diff --git a/audio/aidl/TEST_MAPPING b/audio/aidl/TEST_MAPPING
index e325001..26f4b3a 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/audio/aidl/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -72,12 +72,7 @@
       "name": "audiosystem_tests"
     },
     {
-      "name": "CtsVirtualDevicesTestCases",
-      "options" : [
-        {
-          "include-filter": "android.virtualdevice.cts.VirtualAudioTest"
-        }
-      ]
+      "name": "CtsVirtualDevicesAudioTestCases"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
index f51f65e..73d7626 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@
         "ModulePrimary.cpp",
         "SoundDose.cpp",
         "Stream.cpp",
-        "StreamSwitcher.cpp",
         "Telephony.cpp",
         "XsdcConversion.cpp",
         "alsa/Mixer.cpp",
@@ -72,11 +71,13 @@
         "bluetooth/DevicePortProxy.cpp",
         "bluetooth/ModuleBluetooth.cpp",
         "bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp",
+        "deprecated/StreamSwitcher.cpp",
         "primary/PrimaryMixer.cpp",
         "primary/StreamPrimary.cpp",
         "r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp",
         "r_submix/SubmixRoute.cpp",
         "r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp",
+        "stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp",
         "stub/ModuleStub.cpp",
         "stub/StreamStub.cpp",
         "usb/ModuleUsb.cpp",
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Configuration.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Configuration.cpp
index 54e2d18..0ff8eb4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Configuration.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Configuration.cpp
@@ -324,9 +324,9 @@
 //
 // Mix ports:
 //  * "r_submix output", maximum 10 opened streams, maximum 10 active streams
-//    - profile PCM 16-bit; STEREO; 8000, 11025, 16000, 32000, 44100, 48000
+//    - profile PCM 16-bit; STEREO; 8000, 11025, 16000, 32000, 44100, 48000, 192000
 //  * "r_submix input", maximum 10 opened streams, maximum 10 active streams
-//    - profile PCM 16-bit; STEREO; 8000, 11025, 16000, 32000, 44100, 48000
+//    - profile PCM 16-bit; STEREO; 8000, 11025, 16000, 32000, 44100, 48000, 192000
 //
 // Routes:
 //  "r_submix output" -> "Remote Submix Out"
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
         Configuration c;
         const std::vector<AudioProfile> remoteSubmixPcmAudioProfiles{
                 createProfile(PcmType::INT_16_BIT, {AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO},
-                              {8000, 11025, 16000, 32000, 44100, 48000})};
+                              {8000, 11025, 16000, 32000, 44100, 48000, 192000})};
 
         // Device ports
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp
index 5539177..26c88b2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp
@@ -63,13 +63,18 @@
 }
 
 void EffectContext::dupeFmqWithReopen(IEffect::OpenEffectReturn* effectRet) {
+    const size_t inBufferSizeInFloat = mCommon.input.frameCount * mInputFrameSize / sizeof(float);
+    const size_t outBufferSizeInFloat =
+            mCommon.output.frameCount * mOutputFrameSize / sizeof(float);
+    const size_t bufferSize = std::max(inBufferSizeInFloat, outBufferSizeInFloat);
     if (!mInputMQ) {
-        mInputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(mCommon.input.frameCount * mInputFrameSize /
-                                            sizeof(float));
+        mInputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(inBufferSizeInFloat);
     }
     if (!mOutputMQ) {
-        mOutputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(mCommon.output.frameCount * mOutputFrameSize /
-                                             sizeof(float));
+        mOutputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(outBufferSizeInFloat);
+    }
+    if (mWorkBuffer.size() != bufferSize) {
+        mWorkBuffer.resize(bufferSize);
     }
     dupeFmq(effectRet);
 }
@@ -222,8 +227,6 @@
     }
 
     if (needUpdateMq) {
-        mWorkBuffer.resize(std::max(common.input.frameCount * mInputFrameSize / sizeof(float),
-                                    common.output.frameCount * mOutputFrameSize / sizeof(float)));
         return notifyDataMqUpdate();
     }
     return RetCode::SUCCESS;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
index c14d06e..45ce5ef 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioGainConfig;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioInputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioMMapPolicy;
@@ -1200,7 +1201,9 @@
     }
 
     if (in_requested.gain.has_value()) {
-        // Let's pretend that gain can always be applied.
+        if (!setAudioPortConfigGain(*portIt, in_requested.gain.value())) {
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
+        }
         out_suggested->gain = in_requested.gain.value();
     }
 
@@ -1242,6 +1245,52 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+bool Module::setAudioPortConfigGain(const AudioPort& port, const AudioGainConfig& gainRequested) {
+    auto& ports = getConfig().ports;
+    if (gainRequested.index < 0 || gainRequested.index >= (int)port.gains.size()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": gains for port " << port.id << " is undefined";
+        return false;
+    }
+    int stepValue = port.gains[gainRequested.index].stepValue;
+    if (stepValue == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": port gain step value is 0";
+        return false;
+    }
+    int minValue = port.gains[gainRequested.index].minValue;
+    int maxValue = port.gains[gainRequested.index].maxValue;
+    if (gainRequested.values[0] > maxValue || gainRequested.values[0] < minValue) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": gain value " << gainRequested.values[0]
+                   << " out of range of min and max gain config";
+        return false;
+    }
+    int gainIndex = (gainRequested.values[0] - minValue) / stepValue;
+    int totalSteps = (maxValue - minValue) / stepValue;
+    if (totalSteps == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": difference between port gain min value " << minValue
+                   << " and max value " << maxValue << " is less than step value " << stepValue;
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Root-power quantities are used in curve:
+    // 10^((minMb / 100 + (maxMb / 100 - minMb / 100) * gainIndex / totalSteps) / (10 * 2))
+    // where 100 is the conversion from mB to dB, 10 comes from the log 10 conversion from power
+    // ratios, and 2 means are the square of amplitude.
+    float gain =
+            pow(10, (minValue + (maxValue - minValue) * (gainIndex / (float)totalSteps)) / 2000);
+    if (gain < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": gain " << gain << " is less than 0";
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const auto& route : getConfig().routes) {
+        if (route.sinkPortId != port.id) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (const auto sourcePortId : route.sourcePortIds) {
+            mStreams.setGain(sourcePortId, gain);
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Module::resetAudioPatch(int32_t in_patchId) {
     auto& patches = getConfig().patches;
     auto patchIt = findById<AudioPatch>(patches, in_patchId);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
index eecc972..de66293 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
@@ -47,6 +47,17 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
+namespace {
+
+template <typename MQTypeError>
+auto fmqErrorHandler(const char* mqName) {
+    return [m = std::string(mqName)](MQTypeError fmqError, std::string&& errorMessage) {
+        CHECK_EQ(fmqError, MQTypeError::NONE) << m << ": " << errorMessage;
+    };
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 void StreamContext::fillDescriptor(StreamDescriptor* desc) {
     if (mCommandMQ) {
         desc->command = mCommandMQ->dupeDesc();
@@ -332,11 +343,7 @@
 bool StreamInWorkerLogic::read(size_t clientSize, StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     StreamContext::DataMQ* const dataMQ = mContext->getDataMQ();
-    StreamContext::DataMQ::Error fmqError = StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE;
-    std::string fmqErrorMsg;
-    const size_t byteCount = std::min(
-            {clientSize, dataMQ->availableToWrite(&fmqError, &fmqErrorMsg), mDataBufferSize});
-    CHECK(fmqError == StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE) << fmqErrorMsg;
+    const size_t byteCount = std::min({clientSize, dataMQ->availableToWrite(), mDataBufferSize});
     const bool isConnected = mIsConnected;
     const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     size_t actualFrameCount = 0;
@@ -612,10 +619,7 @@
 bool StreamOutWorkerLogic::write(size_t clientSize, StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     StreamContext::DataMQ* const dataMQ = mContext->getDataMQ();
-    StreamContext::DataMQ::Error fmqError = StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE;
-    std::string fmqErrorMsg;
-    const size_t readByteCount = dataMQ->availableToRead(&fmqError, &fmqErrorMsg);
-    CHECK(fmqError == StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE) << fmqErrorMsg;
+    const size_t readByteCount = dataMQ->availableToRead();
     const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     bool fatal = false;
     int32_t latency = mContext->getNominalLatencyMs();
@@ -719,6 +723,14 @@
             LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": invalid worker tid: " << workerTid;
         }
     }
+    getContext().getCommandMQ()->setErrorHandler(
+            fmqErrorHandler<StreamContext::CommandMQ::Error>("CommandMQ"));
+    getContext().getReplyMQ()->setErrorHandler(
+            fmqErrorHandler<StreamContext::ReplyMQ::Error>("ReplyMQ"));
+    if (getContext().getDataMQ() != nullptr) {
+        getContext().getDataMQ()->setErrorHandler(
+                fmqErrorHandler<StreamContext::DataMQ::Error>("DataMQ"));
+    }
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -843,6 +855,11 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamCommonImpl::setGain(float gain) {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": gain " << gain;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamCommonImpl::bluetoothParametersUpdated() {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
index f548903..c77bfca 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@
     }
     decltype(mAlsaDeviceProxies) alsaDeviceProxies;
     for (const auto& device : getDeviceProfiles()) {
+        if ((device.direction == PCM_OUT && mIsInput) ||
+            (device.direction == PCM_IN && !mIsInput)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         alsa::DeviceProxy proxy;
         if (device.isExternal) {
             // Always ask alsa configure as required since the configuration should be supported
@@ -92,6 +96,9 @@
         }
         alsaDeviceProxies.push_back(std::move(proxy));
     }
+    if (alsaDeviceProxies.empty()) {
+        return ::android::NO_INIT;
+    }
     mAlsaDeviceProxies = std::move(alsaDeviceProxies);
     return ::android::OK;
 }
@@ -110,6 +117,7 @@
                                 mReadWriteRetries);
         maxLatency = proxy_get_latency(mAlsaDeviceProxies[0].get());
     } else {
+        alsa::applyGain(buffer, mGain, bytesToTransfer, mConfig.value().format, mConfig->channels);
         for (auto& proxy : mAlsaDeviceProxies) {
             proxy_write_with_retries(proxy.get(), buffer, bytesToTransfer, mReadWriteRetries);
             maxLatency = std::max(maxLatency, proxy_get_latency(proxy.get()));
@@ -159,4 +167,9 @@
     mAlsaDeviceProxies.clear();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamAlsa::setGain(float gain) {
+    mGain = gain;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
index 8eaf162..10374f2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioFormatType.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/PcmType.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <audio_utils/primitives.h>
+#include <cutils/compiler.h>
 
 #include "Utils.h"
 #include "core-impl/utils.h"
@@ -343,4 +345,68 @@
     return findValueOrDefault(getAudioFormatDescriptorToPcmFormatMap(), aidl, PCM_FORMAT_INVALID);
 }
 
+void applyGain(void* buffer, float gain, size_t bytesToTransfer, enum pcm_format pcmFormat,
+               int channelCount) {
+    if (channelCount != 1 && channelCount != 2) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": unsupported channel count " << channelCount;
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!getPcmFormatToAudioFormatDescMap().contains(pcmFormat)) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": unsupported pcm format " << pcmFormat;
+        return;
+    }
+    const float unityGainFloat = 1.0f;
+    if (std::abs(gain - unityGainFloat) < 1e-6) {
+        return;
+    }
+    int numFrames;
+    switch (pcmFormat) {
+        case PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE: {
+            const uint16_t unityGainQ4_12 = u4_12_from_float(unityGainFloat);
+            const uint16_t vl = u4_12_from_float(gain);
+            const uint32_t vrl = (vl << 16) | vl;
+            if (channelCount == 2) {
+                numFrames = bytesToTransfer / sizeof(uint32_t);
+                uint32_t* intBuffer = (uint32_t*)buffer;
+                if (CC_UNLIKELY(vl > unityGainQ4_12)) {
+                    // volume is boosted, so we might need to clamp even though
+                    // we process only one track.
+                    do {
+                        int32_t l = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        int32_t r = mulRL(0, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        l = clamp16(l);
+                        r = clamp16(r);
+                        *intBuffer++ = (r << 16) | (l & 0xFFFF);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                } else {
+                    do {
+                        int32_t l = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        int32_t r = mulRL(0, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        *intBuffer++ = (r << 16) | (l & 0xFFFF);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                }
+            } else {
+                numFrames = bytesToTransfer / sizeof(uint16_t);
+                int16_t* intBuffer = (int16_t*)buffer;
+                if (CC_UNLIKELY(vl > unityGainQ4_12)) {
+                    // volume is boosted, so we might need to clamp even though
+                    // we process only one track.
+                    do {
+                        int32_t mono = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        *intBuffer++ = clamp16(mono);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                } else {
+                    do {
+                        int32_t mono = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        *intBuffer++ = static_cast<int16_t>(mono & 0xFFFF);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                }
+            }
+        } break;
+        default:
+            // TODO(336370745): Implement gain for other supported formats
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
index 980f685..a97ea10 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@
     AlsaProxy mProxy;
 };
 
+void applyGain(void* buffer, float gain, size_t bytesToTransfer, enum pcm_format pcmFormat,
+               int channelCount);
 ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout getChannelLayoutMaskFromChannelCount(
         unsigned int channelCount, int isInput);
 ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout getChannelIndexMaskFromChannelCount(
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/api/current.txt b/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/api/current.txt
index 3547f54..e57c108 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/api/current.txt
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/api/current.txt
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@
     enum_constant public static final android.audio.policy.configuration.AudioFormat AUDIO_FORMAT_AAC_XHE;
     enum_constant public static final android.audio.policy.configuration.AudioFormat AUDIO_FORMAT_AC3;
     enum_constant public static final android.audio.policy.configuration.AudioFormat AUDIO_FORMAT_AC4;
+    enum_constant public static final android.audio.policy.configuration.AudioFormat AUDIO_FORMAT_AC4_L4;
     enum_constant public static final android.audio.policy.configuration.AudioFormat AUDIO_FORMAT_ALAC;
     enum_constant public static final android.audio.policy.configuration.AudioFormat AUDIO_FORMAT_AMR_NB;
     enum_constant public static final android.audio.policy.configuration.AudioFormat AUDIO_FORMAT_AMR_WB;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/audio_policy_configuration.xsd b/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/audio_policy_configuration.xsd
index d93f697..108a6a3 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/audio_policy_configuration.xsd
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/config/audioPolicy/audio_policy_configuration.xsd
@@ -389,6 +389,7 @@
             <xs:enumeration value="AUDIO_FORMAT_APTX"/>
             <xs:enumeration value="AUDIO_FORMAT_APTX_HD"/>
             <xs:enumeration value="AUDIO_FORMAT_AC4"/>
+            <xs:enumeration value="AUDIO_FORMAT_AC4_L4"/>
             <xs:enumeration value="AUDIO_FORMAT_LDAC"/>
             <xs:enumeration value="AUDIO_FORMAT_MAT"/>
             <xs:enumeration value="AUDIO_FORMAT_MAT_1_0"/>
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/deprecated/StreamSwitcher.cpp
similarity index 95%
rename from audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp
rename to audio/aidl/default/deprecated/StreamSwitcher.cpp
index 8ba15a8..f1e0f52 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/deprecated/StreamSwitcher.cpp
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@
 #include <error/expected_utils.h>
 
 #include "core-impl/StreamStub.h"
-#include "core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h"
+#include "deprecated/StreamSwitcher.h"
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::deprecated {
 
 StreamSwitcher::StreamSwitcher(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
     : mContext(context),
@@ -260,4 +260,12 @@
     return mStream->bluetoothParametersUpdated();
 }
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::setGain(float gain) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    return mStream->setGain(gain);
+}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::deprecated
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h b/audio/aidl/default/deprecated/StreamSwitcher.h
similarity index 95%
rename from audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h
rename to audio/aidl/default/deprecated/StreamSwitcher.h
index 5764ad6..56fdd23 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/deprecated/StreamSwitcher.h
@@ -14,11 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+/**
+ ** This class is deprecated because its use causes threading issues
+ ** with the FMQ due to change of threads reading and writing into FMQ.
+ **
+ ** DO NOT USE. These files will be removed.
+ **/
+
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Stream.h"
+#include "core-impl/Stream.h"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::deprecated {
 
 // 'StreamSwitcher' is an implementation of 'StreamCommonInterface' which allows
 // dynamically switching the underlying stream implementation based on currently
@@ -130,6 +137,7 @@
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
             override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus bluetoothParametersUpdated() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) override;
 
   protected:
     // Since switching a stream requires closing down the current stream, StreamSwitcher
@@ -191,4 +199,4 @@
     bool mBluetoothParametersUpdated = false;
 };
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::deprecated
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40a9fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "core-impl/Stream.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+class DriverStubImpl : virtual public DriverInterface {
+  public:
+    explicit DriverStubImpl(const StreamContext& context);
+
+    ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
+    ::android::status_t flush() override;
+    ::android::status_t pause() override;
+    ::android::status_t standby() override;
+    ::android::status_t start() override;
+    ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
+                                 int32_t* latencyMs) override;
+    void shutdown() override;
+
+  private:
+    const size_t mBufferSizeFrames;
+    const size_t mFrameSizeBytes;
+    const int mSampleRate;
+    const bool mIsAsynchronous;
+    const bool mIsInput;
+    bool mIsInitialized = false;  // Used for validating the state machine logic.
+    bool mIsStandby = true;       // Used for validating the state machine logic.
+    int64_t mStartTimeNs = 0;
+    long mFramesSinceStart = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
index 00eeb4e..8548aff 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
@@ -263,6 +263,9 @@
             ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig* out_suggested, bool* applied);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus updateStreamsConnectedState(const AudioPatch& oldPatch,
                                                    const AudioPatch& newPatch);
+    bool setAudioPortConfigGain(
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort& port,
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioGainConfig& gainRequested);
 };
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, Module::Type t);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
index 100b4c8..f7b9269 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioIoFlags.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioOffloadInfo.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/MicrophoneInfo.h>
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <error/expected_utils.h>
 #include <fmq/AidlMessageQueue.h>
 #include <system/thread_defs.h>
@@ -132,6 +133,9 @@
     ReplyMQ* getReplyMQ() const { return mReplyMQ.get(); }
     int getTransientStateDelayMs() const { return mDebugParameters.transientStateDelayMs; }
     int getSampleRate() const { return mSampleRate; }
+    bool isInput() const {
+        return mFlags.getTag() == ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags::input;
+    }
     bool isValid() const;
     // 'reset' is called on a Binder thread when closing the stream. Does not use
     // locking because it only cleans MQ pointers which were also set on the Binder thread.
@@ -342,6 +346,7 @@
     virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus setConnectedDevices(
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) = 0;
     virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus bluetoothParametersUpdated() = 0;
+    virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) = 0;
 };
 
 // This is equivalent to automatically generated 'IStreamCommonDelegator' but uses
@@ -443,6 +448,7 @@
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
             override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus bluetoothParametersUpdated() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) override;
 
   protected:
     static StreamWorkerInterface::CreateInstance getDefaultInWorkerCreator() {
@@ -609,6 +615,12 @@
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
 
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) {
+        auto s = mStream.lock();
+        if (s) return s->setGain(gain);
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+
   private:
     std::weak_ptr<StreamCommonInterface> mStream;
     ndk::SpAIBinder mStreamBinder;
@@ -644,6 +656,12 @@
         return isOk ? ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok()
                     : ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
     }
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(int32_t portId, float gain) {
+        if (auto it = mStreams.find(portId); it != mStreams.end()) {
+            return it->second.setGain(gain);
+        }
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
 
   private:
     // Maps port ids and port config ids to streams. Multimap because a port
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
index 0356946..8bdf208 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
                                  int32_t* latencyMs) override;
     ::android::status_t refinePosition(StreamDescriptor::Position* position) override;
     void shutdown() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) override;
 
   protected:
     // Called from 'start' to initialize 'mAlsaDeviceProxies', the vector must be non-empty.
@@ -58,6 +59,9 @@
     const int mReadWriteRetries;
     // All fields below are only used on the worker thread.
     std::vector<alsa::DeviceProxy> mAlsaDeviceProxies;
+
+  private:
+    std::atomic<float> mGain = 1.0;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
index 8d5c57d..4f19a46 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
@@ -16,10 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+
+#include "DriverStubImpl.h"
 #include "StreamAlsa.h"
-#include "StreamSwitcher.h"
+#include "primary/PrimaryMixer.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
@@ -27,21 +31,54 @@
   public:
     StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
 
+    // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
+    ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode mode) override;
+    ::android::status_t flush() override;
+    ::android::status_t pause() override;
+    ::android::status_t standby() override;
     ::android::status_t start() override;
     ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
                                  int32_t* latencyMs) override;
     ::android::status_t refinePosition(StreamDescriptor::Position* position) override;
+    void shutdown() override;
+
+    // Overridden methods of 'StreamCommonImpl', called on a Binder thread.
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setConnectedDevices(const ConnectedDevices& devices) override;
 
   protected:
     std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> getDeviceProfiles() override;
+    bool isStubStream();
 
     const bool mIsAsynchronous;
     int64_t mStartTimeNs = 0;
     long mFramesSinceStart = 0;
     bool mSkipNextTransfer = false;
+
+  private:
+    using AlsaDeviceId = std::pair<int, int>;
+
+    static constexpr StreamPrimary::AlsaDeviceId kDefaultCardAndDeviceId{
+            primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaCard, primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaDevice};
+    static constexpr StreamPrimary::AlsaDeviceId kStubDeviceId{
+            primary::PrimaryMixer::kInvalidAlsaCard, primary::PrimaryMixer::kInvalidAlsaDevice};
+
+    static AlsaDeviceId getCardAndDeviceId(
+            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices);
+    static bool useStubStream(bool isInput,
+                              const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice& device);
+
+    bool isStubStreamOnWorker() const { return mCurrAlsaDeviceId == kStubDeviceId; }
+
+    DriverStubImpl mStubDriver;
+    mutable std::mutex mLock;
+    AlsaDeviceId mAlsaDeviceId GUARDED_BY(mLock) = kStubDeviceId;
+
+    // Used by the worker thread only.
+    AlsaDeviceId mCurrAlsaDeviceId = kStubDeviceId;
 };
 
-class StreamInPrimary final : public StreamIn, public StreamSwitcher, public StreamInHwGainHelper {
+class StreamInPrimary final : public StreamIn, public StreamPrimary, public StreamInHwGainHelper {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
     StreamInPrimary(
@@ -50,14 +87,6 @@
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones);
 
   private:
-    static bool useStubStream(const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice& device);
-
-    DeviceSwitchBehavior switchCurrentStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
-            override;
-    std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> createNewStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-            StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) override;
     void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
 
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getHwGain(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) override;
@@ -65,7 +94,7 @@
 };
 
 class StreamOutPrimary final : public StreamOut,
-                               public StreamSwitcher,
+                               public StreamPrimary,
                                public StreamOutHwVolumeHelper {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
@@ -75,22 +104,10 @@
                              offloadInfo);
 
   private:
-    static bool useStubStream(const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice& device);
-
-    DeviceSwitchBehavior switchCurrentStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
-            override;
-    std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> createNewStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-            StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) override;
     void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
 
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getHwVolume(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setHwVolume(const std::vector<float>& in_channelVolumes) override;
-
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus setConnectedDevices(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
-            override;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
index 6ea7968..e78e8b7 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
@@ -16,19 +16,18 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <atomic>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "core-impl/Stream.h"
-#include "core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h"
 #include "r_submix/SubmixRoute.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
 class StreamRemoteSubmix : public StreamCommonImpl {
   public:
-    StreamRemoteSubmix(
-            StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
-            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress& deviceAddress);
+    StreamRemoteSubmix(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
     ~StreamRemoteSubmix();
 
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
@@ -45,17 +44,18 @@
 
     // Overridden methods of 'StreamCommonImpl', called on a Binder thread.
     ndk::ScopedAStatus prepareToClose() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setConnectedDevices(const ConnectedDevices& devices) override;
 
   private:
     long getDelayInUsForFrameCount(size_t frameCount);
+    ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress getDeviceAddress() const {
+        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
+        return mDeviceAddress;
+    }
     size_t getStreamPipeSizeInFrames();
-    ::android::status_t outWrite(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount);
     ::android::status_t inRead(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount);
-
-    const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress mDeviceAddress;
-    const bool mIsInput;
-    r_submix::AudioConfig mStreamConfig;
-    std::shared_ptr<r_submix::SubmixRoute> mCurrentRoute = nullptr;
+    ::android::status_t outWrite(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount);
+    ::android::status_t setCurrentRoute();
 
     // Limit for the number of error log entries to avoid spamming the logs.
     static constexpr int kMaxErrorLogs = 5;
@@ -66,6 +66,15 @@
     // 5ms between two read attempts when pipe is empty
     static constexpr int kReadAttemptSleepUs = 5000;
 
+    const bool mIsInput;
+    const r_submix::AudioConfig mStreamConfig;
+
+    mutable std::mutex mLock;
+    ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress mDeviceAddress GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::atomic<bool> mDeviceAddressUpdated = false;
+
+    // Used by the worker thread only.
+    std::shared_ptr<r_submix::SubmixRoute> mCurrentRoute = nullptr;
     int64_t mStartTimeNs = 0;
     long mFramesSinceStart = 0;
     int mReadErrorCount = 0;
@@ -73,7 +82,7 @@
     int mWriteShutdownCount = 0;
 };
 
-class StreamInRemoteSubmix final : public StreamIn, public StreamSwitcher {
+class StreamInRemoteSubmix final : public StreamIn, public StreamRemoteSubmix {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
     StreamInRemoteSubmix(
@@ -82,19 +91,13 @@
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones);
 
   private:
-    DeviceSwitchBehavior switchCurrentStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
-            override;
-    std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> createNewStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-            StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) override;
     void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getActiveMicrophones(
             std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneDynamicInfo>* _aidl_return)
             override;
 };
 
-class StreamOutRemoteSubmix final : public StreamOut, public StreamSwitcher {
+class StreamOutRemoteSubmix final : public StreamOut, public StreamRemoteSubmix {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
     StreamOutRemoteSubmix(
@@ -104,12 +107,6 @@
                     offloadInfo);
 
   private:
-    DeviceSwitchBehavior switchCurrentStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
-            override;
-    std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> createNewStream(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-            StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) override;
     void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
 };
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h
index 22b2020..cee44db 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h
@@ -16,38 +16,15 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include "core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h"
 #include "core-impl/Stream.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-class StreamStub : public StreamCommonImpl {
+class StreamStub : public StreamCommonImpl, public DriverStubImpl {
   public:
     StreamStub(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
     ~StreamStub();
-
-    // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
-    ::android::status_t init() override;
-    ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
-    ::android::status_t flush() override;
-    ::android::status_t pause() override;
-    ::android::status_t standby() override;
-    ::android::status_t start() override;
-    ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
-                                 int32_t* latencyMs) override;
-    void shutdown() override;
-
-  private:
-    const size_t mBufferSizeFrames;
-    const size_t mFrameSizeBytes;
-    const int mSampleRate;
-    const bool mIsAsynchronous;
-    const bool mIsInput;
-    bool mIsInitialized = false;  // Used for validating the state machine logic.
-    bool mIsStandby = true;       // Used for validating the state machine logic.
-
-    // Used by the worker thread.
-    int64_t mStartTimeNs = 0;
-    long mFramesSinceStart = 0;
 };
 
 class StreamInStub final : public StreamIn, public StreamStub {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/primary/PrimaryMixer.h b/audio/aidl/default/primary/PrimaryMixer.h
index 3806428..760d42f 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/primary/PrimaryMixer.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/primary/PrimaryMixer.h
@@ -16,20 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <map>
-#include <memory>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
-
 #include "alsa/Mixer.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::primary {
 
 class PrimaryMixer : public alsa::Mixer {
   public:
+    static constexpr int kInvalidAlsaCard = -1;
+    static constexpr int kInvalidAlsaDevice = -1;
     static constexpr int kAlsaCard = 0;
     static constexpr int kAlsaDevice = 0;
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
index 7325a91..c1c1f03 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
@@ -15,19 +15,22 @@
  */
 
 #define LOG_TAG "AHAL_StreamPrimary"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <audio_utils/clock.h>
 #include <error/Result.h>
 #include <error/expected_utils.h>
 
-#include "PrimaryMixer.h"
 #include "core-impl/StreamPrimary.h"
-#include "core-impl/StreamStub.h"
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
@@ -38,11 +41,49 @@
 
 StreamPrimary::StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
     : StreamAlsa(context, metadata, 3 /*readWriteRetries*/),
-      mIsAsynchronous(!!getContext().getAsyncCallback()) {
+      mIsAsynchronous(!!getContext().getAsyncCallback()),
+      mStubDriver(getContext()) {
     context->startStreamDataProcessor();
 }
 
+::android::status_t StreamPrimary::init() {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStubDriver.init());
+    return StreamAlsa::init();
+}
+
+::android::status_t StreamPrimary::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode mode) {
+    return isStubStreamOnWorker() ? mStubDriver.drain(mode) : StreamAlsa::drain(mode);
+}
+
+::android::status_t StreamPrimary::flush() {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(isStubStreamOnWorker() ? mStubDriver.flush() : StreamAlsa::flush());
+    // TODO(b/372951987): consider if this needs to be done from 'StreamInWorkerLogic::cycle'.
+    return mIsInput ? standby() : ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t StreamPrimary::pause() {
+    return isStubStreamOnWorker() ? mStubDriver.pause() : StreamAlsa::pause();
+}
+
+::android::status_t StreamPrimary::standby() {
+    return isStubStreamOnWorker() ? mStubDriver.standby() : StreamAlsa::standby();
+}
+
 ::android::status_t StreamPrimary::start() {
+    bool isStub = true, shutdownAlsaStream = false;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard l(mLock);
+        isStub = mAlsaDeviceId == kStubDeviceId;
+        shutdownAlsaStream =
+                mCurrAlsaDeviceId != mAlsaDeviceId && mCurrAlsaDeviceId != kStubDeviceId;
+        mCurrAlsaDeviceId = mAlsaDeviceId;
+    }
+    if (shutdownAlsaStream) {
+        StreamAlsa::shutdown();  // Close currently opened ALSA devices.
+    }
+    if (isStub) {
+        return mStubDriver.start();
+    }
     RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(StreamAlsa::start());
     mStartTimeNs = ::android::uptimeNanos();
     mFramesSinceStart = 0;
@@ -52,6 +93,9 @@
 
 ::android::status_t StreamPrimary::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount,
                                             size_t* actualFrameCount, int32_t* latencyMs) {
+    if (isStubStreamOnWorker()) {
+        return mStubDriver.transfer(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount, latencyMs);
+    }
     // This is a workaround for the emulator implementation which has a host-side buffer
     // and is not being able to achieve real-time behavior similar to ADSPs (b/302587331).
     if (!mSkipNextTransfer) {
@@ -91,63 +135,85 @@
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
+void StreamPrimary::shutdown() {
+    StreamAlsa::shutdown();
+    mStubDriver.shutdown();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamPrimary::setConnectedDevices(const ConnectedDevices& devices) {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": " << ::android::internal::ToString(devices);
+    if (devices.size() > 1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": primary stream can only be connected to one device, got: "
+                   << devices.size();
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    }
+    {
+        const bool useStubDriver = devices.empty() || useStubStream(mIsInput, devices[0]);
+        std::lock_guard l(mLock);
+        mAlsaDeviceId = useStubDriver ? kStubDeviceId : getCardAndDeviceId(devices);
+    }
+    if (!devices.empty()) {
+        auto streamDataProcessor = getContext().getStreamDataProcessor().lock();
+        if (streamDataProcessor != nullptr) {
+            streamDataProcessor->setAudioDevice(devices[0]);
+        }
+    }
+    return StreamAlsa::setConnectedDevices(devices);
+}
+
 std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> StreamPrimary::getDeviceProfiles() {
-    static const std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> kBuiltInSource{
-            alsa::DeviceProfile{.card = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaCard,
-                                .device = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaDevice,
-                                .direction = PCM_IN,
+    return {alsa::DeviceProfile{.card = mCurrAlsaDeviceId.first,
+                                .device = mCurrAlsaDeviceId.second,
+                                .direction = mIsInput ? PCM_IN : PCM_OUT,
                                 .isExternal = false}};
-    static const std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> kBuiltInSink{
-            alsa::DeviceProfile{.card = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaCard,
-                                .device = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaDevice,
-                                .direction = PCM_OUT,
-                                .isExternal = false}};
-    return mIsInput ? kBuiltInSource : kBuiltInSink;
+}
+
+bool StreamPrimary::isStubStream() {
+    std::lock_guard l(mLock);
+    return mAlsaDeviceId == kStubDeviceId;
+}
+
+// static
+StreamPrimary::AlsaDeviceId StreamPrimary::getCardAndDeviceId(
+        const std::vector<AudioDevice>& devices) {
+    if (devices.empty() || devices[0].address.getTag() != AudioDeviceAddress::id) {
+        return kDefaultCardAndDeviceId;
+    }
+    std::string deviceAddress = devices[0].address.get<AudioDeviceAddress::id>();
+    AlsaDeviceId cardAndDeviceId;
+    if (const size_t suffixPos = deviceAddress.rfind("CARD_");
+        suffixPos == std::string::npos ||
+        sscanf(deviceAddress.c_str() + suffixPos, "CARD_%d_DEV_%d", &cardAndDeviceId.first,
+               &cardAndDeviceId.second) != 2) {
+        return kDefaultCardAndDeviceId;
+    }
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": parsed with card id " << cardAndDeviceId.first << ", device id "
+               << cardAndDeviceId.second;
+    return cardAndDeviceId;
+}
+
+// static
+bool StreamPrimary::useStubStream(
+        bool isInput, const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice& device) {
+    static const bool kSimulateInput =
+            GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.audio.tinyalsa.simulate_input", false);
+    static const bool kSimulateOutput =
+            GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.audio.tinyalsa.ignore_output", false);
+    if (isInput) {
+        return kSimulateInput || device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_TELEPHONY_RX ||
+               device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_FM_TUNER ||
+               device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS /*deprecated */;
+    }
+    return kSimulateOutput || device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::OUT_TELEPHONY_TX ||
+           device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS /*deprecated*/;
 }
 
 StreamInPrimary::StreamInPrimary(StreamContext&& context, const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                  const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
     : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones),
-      StreamSwitcher(&mContextInstance, sinkMetadata),
+      StreamPrimary(&mContextInstance, sinkMetadata),
       StreamInHwGainHelper(&mContextInstance) {}
 
-bool StreamInPrimary::useStubStream(const AudioDevice& device) {
-    static const bool kSimulateInput =
-            GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.audio.tinyalsa.simulate_input", false);
-    return kSimulateInput || device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_TELEPHONY_RX ||
-           device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_FM_TUNER ||
-           device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS /*deprecated */ ||
-           (device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::IN_BUS && device.type.connection.empty());
-}
-
-StreamSwitcher::DeviceSwitchBehavior StreamInPrimary::switchCurrentStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
-    if (devices.size() > 1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": primary stream can only be connected to one device, got: "
-                   << devices.size();
-        return DeviceSwitchBehavior::UNSUPPORTED_DEVICES;
-    }
-    if (devices.empty() || useStubStream(devices[0]) == isStubStream()) {
-        return DeviceSwitchBehavior::USE_CURRENT_STREAM;
-    }
-    return DeviceSwitchBehavior::CREATE_NEW_STREAM;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> StreamInPrimary::createNewStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-        StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) {
-    if (devices.empty()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": called with empty devices";  // see 'switchCurrentStream'
-    }
-    if (useStubStream(devices[0])) {
-        return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-                new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamStub>(context, metadata));
-    }
-    return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamPrimary>(context, metadata));
-}
-
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamInPrimary::getHwGain(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) {
     if (isStubStream()) {
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
@@ -181,45 +247,9 @@
 StreamOutPrimary::StreamOutPrimary(StreamContext&& context, const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                                    const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
     : StreamOut(std::move(context), offloadInfo),
-      StreamSwitcher(&mContextInstance, sourceMetadata),
+      StreamPrimary(&mContextInstance, sourceMetadata),
       StreamOutHwVolumeHelper(&mContextInstance) {}
 
-bool StreamOutPrimary::useStubStream(const AudioDevice& device) {
-    static const bool kSimulateOutput =
-            GetBoolProperty("ro.boot.audio.tinyalsa.ignore_output", false);
-    return kSimulateOutput || device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::OUT_TELEPHONY_TX ||
-           device.type.connection == AudioDeviceDescription::CONNECTION_BUS /*deprecated*/ ||
-           (device.type.type == AudioDeviceType::OUT_BUS && device.type.connection.empty());
-}
-
-StreamSwitcher::DeviceSwitchBehavior StreamOutPrimary::switchCurrentStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
-    if (devices.size() > 1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": primary stream can only be connected to one device, got: "
-                   << devices.size();
-        return DeviceSwitchBehavior::UNSUPPORTED_DEVICES;
-    }
-    if (devices.empty() || useStubStream(devices[0]) == isStubStream()) {
-        return DeviceSwitchBehavior::USE_CURRENT_STREAM;
-    }
-    return DeviceSwitchBehavior::CREATE_NEW_STREAM;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> StreamOutPrimary::createNewStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-        StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) {
-    if (devices.empty()) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": called with empty devices";  // see 'switchCurrentStream'
-    }
-    if (useStubStream(devices[0])) {
-        return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-                new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamStub>(context, metadata));
-    }
-    return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamPrimary>(context, metadata));
-}
-
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamOutPrimary::getHwVolume(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) {
     if (isStubStream()) {
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
@@ -245,15 +275,4 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamOutPrimary::setConnectedDevices(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) {
-    if (!devices.empty()) {
-        auto streamDataProcessor = mContextInstance.getStreamDataProcessor().lock();
-        if (streamDataProcessor != nullptr) {
-            streamDataProcessor->setAudioDevice(devices[0]);
-        }
-    }
-    return StreamSwitcher::setConnectedDevices(devices);
-}
-
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
index db105b6..93fe028 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
@@ -26,128 +26,106 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::r_submix::SubmixRoute;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneDynamicInfo;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo;
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-StreamRemoteSubmix::StreamRemoteSubmix(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
-                                       const AudioDeviceAddress& deviceAddress)
+StreamRemoteSubmix::StreamRemoteSubmix(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
     : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata),
-      mDeviceAddress(deviceAddress),
-      mIsInput(isInput(metadata)) {
-    mStreamConfig.frameSize = context->getFrameSize();
-    mStreamConfig.format = context->getFormat();
-    mStreamConfig.channelLayout = context->getChannelLayout();
-    mStreamConfig.sampleRate = context->getSampleRate();
-}
+      mIsInput(isInput(metadata)),
+      mStreamConfig{.sampleRate = context->getSampleRate(),
+                    .format = context->getFormat(),
+                    .channelLayout = context->getChannelLayout(),
+                    .frameSize = context->getFrameSize()} {}
 
 StreamRemoteSubmix::~StreamRemoteSubmix() {
     cleanupWorker();
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::init() {
-    mCurrentRoute = SubmixRoute::findOrCreateRoute(mDeviceAddress, mStreamConfig);
-    if (mCurrentRoute == nullptr) {
-        return ::android::NO_INIT;
-    }
-    if (!mCurrentRoute->isStreamConfigValid(mIsInput, mStreamConfig)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid stream config";
-        return ::android::NO_INIT;
-    }
-    sp<MonoPipe> sink = mCurrentRoute->getSink();
-    if (sink == nullptr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": nullptr sink when opening stream";
-        return ::android::NO_INIT;
-    }
-    if ((!mIsInput || mCurrentRoute->isStreamInOpen()) && sink->isShutdown()) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Shut down sink when opening stream";
-        if (::android::OK != mCurrentRoute->resetPipe()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": reset pipe failed";
-            return ::android::NO_INIT;
-        }
-    }
-    mCurrentRoute->openStream(mIsInput);
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) {
-    usleep(1000);
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::flush() {
-    usleep(1000);
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::pause() {
-    usleep(1000);
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::standby() {
-    mCurrentRoute->standby(mIsInput);
+    if (mCurrentRoute) mCurrentRoute->standby(mIsInput);
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::start() {
-    mCurrentRoute->exitStandby(mIsInput);
+    if (mDeviceAddressUpdated.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": device address updated, reset current route";
+        shutdown();
+        mDeviceAddressUpdated.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
+    }
+    if (!mCurrentRoute) {
+        RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(setCurrentRoute());
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": have current route? " << (mCurrentRoute != nullptr);
+    }
+    if (mCurrentRoute) mCurrentRoute->exitStandby(mIsInput);
     mStartTimeNs = ::android::uptimeNanos();
     mFramesSinceStart = 0;
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamRemoteSubmix::prepareToClose() {
-    if (!mIsInput) {
-        std::shared_ptr<SubmixRoute> route = SubmixRoute::findRoute(mDeviceAddress);
-        if (route != nullptr) {
-            sp<MonoPipe> sink = route->getSink();
-            if (sink == nullptr) {
-                ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
-            }
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": shutting down MonoPipe sink";
-
-            sink->shutdown(true);
-            // The client already considers this stream as closed, release the output end.
-            route->closeStream(mIsInput);
-        } else {
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": stream already closed.";
-            ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
-        }
-    }
-    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
-}
-
 // Remove references to the specified input and output streams.  When the device no longer
 // references input and output streams destroy the associated pipe.
 void StreamRemoteSubmix::shutdown() {
+    if (!mCurrentRoute) return;
     mCurrentRoute->closeStream(mIsInput);
     // If all stream instances are closed, we can remove route information for this port.
     if (!mCurrentRoute->hasAtleastOneStreamOpen()) {
         mCurrentRoute->releasePipe();
         LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": pipe destroyed";
-        SubmixRoute::removeRoute(mDeviceAddress);
+        SubmixRoute::removeRoute(getDeviceAddress());
     }
     mCurrentRoute.reset();
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount,
                                                  size_t* actualFrameCount, int32_t* latencyMs) {
+    if (mDeviceAddressUpdated.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+        // 'setConnectedDevices' was called. I/O will be restarted.
+        return ::android::OK;
+    }
+
     *latencyMs = getDelayInUsForFrameCount(getStreamPipeSizeInFrames()) / 1000;
     LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": Latency " << *latencyMs << "ms";
-    mCurrentRoute->exitStandby(mIsInput);
-    ::android::status_t status = mIsInput ? inRead(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount)
-                                          : outWrite(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount);
-    if ((status != ::android::OK && mIsInput) ||
-        ((status != ::android::OK && status != ::android::DEAD_OBJECT) && !mIsInput)) {
-        return status;
+    ::android::status_t status = ::android::OK;
+    if (mCurrentRoute) {
+        mCurrentRoute->exitStandby(mIsInput);
+        status = mIsInput ? inRead(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount)
+                          : outWrite(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount);
+        if ((status != ::android::OK && mIsInput) ||
+            ((status != ::android::OK && status != ::android::DEAD_OBJECT) && !mIsInput)) {
+            return status;
+        }
+    } else {
+        LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": no current route";
+        if (mIsInput) {
+            memset(buffer, 0, mStreamConfig.frameSize * frameCount);
+        }
+        *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
     }
     mFramesSinceStart += *actualFrameCount;
-    if (!mIsInput && status != ::android::DEAD_OBJECT) return ::android::OK;
-    // Input streams always need to block, output streams need to block when there is no sink.
-    // When the sink exists, more sophisticated blocking algorithm is implemented by MonoPipe.
+    // If there is no route, always block, otherwise:
+    //  - Input streams always need to block, output streams need to block when there is no sink.
+    //  - When the sink exists, more sophisticated blocking algorithm is implemented by MonoPipe.
+    if (mCurrentRoute && !mIsInput && status != ::android::DEAD_OBJECT) return ::android::OK;
     const long bufferDurationUs =
             (*actualFrameCount) * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mContext.getSampleRate();
     const auto totalDurationUs = (::android::uptimeNanos() - mStartTimeNs) / NANOS_PER_MICROSECOND;
@@ -163,6 +141,10 @@
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::refinePosition(StreamDescriptor::Position* position) {
+    if (!mCurrentRoute) {
+        RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(setCurrentRoute());
+        if (!mCurrentRoute) return ::android::OK;
+    }
     sp<MonoPipeReader> source = mCurrentRoute->getSource();
     if (source == nullptr) {
         return ::android::NO_INIT;
@@ -186,6 +168,7 @@
 
 // Calculate the maximum size of the pipe buffer in frames for the specified stream.
 size_t StreamRemoteSubmix::getStreamPipeSizeInFrames() {
+    if (!mCurrentRoute) return r_submix::kDefaultPipeSizeInFrames;
     auto pipeConfig = mCurrentRoute->getPipeConfig();
     const size_t maxFrameSize = std::max(mStreamConfig.frameSize, pipeConfig.frameSize);
     return (pipeConfig.frameCount * pipeConfig.frameSize) / maxFrameSize;
@@ -209,7 +192,7 @@
     }
     mWriteShutdownCount = 0;
 
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << mDeviceAddress.toString() << ", " << frameCount
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << getDeviceAddress().toString() << ", " << frameCount
                  << " frames";
 
     const bool shouldBlockWrite = mCurrentRoute->shouldBlockWrite();
@@ -283,8 +266,9 @@
     }
     mReadErrorCount = 0;
 
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << mDeviceAddress.toString() << ", " << frameCount
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << getDeviceAddress().toString() << ", " << frameCount
                  << " frames";
+
     // read the data from the pipe
     char* buff = (char*)buffer;
     size_t actuallyRead = 0;
@@ -324,10 +308,91 @@
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
+::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::setCurrentRoute() {
+    const auto address = getDeviceAddress();
+    if (address == AudioDeviceAddress{}) {
+        return ::android::OK;
+    }
+    mCurrentRoute = SubmixRoute::findOrCreateRoute(address, mStreamConfig);
+    if (mCurrentRoute == nullptr) {
+        return ::android::NO_INIT;
+    }
+    if (!mCurrentRoute->isStreamConfigValid(mIsInput, mStreamConfig)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid stream config";
+        return ::android::NO_INIT;
+    }
+    sp<MonoPipe> sink = mCurrentRoute->getSink();
+    if (sink == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": nullptr sink when opening stream";
+        return ::android::NO_INIT;
+    }
+    if ((!mIsInput || mCurrentRoute->isStreamInOpen()) && sink->isShutdown()) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Shut down sink when opening stream";
+        if (::android::OK != mCurrentRoute->resetPipe()) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": reset pipe failed";
+            return ::android::NO_INIT;
+        }
+    }
+    mCurrentRoute->openStream(mIsInput);
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamRemoteSubmix::prepareToClose() {
+    if (!mIsInput) {
+        const auto address = getDeviceAddress();
+        if (address == AudioDeviceAddress{}) return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+        std::shared_ptr<SubmixRoute> route = SubmixRoute::findRoute(address);
+        if (route != nullptr) {
+            sp<MonoPipe> sink = route->getSink();
+            if (sink == nullptr) {
+                ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+            }
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": shutting down MonoPipe sink";
+
+            sink->shutdown(true);
+            // The client already considers this stream as closed, release the output end.
+            route->closeStream(mIsInput);
+        } else {
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": stream already closed.";
+            ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+        }
+    }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamRemoteSubmix::setConnectedDevices(const ConnectedDevices& devices) {
+    if (devices.size() > 1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Only single device supported, got " << devices.size();
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    }
+    AudioDeviceAddress newAddress;
+    if (!devices.empty()) {
+        if (auto deviceDesc = devices.front().type;
+            (mIsInput && deviceDesc.type != AudioDeviceType::IN_SUBMIX) ||
+            (!mIsInput && deviceDesc.type != AudioDeviceType::OUT_SUBMIX)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Device type " << toString(deviceDesc.type)
+                       << " not supported";
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+        }
+        newAddress = devices.front().address;
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": connected to " << newAddress.toString();
+    } else {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": disconnected";
+    }
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(StreamCommonImpl::setConnectedDevices(devices));
+    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
+    if (mDeviceAddress != newAddress) {
+        mDeviceAddress = newAddress;
+        mDeviceAddressUpdated.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+    }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 StreamInRemoteSubmix::StreamInRemoteSubmix(StreamContext&& context,
                                            const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                            const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
-    : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones), StreamSwitcher(&mContextInstance, sinkMetadata) {}
+    : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones),
+      StreamRemoteSubmix(&mContextInstance, sinkMetadata) {}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamInRemoteSubmix::getActiveMicrophones(
         std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo>* _aidl_return) {
@@ -336,66 +401,10 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-StreamSwitcher::DeviceSwitchBehavior StreamInRemoteSubmix::switchCurrentStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) {
-    // This implementation effectively postpones stream creation until
-    // receiving the first call to 'setConnectedDevices' with a non-empty list.
-    if (isStubStream()) {
-        if (devices.size() == 1) {
-            auto deviceDesc = devices.front().type;
-            if (deviceDesc.type ==
-                ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType::IN_SUBMIX) {
-                return DeviceSwitchBehavior::CREATE_NEW_STREAM;
-            }
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Device type " << toString(deviceDesc.type)
-                       << " not supported";
-        } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Only single device supported.";
-        }
-        return DeviceSwitchBehavior::UNSUPPORTED_DEVICES;
-    }
-    return DeviceSwitchBehavior::USE_CURRENT_STREAM;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> StreamInRemoteSubmix::createNewStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-        StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) {
-    return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamRemoteSubmix>(context, metadata, devices.front().address));
-}
-
 StreamOutRemoteSubmix::StreamOutRemoteSubmix(StreamContext&& context,
                                              const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                                              const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
     : StreamOut(std::move(context), offloadInfo),
-      StreamSwitcher(&mContextInstance, sourceMetadata) {}
-
-StreamSwitcher::DeviceSwitchBehavior StreamOutRemoteSubmix::switchCurrentStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) {
-    // This implementation effectively postpones stream creation until
-    // receiving the first call to 'setConnectedDevices' with a non-empty list.
-    if (isStubStream()) {
-        if (devices.size() == 1) {
-            auto deviceDesc = devices.front().type;
-            if (deviceDesc.type ==
-                ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType::OUT_SUBMIX) {
-                return DeviceSwitchBehavior::CREATE_NEW_STREAM;
-            }
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Device type " << toString(deviceDesc.type)
-                       << " not supported";
-        } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Only single device supported.";
-        }
-        return DeviceSwitchBehavior::UNSUPPORTED_DEVICES;
-    }
-    return DeviceSwitchBehavior::USE_CURRENT_STREAM;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> StreamOutRemoteSubmix::createNewStream(
-        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
-        StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) {
-    return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamRemoteSubmix>(context, metadata, devices.front().address));
-}
+      StreamRemoteSubmix(&mContextInstance, sourceMetadata) {}
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
index 5425f12..0097f39 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
@@ -25,10 +25,12 @@
 #include <media/nbaio/MonoPipe.h>
 #include <media/nbaio/MonoPipeReader.h>
 
+#include <Utils.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioChannelLayout.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioDeviceAddress.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioFormatDescription.h>
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::getFrameSizeInBytes;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
@@ -56,8 +58,8 @@
     AudioChannelLayout channelLayout =
             AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::Tag::layoutMask>(
                     AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO);
-    size_t frameSize;
-    size_t frameCount;
+    size_t frameSize = getFrameSizeInBytes(format, channelLayout);
+    size_t frameCount = 0;
 };
 
 class SubmixRoute {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..beb0114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+#define LOG_TAG "AHAL_Stream"
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <audio_utils/clock.h>
+
+#include "core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+DriverStubImpl::DriverStubImpl(const StreamContext& context)
+    : mBufferSizeFrames(context.getBufferSizeInFrames()),
+      mFrameSizeBytes(context.getFrameSize()),
+      mSampleRate(context.getSampleRate()),
+      mIsAsynchronous(!!context.getAsyncCallback()),
+      mIsInput(context.isInput()) {}
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::init() {
+    mIsInitialized = true;
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) {
+    if (!mIsInitialized) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
+    }
+    if (!mIsInput) {
+        if (!mIsAsynchronous) {
+            static constexpr float kMicrosPerSecond = MICROS_PER_SECOND;
+            const size_t delayUs = static_cast<size_t>(
+                    std::roundf(mBufferSizeFrames * kMicrosPerSecond / mSampleRate));
+            usleep(delayUs);
+        } else {
+            usleep(500);
+        }
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::flush() {
+    if (!mIsInitialized) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::pause() {
+    if (!mIsInitialized) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::standby() {
+    if (!mIsInitialized) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
+    }
+    mIsStandby = true;
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::start() {
+    if (!mIsInitialized) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
+    }
+    mIsStandby = false;
+    mStartTimeNs = ::android::uptimeNanos();
+    mFramesSinceStart = 0;
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount,
+                                             size_t* actualFrameCount, int32_t*) {
+    if (!mIsInitialized) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
+    }
+    if (mIsStandby) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen while in standby";
+    }
+    *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
+    if (mIsAsynchronous) {
+        usleep(500);
+    } else {
+        mFramesSinceStart += *actualFrameCount;
+        const long bufferDurationUs = (*actualFrameCount) * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mSampleRate;
+        const auto totalDurationUs =
+                (::android::uptimeNanos() - mStartTimeNs) / NANOS_PER_MICROSECOND;
+        const long totalOffsetUs =
+                mFramesSinceStart * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mSampleRate - totalDurationUs;
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": totalOffsetUs " << totalOffsetUs;
+        if (totalOffsetUs > 0) {
+            const long sleepTimeUs = std::min(totalOffsetUs, bufferDurationUs);
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": sleeping for " << sleepTimeUs << " us";
+            usleep(sleepTimeUs);
+        }
+    }
+    if (mIsInput) {
+        uint8_t* byteBuffer = static_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < frameCount * mFrameSizeBytes; ++i) {
+            byteBuffer[i] = std::rand() % 255;
+        }
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+void DriverStubImpl::shutdown() {
+    mIsInitialized = false;
+}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
index a3d99a8..f6c87e1 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
@@ -32,110 +32,12 @@
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
 StreamStub::StreamStub(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
-    : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata),
-      mBufferSizeFrames(getContext().getBufferSizeInFrames()),
-      mFrameSizeBytes(getContext().getFrameSize()),
-      mSampleRate(getContext().getSampleRate()),
-      mIsAsynchronous(!!getContext().getAsyncCallback()),
-      mIsInput(isInput(metadata)) {}
+    : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata), DriverStubImpl(getContext()) {}
 
 StreamStub::~StreamStub() {
     cleanupWorker();
 }
 
-::android::status_t StreamStub::init() {
-    mIsInitialized = true;
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamStub::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) {
-    if (!mIsInitialized) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
-    }
-    if (!mIsInput) {
-        if (!mIsAsynchronous) {
-            static constexpr float kMicrosPerSecond = MICROS_PER_SECOND;
-            const size_t delayUs = static_cast<size_t>(
-                    std::roundf(mBufferSizeFrames * kMicrosPerSecond / mSampleRate));
-            usleep(delayUs);
-        } else {
-            usleep(500);
-        }
-    }
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamStub::flush() {
-    if (!mIsInitialized) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
-    }
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamStub::pause() {
-    if (!mIsInitialized) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
-    }
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamStub::standby() {
-    if (!mIsInitialized) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
-    }
-    mIsStandby = true;
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamStub::start() {
-    if (!mIsInitialized) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
-    }
-    mIsStandby = false;
-    mStartTimeNs = ::android::uptimeNanos();
-    mFramesSinceStart = 0;
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamStub::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
-                                         int32_t*) {
-    if (!mIsInitialized) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
-    }
-    if (mIsStandby) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen while in standby";
-    }
-    *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
-    if (mIsAsynchronous) {
-        usleep(500);
-    } else {
-        mFramesSinceStart += *actualFrameCount;
-        const long bufferDurationUs =
-                (*actualFrameCount) * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mContext.getSampleRate();
-        const auto totalDurationUs =
-                (::android::uptimeNanos() - mStartTimeNs) / NANOS_PER_MICROSECOND;
-        const long totalOffsetUs =
-                mFramesSinceStart * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mContext.getSampleRate() - totalDurationUs;
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": totalOffsetUs " << totalOffsetUs;
-        if (totalOffsetUs > 0) {
-            const long sleepTimeUs = std::min(totalOffsetUs, bufferDurationUs);
-            LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": sleeping for " << sleepTimeUs << " us";
-            usleep(sleepTimeUs);
-        }
-    }
-    if (mIsInput) {
-        uint8_t* byteBuffer = static_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer);
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < frameCount * mFrameSizeBytes; ++i) {
-            byteBuffer[i] = std::rand() % 255;
-        }
-    }
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-void StreamStub::shutdown() {
-    mIsInitialized = false;
-}
-
 StreamInStub::StreamInStub(StreamContext&& context, const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                            const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
     : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones), StreamStub(&mContextInstance, sinkMetadata) {}
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h b/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
index 0fa170f..3877c60 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@
     return prefix;
 }
 
+static constexpr float kMaxAudioSampleValue = 1;
+
 class EffectHelper {
   public:
     void create(std::shared_ptr<IFactory> factory, std::shared_ptr<IEffect>& effect,
@@ -413,6 +415,19 @@
         }
     }
 
+    // Fill inputBuffer with random values between -maxAudioSampleValue to maxAudioSampleValue
+    void generateInputBuffer(std::vector<float>& inputBuffer, size_t startPosition, bool isStrip,
+                             size_t channelCount,
+                             float maxAudioSampleValue = kMaxAudioSampleValue) {
+        size_t increment = isStrip ? 1 /*Fill input at all the channels*/
+                                   : channelCount /*Fill input at only one channel*/;
+
+        for (size_t i = startPosition; i < inputBuffer.size(); i += increment) {
+            inputBuffer[i] =
+                    ((static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1) * maxAudioSampleValue;
+        }
+    }
+
     // Generate multitone input between -1 to +1 using testFrequencies
     void generateMultiTone(const std::vector<int>& testFrequencies, std::vector<float>& input,
                            const int samplingFrequency) {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
index 2bf70c7..9fe5801 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDualMonoMode;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioGainConfig;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioInputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioLatencyMode;
@@ -450,6 +451,7 @@
     // This is implemented by the 'StreamFixture' utility class.
     static constexpr int kNegativeTestBufferSizeFrames = 256;
     static constexpr int kDefaultLargeBufferSizeFrames = 48000;
+    static constexpr int32_t kAidlVersion3 = 3;
 
     void SetUpImpl(const std::string& moduleName, bool setUpDebug = true) {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectToService(moduleName, setUpDebug));
@@ -478,6 +480,7 @@
         if (setUpDebug) {
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
         }
+        ASSERT_TRUE(module->getInterfaceVersion(&aidlVersion).isOk());
     }
 
     void RestartService() {
@@ -490,6 +493,7 @@
         if (setUpDebug) {
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
         }
+        ASSERT_TRUE(module->getInterfaceVersion(&aidlVersion).isOk());
     }
 
     void SetUpDebug() {
@@ -577,6 +581,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<WithDebugFlags> debug;
     std::vector<AudioPort> initialPorts;
     std::vector<AudioRoute> initialRoutes;
+    int32_t aidlVersion;
 };
 
 class WithDevicePortConnectedState {
@@ -1821,6 +1826,46 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_P(AudioCoreModule, SetAudioPortConfigInvalidPortAudioGain) {
+    if (aidlVersion < kAidlVersion3) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip for audio HAL version lower than " << kAidlVersion3;
+    }
+    std::vector<AudioPort> ports;
+    ASSERT_IS_OK(module->getAudioPorts(&ports));
+    bool atLeastOnePortWithNonemptyGain = false;
+    for (const auto port : ports) {
+        AudioPortConfig portConfig;
+        portConfig.portId = port.id;
+        if (port.gains.empty()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        atLeastOnePortWithNonemptyGain = true;
+        int index = 0;
+        ASSERT_NE(0, port.gains[index].stepValue) << "Invalid audio port config gain step 0";
+        portConfig.gain->index = index;
+        AudioGainConfig invalidGainConfig;
+
+        int invalidGain = port.gains[index].maxValue + port.gains[index].stepValue;
+        invalidGainConfig.values.push_back(invalidGain);
+        portConfig.gain.emplace(invalidGainConfig);
+        bool applied = true;
+        AudioPortConfig suggestedConfig;
+        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
+                      module->setAudioPortConfig(portConfig, &suggestedConfig, &applied))
+                << "invalid port gain " << invalidGain << " lower than min gain";
+
+        invalidGain = port.gains[index].minValue - port.gains[index].stepValue;
+        invalidGainConfig.values[0] = invalidGain;
+        portConfig.gain.emplace(invalidGainConfig);
+        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
+                      module->setAudioPortConfig(portConfig, &suggestedConfig, &applied))
+                << "invalid port gain " << invalidGain << "higher than max gain";
+    }
+    if (!atLeastOnePortWithNonemptyGain) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No audio port contains non-empty gain configuration";
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_P(AudioCoreModule, TryConnectMissingDevice) {
     // Limit checks to connection types that are known to be detectable by HAL implementations.
     static const std::set<std::string> kCheckedConnectionTypes{
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp
index a1491e6..bf22839 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp
@@ -149,22 +149,6 @@
         mOutputBuffer.resize(mOutputBufferSize);
     }
 
-    // Generate mInputBuffer values between -kMaxDownmixSample to kMaxDownmixSample
-    void generateInputBuffer(size_t position, bool isStrip) {
-        size_t increment;
-        if (isStrip)
-            // Fill input at all the channels
-            increment = 1;
-        else
-            // Fill input at only one channel
-            increment = mInputChannelCount;
-
-        for (size_t i = position; i < mInputBuffer.size(); i += increment) {
-            mInputBuffer[i] =
-                    ((static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1) * kMaxDownmixSample;
-        }
-    }
-
     bool isLayoutValid(int32_t inputLayout) {
         if (inputLayout & kMaxChannelMask) {
             return false;
@@ -365,7 +349,8 @@
 
     for (int32_t channel : supportedChannels) {
         size_t position = std::distance(supportedChannels.begin(), supportedChannels.find(channel));
-        generateInputBuffer(position, false /*isStripe*/);
+        generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, position, false /*isStripe*/,
+                            mInputChannelCount /*channelCount*/, kMaxDownmixSample);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 processAndWriteToOutput(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
         validateOutput(channel, position);
@@ -417,7 +402,8 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setParameters(Downmix::Type::STRIP));
 
     // Generate input buffer, call process and compare outputs
-    generateInputBuffer(0 /*position*/, true /*isStripe*/);
+    generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, 0 /*position*/, true /*isStripe*/,
+                        mInputChannelCount /*channelCount*/, kMaxDownmixSample);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
             processAndWriteToOutput(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
     validateOutput();
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
index 6af326d..2b6dc3d 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
@@ -121,17 +121,23 @@
             Parameter::Specific specific;
             specific.set<Parameter::Specific::hapticGenerator>(setHg);
             expectParam.set<Parameter::specific>(specific);
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->setParameter(expectParam)) << expectParam.toString();
 
-            // get parameter
-            Parameter getParam;
-            Parameter::Id id;
-            HapticGenerator::Id hgId;
-            hgId.set<HapticGenerator::Id::commonTag>(tag);
-            id.set<Parameter::Id::hapticGeneratorTag>(hgId);
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam));
-            EXPECT_EQ(expectParam, getParam) << expectParam.toString() << "\n"
-                                             << getParam.toString();
+            const bool valid =
+                    isParameterValid<HapticGenerator, Range::hapticGenerator>(setHg, mDescriptor);
+            const binder_exception_t expected = valid ? EX_NONE : EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+            EXPECT_STATUS(expected, mEffect->setParameter(expectParam)) << expectParam.toString();
+
+            // only get if parameter in range and set success
+            if (expected == EX_NONE) {
+                Parameter getParam;
+                Parameter::Id id;
+                HapticGenerator::Id hgId;
+                hgId.set<HapticGenerator::Id::commonTag>(tag);
+                id.set<Parameter::Id::hapticGeneratorTag>(hgId);
+                EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam));
+                EXPECT_EQ(expectParam, getParam) << expectParam.toString() << "\n"
+                                                 << getParam.toString();
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
index 1fe8beb..4c868a9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Parameter;
 using android::hardware::audio::common::testing::detail::TestExecutionTracer;
 
-static constexpr float kMaxAudioSample = 1;
 static constexpr int kZeroGain = 0;
 static constexpr int kMaxGain = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
 static constexpr int kMinGain = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
@@ -154,12 +153,14 @@
   public:
     LoudnessEnhancerDataTest() {
         std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = GetParam();
-        mBufferSize = kFrameCount *
-                      getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(
-                              AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO));
-        generateInputBuffer();
+        size_t channelCount =
+                getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(
+                        AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO));
+        mBufferSizeInFrames = kFrameCount * channelCount;
+        mInputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
+        generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, 0, true, channelCount, kMaxAudioSampleValue);
 
-        mOutputBuffer.resize(mBufferSize);
+        mOutputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
     }
 
     void SetUp() override {
@@ -177,14 +178,6 @@
         TearDownLoudnessEnhancer();
     }
 
-    // Fill inputBuffer with random values between -kMaxAudioSample to kMaxAudioSample
-    void generateInputBuffer() {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < mBufferSize; i++) {
-            mInputBuffer.push_back(((static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1) *
-                                   kMaxAudioSample);
-        }
-    }
-
     // Add gains to the mInputBuffer and store processed output to mOutputBuffer
     void processAndWriteToOutput() {
         // Check AidlMessageQueues are not null
@@ -220,7 +213,7 @@
     }
 
     void assertSequentialGains(const std::vector<int>& gainValues, bool isIncreasing) {
-        std::vector<float> baseOutput(mBufferSize);
+        std::vector<float> baseOutput(mBufferSizeInFrames);
 
         // Process a reference output buffer with 0 gain which gives compressed input values
         binder_exception_t expected;
@@ -257,7 +250,7 @@
 
     std::vector<float> mInputBuffer;
     std::vector<float> mOutputBuffer;
-    size_t mBufferSize;
+    size_t mBufferSizeInFrames;
 };
 
 TEST_P(LoudnessEnhancerDataTest, IncreasingGains) {
@@ -296,10 +289,10 @@
     setParameters(kMaxGain, expected);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput());
 
-    // Validate that mOutputBuffer reaches to kMaxAudioSample for INT_MAX gain
+    // Validate that mOutputBuffer reaches to kMaxAudioSampleValue for INT_MAX gain
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mOutputBuffer.size(); i++) {
         if (mInputBuffer[i] != 0) {
-            EXPECT_NEAR(kMaxAudioSample, abs(mOutputBuffer[i]), kAbsError);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(kMaxAudioSampleValue, abs(mOutputBuffer[i]), kAbsError);
         } else {
             ASSERT_EQ(mOutputBuffer[i], mInputBuffer[i]);
         }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp
index f215a8e..f89cb40 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 using namespace android;
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::getChannelCount;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Descriptor;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::getEffectTypeUuidVisualizer;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect;
@@ -56,6 +57,15 @@
           mMeasurementMode(std::get<PARAM_MEASUREMENT_MODE>(GetParam())),
           mLatency(std::get<PARAM_LATENCY>(GetParam())) {
         std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(GetParam());
+
+        size_t channelCount =
+                getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(
+                        AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO));
+        mBufferSizeInFrames = kInputFrameCount * channelCount;
+        mInputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
+        generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, 0, true, channelCount, kMaxAudioSampleValue);
+
+        mOutputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
     }
 
     void SetUp() override {
@@ -65,14 +75,15 @@
         Parameter::Common common = createParamCommon(
                 0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, 44100 /* iSampleRate */, 44100 /* oSampleRate */,
                 kInputFrameCount /* iFrameCount */, kOutputFrameCount /* oFrameCount */);
-        IEffect::OpenEffectReturn ret;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, std::nullopt, &ret, EX_NONE));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, std::nullopt, &mOpenEffectReturn, EX_NONE));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mEffect);
+        mVersion = EffectFactoryHelper::getHalVersion(mFactory);
     }
 
     void TearDown() override {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(close(mEffect));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(destroy(mFactory, mEffect));
+        mOpenEffectReturn = IEffect::OpenEffectReturn{};
     }
 
     static const long kInputFrameCount = 0x100, kOutputFrameCount = 0x100;
@@ -83,6 +94,12 @@
     Visualizer::ScalingMode mScalingMode = Visualizer::ScalingMode::NORMALIZED;
     Visualizer::MeasurementMode mMeasurementMode = Visualizer::MeasurementMode::NONE;
     int mLatency = 0;
+    int mVersion = 0;
+    std::vector<float> mInputBuffer;
+    std::vector<float> mOutputBuffer;
+    size_t mBufferSizeInFrames;
+    IEffect::OpenEffectReturn mOpenEffectReturn;
+    bool mAllParamsValid = true;
 
     void SetAndGetParameters() {
         for (auto& it : mCommonTags) {
@@ -94,6 +111,7 @@
             ASSERT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getDescriptor(&desc));
             const bool valid = isParameterValid<Visualizer, Range::visualizer>(vs, desc);
             const binder_exception_t expected = valid ? EX_NONE : EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+            if (expected == EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT) mAllParamsValid = false;
 
             // set parameter
             Parameter expectParam;
@@ -153,23 +171,50 @@
 };
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetCaptureSize) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addCaptureSizeParam(mCaptureSize));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addCaptureSizeParam(mCaptureSize));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
 }
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetScalingMode) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addScalingModeParam(mScalingMode));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addScalingModeParam(mScalingMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
 }
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetMeasurementMode) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addMeasurementModeParam(mMeasurementMode));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addMeasurementModeParam(mMeasurementMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
 }
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetLatency) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addLatencyParam(mLatency));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addLatencyParam(mLatency));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
+}
+
+TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, testCaptureSampleBufferSizeAndOutput) {
+    SKIP_TEST_IF_DATA_UNSUPPORTED(mDescriptor.common.flags);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addCaptureSizeParam(mCaptureSize));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addScalingModeParam(mScalingMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addMeasurementModeParam(mMeasurementMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addLatencyParam(mLatency));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
+
+    Parameter getParam;
+    Parameter::Id id;
+    Visualizer::Id vsId;
+    vsId.set<Visualizer::Id::commonTag>(Visualizer::captureSampleBuffer);
+    id.set<Parameter::Id::visualizerTag>(vsId);
+    EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam)) << " with: " << id.toString();
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer, mEffect,
+                                                    &mOpenEffectReturn, mVersion));
+    ASSERT_EQ(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer);
+
+    if (mAllParamsValid) {
+        std::vector<uint8_t> captureBuffer = getParam.get<Parameter::specific>()
+                                                     .get<Parameter::Specific::visualizer>()
+                                                     .get<Visualizer::captureSampleBuffer>();
+        ASSERT_EQ((size_t)mCaptureSize, captureBuffer.size());
+    }
 }
 
 std::vector<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>> kDescPair;
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
index de0e398..8ef440d 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@
             {
                 "name": "AP_POWER_STATE_REQ",
                 "value": 289475072,
-                "description": "Property to control power state of application processor\nIt is assumed that AP's power state is controlled by a separate power controller.\nFor configuration information, VehiclePropConfig.configArray must have bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.\nint32Values[0] : VehicleApPowerStateReq enum value int32Values[1] : additional parameter relevant for each state, 0 if not used."
+                "description": "Property to control power state of application processor\nIt is assumed that AP's power state is controlled by a separate power controller.\nFor configuration information, VehiclePropConfig.configArray must have bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.\nconfigArray[0] : Bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag, 0x0 if not used, 0x1 for enabling suspend to ram, 0x2 for supporting powering on AP from off state after timeout. 0x4 for enabling suspend to disk,\nint32Values[0] : VehicleApPowerStateReq enum value int32Values[1] : additional parameter relevant for each state, 0 if not used."
             },
             {
                 "name": "AP_POWER_STATE_REPORT",
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
index ad14a9b..5916307 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
@@ -49,11 +49,6 @@
 
 class FakeVehicleHardware : public IVehicleHardware {
   public:
-    // Supports Suspend_to_ram.
-    static constexpr int32_t SUPPORT_S2R = 0x1;
-    // Supports Suspend_to_disk.
-    static constexpr int32_t SUPPORT_S2D = 0x4;
-
     using ValueResultType = VhalResult<VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType>;
 
     FakeVehicleHardware();
@@ -61,6 +56,13 @@
     FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir, std::string overrideConfigDir,
                         bool forceOverride);
 
+    // s2rS2dConfig is the config for whether S2R or S2D is supported, must be a bit flag combining
+    // values from VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.
+    // The default implementation is reading this from system property:
+    // "ro.vendor.fake_vhal.ap_power_state_req.config".
+    FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir, std::string overrideConfigDir,
+                        bool forceOverride, int32_t s2rS2dConfig);
+
     ~FakeVehicleHardware();
 
     // Get all the property configs.
@@ -122,12 +124,6 @@
 
     bool UseOverrideConfigDir();
 
-    // Gets the config whether S2R or S2D is supported, must returns a bit flag made up of
-    // SUPPORT_S2R and SUPPORT_S2D, for example, 0x0 means no support, 0x5 means support both.
-    // The default implementation is reading this from system property:
-    // "ro.vendor.fake_vhal.ap_power_state_req.config".
-    int32_t getS2rS2dConfig();
-
   private:
     // Expose private methods to unit test.
     friend class FakeVehicleHardwareTestHelper;
@@ -204,7 +200,7 @@
     // provides power controlling related properties.
     std::string mPowerControllerServiceAddress = "";
 
-    void init();
+    void init(int32_t s2rS2dConfig);
     // Stores the initial value to property store.
     void storePropInitialValue(const ConfigDeclaration& config);
     // The callback that would be called when a vehicle property value change happens.
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
index 855d85f..b301557 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
@@ -348,6 +348,13 @@
 
 FakeVehicleHardware::FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir,
                                          std::string overrideConfigDir, bool forceOverride)
+    : FakeVehicleHardware(defaultConfigDir, overrideConfigDir, forceOverride,
+                          /*s2rS2dConfig=*/
+                          GetIntProperty(POWER_STATE_REQ_CONFIG_PROPERTY, /*default_value=*/0)) {}
+
+FakeVehicleHardware::FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir,
+                                         std::string overrideConfigDir, bool forceOverride,
+                                         int32_t s2rS2dConfig)
     : mValuePool(std::make_unique<VehiclePropValuePool>()),
       mServerSidePropStore(new VehiclePropertyStore(mValuePool)),
       mDefaultConfigDir(defaultConfigDir),
@@ -360,7 +367,7 @@
       mPendingGetValueRequests(this),
       mPendingSetValueRequests(this),
       mForceOverride(forceOverride) {
-    init();
+    init(s2rS2dConfig);
 }
 
 FakeVehicleHardware::~FakeVehicleHardware() {
@@ -388,7 +395,7 @@
     return configsByPropId;
 }
 
-void FakeVehicleHardware::init() {
+void FakeVehicleHardware::init(int32_t s2rS2dConfig) {
     maybeGetGrpcServiceInfo(&mPowerControllerServiceAddress);
 
     for (auto& [_, configDeclaration] : loadConfigDeclarations()) {
@@ -396,7 +403,7 @@
         VehiclePropertyStore::TokenFunction tokenFunction = nullptr;
 
         if (cfg.prop == toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_STATE_REQ)) {
-            cfg.configArray[0] = getS2rS2dConfig();
+            cfg.configArray[0] = s2rS2dConfig;
         } else if (cfg.prop == OBD2_FREEZE_FRAME) {
             tokenFunction = [](const VehiclePropValue& propValue) { return propValue.timestamp; };
         }
@@ -425,10 +432,6 @@
     });
 }
 
-int32_t FakeVehicleHardware::getS2rS2dConfig() {
-    return GetIntProperty(POWER_STATE_REQ_CONFIG_PROPERTY, /*default_value=*/0);
-}
-
 std::vector<VehiclePropConfig> FakeVehicleHardware::getAllPropertyConfigs() const {
     std::vector<VehiclePropConfig> allConfigs = mServerSidePropStore->getAllConfigs();
     if (mAddExtraTestVendorConfigs) {
@@ -535,6 +538,9 @@
                        << getErrorMsg(writeResult);
             }
             break;
+        case toInt(VehicleApPowerStateReport::ON):
+            ALOGI("Received VehicleApPowerStateReport::ON, entering normal operating state");
+            break;
         default:
             ALOGE("Unknown VehicleApPowerStateReport: %d", state);
             break;
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
index 95647df..f6098ca 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <FakeUserHal.h>
 #include <PropertyUtils.h>
 
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleApPowerStateShutdownParam.h>
 #include <android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/TestVendorProperty.h>
 
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::SetValueResult;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::StatusCode;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::SubscribeOptions;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateReport;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateReq;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateShutdownParam;
@@ -3863,6 +3865,25 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(FakeVehicleHardwareTest, testOverrideApPowerStateReqConfig) {
+    auto hardware = std::make_unique<FakeVehicleHardware>(
+            android::base::GetExecutableDirectory(),
+            /*overrideConfigDir=*/"",
+            /*forceOverride=*/false,
+            toInt(VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag::ENABLE_DEEP_SLEEP_FLAG) |
+                    toInt(VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag::ENABLE_HIBERNATION_FLAG));
+
+    std::vector<VehiclePropConfig> configs = hardware->getAllPropertyConfigs();
+
+    for (const auto& config : configs) {
+        if (config.prop != toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_STATE_REQ)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        ASSERT_EQ(config.configArray[0], 0x5);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace fake
 }  // namespace vehicle
 }  // namespace automotive
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h
index fa2a310..b58d0f5 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/include/DefaultVehicleHal.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <shared_mutex>
@@ -138,12 +139,11 @@
     // Only used for testing.
     int32_t mTestInterfaceVersion = 0;
 
-    // mConfigsByPropId and mConfigFile is lazy initialized.
-    mutable std::mutex mConfigInitLock;
-    mutable bool mConfigInit GUARDED_BY(mConfigInitLock) = false;
+    mutable std::atomic<bool> mConfigInit = false;
+    mutable std::shared_timed_mutex mConfigLock;
     mutable std::unordered_map<int32_t, aidlvhal::VehiclePropConfig> mConfigsByPropId
-            GUARDED_BY(mConfigInitLock);
-    mutable std::unique_ptr<ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor> mConfigFile GUARDED_BY(mConfigInitLock);
+            GUARDED_BY(mConfigLock);
+    mutable std::unique_ptr<ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor> mConfigFile GUARDED_BY(mConfigLock);
 
     std::mutex mLock;
     std::unordered_map<const AIBinder*, std::unique_ptr<OnBinderDiedContext>> mOnBinderDiedContexts
@@ -175,7 +175,10 @@
 
     android::base::Result<std::vector<int64_t>> checkDuplicateRequests(
             const std::vector<aidlvhal::SetValueRequest>& requests);
-    VhalResult<void> checkSubscribeOptions(const std::vector<aidlvhal::SubscribeOptions>& options);
+    VhalResult<void> checkSubscribeOptions(
+            const std::vector<aidlvhal::SubscribeOptions>& options,
+            const std::unordered_map<int32_t, aidlvhal::VehiclePropConfig>& configsByPropId)
+            REQUIRES_SHARED(mConfigLock);
 
     VhalResult<void> checkPermissionHelper(const aidlvhal::VehiclePropValue& value,
                                            aidlvhal::VehiclePropertyAccess accessToTest) const;
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@
 
     VhalResult<void> checkWritePermission(const aidlvhal::VehiclePropValue& value) const;
 
-    android::base::Result<const aidlvhal::VehiclePropConfig*> getConfig(int32_t propId) const;
+    android::base::Result<aidlvhal::VehiclePropConfig> getConfig(int32_t propId) const;
 
     void onBinderDiedWithContext(const AIBinder* clientId);
 
@@ -196,7 +199,7 @@
 
     bool checkDumpPermission();
 
-    bool getAllPropConfigsFromHardwareLocked() const REQUIRES(mConfigInitLock);
+    bool getAllPropConfigsFromHardwareLocked() const EXCLUDES(mConfigLock);
 
     // The looping handler function to process all onBinderDied or onBinderUnlinked events in
     // mBinderEvents.
@@ -209,10 +212,12 @@
 
     int32_t getVhalInterfaceVersion() const;
 
-    // Gets mConfigsByPropId, lazy init it if necessary.
-    const std::unordered_map<int32_t, aidlvhal::VehiclePropConfig>& getConfigsByPropId() const;
-    // Gets mConfigFile, lazy init it if necessary.
-    const ndk::ScopedFileDescriptor* getConfigFile() const;
+    // Gets mConfigsByPropId, lazy init it if necessary. Note that the reference is only valid in
+    // the scope of the callback and it is guaranteed that read lock is obtained during the
+    // callback.
+    void getConfigsByPropId(
+            std::function<void(const std::unordered_map<int32_t, aidlvhal::VehiclePropConfig>&)>
+                    callback) const EXCLUDES(mConfigLock);
 
     // Puts the property change events into a queue so that they can handled in batch.
     static void batchPropertyChangeEvent(
@@ -239,6 +244,12 @@
 
     static void onBinderUnlinked(void* cookie);
 
+    static void parseSubscribeOptions(
+            const std::vector<aidlvhal::SubscribeOptions>& options,
+            const std::unordered_map<int32_t, aidlvhal::VehiclePropConfig>& configsByPropId,
+            std::vector<aidlvhal::SubscribeOptions>& onChangeSubscriptions,
+            std::vector<aidlvhal::SubscribeOptions>& continuousSubscriptions);
+
     // Test-only
     // Set the default timeout for pending requests.
     void setTimeout(int64_t timeoutInNano);
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
index 9dc039d..e062a28 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/vhal/src/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp
@@ -95,6 +95,18 @@
     return sampleRateHz;
 }
 
+class SCOPED_CAPABILITY SharedScopedLockAssertion {
+  public:
+    SharedScopedLockAssertion(std::shared_timed_mutex& mutex) ACQUIRE_SHARED(mutex) {}
+    ~SharedScopedLockAssertion() RELEASE() {}
+};
+
+class SCOPED_CAPABILITY UniqueScopedLockAssertion {
+  public:
+    UniqueScopedLockAssertion(std::shared_timed_mutex& mutex) ACQUIRE(mutex) {}
+    ~UniqueScopedLockAssertion() RELEASE() {}
+};
+
 }  // namespace
 
 DefaultVehicleHal::DefaultVehicleHal(std::unique_ptr<IVehicleHardware> vehicleHardware)
@@ -355,68 +367,82 @@
         }
         filteredConfigs.push_back(std::move(config));
     }
-    for (auto& config : filteredConfigs) {
-        mConfigsByPropId[config.prop] = config;
-    }
-    VehiclePropConfigs vehiclePropConfigs;
-    vehiclePropConfigs.payloads = std::move(filteredConfigs);
-    auto result = LargeParcelableBase::parcelableToStableLargeParcelable(vehiclePropConfigs);
-    if (!result.ok()) {
-        ALOGE("failed to convert configs to shared memory file, error: %s, code: %d",
-              result.error().message().c_str(), static_cast<int>(result.error().code()));
-        mConfigFile = nullptr;
-        return false;
+
+    {
+        std::unique_lock<std::shared_timed_mutex> configWriteLock(mConfigLock);
+        UniqueScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mConfigLock);
+
+        for (auto& config : filteredConfigs) {
+            mConfigsByPropId[config.prop] = config;
+        }
+        VehiclePropConfigs vehiclePropConfigs;
+        vehiclePropConfigs.payloads = std::move(filteredConfigs);
+        auto result = LargeParcelableBase::parcelableToStableLargeParcelable(vehiclePropConfigs);
+        if (!result.ok()) {
+            ALOGE("failed to convert configs to shared memory file, error: %s, code: %d",
+                  result.error().message().c_str(), static_cast<int>(result.error().code()));
+            mConfigFile = nullptr;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (result.value() != nullptr) {
+            mConfigFile = std::move(result.value());
+        }
     }
 
-    if (result.value() != nullptr) {
-        mConfigFile = std::move(result.value());
-    }
+    mConfigInit = true;
     return true;
 }
 
-const ScopedFileDescriptor* DefaultVehicleHal::getConfigFile() const {
-    std::scoped_lock lockGuard(mConfigInitLock);
+void DefaultVehicleHal::getConfigsByPropId(
+        std::function<void(const std::unordered_map<int32_t, VehiclePropConfig>&)> callback) const {
     if (!mConfigInit) {
         CHECK(getAllPropConfigsFromHardwareLocked())
                 << "Failed to get property configs from hardware";
-        mConfigInit = true;
     }
-    return mConfigFile.get();
-}
 
-const std::unordered_map<int32_t, VehiclePropConfig>& DefaultVehicleHal::getConfigsByPropId()
-        const {
-    std::scoped_lock lockGuard(mConfigInitLock);
-    if (!mConfigInit) {
-        CHECK(getAllPropConfigsFromHardwareLocked())
-                << "Failed to get property configs from hardware";
-        mConfigInit = true;
-    }
-    return mConfigsByPropId;
+    std::shared_lock<std::shared_timed_mutex> configReadLock(mConfigLock);
+    SharedScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mConfigLock);
+
+    callback(mConfigsByPropId);
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus DefaultVehicleHal::getAllPropConfigs(VehiclePropConfigs* output) {
-    const ScopedFileDescriptor* configFile = getConfigFile();
-    const auto& configsByPropId = getConfigsByPropId();
-    if (configFile != nullptr) {
+    if (!mConfigInit) {
+        CHECK(getAllPropConfigsFromHardwareLocked())
+                << "Failed to get property configs from hardware";
+    }
+
+    std::shared_lock<std::shared_timed_mutex> configReadLock(mConfigLock);
+    SharedScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mConfigLock);
+
+    if (mConfigFile != nullptr) {
         output->payloads.clear();
-        output->sharedMemoryFd.set(dup(configFile->get()));
+        output->sharedMemoryFd.set(dup(mConfigFile->get()));
         return ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
-    output->payloads.reserve(configsByPropId.size());
-    for (const auto& [_, config] : configsByPropId) {
+
+    output->payloads.reserve(mConfigsByPropId.size());
+    for (const auto& [_, config] : mConfigsByPropId) {
         output->payloads.push_back(config);
     }
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-Result<const VehiclePropConfig*> DefaultVehicleHal::getConfig(int32_t propId) const {
-    const auto& configsByPropId = getConfigsByPropId();
-    auto it = configsByPropId.find(propId);
-    if (it == configsByPropId.end()) {
-        return Error() << "no config for property, ID: " << propId;
-    }
-    return &(it->second);
+Result<VehiclePropConfig> DefaultVehicleHal::getConfig(int32_t propId) const {
+    Result<VehiclePropConfig> result;
+    getConfigsByPropId([this, &result, propId](const auto& configsByPropId) {
+        SharedScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mConfigLock);
+
+        auto it = configsByPropId.find(propId);
+        if (it == configsByPropId.end()) {
+            result = Error() << "no config for property, ID: " << propId;
+            return;
+        }
+        // Copy the VehiclePropConfig
+        result = it->second;
+    });
+    return result;
 }
 
 Result<void> DefaultVehicleHal::checkProperty(const VehiclePropValue& propValue) {
@@ -425,15 +451,15 @@
     if (!result.ok()) {
         return result.error();
     }
-    const VehiclePropConfig* config = result.value();
-    const VehicleAreaConfig* areaConfig = getAreaConfig(propValue, *config);
+    const VehiclePropConfig& config = result.value();
+    const VehicleAreaConfig* areaConfig = getAreaConfig(propValue, config);
     if (!isGlobalProp(propId) && areaConfig == nullptr) {
         // Ignore areaId for global property. For non global property, check whether areaId is
         // allowed. areaId must appear in areaConfig.
         return Error() << "invalid area ID: " << propValue.areaId << " for prop ID: " << propId
                        << ", not listed in config";
     }
-    if (auto result = checkPropValue(propValue, config); !result.ok()) {
+    if (auto result = checkPropValue(propValue, &config); !result.ok()) {
         return Error() << "invalid property value: " << propValue.toString()
                        << ", error: " << getErrorMsg(result);
     }
@@ -659,17 +685,27 @@
 ScopedAStatus DefaultVehicleHal::getPropConfigs(const std::vector<int32_t>& props,
                                                 VehiclePropConfigs* output) {
     std::vector<VehiclePropConfig> configs;
-    const auto& configsByPropId = getConfigsByPropId();
-    for (int32_t prop : props) {
-        auto it = configsByPropId.find(prop);
-        if (it != configsByPropId.end()) {
-            configs.push_back(it->second);
-        } else {
-            return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
-                    toInt(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG),
-                    StringPrintf("no config for property, ID: %" PRId32, prop).c_str());
+    ScopedAStatus status = ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    getConfigsByPropId([this, &configs, &status, &props](const auto& configsByPropId) {
+        SharedScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mConfigLock);
+
+        for (int32_t prop : props) {
+            auto it = configsByPropId.find(prop);
+            if (it != configsByPropId.end()) {
+                configs.push_back(it->second);
+            } else {
+                status = ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                        toInt(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG),
+                        StringPrintf("no config for property, ID: %" PRId32, prop).c_str());
+                return;
+            }
         }
+    });
+
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        return status;
     }
+
     return vectorToStableLargeParcelable(std::move(configs), output);
 }
 
@@ -691,8 +727,8 @@
 }
 
 VhalResult<void> DefaultVehicleHal::checkSubscribeOptions(
-        const std::vector<SubscribeOptions>& options) {
-    const auto& configsByPropId = getConfigsByPropId();
+        const std::vector<SubscribeOptions>& options,
+        const std::unordered_map<int32_t, VehiclePropConfig>& configsByPropId) {
     for (const auto& option : options) {
         int32_t propId = option.propId;
         auto it = configsByPropId.find(propId);
@@ -757,23 +793,15 @@
             }
         }
     }
+
     return {};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus DefaultVehicleHal::subscribe(const CallbackType& callback,
-                                           const std::vector<SubscribeOptions>& options,
-                                           [[maybe_unused]] int32_t maxSharedMemoryFileCount) {
-    // TODO(b/205189110): Use shared memory file count.
-    if (callback == nullptr) {
-        return ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_NULL_POINTER);
-    }
-    if (auto result = checkSubscribeOptions(options); !result.ok()) {
-        ALOGE("subscribe: invalid subscribe options: %s", getErrorMsg(result).c_str());
-        return toScopedAStatus(result);
-    }
-    std::vector<SubscribeOptions> onChangeSubscriptions;
-    std::vector<SubscribeOptions> continuousSubscriptions;
-    const auto& configsByPropId = getConfigsByPropId();
+void DefaultVehicleHal::parseSubscribeOptions(
+        const std::vector<SubscribeOptions>& options,
+        const std::unordered_map<int32_t, VehiclePropConfig>& configsByPropId,
+        std::vector<SubscribeOptions>& onChangeSubscriptions,
+        std::vector<SubscribeOptions>& continuousSubscriptions) {
     for (const auto& option : options) {
         int32_t propId = option.propId;
         // We have already validate config exists.
@@ -831,6 +859,34 @@
             onChangeSubscriptions.push_back(std::move(optionCopy));
         }
     }
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus DefaultVehicleHal::subscribe(const CallbackType& callback,
+                                           const std::vector<SubscribeOptions>& options,
+                                           [[maybe_unused]] int32_t maxSharedMemoryFileCount) {
+    // TODO(b/205189110): Use shared memory file count.
+    if (callback == nullptr) {
+        return ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_NULL_POINTER);
+    }
+    std::vector<SubscribeOptions> onChangeSubscriptions;
+    std::vector<SubscribeOptions> continuousSubscriptions;
+    ScopedAStatus returnStatus = ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    getConfigsByPropId([this, &returnStatus, &options, &onChangeSubscriptions,
+                        &continuousSubscriptions](const auto& configsByPropId) {
+        SharedScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mConfigLock);
+
+        if (auto result = checkSubscribeOptions(options, configsByPropId); !result.ok()) {
+            ALOGE("subscribe: invalid subscribe options: %s", getErrorMsg(result).c_str());
+            returnStatus = toScopedAStatus(result);
+            return;
+        }
+        parseSubscribeOptions(options, configsByPropId, onChangeSubscriptions,
+                              continuousSubscriptions);
+    });
+
+    if (!returnStatus.isOk()) {
+        return returnStatus;
+    }
 
     {
         // Lock to make sure onBinderDied would not be called concurrently.
@@ -891,13 +947,13 @@
         return StatusError(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG) << getErrorMsg(result);
     }
 
-    const VehiclePropConfig* config = result.value();
-    const VehicleAreaConfig* areaConfig = getAreaConfig(value, *config);
+    const VehiclePropConfig& config = result.value();
+    const VehicleAreaConfig* areaConfig = getAreaConfig(value, config);
 
     if (areaConfig == nullptr && !isGlobalProp(propId)) {
         return StatusError(StatusCode::INVALID_ARG) << "no config for area ID: " << value.areaId;
     }
-    if (!hasRequiredAccess(config->access, accessToTest) &&
+    if (!hasRequiredAccess(config.access, accessToTest) &&
         (areaConfig == nullptr || !hasRequiredAccess(areaConfig->access, accessToTest))) {
         return StatusError(StatusCode::ACCESS_DENIED)
                << StringPrintf("Property %" PRId32 " does not have the following access: %" PRId32,
@@ -966,7 +1022,6 @@
     }
     DumpResult result = mVehicleHardware->dump(options);
     if (result.refreshPropertyConfigs) {
-        std::scoped_lock lockGuard(mConfigInitLock);
         getAllPropConfigsFromHardwareLocked();
     }
     dprintf(fd, "%s", (result.buffer + "\n").c_str());
@@ -974,11 +1029,16 @@
         return STATUS_OK;
     }
     dprintf(fd, "Vehicle HAL State: \n");
-    const auto& configsByPropId = getConfigsByPropId();
+    std::unordered_map<int32_t, VehiclePropConfig> configsByPropIdCopy;
+    getConfigsByPropId([this, &configsByPropIdCopy](const auto& configsByPropId) {
+        SharedScopedLockAssertion lockAssertion(mConfigLock);
+
+        configsByPropIdCopy = configsByPropId;
+    });
     {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lockGuard(mLock);
         dprintf(fd, "Interface version: %" PRId32 "\n", getVhalInterfaceVersion());
-        dprintf(fd, "Containing %zu property configs\n", configsByPropId.size());
+        dprintf(fd, "Containing %zu property configs\n", configsByPropIdCopy.size());
         dprintf(fd, "Currently have %zu getValues clients\n", mGetValuesClients.size());
         dprintf(fd, "Currently have %zu setValues clients\n", mSetValuesClients.size());
         dprintf(fd, "Currently have %zu subscribe clients\n", countSubscribeClients());
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
index 0863adf..e5c09b0 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
@@ -1677,6 +1677,12 @@
      * For configuration information, VehiclePropConfig.configArray must have bit flag combining
      * values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.
      *
+     *   configArray[0] : Bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag,
+     *                    0x0 if not used,
+     *                    0x1 for enabling suspend to ram,
+     *                    0x2 for supporting powering on AP from off state after timeout.
+     *                    0x4 for enabling suspend to disk,
+     *
      *   int32Values[0] : VehicleApPowerStateReq enum value
      *   int32Values[1] : additional parameter relevant for each state,
      *                    0 if not used.
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp b/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp
index dcb5fac..fcf1649 100644
--- a/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp
@@ -988,7 +988,16 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(status, std::future_status::ready);
 }
 
+// @VsrTest = 5.3.14-001
+// @VsrTest = 5.3.14-002
+// @VsrTest = 5.3.14-004
 TEST_P(BluetoothAidlTest, Vsr_Bluetooth5Requirements) {
+  int api_level = get_vsr_api_level();
+  if (api_level < __ANDROID_API_U__) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "API level is lower than 34";
+    return;
+  }
+
   std::vector<uint8_t> version_event;
   send_and_wait_for_cmd_complete(ReadLocalVersionInformationBuilder::Create(),
                                  version_event);
@@ -998,10 +1007,12 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(version_view.IsValid());
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS, version_view.GetStatus());
   auto version = version_view.GetLocalVersionInformation();
+
   if (version.hci_version_ < ::bluetooth::hci::HciVersion::V_5_0) {
-    // This test does not apply to controllers below 5.0
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Bluetooth version is lower than 5.0";
     return;
-  };
+  }
+
   // When HCI version is 5.0, LMP version must also be at least 5.0
   ASSERT_GE(static_cast<int>(version.lmp_version_),
             static_cast<int>(version.hci_version_));
@@ -1014,6 +1025,16 @@
           std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>>(le_features_event)))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features_view.IsValid());
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS, le_features_view.GetStatus());
+
+  // CHIPSETs that set ro.board.api_level to 34 and report 5.0 or higher for
+  // the Bluetooth version through the IBluetoothHci HAL:
+  //
+  // [VSR-5.3.14-001] Must return TRUE for
+  //   - LE 2M PHY
+  //   - LE Coded PHY
+  //   - LE Advertising Extension
+  //   - LE Periodic Advertising
+  //   - LE Link Layer Privacy
   auto le_features = le_features_view.GetLeFeatures();
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features & static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LL_PRIVACY));
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features & static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_2M_PHY));
@@ -1021,6 +1042,8 @@
               static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_CODED_PHY));
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features &
               static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_EXTENDED_ADVERTISING));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(le_features &
+              static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_PERIODIC_ADVERTISING));
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> num_adv_set_event;
   send_and_wait_for_cmd_complete(
@@ -1034,6 +1057,10 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS, num_adv_set_view.GetStatus());
   auto num_adv_set = num_adv_set_view.GetNumberSupportedAdvertisingSets();
 
+  // CHIPSETs that set ro.board.api_level to 34 and report 5.0 or higher for
+  // the Bluetooth version through the IBluetoothHci HAL:
+  //
+  // [VSR-5.3.14-002] MUST support at least 10 advertising sets.
   if (isTv() && get_vsr_api_level() == __ANDROID_API_U__) {
     ASSERT_GE(num_adv_set, kMinLeAdvSetForBt5ForTv);
   } else {
@@ -1050,6 +1077,11 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS,
             num_resolving_list_view.GetStatus());
   auto num_resolving_list = num_resolving_list_view.GetResolvingListSize();
+
+  // CHIPSETs that set ro.board.api_level to 34 and report 5.0 or higher for
+  // the Bluetooth version through the IBluetoothHci HAL:
+  //
+  // [VSR-5.3.14-004] MUST support a resolving list size of at least 8 entries.
   ASSERT_GE(num_resolving_list, kMinLeResolvingListForBt5);
 }
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp
index a458c5b..c62784e 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp
@@ -145,6 +145,13 @@
                   << toString(session_type_);
         return;
       }
+    } else if (session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+               session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH) {
+      if (audio_config.getTag() != AudioConfiguration::pcmConfig) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << " invalid audio config type for SessionType ="
+                   << toString(session_type_);
+        return;
+      }
     } else {
       LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << " invalid SessionType ="
                  << toString(session_type_);
@@ -166,6 +173,13 @@
                   << toString(session_type_);
         return;
       }
+    } else if (session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+               session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH) {
+      if (audio_config.getTag() != AudioConfiguration::pcmConfig) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << " invalid audio config type for SessionType ="
+                   << toString(session_type_);
+        return;
+      }
     } else {
       LOG(ERROR) << __func__
                  << " invalid SessionType =" << toString(session_type_);
@@ -604,7 +618,9 @@
   if (session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
-      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
+      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -629,7 +645,9 @@
   if (session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
-      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
+      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
     return false;
   }
 
diff --git a/boot/aidl/client/BootControlClient.cpp b/boot/aidl/client/BootControlClient.cpp
index 89258d2..dca98c6 100644
--- a/boot/aidl/client/BootControlClient.cpp
+++ b/boot/aidl/client/BootControlClient.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/boot/IBootControl.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/binder_ibinder.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/hardware/boot/1.0/IBootControl.h>
 #include <android/hardware/boot/1.1/IBootControl.h>
@@ -65,63 +66,79 @@
     using IBootControl = ::aidl::android::hardware::boot::IBootControl;
 
   public:
-    BootControlClientAidl(std::shared_ptr<IBootControl> module) : module_(module) {}
+    explicit BootControlClientAidl(std::shared_ptr<IBootControl> module)
+        : module_(module),
+          boot_control_death_recipient(AIBinder_DeathRecipient_new(onBootControlServiceDied)) {
+        binder_status_t status = AIBinder_linkToDeath(module->asBinder().get(),
+                                                      boot_control_death_recipient, nullptr);
+        if (status != STATUS_OK) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not link to binder death";
+            return;
+        }
+    }
 
     BootControlVersion GetVersion() const override { return BootControlVersion::BOOTCTL_AIDL; }
 
-    ~BootControlClientAidl() = default;
-    virtual int32_t GetNumSlots() const {
+    ~BootControlClientAidl() {
+        if (boot_control_death_recipient) {
+            AIBinder_unlinkToDeath(module_->asBinder().get(), boot_control_death_recipient, this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void onBootControlServiceDied() { LOG(ERROR) << "boot control service AIDL died"; }
+
+    int32_t GetNumSlots() const override {
         int32_t ret = -1;
         LOG_NDK_STATUS(module_->getNumberSlots(&ret));
         return ret;
     }
 
-    int32_t GetCurrentSlot() const {
+    int32_t GetCurrentSlot() const override {
         int32_t ret = -1;
         LOG_NDK_STATUS(module_->getCurrentSlot(&ret));
         return ret;
     }
-    MergeStatus getSnapshotMergeStatus() const {
+    MergeStatus getSnapshotMergeStatus() const override {
         MergeStatus status = MergeStatus::UNKNOWN;
         LOG_NDK_STATUS(module_->getSnapshotMergeStatus(&status));
         return status;
     }
-    std::string GetSuffix(int32_t slot) const {
+    std::string GetSuffix(int32_t slot) const override {
         std::string ret;
         const auto status = module_->getSuffix(slot, &ret);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << status.getDescription();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed "
+                       << status.getDescription();
             return {};
         }
         return ret;
     }
 
-    std::optional<bool> IsSlotBootable(int32_t slot) const {
+    std::optional<bool> IsSlotBootable(int32_t slot) const override {
         bool ret = false;
         const auto status = module_->isSlotBootable(slot, &ret);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << status.getDescription();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed "
+                       << status.getDescription();
             return {};
         }
         return ret;
     }
 
-    CommandResult MarkSlotUnbootable(int32_t slot) {
+    CommandResult MarkSlotUnbootable(int32_t slot) override {
         const auto status = module_->setSlotAsUnbootable(slot);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << status.getDescription();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed "
+                       << status.getDescription();
         }
         return {.success = status.isOk(), .errMsg = status.getDescription()};
     }
 
-    CommandResult SetActiveBootSlot(int slot) {
+    CommandResult SetActiveBootSlot(int slot) override {
         const auto status = module_->setActiveBootSlot(slot);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << status.getDescription();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed "
+                       << status.getDescription();
         }
         return {.success = status.isOk(), .errMsg = status.getDescription()};
     }
@@ -132,18 +149,18 @@
     }
 
     // Check if |slot| is marked boot successfully.
-    std::optional<bool> IsSlotMarkedSuccessful(int slot) const {
+    std::optional<bool> IsSlotMarkedSuccessful(int slot) const override {
         bool ret = false;
         const auto status = module_->isSlotMarkedSuccessful(slot, &ret);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << status.getDescription();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed "
+                       << status.getDescription();
             return {};
         }
         return ret;
     }
 
-    CommandResult MarkBootSuccessful() {
+    CommandResult MarkBootSuccessful() override {
         const auto status = module_->markBootSuccessful();
         if (!status.isOk()) {
             LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " failed " << status.getDescription();
@@ -151,17 +168,23 @@
         return {.success = status.isOk(), .errMsg = status.getDescription()};
     }
 
-    CommandResult SetSnapshotMergeStatus(aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus merge_status) {
+    CommandResult SetSnapshotMergeStatus(
+            aidl::android::hardware::boot::MergeStatus merge_status) override {
         const auto status = module_->setSnapshotMergeStatus(merge_status);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << merge_status << ")"
-                       << " failed " << status.getDescription();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << merge_status << ")" << " failed "
+                       << status.getDescription();
         }
         return {.success = status.isOk(), .errMsg = status.getDescription()};
     }
 
   private:
     const std::shared_ptr<IBootControl> module_;
+    AIBinder_DeathRecipient* boot_control_death_recipient;
+    static void onBootControlServiceDied(void* client) {
+        BootControlClientAidl* self = static_cast<BootControlClientAidl*>(client);
+        self->onBootControlServiceDied();
+    }
 };
 
 using namespace android::hardware::boot;
@@ -183,7 +206,7 @@
             return BootControlVersion::BOOTCTL_V1_0;
         }
     }
-    int32_t GetNumSlots() const {
+    int32_t GetNumSlots() const override {
         const auto ret = module_v1_->getNumberSlots();
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
             LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " failed " << ret.description();
@@ -191,7 +214,7 @@
         return ret.withDefault(-1);
     }
 
-    int32_t GetCurrentSlot() const {
+    int32_t GetCurrentSlot() const override {
         const auto ret = module_v1_->getCurrentSlot();
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
             LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " failed " << ret.description();
@@ -199,23 +222,21 @@
         return ret.withDefault(-1);
     }
 
-    std::string GetSuffix(int32_t slot) const {
+    std::string GetSuffix(int32_t slot) const override {
         std::string suffix;
         const auto ret = module_v1_->getSuffix(
                 slot,
                 [&](const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& slotSuffix) { suffix = slotSuffix; });
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << ret.description();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed " << ret.description();
         }
         return suffix;
     }
 
-    std::optional<bool> IsSlotBootable(int32_t slot) const {
+    std::optional<bool> IsSlotBootable(int32_t slot) const override {
         const auto ret = module_v1_->isSlotBootable(slot);
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << ret.description();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed " << ret.description();
             return {};
         }
         const auto bool_result = ret.withDefault(V1_0::BoolResult::INVALID_SLOT);
@@ -225,7 +246,7 @@
         return bool_result == V1_0::BoolResult::TRUE;
     }
 
-    CommandResult MarkSlotUnbootable(int32_t slot) {
+    CommandResult MarkSlotUnbootable(int32_t slot) override {
         CommandResult result;
         const auto ret =
                 module_v1_->setSlotAsUnbootable(slot, [&](const V1_0::CommandResult& error) {
@@ -233,26 +254,24 @@
                     result.errMsg = error.errMsg;
                 });
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << ret.description();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed " << ret.description();
         }
         return result;
     }
 
-    CommandResult SetActiveBootSlot(int32_t slot) {
+    CommandResult SetActiveBootSlot(int32_t slot) override {
         CommandResult result;
         const auto ret = module_v1_->setActiveBootSlot(slot, [&](const V1_0::CommandResult& error) {
             result.success = error.success;
             result.errMsg = error.errMsg;
         });
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << ret.description();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed " << ret.description();
         }
         return result;
     }
 
-    CommandResult MarkBootSuccessful() {
+    CommandResult MarkBootSuccessful() override {
         CommandResult result;
         const auto ret = module_v1_->markBootSuccessful([&](const V1_0::CommandResult& error) {
             result.success = error.success;
@@ -264,11 +283,10 @@
         return result;
     }
 
-    std::optional<bool> IsSlotMarkedSuccessful(int32_t slot) const {
+    std::optional<bool> IsSlotMarkedSuccessful(int32_t slot) const override {
         const auto ret = module_v1_->isSlotMarkedSuccessful(slot);
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")"
-                       << " failed " << ret.description();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << slot << ")" << " failed " << ret.description();
             return {};
         }
         const auto bool_result = ret.withDefault(V1_0::BoolResult::INVALID_SLOT);
@@ -278,7 +296,7 @@
         return bool_result == V1_0::BoolResult::TRUE;
     }
 
-    MergeStatus getSnapshotMergeStatus() const {
+    MergeStatus getSnapshotMergeStatus() const override {
         if (module_v1_1_ == nullptr) {
             LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " is unsupported, requires at least boot v1.1";
             return MergeStatus::UNKNOWN;
@@ -291,7 +309,7 @@
                 ret.withDefault(static_cast<V1_1::MergeStatus>(MergeStatus::UNKNOWN)));
     }
 
-    CommandResult SetSnapshotMergeStatus(MergeStatus merge_status) {
+    CommandResult SetSnapshotMergeStatus(MergeStatus merge_status) override {
         if (module_v1_1_ == nullptr) {
             return {.success = false,
                     .errMsg = "setSnapshotMergeStatus is unsupported, requires at least boot v1.1"};
@@ -299,13 +317,13 @@
         const auto ret =
                 module_v1_1_->setSnapshotMergeStatus(static_cast<V1_1::MergeStatus>(merge_status));
         if (!ret.isOk()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << merge_status << ")"
-                       << " failed " << ret.description();
+            LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << "(" << merge_status << ")" << " failed "
+                       << ret.description();
         }
         return {.success = ret.isOk(), .errMsg = ret.description()};
     }
 
-    int32_t GetActiveBootSlot() const {
+    int32_t GetActiveBootSlot() const override {
         if (module_v1_2_ == nullptr) {
             LOG(ERROR) << __FUNCTION__ << " is unsupported, requires at least boot v1.2";
             return -1;
@@ -326,7 +344,6 @@
 std::unique_ptr<BootControlClient> BootControlClient::WaitForService() {
     const auto instance_name =
             std::string(::aidl::android::hardware::boot::IBootControl::descriptor) + "/default";
-
     if (AServiceManager_isDeclared(instance_name.c_str())) {
         auto module = ::aidl::android::hardware::boot::IBootControl::fromBinder(
                 ndk::SpAIBinder(AServiceManager_waitForService(instance_name.c_str())));
diff --git a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.cpp b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.cpp
index 91196d4..abd5d7e 100644
--- a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.cpp
+++ b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.cpp
@@ -1136,6 +1136,11 @@
 
     uint32_t v4lBufferCount = (fps >= kDefaultFps) ? mCfg.numVideoBuffers : mCfg.numStillBuffers;
 
+    // Double the max lag in theory.
+    mMaxLagNs = v4lBufferCount * 1000000000LL * 2 / fps;
+    ALOGI("%s: set mMaxLagNs to %" PRIu64 " ns, v4lBufferCount %u", __FUNCTION__, mMaxLagNs,
+          v4lBufferCount);
+
     // VIDIOC_REQBUFS: create buffers
     v4l2_requestbuffers req_buffers{};
     req_buffers.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
@@ -1232,40 +1237,67 @@
         }
     }
 
-    ATRACE_BEGIN("VIDIOC_DQBUF");
+    uint64_t lagNs = 0;
     v4l2_buffer buffer{};
-    buffer.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
-    buffer.memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP;
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_DQBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
-        ALOGE("%s: DQBUF fails: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
-    ATRACE_END();
+    do {
+        ATRACE_BEGIN("VIDIOC_DQBUF");
+        buffer.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
+        buffer.memory = V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP;
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_DQBUF, &buffer)) < 0) {
+            ALOGE("%s: DQBUF fails: %s", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
+            return ret;
+        }
+        ATRACE_END();
 
-    if (buffer.index >= mV4L2BufferCount) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Invalid buffer id: %d", __FUNCTION__, buffer.index);
-        return ret;
-    }
+        if (buffer.index >= mV4L2BufferCount) {
+            ALOGE("%s: Invalid buffer id: %d", __FUNCTION__, buffer.index);
+            return ret;
+        }
 
-    if (buffer.flags & V4L2_BUF_FLAG_ERROR) {
-        ALOGE("%s: v4l2 buf error! buf flag 0x%x", __FUNCTION__, buffer.flags);
-        // TODO: try to dequeue again
-    }
+        if (buffer.flags & V4L2_BUF_FLAG_ERROR) {
+            ALOGE("%s: v4l2 buf error! buf flag 0x%x", __FUNCTION__, buffer.flags);
+            // TODO: try to dequeue again
+        }
 
-    if (buffer.bytesused > mMaxV4L2BufferSize) {
-        ALOGE("%s: v4l2 buffer bytes used: %u maximum %u", __FUNCTION__, buffer.bytesused,
-              mMaxV4L2BufferSize);
-        return ret;
-    }
+        if (buffer.bytesused > mMaxV4L2BufferSize) {
+            ALOGE("%s: v4l2 buffer bytes used: %u maximum %u", __FUNCTION__, buffer.bytesused,
+                  mMaxV4L2BufferSize);
+            return ret;
+        }
 
-    if (buffer.flags & V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TIMESTAMP_MONOTONIC) {
-        // Ideally we should also check for V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TSTAMP_SRC_SOE, but
-        // even V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TSTAMP_SRC_EOF is better than capture a timestamp now
-        *shutterTs = static_cast<nsecs_t>(buffer.timestamp.tv_sec) * 1000000000LL +
-                     buffer.timestamp.tv_usec * 1000LL;
-    } else {
-        *shutterTs = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
-    }
+        nsecs_t curTimeNs = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+
+        if (buffer.flags & V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TIMESTAMP_MONOTONIC) {
+            // Ideally we should also check for V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TSTAMP_SRC_SOE, but
+            // even V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TSTAMP_SRC_EOF is better than capture a timestamp now
+            *shutterTs = static_cast<nsecs_t>(buffer.timestamp.tv_sec) * 1000000000LL +
+                         buffer.timestamp.tv_usec * 1000LL;
+        } else {
+            *shutterTs = curTimeNs;
+        }
+
+        // The tactic only takes effect on v4l2 buffers with flag V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TIMESTAMP_MONOTONIC.
+        // Most USB cameras should have the feature.
+        if (curTimeNs < *shutterTs) {
+            lagNs = 0;
+            ALOGW("%s: should not happen, the monotonic clock has issue, shutterTs is in the "
+                  "future, curTimeNs %" PRId64 "  < "
+                  "shutterTs %" PRId64 "",
+                  __func__, curTimeNs, *shutterTs);
+        } else {
+            lagNs = curTimeNs - *shutterTs;
+        }
+
+        if (lagNs > mMaxLagNs) {
+            ALOGI("%s: drop too old buffer, index %d, lag %" PRIu64 " ns > max %" PRIu64 " ns", __FUNCTION__,
+                  buffer.index, lagNs, mMaxLagNs);
+            int retVal = ioctl(mV4l2Fd.get(), VIDIOC_QBUF, &buffer);
+            if (retVal) {
+                ALOGE("%s: unexpected VIDIOC_QBUF failed, retVal %d", __FUNCTION__, retVal);
+                return ret;
+            }
+        }
+    } while (lagNs > mMaxLagNs);
 
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mV4l2BufferLock);
diff --git a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.h b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.h
index 795b589..1c6ed06 100644
--- a/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.h
+++ b/camera/device/default/ExternalCameraDeviceSession.h
@@ -382,6 +382,9 @@
     std::string mExifMake;
     std::string mExifModel;
     /* End of members not changed after initialize() */
+
+    // The max tolerant lag between the dequeued v4l2 buffer and current capture request.
+    uint64_t mMaxLagNs;
 };
 
 }  // namespace implementation
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/bump.py b/compatibility_matrices/bump.py
index 4e3ceaa..ee2fa88 100755
--- a/compatibility_matrices/bump.py
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/bump.py
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@
         self.bump_kernel_configs()
         self.copy_matrix()
         self.edit_android_bp()
-        self.edit_android_mk()
         self.bump_libvintf()
 
     def bump_kernel_configs(self):
@@ -127,28 +126,6 @@
         with open(android_bp, "w") as f:
             f.write("".join(lines))
 
-
-    # This Android.mk file may be deprecated soon and the functionality is
-    # replaced by the soong phony module system_compatibility_matrix.xml.
-    def edit_android_mk(self):
-        android_mk = self.interfaces_dir / "compatibility_matrices/Android.mk"
-        lines = []
-        with open(android_mk) as f:
-            if self.next_module_name in f.read():
-                return
-            f.seek(0)
-            for line in f:
-              if f"    {self.device_module_name} \\\n" in line:
-                  lines.append(f"    {self.current_module_name} \\\n")
-
-              if self.current_module_name in line:
-                  lines.append(f"    {self.next_module_name} \\\n")
-              else:
-                  lines.append(line)
-
-        with open(android_mk, "w") as f:
-            f.write("".join(lines))
-
     def bump_libvintf(self):
         if not self.current_version:
             print("Skip libvintf update...")
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp
index 5e2cbe3..31e6536 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp
@@ -462,6 +462,10 @@
         GnssData lastGnssData;
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastGnssData, timeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastGnssData.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastGnssData.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
@@ -507,6 +511,10 @@
         GnssData lastGnssData;
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastGnssData, timeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastGnssData.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance to report empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastGnssData.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
index f7408d8..8abf7ab 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
+++ b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
@@ -419,6 +419,10 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastMeasurement,
                                                       kFirstGnssMeasurementTimeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastMeasurement.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
@@ -479,6 +483,10 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastMeasurement,
                                                       kFirstGnssMeasurementTimeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastMeasurement.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
@@ -1335,7 +1343,10 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastMeasurement,
                                                       kFirstGnssMeasurementTimeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
+        if (i > 2) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
+        }
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
         checkGnssMeasurementClockFields(lastMeasurement);
@@ -1790,6 +1801,10 @@
         GnssData lastGnssData;
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastGnssData, 10));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastGnssData.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance to report empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastGnssData.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index 6a45987..9ce6eed 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5753bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: [
+        "hardware_interfaces_license",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service",
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DLOG_TAG=\"ComposerHal\"",
+    ],
+    srcs: ["service.cpp"],
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service.rc"],
+    header_libs: ["android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-passthrough"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-resources",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-resources",
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libfmq",
+        "libhardware",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "libhwc2on1adapter",
+        "libhwc2onfbadapter",
+        "liblog",
+        "libsync",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.mk b/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f7ef85..0000000
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE := android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_VENDOR_MODULE := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_RELATIVE_PATH := hw
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror -DLOG_TAG=\"ComposerHal\"
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := service.cpp
-LOCAL_INIT_RC := android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service.rc
-LOCAL_HEADER_LIBRARIES := android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-passthrough
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1 \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2 \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-resources \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-resources \
-        libbase \
-        libbinder \
-        libcutils \
-        libfmq \
-        libhardware \
-        libhidlbase \
-        libhwc2on1adapter \
-        libhwc2onfbadapter \
-        liblog \
-        libsync \
-        libutils
-
-ifdef TARGET_USES_DISPLAY_RENDER_INTENTS
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DUSES_DISPLAY_RENDER_INTENTS
-endif
-
-include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index 00f427a..cd47374 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index 5e9a287..1a9276c 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.3/IComposer.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.3/IComposerClient.h>
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index eb35e5c..e981da6 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.4/IComposer.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.4/IComposerClient.h>
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
index 4e7f773..bc5eb6f 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@
     mRenderEngine = ::android::renderengine::RenderEngine::create(args);
 }
 
-TestRenderEngine::~TestRenderEngine() {
-    mRenderEngine.release();
-}
+TestRenderEngine::~TestRenderEngine() {}
 
 void TestRenderEngine::setRenderLayers(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers) {
     sort(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/store/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetStoreTest.cpp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/store/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetStoreTest.cpp
index d80e651..2d34afe 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/store/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetStoreTest.cpp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/store/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetStoreTest.cpp
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@
 
 void validateAttributes(
         const std::map<const std::string, const testing::internal::RE>& knownPatterns,
-        const std::vector<const struct AttributePattern>& unknownPatterns,
+        const std::vector<struct AttributePattern>& unknownPatterns,
         hidl_vec<IOmxStore::Attribute> attributes) {
-    std::set<const std::string> attributeKeys;
+    std::set<std::string> attributeKeys;
     for (const auto& attr : attributes) {
         // Make sure there are no duplicates
         const auto [nodeIter, inserted] = attributeKeys.insert(attr.key);
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
          * tried for a match with the second element of the pair. If this second
          * match fails, the test will fail.
          */
-        const std::vector<const struct AttributePattern> unknownPatterns = {
+        const std::vector<struct AttributePattern> unknownPatterns = {
                 {"supports-[a-z0-9-]*", "0|1"}};
 
         validateAttributes(knownPatterns, unknownPatterns, attributes);
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
     };
 
     // Strings for matching rules for node attributes with key patterns
-    const std::vector<const struct AttributePattern> unknownPatterns = {
+    const std::vector<struct AttributePattern> unknownPatterns = {
             {"measured-frame-rate-" + size + "-range", range_num},
             {"feature-[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+", string},
     };
@@ -257,9 +257,9 @@
     const testing::internal::RE nodeNamePattern = "[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+";
     const testing::internal::RE nodeOwnerPattern = "[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+";
 
-    std::set<const std::string> roleKeys;
-    std::map<const std::string, std::set<const std::string>> nodeToRoles;
-    std::map<const std::string, std::set<const std::string>> ownerToNodes;
+    std::set<std::string> roleKeys;
+    std::map<const std::string, std::set<std::string>> nodeToRoles;
+    std::map<const std::string, std::set<std::string>> ownerToNodes;
     for (const IOmxStore::RoleInfo& role : roleList) {
         // Make sure there are no duplicates
         const auto [roleIter, inserted] = roleKeys.insert(role.role);
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@
         }
 
         // Check the nodes for this role
-        std::set<const std::string> nodeKeys;
+        std::set<std::string> nodeKeys;
         for (const IOmxStore::NodeInfo& node : role.nodes) {
             // Make sure there are no duplicates
             const auto [nodeIter, inserted] = nodeKeys.insert(node.name);
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@
 
         // Verify that roles for each node match with the information from
         // IOmxStore::listRoles().
-        std::set<const std::string> nodeKeys;
+        std::set<std::string> nodeKeys;
         for (IOmx::ComponentInfo node : nodeList) {
             // Make sure there are no duplicates
             const auto [nodeIter, inserted] = nodeKeys.insert(node.mName);
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
 
             // All the roles advertised by IOmxStore::listRoles() for this
             // node must be included in roleKeys.
-            std::set<const std::string> difference;
+            std::set<std::string> difference;
             std::set_difference(nodeToRoles[node.mName].begin(), nodeToRoles[node.mName].end(),
                                 roleKeys.begin(), roleKeys.end(),
                                 std::inserter(difference, difference.begin()));
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@
         }
         // Check that all nodes obtained from IOmxStore::listRoles() are
         // supported by the their corresponding IOmx instances.
-        std::set<const std::string> difference;
+        std::set<std::string> difference;
         std::set_difference(nodes.begin(), nodes.end(), nodeKeys.begin(), nodeKeys.end(),
                             std::inserter(difference, difference.begin()));
         EXPECT_EQ(difference.empty(), true) << "IOmx::listNodes() for IOmx "
diff --git a/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl b/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
index 92e0a9a..0261a0a 100644
--- a/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
+++ b/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
@@ -49,4 +49,5 @@
   byte[] offHostRouteUicc;
   byte[] offHostRouteEse;
   byte defaultIsoDepRoute;
+  byte[] offHostSimPipeIds = {};
 }
diff --git a/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl b/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
index 1b4fcfb..870cdbd 100644
--- a/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
+++ b/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
@@ -86,4 +86,8 @@
      * Default IsoDep route. 0x00 if there aren't any. Refer to NCI spec.
      */
     byte defaultIsoDepRoute;
+    /**
+     * Pipe IDs for UICC. Empty if not available
+     */
+    byte[] offHostSimPipeIds = {};
 }
diff --git a/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp b/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp
index 12f4364..6e6ca3e 100644
--- a/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp
@@ -423,6 +423,11 @@
         EXPECT_GE((uint8_t)configValue.defaultIsoDepRoute, MIN_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
         EXPECT_LE((uint8_t)configValue.defaultIsoDepRoute, MAX_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
     }
+    for (auto simPipeId : configValue.offHostSimPipeIds) {
+        LOG(INFO) << StringPrintf("offHostSimPipeId= %x", simPipeId);
+        EXPECT_GE(simPipeId, MIN_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
+        EXPECT_LE(simPipeId, MAX_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp
index f669110..9e3e159 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/DeviceUniqueAttestationTest.cpp
@@ -253,39 +253,14 @@
 
     // Collection of valid attestation ID tags.
     auto attestation_id_tags = AuthorizationSetBuilder();
-    // Use ro.product.brand_for_attestation property for attestation if it is present else fallback
-    // to ro.product.brand
-    std::string prop_value =
-            ::android::base::GetProperty("ro.product.brand_for_attestation", /* default= */ "");
-    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
-        add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_BRAND,
-                          "ro.product.brand_for_attestation");
-    } else {
-        add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_BRAND, "ro.product.brand");
-    }
-    add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_DEVICE, "ro.product.device");
-    // Use ro.product.name_for_attestation property for attestation if it is present else fallback
-    // to ro.product.name
-    prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty("ro.product.name_for_attestation", /* default= */ "");
-    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
-        add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_PRODUCT,
-                          "ro.product.name_for_attestation");
-    } else {
-        add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_PRODUCT, "ro.product.name");
-    }
+
+    add_attestation_id(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_BRAND, "brand");
+    add_attestation_id(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_DEVICE, "device");
+    add_attestation_id(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_PRODUCT, "name");
     add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_SERIAL, "ro.serialno");
-    add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_MANUFACTURER,
-                      "ro.product.manufacturer");
-    // Use ro.product.model_for_attestation property for attestation if it is present else fallback
-    // to ro.product.model
-    prop_value =
-            ::android::base::GetProperty("ro.product.model_for_attestation", /* default= */ "");
-    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
-        add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_MODEL,
-                          "ro.product.model_for_attestation");
-    } else {
-        add_tag_from_prop(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_MODEL, "ro.product.model");
-    }
+    add_attestation_id(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_MANUFACTURER, "manufacturer");
+    add_attestation_id(&attestation_id_tags, TAG_ATTESTATION_ID_MODEL, "model");
+
     vector<uint8_t> key_blob;
     vector<KeyCharacteristics> key_characteristics;
 
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp
index c19ab11..cfe9fa7 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp
@@ -2400,6 +2400,43 @@
     return imei;
 }
 
+std::optional<std::string> get_attestation_id(const char* prop) {
+    // The frameworks code (in AndroidKeyStoreKeyPairGeneratorSpi.java) populates device ID
+    // values from one of 3 places, so the same logic needs to be reproduced here so the tests
+    // check what's expected correctly.
+    //
+    // In order of preference, the properties checked are:
+    //
+    // 1) `ro.product.<device-id>_for_attestation`: This should only be set in special cases; in
+    //     particular, AOSP builds for reference devices use a different value than the normal
+    //     builds for the same device (e.g. model of "aosp_raven" instead of "raven").
+    ::android::String8 prop_name =
+            ::android::String8::format("ro.product.%s_for_attestation", prop);
+    std::string prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty(prop_name.c_str(), /* default= */ "");
+    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
+        return prop_value;
+    }
+
+    // 2) `ro.product.vendor.<device-id>`: This property refers to the vendor code, and so is
+    //    retained even in a GSI environment.
+    prop_name = ::android::String8::format("ro.product.vendor.%s", prop);
+    prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty(prop_name.c_str(), /* default= */ "");
+    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
+        return prop_value;
+    }
+
+    // 3) `ro.product.<device-id>`: Note that this property is replaced by a default value when
+    //    running a GSI environment, and so will *not* match the value expected/used by the
+    //    vendor code on the device.
+    prop_name = ::android::String8::format("ro.product.%s", prop);
+    prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty(prop_name.c_str(), /* default= */ "");
+    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
+        return prop_value;
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 }  // namespace test
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.h b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.h
index 0368bba..85ae93d 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.h
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string_view>
 
 #include <aidl/Gtest.h>
@@ -384,14 +385,20 @@
                                     const string& plaintext, const string& exp_cipher_text);
 };
 
+// If the given string is non-empty, add it to the tag set under the given tag ID.
+template <Tag tag>
+void add_tag(AuthorizationSetBuilder* tags, TypedTag<TagType::BYTES, tag> ttag,
+             const std::string& prop_value) {
+    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
+        tags->Authorization(ttag, prop_value.data(), prop_value.size());
+    }
+}
+
 // If the given property is available, add it to the tag set under the given tag ID.
 template <Tag tag>
 void add_tag_from_prop(AuthorizationSetBuilder* tags, TypedTag<TagType::BYTES, tag> ttag,
                        const char* prop) {
-    std::string prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty(prop, /* default= */ "");
-    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
-        tags->Authorization(ttag, prop_value.data(), prop_value.size());
-    }
+    add_tag(tags, ttag, ::android::base::GetProperty(prop, /* default= */ ""));
 }
 
 // Return the VSR API level for this device.
@@ -431,6 +438,20 @@
 std::optional<int32_t> keymint_feature_value(bool strongbox);
 std::string get_imei(int slot);
 
+// Retrieve a device ID property value, to match what is expected in attestations.
+std::optional<std::string> get_attestation_id(const char* prop);
+
+// Add the appropriate attestation device ID tag value to the provided `AuthorizationSetBuilder`,
+// if found.
+template <Tag tag>
+void add_attestation_id(AuthorizationSetBuilder* attestation_id_tags,
+                        TypedTag<TagType::BYTES, tag> tag_type, const char* prop) {
+    auto prop_value = get_attestation_id(prop);
+    if (prop_value.has_value()) {
+        add_tag(attestation_id_tags, tag_type, prop_value.value());
+    }
+}
+
 AuthorizationSet HwEnforcedAuthorizations(const vector<KeyCharacteristics>& key_characteristics);
 AuthorizationSet SwEnforcedAuthorizations(const vector<KeyCharacteristics>& key_characteristics);
 ::testing::AssertionResult ChainSignaturesAreValid(const vector<Certificate>& chain,
@@ -444,29 +465,6 @@
                              ::android::PrintInstanceNameToString);                  \
     GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(name);
 
-// Use `ro.product.<property>_for_attestation` property for attestation if it is present else
-// fallback to use `ro.product.vendor.<property>` if it is present else fallback to
-// `ro.product.<property>`. Similar logic can be seen in Java method `getVendorDeviceIdProperty`
-// in frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Build.java.
-template <Tag tag>
-void add_attestation_id(AuthorizationSetBuilder* attestation_id_tags,
-                        TypedTag<TagType::BYTES, tag> tag_type, const char* prop) {
-    ::android::String8 prop_name =
-            ::android::String8::format("ro.product.%s_for_attestation", prop);
-    std::string prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty(prop_name.c_str(), /* default= */ "");
-    if (!prop_value.empty()) {
-        add_tag_from_prop(attestation_id_tags, tag_type, prop_name.c_str());
-    } else {
-        prop_name = ::android::String8::format("ro.product.vendor.%s", prop);
-        prop_value = ::android::base::GetProperty(prop_name.c_str(), /* default= */ "");
-        if (!prop_value.empty()) {
-            add_tag_from_prop(attestation_id_tags, tag_type, prop_name.c_str());
-        } else {
-            prop_name = ::android::String8::format("ro.product.%s", prop);
-            add_tag_from_prop(attestation_id_tags, tag_type, prop_name.c_str());
-        }
-    }
-}
 }  // namespace test
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint
diff --git a/security/keymint/support/Android.bp b/security/keymint/support/Android.bp
index 5c9efef..608d328 100644
--- a/security/keymint/support/Android.bp
+++ b/security/keymint/support/Android.bp
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@
     export_include_dirs: [
         "include",
     ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libhardware_headers",
+    ],
     defaults: [
         "keymint_use_latest_hal_aidl_ndk_shared",
     ],
diff --git a/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl b/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl
index 40cf685..7a02ff5 100644
--- a/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl
+++ b/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 
 UdsCertChain = [
     + X509Certificate       ; Root -> ... -> Leaf. "Root" is the vendor self-signed
-                            ; cert, "Leaf" contains UDS_Public. It's recommended to
+                            ; cert, "Leaf" contains UDS_Pub. It's recommended to
                             ; have at least 3 certificates in the chain.
                             ; The Root certificate is recommended to be generated in an air-gapped,
                             ; HSM-based secure environment. The intermediate signing keys may be
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 ; The DICE Chain contains measurements about the device firmware.
 ; The first entry in the DICE Chain is the UDS_Pub, encoded as a COSE_key. All entries
 ; after the first describe a link in the boot chain (e.g. bootloaders: BL1, BL2, ... BLN)
-; Note that there is no DiceChainEntry for UDS_pub, only a "bare" COSE_key.
+; Note that there is no DiceChainEntry for UDS_Pub, only a "bare" COSE_key.
 DiceCertChain = [
     PubKeyEd25519 / PubKeyECDSA256 / PubKeyECDSA384,  ; UDS_Pub
     + DiceChainEntry,               ; First CDI_Certificate -> Last CDI_Certificate
diff --git a/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.bp b/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.bp
index 2cbf041..2e61f9b 100644
--- a/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.bp
+++ b/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.bp
@@ -46,3 +46,36 @@
         "libhardware_headers",
     ],
 }
+
+soong_config_module_type {
+    name: "soundtrigger_cc_library_shared",
+    module_type: "cc_library_shared",
+    config_namespace: "soundtrigger",
+    value_variables: [
+        "audioserver_multilib",
+    ],
+    properties: ["compile_multilib"],
+}
+
+soundtrigger_cc_library_shared {
+    name: "android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0-impl",
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    srcs: ["FetchISoundTriggerHw.cpp"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libhardware",
+        "libutils",
+        "android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0-core",
+    ],
+    compile_multilib: "32",
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        audioserver_multilib: {
+            compile_multilib: "%s",
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.mk b/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 17e4440..0000000
--- a/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE := android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0-impl
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_VENDOR_MODULE := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_RELATIVE_PATH := hw
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    FetchISoundTriggerHw.cpp
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-        libhardware \
-        libutils \
-        android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0 \
-        android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0-core
-
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := $(LOCAL_PATH)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(AUDIOSERVER_MULTILIB)),)
-LOCAL_MULTILIB := 32
-else
-LOCAL_MULTILIB := $(AUDIOSERVER_MULTILIB)
-endif
-
-include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)
diff --git a/soundtrigger/2.1/default/Android.bp b/soundtrigger/2.1/default/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a246680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/soundtrigger/2.1/default/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: [
+        "hardware_interfaces_license",
+    ],
+}
+
+soong_config_module_type_import {
+    from: "hardware/interfaces/soundtrigger/2.0/default/Android.bp",
+    module_types: ["soundtrigger_cc_library_shared"],
+}
+
+soundtrigger_cc_library_shared {
+    name: "android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.1-impl",
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    srcs: ["SoundTriggerHw.cpp"],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libhardware",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "libhidlmemory",
+        "liblog",
+        "libutils",
+        "android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.1",
+        "android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0-core",
+        "android.hidl.allocator@1.0",
+        "android.hidl.memory@1.0",
+    ],
+    compile_multilib: "32",
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        audioserver_multilib: {
+            compile_multilib: "%s",
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/soundtrigger/2.1/default/Android.mk b/soundtrigger/2.1/default/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 602f5a7..0000000
--- a/soundtrigger/2.1/default/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE := android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.1-impl
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_VENDOR_MODULE := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_RELATIVE_PATH := hw
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    SoundTriggerHw.cpp
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-        libhardware \
-        libhidlbase \
-        libhidlmemory \
-        liblog \
-        libutils \
-        android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.1 \
-        android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0 \
-        android.hardware.soundtrigger@2.0-core \
-        android.hidl.allocator@1.0 \
-        android.hidl.memory@1.0
-
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := $(LOCAL_PATH)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(AUDIOSERVER_MULTILIB)),)
-LOCAL_MULTILIB := 32
-else
-LOCAL_MULTILIB := $(AUDIOSERVER_MULTILIB)
-endif
-
-include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp
index a5aa2b4..71c6b4f 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "common/code_utils.hpp"
+#include "openthread/error.h"
 #include "openthread/openthread-system.h"
 #include "platform-posix.h"
 
@@ -56,14 +57,9 @@
 
 otError SocketInterface::Init(ReceiveFrameCallback aCallback, void* aCallbackContext,
                               RxFrameBuffer& aFrameBuffer) {
-    otError error = OT_ERROR_NONE;
+    otError error = InitSocket();
 
-    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd == -1, error = OT_ERROR_ALREADY);
-
-    WaitForSocketFileCreated(mRadioUrl.GetPath());
-
-    mSockFd = OpenFile(mRadioUrl);
-    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1, error = OT_ERROR_FAILED);
+    VerifyOrExit(error == OT_ERROR_NONE);
 
     mReceiveFrameCallback = aCallback;
     mReceiveFrameContext = aCallbackContext;
@@ -155,9 +151,22 @@
 
     VerifyOrExit(!mIsHardwareResetting, error = OT_ERROR_FAILED);
 
-    WaitForSocketFileCreated(mRadioUrl.GetPath());
-    mSockFd = OpenFile(mRadioUrl);
-    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1, error = OT_ERROR_FAILED);
+exit:
+    return error;
+}
+
+otError SocketInterface::InitSocket() {
+    otError error = OT_ERROR_NONE;
+    int retries = 0;
+
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd == -1, error = OT_ERROR_ALREADY);
+
+    while (retries++ < kMaxRetriesForSocketInit) {
+        WaitForSocketFileCreated(mRadioUrl.GetPath());
+        mSockFd = OpenFile(mRadioUrl);
+        VerifyOrExit(mSockFd == -1);
+    }
+    error = OT_ERROR_FAILED;
 
 exit:
     return error;
@@ -168,11 +177,16 @@
 
     assert(context != nullptr);
 
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1);
+
     FD_SET(mSockFd, &context->mReadFdSet);
 
     if (context->mMaxFd < mSockFd) {
         context->mMaxFd = mSockFd;
     }
+
+exit:
+    return;
 }
 
 void SocketInterface::Process(const void* aMainloopContext) {
@@ -181,9 +195,14 @@
 
     assert(context != nullptr);
 
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1);
+
     if (FD_ISSET(mSockFd, &context->mReadFdSet)) {
         Read();
     }
+
+exit:
+    return;
 }
 
 otError SocketInterface::HardwareReset(void) {
@@ -198,22 +217,24 @@
 
 void SocketInterface::Read(void) {
     uint8_t buffer[kMaxFrameSize];
+    ssize_t rval;
 
-    ssize_t rval = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(mSockFd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1);
+
+    rval = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(mSockFd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
 
     if (rval > 0) {
         ProcessReceivedData(buffer, static_cast<uint16_t>(rval));
     } else if (rval < 0) {
         DieNow(OT_EXIT_ERROR_ERRNO);
     } else {
-        if (mIsHardwareResetting) {
-            LogInfo("Socket connection is closed due to hardware reset.");
-            ResetStates();
-        } else {
-            LogCrit("Socket connection is closed by remote.");
-            exit(OT_EXIT_FAILURE);
-        }
+        LogWarn("Socket connection is closed by remote, isHardwareReset: %d", mIsHardwareResetting);
+        ResetStates();
+        InitSocket();
     }
+
+exit:
+    return;
 }
 
 void SocketInterface::Write(const uint8_t* aFrame, uint16_t aLength) {
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp
index 494d76a..83c86e8 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp
@@ -247,6 +247,15 @@
     otError WaitForHardwareResetCompletion(uint32_t aTimeoutMs);
 
     /**
+     * Initialize socket
+     *
+     * @retval TRUE  Socket initialization is successful.
+     * @retval FALSE Socket initialization is failed.
+     *
+     */
+    otError InitSocket();
+
+    /**
      * Reset socket interface to intitial state.
      *
      */
@@ -257,6 +266,7 @@
                                              ///< descriptor to become available.
         kMaxRetriesForSocketCloseCheck = 3,  ///< Maximum retry times for checking
                                              ///< if socket is closed.
+        kMaxRetriesForSocketInit = 3,        ///< Maximum retry times for socket initialization.
     };
 
     ReceiveFrameCallback mReceiveFrameCallback;
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/Android.bp b/vibrator/aidl/Android.bp
index b5199e2..d3b72ee 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -25,4 +25,5 @@
         "1",
         "2",
     ],
+    frozen: true,
 }
diff --git a/weaver/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp b/weaver/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp
index 8952dfc..faa8416 100644
--- a/weaver/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/weaver/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp
@@ -220,13 +220,10 @@
             used_slots.insert(slot);
         }
     }
-    // Starting in Android 14, the system will always use at least one Weaver slot if Weaver is
-    // supported at all.  This is true even if an LSKF hasn't been set yet, since Weaver is used to
-    // protect the initial binding of each user's synthetic password to ensure that binding can be
-    // securely deleted if an LSKF is set later.  Make sure we saw at least one slot, as otherwise
-    // the Weaver implementation must have a bug that makes it not fully usable by Android.
-    ASSERT_FALSE(used_slots.empty())
-            << "Could not determine which Weaver slots are in use by the system";
+
+    // We should assert !used_slots.empty() here, but that can't be done yet due to
+    // config_disableWeaverOnUnsecuredUsers being supported.  The value of that option is not
+    // accessible from here, so we have to assume it might be set to true.
 
     // Find the first free slot.
     int found = 0;