diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index e26f087..1c0e4c5 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase",
-        "libVtsHalGraphicsAllocatorTestUtils",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
@@ -54,7 +53,6 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.0",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libVtsHalGraphicsAllocatorTestUtils",
         "libVtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils",
         "VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase",
     ],
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.cpp
index f6a26ac..c534889 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.cpp
@@ -25,228 +25,233 @@
 namespace V2_0 {
 namespace tests {
 
-using android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::Buffer;
-using android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::BufferDescriptor;
-using android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::Error;
-
-Mapper::Mapper() { init(); }
-
-void Mapper::init() {
-  mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>();
-  ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mMapper.get()) << "failed to get mapper service";
-  ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
+Gralloc::Gralloc() {
+    init();
 }
 
-Mapper::~Mapper() {
-  for (auto it : mHandles) {
-    while (it.second) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(Error::NONE, mMapper->release(it.first))
-          << "failed to release handle " << it.first;
-      it.second--;
+void Gralloc::init() {
+    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mAllocator.get()) << "failed to get allocator service";
+
+    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mMapper.get()) << "failed to get mapper service";
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
+}
+
+Gralloc::~Gralloc() {
+    for (auto bufferHandle : mClonedBuffers) {
+        auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
+        native_handle_close(buffer);
+        native_handle_delete(buffer);
     }
-  }
-  mHandles.clear();
+    mClonedBuffers.clear();
+
+    for (auto bufferHandle : mImportedBuffers) {
+        auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Error::NONE, mMapper->freeBuffer(buffer))
+            << "failed to free buffer " << buffer;
+    }
+    mImportedBuffers.clear();
 }
 
-sp<IMapper> Mapper::getRaw() const { return mMapper; }
-
-void Mapper::retain(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  Error error = mMapper->retain(handle);
-  ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error) << "failed to retain handle " << handle;
-
-  mHandles[handle]++;
+sp<IAllocator> Gralloc::getAllocator() const {
+    return mAllocator;
 }
 
-void Mapper::release(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  Error error = mMapper->release(handle);
-  ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error) << "failed to release handle " << handle;
+std::string Gralloc::dumpDebugInfo() {
+    std::string debugInfo;
+    mAllocator->dumpDebugInfo(
+        [&](const auto& tmpDebugInfo) { debugInfo = tmpDebugInfo.c_str(); });
 
-  if (--mHandles[handle] == 0) {
-    mHandles.erase(handle);
-  }
+    return debugInfo;
 }
 
-Mapper::Dimensions Mapper::getDimensions(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  Dimensions dimensions = {};
-  mMapper->getDimensions(handle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpWidth,
-                                     const auto& tmpHeight) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-        << "failed to get dimensions for handle " << handle;
-    dimensions.width = tmpWidth;
-    dimensions.height = tmpHeight;
-  });
+const native_handle_t* Gralloc::cloneBuffer(const hidl_handle& rawHandle) {
+    const native_handle_t* bufferHandle =
+        native_handle_clone(rawHandle.getNativeHandle());
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, bufferHandle);
 
-  return dimensions;
+    if (bufferHandle) {
+        mClonedBuffers.insert(bufferHandle);
+    }
+
+    return bufferHandle;
 }
 
-PixelFormat Mapper::getFormat(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  PixelFormat format = static_cast<PixelFormat>(0);
-  mMapper->getFormat(handle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpFormat) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-        << "failed to get format for handle " << handle;
-    format = tmpFormat;
-  });
+std::vector<const native_handle_t*> Gralloc::allocate(
+    const BufferDescriptor& descriptor, uint32_t count, bool import,
+    uint32_t* outStride) {
+    std::vector<const native_handle_t*> bufferHandles;
+    bufferHandles.reserve(count);
+    mAllocator->allocate(
+        descriptor, count, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpStride,
+                               const auto& tmpBuffers) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to allocate buffers";
+            ASSERT_EQ(count, tmpBuffers.size()) << "invalid buffer array";
 
-  return format;
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                if (import) {
+                    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                        bufferHandles.push_back(importBuffer(tmpBuffers[i])));
+                } else {
+                    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                        bufferHandles.push_back(cloneBuffer(tmpBuffers[i])));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (outStride) {
+                *outStride = tmpStride;
+            }
+        });
+
+    if (::testing::Test::HasFatalFailure()) {
+        bufferHandles.clear();
+    }
+
+    return bufferHandles;
 }
 
-uint32_t Mapper::getLayerCount(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  uint32_t count = 0;
-  mMapper->getLayerCount(
-      handle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpCount) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-            << "failed to get layer count for handle " << handle;
-        count = tmpCount;
-      });
+const native_handle_t* Gralloc::allocate(
+    const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& descriptorInfo, bool import,
+    uint32_t* outStride) {
+    BufferDescriptor descriptor = createDescriptor(descriptorInfo);
+    if (::testing::Test::HasFatalFailure()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
 
-  return count;
+    auto buffers = allocate(descriptor, 1, import, outStride);
+    if (::testing::Test::HasFatalFailure()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return buffers[0];
 }
 
-uint64_t Mapper::getProducerUsageMask(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  uint64_t usageMask = 0;
-  mMapper->getProducerUsageMask(
-      handle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpUsageMask) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-            << "failed to get producer usage mask for handle " << handle;
-        usageMask = tmpUsageMask;
-      });
-
-  return usageMask;
+sp<IMapper> Gralloc::getMapper() const {
+    return mMapper;
 }
 
-uint64_t Mapper::getConsumerUsageMask(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  uint64_t usageMask = 0;
-  mMapper->getConsumerUsageMask(
-      handle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpUsageMask) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-            << "failed to get consumer usage mask for handle " << handle;
-        usageMask = tmpUsageMask;
-      });
+BufferDescriptor Gralloc::createDescriptor(
+    const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& descriptorInfo) {
+    BufferDescriptor descriptor;
+    mMapper->createDescriptor(
+        descriptorInfo, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpDescriptor) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to create descriptor";
+            descriptor = tmpDescriptor;
+        });
 
-  return usageMask;
+    return descriptor;
 }
 
-BackingStore Mapper::getBackingStore(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  BackingStore backingStore = 0;
-  mMapper->getBackingStore(
-      handle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpBackingStore) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-            << "failed to get backing store for handle " << handle;
-        backingStore = tmpBackingStore;
-      });
+const native_handle_t* Gralloc::importBuffer(const hidl_handle& rawHandle) {
+    const native_handle_t* bufferHandle = nullptr;
+    mMapper->importBuffer(
+        rawHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpBuffer) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to import buffer %p"
+                                             << rawHandle.getNativeHandle();
+            bufferHandle = static_cast<const native_handle_t*>(tmpBuffer);
+        });
 
-  return backingStore;
+    if (bufferHandle) {
+        mImportedBuffers.insert(bufferHandle);
+    }
+
+    return bufferHandle;
 }
 
-uint32_t Mapper::getStride(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  uint32_t stride = 0;
-  mMapper->getStride(handle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpStride) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-        << "failed to get stride for handle " << handle;
-    stride = tmpStride;
-  });
+void Gralloc::freeBuffer(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle) {
+    auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
 
-  return stride;
+    if (mImportedBuffers.erase(bufferHandle)) {
+        Error error = mMapper->freeBuffer(buffer);
+        ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error) << "failed to free buffer " << buffer;
+    } else {
+        mClonedBuffers.erase(bufferHandle);
+        native_handle_close(buffer);
+        native_handle_delete(buffer);
+    }
 }
 
-void* Mapper::lock(const native_handle_t* handle, uint64_t producerUsageMask,
-                   uint64_t consumerUsageMask,
-                   const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion, int acquireFence) {
-  NATIVE_HANDLE_DECLARE_STORAGE(acquireFenceStorage, 0, 1);
-  native_handle_t* acquireFenceHandle = nullptr;
-  if (acquireFence >= 0) {
-    acquireFenceHandle = native_handle_init(acquireFenceStorage, 0, 1);
-    acquireFenceHandle->data[0] = acquireFence;
-  }
+void* Gralloc::lock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint64_t cpuUsage,
+                    const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion, int acquireFence) {
+    auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
 
-  void* data = nullptr;
-  mMapper->lock(
-      handle, producerUsageMask, consumerUsageMask, accessRegion,
-      acquireFenceHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpData) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to lock handle " << handle;
-        data = tmpData;
-      });
+    NATIVE_HANDLE_DECLARE_STORAGE(acquireFenceStorage, 1, 0);
+    hidl_handle acquireFenceHandle;
+    if (acquireFence >= 0) {
+        auto h = native_handle_init(acquireFenceStorage, 1, 0);
+        h->data[0] = acquireFence;
+        acquireFenceHandle = h;
+    }
 
-  if (acquireFence >= 0) {
-    close(acquireFence);
-  }
-
-  return data;
-}
-
-FlexLayout Mapper::lockFlex(const native_handle_t* handle,
-                            uint64_t producerUsageMask,
-                            uint64_t consumerUsageMask,
-                            const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion,
-                            int acquireFence) {
-  NATIVE_HANDLE_DECLARE_STORAGE(acquireFenceStorage, 0, 1);
-  native_handle_t* acquireFenceHandle = nullptr;
-  if (acquireFence >= 0) {
-    acquireFenceHandle = native_handle_init(acquireFenceStorage, 0, 1);
-    acquireFenceHandle->data[0] = acquireFence;
-  }
-
-  FlexLayout layout = {};
-  mMapper->lockFlex(handle, producerUsageMask, consumerUsageMask, accessRegion,
-                    acquireFenceHandle,
-                    [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpLayout) {
+    void* data = nullptr;
+    mMapper->lock(buffer, cpuUsage, accessRegion, acquireFenceHandle,
+                  [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpData) {
                       ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
-                          << "failed to lockFlex handle " << handle;
-                      layout = tmpLayout;
-                    });
+                          << "failed to lock buffer " << buffer;
+                      data = tmpData;
+                  });
 
-  if (acquireFence >= 0) {
-    close(acquireFence);
-  }
-
-  return layout;
-}
-
-int Mapper::unlock(const native_handle_t* handle) {
-  int releaseFence = -1;
-  mMapper->unlock(handle, [&](const auto& tmpError,
-                              const auto& tmpReleaseFence) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to unlock handle " << handle;
-
-    auto handle = tmpReleaseFence.getNativeHandle();
-    if (handle) {
-      ASSERT_EQ(0, handle->numInts) << "invalid fence handle " << handle;
-      if (handle->numFds == 1) {
-        releaseFence = dup(handle->data[0]);
-        ASSERT_LT(0, releaseFence) << "failed to dup fence fd";
-      } else {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, handle->numFds) << " invalid fence handle " << handle;
-      }
+    if (acquireFence >= 0) {
+        close(acquireFence);
     }
-  });
 
-  return releaseFence;
+    return data;
 }
 
-const native_handle_t* Mapper::allocate(
-    std::unique_ptr<AllocatorClient>& allocatorClient,
-    const IAllocatorClient::BufferDescriptorInfo& info) {
-  BufferDescriptor descriptor = allocatorClient->createDescriptor(info);
-  if (::testing::Test::HasFatalFailure()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
+YCbCrLayout Gralloc::lockYCbCr(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle,
+                               uint64_t cpuUsage,
+                               const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion,
+                               int acquireFence) {
+    auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
 
-  Buffer buffer = allocatorClient->allocate(descriptor);
-  if (::testing::Test::HasFatalFailure()) {
-    allocatorClient->destroyDescriptor(descriptor);
-    return nullptr;
-  }
+    NATIVE_HANDLE_DECLARE_STORAGE(acquireFenceStorage, 1, 0);
+    hidl_handle acquireFenceHandle;
+    if (acquireFence >= 0) {
+        auto h = native_handle_init(acquireFenceStorage, 1, 0);
+        h->data[0] = acquireFence;
+        acquireFenceHandle = h;
+    }
 
-  const native_handle_t* handle =
-      allocatorClient->exportHandle(descriptor, buffer);
-  if (handle) {
-    retain(handle);
-  }
+    YCbCrLayout layout = {};
+    mMapper->lockYCbCr(buffer, cpuUsage, accessRegion, acquireFenceHandle,
+                       [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpLayout) {
+                           ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError)
+                               << "failed to lockYCbCr buffer " << buffer;
+                           layout = tmpLayout;
+                       });
 
-  allocatorClient->free(buffer);
-  allocatorClient->destroyDescriptor(descriptor);
+    if (acquireFence >= 0) {
+        close(acquireFence);
+    }
 
-  return handle;
+    return layout;
+}
+
+int Gralloc::unlock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle) {
+    auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle);
+
+    int releaseFence = -1;
+    mMapper->unlock(
+        buffer, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpReleaseFence) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError) << "failed to unlock buffer "
+                                             << buffer;
+
+            auto fenceHandle = tmpReleaseFence.getNativeHandle();
+            if (fenceHandle) {
+                ASSERT_EQ(0, fenceHandle->numInts) << "invalid fence handle "
+                                                   << fenceHandle;
+                if (fenceHandle->numFds == 1) {
+                    releaseFence = dup(fenceHandle->data[0]);
+                    ASSERT_LT(0, releaseFence) << "failed to dup fence fd";
+                } else {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(0, fenceHandle->numFds)
+                        << " invalid fence handle " << fenceHandle;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+    return releaseFence;
 }
 
 }  // namespace tests
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.h b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.h
index c186b00..757f20b 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.h
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.h
@@ -17,14 +17,12 @@
 #ifndef VTS_HAL_GRAPHICS_MAPPER_UTILS
 #define VTS_HAL_GRAPHICS_MAPPER_UTILS
 
-#include <memory>
-#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/2.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
-#include "VtsHalGraphicsAllocatorTestUtils.h"
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -32,59 +30,62 @@
 namespace V2_0 {
 namespace tests {
 
-using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
-using android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::IAllocatorClient;
-using android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::tests::AllocatorClient;
+using android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::IAllocator;
 
-// A wrapper to IMapper.
-class Mapper {
- public:
-  Mapper();
-  ~Mapper();
+// A wrapper to IAllocator and IMapper.
+class Gralloc {
+   public:
+    Gralloc();
+    ~Gralloc();
 
-  sp<IMapper> getRaw() const;
+    // IAllocator methods
 
-  void retain(const native_handle_t* handle);
-  void release(const native_handle_t* handle);
+    sp<IAllocator> getAllocator() const;
 
-  struct Dimensions {
-    uint32_t width;
-    uint32_t height;
-  };
-  Dimensions getDimensions(const native_handle_t* handle);
+    std::string dumpDebugInfo();
 
-  PixelFormat getFormat(const native_handle_t* handle);
-  uint32_t getLayerCount(const native_handle_t* handle);
-  uint64_t getProducerUsageMask(const native_handle_t* handle);
-  uint64_t getConsumerUsageMask(const native_handle_t* handle);
-  BackingStore getBackingStore(const native_handle_t* handle);
-  uint32_t getStride(const native_handle_t* handle);
+    // When import is false, this simply calls IAllocator::allocate. When import
+    // is true, the returned buffers are also imported into the mapper.
+    //
+    // Either case, the returned buffers must be freed with freeBuffer.
+    std::vector<const native_handle_t*> allocate(
+        const BufferDescriptor& descriptor, uint32_t count, bool import = true,
+        uint32_t* outStride = nullptr);
+    const native_handle_t* allocate(
+        const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& descriptorInfo, bool import = true,
+        uint32_t* outStride = nullptr);
 
-  // We use fd instead of hidl_handle in these functions to pass fences
-  // in and out of the mapper.  The ownership of the fd is always transferred
-  // with each of these functions.
-  void* lock(const native_handle_t* handle, uint64_t producerUsageMask,
-             uint64_t consumerUsageMask, const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion,
-             int acquireFence);
-  FlexLayout lockFlex(const native_handle_t* handle, uint64_t producerUsageMask,
-                      uint64_t consumerUsageMask,
-                      const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion, int acquireFence);
-  int unlock(const native_handle_t* handle);
+    // IMapper methods
 
-  // Requests AllocatorClient to allocate a buffer, export the handle, and
-  // register the handle with mapper.
-  const native_handle_t* allocate(
-      std::unique_ptr<AllocatorClient>& allocatorClient,
-      const IAllocatorClient::BufferDescriptorInfo& info);
+    sp<IMapper> getMapper() const;
 
- private:
-  void init();
+    BufferDescriptor createDescriptor(
+        const IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo& descriptorInfo);
 
-  sp<IMapper> mMapper;
+    const native_handle_t* importBuffer(const hidl_handle& rawHandle);
+    void freeBuffer(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle);
 
-  // Keep track of all registered (retained) handles.  When a test fails with
-  // ASSERT_*, the destructor will release the handles for the test.
-  std::unordered_map<const native_handle_t*, uint64_t> mHandles;
+    // We use fd instead of hidl_handle in these functions to pass fences
+    // in and out of the mapper.  The ownership of the fd is always transferred
+    // with each of these functions.
+    void* lock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint64_t cpuUsage,
+               const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion, int acquireFence);
+    YCbCrLayout lockYCbCr(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle,
+                          uint64_t cpuUsage, const IMapper::Rect& accessRegion,
+                          int acquireFence);
+    int unlock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle);
+
+   private:
+    void init();
+    const native_handle_t* cloneBuffer(const hidl_handle& rawHandle);
+
+    sp<IAllocator> mAllocator;
+    sp<IMapper> mMapper;
+
+    // Keep track of all cloned and imported handles.  When a test fails with
+    // ASSERT_*, the destructor will free the handles for the test.
+    std::unordered_set<const native_handle_t*> mClonedBuffers;
+    std::unordered_set<const native_handle_t*> mImportedBuffers;
 };
 
 }  // namespace tests
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 92d74d5..f066a1e 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#define LOG_TAG "graphics_mapper_hidl_hal_test"
+#define LOG_TAG "VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest"
 
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <sync/sync.h>
 #include "VtsHalGraphicsMapperTestUtils.h"
 
@@ -29,202 +29,384 @@
 namespace tests {
 namespace {
 
-using namespace android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0;
-using namespace android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::tests;
+using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
+using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
 
 class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
  protected:
   void SetUp() override {
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mAllocator = std::make_unique<Allocator>());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mAllocatorClient = mAllocator->createClient());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mMapper = std::make_unique<Mapper>());
+      ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
 
-    mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
-    mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
-    mDummyDescriptorInfo.layerCount = 1;
-    mDummyDescriptorInfo.format = PixelFormat::RGBA_8888;
-    mDummyDescriptorInfo.producerUsageMask =
-        static_cast<uint64_t>(ProducerUsage::CPU_WRITE);
-    mDummyDescriptorInfo.consumerUsageMask =
-        static_cast<uint64_t>(ConsumerUsage::CPU_READ);
+      mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
+      mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
+      mDummyDescriptorInfo.layerCount = 1;
+      mDummyDescriptorInfo.format = PixelFormat::RGBA_8888;
+      mDummyDescriptorInfo.usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(
+          BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
   }
 
   void TearDown() override {}
 
-  std::unique_ptr<Allocator> mAllocator;
-  std::unique_ptr<AllocatorClient> mAllocatorClient;
-  std::unique_ptr<Mapper> mMapper;
-  IAllocatorClient::BufferDescriptorInfo mDummyDescriptorInfo{};
+  std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
+  IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo mDummyDescriptorInfo{};
 };
 
 /**
- * Test IMapper::retain and IMapper::release.
+ * Test IAllocator::dumpDebugInfo by calling it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, RetainRelease) {
-  const native_handle_t* buffer;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-      buffer = mMapper->allocate(mAllocatorClient, mDummyDescriptorInfo));
-
-  const int maxRefs = 10;
-  for (int i = 0; i < maxRefs; i++) {
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mMapper->retain(buffer));
-  }
-  for (int i = 0; i < maxRefs; i++) {
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mMapper->release(buffer));
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mMapper->release(buffer));
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
+    mGralloc->dumpDebugInfo();
 }
 
 /**
- * Test IMapper::get* getters.
+ * Test IAllocator::allocate with valid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, Getters) {
-  const native_handle_t* buffer;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-      buffer = mMapper->allocate(mAllocatorClient, mDummyDescriptorInfo));
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
+    BufferDescriptor descriptor;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+        descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
-  IAllocatorClient::BufferDescriptorInfo info = {};
+    for (uint32_t count = 0; count < 5; count++) {
+        std::vector<const native_handle_t*> bufferHandles;
+        uint32_t stride;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandles = mGralloc->allocate(
+                                    descriptor, count, false, &stride));
 
-  Mapper::Dimensions dimensions;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(dimensions = mMapper->getDimensions(buffer));
-  info.width = dimensions.width;
-  info.height = dimensions.height;
+        if (count >= 1) {
+            EXPECT_LE(mDummyDescriptorInfo.width, stride)
+                << "invalid buffer stride";
+        }
 
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(info.format = mMapper->getFormat(buffer));
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(info.producerUsageMask =
-                              mMapper->getProducerUsageMask(buffer));
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(info.consumerUsageMask =
-                              mMapper->getConsumerUsageMask(buffer));
+        for (auto bufferHandle : bufferHandles) {
+            mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle);
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(mDummyDescriptorInfo.width, info.width);
-  EXPECT_EQ(mDummyDescriptorInfo.height, info.height);
-  EXPECT_EQ(mDummyDescriptorInfo.format, info.format);
-  EXPECT_EQ(mDummyDescriptorInfo.producerUsageMask, info.producerUsageMask);
-  EXPECT_EQ(mDummyDescriptorInfo.consumerUsageMask, info.consumerUsageMask);
+/**
+ * Test IAllocator::allocate with invalid buffer descriptors.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
+    // this assumes any valid descriptor is non-empty
+    BufferDescriptor descriptor;
+    mGralloc->getAllocator()->allocate(
+        descriptor, 1, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&, const auto&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_DESCRIPTOR, tmpError);
+        });
+}
 
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mMapper->getBackingStore(buffer));
+/**
+ * Test IAllocator::allocate does not leak.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
+    auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
+    info.width = 1024;
+    info.height = 1024;
 
-  uint32_t stride;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stride = mMapper->getStride(buffer));
-  EXPECT_LE(info.width, stride);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2048; i++) {
+        auto bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(info, false);
+        mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
+    auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
+    info.width = 0;
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor(
+        info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_VALUE, tmpError)
+                << "createDescriptor did not fail with BAD_VALUE";
+        });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with allocated buffers.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
+    const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle =
+                                mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with cloned buffers.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
+    const native_handle_t* clonedBufferHandle;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+        clonedBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
+
+    // A cloned handle is a raw handle. Check that we can import it multiple
+    // times.
+    const native_handle_t* importedBufferHandles[2];
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(importedBufferHandles[0] =
+                                mGralloc->importBuffer(clonedBufferHandle));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(importedBufferHandles[1] =
+                                mGralloc->importBuffer(clonedBufferHandle));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(importedBufferHandles[0]));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(importedBufferHandles[1]));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(clonedBufferHandle));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer cross mapper instances.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
+    const native_handle_t* rawHandle;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+        rawHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
+
+    native_handle_t* importedHandle = nullptr;
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(
+        rawHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& buffer) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, tmpError);
+            importedHandle = static_cast<native_handle_t*>(buffer);
+        });
+
+    // free the imported handle with another mapper
+    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> anotherGralloc;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
+    Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(importedHandle);
+    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error);
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(rawHandle));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer do not leak.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
+    auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
+    info.width = 1024;
+    info.height = 1024;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2048; i++) {
+        auto bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(info, true);
+        mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::importBuffer with invalid buffers.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
+    native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(
+        invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
+                << "importBuffer with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+        });
+
+    invalidHandle = native_handle_create(0, 0);
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError,
+                                                           const auto&) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
+            << "importBuffer with invalid handle did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+    });
+    native_handle_delete(invalidHandle);
+
+    const native_handle_t* importedHandle;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(importedHandle =
+                                mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(
+        importedHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
+                << "importBuffer with an "
+                   "already imported handle did "
+                   "not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+        });
+    mGralloc->freeBuffer(importedHandle);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::freeBuffer with invalid buffers.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
+    native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
+    Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error)
+        << "freeBuffer with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+
+    invalidHandle = native_handle_create(0, 0);
+    error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error)
+        << "freeBuffer with invalid handle did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+    native_handle_delete(invalidHandle);
+
+    const native_handle_t* clonedBufferHandle;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+        clonedBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
+    error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error)
+        << "freeBuffer with un-imported handle did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+
+    mGralloc->freeBuffer(clonedBufferHandle);
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::lock and IMapper::unlock.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockBasic) {
-  const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
+    const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
-  const native_handle_t* buffer;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-      buffer = mMapper->allocate(mAllocatorClient, mDummyDescriptorInfo));
+    const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
+    uint32_t stride;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle =
+                                mGralloc->allocate(info, true, &stride));
 
-  uint32_t stride;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(stride = mMapper->getStride(buffer));
+    // lock buffer for writing
+    const IMapper::Rect region{0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(info.width),
+                               static_cast<int32_t>(info.height)};
+    int fence = -1;
+    uint8_t* data;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(mGralloc->lock(
+                                bufferHandle, info.usage, region, fence)));
 
-  // lock buffer for writing
-  const IMapper::Rect region{0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(info.width),
-                             static_cast<int32_t>(info.height)};
-  int fence = -1;
-  uint32_t* data;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-      data = static_cast<uint32_t*>(
-          mMapper->lock(buffer, info.producerUsageMask, 0, region, fence)));
+    // RGBA_8888
+    size_t strideInBytes = stride * 4;
+    size_t writeInBytes = info.width * 4;
 
-  for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
-    for (uint32_t x = 0; x < info.width; x++) {
-      data[stride * y + x] = info.height * y + x;
+    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
+        memset(data, y, writeInBytes);
+        data += strideInBytes;
     }
-  }
 
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mMapper->unlock(buffer));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mGralloc->unlock(bufferHandle));
 
-  // lock buffer for reading
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-      data = static_cast<uint32_t*>(
-          mMapper->lock(buffer, 0, info.consumerUsageMask, region, fence)));
-  for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
-    for (uint32_t x = 0; x < info.width; x++) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(info.height * y + x, data[stride * y + x]);
+    // lock again for reading
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(mGralloc->lock(
+                                bufferHandle, info.usage, region, fence)));
+    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < writeInBytes; i++) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint8_t>(y), data[i]);
+        }
+        data += strideInBytes;
     }
-  }
 
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mMapper->unlock(buffer));
-  if (fence >= 0) {
-    close(fence);
-  }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mGralloc->unlock(bufferHandle));
+    if (fence >= 0) {
+        close(fence);
+    }
 }
 
 /**
- * Test IMapper::lockFlex.  This locks a YV12 buffer, and makes sure we can
+ * Test IMapper::lockYCbCr.  This locks a YV12 buffer, and makes sure we can
  * write to and read from it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockFlexBasic) {
-  auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
-  info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
+    auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
+    info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
 
-  const native_handle_t* buffer;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(buffer = mMapper->allocate(mAllocatorClient, info));
+    const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
+    uint32_t stride;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle =
+                                mGralloc->allocate(info, true, &stride));
 
-  // lock buffer for writing
-  const IMapper::Rect region{0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(info.width),
-                             static_cast<int32_t>(info.height)};
-  int fence = -1;
-  FlexLayout layout;
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-      layout =
-          mMapper->lockFlex(buffer, info.producerUsageMask, 0, region, fence));
-  ASSERT_EQ(FlexFormat::YCBCR, layout.format);
-  ASSERT_EQ(3u, layout.planes.size());
+    // lock buffer for writing
+    const IMapper::Rect region{0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(info.width),
+                               static_cast<int32_t>(info.height)};
+    int fence = -1;
+    YCbCrLayout layout;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+        layout = mGralloc->lockYCbCr(bufferHandle, info.usage, region, fence));
 
-  const auto y_stride = layout.planes[0].vIncrement;
-  const auto c_stride = layout.planes[1].vIncrement;
-  auto y_data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.planes[0].topLeft);
-  auto cb_data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.planes[1].topLeft);
-  auto cr_data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.planes[2].topLeft);
+    auto yData = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.y);
+    auto cbData = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.cb);
+    auto crData = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.cr);
+    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
+        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < info.width; x++) {
+            auto val = static_cast<uint8_t>(info.height * y + x);
 
-  for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
-    for (uint32_t x = 0; x < info.width; x++) {
-      auto val = static_cast<uint8_t>(info.height * y + x);
-
-      y_data[y_stride * y + x] = val;
-      if (y % 2 == 0 && x % 2 == 0) {
-        cb_data[c_stride * y / 2 + x / 2] = val;
-        cr_data[c_stride * y / 2 + x / 2] = val;
-      }
+            yData[layout.yStride * y + x] = val;
+            if (y % 2 == 0 && x % 2 == 0) {
+                cbData[layout.cStride * y / 2 + x / 2] = val;
+                crData[layout.cStride * y / 2 + x / 2] = val;
+            }
+        }
     }
-  }
 
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mMapper->unlock(buffer));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mGralloc->unlock(bufferHandle));
 
-  // lock buffer for reading
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-      layout =
-          mMapper->lockFlex(buffer, 0, info.consumerUsageMask, region, fence));
+    // lock again for reading
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+        layout = mGralloc->lockYCbCr(bufferHandle, info.usage, region, fence));
 
-  y_data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.planes[0].topLeft);
-  cb_data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.planes[1].topLeft);
-  cr_data = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.planes[2].topLeft);
-  for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
-    for (uint32_t x = 0; x < info.width; x++) {
-      auto val = static_cast<uint8_t>(info.height * y + x);
+    yData = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.y);
+    cbData = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.cb);
+    crData = static_cast<uint8_t*>(layout.cr);
+    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
+        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < info.width; x++) {
+            auto val = static_cast<uint8_t>(info.height * y + x);
 
-      EXPECT_EQ(val, y_data[y_stride * y + x]);
-      if (y % 2 == 0 && x % 2 == 0) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(val, cb_data[c_stride * y / 2 + x / 2]);
-        EXPECT_EQ(val, cr_data[c_stride * y / 2 + x / 2]);
-      }
+            EXPECT_EQ(val, yData[layout.yStride * y + x]);
+            if (y % 2 == 0 && x % 2 == 0) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(val, cbData[layout.cStride * y / 2 + x / 2]);
+                EXPECT_EQ(val, crData[layout.cStride * y / 2 + x / 2]);
+            }
+        }
     }
-  }
 
-  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mMapper->unlock(buffer));
-  if (fence >= 0) {
-    close(fence);
-  }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fence = mGralloc->unlock(bufferHandle));
+    if (fence >= 0) {
+        close(fence);
+    }
 }
 
-}  // namespace anonymous
+/**
+ * Test IMapper::unlock with invalid buffers.
+ */
+TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
+    native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(
+        invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
+                << "unlock with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+        });
+
+    invalidHandle = native_handle_create(0, 0);
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(
+        invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
+                << "unlock with invalid handle did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+        });
+    native_handle_delete(invalidHandle);
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(invalidHandle =
+                                const_cast<native_handle_t*>(mGralloc->allocate(
+                                    mDummyDescriptorInfo, false)));
+    mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError,
+                                                     const auto&) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
+            << "unlock with un-imported handle did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+    });
+    mGralloc->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
+
+// disabled as it fails on many existing drivers
+#if 0
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(invalidHandle = const_cast<native_handle_t*>(
+                              mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true)));
+  mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(
+      invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
+            << "unlock with unlocked handle did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
+      });
+  mGralloc->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
+#endif
+}
+
+}  // namespace
 }  // namespace tests
 }  // namespace V2_0
 }  // namespace mapper