32_t sessionId, TimeoutLength /*timeout*/) {
+    mHandlerLooper->removeMessages(mMessageHandler, WHAT_CHECK_ALIVE);
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mMutex);
+        mCurrentSessionId = sessionId;
+    }
+    mHandlerLooper->sendMessage(mMessageHandler, Message(WHAT_CHECK_ALIVE));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus WatchdogClient::prepareProcessTermination() {
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+bool WatchdogClient::initialize() {
+    ndk::SpAIBinder binder(
+            AServiceManager_getService("android.automotive.watchdog.ICarWatchdog/default"));
+    if (binder.get() == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to get carwatchdog daemon");
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<ICarWatchdog> server = ICarWatchdog::fromBinder(binder);
+    if (server == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to connect to carwatchdog daemon");
+        return false;
+    }
+    mWatchdogServer = server;
+
+    binder = this->asBinder();
+    if (binder.get() == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to get car watchdog client binder object");
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<ICarWatchdogClient> client = ICarWatchdogClient::fromBinder(binder);
+    if (client == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to get ICarWatchdogClient from binder");
+        return false;
+    }
+    mTestClient = client;
+    mWatchdogServer->registerClient(client, TimeoutLength::TIMEOUT_NORMAL);
+    ALOGI("Successfully registered the client to car watchdog server");
+    return true;
+}
+
+void WatchdogClient::respondToWatchdog() {
+    if (mWatchdogServer == nullptr) {
+        ALOGW("Cannot respond to car watchdog daemon: car watchdog daemon is not connected");
+        return;
+    }
+    int sessionId;
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mMutex);
+        sessionId = mCurrentSessionId;
+    }
+    if (isClientHealthy()) {
+        ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mWatchdogServer->tellClientAlive(mTestClient, sessionId);
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to call tellClientAlive(session id = %d): %d", sessionId,
+                  status.getStatus());
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool WatchdogClient::isClientHealthy() const {
+    // We consider that default vehicle HAL is healthy if we can get PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED value.
+    StatusCode status = StatusCode::TRY_AGAIN;
+    VehiclePropValue propValue = {.prop = (int32_t)VehicleProperty::PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED};
+    while (status == StatusCode::TRY_AGAIN) {
+        mVhalManager->get(propValue,
+                          [&propValue, &status](StatusCode s, const VehiclePropValue& v) {
+                              status = s;
+                              if (s == StatusCode::OK) {
+                                  propValue = v;
+                              }
+                          });
+    }
+    return status == StatusCode::OK;
+}
+
+WatchdogClient::MessageHandlerImpl::MessageHandlerImpl(WatchdogClient* client) : mClient(client) {}
+
+void WatchdogClient::MessageHandlerImpl::handleMessage(const Message& message) {
+    switch (message.what) {
+        case WHAT_CHECK_ALIVE:
+            mClient->respondToWatchdog();
+            break;
+        default:
+            ALOGW("Unknown message: %d", message.what);
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace automotive
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/DefaultConfig.h b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/DefaultConfig.h
index ea75986..b8a606a 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/DefaultConfig.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/DefaultConfig.h
@@ -79,8 +79,6 @@
 constexpr int WHEEL_FRONT_RIGHT = (int)VehicleAreaWheel::RIGHT_FRONT;
 constexpr int WHEEL_REAR_LEFT = (int)VehicleAreaWheel::LEFT_REAR;
 constexpr int WHEEL_REAR_RIGHT = (int)VehicleAreaWheel::RIGHT_REAR;
-constexpr int INITIAL_USER_INFO = (int)VehicleProperty::INITIAL_USER_INFO;
-constexpr int SWITCH_USER = (int)VehicleProperty::SWITCH_USER;
 
 /**
  * This property is used for test purpose to generate fake events. Here is the test package that
@@ -439,6 +437,16 @@
 
         {.config =
                  {
+                         .prop = toInt(VehicleProperty::TIRE_PRESSURE_DISPLAY_UNITS),
+                         .access = VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE,
+                         .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
+                         .configArray = {(int)VehicleUnit::KILOPASCAL, (int)VehicleUnit::PSI,
+                                         (int)VehicleUnit::BAR},
+                 },
+         .initialValue = {.int32Values = {toInt(VehicleUnit::PSI)}}},
+
+        {.config =
+                 {
                          .prop = toInt(VehicleProperty::CURRENT_GEAR),
                          .access = VehiclePropertyAccess::READ,
                          .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
@@ -1028,6 +1036,14 @@
                                 .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
                         },
         },
+        {
+                .config =
+                        {
+                                .prop = toInt(VehicleProperty::USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION),
+                                .access = VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE,
+                                .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
+                        },
+        },
 };
 
 }  // impl
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedUserHal.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedUserHal.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c49fadc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedUserHal.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#define LOG_TAG "EmulatedUserHal"
+
+#include <cutils/log.h>
+#include <utils/SystemClock.h>
+
+#include "EmulatedUserHal.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace automotive {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+namespace impl {
+
+constexpr int INITIAL_USER_INFO = static_cast<int>(VehicleProperty::INITIAL_USER_INFO);
+constexpr int SWITCH_USER = static_cast<int>(VehicleProperty::SWITCH_USER);
+
+bool EmulatedUserHal::isSupported(int32_t prop) {
+    switch (prop) {
+        case INITIAL_USER_INFO:
+        case SWITCH_USER:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>> EmulatedUserHal::onSetProperty(
+        const VehiclePropValue& value) {
+    ALOGV("onSetProperty(): %s", toString(value).c_str());
+
+    switch (value.prop) {
+        case INITIAL_USER_INFO:
+            return onSetInitialUserInfoResponse(value);
+        case SWITCH_USER:
+            return onSetSwitchUserResponse(value);
+        default:
+            return android::base::Error(static_cast<int>(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG))
+                   << "Unsupported property: " << toString(value);
+    }
+}
+
+android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>>
+EmulatedUserHal::onSetInitialUserInfoResponse(const VehiclePropValue& value) {
+    if (value.value.int32Values.size() == 0) {
+        ALOGE("set(INITIAL_USER_INFO): no int32values, ignoring it: %s", toString(value).c_str());
+        return android::base::Error(static_cast<int>(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG))
+               << "no int32values on " << toString(value);
+    }
+
+    if (value.areaId != 0) {
+        ALOGD("set(INITIAL_USER_INFO) called from lshal; storing it: %s", toString(value).c_str());
+        mInitialUserResponseFromCmd.reset(new VehiclePropValue(value));
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    ALOGD("set(INITIAL_USER_INFO) called from Android: %s", toString(value).c_str());
+
+    int32_t requestId = value.value.int32Values[0];
+    if (mInitialUserResponseFromCmd != nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("replying INITIAL_USER_INFO with lshal value:  %s",
+              toString(*mInitialUserResponseFromCmd).c_str());
+        return sendUserHalResponse(std::move(mInitialUserResponseFromCmd), requestId);
+    }
+
+    // Returns default response
+    auto updatedValue = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue);
+    updatedValue->prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO;
+    updatedValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    updatedValue->value.int32Values.resize(2);
+    updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = requestId;
+    updatedValue->value.int32Values[1] = (int32_t)InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT;
+
+    ALOGI("no lshal response; replying with InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT: %s",
+          toString(*updatedValue).c_str());
+
+    return updatedValue;
+}
+
+android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>> EmulatedUserHal::onSetSwitchUserResponse(
+        const VehiclePropValue& value) {
+    if (value.value.int32Values.size() == 0) {
+        ALOGE("set(SWITCH_USER): no int32values, ignoring it: %s", toString(value).c_str());
+        return android::base::Error(static_cast<int>(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG))
+               << "no int32values on " << toString(value);
+    }
+
+    if (value.areaId != 0) {
+        ALOGD("set(SWITCH_USER) called from lshal; storing it: %s", toString(value).c_str());
+        mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd.reset(new VehiclePropValue(value));
+        return {};
+    }
+    ALOGD("set(SWITCH_USER) called from Android: %s", toString(value).c_str());
+
+    int32_t requestId = value.value.int32Values[0];
+    if (mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd != nullptr) {
+        ALOGI("replying SWITCH_USER with lshal value:  %s",
+              toString(*mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd).c_str());
+        return sendUserHalResponse(std::move(mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd), requestId);
+    }
+
+    // Returns default response
+    auto updatedValue = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue);
+    updatedValue->prop = SWITCH_USER;
+    updatedValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    updatedValue->value.int32Values.resize(3);
+    updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = requestId;
+    updatedValue->value.int32Values[1] = (int32_t)SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_RESPONSE;
+    updatedValue->value.int32Values[2] = (int32_t)SwitchUserStatus::SUCCESS;
+
+    ALOGI("no lshal response; replying with VEHICLE_RESPONSE / SUCCESS: %s",
+          toString(*updatedValue).c_str());
+
+    return updatedValue;
+}
+
+android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>> EmulatedUserHal::sendUserHalResponse(
+        std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> response, int32_t requestId) {
+    switch (response->areaId) {
+        case 1:
+            ALOGD("returning response with right request id");
+            response->value.int32Values[0] = requestId;
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            ALOGD("returning response with wrong request id");
+            response->value.int32Values[0] = -requestId;
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            ALOGD("not generating a property change event because of lshal prop: %s",
+                  toString(*response).c_str());
+            return android::base::Error(static_cast<int>(StatusCode::NOT_AVAILABLE))
+                   << "not generating a property change event because of lshal prop: "
+                   << toString(*response);
+        default:
+            ALOGE("invalid action on lshal response: %s", toString(*response).c_str());
+            return android::base::Error(static_cast<int>(StatusCode::INTERNAL_ERROR))
+                   << "invalid action on lshal response: " << toString(*response);
+    }
+
+    ALOGD("updating property to: %s", toString(*response).c_str());
+
+    return response;
+}
+
+void EmulatedUserHal::showDumpHelp(int fd) {
+    dprintf(fd, "%s: dumps state used for user management\n", kUserHalDumpOption);
+}
+
+void EmulatedUserHal::dump(int fd, std::string indent) {
+    if (mInitialUserResponseFromCmd != nullptr) {
+        dprintf(fd, "%sInitialUserInfo response: %s\n", indent.c_str(),
+                toString(*mInitialUserResponseFromCmd).c_str());
+    } else {
+        dprintf(fd, "%sNo InitialUserInfo response\n", indent.c_str());
+    }
+    if (mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd != nullptr) {
+        dprintf(fd, "%sSwitchUser response: %s\n", indent.c_str(),
+                toString(*mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd).c_str());
+    } else {
+        dprintf(fd, "%sNo SwitchUser response\n", indent.c_str());
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace impl
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace automotive
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedUserHal.h b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedUserHal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b25efcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedUserHal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_impl_EmulatedUserHal_H_
+#define android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_impl_EmulatedUserHal_H_
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+
+#include <android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/2.0/types.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace automotive {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+namespace impl {
+
+constexpr char kUserHalDumpOption[] = "--user-hal";
+
+/**
+ * Class used to emulate User HAL behavior through lshal debug requests.
+ */
+class EmulatedUserHal {
+  public:
+    EmulatedUserHal() {}
+
+    ~EmulatedUserHal() = default;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the emulator can handle the property.
+     */
+    bool isSupported(int32_t prop);
+
+    /**
+     * Lets the emulator handle the property.
+     *
+     * @return updated property and StatusCode
+     */
+    android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>> onSetProperty(
+            const VehiclePropValue& value);
+
+    /**
+     * Shows the User HAL emulation help.
+     */
+    void showDumpHelp(int fd);
+
+    /**
+     * Dump its contents.
+     */
+    void dump(int fd, std::string indent);
+
+  private:
+    /**
+     * INITIAL_USER_INFO is called by Android when it starts, and it's expecting a property change
+     * indicating what the initial user should be.
+     *
+     * During normal circumstances, the emulator will reply right away, passing a response if
+     * InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT (so Android could use its own logic to decide which
+     * user to boot).
+     *
+     * But during development / testing, the behavior can be changed using lshal dump, which must
+     * use the areaId to indicate what should happen next.
+     *
+     * So, the behavior of set(INITIAL_USER_INFO) is:
+     *
+     * - if it has an areaId, store the property into mInitialUserResponseFromCmd (as it was called
+     * by lshal).
+     * - else if mInitialUserResponseFromCmd is not set, return a response with the same request id
+     * and InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT
+     * - else the behavior is defined by the areaId on mInitialUserResponseFromCmd:
+     * - if it's 1, reply with mInitialUserResponseFromCmd and the right request id
+     * - if it's 2, reply with mInitialUserResponseFromCmd but a wrong request id (so Android can
+     * test this error scenario)
+     * - if it's 3, then don't send a property change (so Android can emulate a timeout)
+     *
+     */
+    android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>> onSetInitialUserInfoResponse(
+            const VehiclePropValue& value);
+
+    /**
+     * Used to emulate SWITCH_USER - see onSetInitialUserInfoResponse() for usage.
+     */
+    android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>> onSetSwitchUserResponse(
+            const VehiclePropValue& value);
+
+    android::base::Result<std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>> sendUserHalResponse(
+            std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> response, int32_t requestId);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> mInitialUserResponseFromCmd;
+    std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd;
+};
+
+}  // namespace impl
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace automotive
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_impl_EmulatedUserHal_H_
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleConnector.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleConnector.cpp
index ce7dc65..7f9362f 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleConnector.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleConnector.cpp
@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@
 class EmulatedPassthroughConnector : public PassthroughConnector {
   public:
     bool onDump(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& options) override;
-
-  private:
-    void dumpUserHal(int fd, std::string indent);
 };
 
 bool EmulatedPassthroughConnector::onDump(const hidl_handle& handle,
@@ -50,12 +47,12 @@
     if (options.size() > 0) {
         if (options[0] == "--help") {
             dprintf(fd, "Emulator-specific usage:\n");
-            dprintf(fd, "--user-hal: dumps state used for user management \n");
+            mEmulatedUserHal.showDumpHelp(fd);
             dprintf(fd, "\n");
             // Include caller's help options
             return true;
-        } else if (options[0] == "--user-hal") {
-            dumpUserHal(fd, "");
+        } else if (options[0] == kUserHalDumpOption) {
+            mEmulatedUserHal.dump(fd, "");
             return false;
 
         } else {
@@ -65,27 +62,12 @@
     }
 
     dprintf(fd, "Emulator-specific state:\n");
-    dumpUserHal(fd, "  ");
+    mEmulatedUserHal.dump(fd, "  ");
     dprintf(fd, "\n");
 
     return true;
 }
 
-void EmulatedPassthroughConnector::dumpUserHal(int fd, std::string indent) {
-    if (mInitialUserResponseFromCmd != nullptr) {
-        dprintf(fd, "%sInitialUserInfo response: %s\n", indent.c_str(),
-                toString(*mInitialUserResponseFromCmd).c_str());
-    } else {
-        dprintf(fd, "%sNo InitialUserInfo response\n", indent.c_str());
-    }
-    if (mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd != nullptr) {
-        dprintf(fd, "%sSwitchUser response: %s\n", indent.c_str(),
-                toString(*mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd).c_str());
-    } else {
-        dprintf(fd, "%sNo SwitchUser response\n", indent.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
 PassthroughConnectorPtr makeEmulatedPassthroughConnector() {
     return std::make_unique<EmulatedPassthroughConnector>();
 }
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleHal.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleHal.cpp
index bdc5244..02c00c1 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleHal.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/EmulatedVehicleHal.cpp
@@ -175,9 +175,7 @@
         // here, since we never send the control signal back, the value of 'updateStatus' flag
         // does not matter here.
         auto status = mVehicleClient->setProperty(propValue, updateStatus);
-        if (status != StatusCode::OK) {
-            return status;
-        }
+        return status;
     } else if (mHvacPowerProps.count(propValue.prop)) {
         auto hvacPowerOn = mPropStore->readValueOrNull(
             toInt(VehicleProperty::HVAC_POWER_ON),
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.cpp
index 70e39eb..ad5096e 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.cpp
@@ -181,6 +181,23 @@
 }
 
 StatusCode VehicleHalServer::onSetProperty(const VehiclePropValue& value, bool updateStatus) {
+    if (mEmulatedUserHal.isSupported(value.prop)) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "onSetProperty(): property " << value.prop << " will be handled by UserHal";
+
+        const auto& ret = mEmulatedUserHal.onSetProperty(value);
+        if (!ret.ok()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "onSetProperty(): HAL returned error: " << ret.error().message();
+            return StatusCode(ret.error().code());
+        }
+        auto updatedValue = ret.value().get();
+        if (updatedValue != nullptr) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "onSetProperty(): updating property returned by HAL: "
+                      << toString(*updatedValue);
+            onPropertyValueFromCar(*updatedValue, updateStatus);
+        }
+        return StatusCode::OK;
+    }
+
     // Some properties need to be treated non-trivially
     switch (value.prop) {
         case kGenerateFakeDataControllingProperty:
@@ -245,10 +262,6 @@
                     break;
             }
             break;
-        case INITIAL_USER_INFO:
-            return onSetInitialUserInfoResponse(value, updateStatus);
-        case SWITCH_USER:
-            return onSetSwitchUserResponse(value, updateStatus);
         default:
             break;
     }
@@ -262,165 +275,4 @@
     return StatusCode::OK;
 }
 
-/**
- * INITIAL_USER_INFO is called by Android when it starts, and it's expecting a property change
- * indicating what the initial user should be.
- *
- * During normal circumstances, the emulator will reply right away, passing a response if
- * InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT (so Android could use its own logic to decide which user
- * to boot).
- *
- * But during development / testing, the behavior can be changed using lshal dump, which must use
- * the areaId to indicate what should happen next.
- *
- * So, the behavior of set(INITIAL_USER_INFO) is:
- *
- * - if it has an areaId, store the property into mInitialUserResponseFromCmd (as it was called by
- *   lshal).
- * - else if mInitialUserResponseFromCmd is not set, return a response with the same request id and
- *   InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT
- * - else the behavior is defined by the areaId on mInitialUserResponseFromCmd:
- * - if it's 1, reply with mInitialUserResponseFromCmd and the right request id
- * - if it's 2, reply with mInitialUserResponseFromCmd but a wrong request id (so Android can test
- *   this error scenario)
- * - if it's 3, then don't send a property change (so Android can emulate a timeout)
- *
- */
-StatusCode VehicleHalServer::onSetInitialUserInfoResponse(const VehiclePropValue& value,
-                                                          bool updateStatus) {
-    // TODO: LOG calls below might be more suited to be DEBUG, but those are not being logged
-    // (even when explicitly calling setprop log.tag. As this class should be using ALOG instead of
-    // LOG, it's not worth investigating why...
-
-    if (value.value.int32Values.size() == 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "set(INITIAL_USER_INFO): no int32values, ignoring it: " << toString(value);
-        return StatusCode::INVALID_ARG;
-    }
-
-    if (value.areaId != 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "set(INITIAL_USER_INFO) called from lshal; storing it: " << toString(value);
-        mInitialUserResponseFromCmd.reset(new VehiclePropValue(value));
-        return StatusCode::OK;
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "set(INITIAL_USER_INFO) called from Android: " << toString(value);
-
-    int32_t requestId = value.value.int32Values[0];
-
-    // Create the update property and set common values
-    auto updatedValue = createVehiclePropValue(VehiclePropertyType::MIXED, 0);
-    updatedValue->prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO;
-    updatedValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
-
-    if (mInitialUserResponseFromCmd == nullptr) {
-        updatedValue->value.int32Values.resize(2);
-        updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = requestId;
-        updatedValue->value.int32Values[1] = (int32_t)InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT;
-        LOG(INFO) << "no lshal response; returning InitialUserInfoResponseAction::DEFAULT: "
-                  << toString(*updatedValue);
-        onPropertyValueFromCar(*updatedValue, updateStatus);
-        return StatusCode::OK;
-    }
-
-    // mInitialUserResponseFromCmd is used for just one request
-    std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> response = std::move(mInitialUserResponseFromCmd);
-
-    // TODO(b/150409377): rather than populate the raw values directly, it should use the
-    // libraries that convert a InitialUserInfoResponse into a VehiclePropValue)
-
-    switch (response->areaId) {
-        case 1:
-            LOG(INFO) << "returning response with right request id";
-            *updatedValue = *response;
-            updatedValue->areaId = 0;
-            updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = requestId;
-            break;
-        case 2:
-            LOG(INFO) << "returning response with wrong request id";
-            *updatedValue = *response;
-            updatedValue->areaId = 0;
-            updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = -requestId;
-            break;
-        case 3:
-            LOG(INFO) << "not generating a property change event because of lshal prop: "
-                      << toString(*response);
-            return StatusCode::OK;
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "invalid action on lshal response: " << toString(*response);
-            return StatusCode::INTERNAL_ERROR;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "updating property to: " << toString(*updatedValue);
-    onPropertyValueFromCar(*updatedValue, updateStatus);
-    return StatusCode::OK;
-}
-
-/**
- * Used to emulate SWITCH_USER - see onSetInitialUserInfoResponse() for usage.
- */
-StatusCode VehicleHalServer::onSetSwitchUserResponse(const VehiclePropValue& value,
-                                                     bool updateStatus) {
-    if (value.value.int32Values.size() == 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "set(SWITCH_USER): no int32values, ignoring it: " << toString(value);
-        return StatusCode::INVALID_ARG;
-    }
-
-    if (value.areaId != 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "set(SWITCH_USER) called from lshal; storing it: " << toString(value);
-        mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd.reset(new VehiclePropValue(value));
-        return StatusCode::OK;
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "set(SWITCH_USER) called from Android: " << toString(value);
-
-    int32_t requestId = value.value.int32Values[0];
-
-    // Create the update property and set common values
-    auto updatedValue = createVehiclePropValue(VehiclePropertyType::MIXED, 0);
-    updatedValue->prop = SWITCH_USER;
-    updatedValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
-
-    if (mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd == nullptr) {
-        updatedValue->value.int32Values.resize(3);
-        updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = requestId;
-        updatedValue->value.int32Values[1] = (int32_t)SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_RESPONSE;
-        updatedValue->value.int32Values[2] = (int32_t)SwitchUserStatus::SUCCESS;
-        LOG(INFO) << "no lshal response; returning VEHICLE_RESPONSE / SUCCESS: "
-                  << toString(*updatedValue);
-        onPropertyValueFromCar(*updatedValue, updateStatus);
-        return StatusCode::OK;
-    }
-
-    // mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd is used for just one request
-    std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> response = std::move(mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd);
-
-    // TODO(b/150409377): move code below to a local function like sendUserHalResponse(),
-    // as it's the same for all (like onSetInitialUserInfoResponse)
-
-    switch (response->areaId) {
-        case 1:
-            LOG(INFO) << "returning response with right request id";
-            *updatedValue = *response;
-            updatedValue->areaId = 0;
-            updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = requestId;
-            break;
-        case 2:
-            LOG(INFO) << "returning response with wrong request id";
-            *updatedValue = *response;
-            updatedValue->areaId = 0;
-            updatedValue->value.int32Values[0] = -requestId;
-            break;
-        case 3:
-            LOG(INFO) << "not generating a property change event because of lshal prop: "
-                      << toString(*response);
-            return StatusCode::OK;
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "invalid action on lshal response: " << toString(*response);
-            return StatusCode::INTERNAL_ERROR;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "updating property to: " << toString(*updatedValue);
-    onPropertyValueFromCar(*updatedValue, updateStatus);
-
-    return StatusCode::OK;
-}
-
 }  // namespace android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::V2_0::impl
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.h b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.h
index 20e094a..2841fbe 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/vhal_v2_0/VehicleHalServer.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <vhal_v2_0/VehicleObjectPool.h>
 #include <vhal_v2_0/VehicleServer.h>
 
+#include "EmulatedUserHal.h"
 #include "GeneratorHub.h"
 
 namespace android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::V2_0::impl {
@@ -53,15 +54,10 @@
     VehiclePropValuePtr createHwInputKeyProp(VehicleHwKeyInputAction action, int32_t keyCode,
                                              int32_t targetDisplay);
 
-    StatusCode onSetInitialUserInfoResponse(const VehiclePropValue& value, bool updateStatus);
-    StatusCode onSetSwitchUserResponse(const VehiclePropValue& value, bool updateStatus);
-
     // data members
 
   protected:
-    // TODO(b/146207078): it might be clearer to move members below to an EmulatedUserHal class
-    std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> mInitialUserResponseFromCmd;
-    std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> mSwitchUserResponseFromCmd;
+    EmulatedUserHal mEmulatedUserHal;
 
   private:
     GeneratorHub mGeneratorHub{
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/types.hal b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/types.hal
index 23f9135..733e7dc 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/types.hal
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/types.hal
@@ -606,8 +606,23 @@
     /**
      * Tire pressure
      *
-     * min/max value indicates tire pressure sensor range.  Each tire will have a separate min/max
-     * value denoted by its areaConfig.areaId.
+     * Each tires is identified by its areaConfig.areaId config and their
+     * minFloatValue/maxFloatValue are used to store OEM recommended pressure
+     * range.
+     * The Min value in the areaConfig data represents the lower bound of
+     * the recommended tire pressure.
+     * The Max value in the areaConfig data represents the upper bound of
+     * the recommended tire pressure.
+     * For example:
+     * The following areaConfig indicates the recommended tire pressure
+     * of left_front tire is from 200.0 KILOPASCAL to 240.0 KILOPASCAL.
+     * .areaConfigs = {
+     *      VehicleAreaConfig {
+     *          .areaId = VehicleAreaWheel::LEFT_FRONT,
+     *          .minFloatValue = 200.0,
+     *          .maxFloatValue = 240.0,
+     *      }
+     * },
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode:CONTINUOUS
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess:READ
@@ -786,7 +801,8 @@
     /*
      * HVAC Properties
      *
-     * Additional rules for mapping a zoned HVAC property to AreaIDs:
+     * Additional rules for mapping a zoned HVAC property (except
+     * HVAC_MAX_DEFROST_ON) to AreaIDs:
      *  - Every seat in VehicleAreaSeat that is available in the car, must be
      *    part of an AreaID in the AreaID array.
      *
@@ -919,6 +935,11 @@
      * possible.  Any parameters modified as a side effect of turning on/off
      * the MAX DEFROST parameter shall generate onPropertyEvent() callbacks to
      * the VHAL.
+     * The AreaIDs for HVAC_MAX_DEFROST_ON indicate MAX DEFROST can be controlled
+     * in the area.
+     * For example:
+     * areaConfig.areaId = {ROW_1_LEFT | ROW_1_RIGHT} indicates HVAC_MAX_DEFROST_ON
+     * only can be controlled for the front rows.
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode:ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess:READ_WRITE
@@ -2646,9 +2667,9 @@
      * If the request succeeded and Android has 3 users (0, 10, 11), the response would be:
      *
      * int32[0]: -108 // request id
-     * int32[1]:  5   // messageType = SwitchUserMessageType::ANDROID_SWITCH
+     * int32[1]:  5   // messageType = SwitchUserMessageType::ANDROID_POST_SWITCH
      * int32[2]:  11  // target user id
-     * int32[3]:  11  // target user id flags (none)
+     * int32[3]:  0   // target user id flags (none)
      * int32[4]:  11  // current user
      * int32[5]:  0   // current user flags (none)
      * int32[6]:  3   // number of users
@@ -2664,17 +2685,21 @@
      *
      * 5.ANDROID_POST_SWITCH
      * ---------------------
-     * Called by the Android System after a request to switch a user was made
+     * Called by the Android System after a request to switch a user was made.
      *
      * This property is called after switch requests of any type (i.e., LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH,
      * ANDROID_SWITCH, or VEHICLE_REQUEST) and can be used to determine if the request succeeded or
      * failed:
      *
-     * 1. When it succeeded, it's called when the Android user is in the boot locked state and the
-     *    value of the current and target users ids in the response are different. This would be
-     *    equivalent to receiving an Intent.ACTION_LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED in an Android app.
+     * 1. When it succeeded, it's called when the Android user is in the unlocked state and the
+     *    value of the current and target users ids in the response are the same. This would be
+     *    equivalent to receiving an Intent.ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED in an Android app.
      * 2. When it failed it's called right away and the value of the current and target users ids
-     *    in the response are the same.
+     *    in the response are different (as the current user didn't change to the target).
+     * 3. If a new switch request is made before the HAL responded to the previous one or before
+     *    the user was unlocked, then the ANDROID_POST_SWITCH request is not made. For example,
+     *    the driver could accidentally switch to the wrong user which has lock crentials, then
+     *    switch to the right one before entering the credentials.
      *
      * The HAL can update its internal state once it receives this request, but it doesn't need to
      * reply back to the Android System.
@@ -2788,7 +2813,7 @@
      *
      * To query the association, the Android system gets the property, passing a VehiclePropValue
      * containing the types of associations are being queried, as defined by
-     * UserIdentificationGetRequest. The HAL must return right away, updating the VehiclePropValue
+     * UserIdentificationGetRequest. The HAL must return right away, returning a VehiclePropValue
      * with a UserIdentificationResponse. Notice that user identification should have already
      * happened while system is booting up and the VHAL implementation should only return the
      * already identified association (like the key FOB used to unlock the car), instead of starting
@@ -2803,45 +2828,50 @@
      * For example, to query if the current user (10) is associated with the FOB that unlocked the
      * car and a custom mechanism provided by the OEM, the request would be:
      *
-     * int32[0]: 10  (Android user id)
-     * int32[1]: 0   (Android user flags)
-     * int32[2]: 2   (number of types queried)
-     * int32[3]: 1   (1st type queried, UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB)
-     * int32[4]: 101 (2nd type queried, UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
+     * int32[0]: 42  // request id
+     * int32[1]: 10  (Android user id)
+     * int32[2]: 0   (Android user flags)
+     * int32[3]: 2   (number of types queried)
+     * int32[4]: 1   (1st type queried, UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB)
+     * int32[5]: 101 (2nd type queried, UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
      *
      * If the user is associated with the FOB but not with the custom mechanism, the response would
      * be:
      *
-     * int32[9]: 2   (number of associations in the response)
-     * int32[1]: 1   (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB)
-     * int32[2]: 2   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATED_CURRENT_USER)
-     * int32[3]: 101 (2st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
-     * int32[4]: 4   (2nd value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::NOT_ASSOCIATED_ANY_USER)
+     * int32[0]: 42  // request id
+     * int32[1]: 2   (number of associations in the response)
+     * int32[2]: 1   (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB)
+     * int32[3]: 2   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATED_CURRENT_USER)
+     * int32[4]: 101 (2st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
+     * int32[5]: 4   (2nd value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::NOT_ASSOCIATED_ANY_USER)
      *
      * Then to associate the user with the custom mechanism, a set request would be made:
      *
-     * int32[0]: 10  (Android user id)
-     * int32[0]: 0   (Android user flags)
-     * int32[1]: 1   (number of associations being set)
-     * int32[2]: 101 (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
-     * int32[3]: 1   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationSETValue::ASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER)
+     * int32[0]: 42  // request id
+     * int32[1]: 10  (Android user id)
+     * int32[2]: 0   (Android user flags)
+     * int32[3]: 1   (number of associations being set)
+     * int32[4]: 101 (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
+     * int32[5]: 1   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationSetValue::ASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER)
      *
      * If the request succeeded, the response would be simply:
      *
-     * int32[0]: 2   (number of associations in the response)
-     * int32[1]: 101 (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
-     * int32[2]: 1   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATED_CURRENT_USER)
+     * int32[0]: 42  // request id
+     * int32[1]: 1   (number of associations in the response)
+     * int32[2]: 101 (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
+     * int32[3]: 1   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATED_CURRENT_USER)
      *
      * Notice that the set request adds associations, but doesn't remove the existing ones. In the
      * example above, the end state would be 2 associations (FOB and CUSTOM_1). If we wanted to
      * associate the user with just CUSTOM_1 but not FOB, then the request should have been:
      *
-     * int32[0]: 10  (Android user id)
-     * int32[1]: 2   (number of types set)
-     * int32[2]: 1   (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB)
-     * int32[3]: 2   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::DISASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER)
-     * int32[3]: 101 (2nd type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
-     * int32[5]: 1   (2nd value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER)
+     * int32[0]: 42  // request id
+     * int32[1]: 10  (Android user id)
+     * int32[2]: 2   (number of types set)
+     * int32[3]: 1   (1st type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB)
+     * int32[4]: 2   (1st value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::DISASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER)
+     * int32[5]: 101 (2nd type: UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1)
+     * int32[6]: 1   (2nd value: UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER)
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode:ON_CHANGE
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess:READ_WRITE
@@ -4614,6 +4644,11 @@
  */
 struct UserIdentificationGetRequest {
     /**
+     * Id of the request being responded.
+     */
+    UserRequestId requestId;
+
+    /**
      * Information about the current foreground Android user.
      */
     UserInfo userInfo;
@@ -4637,6 +4672,11 @@
  */
 struct UserIdentificationSetRequest {
     /**
+     * Id of the request being responded.
+     */
+    UserRequestId requestId;
+
+    /**
      * Information about the current foreground Android user.
      */
     UserInfo userInfo;
@@ -4649,7 +4689,7 @@
     /**
      * Associations being set.
      */
-    vec<UserIdentificationAssociationSetValue> associations;
+    vec<UserIdentificationSetAssociation> associations;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -4660,6 +4700,11 @@
  */
 struct UserIdentificationResponse {
     /**
+     * Id of the request being responded.
+     */
+    UserRequestId requestId;
+
+    /**
      * Number of associations being returned.
      */
     int32_t numberAssociation;
diff --git a/bluetooth/1.0/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.0-service.rc b/bluetooth/1.0/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.0-service.rc
index 9fa128d..def59de 100644
--- a/bluetooth/1.0/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.0-service.rc
+++ b/bluetooth/1.0/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.0-service.rc
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@
     capabilities BLOCK_SUSPEND NET_ADMIN SYS_NICE
     user bluetooth
     group bluetooth
-    writepid /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
+    task_profiles HighPerformance
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/1.1/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.1-service.rc b/bluetooth/1.1/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.1-service.rc
index 49f0be3..5c7cbf4 100644
--- a/bluetooth/1.1/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.1-service.rc
+++ b/bluetooth/1.1/default/android.hardware.bluetooth@1.1-service.rc
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
     capabilities BLOCK_SUSPEND NET_ADMIN SYS_NICE
     user bluetooth
     group bluetooth
-    writepid /dev/stune/foreground/tasks
+    task_profiles HighPerformance
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/a2dp/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/bluetooth/a2dp/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 5b8410a..df18fcc 100644
--- a/bluetooth/a2dp/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/bluetooth/a2dp/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
         "android.hardware.bluetooth.a2dp@1.0",
         "libbluetooth-types",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts"],
 }
diff --git a/boot/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBootV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/boot/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBootV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index 7c58ef3..30b965d 100644
--- a/boot/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBootV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/boot/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBootV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -76,7 +76,11 @@
     for (const auto value : ValidMergeStatusValues()) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(boot->setSnapshotMergeStatus(value).withDefault(false));
         auto status = boot->getSnapshotMergeStatus();
-        EXPECT_EQ(status, value);
+        if (value == MergeStatus::SNAPSHOTTED) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(status == MergeStatus::SNAPSHOTTED || status == MergeStatus::NONE);
+        } else {
+            EXPECT_EQ(status, value);
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/camera/common/1.0/default/CameraModule.cpp b/camera/common/1.0/default/CameraModule.cpp
index 467c121..86f26e4 100644
--- a/camera/common/1.0/default/CameraModule.cpp
+++ b/camera/common/1.0/default/CameraModule.cpp
@@ -194,16 +194,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    // Always add a default for the pre-correction active array if the vendor chooses to omit this
-    camera_metadata_entry entry = chars.find(ANDROID_SENSOR_INFO_PRE_CORRECTION_ACTIVE_ARRAY_SIZE);
-    if (entry.count == 0) {
-        Vector<int32_t> preCorrectionArray;
-        entry = chars.find(ANDROID_SENSOR_INFO_ACTIVE_ARRAY_SIZE);
-        preCorrectionArray.appendArray(entry.data.i32, entry.count);
-        chars.update(ANDROID_SENSOR_INFO_PRE_CORRECTION_ACTIVE_ARRAY_SIZE, preCorrectionArray);
-        derivedCharKeys.push(ANDROID_SENSOR_INFO_PRE_CORRECTION_ACTIVE_ARRAY_SIZE);
-    }
-
     // Add those newly added keys to AVAILABLE_CHARACTERISTICS_KEYS
     // This has to be done at this end of this function.
     if (derivedCharKeys.size() > 0) {
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-external-service.rc b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-external-service.rc
index 64cf321..52ade97 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-external-service.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-external-service.rc
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc usb
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy.rc b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy.rc
index e8549ed..63ded90 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy.rc
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy_64.rc b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy_64.rc
index 2dfac76..953d1af 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy_64.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service-lazy_64.rc
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service.rc b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service.rc
index 913561b..f7ac9f8 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service.rc
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service_64.rc b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service_64.rc
index fd4826e..a32dd46 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service_64.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4-service_64.rc
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
index 05b8b47..bf5fbfe 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <list>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <regex>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
-#include <condition_variable>
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
 
@@ -165,6 +166,26 @@
     YUV_REPROCESS,
 };
 
+enum SystemCameraKind {
+    /**
+     * These camera devices are visible to all apps and system components alike
+     */
+    PUBLIC = 0,
+
+    /**
+     * These camera devices are visible only to processes having the
+     * android.permission.SYSTEM_CAMERA permission. They are not exposed to 3P
+     * apps.
+     */
+    SYSTEM_ONLY_CAMERA,
+
+    /**
+     * These camera devices are visible only to HAL clients (that try to connect
+     * on a hwbinder thread).
+     */
+    HIDDEN_SECURE_CAMERA
+};
+
 namespace {
     // "device@<version>/legacy/<id>"
     const char *kDeviceNameRE = "device@([0-9]+\\.[0-9]+)/%s/(.+)";
@@ -851,6 +872,8 @@
     static Status isAutoFocusModeAvailable(
             CameraParameters &cameraParams, const char *mode) ;
     static Status isMonochromeCamera(const camera_metadata_t *staticMeta);
+    static Status getSystemCameraKind(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta,
+                                      SystemCameraKind* systemCameraKind);
 
     // Used by switchToOffline where a new result queue is created for offline reqs
     void updateInflightResultQueue(std::shared_ptr<ResultMetadataQueue> resultQueue);
@@ -2555,6 +2578,90 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, systemCameraTest) {
+    hidl_vec<hidl_string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
+    std::map<std::string, std::list<SystemCameraKind>> hiddenPhysicalIdToLogicalMap;
+    for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
+        int deviceVersion = getCameraDeviceVersion(name, mProviderType);
+        switch (deviceVersion) {
+            case CAMERA_DEVICE_API_VERSION_3_6:
+            case CAMERA_DEVICE_API_VERSION_3_5:
+            case CAMERA_DEVICE_API_VERSION_3_4:
+            case CAMERA_DEVICE_API_VERSION_3_3:
+            case CAMERA_DEVICE_API_VERSION_3_2: {
+                ::android::sp<::android::hardware::camera::device::V3_2::ICameraDevice> device3_x;
+                ALOGI("getCameraCharacteristics: Testing camera device %s", name.c_str());
+                Return<void> ret;
+                ret = mProvider->getCameraDeviceInterface_V3_x(
+                        name, [&](auto status, const auto& device) {
+                            ALOGI("getCameraDeviceInterface_V3_x returns status:%d", (int)status);
+                            ASSERT_EQ(Status::OK, status);
+                            ASSERT_NE(device, nullptr);
+                            device3_x = device;
+                        });
+                ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+
+                ret = device3_x->getCameraCharacteristics([&](auto status, const auto& chars) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(status, Status::OK);
+                    const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta =
+                            reinterpret_cast<const camera_metadata_t*>(chars.data());
+                    ASSERT_NE(staticMeta, nullptr);
+                    Status rc = isLogicalMultiCamera(staticMeta);
+                    ASSERT_TRUE(Status::OK == rc || Status::METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED == rc);
+                    if (Status::METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED == rc) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    std::unordered_set<std::string> physicalIds;
+                    ASSERT_EQ(Status::OK, getPhysicalCameraIds(staticMeta, &physicalIds));
+                    SystemCameraKind systemCameraKind = SystemCameraKind::PUBLIC;
+                    rc = getSystemCameraKind(staticMeta, &systemCameraKind);
+                    ASSERT_EQ(rc, Status::OK);
+                    for (auto physicalId : physicalIds) {
+                        bool isPublicId = false;
+                        for (auto& deviceName : cameraDeviceNames) {
+                            std::string publicVersion, publicId;
+                            ASSERT_TRUE(::matchDeviceName(deviceName, mProviderType, &publicVersion,
+                                                          &publicId));
+                            if (physicalId == publicId) {
+                                isPublicId = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // For hidden physical cameras, collect their associated logical cameras
+                        // and store the system camera kind.
+                        if (!isPublicId) {
+                            auto it = hiddenPhysicalIdToLogicalMap.find(physicalId);
+                            if (it == hiddenPhysicalIdToLogicalMap.end()) {
+                                hiddenPhysicalIdToLogicalMap.insert(std::make_pair(
+                                        physicalId, std::list<SystemCameraKind>(systemCameraKind)));
+                            } else {
+                                it->second.push_back(systemCameraKind);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+                ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+            } break;
+            case CAMERA_DEVICE_API_VERSION_1_0: {
+                // Not applicable
+            } break;
+            default: {
+                ALOGE("%s: Unsupported device version %d", __func__, deviceVersion);
+                ADD_FAILURE();
+            } break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check that the system camera kind of the logical cameras associated with
+    // each hidden physical camera is the same.
+    for (const auto& it : hiddenPhysicalIdToLogicalMap) {
+        SystemCameraKind neededSystemCameraKind = it.second.front();
+        for (auto foundSystemCamera : it.second) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(neededSystemCameraKind, foundSystemCamera);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // Verify that the static camera characteristics can be retrieved
 // successfully.
 TEST_P(CameraHidlTest, getCameraCharacteristics) {
@@ -5671,6 +5778,39 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
+Status CameraHidlTest::getSystemCameraKind(const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta,
+                                           SystemCameraKind* systemCameraKind) {
+    Status ret = Status::OK;
+    if (nullptr == staticMeta || nullptr == systemCameraKind) {
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    camera_metadata_ro_entry entry;
+    int rc = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(staticMeta, ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES,
+                                           &entry);
+    if (0 != rc) {
+        return Status::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (entry.count == 1 &&
+        entry.data.u8[0] == ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_SECURE_IMAGE_DATA) {
+        *systemCameraKind = SystemCameraKind::HIDDEN_SECURE_CAMERA;
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    // Go through the capabilities and check if it has
+    // ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_SYSTEM_CAMERA
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < entry.count; ++i) {
+        uint8_t capability = entry.data.u8[i];
+        if (capability == ANDROID_REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_SYSTEM_CAMERA) {
+            *systemCameraKind = SystemCameraKind::SYSTEM_ONLY_CAMERA;
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+    *systemCameraKind = SystemCameraKind::PUBLIC;
+    return ret;
+}
+
 // Check whether this is a monochrome camera using the static camera characteristics.
 Status CameraHidlTest::isMonochromeCamera(const camera_metadata_t *staticMeta) {
     Status ret = Status::METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
@@ -6391,8 +6531,10 @@
         const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& deviceNames) {
     const camera_metadata_t* metadata = (camera_metadata_t*)chars.data();
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, metadata);
-
-    Status rc = isLogicalMultiCamera(metadata);
+    SystemCameraKind systemCameraKind = SystemCameraKind::PUBLIC;
+    Status rc = getSystemCameraKind(metadata, &systemCameraKind);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rc, Status::OK);
+    rc = isLogicalMultiCamera(metadata);
     ASSERT_TRUE(Status::OK == rc || Status::METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED == rc);
     if (Status::METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED == rc) {
         return;
@@ -6411,6 +6553,7 @@
         ASSERT_NE(physicalId, cameraId);
         bool isPublicId = false;
         std::string fullPublicId;
+        SystemCameraKind physSystemCameraKind = SystemCameraKind::PUBLIC;
         for (auto& deviceName : deviceNames) {
             std::string publicVersion, publicId;
             ASSERT_TRUE(::matchDeviceName(deviceName, mProviderType, &publicVersion, &publicId));
@@ -6434,9 +6577,16 @@
             ret = subDevice->getCameraCharacteristics(
                     [&](auto status, const auto& chars) {
                 ASSERT_EQ(Status::OK, status);
-                retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(
-                        (const camera_metadata_t *)chars.data(),
-                        ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE, &entry);
+                const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta =
+                        reinterpret_cast<const camera_metadata_t*>(chars.data());
+                rc = getSystemCameraKind(staticMeta, &physSystemCameraKind);
+                ASSERT_EQ(rc, Status::OK);
+                // Make sure that the system camera kind of a non-hidden
+                // physical cameras is the same as the logical camera associated
+                // with it.
+                ASSERT_EQ(physSystemCameraKind, systemCameraKind);
+                retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(staticMeta,
+                                                        ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE, &entry);
                 bool subCameraHasZoomRatioRange = (0 == retcode && entry.count == 2);
                 ASSERT_EQ(hasZoomRatioRange, subCameraHasZoomRatioRange);
             });
@@ -6452,17 +6602,16 @@
         ASSERT_NE(device3_5, nullptr);
 
         // Check camera characteristics for hidden camera id
-        Return<void> ret = device3_5->getPhysicalCameraCharacteristics(physicalId,
-                [&](auto status, const auto& chars) {
-            verifyCameraCharacteristics(status, chars);
-            verifyMonochromeCharacteristics(chars, deviceVersion);
-
-            retcode = find_camera_metadata_ro_entry(
-                    (const camera_metadata_t *)chars.data(),
-                    ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE, &entry);
-            bool subCameraHasZoomRatioRange = (0 == retcode && entry.count == 2);
-            ASSERT_EQ(hasZoomRatioRange, subCameraHasZoomRatioRange);
-        });
+        Return<void> ret = device3_5->getPhysicalCameraCharacteristics(
+                physicalId, [&](auto status, const auto& chars) {
+                    verifyCameraCharacteristics(status, chars);
+                    verifyMonochromeCharacteristics(chars, deviceVersion);
+                    retcode =
+                            find_camera_metadata_ro_entry((const camera_metadata_t*)chars.data(),
+                                                          ANDROID_CONTROL_ZOOM_RATIO_RANGE, &entry);
+                    bool subCameraHasZoomRatioRange = (0 == retcode && entry.count == 2);
+                    ASSERT_EQ(hasZoomRatioRange, subCameraHasZoomRatioRange);
+                });
         ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 
         // Check calling getCameraDeviceInterface_V3_x() on hidden camera id returns
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-external-service.rc b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-external-service.rc
index 107097e..b3b06b2 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-external-service.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-external-service.rc
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc usb
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy.rc b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy.rc
index b45158a..7c5e69b 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy.rc
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy_64.rc b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy_64.rc
index 955b28e..49bca8f 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy_64.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service-lazy_64.rc
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service.rc b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service.rc
index c065815..4bd1fb4 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service.rc
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service_64.rc b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service_64.rc
index 63dd11d..b444325 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service_64.rc
+++ b/camera/provider/2.5/default/android.hardware.camera.provider@2.5-service_64.rc
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@
     group audio camera input drmrpc
     ioprio rt 4
     capabilities SYS_NICE
-    writepid /dev/cpuset/camera-daemon/tasks /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
+    task_profiles CameraServiceCapacity MaxPerformance
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
index 1b051f5..e772b6f 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
@@ -371,6 +371,7 @@
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
+        <version>1.4</version>
         <version>1.5</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IRadio</name>
diff --git a/current.txt b/current.txt
index 656f5c7..d2b7206 100644
--- a/current.txt
+++ b/current.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 # Do not change this file except to add new interfaces. Changing
 # pre-existing interfaces will fail VTS and break framework-only OTAs
 
+# Test HALs
+
+717c17cd380bb48710dff601d1a03351d4ebc28028353d5d60489248f506523c android.hardware.tests.lazy@1.0::ILazy
+
 # HALs released in Android O
 
 f219c3b5b8c6cb1d659d4c7328f67246abfe1a8613f469826fd3b9ad090417a2 android.hardware.audio@2.0::IDevice
@@ -588,6 +592,7 @@
 cd06a7911b9acd4a653bbf7133888878fbcb3f84be177c7a3f1becaae3d8618f android.hardware.camera.metadata@3.2::types
 a05277065c28ebecd58118bd240fb8c55757361e8648c01f7c4dacdb7f2a95dc android.hardware.camera.metadata@3.3::types
 9cb3df2bde2c6cd5fd96b7c41555420cacd7e276a556c684af91b7461c86460f android.hardware.gnss@1.0::IGnssCallback
+dd6cd9dba4fde99a1bc3cb1728d82309f509a6e6e1993e5042dfa5ffe4af5442 android.hardware.gnss@2.0::IGnssMeasurementCallback
 af334f1fc85c62b343f84b74d0495eed6f495f7fecedb53463db10c202310058 android.hardware.gnss.measurement_corrections@1.0::types
 33a6b20c43af00fdfb305df891bc5911c06d9a9130b912759649932e5a4a6e6d android.hardware.gnss.visibility_control@1.0::IGnssVisibilityControlCallback
 bceee81ec1b59324abd05932b5620fda5a6589597c9cb3953ba7f3ea02cccd3e android.hardware.camera.provider@2.4::ICameraProvider
@@ -655,9 +660,6 @@
 7d2e77ad86766bbc213fa7377eab739f44cc0866e567e6d33c0e27e7f99e27a8 android.hardware.automotive.sv@1.0::ISurroundViewSession
 d34769e55df919739bb46f25ae2e125e9c807733afa94daeca20feadd74de79c android.hardware.automotive.sv@1.0::ISurroundViewStream
 affd9c591f48a69773fcf43dc4a716d292cd4bc5ba2be8649276af0aedea435d android.hardware.automotive.sv@1.0::types
-b3caf524c46a47d67e6453a34419e1881942d059e146cda740502670e9a752c3 android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0::IVehicle
-7ce8728b27600e840cacf0a832f6942819fe535f9d3797ae052d5eef5065921c android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0::IVehicleCallback
-6b2564fce1d364baf9ba15a5cb00a8f08f86a5be5387c0ede795328ca536a2c7 android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0::types
 140f8f62100ccf9cd282ae3685a0f4ef0a9f971d77dfbc7350ccb4e04cf295ec android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint@2.2::IBiometricsFingerprint
 82cad99f5feb2ea9bcd4579055edf4af8feb9fc602a6e4827ddd727d254d4991 android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint@2.2::IBiometricsFingerprintClientCallback
 ae6315fd42196478ac08441cb489d854118001bca5b9b9fd58af5110952be30e android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint@2.2::types
diff --git a/gnss/2.0/IGnssMeasurementCallback.hal b/gnss/2.0/IGnssMeasurementCallback.hal
index e055f7a..76c7943 100644
--- a/gnss/2.0/IGnssMeasurementCallback.hal
+++ b/gnss/2.0/IGnssMeasurementCallback.hal
@@ -402,6 +402,8 @@
          * Value "C" represents GPS L1 C/A,  GPS L2 C/A, GLONASS G1 C/A, GLONASS G2 C/A, GALILEO E1C,
          * GALILEO E6C, SBAS L1 C/A, QZSS L1 C/A, IRNSS L5C.
          *
+         * value "D" represents BDS B1C D.
+         *
          * Value "I" represents GPS L5 I, GLONASS G3 I, GALILEO E5a I, GALILEO E5b I, GALILEO E5a+b I,
          * SBAS L5 I, QZSS L5 I, BDS B1 I, BDS B2 I, BDS B3 I.
          *
@@ -411,7 +413,7 @@
          *
          * Value "N" represents GPS L1 codeless, GPS L2 codeless.
          *
-         * Value "P" represents GPS L1P, GPS L2P, GLONASS G1P, GLONASS G2P.
+         * Value "P" represents GPS L1P, GPS L2P, GLONASS G1P, GLONASS G2P, BDS B1C P.
          *
          * Value "Q" represents GPS L5 Q, GLONASS G3 Q, GALILEO E5a Q, GALILEO E5b Q, GALILEO E5a+b Q,
          * SBAS L5 Q, QZSS L5 Q, BDS B1 Q, BDS B2 Q, BDS B3 Q.
@@ -423,7 +425,7 @@
          * Value "X" represents GPS L1C (D+P), GPS L2C (M+L), GPS L5 (I+Q), GLONASS G3 (I+Q),
          * GALILEO E1 (B+C), GALILEO E5a (I+Q), GALILEO E5b (I+Q), GALILEO E5a+b(I+Q),
          * GALILEO E6 (B+C), SBAS L5 (I+Q), QZSS L1C (D+P), QZSS L2C (M+L), QZSS L5 (I+Q),
-         * LEX(6) (S+L), BDS B1 (I+Q), BDS B2 (I+Q), BDS B3 (I+Q), IRNSS L5 (B+C).
+         * LEX(6) (S+L), BDS B1 (I+Q), BDS B1C (D+P), BDS B2 (I+Q), BDS B3 (I+Q), IRNSS L5 (B+C).
          *
          * Value "Y" represents GPS L1Y, GPS L2Y.
          *
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
index 7a00ed2..27b633a 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
     void Test_setActiveConfigWithConstraints(
             const IComposerClient::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints, bool refreshMiss);
 
-    void sendRefreshFrame(const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline&);
+    void sendRefreshFrame(const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline*);
 
     void waitForVsyncPeriodChange(Display display, const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& timeline,
                                   int64_t desiredTimeNanos, int64_t oldPeriodNanos,
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
                                            display, config, constraints, &timeline));
 
             if (timeline.refreshRequired) {
-                sendRefreshFrame(timeline);
+                sendRefreshFrame(&timeline);
             }
             waitForVsyncPeriodChange(display, timeline, constraints.desiredTimeNanos, 0,
                                      expectedVsyncPeriodNanos);
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlTest, setActiveConfigWithConstraints_SeamlessNotAllowed) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, setActiveConfigWithConstraints_SeamlessNotAllowed) {
     VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline;
     IComposerClient::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints;
 
@@ -365,6 +365,7 @@
                     display, config2, IComposerClient::IComposerClient::Attribute::CONFIG_GROUP);
             if (configGroup1 != configGroup2) {
                 mComposerClient->setActiveConfig(display, config1);
+                sendRefreshFrame(nullptr);
                 EXPECT_EQ(Error::SEAMLESS_NOT_ALLOWED,
                           mComposerClient->setActiveConfigWithConstraints(display, config2,
                                                                           constraints, &timeline));
@@ -377,11 +378,13 @@
     return std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock>(std::chrono::nanoseconds(time));
 }
 
-void GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest::sendRefreshFrame(const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& timeline) {
-    // Refresh time should be before newVsyncAppliedTimeNanos
-    EXPECT_LT(timeline.refreshTimeNanos, timeline.newVsyncAppliedTimeNanos);
+void GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest::sendRefreshFrame(const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline* timeline) {
+    if (timeline != nullptr) {
+        // Refresh time should be before newVsyncAppliedTimeNanos
+        EXPECT_LT(timeline->refreshTimeNanos, timeline->newVsyncAppliedTimeNanos);
 
-    std::this_thread::sleep_until(toTimePoint(timeline.refreshTimeNanos));
+        std::this_thread::sleep_until(toTimePoint(timeline->refreshTimeNanos));
+    }
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mComposerClient->setPowerMode(mPrimaryDisplay, V2_1::IComposerClient::PowerMode::ON);
@@ -453,6 +456,7 @@
     for (Display display : mComposerCallback->getDisplays()) {
         forEachTwoConfigs(display, [&](Config config1, Config config2) {
             mComposerClient->setActiveConfig(display, config1);
+            sendRefreshFrame(nullptr);
 
             int32_t vsyncPeriod1 = mComposerClient->getDisplayAttribute_2_4(
                     display, config1, IComposerClient::IComposerClient::Attribute::VSYNC_PERIOD);
@@ -478,7 +482,7 @@
                     // callback
                     std::this_thread::sleep_until(toTimePoint(timeline.refreshTimeNanos) + 100ms);
                 }
-                sendRefreshFrame(timeline);
+                sendRefreshFrame(&timeline);
             }
             waitForVsyncPeriodChange(display, timeline, constraints.desiredTimeNanos, vsyncPeriod1,
                                      vsyncPeriod2);
@@ -493,7 +497,7 @@
 
             if (newTimelime.has_value()) {
                 if (timeline.refreshRequired) {
-                    sendRefreshFrame(newTimelime.value());
+                    sendRefreshFrame(&newTimelime.value());
                 }
                 waitForVsyncPeriodChange(display, newTimelime.value(), constraints.desiredTimeNanos,
                                          vsyncPeriod1, vsyncPeriod2);
diff --git a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/CipherSuite.aidl b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/CipherSuite.aidl
index 20b02a8..f38134b 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/CipherSuite.aidl
+++ b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/CipherSuite.aidl
@@ -24,13 +24,15 @@
 enum CipherSuite {
     /**
      * Specifies that the cipher suite that will be used to secure communications between the reader
-     * is:
+     * and the prover is using the following primitives
      *
-     * - ECDHE with HKDF-SHA-256 for key agreement.
-     * - AES-256 with GCM block mode for authenticated encryption (nonces are incremented by
-     *   one for every message).
-     * - ECDSA with SHA-256 for signing (used for signing session transcripts to defeat
-     *   man-in-the-middle attacks), signing keys are not ephemeral.
+     *  - ECKA-DH (Elliptic Curve Key Agreement Algorithm - Diffie-Hellman, see BSI TR-03111)
+     *  - HKDF-SHA-256 (see RFC 5869)
+     *  - AES-256-GCM (see NIST SP 800-38D)
+     *  - HMAC-SHA-256 (see RFC 2104)
+     *
+     * The exact way these primitives are combined to derive the session key is specified in
+     * section 9.2.1.4 of ISO/IEC 18013-5 (see description of cipher suite '1').
      *
      * At present this is the only supported cipher suite and it is mandatory for all
      * implementations to support it.
diff --git a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredential.aidl b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredential.aidl
index cc14271..7d14f03 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredential.aidl
+++ b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredential.aidl
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
      * with the reader.  The reason for generating the key pair in the secure environment is so that
      * the secure environment knows what public key to expect to find in the session transcript.
      *
+     * The generated key must be an EC key using the P-256 curve.
+     *
      * This method may only be called once per instance. If called more than once, STATUS_FAILED
      * will be returned.
      *
@@ -61,7 +63,8 @@
      * This method may only be called once per instance. If called more than once, STATUS_FAILED
      * will be returned.
      *
-     * @param publicKey contains the reader's ephemeral public key, in uncompressed form.
+     * @param publicKey contains the reader's ephemeral public key, in uncompressed
+     *        form (e.g. 0x04 || X || Y).
      */
     void setReaderEphemeralPublicKey(in byte[] publicKey);
 
@@ -82,9 +85,9 @@
      * This method be called after createEphemeralKeyPair(), setReaderEphemeralPublicKey(),
      * createAuthChallenge() and before startRetrieveEntry(). This method call is followed by
      * multiple calls of startRetrieveEntryValue(), retrieveEntryValue(), and finally
-     * finishRetrieval().This whole process is called a "credential presentation".
+     * finishRetrieval().
      *
-     * It is permissible to perform multiple credential presentations using the same instance (e.g.
+     * It is permissible to perform data retrievals multiple times using the same instance (e.g.
      * startRetrieval(), then multiple calls of startRetrieveEntryValue(), retrieveEntryValue(),
      * then finally finishRetrieval()) but if this is done, the sessionTranscript parameter
      * must be identical for each startRetrieval() invocation. If this is not the case, this call
@@ -148,6 +151,8 @@
      *     EReaderKeyBytes = #6.24(bstr .cbor EReaderKey.Pub)
      *     ItemsRequestBytes = #6.24(bstr .cbor ItemsRequest)
      *
+     *     EReaderKey.Pub = COSE_Key    ; Ephemeral public key provided by reader
+     *
      * The public key corresponding to the key used to made signature, can be found in the
      * 'x5chain' unprotected header element of the COSE_Sign1 structure (as as described
      * in 'draft-ietf-cose-x509-04'). There will be at least one certificate in said element
@@ -220,13 +225,11 @@
      *
      * It is permissible to keep retrieving values if an access control check fails.
      *
-     * @param nameSpace is the namespace of the element, e.g. "org.iso.18013"
+     * @param nameSpace is the namespace of the element, e.g. "org.iso.18013.5.1"
      *
-     * @param name is the name of the element.
+     * @param name is the name of the element, e.g. "driving_privileges".
      *
-     * @param entrySize is the size of the entry value, if it's a text string or a byte string.
-     *     It must be zero if the entry value is an integer or boolean. If this requirement
-     *     is not met the call fails with STATUS_INVALID_DATA.
+     * @param entrySize is the size of the entry value encoded in CBOR.
      *
      * @param accessControlProfileIds specifies the set of access control profiles that can
      *     authorize access to the provisioned element. If an identifier of a profile
@@ -260,14 +263,12 @@
      * @param out mac is empty if signingKeyBlob or the sessionTranscript passed to
      *    startRetrieval() is empty. Otherwise it is a COSE_Mac0 with empty payload
      *    and the detached content is set to DeviceAuthentication as defined below.
-     *    The key used for the MAC operation is EMacKey and is derived as follows:
-     *
-     *     KDF(ECDH(SDeviceKey.Priv, EReaderKey.Pub))
-     *
-     *    where SDeviceKey.Priv is the key identified by signingKeyBlob. The KDF
-     *    and ECDH functions shall be the same as the ciphersuite selected and
-     *    passed to IIdentityStore.getCredential(). The EMacKey shall be derived
-     *    using a salt of 0x00.
+     *    This code is produced by using the key agreement and key derivation function
+     *    from the ciphersuite with the authentication private key and the reader
+     *    ephemeral public key to compute a shared message authentication code (MAC)
+     *    key, then using the MAC function from the ciphersuite to compute a MAC of
+     *    the authenticated data. See section 9.2.3.5 of ISO/IEC 18013-5 for details
+     *    of this operation.
      *
      *        DeviceAuthentication = [
      *            "DeviceAuthentication",
@@ -308,6 +309,34 @@
     /**
      * Generate a key pair to be used for signing session data and retrieved data items.
      *
+     * The generated key must be an EC key using the P-256 curve.
+     *
+     * This method shall return just a single X.509 certificate which is signed by CredentialKey.
+     * When combined with the certificate chain returned at provisioning time by
+     * getAttestationCertificate() on IWritableIdentityCredential (for the credential key), this
+     * forms a chain all the way from the root of trust to the generated key.
+     *
+     * The public part of a signing key is usually included in issuer-signed data and is
+     * used for anti-cloning purposes or as a mechanism for the issuer to attest to data
+     * generated on the device.
+     *
+     * The following non-optional fields for the X.509 certificate shall be set as follows:
+     *
+     *  - version: INTEGER 2 (means v3 certificate).
+     *
+     *  - serialNumber: INTEGER 1 (fixed value: same on all certs).
+     *
+     *  - signature: must be set to ECDSA.
+     *
+     *  - subject: CN shall be set to "Android Identity Credential Authentication Key".
+     *
+     *  - issuer: shall be set to "credentialStoreName (credentialStoreAuthorName)" using the
+     *    values returned in HardwareInformation.
+     *
+     *  - validity: should be from current time and one year in the future.
+     *
+     *  - subjectPublicKeyInfo: must contain attested public key.
+     *
      * @param out signingKeyBlob contains an encrypted copy of the newly-generated private
      *     signing key.
      *
diff --git a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.aidl b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.aidl
index 23cb1b7..bd664e8 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.aidl
+++ b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.aidl
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@
  *
  * - For each namespase, a set of name/value pairs, each with an associated set of access control
  *   profile IDs.  Names are UTF-8 strings of up to 256 bytes in length (most should be much
- *   shorter).  Values stored must be encoed as valid CBOR (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049) and
- *   the encoeded size is is limited to at most 512 KiB.
+ *   shorter).  Values stored must be encoded as CBOR (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049) and
+ *   the encoded size is is limited to at most 512 KiB.
  *
  * - A set of access control profiles, each with a profile ID and a specification of the
  *   conditions which satisfy the profile's requirements.
@@ -108,12 +108,13 @@
 @VintfStability
 interface IIdentityCredentialStore {
     /**
-     * Success.
+     * Success. This is never returned but included for completeness and for use by code
+     * using these statuses for internal use.
      */
     const int STATUS_OK = 0;
 
     /**
-     * The operation failed. This is used as a generic catch-all for errors that don't belong
+     * The operation failed.  This is used as a generic catch-all for errors that don't belong
      * in other categories, including memory/resource allocation failures and I/O errors.
      */
     const int STATUS_FAILED = 1;
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@
     const int STATUS_CIPHER_SUITE_NOT_SUPPORTED = 2;
 
     /**
-     * The passed data was invalid. This is a generic catch all for errors that don't belong
+     * The passed data was invalid.  This is a generic catch all for errors that don't belong
      * in other categories related to parameter validation.
      */
     const int STATUS_INVALID_DATA = 3;
@@ -186,16 +187,19 @@
     HardwareInformation getHardwareInformation();
 
     /**
-     * createCredential creates a new Credential.  When a Credential is created, two cryptographic
+     * createCredential creates a new credential.  When a credential is created, two cryptographic
      * keys are created: StorageKey, an AES key used to secure the externalized Credential
-     * contents, and CredentialKeyPair, an EC key pair used to authenticate the store to the IA.  In
-     * addition, all of the Credential data content is imported and a certificate for the
-     * CredentialKeyPair and a signature produced with the CredentialKeyPair are created.  These
+     * contents, and CredentialKey, an EC key pair used to authenticate the store to the IA.
+     *
+     * CredentialKey must be an EC key using the P-256 curve.
+     *
+     * In addition, all of the Credential data content is imported and a certificate for the
+     * CredentialKey and a signature produced with the CredentialKey are created.  These
      * latter values may be checked by an issuing authority to verify that the data was imported
      * into secure hardware and that it was imported unmodified.
      *
      * @param docType is an optional name (may be an empty string) that identifies the type of
-     *     credential being created, e.g. "org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl" (the doc type of the ISO
+     *     credential being created, e.g. "org.iso.18013.5.1.mDL" (the doc type of the ISO
      *     driving license standard).
      *
      * @param testCredential indicates if this is a test store.  Test credentials must use an
@@ -213,15 +217,8 @@
      * Credential.
      *
      * The cipher suite used to communicate with the remote verifier must also be specified. Currently
-     * only a single cipher-suite is supported and the details of this are as follow:
-     *
-     *  - ECDHE with HKDF-SHA-256 for key agreement.
-     *  - AES-256 with GCM block mode for authenticated encryption (nonces are incremented by one
-     *    for every message).
-     *  - ECDSA with SHA-256 for signing (used for signing session transcripts to defeat
-     *    man-in-the-middle attacks), signing keys are not ephemeral.
-     *
-     * Support for other cipher suites may be added in a future version of this HAL.
+     * only a single cipher-suite is supported. Support for other cipher suites may be added in a
+     * future version of this HAL.
      *
      * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_DATA if the passed in credentialData cannot be
      * decoded or decrypted.
@@ -233,7 +230,7 @@
      *     return argument of the same name in finishAddingEntries(), in
      *     IWritableIdentityCredential.
      *
-     * @return an IIdentityCredential HIDL interface that provides operations on the Credential.
+     * @return an IIdentityCredential interface that provides operations on the Credential.
      */
     IIdentityCredential getCredential(in CipherSuite cipherSuite, in byte[] credentialData);
 }
diff --git a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IWritableIdentityCredential.aidl b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IWritableIdentityCredential.aidl
index 483b0c7..07486e6 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IWritableIdentityCredential.aidl
+++ b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/IWritableIdentityCredential.aidl
@@ -60,12 +60,50 @@
      *    attestationApplicationId.
      *
      *  - The teeEnforced field in the attestation extension must include
-     *    Tag::IDENTITY_CREDENTIAL_KEY. This tag indicates that the key is an Identity
-     *    Credential key (which can only sign/MAC very specific messages) and not an Android
-     *    Keystore key (which can be used to sign/MAC anything).
+     *
+     *    - Tag::IDENTITY_CREDENTIAL_KEY which indicates that the key is an Identity
+     *      Credential key (which can only sign/MAC very specific messages) and not an Android
+     *      Keystore key (which can be used to sign/MAC anything).
+     *
+     *    - Tag::PURPOSE must be set to SIGN
+     *
+     *    - Tag::KEY_SIZE must be set to the appropriate key size, in bits (e.g. 256)
+     *
+     *    - Tag::ALGORITHM must be set to EC
+     *
+     *    - Tag::NO_AUTH_REQUIRED must be set
+     *
+     *    - Tag::DIGEST must be set to SHA_2_256
+     *
+     *    - Tag::EC_CURVE must be set to P_256
      *
      * Additional authorizations may be needed in the softwareEnforced and teeEnforced
-     * fields - the above is not an exhaustive list.
+     * fields - the above is not an exhaustive list. Specifically, authorizations containing
+     * information about the root of trust, OS version, verified boot state, and so on should
+     * be included.
+     *
+     * Since the chain is required to be generated using Keymaster Attestation, the returned
+     * certificate chain has the following properties:
+     *
+     *  - The certificate chain is of at least length three.
+     *
+     *  - The root of trust is the same as for Keymaster Attestation. This is usually
+     *    a certificate owned by Google but depending on the specific Android device it may
+     *    be another certificate.
+     *
+     * As with any user of attestation, the Issuing Authority (as a relying party) wishing
+     * to issue a credential to a device using these APIs, must carefully examine the
+     * returned certificate chain for all of the above (and more). In particular, the Issuing
+     * Authority should check the root of trust, verified boot state, patch level,
+     * application id, etc.
+     *
+     * This all depends on the needs of the Issuing Authority and the kind of credential but
+     * in general an Issuing Authority should never issue a credential to a device without
+     * verified boot enabled, to an unrecognized application, or if it appears the device
+     * hasn't been updated for a long time.
+     *
+     * See https://github.com/google/android-key-attestation for an example of how to
+     * examine attestations generated from Android devices.
      *
      * @param attestationApplicationId is the DER encoded value to be stored
      *     in Tag::ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID. This schema is described in
@@ -102,10 +140,11 @@
      * with STATUS_INVALID_DATA.
      *
      * @param id a numeric identifier that must be unique within the context of a Credential and may
-     *     be used to reference the profile. If this is not satisfied the call fails with
+     *     be used to reference the profile. This id must be non-negative and less than 32 (allowing
+     *     for a total of 32 profiles). If this is not satisfied the call fails with
      *     STATUS_INVALID_DATA.
      *
-     * @param readerCertificate if non-empty, specifies a X.509 certificate (or chain of
+     * @param readerCertificate if non-empty, specifies a single X.509 certificate (not a chain of
      *     certificates) that must be used to authenticate requests (see the readerSignature
      *     parameter in IIdentityCredential.startRetrieval).
      *
@@ -142,7 +181,7 @@
      * @param accessControlProfileIds specifies the set of access control profiles that can
      *     authorize access to the provisioned element.
      *
-     * @param nameSpace is the namespace of the element, e.g. "org.iso.18013"
+     * @param nameSpace is the namespace of the element, e.g. "org.iso.18013.5.1"
      *
      * @param name is the name of the element.
      *
diff --git a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/SecureAccessControlProfile.aidl b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/SecureAccessControlProfile.aidl
index 01d312d..13f0c6d 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/SecureAccessControlProfile.aidl
+++ b/identity/aidl/android/hardware/identity/SecureAccessControlProfile.aidl
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     /**
      * readerCertificate, if non-empty, specifies a single X.509 certificate (not a chain
      * of certificates) that must be used to authenticate requests. For details about how
-     * this is done, see the readerSignature paremter of IIdentityCredential.startRetrieval.
+     * this is done, see the readerSignature parameter of IIdentityCredential.startRetrieval.
      */
     Certificate readerCertificate;
 
diff --git a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp
index 89f7f35..52cd496 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp
+++ b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.cpp
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@
         return false;
     }
     storageKey_ = random.value();
+    startPersonalizationCalled_ = false;
+    firstEntry_ = true;
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -105,6 +107,12 @@
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus WritableIdentityCredential::startPersonalization(
         int32_t accessControlProfileCount, const vector<int32_t>& entryCounts) {
+    if (startPersonalizationCalled_) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_FAILED, "startPersonalization called already"));
+    }
+
+    startPersonalizationCalled_ = true;
     numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ = accessControlProfileCount;
     remainingEntryCounts_ = entryCounts;
     entryNameSpace_ = "";
@@ -128,6 +136,19 @@
                 "numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ is 0 and expected non-zero"));
     }
 
+    if (accessControlProfileIds_.find(id) != accessControlProfileIds_.end()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                "Access Control Profile id must be unique"));
+    }
+    accessControlProfileIds_.insert(id);
+
+    if (id < 0 || id >= 32) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                "Access Control Profile id must be non-negative and less than 32"));
+    }
+
     // Spec requires if |userAuthenticationRequired| is false, then |timeoutMillis| must also
     // be zero.
     if (!userAuthenticationRequired && timeoutMillis != 0) {
@@ -184,12 +205,20 @@
     }
 
     // Handle initial beginEntry() call.
-    if (entryNameSpace_ == "") {
+    if (firstEntry_) {
+        firstEntry_ = false;
         entryNameSpace_ = nameSpace;
+        allNameSpaces_.insert(nameSpace);
     }
 
     // If the namespace changed...
     if (nameSpace != entryNameSpace_) {
+        if (allNameSpaces_.find(nameSpace) != allNameSpaces_.end()) {
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                    IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                    "Name space cannot be added in interleaving fashion"));
+        }
+
         // Then check that all entries in the previous namespace have been added..
         if (remainingEntryCounts_[0] != 0) {
             return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
@@ -197,6 +226,8 @@
                     "New namespace but a non-zero number of entries remain to be added"));
         }
         remainingEntryCounts_.erase(remainingEntryCounts_.begin());
+        remainingEntryCounts_[0] -= 1;
+        allNameSpaces_.insert(nameSpace);
 
         if (signedDataCurrentNamespace_.size() > 0) {
             signedDataNamespaces_.add(entryNameSpace_, std::move(signedDataCurrentNamespace_));
@@ -330,6 +361,18 @@
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus WritableIdentityCredential::finishAddingEntries(
         vector<int8_t>* outCredentialData, vector<int8_t>* outProofOfProvisioningSignature) {
+    if (numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ != 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                "numAccessControlProfileRemaining_ is not 0 and expected zero"));
+    }
+
+    if (remainingEntryCounts_.size() > 1 || remainingEntryCounts_[0] != 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                "More entry spaces remain than startPersonalization configured"));
+    }
+
     if (signedDataCurrentNamespace_.size() > 0) {
         signedDataNamespaces_.add(entryNameSpace_, std::move(signedDataCurrentNamespace_));
     }
diff --git a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h
index b182862..cb91f7b 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h
+++ b/identity/aidl/default/WritableIdentityCredential.h
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@
 #include <android/hardware/identity/support/IdentityCredentialSupport.h>
 
 #include <cppbor.h>
+#include <set>
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::identity {
 
+using ::std::set;
 using ::std::string;
 using ::std::vector;
 
@@ -66,6 +68,8 @@
 
     // This is set in initialize().
     vector<uint8_t> storageKey_;
+    bool startPersonalizationCalled_;
+    bool firstEntry_;
 
     // These are set in getAttestationCertificate().
     vector<uint8_t> credentialPrivKey_;
@@ -79,6 +83,9 @@
     cppbor::Map signedDataNamespaces_;
     cppbor::Array signedDataCurrentNamespace_;
 
+    // This field is initialized in addAccessControlProfile
+    set<int32_t> accessControlProfileIds_;
+
     // These fields are initialized during beginAddEntry()
     size_t entryRemainingBytes_;
     vector<uint8_t> entryAdditionalData_;
@@ -86,6 +93,7 @@
     string entryName_;
     vector<int32_t> entryAccessControlProfileIds_;
     vector<uint8_t> entryBytes_;
+    set<string> allNameSpaces_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::identity
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index ef8beb4..e4780bf 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
         "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults",
         "use_libaidlvintf_gtest_helper_static",
     ],
-    srcs: ["VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp"],
+    srcs: [
+        "VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp",
+        "VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp",
+        "VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp",
+    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbinder",
         "libcrypto",
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp
similarity index 69%
rename from identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp
rename to identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp
index ea37fdc..8a4e8a7 100644
--- a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsHalIdentityEndToEndTest.cpp
@@ -28,8 +28,11 @@
 #include <future>
 #include <map>
 
+#include "VtsIdentityTestUtils.h"
+
 namespace android::hardware::identity {
 
+using std::endl;
 using std::map;
 using std::optional;
 using std::string;
@@ -41,51 +44,6 @@
 
 using ::android::hardware::keymaster::HardwareAuthToken;
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Test Data.
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-struct TestEntryData {
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : nameSpace(nameSpace), name(name), profileIds(profileIds) {}
-
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const string& value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        valueCbor = cppbor::Tstr(((const char*)value.data())).encode();
-    }
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const vector<uint8_t>& value,
-                  vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        valueCbor = cppbor::Bstr(value).encode();
-    }
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, bool value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        valueCbor = cppbor::Bool(value).encode();
-    }
-    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, int64_t value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
-        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
-        if (value >= 0) {
-            valueCbor = cppbor::Uint(value).encode();
-        } else {
-            valueCbor = cppbor::Nint(-value).encode();
-        }
-    }
-
-    string nameSpace;
-    string name;
-    vector<uint8_t> valueCbor;
-    vector<int32_t> profileIds;
-};
-
-struct TestProfile {
-    uint16_t id;
-    vector<uint8_t> readerCertificate;
-    bool userAuthenticationRequired;
-    uint64_t timeoutMillis;
-};
-
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 class IdentityAidl : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
@@ -108,39 +66,26 @@
 TEST_P(IdentityAidl, createAndRetrieveCredential) {
     // First, generate a key-pair for the reader since its public key will be
     // part of the request data.
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKeyPKCS8 = support::createEcKeyPair();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readerKeyPKCS8);
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerPublicKey =
-            support::ecKeyPairGetPublicKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKey = support::ecKeyPairGetPrivateKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
-    string serialDecimal = "1234";
-    string issuer = "Android Open Source Project";
-    string subject = "Android IdentityCredential VTS Test";
-    time_t validityNotBefore = time(nullptr);
-    time_t validityNotAfter = validityNotBefore + 365 * 24 * 3600;
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate = support::ecPublicKeyGenerateCertificate(
-            readerPublicKey.value(), readerKey.value(), serialDecimal, issuer, subject,
-            validityNotBefore, validityNotAfter);
+    vector<uint8_t> readerKey;
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate =
+            test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("1234", readerKey);
     ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate);
 
     // Make the portrait image really big (just shy of 256 KiB) to ensure that
     // the chunking code gets exercised.
     vector<uint8_t> portraitImage;
-    portraitImage.resize(256 * 1024 - 10);
-    for (size_t n = 0; n < portraitImage.size(); n++) {
-        portraitImage[n] = (uint8_t)n;
-    }
+    test_utils::SetImageData(portraitImage);
 
     // Access control profiles:
-    const vector<TestProfile> testProfiles = {// Profile 0 (reader authentication)
-                                              {0, readerCertificate.value(), false, 0},
-                                              // Profile 1 (no authentication)
-                                              {1, {}, false, 0}};
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {// Profile 0 (reader authentication)
+                                                          {0, readerCertificate.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          // Profile 1 (no authentication)
+                                                          {1, {}, false, 0}};
 
     HardwareAuthToken authToken;
 
     // Here's the actual test data:
-    const vector<TestEntryData> testEntries = {
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries = {
             {"PersonalData", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
             {"PersonalData", "Birth date", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
             {"PersonalData", "First name", string("Alan"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
@@ -155,67 +100,33 @@
 
     string cborPretty;
     sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
-    string docType = "org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl";
-    bool testCredential = true;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->createCredential(docType, testCredential, &writableCredential)
-                        .isOk());
-    ASSERT_NE(writableCredential, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
 
     string challenge = "attestationChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+    ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_NONE, attData.result.exceptionCode());
+    ASSERT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_OK, attData.result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
     // TODO: set it to something random and check it's in the cert chain
-    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId = {};
-    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge(challenge.begin(), challenge.end());
-    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificates;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential
-                        ->getAttestationCertificate(attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge,
-                                                    &attestationCertificates)
-                        .isOk());
-    ASSERT_GE(attestationCertificates.size(), 2);
+    ASSERT_GE(attData.attestationCertificate.size(), 2);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(
             writableCredential->startPersonalization(testProfiles.size(), testEntriesEntryCounts)
                     .isOk());
 
-    vector<SecureAccessControlProfile> returnedSecureProfiles;
-    for (const auto& testProfile : testProfiles) {
-        SecureAccessControlProfile profile;
-        Certificate cert;
-        cert.encodedCertificate = testProfile.readerCertificate;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential
-                            ->addAccessControlProfile(testProfile.id, cert,
-                                                      testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired,
-                                                      testProfile.timeoutMillis,
-                                                      0,  // secureUserId
-                                                      &profile)
-                            .isOk());
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.id, profile.id);
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.readerCertificate, profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate);
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired, profile.userAuthenticationRequired);
-        ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.timeoutMillis, profile.timeoutMillis);
-        ASSERT_EQ(support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize, profile.mac.size());
-        returnedSecureProfiles.push_back(profile);
-    }
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
 
     // Uses TestEntryData* pointer as key and values are the encrypted blobs. This
     // is a little hacky but it works well enough.
-    map<const TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
 
     for (const auto& entry : testEntries) {
-        vector<vector<uint8_t>> chunks =
-                support::chunkVector(entry.valueCbor, hwInfo.dataChunkSize);
-
-        ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential
-                            ->beginAddEntry(entry.profileIds, entry.nameSpace, entry.name,
-                                            entry.valueCbor.size())
-                            .isOk());
-
-        vector<vector<uint8_t>> encryptedChunks;
-        for (const auto& chunk : chunks) {
-            vector<uint8_t> encryptedChunk;
-            ASSERT_TRUE(writableCredential->addEntryValue(chunk, &encryptedChunk).isOk());
-            encryptedChunks.push_back(encryptedChunk);
-        }
-        encryptedBlobs[&entry] = encryptedChunks;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
     }
 
     vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
@@ -276,8 +187,8 @@
             "]",
             cborPretty);
 
-    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey =
-            support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(attestationCertificates[0].encodedCertificate);
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey = support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(
+            attData.attestationCertificate[0].encodedCertificate);
     ASSERT_TRUE(credentialPubKey);
     EXPECT_TRUE(support::coseCheckEcDsaSignature(proofOfProvisioningSignature,
                                                  {},  // Additional data
@@ -347,8 +258,8 @@
                                          .add(cppbor::Semantic(24, itemsRequestBytes))
                                          .encode();
     optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerSignature =
-            support::coseSignEcDsa(readerKey.value(), {},  // content
-                                   dataToSign,             // detached content
+            support::coseSignEcDsa(readerKey, {},  // content
+                                   dataToSign,     // detached content
                                    readerCertificate.value());
     ASSERT_TRUE(readerSignature);
 
@@ -358,7 +269,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(credential->generateSigningKeyPair(&signingKeyBlob, &signingKeyCertificate).isOk());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(credential
-                        ->startRetrieval(returnedSecureProfiles, authToken, itemsRequestBytes,
+                        ->startRetrieval(secureProfiles.value(), authToken, itemsRequestBytes,
                                          signingKeyBlob, sessionTranscriptBytes,
                                          readerSignature.value(), testEntriesEntryCounts)
                         .isOk());
@@ -405,6 +316,8 @@
     cppbor::Array deviceAuthentication;
     deviceAuthentication.add("DeviceAuthentication");
     deviceAuthentication.add(sessionTranscript.clone());
+
+    string docType = "org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl";
     deviceAuthentication.add(docType);
     deviceAuthentication.add(cppbor::Semantic(24, deviceNameSpacesBytes));
     vector<uint8_t> encodedDeviceAuthentication = deviceAuthentication.encode();
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b68fbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "VtsIWritableIdentityCredentialTests"
+
+#include <aidl/Gtest.h>
+#include <aidl/Vintf.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.h>
+#include <android/hardware/identity/support/IdentityCredentialSupport.h>
+#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
+#include <cppbor.h>
+#include <cppbor_parse.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <future>
+#include <map>
+
+#include "VtsIdentityTestUtils.h"
+
+namespace android::hardware::identity {
+
+using std::endl;
+using std::map;
+using std::optional;
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::String16;
+using ::android::binder::Status;
+
+class IdentityCredentialTests : public testing::TestWithParam<string> {
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        credentialStore_ = android::waitForDeclaredService<IIdentityCredentialStore>(
+                String16(GetParam().c_str()));
+        ASSERT_NE(credentialStore_, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    sp<IIdentityCredentialStore> credentialStore_;
+};
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyAttestationWithEmptyChallenge) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge;
+    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificate;
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId = {};
+    result = writableCredential->getAttestationCertificate(
+            attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge, &attestationCertificate);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::ValidateAttestationCertificate(attestationCertificate));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyAttestationSuccessWithChallenge) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge1NotSoRandomChallenge1NotSoRandomChallenge1";
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge(challenge.begin(), challenge.end());
+    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificate;
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId = {};
+
+    result = writableCredential->getAttestationCertificate(
+            attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge, &attestationCertificate);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::ValidateAttestationCertificate(attestationCertificate));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyAttestationDoubleCallFails) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge1";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::ValidateAttestationCertificate(attData.attestationCertificate));
+
+    string challenge2 = "NotSoRandomChallenge2";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData2(writableCredential, challenge2, {});
+    EXPECT_FALSE(attData2.result.isOk()) << attData2.result.exceptionCode() << "; "
+                                         << attData2.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, attData2.result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_FAILED, attData2.result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalization) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // First call should go through
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {2, 4};
+    result = writableCredential->startPersonalization(5, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    // Call personalization again to check if repeat call is allowed.
+    result = writableCredential->startPersonalization(7, entryCounts);
+
+    // Second call to startPersonalization should have failed.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_FAILED, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationMin) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Verify minimal number of profile count and entry count
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1, 1};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(1, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationZero) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {0};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(0, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationOne) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Verify minimal number of profile count and entry count
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(1, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyStartPersonalizationLarge) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Verify set a large number of profile count and entry count is ok
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {3000};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3500, entryCounts);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyProfileNumberMismatchShouldFail) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    // Enter mismatched entry and profile numbers
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {5, 6};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(5, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("12345");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {// Profile 0 (reader authentication)
+                                                          {1, readerCertificate.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          {2, readerCertificate.value(), true, 1},
+                                                          // Profile 4 (no authentication)
+                                                          {4, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    // finishAddingEntries should fail because the number of addAccessControlProfile mismatched with
+    // startPersonalization, and begintest_utils::AddEntry was not called.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyDuplicateProfileId) {
+    Status result;
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {3, 6};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {// first profile should go though
+                                                          {1, {}, true, 2},
+                                                          // same id, different
+                                                          // authentication requirement
+                                                          {1, {}, true, 1},
+                                                          // same id, different certificate
+                                                          {1, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    bool expectOk = true;
+    for (const auto& testProfile : testProfiles) {
+        SecureAccessControlProfile profile;
+        Certificate cert;
+        cert.encodedCertificate = testProfile.readerCertificate;
+        result = writableCredential->addAccessControlProfile(
+                testProfile.id, cert, testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired,
+                testProfile.timeoutMillis, 0, &profile);
+
+        if (expectOk) {
+            expectOk = false;
+            // for profile should be allowed though as there are no duplications
+            // yet.
+            ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk())
+                    << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                    << "test profile id = " << testProfile.id << endl;
+
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.id, profile.id);
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.readerCertificate, profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate);
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired, profile.userAuthenticationRequired);
+            ASSERT_EQ(testProfile.timeoutMillis, profile.timeoutMillis);
+            ASSERT_EQ(support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize, profile.mac.size());
+        } else {
+            // should not allow duplicate id profiles.
+            ASSERT_FALSE(result.isOk())
+                    << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                    << ". Test profile id = " << testProfile.id
+                    << ", timeout=" << testProfile.timeoutMillis << endl;
+            ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+            ASSERT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA,
+                      result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyOneProfileAndEntryPass) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge1";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(1, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {{1, readerCertificate1.value(), true, 1}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            {"Name Space", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> proofOfProvisioning =
+            support::coseSignGetPayload(proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(proofOfProvisioning);
+    string cborPretty =
+            support::cborPrettyPrint(proofOfProvisioning.value(), 32, {"readerCertificate"});
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+            "[\n"
+            "  'ProofOfProvisioning',\n"
+            "  'org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl',\n"
+            "  [\n"
+            "    {\n"
+            "      'id' : 1,\n"
+            "      'readerCertificate' : <not printed>,\n"
+            "      'userAuthenticationRequired' : true,\n"
+            "      'timeoutMillis' : 1,\n"
+            "    },\n"
+            "  ],\n"
+            "  {\n"
+            "    'Name Space' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Last name',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Turing',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [0, 1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "  },\n"
+            "  true,\n"
+            "]",
+            cborPretty);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey = support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(
+            attData.attestationCertificate[0].encodedCertificate);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialPubKey);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(support::coseCheckEcDsaSignature(proofOfProvisioningSignature,
+                                                 {},  // Additional data
+                                                 credentialPubKey.value()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyManyProfilesAndEntriesPass) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate2 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("1256");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {
+            {1, readerCertificate1.value(), true, 1},
+            {2, readerCertificate2.value(), true, 2},
+    };
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1u, 3u, 1u, 1u, 2u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(testProfiles.size(), entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    vector<uint8_t> portraitImage1;
+    test_utils::SetImageData(portraitImage1);
+
+    vector<uint8_t> portraitImage2;
+    test_utils::SetImageData(portraitImage2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            {"Name Space 1", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{1, 2}},
+            {"Name Space2", "Home address", string("Maida Vale, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{1}},
+            {"Name Space2", "Work address", string("Maida Vale2, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{2}},
+            {"Name Space2", "Trailer address", string("Maida, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{1}},
+            {"Image", "Portrait image", portraitImage1, vector<int32_t>{1}},
+            {"Image2", "Work image", portraitImage2, vector<int32_t>{1, 2}},
+            {"Name Space3", "xyzw", string("random stuff"), vector<int32_t>{1, 2}},
+            {"Name Space3", "Something", string("Some string"), vector<int32_t>{2}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> proofOfProvisioning =
+            support::coseSignGetPayload(proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(proofOfProvisioning);
+    string cborPretty = support::cborPrettyPrint(proofOfProvisioning.value(),
+                                                 32,  //
+                                                 {"readerCertificate"});
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+            "[\n"
+            "  'ProofOfProvisioning',\n"
+            "  'org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl',\n"
+            "  [\n"
+            "    {\n"
+            "      'id' : 1,\n"
+            "      'readerCertificate' : <not printed>,\n"
+            "      'userAuthenticationRequired' : true,\n"
+            "      'timeoutMillis' : 1,\n"
+            "    },\n"
+            "    {\n"
+            "      'id' : 2,\n"
+            "      'readerCertificate' : <not printed>,\n"
+            "      'userAuthenticationRequired' : true,\n"
+            "      'timeoutMillis' : 2,\n"
+            "    },\n"
+            "  ],\n"
+            "  {\n"
+            "    'Name Space 1' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Last name',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Turing',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, 2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Name Space2' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Home address',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Maida Vale, London, England',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Work address',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Maida Vale2, London, England',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Trailer address',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Maida, London, England',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Image' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Portrait image',\n"
+            "        'value' : <bstr size=262134 sha1=941e372f654d86c32d88fae9e41b706afbfd02bb>,\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Image2' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Work image',\n"
+            "        'value' : <bstr size=262134 sha1=941e372f654d86c32d88fae9e41b706afbfd02bb>,\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, 2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "    'Name Space3' : [\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'xyzw',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'random stuff',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [1, 2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "      {\n"
+            "        'name' : 'Something',\n"
+            "        'value' : 'Some string',\n"
+            "        'accessControlProfiles' : [2, ],\n"
+            "      },\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "  },\n"
+            "  true,\n"
+            "]",
+            cborPretty);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> credentialPubKey = support::certificateChainGetTopMostKey(
+            attData.attestationCertificate[0].encodedCertificate);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialPubKey);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(support::coseCheckEcDsaSignature(proofOfProvisioningSignature,
+                                                 {},  // Additional data
+                                                 credentialPubKey.value()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyEmptyNameSpaceMixedWithNonEmptyWorks) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {2u, 2u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate2 =
+            test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456987987987987987987");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {{0, readerCertificate1.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          {1, readerCertificate2.value(), true, 1},
+                                                          {2, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            // test empty name space
+            {"", "t name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{2}},
+            {"", "Birth", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{2}},
+            {"Name Space", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+            {"Name Space", "Birth date", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyInterleavingEntryNameSpaceOrderingFails) {
+    Status result;
+
+    HardwareInformation hwInfo;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(credentialStore_->getHardwareInformation(&hwInfo).isOk());
+
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    string challenge = "NotSoRandomChallenge";
+    test_utils::AttestationData attData(writableCredential, challenge, {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(attData.result.isOk())
+            << attData.result.exceptionCode() << "; " << attData.result.exceptionMessage() << endl;
+
+    // Enter mismatched entry and profile numbers.
+    // Technically the 2nd name space of "Name Space" occurs intermittently, 2
+    // before "Image" and 2 after image, which is not correct.  All of same name
+    // space should occur together.  Let's see if this fails.
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {2u, 1u, 2u};
+    writableCredential->startPersonalization(3, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate1 = test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate1);
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerCertificate2 =
+            test_utils::GenerateReaderCertificate("123456987987987987987987");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readerCertificate2);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestProfile> testProfiles = {{0, readerCertificate1.value(), false, 0},
+                                                          {1, readerCertificate2.value(), true, 1},
+                                                          {2, {}, false, 0}};
+
+    optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> secureProfiles =
+            test_utils::AddAccessControlProfiles(writableCredential, testProfiles);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secureProfiles);
+
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries1 = {
+            // test empty name space
+            {"Name Space", "Last name", string("Turing"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+            {"Name Space", "Birth date", string("19120623"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+    };
+
+    map<const test_utils::TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>> encryptedBlobs;
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries1) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                         encryptedBlobs, true));
+    }
+    const test_utils::TestEntryData testEntry2 = {"Image", "Portrait image", string("asdfs"),
+                                                  vector<int32_t>{0, 1}};
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, testEntry2, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                     encryptedBlobs, true));
+
+    // We expect this to fail because the namespace is out of order, all "Name Space"
+    // should have been called together
+    const vector<test_utils::TestEntryData> testEntries3 = {
+            {"Name Space", "First name", string("Alan"), vector<int32_t>{0, 1}},
+            {"Name Space", "Home address", string("Maida Vale, London, England"),
+             vector<int32_t>{0}},
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& entry : testEntries3) {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(test_utils::AddEntry(writableCredential, entry, hwInfo.dataChunkSize,
+                                          encryptedBlobs, false));
+    }
+
+    vector<uint8_t> credentialData;
+    vector<uint8_t> proofOfProvisioningSignature;
+    result =
+            writableCredential->finishAddingEntries(&credentialData, &proofOfProvisioningSignature);
+
+    // should fail because test_utils::AddEntry should have failed earlier.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                << endl;
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+TEST_P(IdentityCredentialTests, verifyAccessControlProfileIdOutOfRange) {
+    sp<IWritableIdentityCredential> writableCredential;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(test_utils::SetupWritableCredential(writableCredential, credentialStore_));
+
+    const vector<int32_t> entryCounts = {1};
+    Status result = writableCredential->startPersonalization(1, entryCounts);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                               << endl;
+
+    SecureAccessControlProfile profile;
+
+    // This should fail because the id is >= 32
+    result = writableCredential->addAccessControlProfile(32,     // id
+                                                         {},     // readerCertificate
+                                                         false,  // userAuthenticationRequired
+                                                         0,      // timeoutMillis
+                                                         42,     // secureUserId
+                                                         &profile);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage();
+    ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    ASSERT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // This should fail because the id is < 0
+    result = writableCredential->addAccessControlProfile(-1,     // id
+                                                         {},     // readerCertificate
+                                                         false,  // userAuthenticationRequired
+                                                         0,      // timeoutMillis
+                                                         42,     // secureUserId
+                                                         &profile);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage();
+    ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, result.exceptionCode());
+    ASSERT_EQ(IIdentityCredentialStore::STATUS_INVALID_DATA, result.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        Identity, IdentityCredentialTests,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IIdentityCredentialStore::descriptor)),
+        android::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::identity
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3aeebc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "VtsIdentityTestUtils.h"
+
+#include <aidl/Gtest.h>
+#include <map>
+
+namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils {
+
+using std::endl;
+using std::map;
+using std::optional;
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::String16;
+using ::android::binder::Status;
+
+bool SetupWritableCredential(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+                             sp<IIdentityCredentialStore>& credentialStore) {
+    if (credentialStore == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    string docType = "org.iso.18013-5.2019.mdl";
+    bool testCredential = true;
+    Status result = credentialStore->createCredential(docType, testCredential, &writableCredential);
+
+    if (result.isOk() && writableCredential != nullptr) {
+        return true;
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal) {
+    vector<uint8_t> privKey;
+    return GenerateReaderCertificate(serialDecimal, privKey);
+}
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal,
+                                                    vector<uint8_t>& readerPrivateKey) {
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKeyPKCS8 = support::createEcKeyPair();
+    if (!readerKeyPKCS8) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerPublicKey =
+            support::ecKeyPairGetPublicKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
+    optional<vector<uint8_t>> readerKey = support::ecKeyPairGetPrivateKey(readerKeyPKCS8.value());
+    if (!readerPublicKey || !readerKey) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    readerPrivateKey = readerKey.value();
+
+    string issuer = "Android Open Source Project";
+    string subject = "Android IdentityCredential VTS Test";
+    time_t validityNotBefore = time(nullptr);
+    time_t validityNotAfter = validityNotBefore + 365 * 24 * 3600;
+
+    return support::ecPublicKeyGenerateCertificate(readerPublicKey.value(), readerKey.value(),
+                                                   serialDecimal, issuer, subject,
+                                                   validityNotBefore, validityNotAfter);
+}
+
+optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> AddAccessControlProfiles(
+        sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+        const vector<TestProfile>& testProfiles) {
+    Status result;
+
+    vector<SecureAccessControlProfile> secureProfiles;
+
+    for (const auto& testProfile : testProfiles) {
+        SecureAccessControlProfile profile;
+        Certificate cert;
+        cert.encodedCertificate = testProfile.readerCertificate;
+        result = writableCredential->addAccessControlProfile(
+                testProfile.id, cert, testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired,
+                testProfile.timeoutMillis, 0, &profile);
+
+        // Don't use assert so all errors can be outputed.  Then return
+        // instead of exit even on errors so caller can decide.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk()) << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage()
+                                   << "test profile id = " << testProfile.id << endl;
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.id, profile.id);
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.readerCertificate, profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate);
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired, profile.userAuthenticationRequired);
+        EXPECT_EQ(testProfile.timeoutMillis, profile.timeoutMillis);
+        EXPECT_EQ(support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize, profile.mac.size());
+
+        if (!result.isOk() || testProfile.id != profile.id ||
+            testProfile.readerCertificate != profile.readerCertificate.encodedCertificate ||
+            testProfile.userAuthenticationRequired != profile.userAuthenticationRequired ||
+            testProfile.timeoutMillis != profile.timeoutMillis ||
+            support::kAesGcmTagSize + support::kAesGcmIvSize != profile.mac.size()) {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        secureProfiles.push_back(profile);
+    }
+
+    return secureProfiles;
+}
+
+// Most test expects this function to pass. So we will print out additional
+// value if failed so more debug data can be provided.
+bool AddEntry(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential, const TestEntryData& entry,
+              int dataChunkSize, map<const TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>>& encryptedBlobs,
+              bool expectSuccess) {
+    Status result;
+    vector<vector<uint8_t>> chunks = support::chunkVector(entry.valueCbor, dataChunkSize);
+
+    result = writableCredential->beginAddEntry(entry.profileIds, entry.nameSpace, entry.name,
+                                               entry.valueCbor.size());
+
+    if (expectSuccess) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk())
+                << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage() << endl
+                << "entry name = " << entry.name << ", name space=" << entry.nameSpace << endl;
+    }
+
+    if (!result.isOk()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    vector<vector<uint8_t>> encryptedChunks;
+    for (const auto& chunk : chunks) {
+        vector<uint8_t> encryptedContent;
+        result = writableCredential->addEntryValue(chunk, &encryptedContent);
+        if (expectSuccess) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(result.isOk())
+                    << result.exceptionCode() << "; " << result.exceptionMessage() << endl
+                    << "entry name = " << entry.name << ", name space = " << entry.nameSpace
+                    << endl;
+
+            EXPECT_GT(encryptedContent.size(), 0u) << "entry name = " << entry.name
+                                                   << ", name space = " << entry.nameSpace << endl;
+        }
+
+        if (!result.isOk() || encryptedContent.size() <= 0u) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        encryptedChunks.push_back(encryptedContent);
+    }
+
+    encryptedBlobs[&entry] = encryptedChunks;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool ValidateAttestationCertificate(vector<Certificate>& inputCertificates) {
+    return (inputCertificates.size() >= 2);
+    // TODO: add parsing of the certificate and make sure it is genuine.
+}
+
+void SetImageData(vector<uint8_t>& image) {
+    image.resize(256 * 1024 - 10);
+    for (size_t n = 0; n < image.size(); n++) {
+        image[n] = (uint8_t)n;
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils
diff --git a/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.h b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..043ccd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/identity/aidl/vts/VtsIdentityTestUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef VTS_IDENTITY_TEST_UTILS_H
+#define VTS_IDENTITY_TEST_UTILS_H
+
+#include <android/hardware/identity/IIdentityCredentialStore.h>
+#include <android/hardware/identity/support/IdentityCredentialSupport.h>
+#include <cppbor.h>
+#include <cppbor_parse.h>
+
+namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils {
+
+using ::std::map;
+using ::std::optional;
+using ::std::string;
+using ::std::vector;
+
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::binder::Status;
+
+struct AttestationData {
+    AttestationData(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential, string challenge,
+                    vector<uint8_t> applicationId)
+        : attestationApplicationId(applicationId) {
+        // ASSERT_NE(writableCredential, nullptr);
+
+        if (!challenge.empty()) {
+            attestationChallenge.assign(challenge.begin(), challenge.end());
+        }
+
+        result = writableCredential->getAttestationCertificate(
+                attestationApplicationId, attestationChallenge, &attestationCertificate);
+    }
+
+    AttestationData() {}
+
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationChallenge;
+    vector<uint8_t> attestationApplicationId;
+    vector<Certificate> attestationCertificate;
+    Status result;
+};
+
+struct TestEntryData {
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : nameSpace(nameSpace), name(name), profileIds(profileIds) {}
+
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const string& value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        valueCbor = cppbor::Tstr(((const char*)value.data())).encode();
+    }
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, const vector<uint8_t>& value,
+                  vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        valueCbor = cppbor::Bstr(value).encode();
+    }
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, bool value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        valueCbor = cppbor::Bool(value).encode();
+    }
+    TestEntryData(string nameSpace, string name, int64_t value, vector<int32_t> profileIds)
+        : TestEntryData(nameSpace, name, profileIds) {
+        if (value >= 0) {
+            valueCbor = cppbor::Uint(value).encode();
+        } else {
+            valueCbor = cppbor::Nint(-value).encode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    string nameSpace;
+    string name;
+    vector<uint8_t> valueCbor;
+    vector<int32_t> profileIds;
+};
+
+struct TestProfile {
+    uint16_t id;
+    vector<uint8_t> readerCertificate;
+    bool userAuthenticationRequired;
+    uint64_t timeoutMillis;
+};
+
+bool SetupWritableCredential(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+                             sp<IIdentityCredentialStore>& credentialStore);
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal);
+
+optional<vector<uint8_t>> GenerateReaderCertificate(string serialDecimal,
+                                                    vector<uint8_t>& readerPrivateKey);
+
+optional<vector<SecureAccessControlProfile>> AddAccessControlProfiles(
+        sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential,
+        const vector<TestProfile>& testProfiles);
+
+bool AddEntry(sp<IWritableIdentityCredential>& writableCredential, const TestEntryData& entry,
+              int dataChunkSize, map<const TestEntryData*, vector<vector<uint8_t>>>& encryptedBlobs,
+              bool expectSuccess);
+
+bool ValidateAttestationCertificate(vector<Certificate>& inputCertificates);
+
+void SetImageData(vector<uint8_t>& image);
+
+}  // namespace android::hardware::identity::test_utils
+
+#endif  // VTS_IDENTITY_TEST_UTILS_H
diff --git a/identity/support/src/IdentityCredentialSupport.cpp b/identity/support/src/IdentityCredentialSupport.cpp
index bf6a5c3..dc49ddc 100644
--- a/identity/support/src/IdentityCredentialSupport.cpp
+++ b/identity/support/src/IdentityCredentialSupport.cpp
@@ -958,12 +958,17 @@
 optional<vector<uint8_t>> createEcKeyPair() {
     auto ec_key = EC_KEY_Ptr(EC_KEY_new());
     auto pkey = EVP_PKEY_Ptr(EVP_PKEY_new());
-    auto group = EC_GROUP_Ptr(EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name(NID_X9_62_prime256v1));
     if (ec_key.get() == nullptr || pkey.get() == nullptr) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Memory allocation failed";
         return {};
     }
 
+    auto group = EC_GROUP_Ptr(EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name(NID_X9_62_prime256v1));
+    if (group.get() == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error creating EC group by curve name";
+        return {};
+    }
+
     if (EC_KEY_set_group(ec_key.get(), group.get()) != 1 ||
         EC_KEY_generate_key(ec_key.get()) != 1 || EC_KEY_check_key(ec_key.get()) < 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Error generating key";
diff --git a/keymaster/4.1/support/attestation_record.cpp b/keymaster/4.1/support/attestation_record.cpp
index 63bf854..598b6b5 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.1/support/attestation_record.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.1/support/attestation_record.cpp
@@ -296,6 +296,10 @@
 std::tuple<ErrorCode, AttestationRecord> parse_attestation_record(const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& cert) {
     const uint8_t* p = cert.data();
     X509_Ptr x509(d2i_X509(nullptr, &p, cert.size()));
+    if (!x509.get()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Error converting DER";
+        return {ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT, {}};
+    }
 
     ASN1_OBJECT_Ptr oid(OBJ_txt2obj(kAttestionRecordOid, 1 /* dotted string format */));
     if (!oid.get()) {
diff --git a/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp
index 7ea3275..495de0f 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#define LOG_TAG "keymaster_hidl_hal_test"
+#include <cutils/log.h>
+
 #include "Keymaster4_1HidlTest.h"
 
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
@@ -23,6 +26,10 @@
 #include <keymasterV4_1/attestation_record.h>
 #include <keymasterV4_1/authorization_set.h>
 
+// Not to dump the attestation by default. Can enable by specify the parameter
+// "--dump_attestations" on lunching VTS
+static bool dumpAttestations = false;
+
 namespace android::hardware::keymaster::V4_0 {
 
 bool operator==(const AuthorizationSet& a, const AuthorizationSet& b) {
@@ -57,6 +64,10 @@
     return retval;
 }
 
+inline void dumpContent(string content) {
+    std::cout << content << std::endl;
+}
+
 struct AuthorizationSetDifferences {
     string aName;
     string bName;
@@ -126,6 +137,23 @@
     }
 }
 
+bool tag_in_list(const KeyParameter& entry) {
+    // Attestations don't contain everything in key authorization lists, so we need to filter
+    // the key lists to produce the lists that we expect to match the attestations.
+    auto tag_list = {
+            Tag::INCLUDE_UNIQUE_ID, Tag::BLOB_USAGE_REQUIREMENTS, Tag::EC_CURVE,
+            Tag::HARDWARE_TYPE,     Tag::VENDOR_PATCHLEVEL,       Tag::BOOT_PATCHLEVEL,
+            Tag::CREATION_DATETIME,
+    };
+    return std::find(tag_list.begin(), tag_list.end(), (V4_1::Tag)entry.tag) != tag_list.end();
+}
+
+AuthorizationSet filter_tags(const AuthorizationSet& set) {
+    AuthorizationSet filtered;
+    std::remove_copy_if(set.begin(), set.end(), std::back_inserter(filtered), tag_in_list);
+    return filtered;
+}
+
 void check_attestation_record(AttestationRecord attestation, const HidlBuf& challenge,
                               AuthorizationSet expected_sw_enforced,
                               AuthorizationSet expected_hw_enforced,
@@ -144,9 +172,9 @@
     attestation.software_enforced.Sort();
     attestation.hardware_enforced.Sort();
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(expected_sw_enforced, attestation.software_enforced)
+    EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_sw_enforced), filter_tags(attestation.software_enforced))
             << DIFFERENCE(expected_sw_enforced, attestation.software_enforced);
-    EXPECT_EQ(expected_hw_enforced, attestation.hardware_enforced)
+    EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_hw_enforced), filter_tags(attestation.hardware_enforced))
             << DIFFERENCE(expected_hw_enforced, attestation.hardware_enforced);
 }
 
@@ -155,8 +183,8 @@
 using std::string;
 using DeviceUniqueAttestationTest = Keymaster4_1HidlTest;
 
-TEST_P(DeviceUniqueAttestationTest, StrongBoxOnly) {
-    if (SecLevel() != SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
+TEST_P(DeviceUniqueAttestationTest, NonStrongBoxOnly) {
+    if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, convert(GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                          .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -193,11 +221,11 @@
     if (SecLevel() != SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               convert(GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
-                                          .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
-                                          .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
-                                          .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
-                                          .Padding(PaddingMode::RSA_PKCS1_1_5_SIGN)
-                                          .Authorization(TAG_CREATION_DATETIME, 1))));
+                                  .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
+                                  .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
+                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
+                                  .Padding(PaddingMode::RSA_PKCS1_1_5_SIGN)
+                                  .Authorization(TAG_INCLUDE_UNIQUE_ID))));
 
     hidl_vec<hidl_vec<uint8_t>> cert_chain;
     HidlBuf challenge("challenge");
@@ -209,14 +237,14 @@
                                         .Authorization(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID, app_id),
                                 &cert_chain)));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, cert_chain.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(2U, cert_chain.size());
+    if (dumpAttestations) dumpContent(bin2hex(cert_chain[0]));
     auto [err, attestation] = parse_attestation_record(cert_chain[0]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, err);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, err);
 
     check_attestation_record(attestation, challenge,
                              /* sw_enforced */
                              AuthorizationSetBuilder()
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_CREATION_DATETIME, 1)
                                      .Authorization(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID, app_id),
                              /* hw_enforced */
                              AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -238,7 +266,7 @@
                                           .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                           .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
                                           .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
-                                          .Authorization(TAG_CREATION_DATETIME, 1))));
+                                          .Authorization(TAG_INCLUDE_UNIQUE_ID))));
 
     hidl_vec<hidl_vec<uint8_t>> cert_chain;
     HidlBuf challenge("challenge");
@@ -250,29 +278,42 @@
                                         .Authorization(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID, app_id),
                                 &cert_chain)));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, cert_chain.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(2U, cert_chain.size());
+    if (dumpAttestations) dumpContent(bin2hex(cert_chain[0]));
     auto [err, attestation] = parse_attestation_record(cert_chain[0]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, err);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, err);
 
     check_attestation_record(attestation, challenge,
-                             /* sw_enforced */
-                             AuthorizationSetBuilder()
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_CREATION_DATETIME, 1)
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID, app_id),
-                             /* hw_enforced */
-                             AuthorizationSetBuilder()
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_DEVICE_UNIQUE_ATTESTATION)
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
-                                     .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
-                                     .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_EC_CURVE, EcCurve::P_256)
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_ORIGIN, KeyOrigin::GENERATED)
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_OS_VERSION, os_version())
-                                     .Authorization(TAG_OS_PATCHLEVEL, os_patch_level()),
-                             SecLevel());
+            /* sw_enforced */
+            AuthorizationSetBuilder().Authorization(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID, app_id),
+            /* hw_enforced */
+            AuthorizationSetBuilder()
+                    .Authorization(TAG_DEVICE_UNIQUE_ATTESTATION)
+                    .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
+                    .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
+                    .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
+                    .Authorization(TAG_EC_CURVE, EcCurve::P_256)
+                    .Authorization(TAG_ORIGIN, KeyOrigin::GENERATED)
+                    .Authorization(TAG_OS_VERSION, os_version())
+                    .Authorization(TAG_OS_PATCHLEVEL, os_patch_level()),
+            SecLevel());
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_4_1_HIDL_TEST(DeviceUniqueAttestationTest);
 
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace android::hardware::keymaster::V4_1
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+        if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
+            if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--dump_attestations") {
+                dumpAttestations = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
+    return status;
+}
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/audio/Android.bp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/audio/Android.bp
index 532521e..ec7357c 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/audio/Android.bp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/audio/Android.bp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
     data: [":media_omx_audio_res"],
     test_config: "VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetAudioEncTest.xml",
     test_suites: [
-        "vts-core",
+        "vts",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -40,6 +40,6 @@
     data: [":media_omx_audio_res"],
     test_config: "VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetAudioDecTest.xml",
     test_suites: [
-        "vts-core",
+        "vts",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/component/Android.bp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/component/Android.bp
index c7be2cc..8fb627a 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/component/Android.bp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/component/Android.bp
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@
     defaults: ["VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0Defaults"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetComponentTest.cpp"],
     test_suites: [
-        "vts-core",
+        "vts",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/Android.bp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/Android.bp
index 0eb2cc9..5953eb5 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/Android.bp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/Android.bp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
     defaults: ["VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0Defaults"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetMasterTest.cpp"],
     test_suites: [
-        "vts-core",
+        "general-tests",
+        "vts",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetMasterTest.cpp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetMasterTest.cpp
index c14f1da..9b4722e 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetMasterTest.cpp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/master/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetMasterTest.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 #include <android/hardware/media/omx/1.0/IOmx.h>
 #include <android/hardware/media/omx/1.0/IOmxNode.h>
@@ -33,21 +34,22 @@
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
-using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmx;
-using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmxObserver;
-using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmxNode;
-using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmxStore;
-using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Message;
-using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::CodecBuffer;
-using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::PortMode;
-using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMapper;
+using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::base::Join;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
 using ::android::hardware::Return;
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::sp;
+using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::CodecBuffer;
+using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmx;
+using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmxNode;
+using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmxObserver;
+using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::IOmxStore;
+using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Message;
+using ::android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::PortMode;
+using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
+using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMapper;
+using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
 
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <media_hidl_test_common.h>
@@ -70,6 +72,11 @@
     }
 };
 
+struct AttributePattern {
+    const testing::internal::RE key;
+    const testing::internal::RE value;
+};
+
 void displayComponentInfo(hidl_vec<IOmx::ComponentInfo>& nodeList) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < nodeList.size(); i++) {
         printf("%s | ", nodeList[i].mName.c_str());
@@ -80,6 +87,109 @@
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the role based on is_encoder and mime.
+ *
+ * The mapping from a pair (is_encoder, mime) to a role string is
+ * defined in frameworks/av/media/libmedia/MediaDefs.cpp and
+ * frameworks/av/media/libstagefright/omx/OMXUtils.cpp. This function
+ * does essentially the same work as GetComponentRole() in
+ * OMXUtils.cpp.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   is_encoder: A boolean indicating whether the role is for an
+ *       encoder or a decoder.
+ *   mime: A string of the desired mime type.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   A const string for the requested role name, empty if mime is not
+ *   recognized.
+ */
+const std::string getComponentRole(bool isEncoder, const std::string mime) {
+    // Mapping from mime types to roles.
+    // These values come from MediaDefs.cpp and OMXUtils.cpp
+    const std::map<const std::string, const std::string> audioMimeToRole = {
+            {"3gpp", "amrnb"},         {"ac3", "ac3"},     {"amr-wb", "amrwb"},
+            {"eac3", "eac3"},          {"flac", "flac"},   {"g711-alaw", "g711alaw"},
+            {"g711-mlaw", "g711mlaw"}, {"gsm", "gsm"},     {"mp4a-latm", "aac"},
+            {"mpeg", "mp3"},           {"mpeg-L1", "mp1"}, {"mpeg-L2", "mp2"},
+            {"opus", "opus"},          {"raw", "raw"},     {"vorbis", "vorbis"},
+    };
+    const std::map<const std::string, const std::string> videoMimeToRole = {
+            {"3gpp", "h263"},         {"avc", "avc"},           {"dolby-vision", "dolby-vision"},
+            {"hevc", "hevc"},         {"mp4v-es", "mpeg4"},     {"mpeg2", "mpeg2"},
+            {"x-vnd.on2.vp8", "vp8"}, {"x-vnd.on2.vp9", "vp9"},
+    };
+    const std::map<const std::string, const std::string> imageMimeToRole = {
+            {"vnd.android.heic", "heic"},
+    };
+
+    // Suffix begins after the mime prefix.
+    const size_t prefixEnd = mime.find("/");
+    if (prefixEnd == std::string::npos || prefixEnd == mime.size()) return "";
+    const std::string mime_suffix = mime.substr(prefixEnd + 1, mime.size() - 1);
+    const std::string middle = isEncoder ? "encoder." : "decoder.";
+    std::string prefix;
+    std::string suffix;
+    if (mime.rfind("audio/", 0) != std::string::npos) {
+        const auto it = audioMimeToRole.find(mime_suffix);
+        if (it == audioMimeToRole.end()) return "";
+        prefix = "audio_";
+        suffix = it->second;
+    } else if (mime.rfind("video/", 0) != std::string::npos) {
+        const auto it = videoMimeToRole.find(mime_suffix);
+        if (it == videoMimeToRole.end()) return "";
+        prefix = "video_";
+        suffix = it->second;
+    } else if (mime.rfind("image/", 0) != std::string::npos) {
+        const auto it = imageMimeToRole.find(mime_suffix);
+        if (it == imageMimeToRole.end()) return "";
+        prefix = "image_";
+        suffix = it->second;
+    } else {
+        return "";
+    }
+    return prefix + middle + suffix;
+}
+
+void validateAttributes(
+        const std::map<const std::string, const testing::internal::RE>& knownPatterns,
+        const std::vector<const struct AttributePattern>& unknownPatterns,
+        hidl_vec<IOmxStore::Attribute> attributes) {
+    std::set<const std::string> attributeKeys;
+    for (const auto& attr : attributes) {
+        // Make sure there are no duplicates
+        const auto [nodeIter, inserted] = attributeKeys.insert(attr.key);
+        EXPECT_EQ(inserted, true) << "Attribute \"" << attr.key << "\" has duplicates.";
+
+        // Check the value against the corresponding regular
+        // expression.
+        const auto knownPattern = knownPatterns.find(attr.key);
+        if (knownPattern != knownPatterns.end()) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(testing::internal::RE::FullMatch(attr.value, knownPattern->second), true)
+                    << "Attribute \"" << attr.key << "\" has invalid value \"" << attr.value << ".";
+            ;
+        } else {
+            // Failed to find exact attribute, check against
+            // possible patterns.
+            bool keyFound = false;
+            for (const auto& unknownPattern : unknownPatterns) {
+                if (testing::internal::RE::PartialMatch(attr.key, unknownPattern.key)) {
+                    keyFound = true;
+                    EXPECT_EQ(testing::internal::RE::FullMatch(attr.value, unknownPattern.value),
+                              true)
+                            << "Attribute \"" << attr.key << "\" has invalid value \"" << attr.value
+                            << ".";
+                }
+            }
+            if (!keyFound) {
+                std::cout << "Warning, Unrecognized attribute \"" << attr.key << "\" with value \""
+                          << attr.value << "\"." << std::endl;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // Make sure IOmx and IOmxStore have the same set of instances.
 TEST(MasterHidlTest, instanceMatchValidation) {
     auto omxInstances = android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOmx::descriptor);
@@ -91,7 +201,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-// list service attributes
+// list service attributes and verify expected formats
 TEST_P(MasterHidlTest, ListServiceAttr) {
     description("list service attributes");
     android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status status;
@@ -105,7 +215,36 @@
                     })
                     .isOk());
     ASSERT_EQ(status, android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status::OK);
-    if (attributes.size() == 0) ALOGV("Warning, Attribute list empty");
+    if (attributes.size() == 0) {
+        std::cout << "Warning, Attribute list empty" << std::endl;
+    } else {
+        /*
+         * knownPatterns is a map whose keys are the known "key" for a service
+         * attribute pair (see IOmxStore::Attribute), and whose values are the
+         * corresponding regular expressions that will have to match with the
+         * "value" of the attribute pair. If listServiceAttributes() returns an
+         * attribute that has a matching key but an unmatched value, the test
+         * will fail.
+         */
+        const std::map<const std::string, const testing::internal::RE> knownPatterns = {
+                {"max-video-encoder-input-buffers", "0|[1-9][0-9]*"},
+                {"supports-multiple-secure-codecs", "0|1"},
+                {"supports-secure-with-non-secure-codec", "0|1"},
+        };
+        /*
+         * unknownPatterns is a vector of pairs of regular expressions.
+         * For each attribute whose key is not known (i.e., does not match any
+         * of the keys in the "knownPatterns" variable defined above), that key will be
+         * tried for a match with the first element of each pair of the variable
+         * "unknownPatterns". If a match occurs, the value of that same attribute will be
+         * tried for a match with the second element of the pair. If this second
+         * match fails, the test will fail.
+         */
+        const std::vector<const struct AttributePattern> unknownPatterns = {
+                {"supports-[a-z0-9-]*", "0|1"}};
+
+        validateAttributes(knownPatterns, unknownPatterns, attributes);
+    }
 }
 
 // get node prefix
@@ -114,17 +253,183 @@
     hidl_string prefix;
     omxStore->getNodePrefix(
         [&prefix](hidl_string const& _nl) { prefix = _nl; });
-    if (prefix.empty()) ALOGV("Warning, Node Prefix empty");
+    if (prefix.empty()) std::cout << "Warning, Node Prefix empty" << std::endl;
 }
 
-// list roles
+// list roles and validate all RoleInfo objects
 TEST_P(MasterHidlTest, ListRoles) {
     description("list roles");
     hidl_vec<IOmxStore::RoleInfo> roleList;
     omxStore->listRoles([&roleList](hidl_vec<IOmxStore::RoleInfo> const& _nl) {
         roleList = _nl;
     });
-    if (roleList.size() == 0) ALOGV("Warning, RoleInfo list empty");
+    if (roleList.size() == 0) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Warning, RoleInfo list empty";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Basic patterns for matching
+    const std::string toggle = "(0|1)";
+    const std::string string = "(.*)";
+    const std::string num = "(0|([1-9][0-9]*))";
+    const std::string size = "(" + num + "x" + num + ")";
+    const std::string ratio = "(" + num + ":" + num + ")";
+    const std::string range_num = "((" + num + "-" + num + ")|" + num + ")";
+    const std::string range_size = "((" + size + "-" + size + ")|" + size + ")";
+    const std::string range_ratio = "((" + ratio + "-" + ratio + ")|" + ratio + ")";
+    const std::string list_range_num = "(" + range_num + "(," + range_num + ")*)";
+
+    // Matching rules for node attributes with fixed keys
+    const std::map<const std::string, const testing::internal::RE> knownPatterns = {
+            {"alignment", size},
+            {"bitrate-range", range_num},
+            {"block-aspect-ratio-range", range_ratio},
+            {"block-count-range", range_num},
+            {"block-size", size},
+            {"blocks-per-second-range", range_num},
+            {"complexity-default", num},
+            {"complexity-range", range_num},
+            {"feature-adaptive-playback", toggle},
+            {"feature-bitrate-control", "(VBR|CBR|CQ)[,(VBR|CBR|CQ)]*"},
+            {"feature-can-swap-width-height", toggle},
+            {"feature-intra-refresh", toggle},
+            {"feature-partial-frame", toggle},
+            {"feature-secure-playback", toggle},
+            {"feature-tunneled-playback", toggle},
+            {"frame-rate-range", range_num},
+            {"max-channel-count", num},
+            {"max-concurrent-instances", num},
+            {"max-supported-instances", num},
+            {"pixel-aspect-ratio-range", range_ratio},
+            {"quality-default", num},
+            {"quality-range", range_num},
+            {"quality-scale", string},
+            {"sample-rate-ranges", list_range_num},
+            {"size-range", range_size},
+    };
+
+    // Strings for matching rules for node attributes with key patterns
+    const std::vector<const struct AttributePattern> unknownPatterns = {
+            {"measured-frame-rate-" + size + "-range", range_num},
+            {"feature-[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+", string},
+    };
+
+    // Matching rules for node names and owners
+    const testing::internal::RE nodeNamePattern = "[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+";
+    const testing::internal::RE nodeOwnerPattern = "[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+";
+
+    std::set<const std::string> roleKeys;
+    std::map<const std::string, std::set<const std::string>> nodeToRoles;
+    std::map<const std::string, std::set<const std::string>> ownerToNodes;
+    for (const IOmxStore::RoleInfo& role : roleList) {
+        // Make sure there are no duplicates
+        const auto [roleIter, inserted] = roleKeys.insert(role.role);
+        EXPECT_EQ(inserted, true) << "Role \"" << role.role << "\" has duplicates.";
+
+        // Make sure role name follows expected format based on type and
+        // isEncoder
+        const std::string role_name = getComponentRole(role.isEncoder, role.type);
+        EXPECT_EQ(role_name, role.role) << "Role \"" << role.role << "\" does not match "
+                                        << (role.isEncoder ? "an encoder " : "a decoder ")
+                                        << "for mime type \"" << role.type << ".";
+
+        // Check the nodes for this role
+        std::set<const std::string> nodeKeys;
+        for (const IOmxStore::NodeInfo& node : role.nodes) {
+            // Make sure there are no duplicates
+            const auto [nodeIter, inserted] = nodeKeys.insert(node.name);
+            EXPECT_EQ(inserted, true) << "Node \"" << node.name << "\" has duplicates.";
+
+            // Check the format of node name
+            EXPECT_EQ(testing::internal::RE::FullMatch(node.name, nodeNamePattern), true)
+                    << "Node name \"" << node.name << " is invalid.";
+            // Check the format of node owner
+            EXPECT_EQ(testing::internal::RE::FullMatch(node.owner, nodeOwnerPattern), true)
+                    << "Node owner \"" << node.owner << " is invalid.";
+
+            validateAttributes(knownPatterns, unknownPatterns, node.attributes);
+
+            ownerToNodes[node.owner].insert(node.name);
+            nodeToRoles[node.name].insert(role.role);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Verify the information with IOmx::listNodes().
+    // IOmxStore::listRoles() and IOmx::listNodes() should give consistent
+    // information about nodes and roles.
+    for (const auto& [owner, nodes] : ownerToNodes) {
+        // Obtain the IOmx instance for each "owner"
+        const sp<IOmx> omx = omxStore->getOmx(owner);
+        EXPECT_NE(nullptr, omx);
+
+        // Invoke IOmx::listNodes()
+        android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status status;
+        hidl_vec<IOmx::ComponentInfo> nodeList;
+        EXPECT_TRUE(
+                omx->listNodes([&status, &nodeList](android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status _s,
+                                                    hidl_vec<IOmx::ComponentInfo> const& _nl) {
+                       status = _s;
+                       nodeList = _nl;
+                   }).isOk());
+        ASSERT_EQ(status, android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status::OK);
+
+        // Verify that roles for each node match with the information from
+        // IOmxStore::listRoles().
+        std::set<const std::string> nodeKeys;
+        for (IOmx::ComponentInfo node : nodeList) {
+            // Make sure there are no duplicates
+            const auto [nodeIter, inserted] = nodeKeys.insert(node.mName);
+            EXPECT_EQ(inserted, true)
+                    << "IOmx::listNodes() lists duplicate nodes \"" << node.mName << "\".";
+
+            // Skip "hidden" nodes, i.e. those that are not advertised by
+            // IOmxStore::listRoles().
+            if (nodes.find(node.mName) == nodes.end()) {
+                std::cout << "Warning, IOmx::listNodes() lists unknown node \"" << node.mName
+                          << "\" for IOmx instance \"" << owner << "\"." << std::endl;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // All the roles advertised by IOmxStore::listRoles() for this
+            // node must be included in roleKeys.
+            std::set<const std::string> difference;
+            std::set_difference(nodeToRoles[node.mName].begin(), nodeToRoles[node.mName].end(),
+                                roleKeys.begin(), roleKeys.end(),
+                                std::inserter(difference, difference.begin()));
+            EXPECT_EQ(difference.empty(), true) << "IOmx::listNodes() for IOmx "
+                                                   "instance \""
+                                                << owner
+                                                << "\" does not report some "
+                                                   "expected nodes: "
+                                                << android::base::Join(difference, ", ") << ".";
+        }
+        // Check that all nodes obtained from IOmxStore::listRoles() are
+        // supported by the their corresponding IOmx instances.
+        std::set<const std::string> difference;
+        std::set_difference(nodes.begin(), nodes.end(), nodeKeys.begin(), nodeKeys.end(),
+                            std::inserter(difference, difference.begin()));
+        EXPECT_EQ(difference.empty(), true) << "IOmx::listNodes() for IOmx "
+                                               "instance \""
+                                            << owner
+                                            << "\" does not report some "
+                                               "expected nodes: "
+                                            << android::base::Join(difference, ", ") << ".";
+    }
+
+    if (!nodeToRoles.empty()) {
+        // Check that the prefix is a sensible string.
+        hidl_string prefix;
+        omxStore->getNodePrefix([&prefix](hidl_string const& _nl) { prefix = _nl; });
+        EXPECT_EQ(testing::internal::RE::PartialMatch(prefix, nodeNamePattern), true)
+                << "\"" << prefix << "\" is not a valid prefix for node names.";
+
+        // Check that all node names have the said prefix.
+        for (const auto& node : nodeToRoles) {
+            EXPECT_NE(node.first.rfind(prefix, 0), std::string::npos)
+                    << "Node \"" << node.first << "\" does not start with prefix \"" << prefix
+                    << "\".";
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 // list components and roles.
@@ -143,7 +448,7 @@
             .isOk());
     ASSERT_EQ(status, android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status::OK);
     if (nodeList.size() == 0)
-        ALOGV("Warning, ComponentInfo list empty");
+        std::cout << "Warning, ComponentInfo list empty" << std::endl;
     else {
         // displayComponentInfo(nodeList);
         for (size_t i = 0; i < nodeList.size(); i++) {
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/Android.bp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/Android.bp
index 7e93faa..b35c26c 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/Android.bp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/Android.bp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
     data: [":media_omx_video_res"],
     test_config: "VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetVideoDecTest.xml",
     test_suites: [
-        "vts-core",
+        "vts",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@
     data: [":media_omx_video_res"],
     test_config: "VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetVideoEncTest.xml",
     test_suites: [
-        "vts-core",
+        "vts",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54e6e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <!-- b/155577050, temporarily disable the failing tests.
+             Must be deleted after corresponding driver issues are fixed.
+        -->
+        <option name="native-test-flag" value="--gtest_filter=-*Validation*:*CycleTest*:*sample_float_fast*:*sample_float_slow*:*sample_minimal*:*sample_quant*" />
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
index cc44c9e..bda43b1 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,12 @@
 
 #include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
+#include "1.0/Callbacks.h"
+
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::vts::functional {
 
+using implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+
 // create device test
 TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
 
@@ -43,4 +47,136 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
+// detect cycle
+TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CycleTest) {
+    // opnd0 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd1 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd2 = INT32                     // model input
+    // opnd3 = ADD(opnd0, opnd4, opnd2)
+    // opnd4 = ADD(opnd1, opnd3, opnd2)
+    // opnd5 = ADD(opnd4, opnd0, opnd2)  // model output
+    //
+    //            +-----+
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 3 = ADD(0, 4, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------+     |
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 4 = ADD(1, 3, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------------+
+    // |
+    // |
+    // +-------+
+    //         |
+    //         v
+    // 5 = ADD(4, 0, 2)
+
+    const std::vector<Operand> operands = {
+            {
+                    // operands[0]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[1]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[2]
+                    .type = OperandType::INT32,
+                    .dimensions = {},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 3,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[3]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[4]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[5]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 0,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+    };
+
+    const std::vector<Operation> operations = {
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {0, 4, 2}, .outputs = {3}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {1, 3, 2}, .outputs = {4}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {4, 0, 2}, .outputs = {5}},
+    };
+
+    const Model model = {
+            .operands = operands,
+            .operations = operations,
+            .inputIndexes = {0, 1, 2},
+            .outputIndexes = {5},
+            .operandValues = {},
+            .pools = {},
+    };
+
+    // ensure that getSupportedOperations() checks model validity
+    ErrorStatus supportedOpsErrorStatus = ErrorStatus::GENERAL_FAILURE;
+    Return<void> supportedOpsReturn = kDevice->getSupportedOperations(
+            model, [&model, &supportedOpsErrorStatus](ErrorStatus status,
+                                                      const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
+                supportedOpsErrorStatus = status;
+                if (status == ErrorStatus::NONE) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(supported.size(), model.operations.size());
+                }
+            });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsReturn.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(supportedOpsErrorStatus, ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+
+    // ensure that prepareModel() checks model validity
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback;
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchReturn = kDevice->prepareModel(model, preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchReturn.isOk());
+    //     Note that preparation can fail for reasons other than an
+    //     invalid model (invalid model should result in
+    //     INVALID_ARGUMENT) -- for example, perhaps not all
+    //     operations are supported, or perhaps the device hit some
+    //     kind of capacity limit.
+    EXPECT_NE(prepareLaunchReturn, ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_NE(preparedModelCallback->getStatus(), ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel(), nullptr);
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::vts::functional
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Utils.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
index 3613e69..32850b0 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,11 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <map>
+#include <numeric>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks {
@@ -172,6 +176,45 @@
     return outputBuffers;
 }
 
+uint32_t sizeOfData(V1_0::OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case V1_0::OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::INT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::UINT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            return 4;
+        case V1_0::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return 1;
+        default:
+            CHECK(false) << "Invalid OperandType " << static_cast<uint32_t>(type);
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool isTensor(V1_0::OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case V1_0::OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::INT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::UINT32:
+            return false;
+        case V1_0::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+        case V1_0::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            CHECK(false) << "Invalid OperandType " << static_cast<uint32_t>(type);
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+uint32_t sizeOfData(const V1_0::Operand& operand) {
+    const uint32_t dataSize = sizeOfData(operand.type);
+    if (isTensor(operand.type) && operand.dimensions.size() == 0) return 0;
+    return std::accumulate(operand.dimensions.begin(), operand.dimensions.end(), dataSize,
+                           std::multiplies<>{});
+}
+
 std::string gtestCompliantName(std::string name) {
     // gtest test names must only contain alphanumeric characters
     std::replace_if(
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
index 79d8594..5ffbd43 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
@@ -17,9 +17,14 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
 #include "1.0/Callbacks.h"
+#include "1.0/Utils.h"
 #include "GeneratedTestHarness.h"
 #include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
+#include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::vts::functional {
 
 using implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
@@ -67,26 +72,6 @@
     validatePrepareModel(device, message, model);
 }
 
-// Delete element from hidl_vec. hidl_vec doesn't support a "remove" operation,
-// so this is efficiently accomplished by moving the element to the end and
-// resizing the hidl_vec to one less.
-template <typename Type>
-static void hidl_vec_removeAt(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, uint32_t index) {
-    if (vec) {
-        std::rotate(vec->begin() + index, vec->begin() + index + 1, vec->end());
-        vec->resize(vec->size() - 1);
-    }
-}
-
-template <typename Type>
-static uint32_t hidl_vec_push_back(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, const Type& value) {
-    // assume vec is valid
-    const uint32_t index = vec->size();
-    vec->resize(index + 1);
-    (*vec)[index] = value;
-    return index;
-}
-
 static uint32_t addOperand(Model* model) {
     return hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands,
                               {
@@ -107,6 +92,211 @@
     return index;
 }
 
+// If we introduce a CONSTANT_COPY for an operand of size operandSize,
+// how much will this increase the size of the model?  This assumes
+// that we can (re)use all of model.operandValues for the operand
+// value.
+static size_t constantCopyExtraSize(const Model& model, size_t operandSize) {
+    const size_t operandValuesSize = model.operandValues.size();
+    return (operandValuesSize < operandSize) ? (operandSize - operandValuesSize) : 0;
+}
+
+// Highly specialized utility routine for converting an operand to
+// CONSTANT_COPY lifetime.
+//
+// Expects that:
+// - operand has a known size
+// - operand->lifetime has already been set to CONSTANT_COPY
+// - operand->location has been zeroed out
+//
+// Does the following:
+// - initializes operand->location to point to the beginning of model->operandValues
+// - resizes model->operandValues (if necessary) to be large enough for the operand
+//   value, padding it with zeroes on the end
+//
+// Potential problem:
+// By changing the operand to CONSTANT_COPY lifetime, this function is effectively initializing the
+// operand with unspecified (but deterministic) data. This means that the model may be invalidated
+// in two ways: not only is the lifetime of CONSTANT_COPY invalid, but the operand's value in the
+// graph may also be invalid (e.g., if the operand is used as an activation code and has an invalid
+// value). For now, this should be fine because it just means we're not testing what we think we're
+// testing in certain cases; but we can handwave this and assume we're probabilistically likely to
+// exercise the validation code over the span of the entire test set and operand space.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified operand type is an extension type or OEM type.
+static void becomeConstantCopy(Model* model, Operand* operand) {
+    // sizeOfData will abort if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+    const size_t sizeOfOperand = sizeOfData(*operand);
+    EXPECT_NE(sizeOfOperand, size_t(0));
+    operand->location.poolIndex = 0;
+    operand->location.offset = 0;
+    operand->location.length = sizeOfOperand;
+    if (model->operandValues.size() < sizeOfOperand) {
+        model->operandValues.resize(sizeOfOperand);
+    }
+}
+
+// The sizeForBinder() functions estimate the size of the
+// representation of a value when sent to binder.  It's probably a bit
+// of an under-estimate, because we don't know the size of the
+// metadata in the binder format (e.g., representation of the size of
+// a vector); but at least it adds up "big" things like vector
+// contents.  However, it doesn't treat inter-field or end-of-struct
+// padding in a methodical way -- there's no attempt to be consistent
+// in whether or not padding in the native (C++) representation
+// contributes to the estimated size for the binder representation;
+// and there's no attempt to understand what padding (if any) is
+// needed in the binder representation.
+//
+// This assumes that non-metadata uses a fixed length encoding (e.g.,
+// a uint32_t is always encoded in sizeof(uint32_t) bytes, rather than
+// using an encoding whose length is related to the magnitude of the
+// encoded value).
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const Type& val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<std::remove_reference_t<Type>>,
+                  "expected a trivially copyable type");
+    return sizeof(val);
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_vec<Type>& vec) {
+    return std::accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 0,
+                           [](size_t acc, const Type& x) { return acc + sizeForBinder(x); });
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operand& operand) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.dimensions);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.numberOfConsumers);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.scale);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.zeroPoint);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.lifetime);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.location);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operation& operation) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.inputs);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.outputs);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_string& name) {
+    return name.size();
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_memory& memory) {
+    // This is just a guess.
+
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    if (const native_handle_t* handle = memory.handle()) {
+        size += sizeof(*handle);
+        size += sizeof(handle->data[0] * (handle->numFds + handle->numInts));
+    }
+    size += sizeForBinder(memory.name());
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Model& model) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operands);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operations);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.inputIndexes);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.outputIndexes);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operandValues);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.pools);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+// https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/TransactionTooLargeException.html
+//
+//     "The Binder transaction buffer has a limited fixed size,
+//     currently 1Mb, which is shared by all transactions in progress
+//     for the process."
+//
+// Will our representation fit under this limit?  There are two complications:
+// - Our representation size is just approximate (see sizeForBinder()).
+// - This object may not be the only occupant of the Binder transaction buffer.
+// So we'll be very conservative: We want the representation size to be no
+// larger than half the transaction buffer size.
+//
+// If our representation grows large enough that it still fits within
+// the transaction buffer but combined with other transactions may
+// exceed the buffer size, then we may see intermittent HAL transport
+// errors.
+static bool exceedsBinderSizeLimit(size_t representationSize) {
+    // Instead of using this fixed buffer size, we might instead be able to use
+    // ProcessState::self()->getMmapSize(). However, this has a potential
+    // problem: The binder/mmap size of the current process does not necessarily
+    // indicate the binder/mmap size of the service (i.e., the other process).
+    // The only way it would be a good indication is if both the current process
+    // and the service use the default size.
+    static const size_t kHalfBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 / 2;
+
+    return representationSize > kHalfBufferSize;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXECUTION ORDER ////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateExecutionOrderTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const Operation& operationObj = model.operations[operation];
+        for (uint32_t input : operationObj.inputs) {
+            if (model.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE ||
+                model.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                // This operation reads an operand written by some
+                // other operation.  Move this operation to the
+                // beginning of the sequence, ensuring that it reads
+                // the operand before that operand is written, thereby
+                // violating execution order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a reader";
+                validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model) {
+                    auto& operations = model->operations;
+                    std::rotate(operations.begin(), operations.begin() + operation,
+                                operations.begin() + operation + 1);
+                });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+        for (uint32_t output : operationObj.outputs) {
+            if (model.operands[output].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                // This operation writes an operand read by some other
+                // operation.  Move this operation to the end of the
+                // sequence, ensuring that it writes the operand after
+                // that operand is read, thereby violating execution
+                // order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a writer";
+                validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model) {
+                    auto& operations = model->operations;
+                    std::rotate(operations.begin() + operation, operations.begin() + operation + 1,
+                                operations.end());
+                });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
 
 static const int32_t invalidOperandTypes[] = {
@@ -218,9 +408,233 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND LIFETIME /////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<OperandLifeTime> getInvalidLifeTimes(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                        const Operand& operand) {
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE as an invalid lifetime
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE as an invalid lifetime
+
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime:
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    std::vector<OperandLifeTime> ret;
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be invalid --
+            // is this operand written (then CONSTANT_COPY would be
+            // invalid) or not (then TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be
+            // invalid)?
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+    if (!operandSize ||
+        exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+        // Unknown size or too-large size
+        ret.erase(std::remove(ret.begin(), ret.end(), OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY), ret.end());
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<OperandLifeTime> invalidLifeTimes =
+                getInvalidLifeTimes(model, modelSize, model.operands[operand]);
+        for (OperandLifeTime invalidLifeTime : invalidLifeTimes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandLifetimeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(invalidLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidLifeTime](Model* model) {
+                static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                Operand& operandObj = model->operands[operand];
+                switch (operandObj.lifetime) {
+                    case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT: {
+                        hidl_vec_remove(&model->inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT: {
+                        hidl_vec_remove(&model->outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    default:
+                        break;
+                }
+                operandObj.lifetime = invalidLifeTime;
+                operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                switch (invalidLifeTime) {
+                    case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY: {
+                        becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT:
+                        hidl_vec_push_back(&model->inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                        break;
+                    case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+                        hidl_vec_push_back(&model->outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        break;
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND INPUT-or-OUTPUT //////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::optional<OperandLifeTime> getInputOutputLifeTime(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                             const Operand& operand) {
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime (with respect to model inputIndexes and outputIndexes):
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand is a model input, a model output, or neither
+    // - preserve whether or not a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT: {
+            const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+            if (!operandSize ||
+                exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+                // Unknown size or too-large size
+                break;
+            }
+            return OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY;
+        }
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+            return OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be an
+            // appropriate choice -- is this operand written (then
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be appropriate) or not (then
+            // CONSTANT_COPY would be appropriate)?
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandInputOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::optional<OperandLifeTime> changedLifeTime =
+                getInputOutputLifeTime(model, modelSize, model.operands[operand]);
+        if (changedLifeTime) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandInputOutputTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(*changedLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, changedLifeTime](Model* model) {
+                static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                Operand& operandObj = model->operands[operand];
+                operandObj.lifetime = *changedLifeTime;
+                operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                if (*changedLifeTime == OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY) {
+                    becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF CONSUMERS //////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<uint32_t> getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(uint32_t numberOfConsumers) {
+    if (numberOfConsumers == 0) {
+        return {1};
+    } else {
+        return {numberOfConsumers - 1, numberOfConsumers + 1};
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(const sp<IDevice>& device,
+                                               const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> invalidNumberOfConsumersVec =
+                getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(model.operands[operand].numberOfConsumers);
+        for (uint32_t invalidNumberOfConsumers : invalidNumberOfConsumersVec) {
+            const std::string message =
+                    "mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                    " numberOfConsumers = " + std::to_string(invalidNumberOfConsumers);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidNumberOfConsumers](Model* model) {
+                model->operands[operand].numberOfConsumers = invalidNumberOfConsumers;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF WRITERS ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperandAddWriterTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t badOutputNum = 0; badOutputNum < model.operations[operation].outputs.size();
+             ++badOutputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex = model.operations[operation].outputs[badOutputNum];
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandAddWriterTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                        std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+            // We'll insert a copy of the operation, all of whose
+            // OTHER output operands are newly-created -- i.e.,
+            // there'll only be a duplicate write of ONE of that
+            // operation's output operands.
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, badOutputNum](Model* model) {
+                Operation newOperation = model->operations[operation];
+                for (uint32_t input : newOperation.inputs) {
+                    ++model->operands[input].numberOfConsumers;
+                }
+                for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < newOperation.outputs.size(); ++outputNum) {
+                    if (outputNum == badOutputNum) continue;
+
+                    Operand operandValue = model->operands[newOperation.outputs[outputNum]];
+                    operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                    if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                        operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                    } else {
+                        ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime, OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                    }
+                    newOperation.outputs[outputNum] =
+                            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands, operandValue);
+                }
+                // Where do we insert the extra writer (a new
+                // operation)?  It has to be later than all the
+                // writers of its inputs.  The easiest thing to do
+                // is to insert it at the end of the operation
+                // sequence.
+                hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operations, newOperation);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXTRA ??? /////////////////////////
 
-// TODO: Operand::lifetime
 // TODO: Operand::location
 
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERATION OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
@@ -351,6 +765,33 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERANDS WRITTEN ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < model.operations[operation].outputs.size();
+             ++outputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex = model.operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+            if (model.operands[outputOperandIndex].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                const std::string message = "mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                            std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+                validate(device, message, model, [operation, outputNum](Model* model) {
+                    uint32_t& outputOperandIndex = model->operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+                    Operand operandValue = model->operands[outputOperandIndex];
+                    operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                    if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                        operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                    } else {
+                        ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime, OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                    }
+                    outputOperandIndex = hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands, operandValue);
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERAND FROM EVERYTHING /////////////////////////
 
 static void removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(hidl_vec<uint32_t>* vec, uint32_t value) {
@@ -476,14 +917,20 @@
 ////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////
 
 void validateModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    mutateExecutionOrderTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandRankTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandScaleTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandZeroPointTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandInputOutputTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandAddWriterTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(device, model);
     removeOperandTest(device, model);
     removeOperationTest(device, model);
     removeOperationInputTest(device, model);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/include/1.0/Utils.h b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/include/1.0/Utils.h
index 3292f79..7bd0460 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/include/1.0/Utils.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/include/1.0/Utils.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.h>
 #include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <string>
@@ -108,6 +109,15 @@
     vec->resize(vec->size() - 1);
 }
 
+// Assumes there is exactly one instance of the value in the vector.
+template <typename Type>
+inline void hidl_vec_remove(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, const Type& val) {
+    CHECK(vec != nullptr);
+    auto where = std::find(vec->begin(), vec->end(), val);
+    ASSERT_NE(where, vec->end());
+    hidl_vec_removeAt(vec, where - vec->begin());
+}
+
 template <typename Type>
 inline uint32_t hidl_vec_push_back(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, const Type& value) {
     CHECK(vec != nullptr);
@@ -117,6 +127,18 @@
     return index;
 }
 
+// Returns the amount of space needed to store a value of the specified type.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+uint32_t sizeOfData(V1_0::OperandType type);
+
+// Returns the amount of space needed to store a value of the dimensions and
+// type of this operand. For a non-extension, non-OEM tensor with unspecified
+// rank or at least one unspecified dimension, returns zero.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+uint32_t sizeOfData(const V1_0::Operand& operand);
+
 template <typename Type>
 using Named = std::pair<std::string, Type>;
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
index 44836f0..baadd1b 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
@@ -18,10 +18,16 @@
 
 #include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
+#include "1.0/Callbacks.h"
+
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::vts::functional {
 
 using V1_0::DeviceStatus;
 using V1_0::ErrorStatus;
+using V1_0::Operand;
+using V1_0::OperandLifeTime;
+using V1_0::OperandType;
+using V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
 
 // create device test
 TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
@@ -48,4 +54,137 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
+// detect cycle
+TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CycleTest) {
+    // opnd0 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd1 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd2 = INT32                     // model input
+    // opnd3 = ADD(opnd0, opnd4, opnd2)
+    // opnd4 = ADD(opnd1, opnd3, opnd2)
+    // opnd5 = ADD(opnd4, opnd0, opnd2)  // model output
+    //
+    //            +-----+
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 3 = ADD(0, 4, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------+     |
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 4 = ADD(1, 3, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------------+
+    // |
+    // |
+    // +-------+
+    //         |
+    //         v
+    // 5 = ADD(4, 0, 2)
+
+    const std::vector<Operand> operands = {
+            {
+                    // operands[0]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[1]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[2]
+                    .type = OperandType::INT32,
+                    .dimensions = {},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 3,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[3]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[4]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[5]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 0,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+    };
+
+    const std::vector<Operation> operations = {
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {0, 4, 2}, .outputs = {3}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {1, 3, 2}, .outputs = {4}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {4, 0, 2}, .outputs = {5}},
+    };
+
+    const Model model = {
+            .operands = operands,
+            .operations = operations,
+            .inputIndexes = {0, 1, 2},
+            .outputIndexes = {5},
+            .operandValues = {},
+            .pools = {},
+    };
+
+    // ensure that getSupportedOperations_1_1() checks model validity
+    ErrorStatus supportedOpsErrorStatus = ErrorStatus::GENERAL_FAILURE;
+    Return<void> supportedOpsReturn = kDevice->getSupportedOperations_1_1(
+            model, [&model, &supportedOpsErrorStatus](ErrorStatus status,
+                                                      const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
+                supportedOpsErrorStatus = status;
+                if (status == ErrorStatus::NONE) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(supported.size(), model.operations.size());
+                }
+            });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsReturn.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(supportedOpsErrorStatus, ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+
+    // ensure that prepareModel_1_1() checks model validity
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback;
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchReturn = kDevice->prepareModel_1_1(
+            model, ExecutionPreference::FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER, preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchReturn.isOk());
+    //     Note that preparation can fail for reasons other than an
+    //     invalid model (invalid model should result in
+    //     INVALID_ARGUMENT) -- for example, perhaps not all
+    //     operations are supported, or perhaps the device hit some
+    //     kind of capacity limit.
+    EXPECT_NE(prepareLaunchReturn, ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_NE(preparedModelCallback->getStatus(), ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel(), nullptr);
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::vts::functional
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
index 3b6f0f8..1f4e4ed 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
@@ -16,13 +16,19 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
 #include "1.0/Callbacks.h"
 #include "1.0/Utils.h"
 #include "GeneratedTestHarness.h"
 #include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
+#include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::vts::functional {
 
+using V1_0::DataLocation;
 using V1_0::ErrorStatus;
 using V1_0::IPreparedModel;
 using V1_0::Operand;
@@ -105,6 +111,212 @@
     return index;
 }
 
+// If we introduce a CONSTANT_COPY for an operand of size operandSize,
+// how much will this increase the size of the model?  This assumes
+// that we can (re)use all of model.operandValues for the operand
+// value.
+static size_t constantCopyExtraSize(const Model& model, size_t operandSize) {
+    const size_t operandValuesSize = model.operandValues.size();
+    return (operandValuesSize < operandSize) ? (operandSize - operandValuesSize) : 0;
+}
+
+// Highly specialized utility routine for converting an operand to
+// CONSTANT_COPY lifetime.
+//
+// Expects that:
+// - operand has a known size
+// - operand->lifetime has already been set to CONSTANT_COPY
+// - operand->location has been zeroed out
+//
+// Does the following:
+// - initializes operand->location to point to the beginning of model->operandValues
+// - resizes model->operandValues (if necessary) to be large enough for the operand
+//   value, padding it with zeroes on the end
+//
+// Potential problem:
+// By changing the operand to CONSTANT_COPY lifetime, this function is effectively initializing the
+// operand with unspecified (but deterministic) data. This means that the model may be invalidated
+// in two ways: not only is the lifetime of CONSTANT_COPY invalid, but the operand's value in the
+// graph may also be invalid (e.g., if the operand is used as an activation code and has an invalid
+// value). For now, this should be fine because it just means we're not testing what we think we're
+// testing in certain cases; but we can handwave this and assume we're probabilistically likely to
+// exercise the validation code over the span of the entire test set and operand space.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified operand type is an extension type or OEM type.
+static void becomeConstantCopy(Model* model, Operand* operand) {
+    // sizeOfData will abort if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+    const size_t sizeOfOperand = sizeOfData(*operand);
+    EXPECT_NE(sizeOfOperand, size_t(0));
+    operand->location.poolIndex = 0;
+    operand->location.offset = 0;
+    operand->location.length = sizeOfOperand;
+    if (model->operandValues.size() < sizeOfOperand) {
+        model->operandValues.resize(sizeOfOperand);
+    }
+}
+
+// The sizeForBinder() functions estimate the size of the
+// representation of a value when sent to binder.  It's probably a bit
+// of an under-estimate, because we don't know the size of the
+// metadata in the binder format (e.g., representation of the size of
+// a vector); but at least it adds up "big" things like vector
+// contents.  However, it doesn't treat inter-field or end-of-struct
+// padding in a methodical way -- there's no attempt to be consistent
+// in whether or not padding in the native (C++) representation
+// contributes to the estimated size for the binder representation;
+// and there's no attempt to understand what padding (if any) is
+// needed in the binder representation.
+//
+// This assumes that non-metadata uses a fixed length encoding (e.g.,
+// a uint32_t is always encoded in sizeof(uint32_t) bytes, rather than
+// using an encoding whose length is related to the magnitude of the
+// encoded value).
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const Type& val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<std::remove_reference_t<Type>>,
+                  "expected a trivially copyable type");
+    return sizeof(val);
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_vec<Type>& vec) {
+    return std::accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 0,
+                           [](size_t acc, const Type& x) { return acc + sizeForBinder(x); });
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operand& operand) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.dimensions);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.numberOfConsumers);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.scale);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.zeroPoint);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.lifetime);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.location);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operation& operation) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.inputs);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.outputs);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_string& name) {
+    return name.size();
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_memory& memory) {
+    // This is just a guess.
+
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    if (const native_handle_t* handle = memory.handle()) {
+        size += sizeof(*handle);
+        size += sizeof(handle->data[0] * (handle->numFds + handle->numInts));
+    }
+    size += sizeForBinder(memory.name());
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Model& model) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operands);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operations);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.inputIndexes);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.outputIndexes);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operandValues);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.pools);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.relaxComputationFloat32toFloat16);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+// https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/TransactionTooLargeException.html
+//
+//     "The Binder transaction buffer has a limited fixed size,
+//     currently 1Mb, which is shared by all transactions in progress
+//     for the process."
+//
+// Will our representation fit under this limit?  There are two complications:
+// - Our representation size is just approximate (see sizeForBinder()).
+// - This object may not be the only occupant of the Binder transaction buffer.
+// So we'll be very conservative: We want the representation size to be no
+// larger than half the transaction buffer size.
+//
+// If our representation grows large enough that it still fits within
+// the transaction buffer but combined with other transactions may
+// exceed the buffer size, then we may see intermittent HAL transport
+// errors.
+static bool exceedsBinderSizeLimit(size_t representationSize) {
+    // Instead of using this fixed buffer size, we might instead be able to use
+    // ProcessState::self()->getMmapSize(). However, this has a potential
+    // problem: The binder/mmap size of the current process does not necessarily
+    // indicate the binder/mmap size of the service (i.e., the other process).
+    // The only way it would be a good indication is if both the current process
+    // and the service use the default size.
+    static const size_t kHalfBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 / 2;
+
+    return representationSize > kHalfBufferSize;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXECUTION ORDER ////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateExecutionOrderTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const Operation& operationObj = model.operations[operation];
+        for (uint32_t input : operationObj.inputs) {
+            if (model.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE ||
+                model.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                // This operation reads an operand written by some
+                // other operation.  Move this operation to the
+                // beginning of the sequence, ensuring that it reads
+                // the operand before that operand is written, thereby
+                // violating execution order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a reader";
+                validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                    auto& operations = model->operations;
+                    std::rotate(operations.begin(), operations.begin() + operation,
+                                operations.begin() + operation + 1);
+                });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+        for (uint32_t output : operationObj.outputs) {
+            if (model.operands[output].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                // This operation writes an operand read by some other
+                // operation.  Move this operation to the end of the
+                // sequence, ensuring that it writes the operand after
+                // that operand is read, thereby violating execution
+                // order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a writer";
+                validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                    auto& operations = model->operations;
+                    std::rotate(operations.begin() + operation, operations.begin() + operation + 1,
+                                operations.end());
+                });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
 
 static const int32_t invalidOperandTypes[] = {
@@ -221,9 +433,240 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND LIFETIME /////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<OperandLifeTime> getInvalidLifeTimes(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                        const Operand& operand) {
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE as an invalid lifetime
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE as an invalid lifetime
+
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime:
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    std::vector<OperandLifeTime> ret;
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be invalid --
+            // is this operand written (then CONSTANT_COPY would be
+            // invalid) or not (then TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be
+            // invalid)?
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+    if (!operandSize ||
+        exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+        // Unknown size or too-large size
+        ret.erase(std::remove(ret.begin(), ret.end(), OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY), ret.end());
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<OperandLifeTime> invalidLifeTimes =
+                getInvalidLifeTimes(model, modelSize, model.operands[operand]);
+        for (OperandLifeTime invalidLifeTime : invalidLifeTimes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandLifetimeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(invalidLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, invalidLifeTime](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                         Operand& operandObj = model->operands[operand];
+                         switch (operandObj.lifetime) {
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT: {
+                                 hidl_vec_remove(&model->inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT: {
+                                 hidl_vec_remove(&model->outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             default:
+                                 break;
+                         }
+                         operandObj.lifetime = invalidLifeTime;
+                         operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                         switch (invalidLifeTime) {
+                             case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY: {
+                                 becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT:
+                                 hidl_vec_push_back(&model->inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+                                 hidl_vec_push_back(&model->outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             default:
+                                 break;
+                         }
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND INPUT-or-OUTPUT //////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::optional<OperandLifeTime> getInputOutputLifeTime(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                             const Operand& operand) {
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime (with respect to model inputIndexes and outputIndexes):
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand is a model input, a model output, or neither
+    // - preserve whether or not a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT: {
+            const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+            if (!operandSize ||
+                exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+                // Unknown size or too-large size
+                break;
+            }
+            return OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY;
+        }
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+            return OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be an
+            // appropriate choice -- is this operand written (then
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be appropriate) or not (then
+            // CONSTANT_COPY would be appropriate)?
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandInputOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::optional<OperandLifeTime> changedLifeTime =
+                getInputOutputLifeTime(model, modelSize, model.operands[operand]);
+        if (changedLifeTime) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandInputOutputTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(*changedLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, changedLifeTime](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                         Operand& operandObj = model->operands[operand];
+                         operandObj.lifetime = *changedLifeTime;
+                         operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                         if (*changedLifeTime == OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY) {
+                             becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                         }
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF CONSUMERS //////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<uint32_t> getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(uint32_t numberOfConsumers) {
+    if (numberOfConsumers == 0) {
+        return {1};
+    } else {
+        return {numberOfConsumers - 1, numberOfConsumers + 1};
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(const sp<IDevice>& device,
+                                               const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> invalidNumberOfConsumersVec =
+                getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(model.operands[operand].numberOfConsumers);
+        for (uint32_t invalidNumberOfConsumers : invalidNumberOfConsumersVec) {
+            const std::string message =
+                    "mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                    " numberOfConsumers = " + std::to_string(invalidNumberOfConsumers);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, invalidNumberOfConsumers](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         model->operands[operand].numberOfConsumers = invalidNumberOfConsumers;
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF WRITERS ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperandAddWriterTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t badOutputNum = 0; badOutputNum < model.operations[operation].outputs.size();
+             ++badOutputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex = model.operations[operation].outputs[badOutputNum];
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandAddWriterTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                        std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+            // We'll insert a copy of the operation, all of whose
+            // OTHER output operands are newly-created -- i.e.,
+            // there'll only be a duplicate write of ONE of that
+            // operation's output operands.
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operation, badOutputNum](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         Operation newOperation = model->operations[operation];
+                         for (uint32_t input : newOperation.inputs) {
+                             ++model->operands[input].numberOfConsumers;
+                         }
+                         for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < newOperation.outputs.size();
+                              ++outputNum) {
+                             if (outputNum == badOutputNum) continue;
+
+                             Operand operandValue =
+                                     model->operands[newOperation.outputs[outputNum]];
+                             operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                             if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                                 operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                             } else {
+                                 ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime,
+                                           OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                             }
+                             newOperation.outputs[outputNum] =
+                                     hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands, operandValue);
+                         }
+                         // Where do we insert the extra writer (a new
+                         // operation)?  It has to be later than all the
+                         // writers of its inputs.  The easiest thing to do
+                         // is to insert it at the end of the operation
+                         // sequence.
+                         hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operations, newOperation);
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXTRA ??? /////////////////////////
 
-// TODO: Operand::lifetime
 // TODO: Operand::location
 
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERATION OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
@@ -358,6 +801,37 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERANDS WRITTEN ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < model.operations[operation].outputs.size();
+             ++outputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex = model.operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+            if (model.operands[outputOperandIndex].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                const std::string message = "mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                            std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+                validate(device, message, model,
+                         [operation, outputNum](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                             uint32_t& outputOperandIndex =
+                                     model->operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+                             Operand operandValue = model->operands[outputOperandIndex];
+                             operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                             if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                                 operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                             } else {
+                                 ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime,
+                                           OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                             }
+                             outputOperandIndex =
+                                     hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands, operandValue);
+                         });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERAND FROM EVERYTHING /////////////////////////
 
 static void removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(hidl_vec<uint32_t>* vec, uint32_t value) {
@@ -504,14 +978,20 @@
 ////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////
 
 void validateModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    mutateExecutionOrderTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandRankTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandScaleTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandZeroPointTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandInputOutputTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandAddWriterTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(device, model);
     removeOperandTest(device, model);
     removeOperationTest(device, model);
     removeOperationInputTest(device, model);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 481eb80..182f716 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -15,11 +15,12 @@
 //
 
 cc_library_static {
-    name: "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_2Callbacks",
+    name: "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_2_utils",
     defaults: ["neuralnetworks_vts_functional_defaults"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     srcs: [
         "Callbacks.cpp",
+        "Utils.cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0",
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_0_utils",
-        "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_2Callbacks",
+        "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_2_utils",
         "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0",
         "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.1",
         "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.2",
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9a09ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_2TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_2TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_2TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <!-- b/155674368, b/153876253, temporarily disable the test.
+             Must be deleted after corresponding driver issues are fixed.
+        -->
+        <option name="native-test-flag" value="--gtest_filter=-*squeeze*_all*_inputs*:*strided_slice*_all*_inputs*:*transpose*_all*_inputs*:*l2_normalization_axis_corner_case*:*sample_float_fast*:*sample_float_slow*:*sample_minimal*:*sample_quant*" />
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_2TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
index 58d3c4a..77340e7 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,13 @@
 
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_2::vts::functional {
 
+using implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
 using V1_0::DeviceStatus;
 using V1_0::ErrorStatus;
+using V1_0::OperandLifeTime;
 using V1_0::PerformanceInfo;
+using V1_1::ExecutionPreference;
+using HidlToken = hidl_array<uint8_t, static_cast<uint32_t>(Constant::BYTE_SIZE_OF_CACHE_TOKEN)>;
 
 // create device test
 TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
@@ -123,4 +127,139 @@
             });
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
+
+// detect cycle
+TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CycleTest) {
+    // opnd0 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd1 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd2 = INT32                     // model input
+    // opnd3 = ADD(opnd0, opnd4, opnd2)
+    // opnd4 = ADD(opnd1, opnd3, opnd2)
+    // opnd5 = ADD(opnd4, opnd0, opnd2)  // model output
+    //
+    //            +-----+
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 3 = ADD(0, 4, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------+     |
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 4 = ADD(1, 3, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------------+
+    // |
+    // |
+    // +-------+
+    //         |
+    //         v
+    // 5 = ADD(4, 0, 2)
+
+    const std::vector<Operand> operands = {
+            {
+                    // operands[0]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[1]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[2]
+                    .type = OperandType::INT32,
+                    .dimensions = {},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 3,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[3]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[4]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[5]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 0,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+    };
+
+    const std::vector<Operation> operations = {
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {0, 4, 2}, .outputs = {3}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {1, 3, 2}, .outputs = {4}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {4, 0, 2}, .outputs = {5}},
+    };
+
+    const Model model = {
+            .operands = operands,
+            .operations = operations,
+            .inputIndexes = {0, 1, 2},
+            .outputIndexes = {5},
+            .operandValues = {},
+            .pools = {},
+    };
+
+    // ensure that getSupportedOperations_1_2() checks model validity
+    ErrorStatus supportedOpsErrorStatus = ErrorStatus::GENERAL_FAILURE;
+    Return<void> supportedOpsReturn = kDevice->getSupportedOperations_1_2(
+            model, [&model, &supportedOpsErrorStatus](ErrorStatus status,
+                                                      const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
+                supportedOpsErrorStatus = status;
+                if (status == ErrorStatus::NONE) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(supported.size(), model.operations.size());
+                }
+            });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsReturn.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(supportedOpsErrorStatus, ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+
+    // ensure that prepareModel_1_2() checks model validity
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback;
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchReturn = kDevice->prepareModel_1_2(
+            model, ExecutionPreference::FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER, hidl_vec<hidl_handle>(),
+            hidl_vec<hidl_handle>(), HidlToken(), preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchReturn.isOk());
+    //     Note that preparation can fail for reasons other than an
+    //     invalid model (invalid model should result in
+    //     INVALID_ARGUMENT) -- for example, perhaps not all
+    //     operations are supported, or perhaps the device hit some
+    //     kind of capacity limit.
+    EXPECT_NE(prepareLaunchReturn, ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_NE(preparedModelCallback->getStatus(), ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel(), nullptr);
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_2::vts::functional
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/Utils.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc654f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.2/types.h>
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <numeric>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+
+uint32_t sizeOfData(V1_2::OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case V1_2::OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::INT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::UINT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            return 4;
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_SYMM:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT16:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::FLOAT16:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_ASYMM:
+            return 2;
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::BOOL:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_BOOL8:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM_PER_CHANNEL:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM:
+            return 1;
+        default:
+            CHECK(false) << "Invalid OperandType " << static_cast<uint32_t>(type);
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool isTensor(V1_2::OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case V1_2::OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::INT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::UINT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::FLOAT16:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::BOOL:
+            return false;
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_SYMM:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT16:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_ASYMM:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_BOOL8:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM_PER_CHANNEL:
+        case V1_2::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            CHECK(false) << "Invalid OperandType " << static_cast<uint32_t>(type);
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+uint32_t sizeOfData(const V1_2::Operand& operand) {
+    const uint32_t dataSize = sizeOfData(operand.type);
+    if (isTensor(operand.type) && operand.dimensions.size() == 0) return 0;
+    return std::accumulate(operand.dimensions.begin(), operand.dimensions.end(), dataSize,
+                           std::multiplies<>{});
+}
+
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
index 7451f09..3375602 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
@@ -16,14 +16,21 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
 #include "1.0/Utils.h"
 #include "1.2/Callbacks.h"
+#include "1.2/Utils.h"
 #include "GeneratedTestHarness.h"
 #include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
+#include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_2::vts::functional {
 
 using implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+using V1_0::DataLocation;
 using V1_0::ErrorStatus;
 using V1_0::OperandLifeTime;
 using V1_1::ExecutionPreference;
@@ -105,6 +112,250 @@
     return index;
 }
 
+// If we introduce a CONSTANT_COPY for an operand of size operandSize,
+// how much will this increase the size of the model?  This assumes
+// that we can (re)use all of model.operandValues for the operand
+// value.
+static size_t constantCopyExtraSize(const Model& model, size_t operandSize) {
+    const size_t operandValuesSize = model.operandValues.size();
+    return (operandValuesSize < operandSize) ? (operandSize - operandValuesSize) : 0;
+}
+
+// Highly specialized utility routine for converting an operand to
+// CONSTANT_COPY lifetime.
+//
+// Expects that:
+// - operand has a known size
+// - operand->lifetime has already been set to CONSTANT_COPY
+// - operand->location has been zeroed out
+//
+// Does the following:
+// - initializes operand->location to point to the beginning of model->operandValues
+// - resizes model->operandValues (if necessary) to be large enough for the operand
+//   value, padding it with zeroes on the end
+//
+// Potential problem:
+// By changing the operand to CONSTANT_COPY lifetime, this function is effectively initializing the
+// operand with unspecified (but deterministic) data. This means that the model may be invalidated
+// in two ways: not only is the lifetime of CONSTANT_COPY invalid, but the operand's value in the
+// graph may also be invalid (e.g., if the operand is used as an activation code and has an invalid
+// value). For now, this should be fine because it just means we're not testing what we think we're
+// testing in certain cases; but we can handwave this and assume we're probabilistically likely to
+// exercise the validation code over the span of the entire test set and operand space.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified operand type is an extension type or OEM type.
+static void becomeConstantCopy(Model* model, Operand* operand) {
+    // sizeOfData will abort if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+    const size_t sizeOfOperand = sizeOfData(*operand);
+    EXPECT_NE(sizeOfOperand, size_t(0));
+    operand->location.poolIndex = 0;
+    operand->location.offset = 0;
+    operand->location.length = sizeOfOperand;
+    if (model->operandValues.size() < sizeOfOperand) {
+        model->operandValues.resize(sizeOfOperand);
+    }
+}
+
+// The sizeForBinder() functions estimate the size of the
+// representation of a value when sent to binder.  It's probably a bit
+// of an under-estimate, because we don't know the size of the
+// metadata in the binder format (e.g., representation of the size of
+// a vector); but at least it adds up "big" things like vector
+// contents.  However, it doesn't treat inter-field or end-of-struct
+// padding in a methodical way -- there's no attempt to be consistent
+// in whether or not padding in the native (C++) representation
+// contributes to the estimated size for the binder representation;
+// and there's no attempt to understand what padding (if any) is
+// needed in the binder representation.
+//
+// This assumes that non-metadata uses a fixed length encoding (e.g.,
+// a uint32_t is always encoded in sizeof(uint32_t) bytes, rather than
+// using an encoding whose length is related to the magnitude of the
+// encoded value).
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const Type& val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<std::remove_reference_t<Type>>,
+                  "expected a trivially copyable type");
+    return sizeof(val);
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_vec<Type>& vec) {
+    return std::accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 0,
+                           [](size_t acc, const Type& x) { return acc + sizeForBinder(x); });
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const SymmPerChannelQuantParams& symmPerChannelQuantParams) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(symmPerChannelQuantParams.scales);
+    size += sizeForBinder(symmPerChannelQuantParams.channelDim);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operand::ExtraParams& extraParams) {
+    using Discriminator = Operand::ExtraParams::hidl_discriminator;
+    switch (extraParams.getDiscriminator()) {
+        case Discriminator::none:
+            return 0;
+        case Discriminator::channelQuant:
+            return sizeForBinder(extraParams.channelQuant());
+        case Discriminator::extension:
+            return sizeForBinder(extraParams.extension());
+    }
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Unrecognized extraParams enum: "
+               << static_cast<int>(extraParams.getDiscriminator());
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operand& operand) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.dimensions);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.numberOfConsumers);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.scale);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.zeroPoint);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.lifetime);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.location);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.extraParams);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operation& operation) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.inputs);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.outputs);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_string& name) {
+    return name.size();
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_memory& memory) {
+    // This is just a guess.
+
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    if (const native_handle_t* handle = memory.handle()) {
+        size += sizeof(*handle);
+        size += sizeof(handle->data[0] * (handle->numFds + handle->numInts));
+    }
+    size += sizeForBinder(memory.name());
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Model::ExtensionNameAndPrefix& extensionNameToPrefix) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(extensionNameToPrefix.name);
+    size += sizeForBinder(extensionNameToPrefix.prefix);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Model& model) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operands);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operations);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.inputIndexes);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.outputIndexes);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operandValues);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.pools);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.relaxComputationFloat32toFloat16);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.extensionNameToPrefix);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+// https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/TransactionTooLargeException.html
+//
+//     "The Binder transaction buffer has a limited fixed size,
+//     currently 1Mb, which is shared by all transactions in progress
+//     for the process."
+//
+// Will our representation fit under this limit?  There are two complications:
+// - Our representation size is just approximate (see sizeForBinder()).
+// - This object may not be the only occupant of the Binder transaction buffer.
+// So we'll be very conservative: We want the representation size to be no
+// larger than half the transaction buffer size.
+//
+// If our representation grows large enough that it still fits within
+// the transaction buffer but combined with other transactions may
+// exceed the buffer size, then we may see intermittent HAL transport
+// errors.
+static bool exceedsBinderSizeLimit(size_t representationSize) {
+    // Instead of using this fixed buffer size, we might instead be able to use
+    // ProcessState::self()->getMmapSize(). However, this has a potential
+    // problem: The binder/mmap size of the current process does not necessarily
+    // indicate the binder/mmap size of the service (i.e., the other process).
+    // The only way it would be a good indication is if both the current process
+    // and the service use the default size.
+    static const size_t kHalfBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 / 2;
+
+    return representationSize > kHalfBufferSize;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXECUTION ORDER ////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateExecutionOrderTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const Operation& operationObj = model.operations[operation];
+        for (uint32_t input : operationObj.inputs) {
+            if (model.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE ||
+                model.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                // This operation reads an operand written by some
+                // other operation.  Move this operation to the
+                // beginning of the sequence, ensuring that it reads
+                // the operand before that operand is written, thereby
+                // violating execution order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a reader";
+                validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                    auto& operations = model->operations;
+                    std::rotate(operations.begin(), operations.begin() + operation,
+                                operations.begin() + operation + 1);
+                });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+        for (uint32_t output : operationObj.outputs) {
+            if (model.operands[output].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                // This operation writes an operand read by some other
+                // operation.  Move this operation to the end of the
+                // sequence, ensuring that it writes the operand after
+                // that operand is read, thereby violating execution
+                // order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a writer";
+                validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                    auto& operations = model->operations;
+                    std::rotate(operations.begin() + operation, operations.begin() + operation + 1,
+                                operations.end());
+                });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
 
 static const uint32_t invalidOperandTypes[] = {
@@ -251,9 +502,239 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND LIFETIME /////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<OperandLifeTime> getInvalidLifeTimes(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                        const Operand& operand) {
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE as an invalid lifetime
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE as an invalid lifetime
+
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime:
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    std::vector<OperandLifeTime> ret;
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                    OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be invalid --
+            // is this operand written (then CONSTANT_COPY would be
+            // invalid) or not (then TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be
+            // invalid)?
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+    if (!operandSize ||
+        exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+        // Unknown size or too-large size
+        ret.erase(std::remove(ret.begin(), ret.end(), OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY), ret.end());
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<OperandLifeTime> invalidLifeTimes =
+                getInvalidLifeTimes(model, modelSize, model.operands[operand]);
+        for (OperandLifeTime invalidLifeTime : invalidLifeTimes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandLifetimeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(invalidLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, invalidLifeTime](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                         Operand& operandObj = model->operands[operand];
+                         switch (operandObj.lifetime) {
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT: {
+                                 hidl_vec_remove(&model->inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT: {
+                                 hidl_vec_remove(&model->outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             default:
+                                 break;
+                         }
+                         operandObj.lifetime = invalidLifeTime;
+                         operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                         switch (invalidLifeTime) {
+                             case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY: {
+                                 becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT:
+                                 hidl_vec_push_back(&model->inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+                                 hidl_vec_push_back(&model->outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             default:
+                                 break;
+                         }
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND INPUT-or-OUTPUT //////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::optional<OperandLifeTime> getInputOutputLifeTime(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                             const Operand& operand) {
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime (with respect to model inputIndexes and outputIndexes):
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand is a model input, a model output, or neither
+    // - preserve whether or not a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT: {
+            const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+            if (!operandSize ||
+                exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+                // Unknown size or too-large size
+                break;
+            }
+            return OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY;
+        }
+        case OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT:
+            return OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be an
+            // appropriate choice -- is this operand written (then
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be appropriate) or not (then
+            // CONSTANT_COPY would be appropriate)?
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandInputOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::optional<OperandLifeTime> changedLifeTime =
+                getInputOutputLifeTime(model, modelSize, model.operands[operand]);
+        if (changedLifeTime) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandInputOutputTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(*changedLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, changedLifeTime](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                         Operand& operandObj = model->operands[operand];
+                         operandObj.lifetime = *changedLifeTime;
+                         operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                         if (*changedLifeTime == OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY) {
+                             becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                         }
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF CONSUMERS //////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<uint32_t> getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(uint32_t numberOfConsumers) {
+    if (numberOfConsumers == 0) {
+        return {1};
+    } else {
+        return {numberOfConsumers - 1, numberOfConsumers + 1};
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> invalidNumberOfConsumersVec =
+                getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(model.operands[operand].numberOfConsumers);
+        for (uint32_t invalidNumberOfConsumers : invalidNumberOfConsumersVec) {
+            const std::string message =
+                    "mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                    " numberOfConsumers = " + std::to_string(invalidNumberOfConsumers);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, invalidNumberOfConsumers](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         model->operands[operand].numberOfConsumers = invalidNumberOfConsumers;
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF WRITERS ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperandAddWriterTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t badOutputNum = 0; badOutputNum < model.operations[operation].outputs.size();
+             ++badOutputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex = model.operations[operation].outputs[badOutputNum];
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandAddWriterTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                        std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+            // We'll insert a copy of the operation, all of whose
+            // OTHER output operands are newly-created -- i.e.,
+            // there'll only be a duplicate write of ONE of that
+            // operation's output operands.
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operation, badOutputNum](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                         Operation newOperation = model->operations[operation];
+                         for (uint32_t input : newOperation.inputs) {
+                             ++model->operands[input].numberOfConsumers;
+                         }
+                         for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < newOperation.outputs.size();
+                              ++outputNum) {
+                             if (outputNum == badOutputNum) continue;
+
+                             Operand operandValue =
+                                     model->operands[newOperation.outputs[outputNum]];
+                             operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                             if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                                 operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                             } else {
+                                 ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime,
+                                           OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                             }
+                             newOperation.outputs[outputNum] =
+                                     hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands, operandValue);
+                         }
+                         // Where do we insert the extra writer (a new
+                         // operation)?  It has to be later than all the
+                         // writers of its inputs.  The easiest thing to do
+                         // is to insert it at the end of the operation
+                         // sequence.
+                         hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operations, newOperation);
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXTRA ??? /////////////////////////
 
-// TODO: Operand::lifetime
 // TODO: Operand::location
 
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERATION OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
@@ -461,6 +942,37 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERANDS WRITTEN ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < model.operations[operation].outputs.size();
+             ++outputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex = model.operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+            if (model.operands[outputOperandIndex].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                const std::string message = "mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                            std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+                validate(device, message, model,
+                         [operation, outputNum](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*) {
+                             uint32_t& outputOperandIndex =
+                                     model->operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+                             Operand operandValue = model->operands[outputOperandIndex];
+                             operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                             if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT) {
+                                 operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                             } else {
+                                 ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime,
+                                           OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                             }
+                             outputOperandIndex =
+                                     hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands, operandValue);
+                         });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERAND FROM EVERYTHING /////////////////////////
 
 static void removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(hidl_vec<uint32_t>* vec, uint32_t value) {
@@ -711,14 +1223,20 @@
 ////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////
 
 void validateModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    mutateExecutionOrderTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandRankTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandScaleTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandZeroPointTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandInputOutputTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandAddWriterTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(device, model);
     removeOperandTest(device, model);
     removeOperationTest(device, model);
     removeOperationInputTest(device, model);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/include/1.2/Utils.h b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/include/1.2/Utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61a8d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/include/1.2/Utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_HARDWARE_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_2_UTILS_H
+#define ANDROID_HARDWARE_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_2_UTILS_H
+
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.2/types.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+
+// Returns the amount of space needed to store a value of the specified type.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+uint32_t sizeOfData(V1_2::OperandType type);
+
+// Returns the amount of space needed to store a value of the dimensions and
+// type of this operand. For a non-extension, non-OEM tensor with unspecified
+// rank or at least one unspecified dimension, returns zero.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+uint32_t sizeOfData(const V1_2::Operand& operand);
+
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_2_UTILS_H
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 2c1be0b..771fc54 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_0_utils",
-        "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_2Callbacks",
+        "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_2_utils",
         "VtsHalNeuralNetworksV1_3_utils",
         "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0",
         "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.1",
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
index 1c25369..6fcfc34 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
@@ -20,11 +20,14 @@
 
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_3::vts::functional {
 
+using implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
 using V1_0::DeviceStatus;
 using V1_0::PerformanceInfo;
+using V1_1::ExecutionPreference;
 using V1_2::Constant;
 using V1_2::DeviceType;
 using V1_2::Extension;
+using HidlToken = hidl_array<uint8_t, static_cast<uint32_t>(Constant::BYTE_SIZE_OF_CACHE_TOKEN)>;
 
 // create device test
 TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
@@ -65,4 +68,143 @@
     });
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
+
+// detect cycle
+TEST_P(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CycleTest) {
+    // opnd0 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd1 = TENSOR_FLOAT32            // model input
+    // opnd2 = INT32                     // model input
+    // opnd3 = ADD(opnd0, opnd4, opnd2)
+    // opnd4 = ADD(opnd1, opnd3, opnd2)
+    // opnd5 = ADD(opnd4, opnd0, opnd2)  // model output
+    //
+    //            +-----+
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 3 = ADD(0, 4, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------+     |
+    //            |     |
+    //            v     |
+    // 4 = ADD(1, 3, 2) |
+    // |                |
+    // +----------------+
+    // |
+    // |
+    // +-------+
+    //         |
+    //         v
+    // 5 = ADD(4, 0, 2)
+
+    const std::vector<Operand> operands = {
+            {
+                    // operands[0]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[1]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[2]
+                    .type = OperandType::INT32,
+                    .dimensions = {},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 3,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[3]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 1,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[4]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 2,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+            {
+                    // operands[5]
+                    .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
+                    .dimensions = {1},
+                    .numberOfConsumers = 0,
+                    .scale = 0.0f,
+                    .zeroPoint = 0,
+                    .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT,
+                    .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+            },
+    };
+
+    const std::vector<Operation> operations = {
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {0, 4, 2}, .outputs = {3}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {1, 3, 2}, .outputs = {4}},
+            {.type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {4, 0, 2}, .outputs = {5}},
+    };
+
+    Subgraph subgraph = {
+            .operands = operands,
+            .operations = operations,
+            .inputIndexes = {0, 1, 2},
+            .outputIndexes = {5},
+    };
+    const Model model = {
+            .main = std::move(subgraph),
+            .referenced = {},
+            .operandValues = {},
+            .pools = {},
+    };
+
+    // ensure that getSupportedOperations_1_2() checks model validity
+    ErrorStatus supportedOpsErrorStatus = ErrorStatus::GENERAL_FAILURE;
+    Return<void> supportedOpsReturn = kDevice->getSupportedOperations_1_3(
+            model, [&model, &supportedOpsErrorStatus](ErrorStatus status,
+                                                      const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
+                supportedOpsErrorStatus = status;
+                if (status == ErrorStatus::NONE) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(supported.size(), model.main.operations.size());
+                }
+            });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsReturn.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(supportedOpsErrorStatus, ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+
+    // ensure that prepareModel_1_3() checks model validity
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback;
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchReturn = kDevice->prepareModel_1_3(
+            model, ExecutionPreference::FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER, Priority::MEDIUM, {},
+            hidl_vec<hidl_handle>(), hidl_vec<hidl_handle>(), HidlToken(), preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchReturn.isOk());
+    //     Note that preparation can fail for reasons other than an
+    //     invalid model (invalid model should result in
+    //     INVALID_ARGUMENT) -- for example, perhaps not all
+    //     operations are supported, or perhaps the device hit some
+    //     kind of capacity limit.
+    EXPECT_NE(prepareLaunchReturn, ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_NE(preparedModelCallback->getStatus(), ErrorStatus::NONE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel(), nullptr);
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_3::vts::functional
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Utils.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
index 23e2af8..c460e11 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/Utils.cpp
@@ -17,11 +17,78 @@
 #include "1.3/Utils.h"
 
 #include <iostream>
+#include <numeric>
+#include "android-base/logging.h"
+#include "android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.3/types.h"
 
-namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_3 {
+namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks {
+
+uint32_t sizeOfData(V1_3::OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case V1_3::OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::INT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::UINT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            return 4;
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_SYMM:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT16:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::FLOAT16:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_ASYMM:
+            return 2;
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::BOOL:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_BOOL8:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM_PER_CHANNEL:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM_SIGNED:
+            return 1;
+        case V1_3::OperandType::SUBGRAPH:
+            return 0;
+        default:
+            CHECK(false) << "Invalid OperandType " << static_cast<uint32_t>(type);
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool isTensor(V1_3::OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case V1_3::OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::INT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::UINT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::FLOAT16:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::BOOL:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::SUBGRAPH:
+            return false;
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_SYMM:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT16:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT16_ASYMM:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_BOOL8:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM_PER_CHANNEL:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_SYMM:
+        case V1_3::OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM_SIGNED:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            CHECK(false) << "Invalid OperandType " << static_cast<uint32_t>(type);
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+uint32_t sizeOfData(const V1_3::Operand& operand) {
+    const uint32_t dataSize = sizeOfData(operand.type);
+    if (isTensor(operand.type) && operand.dimensions.size() == 0) return 0;
+    return std::accumulate(operand.dimensions.begin(), operand.dimensions.end(), dataSize,
+                           std::multiplies<>{});
+}
+
+namespace V1_3 {
 
 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
     return os << toString(errorStatus);
 }
 
-}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_3
+}  // namespace V1_3
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
index 4c0100e..849ef7b 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
@@ -16,15 +16,22 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.3/types.h>
 #include "1.0/Utils.h"
 #include "1.3/Callbacks.h"
 #include "1.3/Utils.h"
 #include "GeneratedTestHarness.h"
 #include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
+#include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_3::vts::functional {
 
 using implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+using V1_0::DataLocation;
 using V1_1::ExecutionPreference;
 using V1_2::SymmPerChannelQuantParams;
 using HidlToken =
@@ -112,6 +119,262 @@
     return index;
 }
 
+// If we introduce a CONSTANT_COPY for an operand of size operandSize,
+// how much will this increase the size of the model?  This assumes
+// that we can (re)use all of model.operandValues for the operand
+// value.
+static size_t constantCopyExtraSize(const Model& model, size_t operandSize) {
+    const size_t operandValuesSize = model.operandValues.size();
+    return (operandValuesSize < operandSize) ? (operandSize - operandValuesSize) : 0;
+}
+
+// Highly specialized utility routine for converting an operand to
+// CONSTANT_COPY lifetime.
+//
+// Expects that:
+// - operand has a known size
+// - operand->lifetime has already been set to CONSTANT_COPY
+// - operand->location has been zeroed out
+//
+// Does the following:
+// - initializes operand->location to point to the beginning of model->operandValues
+// - resizes model->operandValues (if necessary) to be large enough for the operand
+//   value, padding it with zeroes on the end
+//
+// Potential problem:
+// By changing the operand to CONSTANT_COPY lifetime, this function is effectively initializing the
+// operand with unspecified (but deterministic) data. This means that the model may be invalidated
+// in two ways: not only is the lifetime of CONSTANT_COPY invalid, but the operand's value in the
+// graph may also be invalid (e.g., if the operand is used as an activation code and has an invalid
+// value). For now, this should be fine because it just means we're not testing what we think we're
+// testing in certain cases; but we can handwave this and assume we're probabilistically likely to
+// exercise the validation code over the span of the entire test set and operand space.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified operand type is an extension type or OEM type.
+static void becomeConstantCopy(Model* model, Operand* operand) {
+    // sizeOfData will abort if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+    const size_t sizeOfOperand = sizeOfData(*operand);
+    EXPECT_NE(sizeOfOperand, size_t(0));
+    operand->location.poolIndex = 0;
+    operand->location.offset = 0;
+    operand->location.length = sizeOfOperand;
+    if (model->operandValues.size() < sizeOfOperand) {
+        model->operandValues.resize(sizeOfOperand);
+    }
+}
+
+// The sizeForBinder() functions estimate the size of the
+// representation of a value when sent to binder.  It's probably a bit
+// of an under-estimate, because we don't know the size of the
+// metadata in the binder format (e.g., representation of the size of
+// a vector); but at least it adds up "big" things like vector
+// contents.  However, it doesn't treat inter-field or end-of-struct
+// padding in a methodical way -- there's no attempt to be consistent
+// in whether or not padding in the native (C++) representation
+// contributes to the estimated size for the binder representation;
+// and there's no attempt to understand what padding (if any) is
+// needed in the binder representation.
+//
+// This assumes that non-metadata uses a fixed length encoding (e.g.,
+// a uint32_t is always encoded in sizeof(uint32_t) bytes, rather than
+// using an encoding whose length is related to the magnitude of the
+// encoded value).
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const Type& val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<std::remove_reference_t<Type>>,
+                  "expected a trivially copyable type");
+    return sizeof(val);
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_vec<Type>& vec) {
+    return std::accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 0,
+                           [](size_t acc, const Type& x) { return acc + sizeForBinder(x); });
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const SymmPerChannelQuantParams& symmPerChannelQuantParams) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(symmPerChannelQuantParams.scales);
+    size += sizeForBinder(symmPerChannelQuantParams.channelDim);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const V1_2::Operand::ExtraParams& extraParams) {
+    using Discriminator = V1_2::Operand::ExtraParams::hidl_discriminator;
+    switch (extraParams.getDiscriminator()) {
+        case Discriminator::none:
+            return 0;
+        case Discriminator::channelQuant:
+            return sizeForBinder(extraParams.channelQuant());
+        case Discriminator::extension:
+            return sizeForBinder(extraParams.extension());
+    }
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Unrecognized extraParams enum: "
+               << static_cast<int>(extraParams.getDiscriminator());
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operand& operand) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.dimensions);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.numberOfConsumers);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.scale);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.zeroPoint);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.lifetime);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.location);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operand.extraParams);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Operation& operation) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.type);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.inputs);
+    size += sizeForBinder(operation.outputs);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_string& name) {
+    return name.size();
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const hidl_memory& memory) {
+    // This is just a guess.
+
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    if (const native_handle_t* handle = memory.handle()) {
+        size += sizeof(*handle);
+        size += sizeof(handle->data[0] * (handle->numFds + handle->numInts));
+    }
+    size += sizeForBinder(memory.name());
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Subgraph& subgraph) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(subgraph.operands);
+    size += sizeForBinder(subgraph.operations);
+    size += sizeForBinder(subgraph.inputIndexes);
+    size += sizeForBinder(subgraph.outputIndexes);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const V1_2::Model::ExtensionNameAndPrefix& extensionNameToPrefix) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(extensionNameToPrefix.name);
+    size += sizeForBinder(extensionNameToPrefix.prefix);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+template <>
+size_t sizeForBinder(const Model& model) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.main);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.referenced);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.operandValues);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.pools);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.relaxComputationFloat32toFloat16);
+    size += sizeForBinder(model.extensionNameToPrefix);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+// https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/TransactionTooLargeException.html
+//
+//     "The Binder transaction buffer has a limited fixed size,
+//     currently 1Mb, which is shared by all transactions in progress
+//     for the process."
+//
+// Will our representation fit under this limit?  There are two complications:
+// - Our representation size is just approximate (see sizeForBinder()).
+// - This object may not be the only occupant of the Binder transaction buffer.
+// So we'll be very conservative: We want the representation size to be no
+// larger than half the transaction buffer size.
+//
+// If our representation grows large enough that it still fits within
+// the transaction buffer but combined with other transactions may
+// exceed the buffer size, then we may see intermittent HAL transport
+// errors.
+static bool exceedsBinderSizeLimit(size_t representationSize) {
+    // Instead of using this fixed buffer size, we might instead be able to use
+    // ProcessState::self()->getMmapSize(). However, this has a potential
+    // problem: The binder/mmap size of the current process does not necessarily
+    // indicate the binder/mmap size of the service (i.e., the other process).
+    // The only way it would be a good indication is if both the current process
+    // and the service use the default size.
+    static const size_t kHalfBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 / 2;
+
+    return representationSize > kHalfBufferSize;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXECUTION ORDER ////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateExecutionOrderTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.main.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const Operation& operationObj = model.main.operations[operation];
+        for (uint32_t input : operationObj.inputs) {
+            if (model.main.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE ||
+                model.main.operands[input].lifetime == OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT) {
+                // This operation reads an operand written by some
+                // other operation.  Move this operation to the
+                // beginning of the sequence, ensuring that it reads
+                // the operand before that operand is written, thereby
+                // violating execution order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a reader";
+                validate(device, message, model,
+                         [operation](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*, Priority*) {
+                             auto& operations = model->main.operations;
+                             std::rotate(operations.begin(), operations.begin() + operation,
+                                         operations.begin() + operation + 1);
+                         });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+        for (uint32_t output : operationObj.outputs) {
+            if (model.main.operands[output].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                // This operation writes an operand read by some other
+                // operation.  Move this operation to the end of the
+                // sequence, ensuring that it writes the operand after
+                // that operand is read, thereby violating execution
+                // order rules.
+                const std::string message = "mutateExecutionOrderTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " is a writer";
+                validate(device, message, model,
+                         [operation](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*, Priority*) {
+                             auto& operations = model->main.operations;
+                             std::rotate(operations.begin() + operation,
+                                         operations.begin() + operation + 1, operations.end());
+                         });
+                break;  // only need to do this once per operation
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
 
 static const uint32_t invalidOperandTypes[] = {
@@ -261,9 +524,245 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND LIFETIME /////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<OperandLifeTime> getInvalidLifeTimes(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                        const Operand& operand) {
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE as an invalid lifetime
+    // TODO: Support OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE as an invalid lifetime
+
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime:
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    std::vector<OperandLifeTime> ret;
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT:
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT,
+                    OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+        case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT:
+            ret = {
+                    OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
+                    OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT,
+            };
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be invalid --
+            // is this operand written (then CONSTANT_COPY would be
+            // invalid) or not (then TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be
+            // invalid)?
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH:
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+    if (!operandSize ||
+        exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+        // Unknown size or too-large size
+        ret.erase(std::remove(ret.begin(), ret.end(), OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY), ret.end());
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.main.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<OperandLifeTime> invalidLifeTimes =
+                getInvalidLifeTimes(model, modelSize, model.main.operands[operand]);
+        for (OperandLifeTime invalidLifeTime : invalidLifeTimes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandLifetimeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(invalidLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.main.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, invalidLifeTime](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*, Priority*) {
+                         static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                         Operand& operandObj = model->main.operands[operand];
+                         switch (operandObj.lifetime) {
+                             case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT: {
+                                 hidl_vec_remove(&model->main.inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT: {
+                                 hidl_vec_remove(&model->main.outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             default:
+                                 break;
+                         }
+                         operandObj.lifetime = invalidLifeTime;
+                         operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                         switch (invalidLifeTime) {
+                             case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY: {
+                                 becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                                 break;
+                             }
+                             case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT:
+                                 hidl_vec_push_back(&model->main.inputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT:
+                                 hidl_vec_push_back(&model->main.outputIndexes, uint32_t(operand));
+                                 break;
+                             default:
+                                 break;
+                         }
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND INPUT-or-OUTPUT //////////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::optional<OperandLifeTime> getInputOutputLifeTime(const Model& model, size_t modelSize,
+                                                             const Operand& operand) {
+    // Ways to get an invalid lifetime (with respect to model inputIndexes and outputIndexes):
+    // - change whether a lifetime means an operand is a model input, a model output, or neither
+    // - preserve whether or not a lifetime means an operand should have a writer
+    switch (operand.lifetime) {
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY:
+        case OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_REFERENCE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_INPUT: {
+            const size_t operandSize = sizeOfData(operand);  // will be zero if shape is unknown
+            if (!operandSize ||
+                exceedsBinderSizeLimit(modelSize + constantCopyExtraSize(model, operandSize))) {
+                // Unknown size or too-large size
+                break;
+            }
+            return OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY;
+        }
+        case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT:
+            return OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+        case OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE:
+            return OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT;
+        case OperandLifeTime::NO_VALUE:
+            // Not enough information to know whether
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE or CONSTANT_COPY would be an
+            // appropriate choice -- is this operand written (then
+            // TEMPORARY_VARIABLE would be appropriate) or not (then
+            // CONSTANT_COPY would be appropriate)?
+            break;
+        case OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH:
+            break;
+        default:
+            ADD_FAILURE();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandInputOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    const size_t modelSize = sizeForBinder(model);
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.main.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::optional<OperandLifeTime> changedLifeTime =
+                getInputOutputLifeTime(model, modelSize, model.main.operands[operand]);
+        if (changedLifeTime) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandInputOutputTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has lifetime " +
+                                        toString(*changedLifeTime) + " instead of lifetime " +
+                                        toString(model.main.operands[operand].lifetime);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, changedLifeTime](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*, Priority*) {
+                         static const DataLocation kZeroDataLocation = {};
+                         Operand& operandObj = model->main.operands[operand];
+                         operandObj.lifetime = *changedLifeTime;
+                         operandObj.location = kZeroDataLocation;
+                         if (*changedLifeTime == OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY) {
+                             becomeConstantCopy(model, &operandObj);
+                         }
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF CONSUMERS //////////////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<uint32_t> getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(uint32_t numberOfConsumers) {
+    if (numberOfConsumers == 0) {
+        return {1};
+    } else {
+        return {numberOfConsumers - 1, numberOfConsumers + 1};
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.main.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> invalidNumberOfConsumersVec =
+                getInvalidNumberOfConsumers(model.main.operands[operand].numberOfConsumers);
+        for (uint32_t invalidNumberOfConsumers : invalidNumberOfConsumersVec) {
+            const std::string message =
+                    "mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                    " numberOfConsumers = " + std::to_string(invalidNumberOfConsumers);
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operand, invalidNumberOfConsumers](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*,
+                                                         Priority*) {
+                         model->main.operands[operand].numberOfConsumers = invalidNumberOfConsumers;
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND NUMBER OF WRITERS ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperandAddWriterTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.main.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t badOutputNum = 0;
+             badOutputNum < model.main.operations[operation].outputs.size(); ++badOutputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex =
+                    model.main.operations[operation].outputs[badOutputNum];
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandAddWriterTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                        std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+            // We'll insert a copy of the operation, all of whose
+            // OTHER output operands are newly-created -- i.e.,
+            // there'll only be a duplicate write of ONE of that
+            // operation's output operands.
+            validate(device, message, model,
+                     [operation, badOutputNum](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*, Priority*) {
+                         Operation newOperation = model->main.operations[operation];
+                         for (uint32_t input : newOperation.inputs) {
+                             ++model->main.operands[input].numberOfConsumers;
+                         }
+                         for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < newOperation.outputs.size();
+                              ++outputNum) {
+                             if (outputNum == badOutputNum) continue;
+
+                             Operand operandValue =
+                                     model->main.operands[newOperation.outputs[outputNum]];
+                             operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                             if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT) {
+                                 operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                             } else {
+                                 ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime,
+                                           OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                             }
+                             newOperation.outputs[outputNum] =
+                                     hidl_vec_push_back(&model->main.operands, operandValue);
+                         }
+                         // Where do we insert the extra writer (a new
+                         // operation)?  It has to be later than all the
+                         // writers of its inputs.  The easiest thing to do
+                         // is to insert it at the end of the operation
+                         // sequence.
+                         hidl_vec_push_back(&model->main.operations, newOperation);
+                     });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXTRA ??? /////////////////////////
 
-// TODO: Operand::lifetime
 // TODO: Operand::location
 
 ///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERATION OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
@@ -511,6 +1010,37 @@
     }
 }
 
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERANDS WRITTEN ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.main.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t outputNum = 0; outputNum < model.main.operations[operation].outputs.size();
+             ++outputNum) {
+            const uint32_t outputOperandIndex = model.main.operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+            if (model.main.operands[outputOperandIndex].numberOfConsumers > 0) {
+                const std::string message = "mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest: operation " +
+                                            std::to_string(operation) + " writes to " +
+                                            std::to_string(outputOperandIndex);
+                validate(device, message, model,
+                         [operation, outputNum](Model* model, ExecutionPreference*, Priority*) {
+                             uint32_t& outputOperandIndex =
+                                     model->main.operations[operation].outputs[outputNum];
+                             Operand operandValue = model->main.operands[outputOperandIndex];
+                             operandValue.numberOfConsumers = 0;
+                             if (operandValue.lifetime == OperandLifeTime::SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT) {
+                                 operandValue.lifetime = OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE;
+                             } else {
+                                 ASSERT_EQ(operandValue.lifetime,
+                                           OperandLifeTime::TEMPORARY_VARIABLE);
+                             }
+                             outputOperandIndex =
+                                     hidl_vec_push_back(&model->main.operands, operandValue);
+                         });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 ///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERAND FROM EVERYTHING /////////////////////////
 
 static void removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(hidl_vec<uint32_t>* vec, uint32_t value) {
@@ -535,13 +1065,18 @@
     removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&model->main.outputIndexes, index);
 }
 
-static bool removeOperandSkip(size_t operand, const Model& model) {
+static bool removeOperandSkip(size_t operandIndex, const Model& model) {
+    const Operand& operand = model.main.operands[operandIndex];
+    if (operand.numberOfConsumers == 0) {
+        // Removing an unused operand has no effect.
+        return true;
+    }
     for (const Operation& operation : model.main.operations) {
         // Skip removeOperandTest for the following operations.
         // - SPLIT's outputs are not checked during prepareModel.
         if (operation.type == OperationType::SPLIT) {
-            for (const size_t outOprand : operation.outputs) {
-                if (operand == outOprand) {
+            for (const size_t index : operation.outputs) {
+                if (index == operandIndex) {
                     return true;
                 }
             }
@@ -556,8 +1091,8 @@
             operation.type == OperationType::UNIDIRECTIONAL_SEQUENCE_RNN ||
             operation.type == OperationType::BIDIRECTIONAL_SEQUENCE_LSTM ||
             operation.type == OperationType::BIDIRECTIONAL_SEQUENCE_RNN) {
-            for (const size_t outOprand : operation.outputs) {
-                if (operand == outOprand) {
+            for (const size_t index : operation.outputs) {
+                if (index == operandIndex) {
                     return true;
                 }
             }
@@ -799,14 +1334,20 @@
 ////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////
 
 void validateModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const Model& model) {
+    mutateExecutionOrderTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandRankTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandScaleTest(device, model);
     mutateOperandZeroPointTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandLifeTimeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandInputOutputTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandNumberOfConsumersTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandAddWriterTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationTypeTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
     mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationRemoveWriteTest(device, model);
     removeOperandTest(device, model);
     removeOperationTest(device, model);
     removeOperationInputTest(device, model);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/include/1.3/Utils.h b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/include/1.3/Utils.h
index 3661b66..e07e73b 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/include/1.3/Utils.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/include/1.3/Utils.h
@@ -24,6 +24,18 @@
 
 inline constexpr V1_3::Priority kDefaultPriority = V1_3::Priority::MEDIUM;
 
+// Returns the amount of space needed to store a value of the specified type.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+uint32_t sizeOfData(V1_3::OperandType type);
+
+// Returns the amount of space needed to store a value of the dimensions and
+// type of this operand. For a non-extension, non-OEM tensor with unspecified
+// rank or at least one unspecified dimension, returns zero.
+//
+// Aborts if the specified type is an extension type or OEM type.
+uint32_t sizeOfData(const V1_3::Operand& operand);
+
 }  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks
 
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_3 {
diff --git a/power/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalPowerV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/power/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalPowerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index ba08ee7..7e0ae9c 100644
--- a/power/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalPowerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/power/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalPowerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <android/hardware/power/1.0/IPower.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -73,26 +75,16 @@
 TEST_P(PowerHidlTest, TryDifferentGovernors) {
   Return<void> ret;
 
-  unique_fd fd1(open(CPU_GOVERNOR_PATH, O_RDWR));
-  unique_fd fd2(open(AVAILABLE_GOVERNORS_PATH, O_RDONLY));
-  if (fd1 < 0 || fd2 < 0) {
+  std::string old_governor, governors;
+  if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(CPU_GOVERNOR_PATH, &old_governor) ||
+      !android::base::ReadFileToString(AVAILABLE_GOVERNORS_PATH, &governors)) {
     // Files don't exist, so skip the rest of the test case
     SUCCEED();
     return;
   }
-
-  char old_governor[80];
-  ASSERT_LE(0, read(fd1, old_governor, 80));
-
-  char governors[1024];
-  unsigned len = read(fd2, governors, 1024);
-  ASSERT_LE(0u, len);
-  governors[len] = '\0';
-
-  char *saveptr;
-  char *name = strtok_r(governors, " \n", &saveptr);
-  while (name) {
-    ASSERT_LE(0, write(fd1, name, strlen(name)));
+  auto all_governors = android::base::Split(governors, " \n");
+  for (const auto &governor : all_governors) {
+      ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(governor, CPU_GOVERNOR_PATH));
     ret = power->setInteractive(true);
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 
@@ -104,11 +96,9 @@
 
     power->powerHint(PowerHint::LAUNCH, 1);
     power->powerHint(PowerHint::LAUNCH, 0);
-
-    name = strtok_r(NULL, " \n", &saveptr);
   }
 
-  ASSERT_LE(0, write(fd1, old_governor, strlen(old_governor)));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(old_governor, CPU_GOVERNOR_PATH));
 }
 
 // Sanity check Power::powerHint on good and bad inputs.
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml
index 5e4a1cd..b91119d 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_radio_target_test.xml
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
 
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
-    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
 
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml
index 457d700..876e1fb 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/vts_hal_sap_target_test.xml
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
 
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
-    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
 
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
index 5badadd..3699575 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
 
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
-    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
 
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
index 5d92248..9904760 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
 
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
-    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
 
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
index c910047..9df8f9c 100644
--- a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
 
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
-    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
 
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
index c910047..9df8f9c 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
     <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
 
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
-    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
 
     <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
         <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
diff --git a/secure_element/1.0/vts/OWNERS b/secure_element/1.0/vts/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7963e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/secure_element/1.0/vts/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+alisher@google.com
+jackcwyu@google.com
+georgekgchang@google.com
+zachoverflow@google.com
diff --git a/secure_element/1.1/vts/OWNERS b/secure_element/1.1/vts/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7963e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/secure_element/1.1/vts/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+alisher@google.com
+jackcwyu@google.com
+georgekgchang@google.com
+zachoverflow@google.com
diff --git a/secure_element/1.2/vts/OWNERS b/secure_element/1.2/vts/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7963e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/secure_element/1.2/vts/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+alisher@google.com
+jackcwyu@google.com
+georgekgchang@google.com
+zachoverflow@google.com
diff --git a/secure_element/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_2TargetTest.cpp b/secure_element/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_2TargetTest.cpp
index 98e4502..9392f14 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_2TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/secure_element/1.2/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_2TargetTest.cpp
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@
  * Reset:
  * Calls reset()
  * Checks status
+ * Check onStateChange is received with connected state set to false
  * Check onStateChange is received with connected state set to true
  */
 TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, Reset) {
@@ -92,6 +93,10 @@
 
     auto res = se_cb_->WaitForCallback(kCallbackNameOnStateChange);
     EXPECT_TRUE(res.no_timeout);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(res.args->state_);
+
+    res = se_cb_->WaitForCallback(kCallbackNameOnStateChange);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(res.no_timeout);
     EXPECT_TRUE(res.args->state_);
 }
 
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/multihal/Android.bp b/sensors/2.0/multihal/Android.bp
index 3ce3390..bf51fcd 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/multihal/Android.bp
+++ b/sensors/2.0/multihal/Android.bp
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
     ],
     init_rc: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.0-service-multihal.rc"],
     vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.0-multihal.xml"],
+    header_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-shared-utils",
+    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.0",
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.0-ScopedWakelock",
@@ -37,5 +40,8 @@
         "libpower",
         "libutils",
     ],
-    static_libs: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.X-multihal"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@1.0-convert",
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-multihal",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/multihal/service.cpp b/sensors/2.0/multihal/service.cpp
index ef77048..f50ad7e 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/multihal/service.cpp
+++ b/sensors/2.0/multihal/service.cpp
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@
 using android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool;
 using android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool;
 using android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors;
-using android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::HalProxy;
+using android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::implementation::HalProxyV2_0;
 
 int main(int /* argc */, char** /* argv */) {
     configureRpcThreadpool(1, true);
 
-    android::sp<ISensors> halProxy = new HalProxy();
+    android::sp<ISensors> halProxy = new HalProxyV2_0();
     if (halProxy->registerAsService() != ::android::OK) {
         ALOGE("Failed to register Sensors HAL instance");
         return -1;
diff --git a/sensors/2.1/multihal/Android.bp b/sensors/2.1/multihal/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a7cac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/2.1/multihal/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.sensors@2.1-service.multihal",
+    defaults: [
+        "hidl_defaults",
+    ],
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    srcs: [
+        "service.cpp",
+    ],
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.1-service-multihal.rc"],
+    vintf_fragments: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.1-multihal.xml"],
+    header_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-shared-utils",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.0-ScopedWakelock",
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.1",
+        "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libfmq",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "liblog",
+        "libpower",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@1.0-convert",
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-multihal",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/sensors/2.1/multihal/OWNERS b/sensors/2.1/multihal/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e955670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/2.1/multihal/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+arthuri@google.com
+bduddie@google.com
+stange@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sensors/2.1/multihal/android.hardware.sensors@2.1-multihal.xml b/sensors/2.1/multihal/android.hardware.sensors@2.1-multihal.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18bd3ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/2.1/multihal/android.hardware.sensors@2.1-multihal.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<manifest version="1.0" type="device">
+    <hal format="hidl">
+        <name>android.hardware.sensors</name>
+        <transport>hwbinder</transport>
+        <version>2.1</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>ISensors</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/sensors/2.1/multihal/android.hardware.sensors@2.1-service-multihal.rc b/sensors/2.1/multihal/android.hardware.sensors@2.1-service-multihal.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc99ee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/2.1/multihal/android.hardware.sensors@2.1-service-multihal.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+service vendor.sensors-hal-2-1-multihal /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.sensors@2.1-service.multihal
+    class hal
+    user system
+    group system wakelock context_hub
+    writepid /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks
+    capabilities BLOCK_SUSPEND
+    rlimit rtprio 10 10
diff --git a/sensors/2.1/multihal/service.cpp b/sensors/2.1/multihal/service.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d68d9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/2.1/multihal/service.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/ISensors.h>
+#include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+#include "HalProxy.h"
+
+using android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool;
+using android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool;
+using android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensors;
+using android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::implementation::HalProxyV2_1;
+
+int main(int /* argc */, char** /* argv */) {
+    configureRpcThreadpool(1, true);
+
+    android::sp<ISensors> halProxy = new HalProxyV2_1();
+    if (halProxy->registerAsService() != ::android::OK) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to register Sensors HAL instance");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    joinRpcThreadpool();
+    return 1;  // joinRpcThreadpool shouldn't exit
+}
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/Android.bp b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/Android.bp
index 6122323..c80c47a 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/Android.bp
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/Android.bp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     name: "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-multihal-defaults",
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-multihal.header",
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-shared-utils",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.sensors@1.0",
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@
         "libpower",
         "libutils",
     ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@1.0-convert",
+    ],
     cflags: ["-DLOG_TAG=\"SensorsMultiHal\""],
 }
 
@@ -62,6 +66,7 @@
     ],
     srcs: [
         "HalProxy.cpp",
+        "HalProxyCallback.cpp",
     ],
     vendor_available: true,
     export_header_lib_headers: [
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/HalProxy.cpp b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/HalProxy.cpp
index 869c033..75ffc17 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/HalProxy.cpp
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/HalProxy.cpp
@@ -32,15 +32,17 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace sensors {
-namespace V2_0 {
+namespace V2_1 {
 namespace implementation {
 
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Result;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::EventQueueFlagBits;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::WakeLockQueueFlagBits;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::getTimeNow;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::kWakelockTimeoutNs;
 
-typedef ISensorsSubHal*(SensorsHalGetSubHalFunc)(uint32_t*);
+typedef V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal*(SensorsHalGetSubHalFunc)(uint32_t*);
+typedef V2_1::implementation::ISensorsSubHal*(SensorsHalGetSubHalV2_1Func)(uint32_t*);
 
 static constexpr int32_t kBitsAfterSubHalIndex = 24;
 
@@ -85,7 +87,24 @@
     init();
 }
 
-HalProxy::HalProxy(std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*>& subHalList) : mSubHalList(subHalList) {
+HalProxy::HalProxy(std::vector<ISensorsSubHalV2_0*>& subHalList) {
+    for (ISensorsSubHalV2_0* subHal : subHalList) {
+        mSubHalList.push_back(std::make_unique<SubHalWrapperV2_0>(subHal));
+    }
+
+    init();
+}
+
+HalProxy::HalProxy(std::vector<ISensorsSubHalV2_0*>& subHalList,
+                   std::vector<ISensorsSubHalV2_1*>& subHalListV2_1) {
+    for (ISensorsSubHalV2_0* subHal : subHalList) {
+        mSubHalList.push_back(std::make_unique<SubHalWrapperV2_0>(subHal));
+    }
+
+    for (ISensorsSubHalV2_1* subHal : subHalListV2_1) {
+        mSubHalList.push_back(std::make_unique<SubHalWrapperV2_1>(subHal));
+    }
+
     init();
 }
 
@@ -93,8 +112,8 @@
     stopThreads();
 }
 
-Return<void> HalProxy::getSensorsList(getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) {
-    std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors;
+Return<void> HalProxy::getSensorsList_2_1(ISensorsV2_1::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb) {
+    std::vector<V2_1::SensorInfo> sensors;
     for (const auto& iter : mSensors) {
         sensors.push_back(iter.second);
     }
@@ -102,22 +121,31 @@
     return Void();
 }
 
+Return<void> HalProxy::getSensorsList(ISensorsV2_0::getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) {
+    std::vector<V1_0::SensorInfo> sensors;
+    for (const auto& iter : mSensors) {
+        sensors.push_back(convertToOldSensorInfo(iter.second));
+    }
+    _hidl_cb(sensors);
+    return Void();
+}
+
 Return<Result> HalProxy::setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) {
     Result result = Result::OK;
     size_t subHalIndex;
     for (subHalIndex = 0; subHalIndex < mSubHalList.size(); subHalIndex++) {
-        ISensorsSubHal* subHal = mSubHalList[subHalIndex];
-        result = subHal->setOperationMode(mode);
+        result = mSubHalList[subHalIndex]->setOperationMode(mode);
         if (result != Result::OK) {
-            ALOGE("setOperationMode failed for SubHal: %s", subHal->getName().c_str());
+            ALOGE("setOperationMode failed for SubHal: %s",
+                  mSubHalList[subHalIndex]->getName().c_str());
             break;
         }
     }
+
     if (result != Result::OK) {
         // Reset the subhal operation modes that have been flipped
         for (size_t i = 0; i < subHalIndex; i++) {
-            ISensorsSubHal* subHal = mSubHalList[i];
-            subHal->setOperationMode(mCurrentOperationMode);
+            mSubHalList[i]->setOperationMode(mCurrentOperationMode);
         }
     } else {
         mCurrentOperationMode = mode;
@@ -133,10 +161,42 @@
             ->activate(clearSubHalIndex(sensorHandle), enabled);
 }
 
-Return<Result> HalProxy::initialize(
-        const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
+Return<Result> HalProxy::initialize_2_1(
+        const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<V2_1::Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
         const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
-        const sp<ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback) {
+        const sp<V2_1::ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback) {
+    sp<ISensorsCallbackWrapperBase> dynamicCallback =
+            new ISensorsCallbackWrapperV2_1(sensorsCallback);
+
+    // Create the Event FMQ from the eventQueueDescriptor. Reset the read/write positions.
+    auto eventQueue =
+            std::make_unique<EventMessageQueueV2_1>(eventQueueDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueWrapperBase> queue =
+            std::make_unique<EventMessageQueueWrapperV2_1>(eventQueue);
+
+    return initializeCommon(queue, wakeLockDescriptor, dynamicCallback);
+}
+
+Return<Result> HalProxy::initialize(
+        const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<V1_0::Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
+        const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
+        const sp<V2_0::ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback) {
+    sp<ISensorsCallbackWrapperBase> dynamicCallback =
+            new ISensorsCallbackWrapperV2_0(sensorsCallback);
+
+    // Create the Event FMQ from the eventQueueDescriptor. Reset the read/write positions.
+    auto eventQueue =
+            std::make_unique<EventMessageQueueV2_0>(eventQueueDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueWrapperBase> queue =
+            std::make_unique<EventMessageQueueWrapperV1_0>(eventQueue);
+
+    return initializeCommon(queue, wakeLockDescriptor, dynamicCallback);
+}
+
+Return<Result> HalProxy::initializeCommon(
+        std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueWrapperBase>& eventQueue,
+        const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
+        const sp<ISensorsCallbackWrapperBase>& sensorsCallback) {
     Result result = Result::OK;
 
     stopThreads();
@@ -147,7 +207,7 @@
     disableAllSensors();
 
     // Clears the queue if any events were pending write before.
-    mPendingWriteEventsQueue = std::queue<std::pair<std::vector<Event>, size_t>>();
+    mPendingWriteEventsQueue = std::queue<std::pair<std::vector<V2_1::Event>, size_t>>();
     mSizePendingWriteEventsQueue = 0;
 
     // Clears previously connected dynamic sensors
@@ -156,8 +216,7 @@
     mDynamicSensorsCallback = sensorsCallback;
 
     // Create the Event FMQ from the eventQueueDescriptor. Reset the read/write positions.
-    mEventQueue =
-            std::make_unique<EventMessageQueue>(eventQueueDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
+    mEventQueue = std::move(eventQueue);
 
     // Create the Wake Lock FMQ that is used by the framework to communicate whenever WAKE_UP
     // events have been successfully read and handled by the framework.
@@ -186,12 +245,10 @@
     mWakelockThread = std::thread(startWakelockThread, this);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mSubHalList.size(); i++) {
-        auto subHal = mSubHalList[i];
-        const auto& subHalCallback = mSubHalCallbacks[i];
-        Result currRes = subHal->initialize(subHalCallback);
+        Result currRes = mSubHalList[i]->initialize(this, this, i);
         if (currRes != Result::OK) {
             result = currRes;
-            ALOGE("Subhal '%s' failed to initialize.", subHal->getName().c_str());
+            ALOGE("Subhal '%s' failed to initialize.", mSubHalList[i]->getName().c_str());
             break;
         }
     }
@@ -217,7 +274,11 @@
     return getSubHalForSensorHandle(sensorHandle)->flush(clearSubHalIndex(sensorHandle));
 }
 
-Return<Result> HalProxy::injectSensorData(const Event& event) {
+Return<Result> HalProxy::injectSensorData_2_1(const V2_1::Event& event) {
+    return injectSensorData(convertToOldEvent(event));
+}
+
+Return<Result> HalProxy::injectSensorData(const V1_0::Event& event) {
     Result result = Result::OK;
     if (mCurrentOperationMode == OperationMode::NORMAL &&
         event.sensorType != V1_0::SensorType::ADDITIONAL_INFO) {
@@ -226,18 +287,19 @@
         result = Result::BAD_VALUE;
     }
     if (result == Result::OK) {
-        Event subHalEvent = event;
+        V1_0::Event subHalEvent = event;
         if (!isSubHalIndexValid(event.sensorHandle)) {
             return Result::BAD_VALUE;
         }
         subHalEvent.sensorHandle = clearSubHalIndex(event.sensorHandle);
-        result = getSubHalForSensorHandle(event.sensorHandle)->injectSensorData(subHalEvent);
+        result = getSubHalForSensorHandle(event.sensorHandle)
+                         ->injectSensorData(convertToNewEvent(subHalEvent));
     }
     return result;
 }
 
 Return<void> HalProxy::registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& mem,
-                                             registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) {
+                                             ISensorsV2_0::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) {
     if (mDirectChannelSubHal == nullptr) {
         _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_OPERATION, -1 /* channelHandle */);
     } else {
@@ -257,7 +319,8 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> HalProxy::configDirectReport(int32_t sensorHandle, int32_t channelHandle,
-                                          RateLevel rate, configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) {
+                                          RateLevel rate,
+                                          ISensorsV2_0::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) {
     if (mDirectChannelSubHal == nullptr) {
         _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_OPERATION, -1 /* reportToken */);
     } else if (sensorHandle == -1 && rate != RateLevel::STOP) {
@@ -302,7 +365,7 @@
     stream << "  # of non-dynamic sensors across all subhals: " << mSensors.size() << std::endl;
     stream << "  # of dynamic sensors across all subhals: " << mDynamicSensors.size() << std::endl;
     stream << "SubHals (" << mSubHalList.size() << "):" << std::endl;
-    for (ISensorsSubHal* subHal : mSubHalList) {
+    for (auto& subHal : mSubHalList) {
         stream << "  Name: " << subHal->getName() << std::endl;
         stream << "  Debug dump: " << std::endl;
         android::base::WriteStringToFd(stream.str(), writeFd);
@@ -363,26 +426,43 @@
     } else {
         std::string subHalLibraryFile;
         while (subHalConfigStream >> subHalLibraryFile) {
-            void* handle = dlopen(subHalLibraryFile.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
+            void* handle = getHandleForSubHalSharedObject(subHalLibraryFile);
             if (handle == nullptr) {
                 ALOGE("dlopen failed for library: %s", subHalLibraryFile.c_str());
             } else {
                 SensorsHalGetSubHalFunc* sensorsHalGetSubHalPtr =
                         (SensorsHalGetSubHalFunc*)dlsym(handle, "sensorsHalGetSubHal");
-                if (sensorsHalGetSubHalPtr == nullptr) {
-                    ALOGE("Failed to locate sensorsHalGetSubHal function for library: %s",
-                          subHalLibraryFile.c_str());
-                } else {
+                if (sensorsHalGetSubHalPtr != nullptr) {
                     std::function<SensorsHalGetSubHalFunc> sensorsHalGetSubHal =
                             *sensorsHalGetSubHalPtr;
                     uint32_t version;
-                    ISensorsSubHal* subHal = sensorsHalGetSubHal(&version);
+                    ISensorsSubHalV2_0* subHal = sensorsHalGetSubHal(&version);
                     if (version != SUB_HAL_2_0_VERSION) {
                         ALOGE("SubHal version was not 2.0 for library: %s",
                               subHalLibraryFile.c_str());
                     } else {
                         ALOGV("Loaded SubHal from library: %s", subHalLibraryFile.c_str());
-                        mSubHalList.push_back(subHal);
+                        mSubHalList.push_back(std::make_unique<SubHalWrapperV2_0>(subHal));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    SensorsHalGetSubHalV2_1Func* getSubHalV2_1Ptr =
+                            (SensorsHalGetSubHalV2_1Func*)dlsym(handle, "sensorsHalGetSubHal_2_1");
+
+                    if (getSubHalV2_1Ptr == nullptr) {
+                        ALOGE("Failed to locate sensorsHalGetSubHal function for library: %s",
+                              subHalLibraryFile.c_str());
+                    } else {
+                        std::function<SensorsHalGetSubHalV2_1Func> sensorsHalGetSubHal_2_1 =
+                                *getSubHalV2_1Ptr;
+                        uint32_t version;
+                        ISensorsSubHalV2_1* subHal = sensorsHalGetSubHal_2_1(&version);
+                        if (version != SUB_HAL_2_1_VERSION) {
+                            ALOGE("SubHal version was not 2.1 for library: %s",
+                                  subHalLibraryFile.c_str());
+                        } else {
+                            ALOGV("Loaded SubHal from library: %s", subHalLibraryFile.c_str());
+                            mSubHalList.push_back(std::make_unique<SubHalWrapperV2_1>(subHal));
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -390,36 +470,47 @@
     }
 }
 
-void HalProxy::initializeSubHalCallbacks() {
-    for (size_t subHalIndex = 0; subHalIndex < mSubHalList.size(); subHalIndex++) {
-        sp<IHalProxyCallback> callback = new HalProxyCallback(this, subHalIndex);
-        mSubHalCallbacks.push_back(callback);
-    }
-}
-
 void HalProxy::initializeSensorList() {
     for (size_t subHalIndex = 0; subHalIndex < mSubHalList.size(); subHalIndex++) {
-        ISensorsSubHal* subHal = mSubHalList[subHalIndex];
-        auto result = subHal->getSensorsList([&](const auto& list) {
+        auto result = mSubHalList[subHalIndex]->getSensorsList([&](const auto& list) {
             for (SensorInfo sensor : list) {
                 if (!subHalIndexIsClear(sensor.sensorHandle)) {
                     ALOGE("SubHal sensorHandle's first byte was not 0");
                 } else {
                     ALOGV("Loaded sensor: %s", sensor.name.c_str());
                     sensor.sensorHandle = setSubHalIndex(sensor.sensorHandle, subHalIndex);
-                    setDirectChannelFlags(&sensor, subHal);
+                    setDirectChannelFlags(&sensor, mSubHalList[subHalIndex]);
                     mSensors[sensor.sensorHandle] = sensor;
                 }
             }
         });
         if (!result.isOk()) {
-            ALOGE("getSensorsList call failed for SubHal: %s", subHal->getName().c_str());
+            ALOGE("getSensorsList call failed for SubHal: %s",
+                  mSubHalList[subHalIndex]->getName().c_str());
         }
     }
 }
 
+void* HalProxy::getHandleForSubHalSharedObject(const std::string& filename) {
+    static const std::string kSubHalShareObjectLocations[] = {
+            "",  // Default locations will be searched
+#ifdef __LP64__
+            "/vendor/lib64/hw/", "/odm/lib64/hw/"
+#else
+            "/vendor/lib/hw/", "/odm/lib/hw/"
+#endif
+    };
+
+    for (const std::string& dir : kSubHalShareObjectLocations) {
+        void* handle = dlopen((dir + filename).c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
+        if (handle != nullptr) {
+            return handle;
+        }
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 void HalProxy::init() {
-    initializeSubHalCallbacks();
     initializeSensorList();
 }
 
@@ -552,7 +643,7 @@
 }
 
 void HalProxy::postEventsToMessageQueue(const std::vector<Event>& events, size_t numWakeupEvents,
-                                        ScopedWakelock wakelock) {
+                                        V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock wakelock) {
     size_t numToWrite = 0;
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mEventQueueWriteMutex);
     if (wakelock.isLocked()) {
@@ -610,7 +701,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-void HalProxy::setDirectChannelFlags(SensorInfo* sensorInfo, ISensorsSubHal* subHal) {
+void HalProxy::setDirectChannelFlags(SensorInfo* sensorInfo,
+                                     std::shared_ptr<ISubHalWrapperBase> subHal) {
     bool sensorSupportsDirectChannel =
             (sensorInfo->flags & (V1_0::SensorFlagBits::MASK_DIRECT_REPORT |
                                   V1_0::SensorFlagBits::MASK_DIRECT_CHANNEL)) != 0;
@@ -624,7 +716,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-ISensorsSubHal* HalProxy::getSubHalForSensorHandle(int32_t sensorHandle) {
+std::shared_ptr<ISubHalWrapperBase> HalProxy::getSubHalForSensorHandle(int32_t sensorHandle) {
     return mSubHalList[extractSubHalIndex(sensorHandle)];
 }
 
@@ -651,46 +743,8 @@
     return (sensorHandle & kSensorHandleSubHalIndexMask) == 0;
 }
 
-void HalProxyCallback::postEvents(const std::vector<Event>& events, ScopedWakelock wakelock) {
-    if (events.empty() || !mHalProxy->areThreadsRunning()) return;
-    size_t numWakeupEvents;
-    std::vector<Event> processedEvents = processEvents(events, &numWakeupEvents);
-    if (numWakeupEvents > 0) {
-        ALOG_ASSERT(wakelock.isLocked(),
-                    "Wakeup events posted while wakelock unlocked for subhal"
-                    " w/ index %" PRId32 ".",
-                    mSubHalIndex);
-    } else {
-        ALOG_ASSERT(!wakelock.isLocked(),
-                    "No Wakeup events posted but wakelock locked for subhal"
-                    " w/ index %" PRId32 ".",
-                    mSubHalIndex);
-    }
-    mHalProxy->postEventsToMessageQueue(processedEvents, numWakeupEvents, std::move(wakelock));
-}
-
-ScopedWakelock HalProxyCallback::createScopedWakelock(bool lock) {
-    ScopedWakelock wakelock(mHalProxy, lock);
-    return wakelock;
-}
-
-std::vector<Event> HalProxyCallback::processEvents(const std::vector<Event>& events,
-                                                   size_t* numWakeupEvents) const {
-    *numWakeupEvents = 0;
-    std::vector<Event> eventsOut;
-    for (Event event : events) {
-        event.sensorHandle = setSubHalIndex(event.sensorHandle, mSubHalIndex);
-        eventsOut.push_back(event);
-        const SensorInfo& sensor = mHalProxy->getSensorInfo(event.sensorHandle);
-        if ((sensor.flags & V1_0::SensorFlagBits::WAKE_UP) != 0) {
-            (*numWakeupEvents)++;
-        }
-    }
-    return eventsOut;
-}
-
 }  // namespace implementation
-}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace sensors
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/HalProxyCallback.cpp b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/HalProxyCallback.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c1b17c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/HalProxyCallback.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "HalProxyCallback.h"
+
+#include <cinttypes>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace sensors {
+namespace V2_0 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+static constexpr int32_t kBitsAfterSubHalIndex = 24;
+
+/**
+ * Set the subhal index as first byte of sensor handle and return this modified version.
+ *
+ * @param sensorHandle The sensor handle to modify.
+ * @param subHalIndex The index in the hal proxy of the sub hal this sensor belongs to.
+ *
+ * @return The modified sensor handle.
+ */
+int32_t setSubHalIndex(int32_t sensorHandle, size_t subHalIndex) {
+    return sensorHandle | (static_cast<int32_t>(subHalIndex) << kBitsAfterSubHalIndex);
+}
+
+void HalProxyCallbackBase::postEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events,
+                                      ScopedWakelock wakelock) {
+    if (events.empty() || !mCallback->areThreadsRunning()) return;
+    size_t numWakeupEvents;
+    std::vector<V2_1::Event> processedEvents = processEvents(events, &numWakeupEvents);
+    if (numWakeupEvents > 0) {
+        ALOG_ASSERT(wakelock.isLocked(),
+                    "Wakeup events posted while wakelock unlocked for subhal"
+                    " w/ index %" PRId32 ".",
+                    mSubHalIndex);
+    } else {
+        ALOG_ASSERT(!wakelock.isLocked(),
+                    "No Wakeup events posted but wakelock locked for subhal"
+                    " w/ index %" PRId32 ".",
+                    mSubHalIndex);
+    }
+    mCallback->postEventsToMessageQueue(processedEvents, numWakeupEvents, std::move(wakelock));
+}
+
+ScopedWakelock HalProxyCallbackBase::createScopedWakelock(bool lock) {
+    ScopedWakelock wakelock(mRefCounter, lock);
+    return wakelock;
+}
+
+std::vector<V2_1::Event> HalProxyCallbackBase::processEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events,
+                                                             size_t* numWakeupEvents) const {
+    *numWakeupEvents = 0;
+    std::vector<V2_1::Event> eventsOut;
+    for (V2_1::Event event : events) {
+        event.sensorHandle = setSubHalIndex(event.sensorHandle, mSubHalIndex);
+        eventsOut.push_back(event);
+        const V2_1::SensorInfo& sensor = mCallback->getSensorInfo(event.sensorHandle);
+        if ((sensor.flags & V1_0::SensorFlagBits::WAKE_UP) != 0) {
+            (*numWakeupEvents)++;
+        }
+    }
+    return eventsOut;
+}
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace sensors
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/HalProxy.h b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/HalProxy.h
index d7e8795..35d7c8b 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/HalProxy.h
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/HalProxy.h
@@ -16,12 +16,17 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include "EventMessageQueueWrapper.h"
+#include "HalProxyCallback.h"
+#include "ISensorsCallbackWrapper.h"
+#include "SubHalWrapper.h"
 #include "V2_0/ScopedWakelock.h"
 #include "V2_0/SubHal.h"
 #include "V2_1/SubHal.h"
+#include "convertV2_1.h"
 
-#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/ISensors.h>
-#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/ISensors.h>
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h>
 #include <fmq/MessageQueue.h>
 #include <hardware_legacy/power.h>
 #include <hidl/MQDescriptor.h>
@@ -38,96 +43,97 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace sensors {
-namespace V2_0 {
+namespace V2_1 {
 namespace implementation {
 
-using ::android::sp;
-using ::android::hardware::EventFlag;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hardware::MessageQueue;
-using ::android::hardware::MQDescriptor;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::hardware::Void;
-
-class HalProxy : public ISensors, public IScopedWakelockRefCounter {
+/**
+ * HalProxy is the main interface for Multi-HAL. It is responsible for managing  subHALs and
+ * proxying function calls to/from the subHAL APIs from the sensors framework. It also manages any
+ * wakelocks allocated through the IHalProxyCallback and manages posting events to the sensors
+ * framework.
+ */
+class HalProxy : public V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter,
+                 public V2_0::implementation::ISubHalCallback {
   public:
-    using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
+    using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::Event;
     using OperationMode = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::OperationMode;
     using RateLevel = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::RateLevel;
     using Result = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Result;
-    using SensorInfo = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorInfo;
+    using SensorInfo = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::SensorInfo;
     using SharedMemInfo = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SharedMemInfo;
-    using ISensorsSubHal = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal;
+    using IHalProxyCallbackV2_0 = V2_0::implementation::IHalProxyCallback;
+    using IHalProxyCallbackV2_1 = V2_1::implementation::IHalProxyCallback;
+    using ISensorsSubHalV2_0 = V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal;
+    using ISensorsSubHalV2_1 = V2_1::implementation::ISensorsSubHal;
+    using ISensorsV2_0 = V2_0::ISensors;
+    using ISensorsV2_1 = V2_1::ISensors;
+    using HalProxyCallbackBase = V2_0::implementation::HalProxyCallbackBase;
 
     explicit HalProxy();
     // Test only constructor.
-    explicit HalProxy(std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*>& subHalList);
+    explicit HalProxy(std::vector<ISensorsSubHalV2_0*>& subHalList);
+    explicit HalProxy(std::vector<ISensorsSubHalV2_0*>& subHalList,
+                      std::vector<ISensorsSubHalV2_1*>& subHalListV2_1);
     ~HalProxy();
 
+    // Methods from ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensors follow.
+    Return<void> getSensorsList_2_1(ISensorsV2_1::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb);
+
+    Return<Result> initialize_2_1(
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<V2_1::Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
+            const sp<V2_1::ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback);
+
+    Return<Result> injectSensorData_2_1(const Event& event);
+
     // Methods from ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors follow.
-    Return<void> getSensorsList(getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+    Return<void> getSensorsList(ISensorsV2_0::getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb);
 
-    Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) override;
+    Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode);
 
-    Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) override;
+    Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled);
 
     Return<Result> initialize(
-            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<V1_0::Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
             const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
-            const sp<ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback) override;
+            const sp<V2_0::ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback);
+
+    Return<Result> initializeCommon(
+            std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueWrapperBase>& eventQueue,
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
+            const sp<ISensorsCallbackWrapperBase>& sensorsCallback);
 
     Return<Result> batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
-                         int64_t maxReportLatencyNs) override;
+                         int64_t maxReportLatencyNs);
 
-    Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle) override;
+    Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle);
 
-    Return<Result> injectSensorData(const Event& event) override;
+    Return<Result> injectSensorData(const V1_0::Event& event);
 
     Return<void> registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& mem,
-                                       registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+                                       ISensorsV2_0::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb);
 
-    Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle) override;
+    Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle);
 
     Return<void> configDirectReport(int32_t sensorHandle, int32_t channelHandle, RateLevel rate,
-                                    configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+                                    ISensorsV2_0::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb);
 
-    Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) override;
+    Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args);
 
-    // Below methods from ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensorsCallback with a minor change
-    // to pass in the sub-HAL index. While the above methods are invoked from the sensors framework
-    // via the binder, these methods are invoked from a callback provided to sub-HALs inside the
-    // same process as the HalProxy, but potentially running on different threads.
     Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(const hidl_vec<SensorInfo>& dynamicSensorsAdded,
-                                           int32_t subHalIndex);
+                                           int32_t subHalIndex) override;
 
     Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved,
-                                              int32_t subHalIndex);
+                                              int32_t subHalIndex) override;
 
-    // Below methods are for HalProxyCallback
-
-    /**
-     * Post events to the event message queue if there is room to write them. Otherwise post the
-     * remaining events to a background thread for a blocking write with a kPendingWriteTimeoutNs
-     * timeout.
-     *
-     * @param events The list of events to post to the message queue.
-     * @param numWakeupEvents The number of wakeup events in events.
-     * @param wakelock The wakelock associated with this post of events.
-     */
     void postEventsToMessageQueue(const std::vector<Event>& events, size_t numWakeupEvents,
-                                  ScopedWakelock wakelock);
+                                  V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock wakelock) override;
 
-    /**
-     * Get the sensor info associated with that sensorHandle.
-     *
-     * @param sensorHandle The sensor handle.
-     *
-     * @return The sensor info object in the mapping.
-     */
-    const SensorInfo& getSensorInfo(int32_t sensorHandle) { return mSensors[sensorHandle]; }
+    const SensorInfo& getSensorInfo(int32_t sensorHandle) override {
+        return mSensors[sensorHandle];
+    }
 
-    bool areThreadsRunning() { return mThreadsRun.load(); }
+    bool areThreadsRunning() override { return mThreadsRun.load(); }
 
     // Below methods are from IScopedWakelockRefCounter interface
     bool incrementRefCountAndMaybeAcquireWakelock(size_t delta,
@@ -136,13 +142,14 @@
     void decrementRefCountAndMaybeReleaseWakelock(size_t delta, int64_t timeoutStart = -1) override;
 
   private:
-    using EventMessageQueue = MessageQueue<Event, kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
+    using EventMessageQueueV2_1 = MessageQueue<V2_1::Event, kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
+    using EventMessageQueueV2_0 = MessageQueue<V1_0::Event, kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
     using WakeLockMessageQueue = MessageQueue<uint32_t, kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
 
     /**
      * The Event FMQ where sensor events are written
      */
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> mEventQueue;
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueWrapperBase> mEventQueue;
 
     /**
      * The Wake Lock FMQ that is read to determine when the framework has handled WAKE_UP events
@@ -161,15 +168,12 @@
     /**
      * Callback to the sensors framework to inform it that new sensors have been added or removed.
      */
-    sp<ISensorsCallback> mDynamicSensorsCallback;
+    sp<ISensorsCallbackWrapperBase> mDynamicSensorsCallback;
 
     /**
-     * SubHal object pointers that have been saved from vendor dynamic libraries.
+     * SubHal objects that have been saved from vendor dynamic libraries.
      */
-    std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> mSubHalList;
-
-    //! The list of subhal callbacks for each subhal where the indices correlate with mSubHalList
-    std::vector<const sp<IHalProxyCallback>> mSubHalCallbacks;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ISubHalWrapperBase>> mSubHalList;
 
     /**
      * Map of sensor handles to SensorInfo objects that contains the sensor info from subhals as
@@ -187,7 +191,7 @@
     OperationMode mCurrentOperationMode = OperationMode::NORMAL;
 
     //! The single subHal that supports directChannel reporting.
-    ISensorsSubHal* mDirectChannelSubHal = nullptr;
+    std::shared_ptr<ISubHalWrapperBase> mDirectChannelSubHal;
 
     //! The timeout for each pending write on background thread for events.
     static const int64_t kPendingWriteTimeoutNs = 5 * INT64_C(1000000000) /* 5 seconds */;
@@ -239,9 +243,9 @@
     //! The refcount of how many ScopedWakelocks and pending wakeup events are active
     size_t mWakelockRefCount = 0;
 
-    int64_t mWakelockTimeoutStartTime = getTimeNow();
+    int64_t mWakelockTimeoutStartTime = V2_0::implementation::getTimeNow();
 
-    int64_t mWakelockTimeoutResetTime = getTimeNow();
+    int64_t mWakelockTimeoutResetTime = V2_0::implementation::getTimeNow();
 
     const char* kWakelockName = "SensorsHAL_WAKEUP";
 
@@ -263,6 +267,16 @@
     void initializeSensorList();
 
     /**
+     * Try using the default include directories as well as the directories defined in
+     * kSubHalShareObjectLocations to get a handle for dlsym for a subhal.
+     *
+     * @param filename The file name to search for.
+     *
+     * @return The handle or nullptr if search failed.
+     */
+    void* getHandleForSubHalSharedObject(const std::string& filename);
+
+    /**
      * Calls the helper methods that all ctors use.
      */
     void init();
@@ -321,7 +335,7 @@
      *    disabled.
      * @param subHal The subhal pointer that the current sensorInfo object came from.
      */
-    void setDirectChannelFlags(SensorInfo* sensorInfo, ISensorsSubHal* subHal);
+    void setDirectChannelFlags(SensorInfo* sensorInfo, std::shared_ptr<ISubHalWrapperBase> subHal);
 
     /*
      * Get the subhal pointer which can be found by indexing into the mSubHalList vector
@@ -329,7 +343,7 @@
      *
      * @param sensorHandle The handle used to identify a sensor in one of the subhals.
      */
-    ISensorsSubHal* getSubHalForSensorHandle(int32_t sensorHandle);
+    std::shared_ptr<ISubHalWrapperBase> getSubHalForSensorHandle(int32_t sensorHandle);
 
     /**
      * Checks that sensorHandle's subhal index byte is within bounds of mSubHalList.
@@ -368,39 +382,81 @@
 };
 
 /**
- * Callback class used to provide the HalProxy with the index of which subHal is invoking
+ * Since a newer HAL can't masquerade as a older HAL, IHalProxy enables the HalProxy to be compiled
+ * either for HAL 2.0 or HAL 2.1 depending on the build configuration.
  */
-class HalProxyCallback : public IHalProxyCallback {
-    using SensorInfo = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorInfo;
-
-  public:
-    HalProxyCallback(HalProxy* halProxy, int32_t subHalIndex)
-        : mHalProxy(halProxy), mSubHalIndex(subHalIndex) {}
-
-    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
-            const hidl_vec<SensorInfo>& dynamicSensorsAdded) override {
-        return mHalProxy->onDynamicSensorsConnected(dynamicSensorsAdded, mSubHalIndex);
+template <class ISensorsVersion>
+class IHalProxy : public HalProxy, public ISensorsVersion {
+    Return<void> getSensorsList(ISensorsV2_0::getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return HalProxy::getSensorsList(_hidl_cb);
     }
 
-    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(
-            const hidl_vec<int32_t>& dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved) override {
-        return mHalProxy->onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved, mSubHalIndex);
+    Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) override {
+        return HalProxy::setOperationMode(mode);
     }
 
-    void postEvents(const std::vector<Event>& events, ScopedWakelock wakelock);
+    Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) override {
+        return HalProxy::activate(sensorHandle, enabled);
+    }
 
-    ScopedWakelock createScopedWakelock(bool lock);
+    Return<Result> initialize(
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<V1_0::Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
+            const sp<V2_0::ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback) override {
+        return HalProxy::initialize(eventQueueDescriptor, wakeLockDescriptor, sensorsCallback);
+    }
 
-  private:
-    HalProxy* mHalProxy;
-    int32_t mSubHalIndex;
+    Return<Result> batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
+                         int64_t maxReportLatencyNs) override {
+        return HalProxy::batch(sensorHandle, samplingPeriodNs, maxReportLatencyNs);
+    }
 
-    std::vector<Event> processEvents(const std::vector<Event>& events,
-                                     size_t* numWakeupEvents) const;
+    Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle) override { return HalProxy::flush(sensorHandle); }
+
+    Return<Result> injectSensorData(const V1_0::Event& event) override {
+        return HalProxy::injectSensorData(event);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& mem,
+                                       ISensorsV2_0::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return HalProxy::registerDirectChannel(mem, _hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle) override {
+        return HalProxy::unregisterDirectChannel(channelHandle);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> configDirectReport(int32_t sensorHandle, int32_t channelHandle, RateLevel rate,
+                                    ISensorsV2_0::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return HalProxy::configDirectReport(sensorHandle, channelHandle, rate, _hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) override {
+        return HalProxy::debug(fd, args);
+    }
+};
+
+class HalProxyV2_0 : public IHalProxy<V2_0::ISensors> {};
+
+class HalProxyV2_1 : public IHalProxy<V2_1::ISensors> {
+    Return<void> getSensorsList_2_1(ISensorsV2_1::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return HalProxy::getSensorsList_2_1(_hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> initialize_2_1(
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<V2_1::Event>& eventQueueDescriptor,
+            const ::android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync<uint32_t>& wakeLockDescriptor,
+            const sp<V2_1::ISensorsCallback>& sensorsCallback) override {
+        return HalProxy::initialize_2_1(eventQueueDescriptor, wakeLockDescriptor, sensorsCallback);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> injectSensorData_2_1(const Event& event) override {
+        return HalProxy::injectSensorData_2_1(event);
+    }
 };
 
 }  // namespace implementation
-}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace sensors
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/HalProxyCallback.h b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/HalProxyCallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e62b7d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/HalProxyCallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "V2_0/ScopedWakelock.h"
+#include "V2_0/SubHal.h"
+#include "V2_1/SubHal.h"
+#include "convertV2_1.h"
+
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/ISensors.h>
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace sensors {
+namespace V2_0 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+/**
+ * Interface used to communicate with the HalProxy when subHals interact with their provided
+ * callback.
+ */
+class ISubHalCallback {
+  public:
+    virtual ~ISubHalCallback() {}
+
+    // Below methods from ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensorsCallback with a minor change
+    // to pass in the sub-HAL index. While the above methods are invoked from the sensors framework
+    // via the binder, these methods are invoked from a callback provided to sub-HALs inside the
+    // same process as the HalProxy, but potentially running on different threads.
+    virtual Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+            const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& dynamicSensorsAdded, int32_t subHalIndex) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(
+            const hidl_vec<int32_t>& dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved, int32_t subHalIndex) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Post events to the event message queue if there is room to write them. Otherwise post the
+     * remaining events to a background thread for a blocking write with a kPendingWriteTimeoutNs
+     * timeout.
+     *
+     * @param events The list of events to post to the message queue.
+     * @param numWakeupEvents The number of wakeup events in events.
+     * @param wakelock The wakelock associated with this post of events.
+     */
+    virtual void postEventsToMessageQueue(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events,
+                                          size_t numWakeupEvents,
+                                          V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock wakelock) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Get the sensor info associated with that sensorHandle.
+     *
+     * @param sensorHandle The sensor handle.
+     *
+     * @return The sensor info object in the mapping.
+     */
+    virtual const V2_1::SensorInfo& getSensorInfo(int32_t sensorHandle) = 0;
+
+    virtual bool areThreadsRunning() = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Callback class given to subhals that allows the HalProxy to know which subhal a given invocation
+ * is coming from.
+ */
+class HalProxyCallbackBase : public VirtualLightRefBase {
+  public:
+    HalProxyCallbackBase(ISubHalCallback* callback,
+                         V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter* refCounter,
+                         int32_t subHalIndex)
+        : mCallback(callback), mRefCounter(refCounter), mSubHalIndex(subHalIndex) {}
+
+    void postEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events,
+                    V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock wakelock);
+
+    V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock createScopedWakelock(bool lock);
+
+  protected:
+    ISubHalCallback* mCallback;
+    V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter* mRefCounter;
+    int32_t mSubHalIndex;
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<V2_1::Event> processEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events,
+                                           size_t* numWakeupEvents) const;
+};
+
+class HalProxyCallbackV2_0 : public HalProxyCallbackBase,
+                             public V2_0::implementation::IHalProxyCallback {
+  public:
+    HalProxyCallbackV2_0(ISubHalCallback* callback,
+                         V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter* refCounter,
+                         int32_t subHalIndex)
+        : HalProxyCallbackBase(callback, refCounter, subHalIndex) {}
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+            const hidl_vec<V1_0::SensorInfo>& dynamicSensorsAdded) override {
+        return mCallback->onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+                V2_1::implementation::convertToNewSensorInfos(dynamicSensorsAdded), mSubHalIndex);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(
+            const hidl_vec<int32_t>& dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved) override {
+        return mCallback->onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved, mSubHalIndex);
+    }
+
+    void postEvents(const std::vector<V1_0::Event>& events,
+                    V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock wakelock) override {
+        HalProxyCallbackBase::postEvents(V2_1::implementation::convertToNewEvents(events),
+                                         std::move(wakelock));
+    }
+
+    V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock createScopedWakelock(bool lock) override {
+        return HalProxyCallbackBase::createScopedWakelock(lock);
+    }
+};
+
+class HalProxyCallbackV2_1 : public HalProxyCallbackBase,
+                             public V2_1::implementation::IHalProxyCallback {
+  public:
+    HalProxyCallbackV2_1(ISubHalCallback* callback,
+                         V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter* refCounter,
+                         int32_t subHalIndex)
+        : HalProxyCallbackBase(callback, refCounter, subHalIndex) {}
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected_2_1(
+            const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& dynamicSensorsAdded) override {
+        return mCallback->onDynamicSensorsConnected(dynamicSensorsAdded, mSubHalIndex);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+            const hidl_vec<V1_0::SensorInfo>& /* dynamicSensorsAdded */) override {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Old dynamic sensors method can't be used");
+        return Void();
+    }
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(
+            const hidl_vec<int32_t>& dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved) override {
+        return mCallback->onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved, mSubHalIndex);
+    }
+
+    void postEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events,
+                    V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock wakelock) override {
+        return HalProxyCallbackBase::postEvents(events, std::move(wakelock));
+    }
+
+    V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock createScopedWakelock(bool lock) override {
+        return HalProxyCallbackBase::createScopedWakelock(lock);
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace sensors
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/SubHalWrapper.h b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/SubHalWrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..149bb5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/SubHalWrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "HalProxyCallback.h"
+#include "V2_0/SubHal.h"
+#include "V2_1/SubHal.h"
+
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/1.0/ISensors.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.0/ISensors.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.0/ISensorsCallback.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/ISensors.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/ISensorsCallback.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h"
+
+#include <utils/LightRefBase.h>
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace sensors {
+namespace V2_1 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+/**
+ * The following subHal wrapper classes abstract away common functionality across V2.0 and V2.1
+ * subHal interfaces. Much of the logic is common between the two versions and this allows users of
+ * the classes to only care about the type used at initialization and then interact with either
+ * version of the subHal interface without worrying about the type.
+ */
+class ISubHalWrapperBase {
+  protected:
+    using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::Event;
+    using OperationMode = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::OperationMode;
+    using RateLevel = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::RateLevel;
+    using Result = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Result;
+    using SensorInfo = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::SensorInfo;
+    using SharedMemInfo = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SharedMemInfo;
+
+  public:
+    virtual ~ISubHalWrapperBase() {}
+
+    virtual bool supportsNewEvents() = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> initialize(V2_0::implementation::ISubHalCallback* callback,
+                                      V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter* refCounter,
+                                      int32_t subHalIndex) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<void> getSensorsList(
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensors::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
+                                 int64_t maxReportLatencyNs) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> injectSensorData(const Event& event) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<void> registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& mem,
+                                               ISensors::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<void> configDirectReport(int32_t sensorHandle, int32_t channelHandle,
+                                            RateLevel rate,
+                                            ISensors::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) = 0;
+
+    virtual const std::string getName() = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class SubHalWrapperBase : public ISubHalWrapperBase {
+  public:
+    SubHalWrapperBase(T* subHal) : mSubHal(subHal){};
+
+    virtual bool supportsNewEvents() override { return false; }
+
+    virtual Return<void> getSensorsList(
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensors::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return mSubHal->getSensorsList(
+                [&](const auto& list) { _hidl_cb(convertToNewSensorInfos(list)); });
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) override {
+        return mSubHal->setOperationMode(mode);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) override {
+        return mSubHal->activate(sensorHandle, enabled);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
+                         int64_t maxReportLatencyNs) override {
+        return mSubHal->batch(sensorHandle, samplingPeriodNs, maxReportLatencyNs);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle) override { return mSubHal->flush(sensorHandle); }
+
+    virtual Return<Result> injectSensorData(const Event& event) override {
+        return mSubHal->injectSensorData(convertToOldEvent(event));
+    }
+
+    Return<void> registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& mem,
+                                       ISensors::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return mSubHal->registerDirectChannel(mem, _hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle) override {
+        return mSubHal->unregisterDirectChannel(channelHandle);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> configDirectReport(int32_t sensorHandle, int32_t channelHandle, RateLevel rate,
+                                    ISensors::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return mSubHal->configDirectReport(sensorHandle, channelHandle, rate, _hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) override {
+        return mSubHal->debug(fd, args);
+    }
+
+    const std::string getName() override { return mSubHal->getName(); }
+
+  protected:
+    T* mSubHal;
+};
+
+class SubHalWrapperV2_0 : public SubHalWrapperBase<V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal> {
+  public:
+    SubHalWrapperV2_0(V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal* subHal) : SubHalWrapperBase(subHal){};
+
+    Return<Result> initialize(V2_0::implementation::ISubHalCallback* callback,
+                              V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter* refCounter,
+                              int32_t subHalIndex) override {
+        return mSubHal->initialize(
+                new V2_0::implementation::HalProxyCallbackV2_0(callback, refCounter, subHalIndex));
+    }
+};
+
+class SubHalWrapperV2_1 : public SubHalWrapperBase<V2_1::implementation::ISensorsSubHal> {
+  public:
+    SubHalWrapperV2_1(V2_1::implementation::ISensorsSubHal* subHal) : SubHalWrapperBase(subHal) {}
+
+    bool supportsNewEvents() override { return true; }
+
+    virtual Return<void> getSensorsList(
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensors::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return mSubHal->getSensorsList_2_1([&](const auto& list) { _hidl_cb(list); });
+    }
+
+    virtual Return<Result> injectSensorData(const Event& event) override {
+        return mSubHal->injectSensorData_2_1(event);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> initialize(V2_0::implementation::ISubHalCallback* callback,
+                              V2_0::implementation::IScopedWakelockRefCounter* refCounter,
+                              int32_t subHalIndex) override {
+        return mSubHal->initialize(
+                new V2_0::implementation::HalProxyCallbackV2_1(callback, refCounter, subHalIndex));
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V2_1
+}  // namespace sensors
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/V2_0/ScopedWakelock.h b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/V2_0/ScopedWakelock.h
index aa6d9db..1cc5cd5 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/V2_0/ScopedWakelock.h
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/include/V2_0/ScopedWakelock.h
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
     bool isLocked() const { return mLocked; }
 
   private:
-    friend class HalProxyCallback;
+    friend class HalProxyCallbackBase;
     IScopedWakelockRefCounter* mRefCounter;
     int64_t mCreatedAtTimeNs;
     bool mLocked;
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/Android.bp b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/Android.bp
index 7692b51..a15faed 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/Android.bp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.0-multihal.header",
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-shared-utils",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["fake_subhal"],
     shared_libs: [
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
         "libutils",
     ],
     static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@1.0-convert",
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-multihal",
     ],
     cflags: [
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@
     vendor: true,
     defaults: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.X-fakesubhal-defaults"],
     cflags: [
+        "-DSUB_HAL_VERSION_2_0",
         "-DSUPPORT_CONTINUOUS_SENSORS",
         "-DSUB_HAL_NAME=\"FakeSubHal-Continuous\"",
     ],
@@ -58,6 +61,17 @@
     vendor: true,
     defaults: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.X-fakesubhal-defaults"],
     cflags: [
+        "-DSUB_HAL_VERSION_2_0",
+        "-DSUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS",
+        "-DSUB_HAL_NAME=\"FakeSubHal-OnChange\"",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-fakesubhal-config3",
+    vendor: true,
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.sensors@2.X-fakesubhal-defaults"],
+    cflags: [
         "-DSUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS",
         "-DSUB_HAL_NAME=\"FakeSubHal-OnChange\"",
     ],
@@ -78,7 +92,11 @@
     name: "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-halproxy-unit-tests",
     srcs: ["HalProxy_test.cpp"],
     vendor: true,
+    header_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-shared-utils",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.sensors@1.0-convert",
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.0-ScopedWakelock.testlib",
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-multihal",
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.X-fakesubhal-unittest",
@@ -86,7 +104,6 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.sensors@1.0",
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.sensors@2.0-ScopedWakelock",
         "android.hardware.sensors@2.1",
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/HalProxy_test.cpp b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/HalProxy_test.cpp
index 867c4a1..858786a 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/HalProxy_test.cpp
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/HalProxy_test.cpp
@@ -15,12 +15,15 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h>
 #include <fmq/MessageQueue.h>
 
 #include "HalProxy.h"
 #include "SensorsSubHal.h"
 #include "V2_0/ScopedWakelock.h"
+#include "convertV2_1.h"
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <set>
@@ -38,27 +41,35 @@
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorInfo;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorType;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::EventQueueFlagBits;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensorsCallback;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::WakeLockQueueFlagBits;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::HalProxy;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::HalProxyCallback;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::AddAndRemoveDynamicSensorsSubHal;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::AllSensorsSubHal;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::HalProxyCallbackBase;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::implementation::convertToNewEvents;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::implementation::convertToNewSensorInfos;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::implementation::HalProxy;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::AddAndRemoveDynamicSensorsSubHal;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::AllSensorsSubHal;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::
         AllSupportDirectChannelSensorsSubHal;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::ContinuousSensorsSubHal;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::ContinuousSensorsSubHal;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::
         DoesNotSupportDirectChannelSensorsSubHal;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::OnChangeSensorsSubHal;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHal;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::OnChangeSensorsSubHal;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_0;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_1;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::
         SetOperationModeFailingSensorsSubHal;
 
-using EventMessageQueue = MessageQueue<Event, ::android::hardware::kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
+using ISensorsCallbackV2_0 = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensorsCallback;
+using ISensorsCallbackV2_1 = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensorsCallback;
+using EventV1_0 = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
+using EventV2_1 = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::Event;
+using EventMessageQueueV2_1 = MessageQueue<EventV2_1, ::android::hardware::kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
+using EventMessageQueueV2_0 = MessageQueue<EventV1_0, ::android::hardware::kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
 using WakeupMessageQueue = MessageQueue<uint32_t, ::android::hardware::kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
 
 // The barebones sensors callback class passed into halproxy initialize calls
-class SensorsCallback : public ISensorsCallback {
+class SensorsCallback : public ISensorsCallbackV2_0 {
   public:
     Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
             const hidl_vec<SensorInfo>& /*dynamicSensorsAdded*/) override {
@@ -73,8 +84,30 @@
     }
 };
 
+class SensorsCallbackV2_1 : public ISensorsCallbackV2_1 {
+  public:
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected_2_1(
+            const hidl_vec<::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::SensorInfo>& /*dynamicSensorsAdded*/)
+            override {
+        // Nothing yet
+        return Return<void>();
+    }
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+            const hidl_vec<SensorInfo>& /*dynamicSensorsAdded*/) override {
+        // Nothing yet
+        return Return<void>();
+    }
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(
+            const hidl_vec<int32_t>& /*dynamicSensorHandlesRemoved*/) override {
+        // Nothing yet
+        return Return<void>();
+    }
+};
+
 // The sensors callback that expects a variable list of sensors to be added
-class TestSensorsCallback : public ISensorsCallback {
+class TestSensorsCallback : public ISensorsCallbackV2_0 {
   public:
     Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
             const hidl_vec<SensorInfo>& dynamicSensorsAdded) override {
@@ -129,10 +162,10 @@
 void ackWakeupEventsToHalProxy(size_t numEvents, std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue>& wakelockQueue,
                                EventFlag* wakelockQueueFlag);
 
-bool readEventsOutOfQueue(size_t numEvents, std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue>& eventQueue,
+bool readEventsOutOfQueue(size_t numEvents, std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0>& eventQueue,
                           EventFlag* eventQueueFlag);
 
-std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> makeEventFMQ(size_t size);
+std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> makeEventFMQ(size_t size);
 
 std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> makeWakelockFMQ(size_t size);
 
@@ -142,7 +175,7 @@
  *
  * @return A proximity event.
  */
-Event makeProximityEvent();
+EventV1_0 makeProximityEvent();
 
 /**
  * Construct and return a HIDL Event type thats sensorHandle refers to a proximity sensor
@@ -150,7 +183,7 @@
  *
  * @return A proximity event.
  */
-Event makeAccelerometerEvent();
+EventV1_0 makeAccelerometerEvent();
 
 /**
  * Make a certain number of proximity type events with the sensorHandle field set to
@@ -160,7 +193,7 @@
  *
  * @return The created list of events.
  */
-std::vector<Event> makeMultipleProximityEvents(size_t numEvents);
+std::vector<EventV1_0> makeMultipleProximityEvents(size_t numEvents);
 
 /**
  * Make a certain number of accelerometer type events with the sensorHandle field set to
@@ -170,7 +203,7 @@
  *
  * @return The created list of events.
  */
-std::vector<Event> makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(size_t numEvents);
+std::vector<EventV1_0> makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(size_t numEvents);
 
 /**
  * Given a SensorInfo vector and a sensor handles vector populate 'sensors' with SensorInfo
@@ -188,7 +221,7 @@
 
 // Tests follow
 TEST(HalProxyTest, GetSensorsListOneSubHalTest) {
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> fakeSubHals{&subHal};
     HalProxy proxy(fakeSubHals);
 
@@ -200,8 +233,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, GetSensorsListTwoSubHalTest) {
-    ContinuousSensorsSubHal continuousSubHal;
-    OnChangeSensorsSubHal onChangeSubHal;
+    ContinuousSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> continuousSubHal;
+    OnChangeSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> onChangeSubHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> fakeSubHals;
     fakeSubHals.push_back(&continuousSubHal);
     fakeSubHals.push_back(&onChangeSubHal);
@@ -221,8 +254,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, SetOperationModeTwoSubHalSuccessTest) {
-    ContinuousSensorsSubHal subHal1;
-    OnChangeSensorsSubHal subHal2;
+    ContinuousSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal1;
+    OnChangeSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal2;
 
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> fakeSubHals{&subHal1, &subHal2};
     HalProxy proxy(fakeSubHals);
@@ -238,7 +271,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, SetOperationModeTwoSubHalFailTest) {
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal1;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal1;
     SetOperationModeFailingSensorsSubHal subHal2;
 
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> fakeSubHals{&subHal1, &subHal2};
@@ -279,16 +312,16 @@
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, PostSingleNonWakeupEvent) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events{makeAccelerometerEvent()};
-    subHal.postEvents(events, false /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events{makeAccelerometerEvent()};
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false /* wakeup */);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), 1);
 }
@@ -296,28 +329,28 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, PostMultipleNonWakeupEvent) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 3;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
-    subHal.postEvents(events, false /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false /* wakeup */);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), kNumEvents);
 }
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, PostSingleWakeupEvent) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
     EventFlag* eventQueueFlag;
@@ -326,8 +359,8 @@
     EventFlag* wakelockQueueFlag;
     EventFlag::createEventFlag(wakeLockQueue->getEventFlagWord(), &wakelockQueueFlag);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events{makeProximityEvent()};
-    subHal.postEvents(events, true /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events{makeProximityEvent()};
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), true /* wakeup */);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), 1);
 
@@ -338,12 +371,12 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, PostMultipleWakeupEvents) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 3;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
     EventFlag* eventQueueFlag;
@@ -352,8 +385,8 @@
     EventFlag* wakelockQueueFlag;
     EventFlag::createEventFlag(wakeLockQueue->getEventFlagWord(), &wakelockQueueFlag);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleProximityEvents(kNumEvents);
-    subHal.postEvents(events, true /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleProximityEvents(kNumEvents);
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), true /* wakeup */);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), kNumEvents);
 
@@ -364,20 +397,20 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, PostEventsMultipleSubhals) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 2;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal1, subHal2;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal1, subHal2;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal1, &subHal2};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
-    subHal1.postEvents(events, false /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
+    subHal1.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false /* wakeup */);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), kNumEvents);
 
-    subHal2.postEvents(events, false /* wakeup */);
+    subHal2.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false /* wakeup */);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), kNumEvents * 2);
 }
@@ -385,19 +418,19 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, PostEventsDelayedWrite) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 6;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal1, subHal2;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal1, subHal2;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal1, &subHal2};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
     EventFlag* eventQueueFlag;
     EventFlag::createEventFlag(eventQueue->getEventFlagWord(), &eventQueueFlag);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
-    subHal1.postEvents(events, false /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
+    subHal1.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false /* wakeup */);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), kQueueSize);
 
@@ -413,18 +446,20 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, PostEventsMultipleSubhalsThreaded) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 2;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal1, subHal2;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal1, subHal2;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal1, &subHal2};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
 
-    std::thread t1(&AllSensorsSubHal::postEvents, &subHal1, events, false);
-    std::thread t2(&AllSensorsSubHal::postEvents, &subHal2, events, false);
+    std::thread t1(&AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0>::postEvents, &subHal1,
+                   convertToNewEvents(events), false);
+    std::thread t2(&AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0>::postEvents, &subHal2,
+                   convertToNewEvents(events), false);
 
     t1.join();
     t2.join();
@@ -435,34 +470,34 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, DestructingWithEventsPendingOnBackgroundThread) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 6;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
-    subHal.postEvents(events, false /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false /* wakeup */);
 
     // Destructing HalProxy object with events on the background thread
 }
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, DestructingWithUnackedWakeupEventsPosted) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events{makeProximityEvent()};
-    subHal.postEvents(events, true /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events{makeProximityEvent()};
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), true /* wakeup */);
 
     // Not sending any acks back through wakeLockQueue
 
@@ -472,17 +507,17 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, ReinitializeWithEventsPendingOnBackgroundThread) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 10;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
-    subHal.postEvents(events, false /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false /* wakeup */);
 
     eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
@@ -492,23 +527,23 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(secondInitResult, Result::OK);
     // Small sleep so that pending writes thread has a change to hit writeBlocking call.
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(5));
-    Event eventOut;
+    EventV1_0 eventOut;
     EXPECT_FALSE(eventQueue->read(&eventOut));
 }
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, ReinitializingWithUnackedWakeupEventsPosted) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
-    std::vector<Event> events{makeProximityEvent()};
-    subHal.postEvents(events, true /* wakeup */);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events{makeProximityEvent()};
+    subHal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), true /* wakeup */);
 
     // Not sending any acks back through wakeLockQueue
 
@@ -523,12 +558,12 @@
 TEST(HalProxyTest, InitializeManyTimesInARow) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr size_t kNumTimesToInit = 100;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumTimesToInit; i++) {
@@ -540,15 +575,15 @@
 
 TEST(HalProxyTest, OperationModeResetOnInitialize) {
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     proxy.setOperationMode(OperationMode::DATA_INJECTION);
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
-    Event event = makeAccelerometerEvent();
+    EventV1_0 event = makeAccelerometerEvent();
     // Should not be able to inject a non AdditionInfo type event because operation mode should
     // have been reset to NORMAL
     EXPECT_EQ(proxy.injectSensorData(event), Result::BAD_VALUE);
@@ -559,7 +594,7 @@
     constexpr size_t kNumSensors = 5;
     AddAndRemoveDynamicSensorsSubHal subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
 
@@ -574,9 +609,9 @@
     }
 
     TestSensorsCallback* callback = new TestSensorsCallback();
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callbackPtr = callback;
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callbackPtr = callback;
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callbackPtr);
-    subHal.addDynamicSensors(sensorsToConnect);
+    subHal.addDynamicSensors(convertToNewSensorInfos(sensorsToConnect));
 
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callbackPtr);
     subHal.removeDynamicSensors(sensorHandlesToAttemptToRemove);
@@ -593,7 +628,7 @@
     AddAndRemoveDynamicSensorsSubHal subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(0);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(0);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(0);
 
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorsToConnect;
@@ -602,9 +637,9 @@
                                                  sensorHandlesToExpect);
 
     TestSensorsCallback* callback = new TestSensorsCallback();
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callbackPtr = callback;
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callbackPtr = callback;
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callbackPtr);
-    subHal.addDynamicSensors(sensorsToConnect);
+    subHal.addDynamicSensors(convertToNewSensorInfos(sensorsToConnect));
 
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorsSeen = callback->getSensorsConnected();
     EXPECT_EQ(kNumSensors, sensorsSeen.size());
@@ -621,7 +656,7 @@
     AddAndRemoveDynamicSensorsSubHal subHal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subHal};
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(0);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(0);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(0);
 
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorsToConnect;
@@ -646,9 +681,9 @@
                                           nonDynamicSensorHandles.end());
 
     TestSensorsCallback* callback = new TestSensorsCallback();
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callbackPtr = callback;
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callbackPtr = callback;
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callbackPtr);
-    subHal.addDynamicSensors(sensorsToConnect);
+    subHal.addDynamicSensors(convertToNewSensorInfos(sensorsToConnect));
     subHal.removeDynamicSensors(sensorHandlesToAttemptToRemove);
 
     std::vector<int32_t> sensorHandlesSeen = callback->getSensorHandlesDisconnected();
@@ -667,15 +702,15 @@
     constexpr size_t kNumSubHals = 3;
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     int32_t kNumSubHalsInt32 = static_cast<int32_t>(kNumSubHals);
-    std::vector<AllSensorsSubHal> subHalObjs(kNumSubHals);
+    std::vector<AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0>> subHalObjs(kNumSubHals);
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals;
     for (const auto& subHal : subHalObjs) {
         subHals.push_back((ISensorsSubHal*)(&subHal));
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     // Initialize for the injectSensorData call so callback postEvents is valid
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
@@ -687,7 +722,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(proxy.activate(0x00000001 | (kNumSubHalsInt32 << 24), true), Result::BAD_VALUE);
     EXPECT_EQ(proxy.batch(0x00000001 | (kNumSubHalsInt32 << 24), 0, 0), Result::BAD_VALUE);
     EXPECT_EQ(proxy.flush(0x00000001 | (kNumSubHalsInt32 << 24)), Result::BAD_VALUE);
-    Event event;
+    EventV1_0 event;
     event.sensorHandle = 0x00000001 | (kNumSubHalsInt32 << 24);
     EXPECT_EQ(proxy.injectSensorData(event), Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
@@ -696,28 +731,28 @@
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     constexpr int32_t subhal1Index = 0;
     constexpr int32_t subhal2Index = 1;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subhal1;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subhal2;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subhal1;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subhal2;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subhal1, &subhal2};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
     int32_t sensorHandleToPost = 0x00000001;
-    Event eventIn = makeAccelerometerEvent();
+    EventV1_0 eventIn = makeAccelerometerEvent();
     eventIn.sensorHandle = sensorHandleToPost;
-    std::vector<Event> eventsToPost{eventIn};
-    subhal1.postEvents(eventsToPost, false);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> eventsToPost{eventIn};
+    subhal1.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(eventsToPost), false);
 
-    Event eventOut;
+    EventV1_0 eventOut;
     EXPECT_TRUE(eventQueue->read(&eventOut));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(eventOut.sensorHandle, (subhal1Index << 24) | sensorHandleToPost);
 
-    subhal2.postEvents(eventsToPost, false);
+    subhal2.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(eventsToPost), false);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(eventQueue->read(&eventOut));
 
@@ -728,22 +763,22 @@
     constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
     // TODO: Make this constant linked to same limit in HalProxy.h
     constexpr size_t kMaxPendingQueueSize = 100000;
-    AllSensorsSubHal subhal;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subhal;
     std::vector<ISensorsSubHal*> subHals{&subhal};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> eventQueue = makeEventFMQ(kQueueSize);
     std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
-    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallback> callback = new SensorsCallback();
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_0> callback = new SensorsCallback();
     EventFlag* eventQueueFlag;
     EventFlag::createEventFlag(eventQueue->getEventFlagWord(), &eventQueueFlag);
     HalProxy proxy(subHals);
     proxy.initialize(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
 
     // Fill pending queue
-    std::vector<Event> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kQueueSize);
-    subhal.postEvents(events, false);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kQueueSize);
+    subhal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false);
     events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kMaxPendingQueueSize);
-    subhal.postEvents(events, false);
+    subhal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false);
 
     // Drain pending queue
     for (int i = 0; i < kMaxPendingQueueSize + kQueueSize; i += kQueueSize) {
@@ -752,9 +787,9 @@
 
     // Put one event on pending queue
     events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kQueueSize);
-    subhal.postEvents(events, false);
+    subhal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false);
     events = {makeAccelerometerEvent()};
-    subhal.postEvents(events, false);
+    subhal.postEvents(convertToNewEvents(events), false);
 
     // Read out to make room for one event on pending queue to write to FMQ
     ASSERT_TRUE(readEventsOutOfQueue(kQueueSize, eventQueue, eventQueueFlag));
@@ -763,6 +798,35 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(readEventsOutOfQueue(1, eventQueue, eventQueueFlag));
 }
 
+TEST(HalProxyTest, PostEventsMultipleSubhalsThreadedV2_1) {
+    constexpr size_t kQueueSize = 5;
+    constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 2;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> subHal1;
+    AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_1> subHal2;
+    std::vector<::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal*> subHalsV2_0{
+            &subHal1};
+    std::vector<::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::implementation::ISensorsSubHal*> subHalsV2_1{
+            &subHal2};
+    HalProxy proxy(subHalsV2_0, subHalsV2_1);
+    std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_1> eventQueue =
+            std::make_unique<EventMessageQueueV2_1>(kQueueSize, true);
+    std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> wakeLockQueue = makeWakelockFMQ(kQueueSize);
+    ::android::sp<ISensorsCallbackV2_1> callback = new SensorsCallbackV2_1();
+    proxy.initialize_2_1(*eventQueue->getDesc(), *wakeLockQueue->getDesc(), callback);
+
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events = makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(kNumEvents);
+
+    std::thread t1(&AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0>::postEvents, &subHal1,
+                   convertToNewEvents(events), false);
+    std::thread t2(&AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_1>::postEvents, &subHal2,
+                   convertToNewEvents(events), false);
+
+    t1.join();
+    t2.join();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(eventQueue->availableToRead(), kNumEvents * 2);
+}
+
 // Helper implementations follow
 void testSensorsListFromProxyAndSubHal(const std::vector<SensorInfo>& proxySensorsList,
                                        const std::vector<SensorInfo>& subHalSensorsList) {
@@ -801,26 +865,26 @@
     wakelockQueueFlag->wake(static_cast<uint32_t>(WakeLockQueueFlagBits::DATA_WRITTEN));
 }
 
-bool readEventsOutOfQueue(size_t numEvents, std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue>& eventQueue,
+bool readEventsOutOfQueue(size_t numEvents, std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0>& eventQueue,
                           EventFlag* eventQueueFlag) {
     constexpr int64_t kReadBlockingTimeout = INT64_C(500000000);
-    std::vector<Event> events(numEvents);
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events(numEvents);
     return eventQueue->readBlocking(events.data(), numEvents,
                                     static_cast<uint32_t>(EventQueueFlagBits::EVENTS_READ),
                                     static_cast<uint32_t>(EventQueueFlagBits::READ_AND_PROCESS),
                                     kReadBlockingTimeout, eventQueueFlag);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> makeEventFMQ(size_t size) {
-    return std::make_unique<EventMessageQueue>(size, true);
+std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueueV2_0> makeEventFMQ(size_t size) {
+    return std::make_unique<EventMessageQueueV2_0>(size, true);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<WakeupMessageQueue> makeWakelockFMQ(size_t size) {
     return std::make_unique<WakeupMessageQueue>(size, true);
 }
 
-Event makeProximityEvent() {
-    Event event;
+EventV1_0 makeProximityEvent() {
+    EventV1_0 event;
     event.timestamp = 0xFF00FF00;
     // This is the sensorhandle of proximity, which is wakeup type
     event.sensorHandle = 0x00000008;
@@ -829,8 +893,8 @@
     return event;
 }
 
-Event makeAccelerometerEvent() {
-    Event event;
+EventV1_0 makeAccelerometerEvent() {
+    EventV1_0 event;
     event.timestamp = 0xFF00FF00;
     // This is the sensorhandle of proximity, which is wakeup type
     event.sensorHandle = 0x00000001;
@@ -839,16 +903,16 @@
     return event;
 }
 
-std::vector<Event> makeMultipleProximityEvents(size_t numEvents) {
-    std::vector<Event> events;
+std::vector<EventV1_0> makeMultipleProximityEvents(size_t numEvents) {
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < numEvents; i++) {
         events.push_back(makeProximityEvent());
     }
     return events;
 }
 
-std::vector<Event> makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(size_t numEvents) {
-    std::vector<Event> events;
+std::vector<EventV1_0> makeMultipleAccelerometerEvents(size_t numEvents) {
+    std::vector<EventV1_0> events;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < numEvents; i++) {
         events.push_back(makeAccelerometerEvent());
     }
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/IHalProxyCallbackWrapper.h b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/IHalProxyCallbackWrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4542bfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/IHalProxyCallbackWrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "V2_0/SubHal.h"
+#include "V2_1/SubHal.h"
+#include "convertV2_1.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace sensors {
+namespace V2_1 {
+namespace subhal {
+namespace implementation {
+
+/**
+ * The following callback wrapper classes abstract away common functionality across V2.0 and V2.1
+ * interfaces. Much of the logic is common between the two versions and this allows users of the
+ * classes to only care about the type used at initialization and then interact with either version
+ * of the callback interface without worrying about the type.
+ */
+class IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase {
+  protected:
+    using ScopedWakelock = V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock;
+
+  public:
+    virtual ~IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase() {}
+
+    virtual Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+            const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& sensorInfos) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& sensorHandles) = 0;
+
+    virtual void postEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events, ScopedWakelock wakelock) = 0;
+
+    virtual ScopedWakelock createScopedWakelock(bool lock) = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class HalProxyCallbackWrapperBase : public IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase {
+  public:
+    HalProxyCallbackWrapperBase(sp<T> callback) : mCallback(callback){};
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& sensorHandles) override {
+        return mCallback->onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(sensorHandles);
+    }
+
+    ScopedWakelock createScopedWakelock(bool lock) override {
+        return mCallback->createScopedWakelock(lock);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    sp<T> mCallback;
+};
+
+class HalProxyCallbackWrapperV2_0
+    : public HalProxyCallbackWrapperBase<V2_0::implementation::IHalProxyCallback> {
+  public:
+    HalProxyCallbackWrapperV2_0(sp<V2_0::implementation::IHalProxyCallback> callback)
+        : HalProxyCallbackWrapperBase(callback){};
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& sensorInfos) override {
+        return mCallback->onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+                V2_1::implementation::convertToOldSensorInfos(sensorInfos));
+    }
+
+    void postEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events, ScopedWakelock wakelock) override {
+        return mCallback->postEvents(V2_1::implementation::convertToOldEvents(events),
+                                     std::move(wakelock));
+    }
+};
+
+class HalProxyCallbackWrapperV2_1
+    : public HalProxyCallbackWrapperBase<V2_1::implementation::IHalProxyCallback> {
+  public:
+    HalProxyCallbackWrapperV2_1(sp<V2_1::implementation::IHalProxyCallback> callback)
+        : HalProxyCallbackWrapperBase(callback){};
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& sensorInfos) override {
+        return mCallback->onDynamicSensorsConnected_2_1(sensorInfos);
+    }
+
+    void postEvents(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events, ScopedWakelock wakelock) {
+        return mCallback->postEvents(events, std::move(wakelock));
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace subhal
+}  // namespace V2_1
+}  // namespace sensors
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.cpp b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.cpp
index de89a00..1efd971 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.cpp
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.cpp
@@ -24,13 +24,18 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace sensors {
-namespace V2_0 {
+namespace V2_1 {
 namespace subhal {
 namespace implementation {
 
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::MetaDataEventType;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::OperationMode;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Result;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorFlagBits;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorStatus;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::Event;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::SensorInfo;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::SensorType;
 
 Sensor::Sensor(int32_t sensorHandle, ISensorsEventCallback* callback)
     : mIsEnabled(false),
@@ -343,7 +348,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace subhal
-}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace sensors
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.h b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.h
index 60f5d3d..5cf9f83 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.h
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/Sensor.h
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h>
 
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <memory>
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::OperationMode;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Result;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorInfo;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SensorType;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::Event;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::SensorInfo;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::SensorType;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace sensors {
-namespace V2_0 {
+namespace V2_1 {
 namespace subhal {
 namespace implementation {
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace subhal
-}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace sensors
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.cpp b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.cpp
index ff5ff38..20a4e9d 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.cpp
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.cpp
@@ -16,33 +16,66 @@
 
 #include "SensorsSubHal.h"
 
-#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-ISensorsSubHal* sensorsHalGetSubHal(uint32_t* version) {
+#ifdef SUB_HAL_VERSION_2_0
+::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal* sensorsHalGetSubHal(
+        uint32_t* version) {
 #if defined SUPPORT_CONTINUOUS_SENSORS && defined SUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS
-    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::AllSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::AllSensorsSubHal<
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_0>
+            subHal;
 #elif defined SUPPORT_CONTINUOUS_SENSORS
-    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::ContinuousSensorsSubHal
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::ContinuousSensorsSubHal<
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_0>
             subHal;
 #elif defined SUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS
-    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::OnChangeSensorsSubHal subHal;
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::OnChangeSensorsSubHal<
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_0>
+            subHal;
 #else
-    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHal subHal;
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHal<
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_0>
+            subHal;
 #endif  // defined SUPPORT_CONTINUOUS_SENSORS && defined SUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS
     *version = SUB_HAL_2_0_VERSION;
     return &subHal;
 }
 
+#else  // SUB_HAL_VERSION_2_0
+
+::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::implementation::ISensorsSubHal* sensorsHalGetSubHal_2_1(
+        uint32_t* version) {
+#if defined SUPPORT_CONTINUOUS_SENSORS && defined SUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::AllSensorsSubHal<
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_1>
+            subHal;
+#elif defined SUPPORT_CONTINUOUS_SENSORS
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::ContinuousSensorsSubHal<
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_1>
+            subHal;
+#elif defined SUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::OnChangeSensorsSubHal<
+            ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_1>
+            subHal;
+#else
+    static ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::subhal::implementation::SensorsSubHalV2_1 subHal;
+#endif  // defined SUPPORT_CONTINUOUS_SENSORS && defined SUPPORT_ON_CHANGE_SENSORS
+    *version = SUB_HAL_2_1_VERSION;
+    return &subHal;
+}
+
+#endif  // SUB_HAL_VERSION_2_0
+
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace sensors {
-namespace V2_0 {
+namespace V2_1 {
 namespace subhal {
 namespace implementation {
 
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::OperationMode;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::RateLevel;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Result;
@@ -50,11 +83,12 @@
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::SensorTimeout;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::WakeLockQueueFlagBits;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::ScopedWakelock;
+using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::Event;
 
-SensorsSubHal::SensorsSubHal() : mCallback(nullptr), mNextHandle(1) {}
+ISensorsSubHalBase::ISensorsSubHalBase() : mCallback(nullptr), mNextHandle(1) {}
 
 // Methods from ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors follow.
-Return<void> SensorsSubHal::getSensorsList(getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) {
+Return<void> ISensorsSubHalBase::getSensorsList(V2_1::ISensors::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors;
     for (const auto& sensor : mSensors) {
         sensors.push_back(sensor.second->getSensorInfo());
@@ -64,7 +98,7 @@
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<Result> SensorsSubHal::setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) {
+Return<Result> ISensorsSubHalBase::setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) {
     for (auto sensor : mSensors) {
         sensor.second->setOperationMode(mode);
     }
@@ -72,7 +106,7 @@
     return Result::OK;
 }
 
-Return<Result> SensorsSubHal::activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) {
+Return<Result> ISensorsSubHalBase::activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) {
     auto sensor = mSensors.find(sensorHandle);
     if (sensor != mSensors.end()) {
         sensor->second->activate(enabled);
@@ -81,8 +115,8 @@
     return Result::BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
-Return<Result> SensorsSubHal::batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
-                                    int64_t /* maxReportLatencyNs */) {
+Return<Result> ISensorsSubHalBase::batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
+                                         int64_t /* maxReportLatencyNs */) {
     auto sensor = mSensors.find(sensorHandle);
     if (sensor != mSensors.end()) {
         sensor->second->batch(samplingPeriodNs);
@@ -91,7 +125,7 @@
     return Result::BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
-Return<Result> SensorsSubHal::flush(int32_t sensorHandle) {
+Return<Result> ISensorsSubHalBase::flush(int32_t sensorHandle) {
     auto sensor = mSensors.find(sensorHandle);
     if (sensor != mSensors.end()) {
         return sensor->second->flush();
@@ -99,7 +133,7 @@
     return Result::BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
-Return<Result> SensorsSubHal::injectSensorData(const Event& event) {
+Return<Result> ISensorsSubHalBase::injectSensorData(const Event& event) {
     auto sensor = mSensors.find(event.sensorHandle);
     if (sensor != mSensors.end()) {
         return sensor->second->injectEvent(event);
@@ -108,24 +142,24 @@
     return Result::BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
-Return<void> SensorsSubHal::registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& /* mem */,
-                                                  registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) {
+Return<void> ISensorsSubHalBase::registerDirectChannel(
+        const SharedMemInfo& /* mem */, V2_0::ISensors::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) {
     _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_OPERATION, -1 /* channelHandle */);
     return Return<void>();
 }
 
-Return<Result> SensorsSubHal::unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t /* channelHandle */) {
+Return<Result> ISensorsSubHalBase::unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t /* channelHandle */) {
     return Result::INVALID_OPERATION;
 }
 
-Return<void> SensorsSubHal::configDirectReport(int32_t /* sensorHandle */,
-                                               int32_t /* channelHandle */, RateLevel /* rate */,
-                                               configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) {
+Return<void> ISensorsSubHalBase::configDirectReport(
+        int32_t /* sensorHandle */, int32_t /* channelHandle */, RateLevel /* rate */,
+        V2_0::ISensors::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) {
     _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_OPERATION, 0 /* reportToken */);
     return Return<void>();
 }
 
-Return<void> SensorsSubHal::debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) {
+Return<void> ISensorsSubHalBase::debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) {
     if (fd.getNativeHandle() == nullptr || fd->numFds < 1) {
         ALOGE("%s: missing fd for writing", __FUNCTION__);
         return Void();
@@ -156,44 +190,18 @@
     return Return<void>();
 }
 
-Return<Result> SensorsSubHal::initialize(const sp<IHalProxyCallback>& halProxyCallback) {
-    mCallback = halProxyCallback;
+Return<Result> ISensorsSubHalBase::initialize(
+        std::unique_ptr<IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase>& halProxyCallback) {
+    mCallback = std::move(halProxyCallback);
     setOperationMode(OperationMode::NORMAL);
     return Result::OK;
 }
 
-void SensorsSubHal::postEvents(const std::vector<Event>& events, bool wakeup) {
+void ISensorsSubHalBase::postEvents(const std::vector<Event>& events, bool wakeup) {
     ScopedWakelock wakelock = mCallback->createScopedWakelock(wakeup);
     mCallback->postEvents(events, std::move(wakelock));
 }
 
-ContinuousSensorsSubHal::ContinuousSensorsSubHal() {
-    AddSensor<AccelSensor>();
-    AddSensor<GyroSensor>();
-    AddSensor<MagnetometerSensor>();
-    AddSensor<PressureSensor>();
-    AddSensor<DeviceTempSensor>();
-}
-
-OnChangeSensorsSubHal::OnChangeSensorsSubHal() {
-    AddSensor<AmbientTempSensor>();
-    AddSensor<LightSensor>();
-    AddSensor<ProximitySensor>();
-    AddSensor<RelativeHumiditySensor>();
-}
-
-AllSensorsSubHal::AllSensorsSubHal() {
-    AddSensor<AccelSensor>();
-    AddSensor<GyroSensor>();
-    AddSensor<MagnetometerSensor>();
-    AddSensor<PressureSensor>();
-    AddSensor<DeviceTempSensor>();
-    AddSensor<AmbientTempSensor>();
-    AddSensor<LightSensor>();
-    AddSensor<ProximitySensor>();
-    AddSensor<RelativeHumiditySensor>();
-}
-
 Return<Result> SetOperationModeFailingSensorsSubHal::setOperationMode(OperationMode /*mode*/) {
     return Result::BAD_VALUE;
 }
@@ -206,7 +214,7 @@
         sensorInfo.flags |= V1_0::SensorFlagBits::MASK_DIRECT_REPORT;
         sensors.push_back(sensorInfo);
     }
-    _hidl_cb(sensors);
+    _hidl_cb(V2_1::implementation::convertToOldSensorInfos(sensors));
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -218,7 +226,7 @@
         sensorInfo.flags &= ~static_cast<uint32_t>(V1_0::SensorFlagBits::MASK_DIRECT_REPORT);
         sensors.push_back(sensorInfo);
     }
-    _hidl_cb(sensors);
+    _hidl_cb(V2_1::implementation::convertToOldSensorInfos(sensors));
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -234,7 +242,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace subhal
-}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace sensors
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.h b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.h
index 6da4404..1a78e84 100644
--- a/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.h
+++ b/sensors/common/default/2.X/multihal/tests/fake_subhal/SensorsSubHal.h
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "V2_0/SubHal.h"
+#include "V2_1/SubHal.h"
 
+#include "IHalProxyCallbackWrapper.h"
 #include "Sensor.h"
 
 #include <vector>
@@ -25,54 +27,54 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace sensors {
-namespace V2_0 {
+namespace V2_1 {
 namespace subhal {
 namespace implementation {
 
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::OperationMode;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Result;
-using ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::IHalProxyCallback;
 
 /**
  * Implementation of a ISensorsSubHal that can be used to test the implementation of multihal 2.0.
  * See the README file for more details on how this class can be used for testing.
  */
-class SensorsSubHal : public ISensorsSubHal, public ISensorsEventCallback {
-    using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
+class ISensorsSubHalBase : public ISensorsEventCallback {
+  protected:
+    using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_1::Event;
     using RateLevel = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::RateLevel;
     using SharedMemInfo = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SharedMemInfo;
 
   public:
-    SensorsSubHal();
+    ISensorsSubHalBase();
+
+    Return<void> getSensorsList(V2_1::ISensors::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb);
+    Return<Result> injectSensorData(const Event& event);
+    Return<Result> initialize(std::unique_ptr<IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase>& halProxyCallback);
 
     // Methods from ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors follow.
-    virtual Return<void> getSensorsList(getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override;
-
-    virtual Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) override;
+    virtual Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode);
 
     OperationMode getOperationMode() const { return mCurrentOperationMode; }
 
-    Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) override;
+    Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled);
 
     Return<Result> batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
-                         int64_t maxReportLatencyNs) override;
+                         int64_t maxReportLatencyNs);
 
-    Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle) override;
-
-    Return<Result> injectSensorData(const Event& event) override;
+    Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle);
 
     Return<void> registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& mem,
-                                       registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+                                       V2_0::ISensors::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb);
 
-    Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle) override;
+    Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle);
 
     Return<void> configDirectReport(int32_t sensorHandle, int32_t channelHandle, RateLevel rate,
-                                    configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+                                    V2_0::ISensors::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb);
 
-    Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) override;
+    Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args);
 
     // Methods from ::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal follow.
-    const std::string getName() override {
+    const std::string getName() {
 #ifdef SUB_HAL_NAME
         return SUB_HAL_NAME;
 #else   // SUB_HAL_NAME
@@ -80,8 +82,6 @@
 #endif  // SUB_HAL_NAME
     }
 
-    Return<Result> initialize(const sp<IHalProxyCallback>& halProxyCallback) override;
-
     // Method from ISensorsEventCallback.
     void postEvents(const std::vector<Event>& events, bool wakeup) override;
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
      * disconnected, sensor events need to be sent to the framework, and when a wakelock should be
      * acquired.
      */
-    sp<IHalProxyCallback> mCallback;
+    std::unique_ptr<IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase> mCallback;
 
   private:
     /**
@@ -118,40 +118,143 @@
     int32_t mNextHandle;
 };
 
-// SubHal that has continuous sensors for testing purposes.
-class ContinuousSensorsSubHal : public SensorsSubHal {
+template <class SubHalClass>
+class SensorsSubHalBase : public ISensorsSubHalBase, public SubHalClass {
   public:
-    ContinuousSensorsSubHal();
+    Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::setOperationMode(mode);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::activate(sensorHandle, enabled);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> batch(int32_t sensorHandle, int64_t samplingPeriodNs,
+                         int64_t maxReportLatencyNs) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::batch(sensorHandle, samplingPeriodNs, maxReportLatencyNs);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> flush(int32_t sensorHandle) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::flush(sensorHandle);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> registerDirectChannel(const SharedMemInfo& mem,
+                                       V2_0::ISensors::registerDirectChannel_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::registerDirectChannel(mem, _hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> unregisterDirectChannel(int32_t channelHandle) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::unregisterDirectChannel(channelHandle);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> configDirectReport(int32_t sensorHandle, int32_t channelHandle, RateLevel rate,
+                                    V2_0::ISensors::configDirectReport_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::configDirectReport(sensorHandle, channelHandle, rate, _hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<void> debug(const hidl_handle& fd, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& args) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::debug(fd, args);
+    }
+
+    const std::string getName() override { return ISensorsSubHalBase::getName(); }
+};
+
+class SensorsSubHalV2_0 : public SensorsSubHalBase<V2_0::implementation::ISensorsSubHal> {
+  public:
+    virtual Return<void> getSensorsList(V2_0::ISensors::getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::getSensorsList([&](const auto& list) {
+            _hidl_cb(V2_1::implementation::convertToOldSensorInfos(list));
+        });
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> injectSensorData(const V1_0::Event& event) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::injectSensorData(V2_1::implementation::convertToNewEvent(event));
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> initialize(
+            const sp<V2_0::implementation::IHalProxyCallback>& halProxyCallback) override {
+        std::unique_ptr<IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase> wrapper =
+                std::make_unique<HalProxyCallbackWrapperV2_0>(halProxyCallback);
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::initialize(wrapper);
+    }
+};
+
+class SensorsSubHalV2_1 : public SensorsSubHalBase<V2_1::implementation::ISensorsSubHal> {
+  public:
+    Return<void> getSensorsList_2_1(V2_1::ISensors::getSensorsList_2_1_cb _hidl_cb) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::getSensorsList(_hidl_cb);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> injectSensorData_2_1(const V2_1::Event& event) override {
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::injectSensorData(event);
+    }
+
+    Return<Result> initialize(
+            const sp<V2_1::implementation::IHalProxyCallback>& halProxyCallback) override {
+        std::unique_ptr<IHalProxyCallbackWrapperBase> wrapper =
+                std::make_unique<HalProxyCallbackWrapperV2_1>(halProxyCallback);
+        return ISensorsSubHalBase::initialize(wrapper);
+    }
+};
+
+// SubHal that has continuous sensors for testing purposes.
+template <class SubHalVersion>
+class ContinuousSensorsSubHal : public SubHalVersion {
+  public:
+    ContinuousSensorsSubHal() {
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<AccelSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<GyroSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<MagnetometerSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<PressureSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<DeviceTempSensor>();
+    }
 };
 
 // SubHal that has on-change sensors for testing purposes.
-class OnChangeSensorsSubHal : public SensorsSubHal {
+template <class SubHalVersion>
+class OnChangeSensorsSubHal : public SubHalVersion {
   public:
-    OnChangeSensorsSubHal();
+    OnChangeSensorsSubHal() {
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<AmbientTempSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<LightSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<ProximitySensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<RelativeHumiditySensor>();
+    }
 };
 
 // SubHal that has both continuous and on-change sensors for testing purposes.
-class AllSensorsSubHal : public SensorsSubHal {
+template <class SubHalVersion>
+class AllSensorsSubHal : public SubHalVersion {
   public:
-    AllSensorsSubHal();
+    AllSensorsSubHal() {
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<AccelSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<GyroSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<MagnetometerSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<PressureSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<DeviceTempSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<AmbientTempSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<LightSensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<ProximitySensor>();
+        ISensorsSubHalBase::AddSensor<RelativeHumiditySensor>();
+    }
 };
 
-class SetOperationModeFailingSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal {
+class SetOperationModeFailingSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> {
   public:
     Return<Result> setOperationMode(OperationMode mode) override;
 };
 
-class AllSupportDirectChannelSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal {
+class AllSupportDirectChannelSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> {
   public:
-    Return<void> getSensorsList(getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+    Return<void> getSensorsList(V2_0::ISensors::getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override;
 };
 
-class DoesNotSupportDirectChannelSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal {
+class DoesNotSupportDirectChannelSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> {
   public:
-    Return<void> getSensorsList(getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override;
+    Return<void> getSensorsList(V2_0::ISensors::getSensorsList_cb _hidl_cb) override;
 };
 
-class AddAndRemoveDynamicSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal {
+class AddAndRemoveDynamicSensorsSubHal : public AllSensorsSubHal<SensorsSubHalV2_0> {
   public:
     void addDynamicSensors(const std::vector<SensorInfo>& sensorsAdded);
     void removeDynamicSensors(const std::vector<int32_t>& sensorHandlesAdded);
@@ -159,7 +262,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace subhal
-}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace sensors
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/sensors/common/utils/EventMessageQueueWrapper.h b/sensors/common/utils/EventMessageQueueWrapper.h
index bf3261f..c4f92c8 100644
--- a/sensors/common/utils/EventMessageQueueWrapper.h
+++ b/sensors/common/utils/EventMessageQueueWrapper.h
@@ -39,8 +39,14 @@
 
     virtual std::atomic<uint32_t>* getEventFlagWord() = 0;
     virtual size_t availableToRead() = 0;
+    virtual size_t availableToWrite() = 0;
     virtual bool read(V2_1::Event* events, size_t numToRead) = 0;
+    virtual bool write(const V2_1::Event* events, size_t numToWrite) = 0;
     virtual bool write(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events) = 0;
+    virtual bool writeBlocking(const V2_1::Event* events, size_t count, uint32_t readNotification,
+                               uint32_t writeNotification, int64_t timeOutNanos,
+                               android::hardware::EventFlag* evFlag) = 0;
+    virtual size_t getQuantumCount() = 0;
 };
 
 class EventMessageQueueWrapperV1_0 : public EventMessageQueueWrapperBase {
@@ -60,15 +66,30 @@
 
     virtual size_t availableToRead() override { return mQueue->availableToRead(); }
 
+    size_t availableToWrite() override { return mQueue->availableToWrite(); }
+
     virtual bool read(V2_1::Event* events, size_t numToRead) override {
         return mQueue->read(reinterpret_cast<V1_0::Event*>(events), numToRead);
     }
 
+    bool write(const V2_1::Event* events, size_t numToWrite) override {
+        return mQueue->write(reinterpret_cast<const V1_0::Event*>(events), numToWrite);
+    }
+
     virtual bool write(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events) override {
         const std::vector<V1_0::Event>& oldEvents = convertToOldEvents(events);
         return mQueue->write(oldEvents.data(), oldEvents.size());
     }
 
+    bool writeBlocking(const V2_1::Event* events, size_t count, uint32_t readNotification,
+                       uint32_t writeNotification, int64_t timeOutNanos,
+                       android::hardware::EventFlag* evFlag) override {
+        return mQueue->writeBlocking(reinterpret_cast<const V1_0::Event*>(events), count,
+                                     readNotification, writeNotification, timeOutNanos, evFlag);
+    }
+
+    size_t getQuantumCount() override { return mQueue->getQuantumCount(); }
+
   private:
     std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> mQueue;
 };
@@ -88,14 +109,29 @@
 
     virtual size_t availableToRead() override { return mQueue->availableToRead(); }
 
+    size_t availableToWrite() override { return mQueue->availableToWrite(); }
+
     virtual bool read(V2_1::Event* events, size_t numToRead) override {
         return mQueue->read(events, numToRead);
     }
 
+    bool write(const V2_1::Event* events, size_t numToWrite) override {
+        return mQueue->write(events, numToWrite);
+    }
+
     bool write(const std::vector<V2_1::Event>& events) override {
         return mQueue->write(events.data(), events.size());
     }
 
+    bool writeBlocking(const V2_1::Event* events, size_t count, uint32_t readNotification,
+                       uint32_t writeNotification, int64_t timeOutNanos,
+                       android::hardware::EventFlag* evFlag) override {
+        return mQueue->writeBlocking(events, count, readNotification, writeNotification,
+                                     timeOutNanos, evFlag);
+    }
+
+    size_t getQuantumCount() override { return mQueue->getQuantumCount(); }
+
   private:
     std::unique_ptr<EventMessageQueue> mQueue;
 };
diff --git a/sensors/common/utils/ISensorsCallbackWrapper.h b/sensors/common/utils/ISensorsCallbackWrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..816b225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/common/utils/ISensorsCallbackWrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_HARDWARE_SENSORS_V2_1_ISENSORSCALLBACKWRAPPER_H
+#define ANDROID_HARDWARE_SENSORS_V2_1_ISENSORSCALLBACKWRAPPER_H
+
+#include "convertV2_1.h"
+
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/1.0/ISensors.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.0/ISensors.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.0/ISensorsCallback.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/ISensors.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/ISensorsCallback.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h"
+
+#include <utils/LightRefBase.h>
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace sensors {
+namespace V2_1 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+/**
+ * The ISensorsCallbackWrapper classes below abstract away the common logic between both the V2.0
+ * and V2.1 versions of the Sensors HAL interface. This allows users of these classes to only care
+ * about the HAL version at init time and then interact with either version of the callback without
+ * worrying about the class type by utilizing the base class.
+ */
+class ISensorsCallbackWrapperBase : public VirtualLightRefBase {
+  public:
+    virtual Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+            const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& sensorInfos) = 0;
+
+    virtual Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& sensorHandles) = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class SensorsCallbackWrapperBase : public ISensorsCallbackWrapperBase {
+  public:
+    SensorsCallbackWrapperBase(sp<T> sensorsCallback) : mSensorsCallback(sensorsCallback){};
+
+    virtual Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(
+            const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& sensorInfos) override {
+        return mSensorsCallback->onDynamicSensorsConnected(convertToOldSensorInfos(sensorInfos));
+    }
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& sensorHandles) {
+        return mSensorsCallback->onDynamicSensorsDisconnected(sensorHandles);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    sp<T> mSensorsCallback;
+};
+
+class ISensorsCallbackWrapperV2_0
+    : public SensorsCallbackWrapperBase<hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensorsCallback> {
+  public:
+    ISensorsCallbackWrapperV2_0(sp<hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensorsCallback> sensorsCallback)
+        : SensorsCallbackWrapperBase(sensorsCallback){};
+};
+
+class ISensorsCallbackWrapperV2_1
+    : public SensorsCallbackWrapperBase<hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensorsCallback> {
+  public:
+    ISensorsCallbackWrapperV2_1(sp<hardware::sensors::V2_1::ISensorsCallback> sensorsCallback)
+        : SensorsCallbackWrapperBase(sensorsCallback) {}
+
+    Return<void> onDynamicSensorsConnected(const hidl_vec<V2_1::SensorInfo>& sensorInfos) override {
+        return mSensorsCallback->onDynamicSensorsConnected_2_1(sensorInfos);
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V2_1
+}  // namespace sensors
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_SENSORS_V2_1_ISENSORSCALLBACKWRAPPER_H
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h b/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h
index 75f2c28..2e5aca4 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h
@@ -367,11 +367,13 @@
                          << s.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(s.type)
                          << " name=" << s.name);
 
-            // Test non-empty type string
-            EXPECT_FALSE(s.typeAsString.empty());
-
-            // Test defined type matches defined string type
-            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchStringType(s.type, s.typeAsString));
+            // Test type string non-empty only for private sensor types.
+            if (s.type >= SensorTypeVersion::DEVICE_PRIVATE_BASE) {
+                EXPECT_FALSE(s.typeAsString.empty());
+            } else if (!s.typeAsString.empty()) {
+                // Test type string matches framework string if specified for non-private types.
+                EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchStringType(s.type, s.typeAsString));
+            }
 
             // Test if all sensor has name and vendor
             EXPECT_FALSE(s.name.empty());
@@ -450,6 +452,10 @@
     for (const auto& s : sensors) {
         auto events = callback.getEvents(s.sensorHandle);
         auto lastEvent = events.back();
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                     << s.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(s.type)
+                     << " name=" << s.name);
 
         // Verify that only a single event has been received
         ASSERT_EQ(events.size(), 1);
@@ -576,6 +582,12 @@
 
         // Flush the sensor
         for (int32_t i = 0; i < flushCalls; i++) {
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << "Flush " << i << "/" << flushCalls << ": "
+                         << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                         << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec
+                         << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type) << " name=" << sensor.name);
+
             Result flushResult = flush(sensor.sensorHandle);
             ASSERT_EQ(flushResult, expectedResponse);
         }
@@ -593,6 +605,10 @@
 
     // Check that the correct number of flushes are present for each sensor
     for (const SensorInfoType& sensor : sensors) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                     << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type)
+                     << " name=" << sensor.name);
         ASSERT_EQ(callback.getFlushCount(sensor.sensorHandle), expectedFlushCount);
     }
 }
@@ -641,6 +657,11 @@
 
     activateAllSensors(false /* enable */);
     for (const SensorInfoType& sensor : getSensorsList()) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                     << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type)
+                     << " name=" << sensor.name);
+
         // Call batch on inactive sensor
         // One shot sensors have minDelay set to -1 which is an invalid
         // parameter. Use 0 instead to avoid errors.
@@ -673,6 +694,11 @@
 
     // Verify that sensor events are generated when activate is called
     for (const SensorInfoType& sensor : getSensorsList()) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                     << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type)
+                     << " name=" << sensor.name);
+
         batch(sensor.sensorHandle, sensor.minDelay, 0 /* maxReportLatencyNs */);
         ASSERT_EQ(activate(sensor.sensorHandle, true), Result::OK);
 
@@ -720,6 +746,10 @@
     // Save the last received event for each sensor
     std::map<int32_t, int64_t> lastEventTimestampMap;
     for (const SensorInfoType& sensor : sensors) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                     << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type)
+                     << " name=" << sensor.name);
         // Some on-change sensors may not report an event without stimulus
         if (extractReportMode(sensor.flags) != SensorFlagBits::ON_CHANGE_MODE) {
             ASSERT_GE(callback.getEvents(sensor.sensorHandle).size(), 1);
@@ -740,6 +770,11 @@
     getEnvironment()->unregisterCallback();
 
     for (const SensorInfoType& sensor : sensors) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                     << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                     << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type)
+                     << " name=" << sensor.name);
+
         // Skip sensors that did not previously report an event
         if (lastEventTimestampMap.find(sensor.sensorHandle) == lastEventTimestampMap.end()) {
             continue;
@@ -762,6 +797,12 @@
                                      RateLevel rateLevel) {
     configDirectReport(sensor.sensorHandle, directChannelHandle, rateLevel,
                        [&](Result result, int32_t reportToken) {
+                           SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                                        << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8)
+                                        << std::setfill('0') << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec
+                                        << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type)
+                                        << " name=" << sensor.name);
+
                            if (isDirectReportRateSupported(sensor, rateLevel)) {
                                ASSERT_EQ(result, Result::OK);
                                if (rateLevel != RateLevel::STOP) {
@@ -819,6 +860,11 @@
 
 void SensorsHidlTest::verifyConfigure(const SensorInfoType& sensor, SharedMemType memType,
                                       int32_t directChannelHandle, bool supportsAnyDirectChannel) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                 << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                 << sensor.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(sensor.type)
+                 << " name=" << sensor.name);
+
     if (isDirectChannelTypeSupported(sensor, memType)) {
         // Verify that each rate level is properly supported
         checkRateLevel(sensor, directChannelHandle, RateLevel::NORMAL);
diff --git a/tests/lazy/1.0/.hidl_for_test b/tests/lazy/1.0/.hidl_for_test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lazy/1.0/.hidl_for_test
diff --git a/tests/lazy/1.0/Android.bp b/tests/lazy/1.0/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2f8175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lazy/1.0/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// This file is autogenerated by hidl-gen -Landroidbp.
+
+hidl_interface {
+    name: "android.hardware.tests.lazy@1.0",
+    root: "android.hardware",
+    system_ext_specific: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "ILazy.hal",
+    ],
+    interfaces: [
+        "android.hidl.base@1.0",
+    ],
+    gen_java: true,
+}
diff --git a/tests/lazy/1.0/ILazy.hal b/tests/lazy/1.0/ILazy.hal
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0be48e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lazy/1.0/ILazy.hal
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.tests.lazy@1.0;
+
+interface ILazy {};
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp
index 43c4e3a..4e5ae4b 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 
     mTunerService->setFrontendAsDemuxSource(frontendId, mDemuxId);
 
-    return startFrontendInputLoop();
+    return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
 Return<void> Demux::openFilter(const DemuxFilterType& type, uint32_t bufferSize,
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
     uint32_t filterId;
-
     if (!mUnusedFilterIds.empty()) {
         filterId = *mUnusedFilterIds.begin();
 
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@
     mUsedFilterIds.insert(filterId);
 
     if (cb == nullptr) {
-        ALOGW("callback can't be null");
+        ALOGW("[Demux] callback can't be null");
         _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_ARGUMENT, new Filter());
         return Void();
     }
@@ -85,8 +84,12 @@
     }
 
     mFilters[filterId] = filter;
+    bool result = true;
+    if (mDvr != nullptr && mDvr->getType() == DvrType::PLAYBACK) {
+        result = mDvr->addPlaybackFilter(filter);
+    }
 
-    _hidl_cb(Result::SUCCESS, filter);
+    _hidl_cb(result ? Result::SUCCESS : Result::INVALID_ARGUMENT, filter);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
     if (cb == nullptr) {
-        ALOGW("DVR callback can't be null");
+        ALOGW("[Demux] DVR callback can't be null");
         _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_ARGUMENT, new Dvr());
         return Void();
     }
@@ -176,11 +179,11 @@
 
 void Demux::startBroadcastTsFilter(vector<uint8_t> data) {
     set<uint32_t>::iterator it;
+    uint16_t pid = ((data[1] & 0x1f) << 8) | ((data[2] & 0xff));
+    if (DEBUG_DEMUX) {
+        ALOGW("[Demux] start ts filter pid: %d", pid);
+    }
     for (it = mUsedFilterIds.begin(); it != mUsedFilterIds.end(); it++) {
-        uint16_t pid = ((data[1] & 0x1f) << 8) | ((data[2] & 0xff));
-        if (DEBUG_FILTER) {
-            ALOGW("start ts filter pid: %d", pid);
-        }
         if (pid == mFilters[*it]->getTpid()) {
             mFilters[*it]->updateFilterOutput(data);
         }
@@ -189,10 +192,10 @@
 
 void Demux::sendFrontendInputToRecord(vector<uint8_t> data) {
     set<uint32_t>::iterator it;
+    if (DEBUG_DEMUX) {
+        ALOGW("[Demux] update record filter output");
+    }
     for (it = mRecordFilterIds.begin(); it != mRecordFilterIds.end(); it++) {
-        if (DEBUG_FILTER) {
-            ALOGW("update record filter output");
-        }
         mFilters[*it]->updateRecordOutput(data);
     }
 }
@@ -234,11 +237,9 @@
     return mFilters[filterId]->getTpid();
 }
 
-Result Demux::startFrontendInputLoop() {
+void Demux::startFrontendInputLoop() {
     pthread_create(&mFrontendInputThread, NULL, __threadLoopFrontend, this);
     pthread_setname_np(mFrontendInputThread, "frontend_input_thread");
-
-    return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
 void* Demux::__threadLoopFrontend(void* user) {
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h
index 1405d0c..3c91daf 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
     void updateFilterOutput(uint16_t filterId, vector<uint8_t> data);
     uint16_t getFilterTpid(uint32_t filterId);
     void setIsRecording(bool isRecording);
+    void startFrontendInputLoop();
 
   private:
     // Tuner service
@@ -104,7 +105,6 @@
         uint32_t filterId;
     };
 
-    Result startFrontendInputLoop();
     static void* __threadLoopFrontend(void* user);
     void frontendInputThreadLoop();
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
     int mPesSizeLeft = 0;
     vector<uint8_t> mPesOutput;
 
-    const bool DEBUG_FILTER = false;
+    const bool DEBUG_DEMUX = false;
 };
 
 }  // namespace implementation
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp
index 3088a9d..adb2635 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp
@@ -71,13 +71,10 @@
     }
 
     // check if the attached filter is a record filter
-
     mFilters[filterId] = filter;
-    mIsRecordFilterAttached = true;
     if (!mDemux->attachRecordFilter(filterId)) {
         return Result::INVALID_ARGUMENT;
     }
-    mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
 
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
@@ -110,7 +107,6 @@
     // If all the filters are detached, record can't be started
     if (mFilters.empty()) {
         mIsRecordFilterAttached = false;
-        mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
     }
 
     return Result::SUCCESS;
@@ -132,8 +128,7 @@
         pthread_setname_np(mDvrThread, "playback_waiting_loop");
     } else if (mType == DvrType::RECORD) {
         mRecordStatus = RecordStatus::DATA_READY;
-        mIsRecordStarted = true;
-        mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
+        mDemux->setIsRecording(mType == DvrType::RECORD);
     }
 
     // TODO start another thread to send filter status callback to the framework
@@ -149,7 +144,7 @@
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mDvrThreadLock);
 
     mIsRecordStarted = false;
-    mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
+    mDemux->setIsRecording(false);
 
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
@@ -175,7 +170,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<DvrMQ> tmpDvrMQ =
             std::unique_ptr<DvrMQ>(new (std::nothrow) DvrMQ(mBufferSize, true));
     if (!tmpDvrMQ->isValid()) {
-        ALOGW("Failed to create FMQ of DVR");
+        ALOGW("[Dvr] Failed to create FMQ of DVR");
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -256,7 +251,6 @@
     int playbackPacketSize = mDvrSettings.playback().packetSize;
     vector<uint8_t> dataOutputBuffer;
     dataOutputBuffer.resize(playbackPacketSize);
-
     // Dispatch the packet to the PID matching filter output buffer
     for (int i = 0; i < size / playbackPacketSize; i++) {
         if (!mDvrMQ->read(dataOutputBuffer.data(), playbackPacketSize)) {
@@ -283,7 +277,6 @@
 
 bool Dvr::startFilterDispatcher() {
     std::map<uint32_t, sp<IFilter>>::iterator it;
-
     // Handle the output data per filter type
     for (it = mFilters.begin(); it != mFilters.end(); it++) {
         if (mDemux->startFilterHandler(it->first) != Result::SUCCESS) {
@@ -296,7 +289,10 @@
 
 bool Dvr::writeRecordFMQ(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mWriteLock);
-    ALOGW("[Dvr] write record FMQ");
+    if (mRecordStatus == RecordStatus::OVERFLOW) {
+        ALOGW("[Dvr] stops writing and wait for the client side flushing.");
+        return true;
+    }
     if (mDvrMQ->write(data.data(), data.size())) {
         mDvrEventFlag->wake(static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY));
         maySendRecordStatusCallback();
@@ -333,6 +329,27 @@
     return mRecordStatus;
 }
 
+bool Dvr::addPlaybackFilter(sp<IFilter> filter) {
+    uint32_t filterId;
+    Result status;
+
+    filter->getId([&](Result result, uint32_t id) {
+        filterId = id;
+        status = result;
+    });
+
+    if (status != Result::SUCCESS) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    mFilters[filterId] = filter;
+    return true;
+}
+
+DvrType Dvr::getType() {
+    return mType;
+}
+
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace tuner
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h
index f39d8db..08afd5d 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@
     bool createDvrMQ();
     void sendBroadcastInputToDvrRecord(vector<uint8_t> byteBuffer);
     bool writeRecordFMQ(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data);
+    DvrType getType();
+    bool addPlaybackFilter(sp<IFilter> filter);
 
   private:
     // Demux service
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp
index f610c60..fef7a35 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp
@@ -73,18 +73,22 @@
     switch (mType.mainType) {
         case DemuxFilterMainType::TS:
             mTpid = settings.ts().tpid;
+            if (mType.subType.tsFilterType() == DemuxTsFilterType::AUDIO ||
+                mType.subType.tsFilterType() == DemuxTsFilterType::VIDEO) {
+                mIsMediaFilter = true;
+            }
             break;
         case DemuxFilterMainType::MMTP:
-            /*mmtpSettings*/
+            if (mType.subType.mmtpFilterType() == DemuxMmtpFilterType::AUDIO ||
+                mType.subType.mmtpFilterType() == DemuxMmtpFilterType::VIDEO) {
+                mIsMediaFilter = true;
+            }
             break;
         case DemuxFilterMainType::IP:
-            /*ipSettings*/
             break;
         case DemuxFilterMainType::TLV:
-            /*tlvSettings*/
             break;
         case DemuxFilterMainType::ALP:
-            /*alpSettings*/
             break;
         default:
             break;
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ> tmpFilterMQ =
             std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ>(new (std::nothrow) FilterMQ(mBufferSize, true));
     if (!tmpFilterMQ->isValid()) {
-        ALOGW("Failed to create FMQ of filter with id: %d", mFilterId);
+        ALOGW("[Filter] Failed to create FMQ of filter with id: %d", mFilterId);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -241,9 +245,7 @@
 }
 
 void Filter::freeAvHandle() {
-    if (mType.mainType != DemuxFilterMainType::TS ||
-        (mType.subType.tsFilterType() == DemuxTsFilterType::AUDIO &&
-         mType.subType.tsFilterType() == DemuxTsFilterType::VIDEO)) {
+    if (!mIsMediaFilter) {
         return;
     }
     for (int i = 0; i < mFilterEvent.events.size(); i++) {
@@ -288,13 +290,11 @@
 
 void Filter::updateFilterOutput(vector<uint8_t> data) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFilterOutputLock);
-    ALOGD("[Filter] filter output updated");
     mFilterOutput.insert(mFilterOutput.end(), data.begin(), data.end());
 }
 
 void Filter::updateRecordOutput(vector<uint8_t> data) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRecordFilterOutputLock);
-    ALOGD("[Filter] record filter output updated");
     mRecordFilterOutput.insert(mRecordFilterOutput.end(), data.begin(), data.end());
 }
 
@@ -436,7 +436,6 @@
     if (mFilterOutput.empty()) {
         return Result::SUCCESS;
     }
-
     for (int i = 0; i < mFilterOutput.size(); i += 188) {
         if (mPesSizeLeft == 0) {
             uint32_t prefix = (mFilterOutput[i + 4] << 16) | (mFilterOutput[i + 5] << 8) |
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h
index afed98e..9b49ad8 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@
     uint32_t mFilterId;
     uint32_t mBufferSize;
     DemuxFilterType mType;
+    bool mIsMediaFilter = false;
     DemuxFilterSettings mFilterSettings;
 
     uint16_t mTpid;
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.cpp
index 2cff9be..996b6ef 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.cpp
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
         return Result::INVALID_STATE;
     }
 
+    mTunerService->frontendStartTune(mId);
     mCallback->onEvent(FrontendEventType::LOCKED);
     mIsLocked = false;
     return Result::SUCCESS;
@@ -81,6 +82,13 @@
 Return<Result> Frontend::scan(const FrontendSettings& settings, FrontendScanType type) {
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
+    if (mType == FrontendType::ATSC) {
+        FrontendScanMessage msg;
+        msg.isLocked(true);
+        mCallback->onScanMessage(FrontendScanMessageType::LOCKED, msg);
+        mIsLocked = true;
+        return Result::SUCCESS;
+    }
     if (mType != FrontendType::DVBT) {
         return Result::UNAVAILABLE;
     }
@@ -131,6 +139,30 @@
                 status.snr(221);
                 break;
             }
+            case FrontendStatusType::BER: {
+                status.ber(1);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::PER: {
+                status.per(2);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::PRE_BER: {
+                status.preBer(3);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::SIGNAL_QUALITY: {
+                status.signalQuality(4);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::SIGNAL_STRENGTH: {
+                status.signalStrength(5);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::SYMBOL_RATE: {
+                status.symbolRate(6);
+                break;
+            }
             case FrontendStatusType::FEC: {
                 status.innerFec(FrontendInnerFec::FEC_2_9);  // value = 1 << 7
                 break;
@@ -141,15 +173,51 @@
                 status.modulation(modulationStatus);
                 break;
             }
+            case FrontendStatusType::SPECTRAL: {
+                status.inversion(FrontendDvbcSpectralInversion::NORMAL);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::LNB_VOLTAGE: {
+                status.lnbVoltage(LnbVoltage::VOLTAGE_5V);
+                break;
+            }
             case FrontendStatusType::PLP_ID: {
                 status.plpId(101);  // type uint8_t
                 break;
             }
+            case FrontendStatusType::EWBS: {
+                status.isEWBS(false);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::AGC: {
+                status.agc(7);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::LNA: {
+                status.isLnaOn(false);
+                break;
+            }
             case FrontendStatusType::LAYER_ERROR: {
                 vector<bool> v = {false, true, true};
                 status.isLayerError(v);
                 break;
             }
+            case FrontendStatusType::MER: {
+                status.mer(8);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::FREQ_OFFSET: {
+                status.freqOffset(9);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::HIERARCHY: {
+                status.hierarchy(FrontendDvbtHierarchy::HIERARCHY_1_NATIVE);
+                break;
+            }
+            case FrontendStatusType::RF_LOCK: {
+                status.isRfLocked(false);
+                break;
+            }
             case FrontendStatusType::ATSC3_PLP_INFO: {
                 vector<FrontendStatusAtsc3PlpInfo> v;
                 FrontendStatusAtsc3PlpInfo info1{
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.h
index 8a30b91..65537d7 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Frontend.h
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
     FrontendId mId = 0;
     bool mIsLocked = false;
 
-    const string FRONTEND_STREAM_FILE = "/vendor/etc/dumpTs3.ts";
+    const string FRONTEND_STREAM_FILE = "/vendor/etc/segment000000.ts";
     std::ifstream mFrontendData;
 };
 
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.cpp
index 51931d6..6025339 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
 namespace implementation {
 
 Lnb::Lnb() {}
+Lnb::Lnb(int id) {
+    mId = id;
+}
 
 Lnb::~Lnb() {}
 
@@ -66,9 +69,13 @@
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
+int Lnb::getId() {
+    return mId;
+}
+
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace tuner
 }  // namespace tv
 }  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.h
index f285cb9..1e97214 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Lnb.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 class Lnb : public ILnb {
   public:
     Lnb();
+    Lnb(int id);
 
     virtual Return<Result> setCallback(const sp<ILnbCallback>& callback) override;
 
@@ -51,7 +52,10 @@
 
     virtual Return<Result> close() override;
 
+    int getId();
+
   private:
+    int mId;
     virtual ~Lnb();
 };
 
@@ -62,4 +66,4 @@
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
-#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_TV_TUNER_V1_0_LNB_H_
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_TV_TUNER_V1_0_LNB_H_
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp
index e39333c..821d83f 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@
     caps = FrontendInfo::FrontendCapabilities();
     caps.atscCaps(FrontendAtscCapabilities());
     mFrontendCaps[7] = caps;
+
+    mLnbs.resize(2);
+    mLnbs[0] = new Lnb(0);
+    mLnbs[1] = new Lnb(1);
 }
 
 Tuner::~Tuner() {}
@@ -157,34 +161,27 @@
         return Void();
     }
 
-    switch (mFrontends[frontendId]->getFrontendType()) {
-        case FrontendType::DVBT:
-            info.type = FrontendType::DVBT;
-            break;
-        default:
-            vector<FrontendStatusType> statusCaps = {
-                    FrontendStatusType::DEMOD_LOCK,
-                    FrontendStatusType::SNR,
-                    FrontendStatusType::FEC,
-                    FrontendStatusType::MODULATION,
-                    FrontendStatusType::PLP_ID,
-                    FrontendStatusType::LAYER_ERROR,
-                    FrontendStatusType::ATSC3_PLP_INFO,
-            };
-            // assign randomly selected values for testing.
-            info = {
-                    .type = mFrontends[frontendId]->getFrontendType(),
-                    .minFrequency = 139,
-                    .maxFrequency = 1139,
-                    .minSymbolRate = 45,
-                    .maxSymbolRate = 1145,
-                    .acquireRange = 30,
-                    .exclusiveGroupId = 57,
-                    .statusCaps = statusCaps,
-                    .frontendCaps = mFrontendCaps[frontendId],
-            };
-            break;
-    }
+    vector<FrontendStatusType> statusCaps = {
+            FrontendStatusType::DEMOD_LOCK,
+            FrontendStatusType::SNR,
+            FrontendStatusType::FEC,
+            FrontendStatusType::MODULATION,
+            FrontendStatusType::PLP_ID,
+            FrontendStatusType::LAYER_ERROR,
+            FrontendStatusType::ATSC3_PLP_INFO,
+    };
+    // assign randomly selected values for testing.
+    info = {
+            .type = mFrontends[frontendId]->getFrontendType(),
+            .minFrequency = 139,
+            .maxFrequency = 1139,
+            .minSymbolRate = 45,
+            .maxSymbolRate = 1145,
+            .acquireRange = 30,
+            .exclusiveGroupId = 57,
+            .statusCaps = statusCaps,
+            .frontendCaps = mFrontendCaps[frontendId],
+    };
 
     _hidl_cb(Result::SUCCESS, info);
     return Void();
@@ -194,17 +191,24 @@
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
     vector<LnbId> lnbIds;
+    lnbIds.resize(mLnbs.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < lnbIds.size(); i++) {
+        lnbIds[i] = mLnbs[i]->getId();
+    }
 
     _hidl_cb(Result::SUCCESS, lnbIds);
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<void> Tuner::openLnbById(LnbId /* lnbId */, openLnbById_cb _hidl_cb) {
+Return<void> Tuner::openLnbById(LnbId lnbId, openLnbById_cb _hidl_cb) {
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
-    sp<ILnb> lnb = new Lnb();
+    if (lnbId >= mLnbs.size()) {
+        _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_ARGUMENT, nullptr);
+        return Void();
+    }
 
-    _hidl_cb(Result::SUCCESS, lnb);
+    _hidl_cb(Result::SUCCESS, mLnbs[lnbId]);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -236,6 +240,15 @@
     }
 }
 
+void Tuner::frontendStartTune(uint32_t frontendId) {
+    map<uint32_t, uint32_t>::iterator it = mFrontendToDemux.find(frontendId);
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    if (it != mFrontendToDemux.end()) {
+        demuxId = it->second;
+        mDemuxes[demuxId]->startFrontendInputLoop();
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace tuner
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.h
index d17b5ae..5de568f 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <map>
 #include "Demux.h"
 #include "Frontend.h"
+#include "Lnb.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@
 
     void setFrontendAsDemuxSource(uint32_t frontendId, uint32_t demuxId);
 
+    void frontendStartTune(uint32_t frontendId);
     void frontendStopTune(uint32_t frontendId);
 
   private:
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@
     // The last used demux id. Initial value is -1.
     // First used id will be 0.
     int mLastUsedId = -1;
+    vector<sp<Lnb>> mLnbs;
 };
 
 }  // namespace implementation
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 448575e..b152a29 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
         "FrontendTests.cpp",
         "DemuxTests.cpp",
         "FilterTests.cpp",
+        "DvrTests.cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.tv.tuner@1.0",
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DemuxTests.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DemuxTests.h
index a72c09f..6e1e395 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DemuxTests.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DemuxTests.h
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@
 
 class DemuxTests {
   public:
-    sp<ITuner> mService;
-
     void setService(sp<ITuner> tuner) { mService = tuner; }
 
     AssertionResult openDemux(sp<IDemux>& demux, uint32_t& demuxId);
@@ -51,5 +49,6 @@
 
     static AssertionResult success() { return ::testing::AssertionSuccess(); }
 
+    sp<ITuner> mService;
     sp<IDemux> mDemux;
 };
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DvrTests.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DvrTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e7f8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DvrTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "DvrTests.h"
+
+void DvrCallback::startPlaybackInputThread(string& dataInputFile, PlaybackSettings& settings,
+                                           MQDesc& playbackMQDescriptor) {
+    mInputDataFile = dataInputFile;
+    mPlaybackSettings = settings;
+    mPlaybackMQ = std::make_unique<FilterMQ>(playbackMQDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mPlaybackMQ);
+    pthread_create(&mPlaybackThread, NULL, __threadLoopPlayback, this);
+    pthread_setname_np(mPlaybackThread, "test_playback_input_loop");
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::stopPlaybackThread() {
+    mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
+    mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = false;
+
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mPlaybackThreadLock);
+}
+
+void* DvrCallback::__threadLoopPlayback(void* user) {
+    DvrCallback* const self = static_cast<DvrCallback*>(user);
+    self->playbackThreadLoop();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::playbackThreadLoop() {
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mPlaybackThreadLock);
+    mPlaybackThreadRunning = true;
+
+    // Create the EventFlag that is used to signal the HAL impl that data have been
+    // written into the Playback FMQ
+    EventFlag* playbackMQEventFlag;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(EventFlag::createEventFlag(mPlaybackMQ->getEventFlagWord(), &playbackMQEventFlag) ==
+                android::OK);
+
+    // open the stream and get its length
+    std::ifstream inputData(mInputDataFile.c_str(), std::ifstream::binary);
+    int writeSize = mPlaybackSettings.packetSize * 6;
+    char* buffer = new char[writeSize];
+    ALOGW("[vts] playback thread loop start %s!", mInputDataFile.c_str());
+    if (!inputData.is_open()) {
+        mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
+        ALOGW("[vts] Error %s", strerror(errno));
+    }
+
+    while (mPlaybackThreadRunning) {
+        // move the stream pointer for packet size * 6 every read until the end
+        while (mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ) {
+            inputData.read(buffer, writeSize);
+            if (!inputData) {
+                int leftSize = inputData.gcount();
+                if (leftSize == 0) {
+                    mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+                inputData.clear();
+                inputData.read(buffer, leftSize);
+                // Write the left over of the input data and quit the thread
+                if (leftSize > 0) {
+                    EXPECT_TRUE(mPlaybackMQ->write((unsigned char*)&buffer[0], leftSize));
+                    playbackMQEventFlag->wake(
+                            static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY));
+                }
+                mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            // Write input FMQ and notify the Tuner Implementation
+            EXPECT_TRUE(mPlaybackMQ->write((unsigned char*)&buffer[0], writeSize));
+            playbackMQEventFlag->wake(static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY));
+            inputData.seekg(writeSize, inputData.cur);
+            sleep(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ALOGW("[vts] Playback thread end.");
+
+    delete[] buffer;
+    inputData.close();
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::testRecordOutput() {
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
+    while (mDataOutputBuffer.empty()) {
+        if (-ETIMEDOUT == mMsgCondition.waitRelative(mMsgLock, WAIT_TIMEOUT)) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "record output matching pid does not output within timeout";
+            stopRecordThread();
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    stopRecordThread();
+    ALOGW("[vts] record pass and stop");
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::startRecordOutputThread(RecordSettings recordSettings,
+                                          MQDesc& recordMQDescriptor) {
+    mRecordMQ = std::make_unique<FilterMQ>(recordMQDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mRecordMQ);
+    struct RecordThreadArgs* threadArgs =
+            (struct RecordThreadArgs*)malloc(sizeof(struct RecordThreadArgs));
+    threadArgs->user = this;
+    threadArgs->recordSettings = &recordSettings;
+    threadArgs->keepReadingRecordFMQ = &mKeepReadingRecordFMQ;
+
+    pthread_create(&mRecordThread, NULL, __threadLoopRecord, (void*)threadArgs);
+    pthread_setname_np(mRecordThread, "test_record_input_loop");
+}
+
+void* DvrCallback::__threadLoopRecord(void* threadArgs) {
+    DvrCallback* const self =
+            static_cast<DvrCallback*>(((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->user);
+    self->recordThreadLoop(((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->recordSettings,
+                           ((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->keepReadingRecordFMQ);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::recordThreadLoop(RecordSettings* /*recordSettings*/, bool* keepReadingRecordFMQ) {
+    ALOGD("[vts] DvrCallback record threadLoop start.");
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mRecordThreadLock);
+    mRecordThreadRunning = true;
+    mKeepReadingRecordFMQ = true;
+
+    // Create the EventFlag that is used to signal the HAL impl that data have been
+    // read from the Record FMQ
+    EventFlag* recordMQEventFlag;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(EventFlag::createEventFlag(mRecordMQ->getEventFlagWord(), &recordMQEventFlag) ==
+                android::OK);
+
+    while (mRecordThreadRunning) {
+        while (*keepReadingRecordFMQ) {
+            uint32_t efState = 0;
+            android::status_t status = recordMQEventFlag->wait(
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY), &efState, WAIT_TIMEOUT,
+                    true /* retry on spurious wake */);
+            if (status != android::OK) {
+                ALOGD("[vts] wait for data ready on the record FMQ");
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Our current implementation filter the data and write it into the filter FMQ
+            // immediately after the DATA_READY from the VTS/framework
+            if (!readRecordFMQ()) {
+                ALOGD("[vts] record data failed to be filtered. Ending thread");
+                mRecordThreadRunning = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    mRecordThreadRunning = false;
+    ALOGD("[vts] record thread ended.");
+}
+
+bool DvrCallback::readRecordFMQ() {
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
+    bool result = false;
+    mDataOutputBuffer.clear();
+    mDataOutputBuffer.resize(mRecordMQ->availableToRead());
+    result = mRecordMQ->read(mDataOutputBuffer.data(), mRecordMQ->availableToRead());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result) << "can't read from Record MQ";
+    mMsgCondition.signal();
+    return result;
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::stopRecordThread() {
+    mKeepReadingRecordFMQ = false;
+    mRecordThreadRunning = false;
+}
+
+AssertionResult DvrTests::openDvrInDemux(DvrType type, uint32_t bufferSize) {
+    Result status;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDemux) << "Test with openDemux first.";
+
+    // Create dvr callback
+    mDvrCallback = new DvrCallback();
+
+    mDemux->openDvr(type, bufferSize, mDvrCallback, [&](Result result, const sp<IDvr>& dvr) {
+        mDvr = dvr;
+        status = result;
+    });
+
+    if (status == Result::SUCCESS) {
+        mDvrCallback->setDvr(mDvr);
+    }
+    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+AssertionResult DvrTests::configDvr(DvrSettings setting) {
+    Result status = mDvr->configure(setting);
+
+    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+AssertionResult DvrTests::getDvrMQDescriptor() {
+    Result status;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDemux) << "Test with openDemux first.";
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDvr) << "Test with openDvr first.";
+
+    mDvr->getQueueDesc([&](Result result, const MQDesc& dvrMQDesc) {
+        mDvrMQDescriptor = dvrMQDesc;
+        status = result;
+    });
+
+    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+AssertionResult DvrTests::attachFilterToDvr(sp<IFilter> filter) {
+    Result status;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDemux) << "Test with openDemux first.";
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDvr) << "Test with openDvr first.";
+
+    status = mDvr->attachFilter(filter);
+
+    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+AssertionResult DvrTests::detachFilterToDvr(sp<IFilter> filter) {
+    Result status;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDemux) << "Test with openDemux first.";
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDvr) << "Test with openDvr first.";
+
+    status = mDvr->detachFilter(filter);
+
+    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+AssertionResult DvrTests::startDvr() {
+    Result status;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDemux) << "Test with openDemux first.";
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDvr) << "Test with openDvr first.";
+
+    status = mDvr->start();
+
+    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+AssertionResult DvrTests::stopDvr() {
+    Result status;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDemux) << "Test with openDemux first.";
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDvr) << "Test with openDvr first.";
+
+    status = mDvr->stop();
+
+    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+void DvrTests::closeDvr() {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemux);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvr->close() == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DvrTests.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DvrTests.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd00c27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/DvrTests.h
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/hardware/tv/tuner/1.0/IDvr.h>
+#include <android/hardware/tv/tuner/1.0/IDvrCallback.h>
+#include <android/hardware/tv/tuner/1.0/ITuner.h>
+#include <android/hardware/tv/tuner/1.0/types.h>
+#include <fmq/MessageQueue.h>
+#include <hidl/Status.h>
+#include <utils/Condition.h>
+#include <utils/Mutex.h>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <map>
+
+#include "FilterTests.h"
+
+using android::Condition;
+using android::Mutex;
+using android::sp;
+using android::hardware::EventFlag;
+using android::hardware::kSynchronizedReadWrite;
+using android::hardware::MessageQueue;
+using android::hardware::MQDescriptorSync;
+using android::hardware::Return;
+using android::hardware::Void;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterStatus;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DvrSettings;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DvrType;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::IDvr;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::IDvrCallback;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::ITuner;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::PlaybackSettings;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::PlaybackStatus;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::RecordSettings;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::RecordStatus;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::Result;
+
+#define WAIT_TIMEOUT 3000000000
+
+class DvrCallback : public IDvrCallback {
+  public:
+    virtual Return<void> onRecordStatus(DemuxFilterStatus status) override {
+        ALOGD("[vts] record status %hhu", status);
+        switch (status) {
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::DATA_READY:
+                break;
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::LOW_WATER:
+                break;
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::HIGH_WATER:
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::OVERFLOW:
+                ALOGD("[vts] record overflow. Flushing.");
+                EXPECT_TRUE(mDvr) << "Dvr callback is not set with an IDvr";
+                if (mDvr) {
+                    Result result = mDvr->flush();
+                    ALOGD("[vts] Flushing result %d.", result);
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+        return Void();
+    }
+
+    virtual Return<void> onPlaybackStatus(PlaybackStatus status) override {
+        // android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
+        ALOGD("[vts] playback status %d", status);
+        switch (status) {
+            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_EMPTY:
+            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_ALMOST_EMPTY:
+                ALOGD("[vts] keep playback inputing %d", status);
+                mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = true;
+                break;
+            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_ALMOST_FULL:
+            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_FULL:
+                ALOGD("[vts] stop playback inputing %d", status);
+                mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = false;
+                break;
+        }
+        return Void();
+    }
+
+    void stopPlaybackThread();
+    void testRecordOutput();
+    void stopRecordThread();
+
+    void startPlaybackInputThread(string& dataInputFile, PlaybackSettings& settings,
+                                  MQDesc& playbackMQDescriptor);
+    void startRecordOutputThread(RecordSettings recordSettings, MQDesc& recordMQDescriptor);
+    static void* __threadLoopPlayback(void* user);
+    static void* __threadLoopRecord(void* threadArgs);
+    void playbackThreadLoop();
+    void recordThreadLoop(RecordSettings* recordSetting, bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ);
+
+    bool readRecordFMQ();
+
+    void setDvr(sp<IDvr> dvr) { mDvr = dvr; }
+
+  private:
+    struct RecordThreadArgs {
+        DvrCallback* user;
+        RecordSettings* recordSettings;
+        bool* keepReadingRecordFMQ;
+    };
+    // uint16_t mDataLength = 0;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> mDataOutputBuffer;
+
+    std::map<uint32_t, std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ>> mFilterMQ;
+    std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ> mPlaybackMQ;
+    std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ> mRecordMQ;
+    std::map<uint32_t, EventFlag*> mFilterMQEventFlag;
+
+    android::Mutex mMsgLock;
+    android::Mutex mPlaybackThreadLock;
+    android::Mutex mRecordThreadLock;
+    android::Condition mMsgCondition;
+
+    bool mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = true;
+    bool mKeepReadingRecordFMQ = true;
+    bool mPlaybackThreadRunning;
+    bool mRecordThreadRunning;
+    pthread_t mPlaybackThread;
+    pthread_t mRecordThread;
+    string mInputDataFile;
+    PlaybackSettings mPlaybackSettings;
+
+    sp<IDvr> mDvr = nullptr;
+
+    // int mPidFilterOutputCount = 0;
+};
+
+class DvrTests {
+  public:
+    void setService(sp<ITuner> tuner) { mService = tuner; }
+    void setDemux(sp<IDemux> demux) { mDemux = demux; }
+
+    void startPlaybackInputThread(string& dataInputFile, PlaybackSettings& settings) {
+        mDvrCallback->startPlaybackInputThread(dataInputFile, settings, mDvrMQDescriptor);
+    };
+
+    void startRecordOutputThread(RecordSettings settings) {
+        mDvrCallback->startRecordOutputThread(settings, mDvrMQDescriptor);
+    };
+
+    void stopPlaybackThread() { mDvrCallback->stopPlaybackThread(); }
+    void testRecordOutput() { mDvrCallback->testRecordOutput(); }
+    void stopRecordThread() { mDvrCallback->stopPlaybackThread(); }
+
+    AssertionResult openDvrInDemux(DvrType type, uint32_t bufferSize);
+    AssertionResult configDvr(DvrSettings setting);
+    AssertionResult getDvrMQDescriptor();
+    AssertionResult attachFilterToDvr(sp<IFilter> filter);
+    AssertionResult detachFilterToDvr(sp<IFilter> filter);
+    AssertionResult stopDvr();
+    AssertionResult startDvr();
+    void closeDvr();
+
+  protected:
+    static AssertionResult failure() { return ::testing::AssertionFailure(); }
+
+    static AssertionResult success() { return ::testing::AssertionSuccess(); }
+
+    sp<ITuner> mService;
+    sp<IDvr> mDvr;
+    sp<IDemux> mDemux;
+    sp<DvrCallback> mDvrCallback;
+    MQDesc mDvrMQDescriptor;
+
+    pthread_t mPlaybackshread;
+    bool mPlaybackThreadRunning;
+};
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp
index 82e955d..4639e59 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.cpp
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-AssertionResult FilterTests::openFilterInDemux(DemuxFilterType type) {
+AssertionResult FilterTests::openFilterInDemux(DemuxFilterType type, uint32_t bufferSize) {
     Result status;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDemux) << "Test with openDemux first.";
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
     mFilterCallback = new FilterCallback();
 
     // Add filter to the local demux
-    mDemux->openFilter(type, FMQ_SIZE_16M, mFilterCallback,
+    mDemux->openFilter(type, bufferSize, mFilterCallback,
                        [&](Result result, const sp<IFilter>& filter) {
                            mFilter = filter;
                            status = result;
@@ -223,4 +223,4 @@
         mFilters.erase(filterId);
     }
     return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.h
index 3cc06e5..71efce4 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/FilterTests.h
@@ -78,9 +78,6 @@
 using FilterMQ = MessageQueue<uint8_t, kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
 using MQDesc = MQDescriptorSync<uint8_t>;
 
-const uint32_t FMQ_SIZE_1M = 0x100000;
-const uint32_t FMQ_SIZE_16M = 0x1000000;
-
 #define WAIT_TIMEOUT 3000000000
 
 class FilterCallback : public IFilterCallback {
@@ -149,10 +146,11 @@
   public:
     void setService(sp<ITuner> tuner) { mService = tuner; }
     void setDemux(sp<IDemux> demux) { mDemux = demux; }
+    sp<IFilter> getFilterById(uint32_t filterId) { return mFilters[filterId]; }
 
     std::map<uint32_t, sp<FilterCallback>> getFilterCallbacks() { return mFilterCallbacks; }
 
-    AssertionResult openFilterInDemux(DemuxFilterType type);
+    AssertionResult openFilterInDemux(DemuxFilterType type, uint32_t bufferSize);
     AssertionResult getNewlyOpenedFilterId(uint32_t& filterId);
     AssertionResult configFilter(DemuxFilterSettings setting, uint32_t filterId);
     AssertionResult getFilterMQDescriptor(uint32_t filterId);
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index d836c26..c44f77d 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -18,180 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-/******************************** Start DvrCallback **********************************/
-void DvrCallback::startPlaybackInputThread(PlaybackConf playbackConf,
-                                           MQDesc& playbackMQDescriptor) {
-    mPlaybackMQ = std::make_unique<FilterMQ>(playbackMQDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mPlaybackMQ);
-    struct PlaybackThreadArgs* threadArgs =
-            (struct PlaybackThreadArgs*)malloc(sizeof(struct PlaybackThreadArgs));
-    threadArgs->user = this;
-    threadArgs->playbackConf = &playbackConf;
-    threadArgs->keepWritingPlaybackFMQ = &mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ;
-
-    pthread_create(&mPlaybackThread, NULL, __threadLoopPlayback, (void*)threadArgs);
-    pthread_setname_np(mPlaybackThread, "test_playback_input_loop");
-}
-
-void DvrCallback::stopPlaybackThread() {
-    mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
-    mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = false;
-
-    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mPlaybackThreadLock);
-}
-
-void* DvrCallback::__threadLoopPlayback(void* threadArgs) {
-    DvrCallback* const self =
-            static_cast<DvrCallback*>(((struct PlaybackThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->user);
-    self->playbackThreadLoop(((struct PlaybackThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->playbackConf,
-                             ((struct PlaybackThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->keepWritingPlaybackFMQ);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void DvrCallback::playbackThreadLoop(PlaybackConf* playbackConf, bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ) {
-    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mPlaybackThreadLock);
-    mPlaybackThreadRunning = true;
-
-    // Create the EventFlag that is used to signal the HAL impl that data have been
-    // written into the Playback FMQ
-    EventFlag* playbackMQEventFlag;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(EventFlag::createEventFlag(mPlaybackMQ->getEventFlagWord(), &playbackMQEventFlag) ==
-                android::OK);
-
-    // open the stream and get its length
-    std::ifstream inputData(playbackConf->inputDataFile, std::ifstream::binary);
-    int writeSize = playbackConf->setting.packetSize * 6;
-    char* buffer = new char[writeSize];
-    ALOGW("[vts] playback thread loop start %s", playbackConf->inputDataFile.c_str());
-    if (!inputData.is_open()) {
-        mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
-        ALOGW("[vts] Error %s", strerror(errno));
-    }
-
-    while (mPlaybackThreadRunning) {
-        // move the stream pointer for packet size * 6 every read until the end
-        while (*keepWritingPlaybackFMQ) {
-            inputData.read(buffer, writeSize);
-            if (!inputData) {
-                int leftSize = inputData.gcount();
-                if (leftSize == 0) {
-                    mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
-                    break;
-                }
-                inputData.clear();
-                inputData.read(buffer, leftSize);
-                // Write the left over of the input data and quit the thread
-                if (leftSize > 0) {
-                    EXPECT_TRUE(mPlaybackMQ->write((unsigned char*)&buffer[0], leftSize));
-                    playbackMQEventFlag->wake(
-                            static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY));
-                }
-                mPlaybackThreadRunning = false;
-                break;
-            }
-            // Write input FMQ and notify the Tuner Implementation
-            EXPECT_TRUE(mPlaybackMQ->write((unsigned char*)&buffer[0], writeSize));
-            playbackMQEventFlag->wake(static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY));
-            inputData.seekg(writeSize, inputData.cur);
-            sleep(1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    ALOGW("[vts] Playback thread end.");
-
-    delete[] buffer;
-    inputData.close();
-}
-
-void DvrCallback::testRecordOutput() {
-    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
-    while (mDataOutputBuffer.empty()) {
-        if (-ETIMEDOUT == mMsgCondition.waitRelative(mMsgLock, WAIT_TIMEOUT)) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "record output matching pid does not output within timeout";
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-    stopRecordThread();
-    ALOGW("[vts] record pass and stop");
-}
-
-void DvrCallback::startRecordOutputThread(RecordSettings recordSetting,
-                                          MQDesc& recordMQDescriptor) {
-    mRecordMQ = std::make_unique<FilterMQ>(recordMQDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mRecordMQ);
-    struct RecordThreadArgs* threadArgs =
-            (struct RecordThreadArgs*)malloc(sizeof(struct RecordThreadArgs));
-    threadArgs->user = this;
-    threadArgs->recordSetting = &recordSetting;
-    threadArgs->keepReadingRecordFMQ = &mKeepReadingRecordFMQ;
-
-    pthread_create(&mRecordThread, NULL, __threadLoopRecord, (void*)threadArgs);
-    pthread_setname_np(mRecordThread, "test_record_input_loop");
-}
-
-void* DvrCallback::__threadLoopRecord(void* threadArgs) {
-    DvrCallback* const self =
-            static_cast<DvrCallback*>(((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->user);
-    self->recordThreadLoop(((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->recordSetting,
-                           ((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->keepReadingRecordFMQ);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void DvrCallback::recordThreadLoop(RecordSettings* /*recordSetting*/, bool* keepReadingRecordFMQ) {
-    ALOGD("[vts] DvrCallback record threadLoop start.");
-    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mRecordThreadLock);
-    mRecordThreadRunning = true;
-
-    // Create the EventFlag that is used to signal the HAL impl that data have been
-    // read from the Record FMQ
-    EventFlag* recordMQEventFlag;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(EventFlag::createEventFlag(mRecordMQ->getEventFlagWord(), &recordMQEventFlag) ==
-                android::OK);
-
-    while (mRecordThreadRunning) {
-        while (*keepReadingRecordFMQ) {
-            uint32_t efState = 0;
-            android::status_t status = recordMQEventFlag->wait(
-                    static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY), &efState, WAIT_TIMEOUT,
-                    true /* retry on spurious wake */);
-            if (status != android::OK) {
-                ALOGD("[vts] wait for data ready on the record FMQ");
-                continue;
-            }
-            // Our current implementation filter the data and write it into the filter FMQ
-            // immediately after the DATA_READY from the VTS/framework
-            if (!readRecordFMQ()) {
-                ALOGD("[vts] record data failed to be filtered. Ending thread");
-                mRecordThreadRunning = false;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    mRecordThreadRunning = false;
-    ALOGD("[vts] record thread ended.");
-}
-
-bool DvrCallback::readRecordFMQ() {
-    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
-    bool result = false;
-    mDataOutputBuffer.clear();
-    mDataOutputBuffer.resize(mRecordMQ->availableToRead());
-    result = mRecordMQ->read(mDataOutputBuffer.data(), mRecordMQ->availableToRead());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result) << "can't read from Record MQ";
-    mMsgCondition.signal();
-    return result;
-}
-
-void DvrCallback::stopRecordThread() {
-    mKeepReadingRecordFMQ = false;
-    mRecordThreadRunning = false;
-    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mRecordThreadLock);
-}
-/********************************** End DvrCallback ************************************/
-
-/*======================== Start Descrambler APIs Tests Implementation ========================*/
-AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::createDescrambler() {
+AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::createDescrambler(uint32_t demuxId) {
     Result status;
     mService->openDescrambler([&](Result result, const sp<IDescrambler>& descrambler) {
         mDescrambler = descrambler;
@@ -201,64 +28,26 @@
         return failure();
     }
 
-    status = mDescrambler->setDemuxSource(mDemuxId);
+    status = mDescrambler->setDemuxSource(demuxId);
     if (status != Result::SUCCESS) {
         return failure();
     }
 
     // Test if demux source can be set more than once.
-    status = mDescrambler->setDemuxSource(mDemuxId);
+    status = mDescrambler->setDemuxSource(demuxId);
     return AssertionResult(status == Result::INVALID_STATE);
 }
 
 AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::closeDescrambler() {
     Result status;
-    if (!mDescrambler && createDescrambler() == failure()) {
-        return failure();
-    }
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDescrambler);
 
     status = mDescrambler->close();
     mDescrambler = nullptr;
     return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
 }
-/*========================= End Descrambler APIs Tests Implementation =========================*/
 
-/*============================ Start Dvr APIs Tests Implementation ============================*/
-AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::openDvrInDemux(DvrType type) {
-    Result status;
-
-    // Create dvr callback
-    mDvrCallback = new DvrCallback();
-
-    mDemux->openDvr(type, FMQ_SIZE_1M, mDvrCallback, [&](Result result, const sp<IDvr>& dvr) {
-        mDvr = dvr;
-        status = result;
-    });
-
-    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
-}
-
-AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::configDvr(DvrSettings setting) {
-    Result status = mDvr->configure(setting);
-
-    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
-}
-
-AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::getDvrMQDescriptor() {
-    Result status;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDvr) << "Test with openDvr first.";
-
-    mDvr->getQueueDesc([&](Result result, const MQDesc& dvrMQDesc) {
-        mDvrMQDescriptor = dvrMQDesc;
-        status = result;
-    });
-
-    return AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
-}
-/*============================ End Dvr APIs Tests Implementation ============================*/
-
-/*========================== Start Data Flow Tests Implementation ==========================*/
-AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::broadcastDataFlowTest(vector<string> /*goldenOutputFiles*/) {
+AssertionResult TunerBroadcastHidlTest::filterDataOutputTest(vector<string> /*goldenOutputFiles*/) {
     // Data Verify Module
     std::map<uint32_t, sp<FilterCallback>>::iterator it;
     std::map<uint32_t, sp<FilterCallback>> filterCallbacks = mFilterTests.getFilterCallbacks();
@@ -268,155 +57,48 @@
     return success();
 }
 
-/*
- * TODO: re-enable the tests after finalizing the test refactoring.
- */
-/*AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::playbackDataFlowTest(
-        vector<FilterConf> filterConf, PlaybackConf playbackConf,
-        vector<string> \/\*goldenOutputFiles\*\/) {
-    Result status;
-    int filterIdsSize;
-    // Filter Configuration Module
-    for (int i = 0; i < filterConf.size(); i++) {
-        if (addFilterToDemux(filterConf[i].type, filterConf[i].setting) ==
-                    failure() ||
-            // TODO use a map to save the FMQs/EvenFlags and pass to callback
-            getFilterMQDescriptor() == failure()) {
-            return failure();
-        }
-        filterIdsSize = mUsedFilterIds.size();
-        mUsedFilterIds.resize(filterIdsSize + 1);
-        mUsedFilterIds[filterIdsSize] = mFilterId;
-        mFilters[mFilterId] = mFilter;
-        mFilterCallbacks[mFilterId] = mFilterCallback;
-        mFilterCallback->updateFilterMQ(mFilterMQDescriptor);
-        // mDemuxCallback->updateGoldenOutputMap(goldenOutputFiles[i]);
-        status = mFilter->start();
-        if (status != Result::SUCCESS) {
-            return failure();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Playback Input Module
-    PlaybackSettings playbackSetting = playbackConf.setting;
-    if (addPlaybackToDemux(playbackSetting) == failure() ||
-        getPlaybackMQDescriptor() == failure()) {
-        return failure();
-    }
-    for (int i = 0; i <= filterIdsSize; i++) {
-        if (mDvr->attachFilter(mFilters[mUsedFilterIds[i]]) != Result::SUCCESS) {
-            return failure();
-        }
-    }
-    mDvrCallback->startPlaybackInputThread(playbackConf, mPlaybackMQDescriptor);
-    status = mDvr->start();
-    if (status != Result::SUCCESS) {
-        return failure();
-    }
-
+AssertionResult TunerPlaybackHidlTest::filterDataOutputTest(vector<string> /*goldenOutputFiles*/) {
     // Data Verify Module
     std::map<uint32_t, sp<FilterCallback>>::iterator it;
-    for (it = mFilterCallbacks.begin(); it != mFilterCallbacks.end(); it++) {
+    std::map<uint32_t, sp<FilterCallback>> filterCallbacks = mFilterTests.getFilterCallbacks();
+    for (it = filterCallbacks.begin(); it != filterCallbacks.end(); it++) {
         it->second->testFilterDataOutput();
     }
-    mDvrCallback->stopPlaybackThread();
-
-    // Clean Up Module
-    for (int i = 0; i <= filterIdsSize; i++) {
-        if (mFilters[mUsedFilterIds[i]]->stop() != Result::SUCCESS) {
-            return failure();
-        }
-    }
-    if (mDvr->stop() != Result::SUCCESS) {
-        return failure();
-    }
-    mUsedFilterIds.clear();
-    mFilterCallbacks.clear();
-    mFilters.clear();
-    return closeDemux();
+    return success();
 }
 
-AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::recordDataFlowTest(vector<FilterConf> filterConf,
-                                                  RecordSettings recordSetting,
-                                                  vector<string> goldenOutputFiles) {
-    Result status;
-    hidl_vec<FrontendId> feIds;
-
-    mService->getFrontendIds([&](Result result, const hidl_vec<FrontendId>& frontendIds) {
-        status = result;
-        feIds = frontendIds;
-    });
-
-    if (feIds.size() == 0) {
-        ALOGW("[   WARN   ] Frontend isn't available");
-        return failure();
-    }
-
-    FrontendDvbtSettings dvbt{
-            .frequency = 1000,
-    };
-    FrontendSettings settings;
-    settings.dvbt(dvbt);
-
-    int filterIdsSize;
-    // Filter Configuration Module
-    for (int i = 0; i < filterConf.size(); i++) {
-        if (addFilterToDemux(filterConf[i].type, filterConf[i].setting) ==
-                    failure() ||
-            // TODO use a map to save the FMQs/EvenFlags and pass to callback
-            getFilterMQDescriptor() == failure()) {
-            return failure();
-        }
-        filterIdsSize = mUsedFilterIds.size();
-        mUsedFilterIds.resize(filterIdsSize + 1);
-        mUsedFilterIds[filterIdsSize] = mFilterId;
-        mFilters[mFilterId] = mFilter;
-    }
-
-    // Record Config Module
-    if (addRecordToDemux(recordSetting) == failure() ||
-        getRecordMQDescriptor() == failure()) {
-        return failure();
-    }
-    for (int i = 0; i <= filterIdsSize; i++) {
-        if (mDvr->attachFilter(mFilters[mUsedFilterIds[i]]) != Result::SUCCESS) {
-            return failure();
-        }
-    }
-
-    mDvrCallback->startRecordOutputThread(recordSetting, mRecordMQDescriptor);
-    status = mDvr->start();
-    if (status != Result::SUCCESS) {
-        return failure();
-    }
-
-    if (setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feIds[0]) != success()) {
-        return failure();
-    }
-
-    // Data Verify Module
-    mDvrCallback->testRecordOutput();
-
-    // Clean Up Module
-    for (int i = 0; i <= filterIdsSize; i++) {
-        if (mFilters[mUsedFilterIds[i]]->stop() != Result::SUCCESS) {
-            return failure();
-        }
-    }
-    if (mFrontend->stopTune() != Result::SUCCESS) {
-        return failure();
-    }
-    mUsedFilterIds.clear();
-    mFilterCallbacks.clear();
-    mFilters.clear();
-    return closeDemux();
-}*/
-/*========================= End Data Flow Tests Implementation =========================*/
-
-/*================================= Start Test Module =================================*/
-void TunerHidlTest::broadcastSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf,
-                                              FrontendConfig frontendConf) {
+void TunerFilterHidlTest::configSingleFilterInDemuxTest(FilterConfig filterConf,
+                                                        FrontendConfig frontendConf) {
     uint32_t feId;
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    sp<IDemux> demux;
+    uint32_t filterId;
+
+    mFrontendTests.getFrontendIdByType(frontendConf.type, feId);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(feId != INVALID_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.openFrontendById(feId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.setFrontendCallback());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(demux, demuxId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feId));
+    mFilterTests.setDemux(demux);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.openFilterInDemux(filterConf.type, filterConf.bufferSize));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getNewlyOpenedFilterId(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.configFilter(filterConf.settings, filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getFilterMQDescriptor(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.startFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.stopFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.closeFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.closeFrontend());
+}
+
+void TunerBroadcastHidlTest::broadcastSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf,
+                                                       FrontendConfig frontendConf) {
+    uint32_t feId;
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    sp<IDemux> demux;
+    uint32_t filterId;
+
     mFrontendTests.getFrontendIdByType(frontendConf.type, feId);
     if (feId == INVALID_ID) {
         // TODO broadcast test on Cuttlefish needs licensed ts input,
@@ -426,29 +108,131 @@
     }
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.openFrontendById(feId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.setFrontendCallback());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(mDemux, mDemuxId));
-    mFilterTests.setDemux(mDemux);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(demux, demuxId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.openFilterInDemux(filterConf.type));
-    uint32_t filterId;
+    mFilterTests.setDemux(demux);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.openFilterInDemux(filterConf.type, filterConf.bufferSize));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getNewlyOpenedFilterId(filterId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.configFilter(filterConf.setting, filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.configFilter(filterConf.settings, filterId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getFilterMQDescriptor(filterId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.startFilter(filterId));
     // tune test
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.tuneFrontend(frontendConf));
-    // broadcast data flow test
-    ASSERT_TRUE(broadcastDataFlowTest(goldenOutputFiles));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(filterDataOutputTest(goldenOutputFiles));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.stopTuneFrontend());
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.stopFilter(filterId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.closeFilter(filterId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.closeFrontend());
 }
-/*================================== End Test Module ==================================*/
-/***************************** End Test Implementation *****************************/
 
-/******************************** Start Test Entry **********************************/
+void TunerPlaybackHidlTest::playbackSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf, DvrConfig dvrConf) {
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    sp<IDemux> demux;
+    uint32_t filterId;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(demux, demuxId));
+    mFilterTests.setDemux(demux);
+    mDvrTests.setDemux(demux);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.openDvrInDemux(dvrConf.type, dvrConf.bufferSize));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.configDvr(dvrConf.settings));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.getDvrMQDescriptor());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.openFilterInDemux(filterConf.type, filterConf.bufferSize));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getNewlyOpenedFilterId(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.configFilter(filterConf.settings, filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getFilterMQDescriptor(filterId));
+    mDvrTests.startPlaybackInputThread(dvrConf.playbackInputFile, dvrConf.settings.playback());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.startDvr());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.startFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(filterDataOutputTest(goldenOutputFiles));
+    mDvrTests.stopPlaybackThread();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.stopFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.stopDvr());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.closeFilter(filterId));
+    mDvrTests.closeDvr();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
+}
+
+void TunerRecordHidlTest::recordSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf,
+                                                 FrontendConfig frontendConf, DvrConfig dvrConf) {
+    uint32_t feId;
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    sp<IDemux> demux;
+    uint32_t filterId;
+    sp<IFilter> filter;
+
+    mFrontendTests.getFrontendIdByType(frontendConf.type, feId);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(feId != INVALID_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.openFrontendById(feId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.setFrontendCallback());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(demux, demuxId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feId));
+    mFilterTests.setDemux(demux);
+    mDvrTests.setDemux(demux);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.openDvrInDemux(dvrConf.type, dvrConf.bufferSize));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.configDvr(dvrConf.settings));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.getDvrMQDescriptor());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.openFilterInDemux(filterConf.type, filterConf.bufferSize));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getNewlyOpenedFilterId(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.configFilter(filterConf.settings, filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getFilterMQDescriptor(filterId));
+    filter = mFilterTests.getFilterById(filterId);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(filter != nullptr);
+    mDvrTests.startRecordOutputThread(dvrConf.settings.record());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.attachFilterToDvr(filter));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.startDvr());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.startFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.tuneFrontend(frontendConf));
+    mDvrTests.testRecordOutput();
+    mDvrTests.stopRecordThread();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.stopTuneFrontend());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.stopFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.stopDvr());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.detachFilterToDvr(filter));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.closeFilter(filterId));
+    mDvrTests.closeDvr();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.closeFrontend());
+}
+
+void TunerRecordHidlTest::attachSingleFilterToRecordDvrTest(FilterConfig filterConf,
+                                                            FrontendConfig frontendConf,
+                                                            DvrConfig dvrConf) {
+    uint32_t feId;
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    sp<IDemux> demux;
+    uint32_t filterId;
+    sp<IFilter> filter;
+
+    mFrontendTests.getFrontendIdByType(frontendConf.type, feId);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(feId != INVALID_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.openFrontendById(feId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.setFrontendCallback());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(demux, demuxId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feId));
+    mFilterTests.setDemux(demux);
+    mDvrTests.setDemux(demux);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.openDvrInDemux(dvrConf.type, dvrConf.bufferSize));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.configDvr(dvrConf.settings));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.getDvrMQDescriptor());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.openFilterInDemux(filterConf.type, filterConf.bufferSize));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getNewlyOpenedFilterId(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.configFilter(filterConf.settings, filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getFilterMQDescriptor(filterId));
+    filter = mFilterTests.getFilterById(filterId);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(filter != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.attachFilterToDvr(filter));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.startDvr());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.startFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.stopFilter(filterId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.stopDvr());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDvrTests.detachFilterToDvr(filter));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.closeFilter(filterId));
+    mDvrTests.closeDvr();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.closeFrontend());
+}
+
 TEST_P(TunerFrontendHidlTest, TuneFrontend) {
     description("Tune one Frontend with specific setting and check Lock event");
     mFrontendTests.tuneTest(frontendArray[DVBT]);
@@ -467,173 +251,84 @@
 TEST_P(TunerDemuxHidlTest, openDemux) {
     description("Open and close a Demux.");
     uint32_t feId;
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    sp<IDemux> demux;
     mFrontendTests.getFrontendIdByType(frontendArray[DVBT].type, feId);
     ASSERT_TRUE(feId != INVALID_ID);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.openFrontendById(feId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.setFrontendCallback());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(mDemux, mDemuxId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(demux, demuxId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feId));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
-}
-
-TEST_P(TunerFilterHidlTest, StartFilterInDemux) {
-    description("Open and start a filter in Demux.");
-    uint32_t feId;
-    mFrontendTests.getFrontendIdByType(frontendArray[DVBT].type, feId);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(feId != INVALID_ID);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.openFrontendById(feId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.setFrontendCallback());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(mDemux, mDemuxId));
-    mFilterTests.setDemux(mDemux);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.openFilterInDemux(filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].type));
-    uint32_t filterId;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getNewlyOpenedFilterId(filterId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.configFilter(filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].setting, filterId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.getFilterMQDescriptor(filterId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.startFilter(filterId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.stopFilter(filterId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFilterTests.closeFilter(filterId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.closeFrontend());
 }
 
-/*============================ Start Descrambler Tests ============================*/
-/*
- * TODO: re-enable the tests after finalizing the test refactoring.
- */
-/*TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, CreateDescrambler) {
-    description("Create Descrambler");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(createDescrambler());
+TEST_P(TunerFilterHidlTest, StartFilterInDemux) {
+    description("Open and start a filter in Demux.");
+    // TODO use paramterized tests
+    configSingleFilterInDemuxTest(filterArray[TS_VIDEO0], frontendArray[DVBT]);
 }
 
-TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, CloseDescrambler) {
-    description("Close Descrambler");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(closeDescrambler());
-}*/
-/*============================== End Descrambler Tests ==============================*/
-
-/*============================== Start Data Flow Tests ==============================*/
-TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, BroadcastDataFlowVideoFilterTest) {
+TEST_P(TunerBroadcastHidlTest, BroadcastDataFlowVideoFilterTest) {
     description("Test Video Filter functionality in Broadcast use case.");
     broadcastSingleFilterTest(filterArray[TS_VIDEO1], frontendArray[DVBS]);
 }
 
-TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, BroadcastDataFlowAudioFilterTest) {
+TEST_P(TunerBroadcastHidlTest, BroadcastDataFlowAudioFilterTest) {
     description("Test Audio Filter functionality in Broadcast use case.");
     broadcastSingleFilterTest(filterArray[TS_AUDIO0], frontendArray[DVBS]);
 }
 
-TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, BroadcastDataFlowTsFilterTest) {
-    description("Test TS Filter functionality in Broadcast use case.");
-    broadcastSingleFilterTest(filterArray[TS_TS0], frontendArray[DVBS]);
-}
-
-TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, BroadcastDataFlowSectionFilterTest) {
+TEST_P(TunerBroadcastHidlTest, BroadcastDataFlowSectionFilterTest) {
     description("Test Section Filter functionality in Broadcast use case.");
     broadcastSingleFilterTest(filterArray[TS_SECTION0], frontendArray[DVBS]);
 }
 
-TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, IonBufferTest) {
+TEST_P(TunerBroadcastHidlTest, IonBufferTest) {
     description("Test the av filter data bufferring.");
     broadcastSingleFilterTest(filterArray[TS_VIDEO0], frontendArray[DVBS]);
 }
-/*
- * TODO: re-enable the tests after finalizing the testing stream.
- */
-/*TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, PlaybackDataFlowWithSectionFilterTest) {
-    description("Feed ts data from playback and configure pes filter to get output");
 
-    // todo modulize the filter conf parser
-    vector<FilterConf> filterConf;
-    filterConf.resize(1);
-
-    DemuxFilterSettings filterSetting;
-    DemuxTsFilterSettings tsFilterSetting{
-            .tpid = 18,
-    };
-    DemuxFilterSectionSettings sectionFilterSetting;
-    tsFilterSetting.filterSettings.section(sectionFilterSetting);
-    filterSetting.ts(tsFilterSetting);
-
-    DemuxFilterType type{
-            .mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS,
-    };
-    type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::SECTION);
-    FilterConf sectionFilterConf{
-            .type = type,
-            .setting = filterSetting,
-    };
-    filterConf[0] = sectionFilterConf;
-
-    PlaybackSettings playbackSetting{
-            .statusMask = 0xf,
-            .lowThreshold = 0x1000,
-            .highThreshold = 0x07fff,
-            .dataFormat = DataFormat::TS,
-            .packetSize = 188,
-    };
-
-    PlaybackConf playbackConf{
-            .inputDataFile = "/vendor/etc/test1.ts",
-            .setting = playbackSetting,
-    };
-
-    vector<string> goldenOutputFiles;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(playbackDataFlowTest(filterConf, playbackConf, goldenOutputFiles));
+TEST_P(TunerPlaybackHidlTest, PlaybackDataFlowWithTsSectionFilterTest) {
+    description("Feed ts data from playback and configure Ts section filter to get output");
+    playbackSingleFilterTest(filterArray[TS_SECTION0], dvrArray[DVR_PLAYBACK0]);
 }
 
-TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, RecordDataFlowWithTsRecordFilterTest) {
+TEST_P(TunerRecordHidlTest, AttachFiltersToRecordTest) {
+    description("Attach a single filter to the record dvr test.");
+    // TODO use paramterized tests
+    attachSingleFilterToRecordDvrTest(filterArray[TS_RECORD0], frontendArray[DVBT],
+                                      dvrArray[DVR_RECORD0]);
+}
+
+TEST_P(TunerRecordHidlTest, RecordDataFlowWithTsRecordFilterTest) {
     description("Feed ts data from frontend to recording and test with ts record filter");
+    recordSingleFilterTest(filterArray[TS_RECORD0], frontendArray[DVBT], dvrArray[DVR_RECORD0]);
+}
 
-    // todo modulize the filter conf parser
-    vector<FilterConf> filterConf;
-    filterConf.resize(1);
+TEST_P(TunerHidlTest, CreateDescrambler) {
+    description("Create Descrambler");
+    uint32_t feId;
+    uint32_t demuxId;
+    sp<IDemux> demux;
+    mFrontendTests.getFrontendIdByType(frontendArray[DVBT].type, feId);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(feId != INVALID_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.openFrontendById(feId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.setFrontendCallback());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.openDemux(demux, demuxId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.setDemuxFrontendDataSource(feId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(createDescrambler(demuxId));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(closeDescrambler());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDemuxTests.closeDemux());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mFrontendTests.closeFrontend());
+}
 
-    DemuxFilterSettings filterSetting;
-    DemuxTsFilterSettings tsFilterSetting{
-            .tpid = 119,
-    };
-    DemuxFilterRecordSettings recordFilterSetting;
-    tsFilterSetting.filterSettings.record(recordFilterSetting);
-    filterSetting.ts(tsFilterSetting);
-
-    DemuxFilterType type{
-            .mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS,
-    };
-    type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::RECORD);
-    FilterConf recordFilterConf{
-            .type = type,
-            .setting = filterSetting,
-    };
-    filterConf[0] = recordFilterConf;
-
-    RecordSettings recordSetting{
-            .statusMask = 0xf,
-            .lowThreshold = 0x1000,
-            .highThreshold = 0x07fff,
-            .dataFormat = DataFormat::TS,
-            .packetSize = 188,
-    };
-
-    vector<string> goldenOutputFiles;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(recordDataFlowTest(filterConf, recordSetting, goldenOutputFiles));
-}*/
-/*============================== End Data Flow Tests ==============================*/
-/******************************** End Test Entry **********************************/
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         PerInstance, TunerFrontendHidlTest,
         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        PerInstance, TunerHidlTest,
-        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
-        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         PerInstance, TunerDemuxHidlTest,
         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
@@ -642,4 +337,24 @@
         PerInstance, TunerFilterHidlTest,
         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, TunerBroadcastHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, TunerPlaybackHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, TunerRecordHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, TunerHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ITuner::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.h
index f177047..21a9855 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.h
@@ -15,30 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 #include <android/hardware/tv/tuner/1.0/IDescrambler.h>
-#include <android/hardware/tv/tuner/1.0/IDvr.h>
-#include <android/hardware/tv/tuner/1.0/IDvrCallback.h>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <iostream>
 
 #include "DemuxTests.h"
-#include "FilterTests.h"
+#include "DvrTests.h"
 #include "FrontendTests.h"
 
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DataFormat;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DvrSettings;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DvrType;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::IDescrambler;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::IDvr;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::IDvrCallback;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::PlaybackSettings;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::PlaybackStatus;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::RecordSettings;
-using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::RecordStatus;
-
-struct PlaybackConf {
-    string inputDataFile;
-    PlaybackSettings setting;
-};
 
 static AssertionResult failure() {
     return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
@@ -50,96 +33,19 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-class DvrCallback : public IDvrCallback {
-  public:
-    virtual Return<void> onRecordStatus(DemuxFilterStatus status) override {
-        ALOGW("[vts] record status %hhu", status);
-        switch (status) {
-            case DemuxFilterStatus::DATA_READY:
-                break;
-            case DemuxFilterStatus::LOW_WATER:
-                break;
-            case DemuxFilterStatus::HIGH_WATER:
-            case DemuxFilterStatus::OVERFLOW:
-                ALOGW("[vts] record overflow. Flushing");
-                break;
-        }
-        return Void();
-    }
-
-    virtual Return<void> onPlaybackStatus(PlaybackStatus status) override {
-        // android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
-        ALOGW("[vts] playback status %d", status);
-        switch (status) {
-            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_EMPTY:
-            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_ALMOST_EMPTY:
-                ALOGW("[vts] keep playback inputing %d", status);
-                mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = true;
-                break;
-            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_ALMOST_FULL:
-            case PlaybackStatus::SPACE_FULL:
-                ALOGW("[vts] stop playback inputing %d", status);
-                mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = false;
-                break;
-        }
-        return Void();
-    }
-
-    void testFilterDataOutput();
-    void stopPlaybackThread();
-    void testRecordOutput();
-    void stopRecordThread();
-
-    void startPlaybackInputThread(PlaybackConf playbackConf, MQDesc& playbackMQDescriptor);
-    void startRecordOutputThread(RecordSettings recordSetting, MQDesc& recordMQDescriptor);
-    static void* __threadLoopPlayback(void* threadArgs);
-    static void* __threadLoopRecord(void* threadArgs);
-    void playbackThreadLoop(PlaybackConf* playbackConf, bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ);
-    void recordThreadLoop(RecordSettings* recordSetting, bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ);
-
-    bool readRecordFMQ();
-
-  private:
-    struct PlaybackThreadArgs {
-        DvrCallback* user;
-        PlaybackConf* playbackConf;
-        bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ;
-    };
-    struct RecordThreadArgs {
-        DvrCallback* user;
-        RecordSettings* recordSetting;
-        bool* keepReadingRecordFMQ;
-    };
-    uint16_t mDataLength = 0;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> mDataOutputBuffer;
-
-    std::map<uint32_t, std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ>> mFilterMQ;
-    std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ> mPlaybackMQ;
-    std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ> mRecordMQ;
-    std::map<uint32_t, EventFlag*> mFilterMQEventFlag;
-
-    android::Mutex mMsgLock;
-    android::Mutex mPlaybackThreadLock;
-    android::Mutex mRecordThreadLock;
-    android::Condition mMsgCondition;
-
-    bool mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = true;
-    bool mKeepReadingRecordFMQ = true;
-    bool mPlaybackThreadRunning;
-    bool mRecordThreadRunning;
-    pthread_t mPlaybackThread;
-    pthread_t mRecordThread;
-
-    int mPidFilterOutputCount = 0;
-};
+void initConfiguration() {
+    initFrontendConfig();
+    initFrontendScanConfig();
+    initFilterConfig();
+    initDvrConfig();
+}
 
 class TunerFrontendHidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         mService = ITuner::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
-        initFrontendConfig();
-        initFrontendScanConfig();
+        initConfiguration();
 
         mFrontendTests.setService(mService);
     }
@@ -158,9 +64,7 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         mService = ITuner::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
-        initFrontendConfig();
-        initFrontendScanConfig();
-        initFilterConfig();
+        initConfiguration();
 
         mFrontendTests.setService(mService);
         mDemuxTests.setService(mService);
@@ -174,8 +78,6 @@
     sp<ITuner> mService;
     FrontendTests mFrontendTests;
     DemuxTests mDemuxTests;
-    sp<IDemux> mDemux;
-    uint32_t mDemuxId;
 };
 
 class TunerFilterHidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
@@ -183,9 +85,32 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         mService = ITuner::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
-        initFrontendConfig();
-        initFrontendScanConfig();
-        initFilterConfig();
+        initConfiguration();
+
+        mFrontendTests.setService(mService);
+        mDemuxTests.setService(mService);
+        mFilterTests.setService(mService);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    static void description(const std::string& description) {
+        RecordProperty("description", description);
+    }
+
+    void configSingleFilterInDemuxTest(FilterConfig filterConf, FrontendConfig frontendConf);
+
+    sp<ITuner> mService;
+    FrontendTests mFrontendTests;
+    DemuxTests mDemuxTests;
+    FilterTests mFilterTests;
+};
+
+class TunerBroadcastHidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        mService = ITuner::getService(GetParam());
+        ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
+        initConfiguration();
 
         mFrontendTests.setService(mService);
         mDemuxTests.setService(mService);
@@ -201,27 +126,80 @@
     FrontendTests mFrontendTests;
     DemuxTests mDemuxTests;
     FilterTests mFilterTests;
-    sp<IDemux> mDemux;
-    uint32_t mDemuxId;
+
+    AssertionResult filterDataOutputTest(vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
+
+    void broadcastSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf, FrontendConfig frontendConf);
+};
+
+class TunerPlaybackHidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        mService = ITuner::getService(GetParam());
+        ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
+        initConfiguration();
+
+        mFrontendTests.setService(mService);
+        mDemuxTests.setService(mService);
+        mFilterTests.setService(mService);
+        mDvrTests.setService(mService);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    static void description(const std::string& description) {
+        RecordProperty("description", description);
+    }
+
+    sp<ITuner> mService;
+    FrontendTests mFrontendTests;
+    DemuxTests mDemuxTests;
+    FilterTests mFilterTests;
+    DvrTests mDvrTests;
+
+    AssertionResult filterDataOutputTest(vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
+
+    void playbackSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf, DvrConfig dvrConf);
+};
+
+class TunerRecordHidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        mService = ITuner::getService(GetParam());
+        ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
+        initConfiguration();
+
+        mFrontendTests.setService(mService);
+        mDemuxTests.setService(mService);
+        mFilterTests.setService(mService);
+        mDvrTests.setService(mService);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    static void description(const std::string& description) {
+        RecordProperty("description", description);
+    }
+
+    void attachSingleFilterToRecordDvrTest(FilterConfig filterConf, FrontendConfig frontendConf,
+                                           DvrConfig dvrConf);
+    void recordSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf, FrontendConfig frontendConf,
+                                DvrConfig dvrConf);
+
+    sp<ITuner> mService;
+    FrontendTests mFrontendTests;
+    DemuxTests mDemuxTests;
+    FilterTests mFilterTests;
+    DvrTests mDvrTests;
 };
 
 class TunerHidlTest : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
-    sp<ITuner> mService;
-    FrontendTests mFrontendTests;
-    DemuxTests mDemuxTests;
-    FilterTests mFilterTests;
-
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         mService = ITuner::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
-        initFrontendConfig();
-        initFrontendScanConfig();
-        initFilterConfig();
+        initConfiguration();
 
         mFrontendTests.setService(mService);
         mDemuxTests.setService(mService);
-        mFilterTests.setService(mService);
     }
 
   protected:
@@ -229,32 +207,13 @@
         RecordProperty("description", description);
     }
 
+    sp<ITuner> mService;
+    FrontendTests mFrontendTests;
+    DemuxTests mDemuxTests;
+
     sp<IDescrambler> mDescrambler;
-    sp<IDvr> mDvr;
-    sp<IDemux> mDemux;
-    uint32_t mDemuxId;
 
-    sp<DvrCallback> mDvrCallback;
-    MQDesc mDvrMQDescriptor;
-    MQDesc mRecordMQDescriptor;
-
-    pthread_t mPlaybackshread;
-    bool mPlaybackThreadRunning;
-
-    AssertionResult openDvrInDemux(DvrType type);
-    AssertionResult configDvr(DvrSettings setting);
-    AssertionResult getDvrMQDescriptor();
-
-    AssertionResult createDescrambler();
+    AssertionResult createDescrambler(uint32_t demuxId);
     AssertionResult closeDescrambler();
-
-    AssertionResult playbackDataFlowTest(vector<FilterConfig> filterConf, PlaybackConf playbackConf,
-                                         vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
-    AssertionResult recordDataFlowTest(vector<FilterConfig> filterConf,
-                                       RecordSettings recordSetting,
-                                       vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
-    AssertionResult broadcastDataFlowTest(vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
-
-    void broadcastSingleFilterTest(FilterConfig filterConf, FrontendConfig frontendConf);
 };
-}  // namespace
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TestConfigurations.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TestConfigurations.h
index 538773a..b84013b 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TestConfigurations.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TestConfigurations.h
@@ -21,12 +21,16 @@
 #include <hidl/Status.h>
 #include <hidlmemory/FrameworkUtils.h>
 
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DataFormat;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterEvent;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterMainType;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterSettings;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterType;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxRecordScIndexType;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxTpid;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxTsFilterType;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DvrSettings;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DvrType;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::FrontendDvbtBandwidth;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::FrontendDvbtCoderate;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::FrontendDvbtConstellation;
@@ -37,9 +41,15 @@
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::FrontendDvbtTransmissionMode;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::FrontendSettings;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::FrontendType;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::PlaybackSettings;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::RecordSettings;
 
 using namespace std;
 
+const uint32_t FMQ_SIZE_1M = 0x100000;
+const uint32_t FMQ_SIZE_4M = 0x400000;
+const uint32_t FMQ_SIZE_16M = 0x1000000;
+
 typedef enum {
     TS_VIDEO0,
     TS_VIDEO1,
@@ -48,6 +58,7 @@
     TS_PCR0,
     TS_SECTION0,
     TS_TS0,
+    TS_RECORD0,
     FILTER_MAX,
 } Filter;
 
@@ -62,9 +73,16 @@
     SCAN_MAX,
 } FrontendScan;
 
+typedef enum {
+    DVR_RECORD0,
+    DVR_PLAYBACK0,
+    DVR_MAX,
+} Dvr;
+
 struct FilterConfig {
+    uint32_t bufferSize;
     DemuxFilterType type;
-    DemuxFilterSettings setting;
+    DemuxFilterSettings settings;
 };
 
 struct FrontendConfig {
@@ -80,10 +98,18 @@
     DemuxTpid audioPid;
 };
 
+struct DvrConfig {
+    DvrType type;
+    uint32_t bufferSize;
+    DvrSettings settings;
+    string playbackInputFile;
+};
+
 static FrontendConfig frontendArray[FILTER_MAX];
 static FrontendConfig frontendScanArray[SCAN_MAX];
 static ChannelConfig channelArray[FRONTEND_MAX];
 static FilterConfig filterArray[FILTER_MAX];
+static DvrConfig dvrArray[DVR_MAX];
 static vector<string> goldenOutputFiles;
 
 /** Configuration array for the frontend tune test */
@@ -126,40 +152,79 @@
     // TS VIDEO filter setting for default implementation testing
     filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
     filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::VIDEO);
-    filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].setting.ts().tpid = 119;
-    filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].setting.ts().filterSettings.av({.isPassthrough = false});
+    filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_16M;
+    filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].settings.ts().tpid = 256;
+    filterArray[TS_VIDEO0].settings.ts().filterSettings.av({.isPassthrough = false});
     filterArray[TS_VIDEO1].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
     filterArray[TS_VIDEO1].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::VIDEO);
-    filterArray[TS_VIDEO1].setting.ts().tpid = 81;
-    filterArray[TS_VIDEO1].setting.ts().filterSettings.av({.isPassthrough = false});
+    filterArray[TS_VIDEO1].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_16M;
+    filterArray[TS_VIDEO1].settings.ts().tpid = 256;
+    filterArray[TS_VIDEO1].settings.ts().filterSettings.av({.isPassthrough = false});
     // TS AUDIO filter setting
     filterArray[TS_AUDIO0].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
     filterArray[TS_AUDIO0].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::AUDIO);
-    filterArray[TS_AUDIO0].setting.ts().tpid = 84;
-    filterArray[TS_AUDIO0].setting.ts().filterSettings.av({.isPassthrough = false});
+    filterArray[TS_AUDIO0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_16M;
+    filterArray[TS_AUDIO0].settings.ts().tpid = 256;
+    filterArray[TS_AUDIO0].settings.ts().filterSettings.av({.isPassthrough = false});
     // TS PES filter setting
     filterArray[TS_PES0].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
     filterArray[TS_PES0].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::PES);
-    filterArray[TS_PES0].setting.ts().tpid = 256;
-    filterArray[TS_PES0].setting.ts().filterSettings.pesData({
+    filterArray[TS_PES0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_16M;
+    filterArray[TS_PES0].settings.ts().tpid = 256;
+    filterArray[TS_PES0].settings.ts().filterSettings.pesData({
             .isRaw = false,
             .streamId = 0xbd,
     });
     // TS PCR filter setting
     filterArray[TS_PCR0].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
     filterArray[TS_PCR0].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::PCR);
-    filterArray[TS_PCR0].setting.ts().tpid = 81;
-    filterArray[TS_PCR0].setting.ts().filterSettings.noinit();
+    filterArray[TS_PCR0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_16M;
+    filterArray[TS_PCR0].settings.ts().tpid = 256;
+    filterArray[TS_PCR0].settings.ts().filterSettings.noinit();
     // TS filter setting
     filterArray[TS_TS0].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
     filterArray[TS_TS0].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::TS);
-    filterArray[TS_TS0].setting.ts().tpid = 48;
-    filterArray[TS_TS0].setting.ts().filterSettings.noinit();
+    filterArray[TS_TS0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_16M;
+    filterArray[TS_TS0].settings.ts().tpid = 256;
+    filterArray[TS_TS0].settings.ts().filterSettings.noinit();
     // TS SECTION filter setting
     filterArray[TS_SECTION0].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
     filterArray[TS_SECTION0].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::SECTION);
-    filterArray[TS_SECTION0].setting.ts().tpid = 48;
-    filterArray[TS_SECTION0].setting.ts().filterSettings.section({
+    filterArray[TS_SECTION0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_16M;
+    filterArray[TS_SECTION0].settings.ts().tpid = 256;
+    filterArray[TS_SECTION0].settings.ts().filterSettings.section({
             .isRaw = false,
     });
+    // TS RECORD filter setting
+    filterArray[TS_RECORD0].type.mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS;
+    filterArray[TS_RECORD0].type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::RECORD);
+    filterArray[TS_RECORD0].settings.ts().tpid = 81;
+    filterArray[TS_RECORD0].settings.ts().filterSettings.record({
+            .scIndexType = DemuxRecordScIndexType::NONE,
+    });
+};
+
+/** Configuration array for the dvr test */
+inline void initDvrConfig() {
+    RecordSettings recordSettings{
+            .statusMask = 0xf,
+            .lowThreshold = 0x1000,
+            .highThreshold = 0x07fff,
+            .dataFormat = DataFormat::TS,
+            .packetSize = 188,
+    };
+    dvrArray[DVR_RECORD0].type = DvrType::RECORD;
+    dvrArray[DVR_RECORD0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_4M;
+    dvrArray[DVR_RECORD0].settings.record(recordSettings);
+    PlaybackSettings playbackSettings{
+            .statusMask = 0xf,
+            .lowThreshold = 0x1000,
+            .highThreshold = 0x07fff,
+            .dataFormat = DataFormat::TS,
+            .packetSize = 188,
+    };
+    dvrArray[DVR_PLAYBACK0].type = DvrType::PLAYBACK;
+    dvrArray[DVR_PLAYBACK0].playbackInputFile = "/vendor/etc/segment000000.ts";
+    dvrArray[DVR_PLAYBACK0].bufferSize = FMQ_SIZE_4M;
+    dvrArray[DVR_PLAYBACK0].settings.playback(playbackSettings);
 };
diff --git a/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp b/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp
index 7db0526..e311c84 100644
--- a/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp
@@ -260,8 +260,8 @@
 
 /*
  * SetScanningMacOui:
- * Ensures that calls to set scanning MAC OUI will return a success status
- * code.
+ * Ensures that calls to set scanning MAC OUI will return a NOT_SUPPORTED
+ * code since it is now deprecated.
  */
 TEST_P(WifiStaIfaceHidlTest, SetScanningMacOui) {
     if (!isCapabilitySupported(
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
     }
     const android::hardware::hidl_array<uint8_t, 3> kOui{
         std::array<uint8_t, 3>{{0x10, 0x22, 0x33}}};
-    EXPECT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::SUCCESS,
+    EXPECT_EQ(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
               HIDL_INVOKE(wifi_sta_iface_, setScanningMacOui, kOui).code);
 }
 
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/Android.mk b/wifi/1.4/default/Android.mk
index 8573e8e..6be7dad 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/Android.mk
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/Android.mk
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@
 ifdef WIFI_HIDL_FEATURE_DISABLE_AP_MAC_RANDOMIZATION
 LOCAL_CPPFLAGS += -DWIFI_HIDL_FEATURE_DISABLE_AP_MAC_RANDOMIZATION
 endif
+ifdef WIFI_AVOID_IFACE_RESET_MAC_CHANGE
+LOCAL_CPPFLAGS += -DWIFI_AVOID_IFACE_RESET_MAC_CHANGE
+endif
 # Allow implicit fallthroughs in wifi_legacy_hal.cpp until they are fixed.
 LOCAL_CFLAGS += -Wno-error=implicit-fallthrough
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_chip.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_chip.cpp
index 23dd13b..61912a5 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_chip.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_chip.cpp
@@ -101,6 +101,16 @@
     return "wlan" + std::to_string(idx);
 }
 
+// Returns the dedicated iface name if one is defined.
+std::string getApIfaceName() {
+    std::array<char, PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX> buffer;
+    if (property_get("ro.vendor.wifi.sap.interface", buffer.data(), nullptr) ==
+        0) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    return buffer.data();
+}
+
 std::string getP2pIfaceName() {
     std::array<char, PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX> buffer;
     property_get("wifi.direct.interface", buffer.data(), "p2p0");
@@ -1582,6 +1592,11 @@
 // AP iface names start with idx 1 for modes supporting
 // concurrent STA and not dual AP, else start with idx 0.
 std::string WifiChip::allocateApIfaceName() {
+    // Check if we have a dedicated iface for AP.
+    std::string ifname = getApIfaceName();
+    if (!ifname.empty()) {
+        return ifname;
+    }
     return allocateApOrStaIfaceName((isStaApConcurrencyAllowedInCurrentMode() &&
                                      !isDualApAllowedInCurrentMode())
                                         ? 1
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_iface_util.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_iface_util.cpp
index 036c97b..13ba022 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_iface_util.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_iface_util.cpp
@@ -52,18 +52,22 @@
 
 bool WifiIfaceUtil::setMacAddress(const std::string& iface_name,
                                   const std::array<uint8_t, 6>& mac) {
+#ifndef WIFI_AVOID_IFACE_RESET_MAC_CHANGE
     if (!iface_tool_.lock()->SetUpState(iface_name.c_str(), false)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "SetUpState(false) failed.";
         return false;
     }
+#endif
     if (!iface_tool_.lock()->SetMacAddress(iface_name.c_str(), mac)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "SetMacAddress failed.";
         return false;
     }
+#ifndef WIFI_AVOID_IFACE_RESET_MAC_CHANGE
     if (!iface_tool_.lock()->SetUpState(iface_name.c_str(), true)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "SetUpState(true) failed.";
         return false;
     }
+#endif
     IfaceEventHandlers event_handlers = {};
     const auto it = event_handlers_map_.find(iface_name);
     if (it != event_handlers_map_.end()) {
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.cpp
index f596195..29123bf 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.cpp
@@ -801,13 +801,6 @@
         cmd_id, getIfaceHandle(iface_name));
 }
 
-wifi_error WifiLegacyHal::setScanningMacOui(const std::string& iface_name,
-                                            const std::array<uint8_t, 3>& oui) {
-    std::vector<uint8_t> oui_internal(oui.data(), oui.data() + oui.size());
-    return global_func_table_.wifi_set_scanning_mac_oui(
-        getIfaceHandle(iface_name), oui_internal.data());
-}
-
 wifi_error WifiLegacyHal::selectTxPowerScenario(const std::string& iface_name,
                                                 wifi_power_scenario scenario) {
     return global_func_table_.wifi_select_tx_power_scenario(
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.h b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.h
index c697ff9..9964460 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.h
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_legacy_hal.h
@@ -252,8 +252,6 @@
         const std::array<uint8_t, 6>& dst_address, uint32_t period_in_ms);
     wifi_error stopSendingOffloadedPacket(const std::string& iface_name,
                                           uint32_t cmd_id);
-    wifi_error setScanningMacOui(const std::string& iface_name,
-                                 const std::array<uint8_t, 3>& oui);
     virtual wifi_error selectTxPowerScenario(const std::string& iface_name,
                                              wifi_power_scenario scenario);
     virtual wifi_error resetTxPowerScenario(const std::string& iface_name);
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp
index e2ea6e4..49f383a 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/default/wifi_sta_iface.cpp
@@ -578,10 +578,9 @@
 }
 
 WifiStatus WifiStaIface::setScanningMacOuiInternal(
-    const std::array<uint8_t, 3>& oui) {
-    legacy_hal::wifi_error legacy_status =
-        legacy_hal_.lock()->setScanningMacOui(ifname_, oui);
-    return createWifiStatusFromLegacyError(legacy_status);
+    const std::array<uint8_t, 3>& /* oui */) {
+    // deprecated.
+    return createWifiStatus(WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
 }
 
 WifiStatus WifiStaIface::startDebugPacketFateMonitoringInternal() {
diff --git a/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_hidl_test.cpp b/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_hidl_test.cpp
index 295c86e..4035fb8 100644
--- a/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_hidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.4/vts/functional/wifi_rtt_controller_hidl_test.cpp
@@ -64,6 +64,14 @@
 
         wifi_rtt_controller_ = getWifiRttController();
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, wifi_rtt_controller_.get());
+
+        // Check RTT support before we run the test.
+        std::pair<WifiStatus, RttCapabilities> status_and_caps;
+        status_and_caps =
+            HIDL_INVOKE(wifi_rtt_controller_, getCapabilities_1_4);
+        if (status_and_caps.first.code == WifiStatusCode::ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping this test since RTT is not supported.";
+        }
     }
 
     virtual void TearDown() override { stopWifi(GetInstanceName()); }
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp b/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp
index 3754520..4020298 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_iface_hidl_test.cpp
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
         isP2pOn_ =
             testing::deviceSupportsFeature("android.hardware.wifi.direct");
 
+        stopSupplicant(wifi_v1_0_instance_name_);
         startSupplicantAndWaitForHidlService(wifi_v1_0_instance_name_,
                                              supplicant_v1_3_instance_name_);
         supplicant_ =
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_hidl_test.cpp b/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_hidl_test.cpp
index 9c40de1..7603c5b 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_hidl_test.cpp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/1.3/vts/functional/supplicant_sta_network_hidl_test.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@
         supplicant_v1_3_instance_name_ = std::get<1>(GetParam());
         isP2pOn_ =
             testing::deviceSupportsFeature("android.hardware.wifi.direct");
+
+        stopSupplicant(wifi_v1_0_instance_name_);
         startSupplicantAndWaitForHidlService(wifi_v1_0_instance_name_,
                                              supplicant_v1_3_instance_name_);
         supplicant_ =